alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
No. 683 Squadron RAF

No. 683 Squadron RAF was a photo-reconnaissance squadron of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War and from August 1950 to November 1953.

History

Formation and World War II
683 squadron was formed out of 'B' Flight of No. 69 Squadron on 8 February 1943 at RAF Luqa on Malta, as a photo-reconnaissance squadron operating the Spitfire fighter in the photo-reconnaissance role. The squadron added the Mosquito Mk.VI to its strength in May 1943, but they were only operated for a month. The squadron was involved in photo-reconnaissance mission over Sicily and Italy and later over Yugoslavia.
The squadron moved to San Severo in Italy and continued in support of the US 5th Army. As the war continued it was involved in both tactical and strategic reconnaissance, and was involved survey flight across southern Europe. In September 1944, the squadron re-equipped with Spitfire PR.XIX photo-reconnaissance aircraft.
Detachments from the squadron were based at a wide range of bases all across the Italian theatre of operations, with the squadron finally disbanding on 22 September 1945 at San Severo, Italy.

Post war
The squadron was re-formed on 1 November 1950 at RAF Fayid, Egypt with the Avro Lancaster PR.1 and the Vickers Valetta C.1. It was tasked with the survey and mapping of Arabia and East Africa. In January 1952 the squadron moved to RAF Khormaksar, Aden to cover both Aden and Somaliland. Another move to RAF Habbaniya, Iraq allowed the squadron to survey and map the Persian Gulf. With the survey and mapping role completed the squadron was disbanded at Habbaniya on 30 November 1953.

Aircraft operated

Squadron bases

Commanding officers

See also
List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links
 History of 683 Squadron
 No. 683 Squadron RAF movement and equipment history
 Squadron Histories and more of Nos. 671–1435 Squadron on RAFweb 

683 Squadron
Aircraft squadrons of the Royal Air Force in World War II
Military units and formations established in 1944
Reconnaissance units and formations of the Royal Air Force
Military units and formations disestablished in 1953
State Street Village

Rowe Village, previously known as State Street Village, is a residence hall for the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, Illinois. Designed by Helmut Jahn of Murphy-Jahn Associates, the dormitory was completed in 2003.

Although it appears that Rowe Village is a single continuous building, it consists of three different buildings built next to each other and sharing the same facade; they are commonly referred to as "north", "middle", and "south". Each building has five stories, with dorms on the "north" and "south" sides of the building and an elevator and common area splitting the two sections in the middle. Access can only be gained via ID card scanners. Suites usually consist of two double rooms that are connected by a shared central bathroom.

Rowe Village also has kitchens and laundry rooms on all floors, with a lounge and open deck located on the top floor of each of the three separate buildings.

References

External links 
State Street Village, IIT Housing
projectchicago.org entry: State Street Village
 Info about the project at the Architectural Record
 

Illinois Institute of Technology
School buildings completed in 2003
Buildings and structures in Chicago
Helmut Jahn buildings
Modernist architecture in Illinois
Postmodern architecture in the United States
2003 establishments in Illinois
Myra, Norway

Myra is the administrative centre of the municipality of Vegårshei in Agder, Norway. The village is located along the river Storelva, which flows out of the large Vegår lake, just to the north. The  village has a population (2017) of 781 which gives the village a population density of .

Myra sits at the junction of the Norwegian County Road 414 and Norwegian County Road 416. The Sørlandsbanen railway line stops just north of Myra at Vegårshei Station. As the administrative centre of Vegårshei, the government offices are located here along with a school and Vegårshei Church.

References

Villages in Agder
Vegårshei
Eikeland

Eikeland is a village in southeastern part of the municipality of Gjerstad in Agder, Norway. It is located about  southeast of the municipal center of Gjerstad and about  north of the village of Søndeled. The Norwegian County Road 418 runs through the village.

The  village has a population (2017) of 596 which gives the village a population density of .  The village area was originally centered on the old Eikeland ironworks factory along the river, but has since spread out to the east and the urban area of Eikeland now includes the neighboring village of Fiane. The European Route E18 highway can be reached about  to the north of Eikeland.

References

Villages in Agder
Gjerstad
Jalal Jalalizadeh

Jalal Jalalizadeh (born
in Sanandaj) is an Iranian Kurdish politician, University of Tehran professor, and political activist.

