Aluminium

Aluminum (in British English: aluminium) is a chemical element. The symbol for aluminum is Al, and its atomic number is 13. Aluminum is the most abundant metal. It is a mononuclidic element.

History
People have tried to produce aluminum since 1760. The first successful attempt, finished in 1824 by Danish physicist and chemist Hans Christian Ørsted. He reacted anhydrous aluminum chloride with potassium amalgam, yielding a lump of metal looking similar to tin. He presented his results and showed a sample of the new metal in 1825. In 1827, German chemist Friedrich Wöhler repeated Ørsted's experiments but did not identify any aluminum. (The reason for this inconsistency was only discovered in 1921.) He conducted a similar experiment in the same year by mixing anhydrous aluminum chloride with potassium and produced a powder of aluminum. In 1845, he was able to produce small pieces of the metal and described some physical properties of this metal. For many years thereafter, Wöhler was credited as the person who discovered aluminum.

Properties
aluminum is a very good conductor of electricity and heat. It is light and strong. It can be hammered into sheets (malleable) or pulled out into wires (ductile). It is a highly reactive metal, although it is corrosion resistant.

A fresh film of aluminum is a good reflector of visible light and an excellent reflector of medium and far infrared radiation.

aluminum prevents corrosion by forming a small, thin layer of aluminum oxide on its surface. This layer protects the metal by preventing oxygen from reaching it. Corrosion can not occur without oxygen. Because of this thin layer, the reactivity of aluminum is not seen. As a powder it burns hot. Uses include fireworks displays and rocket fuel.

Occurrence and preparation 
Pure aluminum is made from bauxite, a kind of rock that has aluminum oxide and many impurities. The bauxite is crushed and reacted with sodium hydroxide. The aluminum oxide dissolves. Then the aluminum oxide is dissolved in liquid cryolite, a rare mineral. Cryolite is normally produced artificially though. The aluminum oxide is electrolyzed to make aluminum and oxygen. The largest producer of aluminum is China. China produces about 31,873 thousand tonnes of aluminum.

aluminum was once considered a precious metal that was even more valuable than gold. This is no longer true because, as technology improved, it became cheaper and easier to make pure metal.

In space
It is the 12th most abundant of all elements. It is the 3rd most abundant among the elements that have odd atomic numbers. The only stable isotope of aluminum is aluminum-27. It is the 18th most abundant nucleus in the Universe. It is created after fusion of carbon in massive stars that will later become Type II supernovae: this fusion creates magnesium-26, which, when capturing free protons and neutrons becomes aluminum. Essentially all aluminum now in existence is aluminum-27; aluminum-26 was there in the early Solar System but is now extinct. The trace quantities of aluminum-26 that do exist are the most common gamma ray emitter in the interstellar gas.

On Earth
Overall, the Earth is about 1.59% aluminum by mass. In the Earth's crust, aluminum is the most abundant metallic element by mass (8.23%). It is also the third most abundant of all elements in the Earth's crust. A lot of silicates in the Earth's crust contain aluminum. But, the Earth's mantle is only 2.38% aluminum by mass. aluminum also occurs in seawater at a concentration of 2 μg/kg.

Feldspars, the most common group of minerals in the Earth's crust, are aluminosilicates. aluminum also occurs in the minerals beryl, cryolite, garnet, spinel, and turquoise. Native aluminum has been reported in cold seeps in the northeastern continental slope of the South China Sea.

Compounds 
aluminum forms chemical compounds in the +3 oxidation state. They are generally unreactive. aluminum chloride and aluminum oxide examples. Very rarely are compounds in the +1 or +2 oxidation state.

Uses 
Many things are made of aluminum. Much of it is used in overhead power lines. It is also widely used in window frames and aircraft bodies. It is found at home as kitchenware, soft drink cans, and cooking foil. aluminum is also used to coat car headlamps and compact discs. It is used in electrical transmission lines because of its light weight. It can be deposited on the surface of glass to make mirrors, where a thin layer of aluminum oxide quickly forms that acts as a protective coating. Aluminum oxide is also used to make synthetic rubies and sapphires for lasers. Aluminum can now be produced from clay, but the process is not economically feasible at today.

Pure aluminum is very soft, so a harder metal is almost always added. The harder metal is usually copper. Copper/aluminum alloys are to make ships, because the aluminum prevents corrosion, and the copper prevents barnacles.

aluminum compounds are used in deodorants, water processing plants, food additives, and antacids.  Lithium aluminum hydride is a strong reducing agent used in organic chemistry.

aluminum sulfate is used in water treatment. It is also used as a mordant in dyeing, in pickling seeds, deodorizing of mineral oils, in leather tanning, and in production of other aluminum compounds.

Anhydrous aluminum chloride is used as a catalyst in chemical and petrochemical industries, the dyeing industry, and in synthesis of many inorganic and organic compounds.

aluminum hydroxychlorides are used in purifying water, in the paper industry, and as ￼￼antiperspirants￼. Sodium aluminate is used in treating water and as an accelerator for drying of cement. 

aluminum acetate in solution is used as an astringent.

aluminum phosphate is used to make glass, ceramic, pulp and paper products, cosmetics, paints, varnishes. aluminum hydroxide is used as an antacid, and mordant. It is used also in water purification, the manufacture of glass and ceramics, and in the waterproofing of fabrics.

aluminum is used in automobiles, trucks, railway cars, marine vessels, bicycles, spacecraft. aluminum is used in making doors, siding, building wire, sheathing, roofing and other building materials.

