alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Chhattisgarh

Chhattisgarh is a state within the Republic of India. It occupies . In traditional Indian geography it falls under the East Indian zone.

The capital at present is Raipur which would change to 'Naya Raipur' near Raipur. It has eighteen districts: Raigarh, Bilaspur, Bijapur, Korba, Durg, Janjgir, Raipur, Koria, Sarguja, Bastar, Dantewada, Narayanpur, Rajnandgaon, Kanker, Mahasamund, Dhamtari, Jashpur and Kabirdham (Kawardha).
The main languages spoken are Hindi and Chhattisgarhi. The main religion is Hindu.

Provincial symbols of Chhattisgarh

References
Gujarat

Gujarat () is a western state within the Republic of India. Gandhinagar is the capital of Gujarat. This city is named after Mahatma Gandhi. Its area is 75,686 mi² (196,077 km²), excluding the Kori Creek of the Rann of Kachchh: which is disputed by Pakistan , but it includes the Kutch District, in terms of area it is bigger than Syria but smaller than Senegal. 

In traditional Indian geography it falls under the West Indian zone. Ahmedabad, Baroda, Surat, Bharuch, Porbandar, Rajkot, Jamnagar are some important cities in Gujarat. Champaner, Gondal, Bhavnagar, Utelia, Zainabad, Bhuj, Sasangir are some tourist places. People in Gujarat are mainly engaged in Agriculture and business.

The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the north, Maharashtra to the south, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and the Arabian Sea and the Pakistani province of Sindh to the west. Its capital city is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. Gujarat is native place to the Gujarati-speaking people of India.

Etymology 
Gujarat is derived from the Sanskrit term Gurjaratra, meaning The Land of the Gurjars, Gurjars being the tribe who ruled Gujarat from the 5th to 11th centuries. Gujarat was ruled by the Gurjar people in the past. Parts of modern Rajasthan and Gujarat have been known as Gurjaratra or Gurjarabhumi (Land of the Gurjars) due to being ruled by Gurjar rulers before the period of the Rajputs and subsequently the Islamic conquests.

Provincial symbols of Gujarat

References

Other websites
Haryana

Haryana () is a state in the Republic of India. It is the birthplace of Hinduism. The main dialect spoken in the area is Haryanvi. The area is . It is larger than Denmark but smaller than Estonia. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the North Indian zone.

Provincial symbols of Haryana

Sources

Other websites
Himachal Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh () is a state in northern India. Shimla is the capital of Himachal Pradesh. It covers an area of , although the border with China is still disputed. The land contains high mountains. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the North Indian zone. It borders to Jammu and Kashmir to the north.

Himachal Pradesh was part of Indian Punjab before 1966.

Administrative divisions of Himachal Pradesh 

The State of HP is divided into three Divisions, namely Mandi Division, Kangra Division, Shimla Division. The divisions are further sub-divided into 12 districts. These are further divided into 73 sub-divisions, 172 tehsils and 35 sub-tehsils.

Districts of Himachal Pradesh 

Bilaspur
Chamba 
Hamirpur
Kangra
Kinnaur
Kullu
Lahaul & Spiti
Mandi
Shimla
Sirmaur
Solan
Una

Proposed districts

Mahasu
Surendranagar
Rampur Bushhar
Karsog
Palampur
Noorpur
Dehra

Gallery

State symbols of Himachal Pradesh

References

Other websites

 Official website of Himachal Pradesh Government 
 Himachal Pradesh Development Report 
 Himachal Tourism Website 
 Himachal's Daily news website
Jammu and Kashmir (state)

Jammu and Kashmir was the northmost state of India. The state covered  and is mostly in the Himalayan mountains. Jammu and Kashmir used to be a British protectorate in 1860. Jammu and Kashmir borderd the states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south-east and south respectively. The other parts of state are administered by Pakistan as Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. 

Jammu and Kashmir has been a subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947, and China since 1962.

Demographics

Jammu and Kashmir has a Muslim majority population. Though Islam is practiced by about 67% of the population of the state and by 97% of the population of the Kashmir valley, the state has large communities of Buddhists, Hindus (inclusive of Meghwal and Sikhs).

Jammu and Kashmir consisted of three divisions: Jammu region, Kashmir Valley, and the Ladakh region. Srinagar is the summer capital, and Jammu its winter capital. The Kashmir valley, often called paradise on Earth, is famous for its beautiful mountainous landscape. Jammu's numerous holy shrines attracts millions of Hindu pilgrims every year from all over the India. Ladakh, also known as "Little Tibet", is renowned for its remote mountain beauty and Buddhist culture.

References

Other websites 
 
 Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India
Jharkhand

Jharkhand (, ) is a state in the Republic of India. As of the 2011 Census, about 33 million people live in Jharkand. The state covers . It is bigger than Sierra Leone but smaller than Panama. It has many villages and towns. Ranchi is the capital city. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the East Indian zone.

Provincial symbols of Jharkhand

References
Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh is a state in the Republic of India. The state has an area of . It is bigger than Italy but smaller than Oman. About 70,000,000 people live there. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the West Indian zone. The capital of the state is Bhopal. 

The largest city is Indore. Other main cities are Jabalpur and Ujjain. Ujjain is well known for  mythological reasons. Mandav, Bhojpur and  Panchmadi are the main tourist attractions.

To the north of Madhya Pradesh is the state of Uttar Pradesh and to the northwest is the state of Rajasthan, while Maharashtra is to the southwest.