Jalalizadeh was advisor to Iran's interior minister and also a representative of Sanandaj in Iran's 6th parliament. He is now a member of Islamic Iran Participation Front (IIPF). In 2008 Jalalizadeh was sentenced to a year in prison after being charged with "propaganda against the state".

Works

Compilations and translations into Persian 
 "History of Jurisprudence and Jurists"
 "Kurds are descendants of the Medes"
 "The Last Journey (True Tragedy of a Kurdish Family)"
 "Talk Always"
 "The Exalted Passage"
 "Mirror of Sentences in Shafi'i Jurisprudence"
 "A Revolution in the Prophetic Tradition"
 "The Role of Marriage in Community Health"
 "History of the Principles of Jurisprudence"
 "Luminous Words"
 "Do we deserve democracy?"
 "Explanation of Problems"
 "Principles of Jurisprudence"

References

Iranian Kurdish politicians
Living people
Members of the 6th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Islamic Iran Participation Front politicians
Kurdish United Front politicians
Union of Islamic Iran People Party politicians
1960 births
Members of the National Council for Peace
Lisi people

The Lisi people are three closely associated Chadian ethnic groups living in the same geographical area, represented by the Batha and Chari-Baguirmi prefectures: the Bilala (136,000), the Kuka (76,000) and the Medogo (19,000).

The Lisi are mainly farmers growing crops such as sorghum, millet, cotton and manioc; herding is occasionally associated with farming. They live in compact villages, each of which is governed by a chief, that settles local disputes, a duty he discharges with the help of the village's elders. Polygamy is quite common, but the husband must guarantee a separate house for every wife. The first wife retains a privileged status over the others.

In religion they are all Muslim, and represent the people who were part of the Yao Sultanate in pre-colonial Chad. The sultanate was founded by the Bulala in the 15th century, conquering the Kuka, who successively passed them their language. For this they all now speak the same language, known as Naba language.

References 

Ethnic groups in Chad
Muslim communities in Africa
Sistranda

Sistranda is the administrative centre of the municipality of Frøya in Trøndelag county, Norway.  The village is located on the east side of the island of Frøya, about  north of the village of Hammarvika and the entrance to the Frøya Tunnel. The  village has a population (2018) of 1,041 and a population density of .

Sistranda has schools representing all levels up to high school. It is also the centre of transportation on the island of Frøya, with buses to locations around the region and ferries with daily routes to Trondheim, Mausund, Sula, and Froan.

Name
The first element is the name of an old farm (). The name of the farm is identical with the word síða which means "side" (here in the sense of the "coast"). The farm is today divided in three parts: Yttersian (Outer-Sian), Midtsian (Middle-Sian) and Innersian (Inner-Sian). The last element is the finite form of strand.

References

Villages in Trøndelag
Frøya, Trøndelag
Karel Boleslav Jirák

Karel Boleslav Jirák (né Karel Bohuslav Jirák; January 28, 1891, Prague, Bohemia - January 30, 1972, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.) was a Czechoslovak composer and conductor.

Jirák became a pupil of Josef Bohuslav Foerster and Vítězslav Novák at the Charles University and at music academy in Prague. From 1915-18 he was the Kapellmeister at the Hamburg Opera and worked from 1918 to 1919 as a conductor at the National Theatre in Brno and Ostrava.

From 1920-30, he was a composition teacher at the Prague Conservatory, and principal conductor of the Czechoslovak Radio Orchestra until 1945.

In 1947, he emigrated to the United States, where from 1948 to 1967 a professor at Roosevelt University, Chicago, and, in 1967, a composition teacher at the Conservatory college in Chicago. He remained in this position until 1971.

Jirák's opera was Apolonius z Tyany (Apollonius of Tyana, 1912–1913), which was initially ignored by Prague's National Theatre and later accepted under the title Žena a Bůh (The Woman and the God, 1936). He wrote six symphonies and several symphonic variations.

In 1952, he wrote a Symphonic Scherzo for volume. He also wrote many suites and overtures, numerous pieces of chamber music, many preludes and a Suite for organ, a Requiem, choruses, and song cycles. He was a popular and renowned musical theorist.

References

External links
Biography, Musicbase.cz; accessed February 10, 2018.
 Piano Concerto (1946)

1891 births
1972 deaths
Czech composers
Czech male composers
20th-century composers
20th-century Czech male musicians
Charles University alumni
Academic staff of the Prague Conservatory
Flag of Tokelau

Tokelau, a dependent territory of New Zealand, adopted an official flag in 2009. Previously, the flag of New Zealand was used as the official flag for Tokelau. 

