alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Nashville, Tennessee

Nashville is the capital and largest city in the U.S. state of Tennessee. It is on the Cumberland River in Davidson County. Nashville is the home of the Grand Ole Opry, the Country Music Hall of Fame, and many major record labels.

Nashville has 569,891 people in it (according to the 2000 census). A resident of Nashville is called a Nashvillian.

Government and politics
The City of Nashville and Davidson County joined in 1963 as a way for Nashville to fight the problems of urban sprawl. The joint metropolitan government offers services such as police, firefighting, electricity, running water, and waste water disposal.

History
On March 3, 2020, a tornado tracked west to east, just north of the downtown Nashville area, killing at least 25 people and leaving tens of thousands without electricity.

On December 25, 2020, a suicide bombing happened in the city.

Sports teams
Nashville sports teams include:

 Tennessee Titans - football
 Nashville Predators - ice hockey
 Nashville Sounds - baseball
 Nashville SC - soccer

References

Notes

Other websites

 Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County website

 
County seats in Tennessee
State capitals in the United States
1779 establishments in North America
1806 establishments
19th-century establishments in Tennessee
1770s establishments in the United States
18th-century establishments in Tennessee
1800s establishments in the United States
Salem, Oregon

Salem (IPA: [ˈseɪ lm̩]) is the capital city of the state of Oregon in the United States of America, and county seat of Marion County. In 2003 it had 142,940 people living in it. It is in the Willamette Valley.

Other websites 

 City of Salem official website

State capitals in the United States
County seats in Oregon
Cities in Oregon
1842 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Oregon
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

Harrisburg is the capital city of Pennsylvania, one of the four U.S. states called a Commonwealth of the United States.  As of the 2020 United States Census, the city has 50,099 people living in it.

Harrisburg is the county seat of Dauphin County and is on the Susquehanna River, 105 miles (169 km) northwest  of Philadelphia.

Originally the home to Native Americans, Captain John Smith first made contact with them in 1608. In 1719, English trader John Harris, Sr. built a home on the bank of the river, and by 1785 obtained the land from William Penn, creating the settlement of "Harrisburg" named after Harris.

Related pages
Three Mile Island accident

Notes and References

Other websites 

City of Harrisburg official website

County seats in Pennsylvania
 
State capitals in the United States
1791 establishments in the United States
1790s establishments in Pennsylvania
Olympia, Washington

Olympia is the capital city of the state of Washington, in the United States of America. It became a city on January 28, 1859. As of the 2010 census, it has 46,478 people living in it. The people of Olympia are called Olympians. Olympia is the county seat of Thurston County.

Geography 
Olympia is located at 47°2'33" North, 122°53'35" West (47.042418, -122.893077).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total size of 48.0 km² (18.5 mi²). 43.3 km² (16.7 mi²) of it is land and 4.7 km² (1.8 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 9.77% water.

Olympia is on the water (Puget Sound) and close to dark green forests and high mountains (the Olympic Mountains and Mount Rainier). On most days of the year the sky is full of clouds and it rains, but sunny weather is more common in July, August, and September.

Economy 
Many people in Olympia work for the government of the State of Washington. Every year, state representatives and state senators come to Olympia to make laws and to pass a budget for the state government.

Olympia is the home of the Olympia Farmers Market and The Evergreen State College.

Culture 
Every April, the people of Olympia celebrate the "Procession of the Species,". It is a parade. Many Olympians, of all ages, dress up to look like animals, birds, fish, plants, and even insects, and walk in the parade. Some also play drums or dance the samba.

References

Other websites 
 City of Olympia
 State of Washington 
 The Evergreen State College
 Procession of the Species
 Photography of Olympia 

County seats in Washington (state)
 
State capitals in the United States
1859 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Washington (state)
Invertebrate

An invertebrate is an animal that does not have a spinal column or backbone. This contrasts with vertebrate: if an animal is not a vertebrate (fish, reptile, amphibian, bird, or mammal), it is an invertebrate.

The main phyla (groups) of invertebrate animals are:
 Annelida: segmented worms 
 Arthropods: (arachnids, crustaceans, insects, and others); the largest groups of invertebrates.
 Brachiopods: the lamp-shells.
 Bryozoa: sea mats or moss animals (sometimes they look like corals)
 Cnidarians: jellyfish, sea anemones, hydroids.
 Echinoderms: starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers
 Molluscs: (gastropods, cephalopods, bivalves and others); a large group of invertebrates.
 Nematoda: roundworms
 Porifera: sponges
 Platyhelminthes: flatworms
 Rotifers: tiny "wheel animals", which live in habitats such as pond water.

Insects and other arthropods have no bones, but they have a skeleton on the outside of their bodies, called an exoskeleton. 

There are 18 more groups of invertebrates, mostly minor: see List of animal phyla.
Sugar, We're Goin Down

"Sugar, We’re Goin' Down" is the first single from the From Under the Cork Tree album, by Fall Out Boy and it was the song that made them famous. It was released in 2005.

References

2005 songs
Fall Out Boy songs
Lawrence of Arabia

Lawrence of Arabia is a British epic movie from 1962, based on the life of T. E. Lawrence. It stars Peter O'Toole as the title character, along with Omar Sharif and Alec Guinness. The opening scene of the movie shows Lawrence dying in a motorcycle accident. The movie then goes into a series of flashbacks (past events) from his life.

The 1982 movie Gandhi follows the story pattern of Lawrence of Arabia's: after the main character dies at the start, it moves into a series of flashbacks from Gandhi's life.