Recycling 
Since aluminum needs to be made by electrolysis, it requires a very large amount of electrical power. Recycling aluminum would be much cheaper. That's why recycling plants were opened. The cost of recycling aluminum is much less than the cost of making it from bauxite.

Recycling involves melting the scrap. This is a process that only needs 5% of the energy used to produce aluminum from ore. But, 15% of the input material part is lost as dross (ash-like oxide). An aluminum stack melter makes a lot less dross, about 1%.

White dross from primary aluminum production and from secondary recycling processes still contains useful amounts of aluminum that can be extracted industrially. The process produces aluminum billets, together with a very complex waste. This waste is difficult to manage. It reacts with water, releasing a mixture of gases (including, hydrogen, acetylene, and ammonia), which ignites on contact with air. Even with these difficulties, the waste is used as a filler in asphalt and concrete.

Toxicity
aluminum is not used in the human body, although it is very common. People debate whether its use in deodorants and water treatment is healthy. aluminum ions slow down plant growth in acidic soils. aluminum may be a factor in Alzheimer's disease (a disease when the brain stops working and the patient is confused). But the Alzheimer's Society says overwhelming medical and scientific opinion is that studies have not convincingly demonstrated a causal relationship between aluminum and Alzheimer's disease.

In most people, aluminum is not as toxic as heavy metals. aluminum is classified as a non-carcinogen by United States Department of Health and Human Services. There is little proof that normal exposure to aluminum is a risk to healthy adult. There is proof of no toxicity if it is taken in amounts not greater than 40 mg/day per kg of body mass. Most aluminum taken will leave the body in feces. Most of the small part that enters the blood, will be excreted via urine.

aluminum rarely causes vitamin D-resistant osteomalacia, erythropoietin-resistant microcytic anemia, and central nervous system changes. People with kidney insufficiency are at a risk the most. Chronic ingestion of hydrated aluminum silicates may result in aluminum binding to the things in the intestines. It also increases the removal of other metals, like iron or zinc. Really high doses (>50 g/day) can cause anemia.

A small percentage of people have contact allergies to aluminum and experience itchy red rashes, headache, muscle pain, joint pain, poor memory, insomnia, depression, asthma, irritable bowel syndrome, or other symptoms when touching products containing aluminum.

Exposure to powdered aluminum or aluminum welding fumes can cause pulmonary fibrosis. Fine aluminum powder can also explode.

Ways of exposure
Food is the main source of aluminum. Drinking water has more aluminum than solid foods. aluminum in food may be absorbed more than aluminum from water. Major sources of human exposure by mouth to aluminum include food (because of its use in food additives, food and beverage packaging, and cooking utensils), drinking water (because of its use in water treatment), and medicines that have aluminum in it. Very high exposure of aluminum are mostly limited to miners, aluminum production workers, and dialysis patients.

Taking of antacids, antiperspirants, vaccines, and cosmetics give possible ways of exposure. Eating acidic foods or liquids with aluminum increases aluminum absorption. Maltol has been shown to increase the build up of aluminum in nerve and bone tissues.

Treatment
In case of suspected sudden consumption of a large amount of aluminum, the only treatment is deferoxamine mesylate.  It may be given to help remove aluminum from the body by chelation.  This should be applied with caution as it not only remove aluminum in the body, but also other metals such as copper or iron.

Environmental effects
High levels of aluminum occur near mining sites. Small amounts of aluminum are released to the environment at the coal-fired power plants or incinerators. aluminum in the air is washed out by the rain or normally settles down. But, small particles of aluminum remain in the air for a long time.

Acid rain is the main natural factor to move aluminum from natural sources. It is also the main reason for the effects of aluminum on the environment. The main factor for the presence of aluminum in salt and freshwater are the industrial processes that also release aluminum into air.

In water, aluminum acts as a toxiс agent on animals that with gills like fish by causing loss of plasma- and hemolymph ions leading to osmoregulatory failure.

aluminum is one of the primary factors that reduce the growth of plants on acidic soils. In acid soils the concentration of toxic Al3+ cations increases and disturbs the growth and function of the root. It is generally harmless to plant growth in pH-neutral soils. Wheat has developed a tolerance to aluminum. It releases organic compounds that bind to harmful aluminum cations. Sorghum is thought to have the same method of tolerating aluminum.

aluminum production has its own problems to the environment on each step of the production process. The major problem is the greenhouse gas. These gases are caused by the electrical consumption of the smelters and the byproducts of processing. The strongest of these gases are perfluorocarbons from the smelting process.

A Spanish scientific report from 2001 claimed that the fungus Geotrichum candidum eats the aluminum in compact discs. The better studied bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the fungus Cladosporium resinae are commonly found in aircraft fuel tanks that use kerosene-based fuels, and laboratory cultures can decompose aluminum. However, these types of bacteria do not eat the aluminum; but rather, the metal is corroded by microbe waste products.

Gallery

Related pages 
 List of common elements
 Periodic table

References

Other websites 
 Alu-Scout