In May 2008, the local parliament, the General Fono, approved a distinctive flag and national emblem for Tokelau. The Governor-General presented the flag to the Ulu-o-Tokelau as Tokelau's first official flag on 7 September 2009.

Blazon 
The official blazon of the flag of Tokelau is:

History

1989 proposal
An alternative and unofficial flag has been reported. The three stars in this flag represent the three atolls which make up the islands of Tokelau.

2007 proposal
In June 2007 the regional parliament (General Fono) decided over the future flag, anthem and national symbol of Tokelau. The proposed flag depicted a stylized Polynesian canoe and four stars. The stars represent the three main islands and also Swains Island, administered by the United States (American Samoa) but claimed by Tokelau. As the required supermajority was not reached in the 2007 self-determination referendum, the flag was not officially adopted.

2008 final proposal
In May 2008, the General Fono approved the final versions of the national symbols of Tokelau. The flag design approved is based on the 2007 proposal with minor changes to the arrangement of the stars, the Southern Cross is used in place of a representation of the geographic location of the islands. A national emblem was also approved at this time.

2009 royal approval
The flag was approved by the General Fono in February 2009 and by Queen Elizabeth II in August. The governor-general presented the new flag to the Ulu as Tokelau's first official flag on 7 September 2009. An official launch of the new flag was planned for October 2009.

See also
 Badge of Tokelau
 Te Atua o Tokelau

References

External links

Tokelau Flag and National Symbol Government of Tokelau
College of Arms December 2009 Newsletter (No. 23) newsletter

Tokelau
Flags of New Zealand
Flag
Southern Cross flags
Flag
Flag
Tokelau
Tanem

Tanem is a village in the municipality of Trondheim in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located between Nidelva river and Vassfjellet approximately  west of the village of Klæbu which sits on the other side of the river. The  village has a population (2018) of 1,273 and a population density of . Tanem's population has been growing rapidly. The Tanem village itself and surrounding areas provides few employment opportunities and most of the residents of Tanem commute to Trondheim to work.

Location
The village of Tanem lies at the foot of Vassfjellet and stretches westwards almost down to the river Nidelva. Vassfjellet and the forested areas around the village provides ample room for outdoors activities, like hiking, mountain biking, and foraging for berries. The local skiing clubs include Freidig Alpin and Vassfjellet SK. The local Motorcycle Club Sprengstart MC was founded here in 1983.

Industries
Tanem and the areas along the Vassfjellet mountain has been a large source of naturally occurring sand and gravel and during the last 30 years has seen the establishment of several large gravel pits. This is because Tanem has been below sea level during various ice ages, and large amounts of glacifluvial residue were piled up here. Other industries in the vicinity of Tanem include logging and a water-powered electrical plant.

History
The village of Tanem dates back to before the Viking era. The hill today known as Tanemsåsen was fortified in ancient times, the remnants of this still exist and have been excavated. This hill gave its name to the municipality Klæbu in which Tanem lies, the name Klæbu being derived from the old Klæppabu, which means "the place where people live under the hill with a fort on it". Runestones have been found from this and later ages in the whole area, and one of these is the Tanem Runestone, which is listed as N KJ89 U in the Rundata catalog.

References

External links
Klæbu Municipality
SprengStart.com - motorcycle club

Villages in Trøndelag
Klæbu
As-Safir

As-Safir (), was a leading Arabic-language daily newspaper in Lebanon. The headquarters of the daily was in Beirut. It was in circulation from March 1974 until December 2016. The last issue of the paper was published on 31 December 2016. The online version was also closed on the same date.

History and profile
As-Safir was first published by Talal Salman on 26 March 1974 as an Arabic political daily. Talal Salman also served as chief editor of the paper. One of the early contributors was Palestinian cartoonist Naji Al Ali. In 2005, the daily's chief editor was Joseph Samaha. Another contributor was Samir Frangieh. The publisher of the daily which was published in broadsheet format was Dar Al Safir.

On 18 July 2011, the paper, together with Al Akhbar, another daily published in Lebanon, was banned in Syria.

As-Safir had a weekly page on the environmental issues.