Lawrence of Arabia won seven Academy Awards, one of them for Best Picture.

Considered one of the greatest movies ever made, it has appeared on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list (as the number five selecion).

A director's cut of the movie, running at 216 minutes, has no women talking in it.

Other websites 
 
 Greatest Films
 RaveCentral 

1962 drama movies
1962 adventure movies
1962 war movies
British adventure movies
British biographical movies
British drama movies
British war movies
Movies directed by David Lean
United States National Film Registry movies
Multilingual movies
Columbia Pictures movies
Movies set in deserts
Movies composed by Maurice Jarre
Glyphosate

Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide used in agriculture for the control of weeds, shrubs, and grasses. One brand name it is sold as is Monsanto's Roundup. It is also used in genetically modified crops.

There are many studies indicating glyphosate is dangerous for animals, including humans.

References

Other websites 
 Fact sheet
 glyphosate resistance 

Herbicides
Pudding

Pudding is a popular dessert and snack. It tastes sweet, and comes in many flavors. The most common kind of pudding is chocolate. Some other kinds are vanilla, butterscotch, banana, and pistachio. Most pudding today is made out of milk, sugar, flavoring, and flour. Eggs can be used, too. If you do not want to make the pudding, you do not have to. The grocery store sells pudding that is already made. One of the most popular makers of pudding in the United States is Jell-O.

In Britain, the word "pudding" is often used for any dessert, especially a dessert made with flour and eggs and cooked by steaming, boiling or baking, e.g. treacle pudding, chocolate pudding or Spotted Dick (pudding with raisins or currants).  There are also milk puddings such as rice pudding or semolina.

Confusingly, "steak and kidney pudding" is a savoury dish, similar to "steak and kidney pie" but with a softer pastry.

Desserts
Snack

A snack is a small amount of food eaten between meals. It can be any kind of food that you do not eat in large amount. People eat snacks if they are hungry between meals. For example, eating potato chips after lunch but before dinner is eating a snack. Other foods that can be eaten as snacks are fruit, candy, muffins, ice cream, and popcorn.

Snacking has surged during the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. Now only few people do not snack. Most snacks bought are processed foods.

References

Snack foods
Pierre, South Dakota

Pierre (pronounced "peer") is the capital city of South Dakota, a state of the United States of America.  As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 13,646.  Pierre is the county seat of Hughes County. Started in 1880 on the Missouri River across from Fort Pierre, Pierre has been the state capital since 1889.

Pierre lies on rough river bluffs overlooking the Missouri River. It is a few miles away from Lake Oahe, one of the largest man-made lakes in the world, and a very popular fishing destination.

Transportation 

Two airlines serving Pierre Regional Airport provide non-stop flights to Denver and Minneapolis-St. Paul.

The nearest interstate highway is Interstate 90, about 34 miles south of Pierre via U.S. Highway 83. Pierre is one of only four state capitals not served by an interstate highway.

Notes

References

Other websites 

 City of Pierre official website

State capitals in the United States
County seats in South Dakota
Cities in South Dakota
1880 establishments in Dakota Territory
Charleston, West Virginia

Charleston is the capital city of West Virginia, a state of the United States of America.  It is where the Elk and Kanawha Rivers join in Kanawha County. As of the 2020 census, Charleston has 48,864 people living in it, which makes it the largest city in the state. It is the county seat of Kanawha County.

References

Other websites 

 City of Charleston official website  Chat:

State capitals in the United States
County seats in West Virginia
Cities in West Virginia
1788 establishments in the United States
18th-century establishments in Virginia
Madison, Wisconsin

Madison is the capital city of Wisconsin, a state in the United States of America. As of the 2000 census, it had 221,735 people living in it, making it the second largest city in Wisconsin. It is the county seat of Dane County. Madison is also home to the University of Wisconsin.

References

Other websites 

 Official city website

 
County seats in Wisconsin
State capitals in the United States
1836 establishments in Michigan Territory
Cheyenne, Wyoming

Cheyenne is the capital and largest city of Wyoming, a state of the United States of America.  As of September 2005, it had an estimated population (number of people living in it) of 55,362.  It is the county seat of Laramie County. Cheyenne was founded in 1867 and the current mayor of Cheyenne is Marian Orr.

References

Other websites 
 City of Cheyenne official 

 
Wyoming
State capitals in the United States
1867 establishments in the United States
1860s establishments in Wyoming Territory
Cheyenne

Cheyenne might mean:

Cheyenne people, a Native American tribe
Cheyenne, Wyoming, a city in the U.S. state of Wyoming
Cheyenne (TV series), a television series starring Clint Walker
Jeannie Longo

Jeannie Longo (born October 31, 1958 at St. Gervais-les-Bains in Haute-Savoie, France) is a female French cyclist.

One of the greats of cycling, Jeannie's list of achievements follows:

Olympic Road Race Gold Medal 1996

Olympic Silver Medal 1992

Olympic Bronze Medal 2000

World Champion, Road Race 1985, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1995

World Time Trial Champion 1995, 1996, 1997, 2001

Tour de France Feminin 1987, 1988, 1989.

World Hour Record 2000 (45.094)

56 French National Titles

Other websites 
Official site

Longo, Jeannie

1958 births
Living people
People from Haute-Savoie
Sportspeople from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Buckminster Fuller

Richard Buckminster "Bucky" Fuller (July 12, 1895 – July 1, 1983) was an American architect, engineer, author, designer, inventor and futurist.

Fuller published more than 30 books, inventing and popularizing terms such as "Spaceship Earth",  and "Synergetics".