Provincial symbols of Madhya Pradesh

References
Manipur

Manipur () is a state within the Republic of India. It has area of 22,347 km2 (8,628 mi2). In traditional Indian geography it falls under the North-east Indian zone.

The state is bordered by the Indian states of Nagaland to its north, Mizoram to its south and Assam to its west. Its eastern border is the Indian border with Myanmar. Manipur has a long recorded written history of kings ascended in the main throne of Kangla. The list of these kings can be found in a chronicle known as Cheitharol Kumbaba. Cheitharol Kumbaba, also spelled Cheitharon Kumpapa, is the court chronicle of the kings of Manipur. It recorded the history of the Kingdom of Manipur from the founding of the Ningthouja dynasty in 33 CE under king Nongda Lairen Pakhangba until the merger of the kingdom with India in 1949 and the subsequent abolition of monarchy. It ends with the last king of Manipur, Bodhchandra. The Cheitharol Kumbaba is probably one of the oldest chronicles of the region and is written on more than 1000 leaves of Meetei paper in Meetei Mayek, an early Meitei script.

Districts of Manipur 

District	Headquarters	

BPR	Bishnupur	Bishnupur	
TBL	Thoubal	  Thoubal
IE	Imphal East	Porompat
IW	Imphal West	Lamphelpat	
SE	Senapati	Senapati	
UKR	Ukhrul	Ukhrul	
CDL	Chandel	Chandel	
CCP	Churachandpur	Churachandpur 
TML	Tamenglong	Tamenglong	
JBM	Jiribam	Jiribam	
KPI	Kangpokpi (Sadar Hills)	Kangpokpi	
KAK	Kakching	Kakching	
TNL	Tengnoupal	Tengnoupal	
KJ	Kamjong	Kamjong	
NL	Noney	Noney	
PZ	Pherzawl	Pherzawl

Proposed districts of Manipur 

Moirang
Tongjei Marin 
Moreh
Imphal city
Wangoi

References

Other websites
Meghalaya

Meghalaya () is a state within the Republic of India. Occupying an area of 8,660 mi² (22,429 km²), bigger than the State of Israel but smaller than Belize.  Its capital is Shillong.  Meghalaya's population is 2,318,822.  The population of Shillong was 314,610 in 2001. There are problems in Meghalaya arise from the divide between tribals and non tribal settlers, identity issues and growing corruption besides the fear of being reduced to minority by native tribals. The activity status is classified as active. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the North-east Indian zone.

Provincial symbols of Meghalaya

References

Other websites 

 Meghalaya Website
Mizoram

Mizoram is a state in the Republic of India. It is in the eastern region beyond Bangladesh. It covers an area of . It is bigger than the nation of El Salvador but smaller than the State of Israel. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the North-east Indian zone. In 2011, Mizoram had 1,091,014 people. It has fewer people than every other state except Sikkim.

The word "Mizoram" means "land of the Mizo people". It is one of the Seven Sister States in North Eastern India, sharing borders with the states of Tripura, Assam, Manipur and with the neighbouring countries of Bangladesh and Myanmar. Mizoram became the 23rd state of India on 20 February 1987. The capital of Mizoram is Aizawl.

Provincial symbols of Mizoram

References

Northeast India
Nagaland

Nagaland is a northeastern state in the Republic of India. It has an area of . It is bigger than East Timor but smaller than Eswatini. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the North-east Indian zone.

Provincial symbols of Nagaland

References
Odisha

Odisha,  formerly Orissa, is a state in eastern India. It has an area of . The state has a population of almost 42 million. Oriya, or Odia, is the most widely spoken language in the state. It is used on an official basis with English. Chilika lake is in Odisha. It is the largest home to migratory birds on the Indian subcontinent.  Odisha is the eighth largest Indian state. It also has the eleventh highest population. The capital city of the state is Bhubaneswar. Other major cities in the state are Cuttack, Sambalpur and Rourkela. Odisha is bordered by the states of West Bengal to the north east, Jharkhand to the north west, Chhattisgarh to the west, Andhra Pradesh to the south. It has a ] coastline along the Bay of Bengal.

Modern-day Odisha falls under the boundaries of the ancient kingdom of Kalinga in the 3rd Century BCE, and the state is still sometimes referred to as Kalinga. Odisha is also known as Utkal, and is mentioned in the Indian National Anthem, Jana Gana Mana, under this name. The Orissa province was founded on the 1st April 1936, and the anniversary of this is celebrated as Utkal Dibas throughout the state. The state was created on the basis of the Odia language, encompassing the native speakers of the language.

Popular tourist destinations in Odisha include the Konark Sun Temple, the Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves, the Puri Jagannath Temple, and Chilika Lake. Odisha has a rich culture, the Odissi classical dance form originates from the state and Odia cuisine is well-renowned for its seafood dishes and desserts. Odisha has successfully hosted several sports events as Asian Junior Women's Rugby Tournament, the 22nd Asian Athletics Championship, and the Men's Hockey World Cup in 2018.

Odisha is mostly inhabited by the Odia people, with Hinduism being the major religion in the state and Christian and Muslim minorities. There is a large tribal population in Odisha, referred to as the adivasi people, they are the indigenous people and speak various tribal languages and follow traditional religions, although many have converted to Christianity. Jainism and Buddhism also have important histories in the state.

Biju Patnaik International Airport (BBI) is Odisha's only airport, and the state is well-connected by railways, and national highways. The current Chief Minister of the state is Naveen Patnaik.