Political approach
As-Safir stated its mission as to be "the newspaper of Lebanon in the Arab world and the newspaper of the Arab world in Lebanon." This remained the slogan printed on the paper's masthead. It also adopted the slogan "The voice of voiceless". The paper provided an independent voice for the left-wing, Pan-Arab tendency which was increasingly active in Lebanese intellectual and political life in the years after the Arab defeat in the Six-Day War. It also focused on issues pertaining to the Muslim world, advocated Arab nationalism, was close to Hezbollah and had a pro-Syrian stance.

Another Lebanese daily, An-Nahar, was cited as the biggest rival of As-Safir. In the mid-1990s, the paper was described as a left-of-center paper, whereas An-Nahar as a right-of-center paper. During the same period, As-Safir was also described by Robert Fisk as a Syrian-backed newspaper. In the 2000s these papers were supporters of two opposite poles in Lebanon, in that An-Nahar supported March 14 alliance, whereas As-Safir supported March 8 alliance.

Circulation and websites
As-Safir had the second highest circulation in Lebanon in the 1990s after An-Nahar. Its circulation was 45,000 copies in 2003, making it the second best selling paper in Lebanon. The paper sold more than 50,000 copies in 2010. In 2012, the Lebanese Ministry of Information reported that the daily had a circulation of 50,000 copies. The circulation of the paper was less than 10,000 copies in 2016 when it folded.

In addition to its Arabic website, the paper had also an English website. The paper's online version was the 16th most visited website for 2010 in the MENA region.

See also
List of newspapers in Lebanon

References

External links

1974 establishments in Lebanon
2016 disestablishments in Lebanon
Arab nationalism in Lebanon
Arabic-language newspapers
Defunct newspapers published in Lebanon
Newspapers published in Beirut
Pan-Arabist media
Newspapers established in 1974
Publications disestablished in 2016
Daily newspapers published in Lebanon
Rein-back

"Rein-back" is a dressage term to indicate the two-beat movement in which a horse is asked to back up. The horse picks up and sets down its feet almost in diagonal pairs, and moves straight backwards with the line of his forelegs following those of his hind. The horse should remain on the aids during the rein-back.

The rein-back should be practiced sparingly, as it can easily over-stress the horse's back and joints. This is especially true if the rider tries to force the horse into the movement.

Asking for the rein-back

To perform the rein-back, the rider applies both leg aids and a resisting hand. The leg asks the horse to move, but the hand prevents the horse from going forward, so it instead releases that energy in a step back. As soon as the horse begins to step back, the aids are released. The rein-back should be performed in a straight line, with the rider's legs used softly behind the girth to keep the hindquarters straight. 

The upper body of the rider stays upright, leaning neither forward nor back. Leaning back is especially bad, as it drives the seat bones of the rider into the horse, causing the animal to hollow its back. 

It is sometimes useful to transfer the weight of the seat onto the thighs when asking for the rein back, so that the horse may easily round up through its back and engage its hind end.

When the rider wishes the horse to stop moving back, the rider sits deeper into his seat, adds more leg, and lightens his contact with the horse's mouth.

Common faults
One of the most common faults in the rein-back is resistance by the horse. Instead of remaining on the aids, the animal tenses up and throws his head up or does not soften to the bit. This is usually the case if the rider tries to pull the horse backwards rather than asking with the legs aids or if the rider sits too heavily on his mount's back.

Other faults may include crookedness, laziness (horse is inactive and drags his feet), or rushing.

Uses
The rein-back is occasionally asked for in equitation classes, in dressage tests (Grand Prix, eventing, and combined driving), reining competition, and is also invaluable on the trail, as it can be used to maneuver out of a tight situation.

The rein-back is also an excellent training tool. The movement requires the horse to engage and move his weight to his hindquarters.

Riding techniques and movements
Mære

Mære is a village in the municipality of Steinkjer in Trøndelag county, Norway.  It is located along European route E6 and the Nordlandsbanen railway line, about  south of the town of Steinkjer.  The village of Sparbu lies about  south of Mære.  Mære Church is located in this village as well.

The  village has a population (2018) of 460 and a population density of .

History
In the early Viking Age, according to the Sagas, Mære was one of the most important religious ceremonial places, with sacrifices to the Norse gods. Under the medieval church at Mære, traces of preceding heathen hof were found in archeological investigations during the 1960s, the only case in Norway so far of a pre-Christian building being found to have existed on the site of a church.