He also used inventions, mainly architectural designs. The best known of which is the geodesic dome, the pinnacle of which would be a 5 kilometer diameter dome over Manhattan, as well as cloud nine. Carbon molecules known as fullerenes were later named by scientists for their resemblance to geodesic spheres.

Some of his books 
 Nine chains to the Moon (1938)
 Untitled epic poem on the history of industrialization (1962)
 Ideas and integrities, a spontaneous autobiographical disclosure (1963) 
 No more secondhand god and other writings (1963)
 What I have learned: a collection of 20 autobiographical essays, Chapter "How little I know", (1968)
 Operating manual for Spaceship Earth (1969) 
 Utopia or oblivion (1969) 
 Approaching the benign environment (1970)  (with Eric A. Walker and James R. Killian, Jr.)
 Buckminster Fuller to Children of Earth (1972) compiled and photographed by Cam Smith, 
 The Dymaxion world of Buckminster Fuller (1960, 1973), coauthor Robert Marks, 
 Earth, Inc (1973) 
 Synergetics: explorations in the geometry of thinking (1975) in collaboration with E.J. Applewhite with a preface and contribution by Arthur L. Loeb, 
 Tetrascroll: Goldilocks and the three bears,: a cosmic fairy tale (1975)
 And it came to pass — not to stay (1976) 
 R. Buckminster Fuller on education (1979) 
 Synergetics 2: Further explorations in the geometry of thinking (1979) in collaboration with E.J. Applewhite
 Critical path (1981) 
 Inventions: the patented works of R. Buckminster Fuller (1983) 
 Humans in Universe (1983), coauthor Anwar Dil, 
 Cosmography: a posthumous scenario for the future of humanity (1992), coauthor Kiyoshi Kuromiya, 

Please check UNITED STATES NAVAL HISTORY for Bucky Buckminster Fuller's service to the United States of America Navy.

References

Other websites

Buckminster Fuller Institute

1895 births
1983 deaths
American architects
Engineers from Massachusetts
American inventors
Futurists
Writers from Massachusetts
Bill Harry

Bill Harry is an English author, from Liverpool. He went to college with John Lennon and Stuart Sutcliffe, who were members of The Beatles. They promised to make Liverpool famous with Lennon's music, Sutcliffe's paintings and Harry's writing. They did not get far together, but each member later became well-known.

Harry founded Mersey Beat, a newspaper about the local music scene in Liverpool, in 1961. He was the first person to write news articles about the Beatles.

Over the years, Harry has been on over four hundred television and radio shows in Britain, America, Europe and Asia. Shows he has been on include Good Morning, Good Morning America, BBC News, Sky News, CNN, ITV and many television documentaries and movies about the Beatles. The British Council had him represent them for their Beatles exhibitions in Hong Kong. Harry has also been a guest at Beatles conventions in Britain, Europe and America.

Harry moved to London in 1966, when he was a music journalist for Weekend Magazine, and columnist for the Fleetway magazines Marilyn and Valentine.

He was given an award by the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors for everything he has done for the music business in his lifetime.

Artists worked with
In London, Harry worked with many entertainers. His job as their publicist was to deal with the media.
The Kinks
The Hollies
Pink Floyd
Ten Years After
Jethro Tull
David Bowie
Led Zeppelin
The Beach Boys
Procol Harum
Blodwyn Pig
Chicken Shack
Free
Mott the Hoople
Stone the Crows
The Pretty Things
Suzi Quatro
Hot Chocolate
Cockney Rebel
Bill Kenwright
Alexis Korner
Nazareth
Supertramp
The Electric Prunes
Kim Wilde
David Prowse (Darth Vader in Star Wars).

Books by Bill Harry
 Arrows : The Official Story Everest Books (1976) 
 Mersey Beat: The Beginnings of The Beatles Omnibus Press (1977) 
 The Beatles Who's Who	Aurum Press (1982) 
 Beatlemania	Virgin Books (1984) 
 Paperback Writers	Virgin Books (1984) 
 The Book of Lennon	Aurum Press (1984) 
 Ask Me Why	Javelin Books (1985) 
 Beatles For Sale	Virgin Books (1985) 
 The Book of Beatle Lists	Javelin Books (1985) 
 The McCartney File	Virgin Books (1986) 
 Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band	Atalanta Press (1987) 
 The Ultimate Beatles Encyclopedia	Virgin Books (1992) 
 Jan Olofsson: My 60s     Taschen (1994) 
 The Encyclopedia of Beatles People Blandford Press (1997) 
 The Best Years of The Beatles     Headline (1997) 
 Whatever Happened to ...     Cassell     (1999) 
 The Beatles Encyclopedia: Revised and Updated Virgin Books (2000 
 The John Lennon Encyclopedia	Virgin Books (2000) 
 The Paul McCartney Encyclopedia	Virgin Books (2002) 
 The George Harrison Encyclopedia	Virgin Books (2003) 
 The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia     Virgin Books (2004) 
 The British Invasion	Chrome Dreams	(2004) 
 Bigger Than The Beatles, Trinity Mirror (2009) 
 Lennon's Liverpool, Trinity Mirror (2010) 
 The Sixties (Harry & Robert Orbach) Endeavour London Ltd. (2011)

References

Other websites 
Bill Harry's story  on Mersey-beat.com
The Beatles and Mersey Beat by Bill Harry

English journalists
The Beatles
Writers from Liverpool
Living people
1938 births
Paul Bremer

Lewis Paul Bremer III is an American writer and politician.  He was born on September 30, 1941.  He was named "Director of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance" on May 6 for Iraq in 2003, after the war..