Provincial symbols

References
Punjab, India

Punjab (, ) is a state in the northern Republic of India. About 24 million people live there. Its national capital city is Chandigarh. The city is a separate territory, because it is also used be the capital of Haryana. The state is in the Punjab region. It covers an area of 19,445 mi² or 50,362 km². It is bigger than Slovakia but smaller than Costa Rica. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the North Indian zone. The state of Punjab has 22 districts. It is mainly known as the land of god/gurus, Punjab's culture is very rich and the dwellers of Punjab respect their culture . The half population of Punjab depends on agriculture, that's why its known as food-provider (anna-datta-  in Punjabi). In Punjab people of all religions live with integrity and love .

Etymology

The word Doab is a combination of the Indo-Iranian words Doab (two) and āb (water), and thus the (land of) two rivers. The two rivers are the Beas and Sutlej. Sometimes, in English, there can be a definite article before the name i.e. the Doaba. The name is also sometimes spelled as Duoab or Douaab or Doaab.
It originally contained 5 rivers before partition, British influence and the influence of the Indian government, so therefore its name came from the Punjabi word for five (Panj/Punj) and the word for river/water (ab).

History

All of India and Pakistan was once ruled by the British Empire. The Indians wanted freedom, but the Hindus, Sikhs and the Muslims of India always argued. So it was decided to divide the country into two parts—one part for Muslims and one part for Hindus and Sikhs. In 1947 Punjab (British India),  which was a province of India, was divided into West Punjab and East Punjab (which the state is home to the active independence movement of Khalistan by the Sikh nationalists). East Punjab went to the Republic of modern India, and West Punjab went to Islamic Pakistan.

Provincial symbols of East Punjab

References
Rajasthan

Rajasthan (Rajasthani: मारवाड़) (Hindi: राजस्थान) is a state in northwestern India. It is the largest state of India in terms of land area; 132,150 mi² or 342,269 km². It is bigger than the Republic of the Congo but smaller than Germany. In traditional India geography it falls under the North Indian zone. The Thar Desert covers most parts of the state. The capital of the state is city of Jaipur.

Rajasthan , the largest state in India, is known for its rich history, vibrant culture, and breathtaking landscapes. With a population of over 68 million(2011), Rajasthan is home to a diverse group of people, including the Rajputs, Jats, Meenas, and Bhils, who have contributed to the region’s unique identity and cultural heritage.

Read More About Rajasthan 

Before Indian independence the area of Rajasthan was known as Rajputana; it consisted of many states of varying sizes ruled by Rajput princes.

Rajasthan new districts:
Rajasthan new districts List

Anupgarh

Balotra

Beawar

Deeg

Didwana-Kuchaman City

Dudu

Gangapur City

Jaipur North

Jaipur South

Jodhpur East

Jodhpur West

Kekri

Kotputli-Behror

Khairthal

Neemkathana

Phalodi

Salumbar

Sanchore

Shahpura (Bhilwara)

New divisions:
Pali, Sikar, Banswara named as new divisions.

New more proposals:-

Rawatbhata

Phulera-Sambhar

Khetri

Sujangarh

Bhinmal

Khajuwala

Sumerpur

Nimbahera

Malpura

Jaitaran

Kota South and kota North

Bhiwadi

Jhalrapatan

Neemran

Makrana	

Merta City

Sujla

Fatehpur Shekhawati	

Shrimadhopur

Pokhran	

Madanganj-Kishangarh	
	
Ratangarh

Suratgarh	

Gharsana

Shri Vijaynagar

Nohar	

Bhadra

Nokha	

Ramganj Mandi	

Chhabra	Baran

Bhiwani Mandi	

Bhayana	

Kaman

Hindaun City	

Kherwara	

Sarara

Bali	

Falna

Divisions:

Barmer

Chittaurgarh

Bhilwara

Nagaur

Sawai madhopur

Provincial symbols of Rajasthan

Read About Rajasthan 

 Population of Rajsthan In 2023 
 Sex Ratio of Rajasthan in 2023
Tripura

Tripura () ()  is a state in Northeast India. It covers an area of .It is the 3rd smallest state of India. It is bigger than Lebanon but smaller than Kosovo. The capital city is Agartala.

Political history 
It is a disputed territory claimed as Chittagonian Plains by Bangladesh. Bangladesh says that as Tripura was an Independent Kingdom and never part of British India, the Republic of India had no right to annex the country after the death of its last King.

Provincial symbols of Tripura

References

Tripura
Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand (2000-2006: Uttaranchal); (Sanskrit:उत्तरखन्द्), is a state in northern India. The state had 8,479,562 people as of the 2001 census. It covers an area of . It is bigger than Bosnia and Herzegovina, but smaller than Croatia, although the border with China is still disputed. The land contains high mountains. In traditional Indian geography, it falls within the North Indian zone.

Provincial symbols of Uttarakhand

References

Other websites
West Bengal

West Bengal () is a state in India. It is in the eastern part of the country. West Bengal is the fourth most populous state in India. It is also the seventh most populous sub-national entity in the world. West Bengal is the sixth largest contributor to India's GDP. 

Both West Bengal and Bangladesh are parts of historical and geographic region of Bengal. Kolkata is the capital city of West Bengal. In 2001, 80,221,171 people lived in West Bengal. With an area of , it is bigger than Serbia but smaller than Jordan. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the East Indian zone.