References

Villages in Trøndelag
Steinkjer
Velle, Trøndelag

Velle (also called Velde or Vellamelen) is a village in the municipality of Steinkjer in Trøndelag county, Norway. The village sits at the end of one of the innermost parts of the Trondheimsfjord, west of the village of Følling and northeast of the villages of Beitstad and Bartnes.  The village sits along Norwegian County Road 17 about  northwest of the town of Steinkjer.

The  village has a population (2018) of 439 and a population density of .

References

Villages in Trøndelag
Steinkjer
Wally Pleasant

Wally Pleasant is an American musician from Michigan. He plays humorous songs based on folk music and 1950s–60s rock and roll influences. Throughout the 1990s he was a fixture in the East Lansing indie-rock scene, alongside fellow local acts like The Verve Pipe.

Career
Born Wally Bullard in Detroit, Pleasant did not become a serious guitarist until college.  While majoring in political science at Michigan State University's James Madison College, he performed at various Lansing-area open mic nights, gaining significant local popularity.

A successful homemade cassette tape in the late 1980s led him to release a total of six CDs, the first five on his own record label Miranda Records. His classic 1992 "Songs About Stuff" LP featured fan favorites like "Small Time Drug Dealer" and "Psycho Roommate."

In 1996, Pleasant performed before incumbent-President Bill Clinton's speech during his re-election campaign when he visited East Lansing. 

Pleasant has performed throughout the United States over the years, especially in areas where large numbers of MSU Spartan alumni have settled.  For much of the 1990s, he was a full-time musician, but has scaled back his schedule in recent years due to personal and family concerns.

He has been a featured artist on the Dr. Demento radio show with songs like "The Day Ted Nugent Killed All the Animals".  Nugent had Pleasant perform this song on Detroit radio in the mid-1990s.

Primarily a solo artist, Pleasant performed occasionally in the 1990s with individual sidemen (electric guitarists, bassists) and with a four-piece band, The Happy Neighborhood.  In 2003 and 2004 Pleasant also played with a backup band, Appearing as "Wally Pleasant and Carl". Carl was composed of former Turdcutter band members Eric Sweeney (drums) and David Wellbaum (bass).

In a 1997 Daily Vault review of Pleasant's 1992 college radio favorite Songs About Stuff, Sean McCarthy wrote:

Wally's most recent work includes writing and performing the music for Biggby's most recent commercial spots, winning an Emmy for his work in 2011.

2004's Music For Nerds & Perverts was released on  Nashville, Tennessee-based Spat! Records. His most recent LP, "Exile in Wally Street" followed in 2011.

Wally is married and currently lives in Charlotte, Michigan.

Discography

Albums
Songs About Stuff – 1992
Welcome To Pleasantville 1993
Houses of the Holy Moly – 1994
Wally World – 1996
Hoedown – 2000
Music For Nerds And Perverts – 2004
Happy Hour – 2018
Exile on Wally Street – 2011 (projected, still timely albeit revised release date)

References

External links

Spat! Records Wally's current label
Miranda Records
Antifolk Online article about Wally Pleasant
Lyrics to some of Wally Pleasant's more popular songs

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Michigan State University alumni
American comedy musicians
People from East Lansing, Michigan
Singers from Detroit
People from Charlotte, Michigan
Singer-songwriters from Michigan
Bangsund

Bangsund is a village in the municipality of Namsos in Trøndelag county, Norway. It lies along the Løgnin arm of the Namsenfjorden, about  south of the town of Namsos.  The villages of Klinga and Sævik lie to the northeast along the Norwegian County Road 17.

The  village has a population (2018) of 925 and a population density of .

History

Norsemen referred to it as "Icebound", even though there isn't much ice. Bangsund was originally an extremely old settlement.  In 1886, a worker found a tombstone that dated back to about 500-600 AD.

The original farm was divided into two when its owner, Mickel Bangsund(1693-1774), divided the "farm" in 1770 for his sons; as Ole Mikelsen Bangsund got the Southern 1/2 (or Bangsund-South) and Paul Mikelsen Bangsund got the Northern 1/2 (or Bangsund-North). After the sons had kids and died off, the little farm started growing into a small town.

In 1781, Carl Olsen Bangsund (and two of his brothers; Mikkel Olsen Bangsund and Petter Olsen Bangsund) moved from the Bangsund Farm to Tromsø, Troms, Norway 

The population at Bangsund in 1801 (according to the 1801 census) was 30 people. In 1801 (according to the 1801 census)  there were Bangsunds living in/at Alten, Bangsund, Kasnæs, Seiwåg, Talvig, Tromsø, and Trondhiem, Norway. Other Bangsunds (most likely) had married into other families and had changed their family (surname) due to marriage or due to the "custom" of taking on the new 'farm' name.