Biography
Bremer was born in Hartford, Connecticut. He grew up in New Canaan, Connecticut.  He went to school at Phillips Academy and graduated in 1959.  Then he went to Yale University.  He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1963.  In 1996, he received a master's degree from Harvard University.  His degree was in business. He also received a degree in Paris.

In 1967, he joined the United States foreign service.  At first he worked in Kabul, Afghanistan.  He also worked in Blantyre, Malawi from 1968 to 1971.  He worked for the United States State Department for 23 years. During that time, he worked for six different Secretaries of State, including Alexander Haig.  A Secretary of State is the top government official in the U.S. State Department.  A secretary of state is appointed by the United States President.  He also worked as a deputy chief at an American embassy in the country of Norway.  A deputy chief is a person in charge at the embassy.

In 1983, President Ronald Reagan appointed Bremer to the position of Ambassador to the Netherlands.  He also became "Ambassador at Large for Counter Terrorism."

Bremer retired in 1989.  Then he spent the next 15 years working in private (non-government) companies. One of the companies he worked for was Kissinger Associates (a company that was run by someone who used to be a Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger).  He also served as a board member for several corporations.  A board member is someone who makes big or strategic decisions on how a company should operate.  Mr. Bremer has served on the board for corporations such as Air Products and Chemicals Incorporated, Akzo Nobel NV (a Dutch company), and Marsh Crisis Consulting Company.

Bremer speaks many languages besides English.  He speaks Arabic, French, Dutch, Norwegian, Persian, German, and Spanish.

Bremer is married to named Frances Winfield. They were married in 1966. They have two adult children and two grandchildren.

After he worked in Iraq, Bremer wrote a book.  The title of the book is My Year in Iraq:  The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope.  The book was published in January 2006.

1941 births
Living people
Ambassadors of the United States to the Netherlands
American Roman Catholics
Writers from Hartford, Connecticut
Politicians from Hartford, Connecticut
Writers from Connecticut
Yale University alumni
People from New Canaan, Connecticut
1770s



Events 
 United States Declaration of Independence ratified by the Continental Congress (July 4, 1776). The document was drafted by a committee consisting of representatives John Adams of Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, Robert R. Livingston of New York and Roger Sherman of Connecticut.
 Abol Fath Khan ascends to the throne of Persia as the second Shah of the Zand dynasty in 1779.

World leaders 
 Emperor Ch'ien Lung (China)
 King Christian VII (Denmark and Norway)
 King George III of Great Britain and the Prince-elector of Hanover
 Maria Theresa of Austria, Holy Roman Empress, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary
 Frederick II of Prussia, King of Prussia
 Empress Catherine II (Russia)
 King Charles III (Spain)
 King Louis XV (France)
 King Louis XVI (France)
 Emperor Go-Momozono (Japan)
1530s

The 1530s was a decade that began on 1 January 1530 and ended on 31 December 1539.

Events and trends 
 Spanish conquest of Peru
 Beginning of colonization of Brazil
 Henry VIII and his control over the English church.
 Reformation in Denmark and Norway.
William P. Frye

William Pierce Frye (September 2, 1830–August 8, 1911) was a United States politician from Maine. He served in both the United States Senate and House of Representatives.

United States senators from Maine
United States representatives from Maine
Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate
Deans of the United States Senate
1830 births
1911 deaths
Headache

A headache is when your head hurts. It is not when you hit your head with something and made it hurt that way, but when your head hurts from inside. Headache is the symptom of pain in the face, head, or neck.

A headache can be caused by one of several things, which are listed here:

 Fever
 Watching television or looking at a computer screen for a long time.
 Being tired or sleepy.
 As an effect of stress.
 By other neurological conditions ('neurological' means touching the nerves and the brain), like with epilepsy

The second edition of the International Headache Classification (ICHD-2) defines more than 220 different types of headaches in three categories:

 Primary headaches, for example migraine, tension headache and cluster headache.
 Secondary headaches
 Cranial neuralgias, central and primary facial pain and other headaches

Many headaches can be relieved with analgesics like aspirin.

Other names 
Cephalalgia

Causes 
 Brain tumor
 Lyme disease
 Influenza
 Brain metastasis
 Foodborne Intoxication
 Sinusitis
 Meningitis
 Encephalitis

Treatments 

In many cases headaches can be relieved naturally. Many methods such as massaging the temples near the eye, exercising your eyes (blinking, palming) and walking can all help relieve the tension of headaches. Maintaining a healthy diet, with rich proteins and iron, can keep your brain awake and healthy. One of the main factors is drinking plenty of water. These natural techniques tend to give you long-term relief whilst medication can often give you short term relief.

There are many medicines which can treat mild headaches, such as Paracetamol, Co-codamol, and Ibuprofen; but you should always consult your doctor or pharmacist before taking any.

References 

Head (body part)
Pain
Fever

A fever is when a person's body temperature is hotter than 37.5 degrees Celsius (99.5 Fahrenheit). Normal body temperature for humans varies based on a variety of factors, including age and level of physical activity.  It is typically cited as 37 degrees Celsius (98.6 F), but naturally varies from person to person by at least .5 degrees Celsius. The actual measurement of body temperature will vary based on the location of the measurement.  For a temperature taken from under the tongue, the measurement may be lower. Rectal temperatures will read about 0.3 C (0.55 F) higher, and armpit temperatures will read about the same amount lower.