West Bengal has a tropical climate, so it is very hot and humid in summer and cool in winter. The people who live here are called Bengalis. Bengalis also live in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is a country to the east of West Bengal

History
All of India was once ruled by the British Empire. The Indians wanted freedom, but the Hindus and the Muslims of India always argued. So it was decided to divide the country into two parts—one part for Muslims and the other part for Hindus. In 1947 Bengal, which was a province of India, was divided into West Bengal and East Bengal,which is now called Bangladesh. West Bengal went to India, and East Bengal went to Pakistan and was called East Pakistan. In 1971, Bangladesh became independent, as a result of the Bangladesh Liberation War. 

Famous people from West Bengal include:
Swami Vivekananda
Rabindranath Tagore
Satyendranath Bose
Surendranath Banerjee 
Jagadish Chandra Bose
Vidyasagar
Shibdas Bhaburi
Khudiram Bose
Shyama Prasad Mukherjee
Dr. Kadambini Ganguly
Kishore Kumar 
Satyajit Ray
Ritwik Ghatak
Pradeep Kumar Banerjee
Victor Banerjee
Kishore Kumar Ganguly
Biswajit Chatterjee
Bappi Lahiri
Michael Madhusudhan Dutta
Rahul Dev Burman
Sourav Ganguly
Pranab Mukherjee
Uttam Kumar
Suchitra Sen
Sushmita Sen
Shreya Ghosal
Arijit Singh
Mithun chakravarti

Provincial symbols of Bengal (west)

References

Other websites
Szczecin

Szczecin () is a large city in Poland in West Pomeranian Voivodeship. As of 2005, 411,119 people live there. The city is on the river Odra (), near the border to Germany. It is one of the largest sea ports on the Baltic. It is the historical capital of the German province of Pomerania. Szczecin has got one of the biggest harbours on the Baltic Sea.

Szczecin borders with Police, a district town at the Oder River.

Sister cities

References

 
Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea
Metropolitan area

A metropolitan area is a city and its surrounding suburbs.  The word "metropolitan" comes from two Greek language words meaning "mother" and "city". A metropolitan area may be much larger than its inner city, and its suburbs may be smaller towns and villages which are now connected to the larger city as suburbanization has spread. The biggest such metropolitan area is that of Tokyo. 8.5 million people live in Tokyo itself, 36.5 million live in the metropolitan area.

A metropolitan area is a large urban area.  The inner city may look little different from the surrounding area of buildings and lights. The entire built-up area is the metropolitan area.  The inner city may be near the middle, or to one side.  Some urban areas have more than one inner city.    

Some places, such as in Australia, have metropolitan government. The entire metropolitan area is included as a part of the city, and the population of the suburban area is considered to be part of the city's population.   

Sydney,  for example, has a population of approx. 4.5 million people, which includes the population of the suburbs, although there are some places which are part of the Greater Sydney Area, whose population does not count toward the population of Sydney.

Related pages
List of largest cities (includes a list of metropolitan areas)
Metropolis

References

 
Political subdivisions
Marathi language

Marathi () is the language spoken in Maharashtra, India. It is also Maharashtra's official language. The written script is Devanāgarī.

People living in Maharashtra and parts of neighboring states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, Chattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh, union-territories of Daman-diu and Dadra Nagar Haveli speak Marathi.

References

Other websites 

 Marathi News
 MarathiMati.net - Marathi Language Web Portal

Indo-Aryan languages
Languages of India
Gujarati language

Gujarati is an Indo-Aryan language spoken primarily in the Indian state of Gujarat, but also in neighboring Pakistan. It is the 26th most widely spoken language in the world and  official language of Gujarat. With over 55 million speakers, it is one of the major languages of India. Gujarati is mostly written in the Gujarati script, which is derived from the Devanagari script and is used to write several other Indian languages as well.

Gujarati has a rich cultural heritage and is used in literature, poetry, songs, and everyday communication. The language has a long history, with some of its earliest literature dating back to the 12th century. It has also been influenced by several other languages, including Sanskrit, Arabic, and Persian, which has resulted in a unique and diverse vocabulary. Gujarati is an important language for the business community in India and is widely used in trade and commerce. It is also used in education and the media, making it a key component of the cultural identity of the people of Gujarat.

References

Indo-Aryan languages
Languages of Pakistan
Languages of India
Kaveri

Kaveri is a river, starting from Karnataka, and drains into the Bay of Bengal, in the state of Tamil Nadu.

Rivers of Tamil Nadu
Bhopal

Bhopal is the capital of Madhya Pradesh, India, and the second largest city of the state, after Indore. Bhopal is also called the City of Lakes. It is the headquarters of Bhopal District. It is in the central part of India.

The city is believed to have first been called Bhojpal, named after the King of Bhoj. According to this theory, it was later changed to Bhopal.

Bhopal has an average elevation of 499 metres (1637 ft).

Bhopal Disaster 

In 1984 a poisoned gas was leaked from a private chemical factory at night when a worker was cleaning out a clogged pipe connected with a tank containing gas. The tank had 42 tons of methyl isocyanate (MIC) that was leaked at midnight and leaving more than 5,000 people and animals dead. Many people also became sick and they are still suffering from deadly diseases. This has been called as "World's worst industrial disaster".

References

Other websites
Dialect

A dialect is a form of a language spoken by a group of people. People who live in the same place may share a dialect; this is called a "regiolect". People who are similar in some other way, such as social class, may share a dialect. 

There is no absolute difference between a dialect and a language. British English and American English are different standard dialects of English. They differ slightly in spelling, pronunciation, and vocabulary. However, they are "mutually intelligible", which means people who speak either variety understand the other.