The village of Bangsund was the administrative centre of the old municipality of Klinga which existed from 1891 until the dissolution of the municipality in 1964.

One of Bangsund's resources was the "Bangdalsbruket" sawmill.  The mill burned to the ground in 1907 and was rebuilt in 1910. The sawmill was then used until 1980 and is said to have been one of the biggest sawmills in Northern Norway.

The Northern 1/2 (or Bangsund Farm North) became the Grav Farm when in Halvor Julius Bangsund and Pauline Ingebrigtsdatter Selnes’s deed, Pauline handed over the farm to her son Halvor and son-in-law August (husband of Anne Bangsund), used in community of those two owners.

References

Villages in Trøndelag
Namsos
Assad Sheikholeslami Sanandaji

Dr. Assad Sheikholeslami  () (born in Sanandaj, Kurdistan Province, Iran) is a prominent theologian and professor at Tehran University.

Biography 

Dr. Sheikholeslami was an advisor to President Mohammad Khatami during his eight years of presidency with a focus on the issues related to the Sunni population of Iran. He was also a chairman at Tehran University.

He is a Sunni Kurd. Dr. Sheikholeslami is the author of two books on Kalam and continues to teach and advise graduate students at Tehran University. He is also a member of the advisory board for all universities in the western region of Iran.

References 

21st-century Muslim theologians
Iranian scholars
Iranian Kurdish people
Kurdish theologians
People from Sanandaj
Academic staff of the University of Tehran
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Kopperå

Kopperå is a village in the municipality of Meråker in Trøndelag county, Norway.  The village lies about  east of the municipal center of Midtbygda and about  west of the Swedish border.  The Meråker Line railway runs through the village and stops at the Kopperå Station.  The village sits near the confluence of the rivers Kåpperåa and Stjørdalselva, and it is about  south of the lake Fjergen.  The local Kopperå Chapel sits on the northwest edge of the village.

Manufacturing

Kopperå had one of the best microsilica factories, Elkem Meraaker, a member of the Elkem Group. Elkem Meraaker (originally Meraaker Smelteverk) started to manufacture carbide in 1898, and was later re-built to manufacture microsilica. But in 2005 the company made the decision to end microsilica manufacturing. The factory ceased operations in summer 2006 and the buildings were taken down by 2008.

References

Villages in Trøndelag
Meråker
Skatval

Skatval is a village in the municipality of Stjørdal in Trøndelag county, Norway.  It is located on the Skatval peninsula about  northwest of the town of Stjørdalshalsen.  The inhabitants are called as Skatvalsbygg. Skatval Church is located in the village.

The  village has a population (2018) of 943 and a population density of .

History

The southwestern coast of the peninsula was called Aglo during the Viking Age.  In autumn 962, Sigurd Håkonsson Ladejarl (the ruling Earl of Trøndelag and surrounding areas) and his party were burned to death by the Erikssønene (sons of Eric Bloodaxe), among them Harald Greyhide, while staying the night at a party at Oglo (Aglo), according to the Heimskringla by Snorri Sturlasson.

The remains of Steinvikholm Castle, built during the 1530s by Norway's last Catholic archbishop, Olav Engelbrektsson, are under restoration. The fortress, innovative in design, played a major part as the last stronghold for Norwegian independence during the Reformation in the Danish-Norwegian union. The islet situated at the northern coast of Skatval is also the place for the yearly outdoor midnight opera "Olav Engelbrektsson".

The old Fløan Church was located in Fløan, on the northern coast of the Skatval peninsula.  It was the main church for Skatval.  It was taken down in 1851, and a new Skatval Church was built in 1901 in the village of Skatval.  Materials from the old church are now in a museum in Trondheim.

On 1 January 1902, the Skatvold peninsula was established as the municipality of Skatval when the old municipality of Nedre Stjørdal was divided into three parts: Skatval, Stjørdal, and Lånke.  On 1 January 1962, Skatval was merged with Lånke, Stjørdal, and Hegra to form a new, larger municipality of Stjørdal.

Transport
The Nordland Line runs through Skatval, with a stop at Skatval Station, with hourly Trøndelag Commuter Rail service. The station opened on 29 October 1902 and was designed by Paul Due. The station is  from Trondheim. European Route E6 runs through Skatval.