When people are ill, their body's immune system fights the disease, and so the body temperature rises. Fever is a defensive measure of the body against the germs: the life cycles of the germs are disrupted when the body temperature rises.

About 38 °C (100.4 F) degrees is called a low-grade fever, and above 39.5 °C (103 F) degrees is a high-grade fever.

Children usually have a higher fever than adults; their immune system is less mature. Infants have the highest normal temperature, which decreases as people age. Some animals, especially small ones like rabbits and cats, also have a higher normal temperature than humans.

Sometimes, high-grade fever can be a medical emergency. At or above 42 °C (107.6 F) organs start taking damage that may not be repairable. While most fevers are caused by Infection, whether bacterial or viral, some fevers can be caused by cancers, including leukemia, lymphoma, and renal cell carcinoma.

References

Other websites 
 Shands HealthCare article on fever 
 American Academy of Pediatrics article on home treatment of fevers 

Symptoms
Medical signs
Peoria, Illinois

Peoria is a city on the Illinois River in the U.S. state of Illinois.  In the 2020 census, Peoria had more than 110,000 people living in it. It is the home of the Peoria Rivermen ice hockey team. One of Peoria's largest businesses is Caterpillar, a company that makes bulldozers, mining trucks, and other kinds of machinery.

Roads
Many people drive in and out of Peoria on Interstate 74.  People also drive around Peoria on Interstate 474.  Peoria is 157 miles (257 kilometers) southwest of Chicago, Illinois.

Culture
Peoria has become famous as a representation of the average American city because of its demographics and its perceived mainstream Midwestern culture. On the Vaudeville circuit, it was said that if an act would succeed in Peoria, it would work anywhere. The question "Will it play in Peoria?" has now become a metaphor for whether something appeals to the American mainstream public.

References

Cities in Illinois
County seats in Illinois
Sedative

A sedative is a depressant that lowers excitement and irritability. Doctors use sedatives to prevent nervous patients from accidentally hurting themselves or the doctor. They are also used in tranquilizer guns.

There are different kinds of sedatives:
Drugs that make people fall asleep.
Drugs that help people keep sleeping (not to wake up during the night).
Drugs that calm people down, without making them sleep.

Most sedatives act very slowly, usually in 10-15 minutes.  Doctors must know a patient's weight and medical history in order give them the sedatives which are best for them.

People who have been given sedatives may seem dull, and sleepy. Since sedatives act on their ability to react, those who have been given such drugs should not do the following:
Operate any machines
Drive a car
Take other drugs (including alcohol; these may make the effect of the pill bigger and can lead to overdose)
The drugs are given in clinical settings to facilitate medical procedures that would require physical restraint in a conscious patient or otherwise be unfeasible. They are also used to tranquilize dangerous animals. If the animal is in a position where it can't hurt anyone, a slow-acting sedative will be used. If the animal is out-of-control, a fast-acting sedative will be used. Fast-acting sedatives usually take between 3-5 minutes to take effect. Tranquilizer darts are rarely used on humans because there is no way to know which sedative to use and how much to use without performing a pre-anesthetic exam on the patient beforehand. There are only two known cases of a person being intentionally tranquilized, and in both cases the person doing the tranquilizing knew their target's weight and medical history.

Problems 
Sedatives usually should not be taken for a longer period of time, as there are problems:
 Many sedatives cause addiction. Trying to stop taking the drug may cause withdrawal symptoms
 If they are taken together with other drugs, this may change their effect.

Psychoactive drugs
Trout

A trout is a kind of teleost fish that belongs to the Salmoninae subfamily of the Salmonidae family. There are many different kinds of trout. They belong to the same family as the salmon. 

Most trout are freshwater fish. They live in clear streams, rivers and lakes in America, Europe, and Asia. 

It is possible to work out the difference between a trout and any other fish, by looking for a second dorsal fin (or adipose fin). Also, you can find for spots in mature trout and parr marks in the young.

Salmoniformes
Edible fish
Tijuana

Tijuana (  or ; ) is a city in Mexico. It is in the north of the country and across the border from California in the United States. It is the largest city in Baja California. Tijuana is well known destination for US Tourists.

Sources

Cities in Mexico
Baja California (state)
1889 establishments
19th-century establishments in Mexico
Tampa, Florida

Tampa is a city in Florida, a state of the United States. It has a population of about 384,959 people as of 2020. Tampa is 3rd largest city in Florida, and the 52nd largest city in the USA.

Sports 

Tampa is the home of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Tampa Bay Lightning and Tampa Bay Storm.

People from Tampa 
 Brittany Snow (born 1986), actress
 Derek Bell (born 1968), professional baseball player
 Salha "Mama" Bobo (c. 1900 – 2001), Ybor business pioneer
 Ray Charles (1930–2004), blind blues singer, pianist
 Aaron Carter (born 1987), actor/singer
 Oba Chandler (born 1946) murderer (lived there since early 80s)
 Hulk Hogan (born 1953), actor/wrestler

References 

County seats in Florida
Diana Krall

Diana Jean Krall (born November 16, 1964) is a Canadian jazz singer and pianist from Nanaimo, British Columbia.

Krall began to play the piano when she was four years old.  She began to play in restaurants when she was 15. When she was 17, she won a Vancouver Jazz Festival scholarship (student money award) to study music at the Berklee College of Music in Boston.  She later moved to Los Angeles to study with Jimmy Rowles.  In 1990, she moved to New York City.