Deciding if something is a language or a dialect is sometimes a political decision as a way to make minority groups assimilate or become part of a nation's larger culture.  The linguist Max Weinreich once joked that "a language is a dialect with an army and a navy."

Examples 
Japanese and the Okinawan language are related, as they are Japonic languages, but they are not mutually intelligible. When Japan took over Okinawa during the Meiji Era, the Japanese government called the Okinawan language a dialect of Japanese. This was used to forbid Okinawans from speaking Okinawan and to force them to Japanese.

Catalan and Galician used to be considered as dialects of Spanish but are now recognized as languages. They are about as near to Portuguese and to Occitan, respectively, as they are to Spanish.

Hindi and Urdu are called different languages today, but they used to be the same language, Hindustani. After Pakistan became separate from India, Hindustani became called Urdu in Pakistan and Hindi in India. However, speakers of both can understand each other if they are using everyday speech. The two languages use different writing systems, but writing systems are not an accurate way to decide if languages are related.

English is definitely a language, but it once was Anglo-Saxon, a dialect of Old Saxon.

Chinese is called a language, but has hundreds of dialects, such as Mandarin, Cantonese, Wu, and Hokkien. Many of them are not mutually intelligible.

In past times, travel was difficult and so dialects developed in quite small regions. In Britain, there were dialects in the different parts of the country, and traces can stiill be heard today. The Romance languages were dialects of Latin that separated in that way.

Differences in dialects can be:

 words: people in England to church, but in Scotland, people go to kirk.
Pronunciation: the r of letters is silent in most of England but is pronounced by most of the United States.
grammar: instead of I dived, some people say I dove.
In India, there are scores of dialects of Hindi language like Rajasthani, Bhojpuri, Chhattisgarhi, Magadhi, Haryanvi and others. Moreover,people whose native language is Hindi, may or maynot treat it as their mother tongue.

Animal dialects 
With certain kinds of birds, people have noticed that their singing is different in different geographical areas. They have called these variations dialects. Similar observations have been done with Orcas. 

Language
Thanjavur

Thanjavur or Tanjore is a city in Tamil Nadu, India. It was the capital of earlier Chola Kingdom. It is called the Rice Bowl of Tamil Nadu. Kavery river flows through Thanjavur.

References

Thanjavur district
Cities in Tamil Nadu
Oman

Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is a country in the southwestern part of Asia, on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders the United Arab Emirates to the northwest, Saudi Arabia to the west, and Yemen to the southwest. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea to the south and east, and the Gulf of Oman to the northeast. The capital is Muscat. 

The country is a monarchy, ruled by a Sultan, and the people are called Omanis. Right now, the sultan is Haitham bin Tariq Al Said. For a long time, the British have supported the sultans of Oman. In the 1960s and 1970s, some Omanis started a revolution to overthrow the sultan and end oppression, but the sultan defeated them with the help of Great Britain.

Divisions
Since 28 October 2011, Oman is divided into Eleven Governorates (Muhafazah):
Ad Dakhiliyah Governorate
Ad Dhahirah North Governorate
Al Batinah North Governorate
Al Batinah South Governorate
Al Buraimi Governorate
Al Wusta Governorate
Ash Sharqiyah North Governorate
Ash Sharqiyah South Governorate
Dhofar Governorate
Muscat (Masqat) Governorate
Musandam Governorate
Below the governorates, Oman is divided into provinces.

Climate
Oman has a hot climate and very little rainfall. Annual rainfall in Muscat averages , falling mostly in January. Dhofar is subject to the southwest monsoon, and rainfall up to  has been recorded in the rainy season from late June to October. While the mountain areas receive more rainfall, some parts of the coast, particularly near the island of Masirah, sometimes receive no rain at all within the course of a year. The climate generally is very hot, with temperatures reaching around  (peak) in the hot season, from May to September.

Related pages
 List of rivers of Oman
 Oman at the Olympics
 Oman national football team

References

 
Current monarchies
Monarchies of Asia
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Ibadi kingdoms
Ibadism
Refugee

In 1951, the United Nations (UN) law called Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, said a refugee was a person who is forced to leave their country due to natural disasters or war and conflict

owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of their nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail him/herself of the protection of that country.

In 1967 the Conventions’ 1967 protocol and by regional conventions in Africa and Latin America to include persons who had fled war and violence in their country. A person who is seeking to be recognized as a refugee is an asylum seeker. In the United States a recognized asylum seeker is known as an asylee.

A refugee is a person who has to leave his or her country. This can be because of different reasons:

 It is no longer safe to stay, there might be a natural disaster such as flood or famine, war, or civil unrest
 There might be persecutions going on.
 The person is unable to sustain himself or herself economically.
 The person might have been expelled
 The person might have to leave for religious reasons

References

Other page
Political asylum
Refugee camp

 
Forced migration
Copperbelt

Copperbelt is a province in the northern part of Zambia. It is named after the copper reserves. It has an area of 31,328 km2. It occupies the upper portion of the Kafue river basin on the central plateau of southern Africa, 900 to 1,500 m above sea level.

It is one of the Zambia's ten provinces and the hub of the country.

Sources
Levy Mwanawasa

Levy Patrick Mwanawasa (September 3, 1948 – August 19, 2008) was a Zambian politician. He was the President of Zambia from January 2002 until his death of a stroke in 2008.