Sports
The community has a football team, IL Fram, that plays in the 4th division.  The village and surrounding areas also have many sports facilities such as:
 Klempen Ski Arena: lighted cross country track, biathlon shooting range and several ski jumps, some with summer capabilities.
 Langstein: lighted cross country track.
 Framnes: artificial turf football field with flood lights.
 Skatvalshallen: indoor sports hall.
 Skjervold: tennis court.

Notable residents
Jon Olav Alstad, a politician
Eli Arnstad, a civil servant
Marit Arnstad, a politician, former Norwegian Minister of Petroleum and Energy
Oscar Midtlyng, an athlete
Brit Sandaune, a soccer player

References

External links

Skatval map
Skatval Historical Society
Olav Engelbrektsson Midnight Opera

Villages in Trøndelag
Stjørdal
Vanvikan

Vanvikan is a village in the municipality of Indre Fosen in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located along the Trondheimsfjord in the southeastern part of the municipality.  The village of Seter lies about  northeast of Vanvikan and the lake Storvatnet lies about  north of the village.  One of the schools in the municipality, Vanvikan Skole is located in the village of Vanvikan.  Stranda Church is also located in the village.

The  village has a population (2018) of 731 and a population density of .

The village is an industrial centre with the various technology industries that are part of Lyng Industrier.  Vanvikan is connected to the city of Trondheim by means of a fast passenger boat route across the Trondheimsfjord.  The Flakk–Rørvik Ferry (car ferry) is accessed at Rørvika about  to the southwest.  The Norwegian County Road 755 connects it with other villages to the northeast.

References

External links

Indre Fosen
Villages in Trøndelag
Van Aalten

Van Aalten or van Aalten, a family name meaning "from Aalten", may refer to:

Jacques Van Aalten, an American artist born in Antwerp, Belgium
Thomas van Aalten, a Dutch writer
Truus van Aalten, a Dutch actress who appeared in many German films in the 1920s and 1930s

Dutch-language surnames
Surnames of Dutch origin
Gidazepam

Gidazepam, also known as hydazepam or hidazepam, is a drug which is an atypical benzodiazepine derivative, developed in the Soviet Union. It is a selectively anxiolytic benzodiazepine. It also has therapeutic value in the management of certain cardiovascular disorders.

Gidazepam is a prodrug for its active metabolite 7-bromo-2,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (desalkylgidazepam or bromo-nordazepam). It is used as an antianxiety drug. Its anxiolytic effects can take several hours to manifest after dosing however, as it is the active metabolite which primarily gives the anxiolytic effects, and Gidazepam's half-life is among the longest of all GABA-ergic agonists.

See also 
 Phenazepam—another benzodiazepine widely used in Russia and other CIS countries
 Cinazepam
 Cloxazolam

References 

Benzodiazepines
Organobromides
Lactams
Hydrazides
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Russian drugs
Anxiolytics
Prodrugs
Drugs in the Soviet Union
Samabula Tamavua (Open Constituency, Fiji)

Samabula Tamavua Open  is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 25 open constituencies that were elected by universal suffrage (the remaining 46 seats, called communal constituencies, were allocated by ethnicity).  Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. It was located in the Greater Suva metropolitan area.

The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.

Election results 
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast.  The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).

1999

2001

2006

Sources 
 Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
 Fiji Facts
Jaijaidin

Jaijaidin ( Jaejaedin) is a Bengali-language daily published from Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Editor
In Bangladesh, Jaijaidin was published and edited by Shafik Rehman, but he lost the editorship of Jaijaidin in 2008 for his stand against a military-backed government. Kazi Rukanuddin Ahmed is now the acting editor. Sayeed Hossain Chowdhury is now the chairman of the Board of Editors. It used to be published as a weekly until mid-2006, at which point it became a daily. It came into fame during the 1980s because of its modern outlook and  strong stance against the military ruler Hossain Mohammad Ershad. At one point it was banned by Ershad. It started republication after democracy was restored in 1991.

Location

It is located in the "HRC Media Bhaban" in the Tejgaon Industrial Area. The complex has two buildings.