Krall's 1996 album All For You, was a tribute (way to honour someone) to the Nat King Cole trio. It was on the Billboard jazz charts for 70 weeks. The album was considered for a Grammy Award.  She won a Grammy in 1999 for "Best Jazz Musician of the Year".  Her 2001 album The Look of Love was #1 in Canada.  It also won the Juno Award as Canadian album of the year.  Her 2002 album Live in Paris won the Grammy for Best Vocal Jazz Record.  Also in 2002, Krall won the Juno for Canadian artist of the year.  Her version of the Tom Waits song "Temptation" made #1 on the World Jazz Charts in 2004.

Krall married British musician Elvis Costello in December 2003.

Albums
Heartdrops (1989)
Stepping Out (1993)
Only Trust Your Heart (1994)
All For You (1996)
Love Scenes (1997)
When I Look in Your Eyes (1999)
The Look of Love (2001)
Live in Paris (2002)
The Girl in the Other Room (2004)
Christmas Songs (2005)
 From This Moment On (2006)
 Quiet Nights (2009)
 Glad Rag Doll (2012)
 Wallflower (2015)
 Turn Up the Quiet (2017)
 Love Is Here to Stay with Tony Bennett (2018)
 This Dream of You (2020)

DVDs
Live in Paris (2002)
Live at the Montreal Jazz Festival (2004)

Other websites 

Diana Krall's website
DianaKrallfans.com fan website
Diana Krall Lyrics
Diana Krall MusicBrainz

Canadian singers
Grammy Award winners
Canadian jazz musicians
Musicians from British Columbia
Canadian pianists
1964 births
Living people
Juno Award

The Juno Awards are awards given to Canadian musical artists and bands, similar to the United States' Grammy Awards. The Juno awards were first presented in 1970.

Categories
The categories for the Juno Awards are:

Album of the Year 
International Album of the Year 
New Artist of the Year 
New Group of the Year 
Rock Album of the Year 
Pop Album of the Year 
Artist of the Year 
Group of the Year

Other websites
Official website

Music awards
Half-Life 2

Half-Life 2 is a first person shooter video game created by the company Valve Corporation and released in 2004. This game is the sequel to the original Half-Life video game which came out in 1998. It is sold through the Steam platform also developed by Valve. It is also available in The Orange Box, along with Half-Life 2: Episode One and Half-Life 2: Episode Two (sequels to Half-Life 2), Portal, and Team Fortress 2. Half-Life 3 is currently in development. Half-Life 2 is based on a game engine called Source. There have been many other Source-based games, such as Portal, Team Fortress 2, Counter-Strike: Source, and Garry's Mod.

Half-Life was a very popular video game, and Half-Life 2 was also very popular. Many reviewers believe Half-Life 2 is better than Half-Life and one of the best games ever made. It took six years to create Half-Life 2 (from 1998 to 2004). It was supposed to be released in 2003, but it was not ready. Many fans were very angry and said Valve lied to them. However, it did release the next year (2004). It had much better graphics than Half-Life. It also had more complicated non-player characters and more of a story.

Plot and characters 
In Half-Life 2, the player is Gordon Freeman (the same character as in Half-Life). It begins about 20 years after the first Half-Life. The Combine, a group of evil aliens, took over Earth and made humans their slaves. Gordon Freeman wakes up on a train in a place named City 17. He finds the resistance, some humans who fight the Combine. In the game, he must help them and fight with them. The game ends with Gordon Freeman stopping Doctor Breen, the evil human who is helping the Combine.

There are many important characters in this game other than Gordon Freeman. Some are Eli Vance, who worked at Black Mesa with Gordon Freeman before the Combine came. He is part of the resistance. Alyx Vance is Eli's daughter. She travels with Gordon in part of the game. Doctor Mossman also worked at Black Mesa. She works with the resistance, but is also a traitor who helps Doctor Breen. Barney Calhoun was a guard at Black Mesa. Now he leads the resistance.

Other websites 
Official website
Steam website
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre

The Texas Chainsaw Massacre is a 1974 American horror movie. It was based loosely on real events, the crimes of Ed Gein, although much of its plot is fictional. It was directed by Tobe Hooper and stars Marilyn Burns. It is the first movie of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre franchise.

It was followed by several sequels and a 2003 remake from New Line Cinema.

References

Further reading

Other websites 
 
 
 Snopes.com page talking about the movie's true-life basis
 A tour of the shooting locations

The Texas Chainsaw Massacre movies
1974 crime movies
1974 horror movies
American horror movies
American serial killer movies
Cult movies
English-language movies
Movie remakes
Movies set in Texas
American independent movies
Gelsenkirchen

Gelsenkirchen (UK: /ˈɡɛlzənkɪərxən/, US: /ˌɡɛlzənˈkɪərxən/, German: [ˌɡɛlzn̩ˈkɪʁçn̩]; ) is a city in Germany in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is about  north of Cologne in the so-called Ruhr Area.

About 269,000 people live there. In the past it was dominated by coal mining and steel industry. The city is famous for its football (soccer) club FC Schalke 04.

References

Other websites 

 Official City Website 
 Official Schalke 04 Website
 Gelsenkirchen Blog
 Official MiR Website
Nuclear missile

Nuclear missiles are missiles (rockets or cruise missiles that hit something in order to destroy it) with atomic bombs. 

In the time of the Cold War the USA and the Soviet Union were enemies and thought the other side was going to attack them. To dissuade the other side from attacking, both sides built many nuclear missiles to ensure Mutual assured destruction. This meant a country that attacked would be destroyed.  Treaties were made to reduce the numbers of missiles to make everyone safer.