References 

1948 births
2008 deaths
Presidents of Zambia
Vice-presidents of Zambia
Deaths from stroke
Cherokee

The Cherokee (Cherokee: ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯᎢ, romanized: Aniyvwiyaʔi or Anigiduwagi) are Native Americans who at the time of European contact in the 16th century lived in the area  that is now called the eastern and southeastern United States before most were forcefully moved to the Ozark hills. They were one of the tribes referred to as the Five Civilized Tribes.

Cherokee people did not live in tepees. They lived in houses made from wood. In the 19th century, a man named Sequoyah introduced a form of writing the Cherokee language. For this, he was awarded a medal.The Cherokee tribe had two chiefs, a red and white chief. When the tribe was at war, the red chief would lead, and when there was peace within the tribe, the white chief would lead. Chief John Ross was the leader of the Cherokee tribe from 1818 until 1867. He lived in Georgia before being forced to move to the place now called Oklahoma. 

There are three Cherokee tribes recognized by the U.S. government:
 Cherokee Nation in Oklahoma.
 United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma.
 Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians in North Carolina.

References

 

Native Americans
Soup

A soup is a kind of food. People make soups by boiling things in water. Then they put the things they boiled into a bowl and eat them. Vegetables are in most soups. You can also put meat in soups. Soups that are thicker than normal, with more meat or vegetables, are stews. The liquid in soup is broth.

Traditionally, soups are classified into two main groups: clear soups and thick soups. The traditional French types of clear soups are bouillon and consommé. Thick soups are classified by the type of thickening agent used. Purées are vegetable soups thickened with starch. Bisques are made from puréed shellfish or vegetables thickened with cream. Cream soups may be thickened with béchamel sauce; and veloutés are thickened with eggs, butter, and cream. Other ingredients commonly used to thicken soups and broths include egg, rice, lentils, flour, and grains. Most soups include carrots and potatoes. Some of the most common soups are chicken soup, tomato soup, pumpkin soup, and sopa de fideos. Here is a picture to the right showing a picture of pumpkin soup.

Canned soup can be condensed, which requires adding water (or sometimes milk), or it can be "ready-to-eat," which requires no additional liquid before eating. Condensed soup (invented in 1897 by Campbell Soup Company chemist John T. Dorrance) allows soup to be packaged in a smaller can and sold at a lower price than other canned soups.  The "ready-to-eat" variant of soup can be prepared by simply heating the contents of the can on a kitchen stove or in a microwave oven. Soups like these can be used as a side dish. Soups are usually warm and crisp and can be accompanied with many things such as toast, bread and more. A popular American dish is tomato soup with grilled cheese.

Related pages 
 List of soups

Basic English 850 words
1420s



Events and trends 
Masaccio and Masolino paint the Brancacci Chapel, in Florence, Italy.
Brunelleschi designs the church of Church of San Lorenzo, Florence. 
Joan of Arc leads the army of France.
May 21: Treaty of Troyes With the Burgundian faction dominant in France, King Charles VI of France acknowledges Henry V of England  as his heir, and as virtual ruler of most of France
June 2: Catherine of Valois marries King Henry V of England 
September 1:   a 9.4 MS-strong earthquake shakes Chile's Atacama Region causing tsunamis in Chile as well as Hawaii and Japan.

References
Manmohan Singh

Manmohan Singh (Punjabi:منموہن سنگھ/ਮਨਮੋਹਨ ਸਿੰਘ;Hindi:मनमोहन सिंह; born 26 September 1932) was the 13th Prime Minister of India. A famous economist, he was first the Prime Minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to return to power after completing a full five-year term, and the first Sikh to hold the office.

Singh was born on 26 September 1932 in Gah, Punjab, British India, into a Sikh family. After the partition of India they moved to Amritsar. He studied at Panjab University, Chandigarh, at St John's College, Cambridge, and at Nuffield College, Oxford. Singh has been married to Gursharan Kaur since 1958.

References

Other websites

 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh official website
 Profile & Curriculum Vitae
 List of current Union Ministers

Indian economists
Prime Ministers of India
1932 births
Indian National Congress politicians
Living people
Politicians from Punjab, India
Indira Gandhi

Indira Gandhi (19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was an Indian politician. She was Prime Minister of India from 1966 to 1977. She was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, who was also Prime Minister of India. Her son, Rajiv Gandhi, later became Prime Minister of India. She married Feroze Gandhi, who was in fact, not related to the civil rights leader, Mahatma Gandhi.

Indira Gandhi was the first woman prime minister of India. In 1938, Indira joined the Indian National Congress Party. After the death of Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1966, Indira Gandhi served as prime minister until India held the next election. She won that election in 1967 and became one of the first women elected to lead a democracy.

Indira Gandhi was Prime Minister of India twice. She served the first time between 1966 and 1977 and the second time between 1980 and 1984. She also studied at the University of Oxford.

Death 
On October 31, 1984, Gandhi was shot dead by her own two Sikh bodyguards. She was 66 years old. The reason cited for Indira's assassination was the Operation Bluestar ordered by her to curb anti-national activities under the purview of the creation of a Sikh state Khalistan, which upseted Sikhs globally and led to her assassination.

Burial 
Gandhi's body was taken in a gun carriage through Delhi roads on the morning of 1 November to Teen Murti Bhavan, where her father stayed and where she lay in state. She was cremated with full state honors on 3 November near Raj Ghat, a memorial to Mahatma Gandhi, at an area named Shakti Sthal. Her eldest son and successor, Rajiv, lit the pyre.

References

Other websites 
 Official website of Indira Gandhi 
 Indira's timeline
 Indira's Milestone

1917 births
1984 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Indian National Congress politicians
Assassinated Indian politicians
Indian Hindus
Murders by firearm
People murdered in India
Prime Ministers of India
Politicians from Uttar Pradesh
Phobos

Phobos (Greek for "fear", is the root word of phobia) is one of the sons of Ares and Aphrodite in Greek mythology and the twin brother of Deimos. He is known as the god of fear, panic, flight and battlefield rout. He went with his father into battle, driving his chariot and spreading fear in his path. As a son of Aphrodite, goddess of love, each twin also represented the fear of loss.

The larger and innermost of Mars' two moons was named after him, and the other was named after Deimos.

Greek gods and goddesses
Deimos

Deimos (;  - "dread" or "terror") is the god of terror in Greek mythology. He is one of the sons of Ares and Aphrodite. He is the twin brother of Phobos, god of fear. He and his brother would often go with their father as he rode into battle in his chariot. Deimos, the smaller of Mars' two moons, is named after him. 

Greek gods and goddesses
Krakatoa

Krakatoa (Indonesian name: Krakatau) is an active volcano in the Sunda Strait, Indonesia. There are many different ways the name has been spelled. The volcano has erupted repeatedly in known history. The best known of these events occurred in late August 1883.

On 22 December 2018 the central cone collapsed and caused a tsunami in the Sunda Strait. More than 400 people were killed.

The 1883 eruption 
The 1883 eruption ejected more than six cubic miles (25 cubic kilometers) of rock, ash, and pumice,  and made the loudest sound ever recorded by human beings. The sound was heard as far away as Perth in Australia (3,500 km; 2,200 miles), and the island of Rodrigues near Mauritius (4,800 km; 3,000 miles). Many thousands of people were killed and injured by the eruption, mostly in the tsunami (giant wave) which followed the explosion.

The pressure wave from the final explosion was recorded on barographs around the world, which continued to register it up to 5 days after the explosion. The recordings show that the shock wave from the final explosion reverberated around the globe seven times.

The eruption destroyed two-thirds of what was then the island of Krakatoa. New eruptions at the volcano since 1927 have built a new island, called Anak Krakatau (child of Krakatoa).

Related pages 
 List of volcanos
 Dormant volcano
 Extinct volcano

References

Other websites 
 Cascades Volcano Observatory Krakatoa page
 More information, including map showing location of Krakatoa in Indonesia 

Islands of Indonesia
Volcanoes of Indonesia
VEI-6 volcanoes
Premature ejaculation

Premature ejaculation (also known as PE) is a condition affecting many men. It is when during sexual intercourse (sex) the male cannot stop himself from ejaculating after starting sex.  The usual time from starting sex until ejaculation is about 4 to 8 minutes.

Treatment exercises 
The condition is usually curable, or at least treatable with exercises. (There are more exercises than these, however, these are the most common.)

Stimulation treatment 
One exercise is to create an erection and begin to lose it, then stimulate it again. This exercise is best done alone at first and then with a partner. Thrusting should not be used with a partner until very near the end of treatment. This treatment may take several weeks to fully cure the problem if it is used properly.

Muscular treatment 
Another treatment involves using the muscle which stops urine. To locate the muscle, simply begin urinating and stop quickly before emptying the bladder. Doing that will demonstrate how to use the muscle. Then whenever convenient use the muscle. You do not need to be urinating to use the muscle and it is suggested you are not. After a few weeks of both these treatments, the PE will become more like traditional ejaculation and after about one and a half to two and a half months, it should be absolutely normal.

Notes

Sexual disorders
1210s



Events and trends 
 1210
 Emperor Tsuchimikado ends his reign as Emperor of Japan
 Emperor Juntoku begins to rule Japan
 1212 Battle of Navas de Tolosa.
 1214 July – Battle of Bouvines; Philip II of France defeats Otto IV of Germany
 1215
 Fourth Council of the Lateran
 Otto IV deposed as King of Germany, replaced by Frederick II
 Magna Carta adopted
 Beijing captured by Mongols; the Yuan Dynasty in China begins this way.
West Bank

The West Bank is a piece of land in the Middle East. It touches the Dead Sea and the River Jordan. The landscape is mostly hills or desert. The weather in the summer is hot and dry. It is cooler and rainy in the winter.
Right now, the area is under the control of Israel. Some Israelis and other nations disagree on whose it really is.
Since 1990 there are talks between the Israeli government and the Palestinians about what will happen in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip in the future. Most people on the West Bank are Palestinians but there are also many Jewish settlers in settlements. There has been some controversy about these settlements.

The State of Palestine claims the West Bank with East Jerusalem included.

The West Bank is divided into 165 Palestinian enclaves that are under partial Palestinian rule. The rest of the West Bank, including 200 Israeli settlements, is under full Israeli control.

Israeli settlers and civilians living or traveling through the West Bank are subject to Israeli law, and are represented in the Knesset; On the other hand, Palestinian civilians (and mostly stuck in or confined to scattered enclaves), are subject to martial law and are not permitted to vote in Israel's national elections.

Names
The West Bank is called Judea and Samaria Area by the Israeli government and some Jews and Christians.

Related pages 
 Human rights in West Bank
 LGBT rights in West Bank
 Israeli occupation of the West Bank

Other websites

IMEMC
Jerusalem Post

Sources
Jan Hus

Jan Hus, or John Huss (c.1370 - 6 July 1415) was born in Husinec, Bohemia (now Czech Republic). He was a Bohemian religious thinker and reformer who started a religious movement that was strongly influenced by the beliefs of the English scholar John Wycliffe.