Missiles
Nuclear weapons
Pituitary gland

The pituitary gland (or hypophysis) is an important part of the endocrine system.  It is at the base of the brain between the eyes. The pituitary is attached to the hypothalamus, which is also a gland. The pituitary controls a whole range of vital functions by secreting hormones.

The pituitary gland consists of two parts: the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary. It is functionally linked to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk (also called the infundibulum).

The hypothalamus releases factors down the pituitary stalk to the pituitary gland where they cause the release of pituitary hormones. Although the pituitary gland is known as the 'master' endocrine gland, both of the lobes are under the control of the hypothalamus.
Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary are controlled by regulatory hormones released by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus.

Hormones released 
The gland releases several kinds of hormones.

Anterior pituitary 
The endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary are controlled by neurosecretion from the hypothalamus. The anterior pituitary cells synthesizes and secretes these important endocrine hormones:

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): released under conditions of stress. Increases corticosteroids.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): regulates thyroid gland.
Growth hormone ('HGH'): stimulates cell division and growth.
Prolactin (PRL): stimulates milk production in breasts.

The two gonadotropins;
Luteinizing hormone (LH): in females, it triggers ovulation. In males it stimulates testosterone (acts with next).
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): regulates development, growth, puberty, reproduction.

Intermediate lobe 
Here one hormone is produced:
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH): stimulates the production and release of melanin by melanocytes in skin and hair. MSH signals to the brain have effects on appetite and sexual arousal.

Posterior pituitary 
The posterior pituitary is actually an extension of the hypothalamus. Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus have axons that go right down into the posterior pituitary. The posterior pituitary stores and secretes the hormones produced by these neurosecretory cells:
Oxytocin, most of which is released from the hypothalamus: has effects on nerve transmission, and on females during and after birth. Has a role in pair-bonding, mating and maternal behaviour. Functions not yet entirely understood.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also known as vasopressin): controls the reabsorption of molecules in the tubules of the kidneys. Increases arterial blood pressure. It plays a key role in homeostasis, and the regulation of water, glucose, and salts in the blood.

Oxytocin is one of the few hormones to create a positive feedback loop. For example, uterine contractions stimulate the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary, which, in turn, increases uterine contractions. This positive feedback loop continues throughout birth labour.

References 

Glands
Hormones
Endocrine system
Boeing

The Boeing Company ( ) (NYSE: BA ) is an American company which makes aircraft and defense items.  The company was started in 1916 by William E. Boeing in Seattle, Washington. 

Boeing has grown to become very big. It bought its main rival, McDonnell Douglas, in 1997.  Boeing moved its headquarters from Seattle to Chicago, Illinois in 2001. 

Boeing is made up of many smaller parts. These parts are called divisions. The divisions are Boeing Commercial Airplanes (BCA); Boeing Defense, Space & Security (BDS); Engineering, Operations & Technology; Boeing Capital; and Boeing Shared Services Group.

Boeing is one of the biggest aircraft manufacturers in the world. It is the second-biggest defense contractor in the world as of 2011.

References

Other websites
 Boeing

American aircraft companies
Companies based in Chicago
1916 establishments in the United States
Satanism

Satanism is a word that has several different meanings. It can describe different religions and philosophies. 

 

Sometimes the word Satanism is just used to say that the person using it does not like a group, but the group themselves do not think of themselves as Satanists.  Used like this, it is just used to say the speaker disapproves of a group.  A lot of groups, like Pagans, or even Protestants have in the past been called Satanists by some people.

The word is often used by people who do not know much about Satanists, who think that Satanism means the worship of an evil being called Satan, and that Satanists want him to win in a war against good represented by "God".  This is not true for most Satanists.  For them, Satan is only a symbol for the freedom to be themselves, and the word Satan is used as a symbol for man's inner desires and for knowledge.  These people read the writings of Anton LaVey and are sometimes called LaVeyan Satanists.  There are several modern Satanic groups of different types, with the most well known being the Church of Satan, created in 1966 by Anton LaVey, who also wrote The Satanic Bible. Even though these types of satanists are atheists, meaning they do not believe in a higher being, they do practice magic. They believe that there is no afterlife.

Other types of Satanists do worship Satan.  They are called theistic or traditional Satanists, because they believe their religion is older.  They believe their religion is similar to that of Witches.

Some ethnoreligious groups were (and still are) falsely accused of being Satanists, for example: it was believed that Wiccans were Satanists because the god worshipped by them has horns (a trait commonly associated with Baphomet, a Satanic idol, when in fact it means fertility for Wiccans) and due to the demonization of paganism by Christians as well, the Kurdish Yazidi were also accused by Muslims and Christians alike of being Satanists because Melek Taûs, the central deity in Yazidism is similar to Iblis (the Islamic equivalent of Satan), and the Afro-Brazilian religions Umbanda and Candomblé were thought to be "Satanic" by Portuguese colonizers and Jesuit missionaries in Brazil and its deities (orishas) deemed to be "demons" purely based on prejudice and racism towards the African slaves and their culture.

Other websites

LaVeyan Satanists 
 Church of Satan: The Official Web Site 
 First Satanic Church - Official Website

Theistic Satanists 
 Diane Vera's site about Theistic Satanism
 Satan's Den
Decatur, Illinois

Decatur is a city in the American state of Illinois.  In the 2020 census, there were about 70,000 people living in it.  Many people drive in and out of Decatur on Interstate 72.  There is a shopping mall in nearby Forsyth, a suburb of Decatur.