Hus studied at the University of Prague. Around 1400, he became a Catholic priest and soon accepted a position of preaching in Czech, the language that is spoken in Bohemia. While preaching, he studied Wycliffe’s writings and came to agree with them, especially because of how real they were.

In 1403, Hus asked the church to undo the ban on Wycliffe's writings, and hé translated them into Czech. The church, led by Rchbishop Zbynek Zajíc, refused. In 1410, Zajíc ordered for Hus's writings be burned and foe Hus and his followers, the Hussites, to be forced out of the church. Hus was excommunicated in 1411, condemned by the Council of Constance, and burned at the stake on 6 July 1415 in Konstanz, Germany.

When Hus was killed, his followers revolted and fought against the Catholics but were defeated in 1431.

Hus' teachings 
The (Catholic) Church is made of all those meant to be saved (ecclesia est universitas praedestinatorum). It is not made of the hierarchy of priests.
Christ is the head of the Church, not the Pope. It is therefore not necessary to obey the pope to be saved.

Many of his teachings were later taken up by Martin Luther.

References 

1369 births
1415 deaths
Christian ministers
Christianity of the Middle Ages
Czech people
Konstanz
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
People executed by burning
Roman Catholics
Konstanz

Konstanz (English often Constance) is a university town with a population of around 80,000. It is on the shore of Lake Constance, in the south-west corner of Germany, near Switzerland.

The history of the city goes back to Ancient Rome. In the 15th century, the Council of Constance was held there and ended the Western Schism. Jan Hus was burned as a heretic at the council.

References

Other websites

 
Konstanz (district)
Panther

Panther can mean

 A black panther or white panther, which is a name for a leopard or jaguar with black or white fur.

 Any animal which belongs to the genus Panthera (e.g. lion) or the subfamily Pantherinae.

 In different regions different felines are also called panther: the leopard in Asia and Africa, the jaguar in South America, and the puma in North America (especially the ones that live in Florida, USA).

All these animals belong to the Felidae family.

National symbols of Gabon
AOL

AOL Inc. (previously America Online) is a U.S.-based online service provider and Internet service provider. It has been in business since 1985. Important services in the early years were online chat and online games. Most connections were dial-up. In 2001 AOL bought Time Warner. In 2009 after a spin-off from Time Warner they changed their name to AOL Inc. It was announced in May 2015 that Verizon Communications purchased AOL.

AOL Instant Messenger was a service which allowed users to communicate with any user currently online. AIM had millions of users worldwide. There were also other computer programs that could be used to talk with your AIM account, for example Trillian, Pidgin, Digsby, and AIM+. AIM was shut down on December 15, 2017.

Other AOL products are AOL Spyware Protection, AOL Safety and Security Center, ICQ, AOl Computer Check-Up, AOL Explorer, AOL TopSpeed, AOL Dialer, AOL One-Click Fixes and AOL Openride.

References

Other websites
 AOL US and headquarters
 AOL in other countries 

American internet service providers
1985 establishments in the United States
Mailman

A mailman or mail carrier or postman is a person who brings people their postal mail. Normally he works for the post office of the respective country. Of course, there are also women doing this job. They are called mailwomen. For a layman, this occupation is called "letter carriers". 

Fictional mailmen are traditionally shown as acting afraid of dogs, even to the point of shock.

Related pages 

 Despatch rider
 Persian couriers

Occupations
Postal officials
Chinese postman problem

The Chinese postman problem is a mathematical problem of graph theory. It is also known as route inspection problem. Suppose there is a mailman who needs to deliver mail to a certain neighbourhood. The mailman is unwilling to walk far, so he wants to find the shortest route through the neighbourhood, that meets the following criteria:

 It is a closed circuit (it ends at the same point it starts).
 He needs to go through every street at least once.

If the graph travelled has an Eulerian path, this circuit is the ideal solution.

Alan Goldman of the U.S. National Bureau of Standards first coined the name 'Chinese Postman Problem' for this problem, as it was originally studied by the Chinese mathematician Mei-Ku Kuan in 1962.

Other websites 
Chinese postman problem (at MathWorld)

References

Graph theory
Theorem

A theorem is a proven idea in mathematics. Theorems are proved using logic and other theorems that have already been proved. A minor theorem that one must prove to prove a major theorem is called a lemma. Theorems are made of two parts: hypotheses and conclusions. 

Theorems use deduction, in contrast to theories which are empirical.

Some theorems are trivial, since they directly follow from the propositions. Other theorems are called "deep", because their proof is long and difficult. Sometimes, such proofs involve other areas of mathematics or show connections between different areas. A theorem might be simple to state and yet be deep. An excellent example is Fermat's Last Theorem, and there are many other examples of simple yet deep theorems in number theory and combinatorics (among other areas). 

There are other theorems for which a proof is known, but cannot be easily written down. Among the best examples are the four color theorem and the Kepler conjecture. Both of these theorems are only known to be true by reducing them to a computational search which is then verified by a computer program. At first, many mathematicians did not accept this form of proof, but it has become more widely accepted over the years. The mathematician Doron Zeilberger has even gone so far as to claim that these are possibly the only nontrivial results that mathematicians have ever proved. Many mathematical theorems can be reduced to simpler computations, including polynomial identities, trigonometric identities and hypergeometric identities.

Related pages 

 Proposition

References

Books