Decatur is the county seat of Macon County.  Macon County was the home of the young Abraham Lincoln, later U.S. president, for a short time.  The place where the Lincoln family built a log cabin and spent the winter of 1829-1830 is now a state park, the "Lincoln Trail Homestead State Park."

References

Cities in Illinois
County seats in Illinois
Elba

Elba () is third largest island of Italy, after Sardinia and Sicily. The land area of the island is about . The coastline is about 147 km. The highest mountain is Monte Capanne at 1018 metres (3340 feet). Elba and the other islands (Gorgona, Capraia, Pianosa, Montecristo, Giglio and Giannutri) of the Tuscan Archipelago are protected in the National Park of the Tuscan Archipelago. The French island of Corsica lies about 50 km to the west. Recently, the island has become famous for its wine.

The island is divided into eight communes: Portoferraio, Campo nell'Elba, Capoliveri, Marciana, Marciana Marina, Porto Azzurro, Rio Marina and Rio nell'Elba. The island has a population of about 30 000 people.

History
The island was well known in to the last century for the iron resources. Mines were created by the Etruscans first and (after 480 BC) the Romans. After the end of the Roman Empire, the island knew barbarians and Saracens. In the early 11th century it became a part of the Republic of Pisa. In 1398, was sold to the Visconti family of Milan. After a few years, the island was acquired by the Appiani, Lords of Piombino, who kept it for two centuries. In 1546 part of the island was controlled by Cosimo I de' Medici. He fortified Portoferraio and renamed it "Cosmopoli". In 1577, the rest of the island was returned to the Appiani. In 1603 Philip II of Spain captured Porto Azzurro and built two fortresses there.

In 1802 the island became a part of France. Following the Treaty of Fontainebleau, French emperor Napoleon I was exiled to Elba after his forced abdication in 1814 and arrived at Portoferraio on May 3, 1814 to begin his exile there. He was allowed to keep a personal guard of six hundred men. Napoleon stayed on Elba for 300 days before he escaped and returned to France on February 26 for the Hundred Days. Thanks to Napoleon Elba is well known around the world. In the Congress of Vienna the island was given to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. In 1860 it became part of the new unified Kingdom of Italy.

French troops landed on Elba on June 17 1944, freeing the island from the Germans in World War II.

Airport 
There is an airport on the island, the "Airport Marina di Campo", that can connect the island with the big cities of: Friedrichshafen, Munich and Zürich.

Other websites
 Elba Geology  a site about Elba's Geology.
 War story about the WWII battle
 Elba Island All information for your holiday on Elba Island

Islands of Italy
Wine regions
Province of Livorno
1799



Events 
 March 1 – Federalist James Ross becomes President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate.
 March 7 – Napoleon captures Jaffa in Palestine and his troops proceed to kill more than 2,000 Albanian captives.
 March 29 – New York passes a law aimed at gradually abolishing slavery in the state.
 July 7 – Ranjit Singh's men had taken their positions outside Lahore.
 July 15 – In the Egyptian port city of Rosetta, French Captain Pierre Bouchard finds the Rosetta Stone.
 July 25 – At Aboukir in Egypt, Napoleon I of France defeats 10,000 Ottoman Mamluk troops under Mustafa Pasha.
 November 9 – Napoleon overthrows the French Directory.
 December – Napoleon becomes First Consul.
 The Dutch East India Company is dissolved.
 The Place Royale in Paris is renamed Place des Vosges when the Department of Vosges becomes the first to pay new Revolutionary taxes.
 The American System of manufacturing is invented.

April 17 - Edward Williams Clay, American artist (d. 1857)

 August 29 – Pope Pius VI, Roman Catholic pope during the French revolution. (b. 1717)
1162



Events 
 June 3 – Thomas Becket named Archbishop of Canterbury.
 July 15 – Ladislaus II of Hungary declared King of Hungary.
 July 24 – Emperor Gaozong abdicated to Emperor Xiaozong.
 July 25 – Emperor Xiaozong said to restore Yue Fei after his death.

Births 
 October 13 – Leonora of England, queen of Alfonso VIII of Castile (died 1214)
 Abd-el-latif, Baghdad traveller and writer
 Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire (died 1227)
 Muhammad of Ghor, Persian conqueror and sultan (died 1206)
 Renier of Montferrat, Byzantine politician
 Richard de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford (died 1218)

Deaths 
 February 10 – King Baldwin III of Jerusalem (b. 1130)
 June 27 – Eudes II, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1118)
 July 7 – Haakon II of Norway
 August 6 – Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona
 Heloise, lover of Pierre Abélard (born 1101)
 Iziaslav III of Kiev
 Ibn Zuhr, Arab physician (born 1090)

1162
1704



Events 
 The Dutch and British conquer Gibraltar

Births 
  February 5 - Anne Christine of Sulzbach
  November 10 - Margravine Johanna of Baden-Baden

Deaths
  May 3 - Heinrich Biber, Austrian composer
  February 24 - Marc-Antoine Charpentier, French composer
  October 28 - John Locke, English philosopher
North Africa

North Africa is the Northern part of Africa. It is usually made up of these countries:
 Algeria
 Egypt
 Libya
 Morocco
 Tunisia
 Western Sahara
Mauritania
Sudan
South Sudan

Most of north Africa is desert, which means it is very dry and does not rain very much. The predominant ethnic groups are Arabs, Berbers and Moors (mixed Africans and Arabs). The biggest religion is Islam, meaning that most of the people are Muslims.

References

Regions of Africa