The South Building has three floors. The ground floor houses the printing section, the commercial department, circulation department and the Reception desk. The first floor is open for visitors. The Clinton room is the round table room. It was opened formally by the US ambassador to Bangladesh Patricia Butenis. The Mahathir Room is the place to organize workshops. The Monroe Studio is used for staged photo shoot for the newspaper and for recording television programs. The Hitchcock Hall is a 40-seat movie theatre. then comes the Picasso Gallery and the Che Cafe. It is the place for the popular entertainment article "10 minutes at the Che Café". The second floor is the work place for journalists. The News, Editorial, Feature, IT and Photography departments are housed here. The Floor has 176 desks for Journalists.

The North Building has two floors. The printing paper storage is on the ground floor. The power generation facility is on this floor as well. The first floor has a 44-bed Dormitory. This dorm facility is for the students from the remote places of the country invited by the newspaper for a short visit to Dhaka to have a practical idea of the internal structure of a daily newspaper. The paper offers free short courses for the students as well. This floor also has the Mao Canteen.

Other information
Shafik Rehman's Jaijaidin has introduced in Bangladesh celebration of Love Day (ভালবাসা দিবস) Bhalobasha Dibôsh (Valentine's Day) on 14 February. Jaijaidin first introduced special issues with the articles from mass readers. Special magazines are written by mass people, and these magazines helped create thousands of freelance writers in Bangladesh. The publication is the writing place for most non-resident Bangladeshi's. Beside introducing Valentine's Day this was the first Bangladeshi news publication to have its own website. As a weekly the Jaijaidin first implemented the idea of Reader's Poll to elect the most popular performing artists.

See also
 List of newspapers in Bangladesh

Notes

External links
 Jaijaidin homepage

Bengali-language newspapers published in Bangladesh
Daily newspapers published in Bangladesh
Newspapers published in Dhaka
Burgdorf District

Burgdorf District is a constitutional district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland with its seat at Burgdorf Castle in Burgdorf.

From 1 January 2010, the district lost its administrative power while being replaced by the Emmental (administrative district), whose administrative centre is Langnau im Emmental. Since 2010, it remains a fully recognised district under the law and the Constitution (Art.3 al.2) of the Canton of Berne.

It includes 24 cities and towns in an area of :

External links 

Former districts of the canton of Bern
Aamodt

Aamodt is a Norwegian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Aleksander Aamodt Kilde (born 1992), Norwegian alpine ski racer
 Bjørn Aamodt (1944–2006), Norwegian poet
 Christen Thorn Aamodt (1770–1836), Norwegian priest
 Henning Bue Aamodt, Norwegian footballer
 Kjetil André Aamodt (born 1971), Norwegian skier
 Michael Sevald Aamodt (1784–1859), Norwegian politician
 Mike Aamodt (born 1957), American psychologist
 Ragnhild Aamodt, Norwegian handball player
 Rannveig Aamodt, Norwegian rock climber

References 

Norwegian-language surnames
James Horan

James Horan may refer to:

 James Horan (actor) (born 1954), American character actor
 James Horan (cricketer) (1880–1945), Australian cricketer
 James Horan (Gaelic footballer) (born 1972), two-time and current Mayo manager
 James Horan (monsignor) (1911–1986), parish priest of Knock, Ireland
Oz (Buffy comic)

Oz is a trade paperback collecting comic stories based on the Buffy television series about the character Daniel "Oz" Osbourne.

This story is generally considered not part of the official Buffyverse canon.

Story synopsis
Oz left Sunnydale in search of his own nature, he travels to the Far East. Oz goes across the globe in search of a secret monastery where he might learn to find inner peace. When he arrives, he discovers that a number of the monks have been kidnapped by a demon-race. Oz must rescue the monks and overcome a terrible demon.

The story is set in Buffy season 4, after "Wild at Heart". Takes place after Blood of Carthage, and before Giles.

Publication

Issues

Trade paperback
The series was collected into a trade paperback published May 15, 2002, which included a sketchbook section featuring the work of cover artist John Totleben and series artist Logan Lubera.

Comics based on Buffy the Vampire Slayer
Werewolf comics
Comics set in Tibet
2001 comics debuts
2001 comics endings
Protest cycle

Protest cycles (also known as cycles of contention or waves of collective action) refers to the cyclical rise and fall in the social movement activity. Sidney Tarrow (1998) defines them as "a phase of heightened conflict across the social system", with "intensified interactions between challengers and authorities which can end in reform, repression and sometimes revolution".

Tarrow argues that cyclical openings in political opportunity create incentives for collective action. Those cycles begin when the authority (like the government) becomes seen as vulnerable to social change, in a time when demands for social change are increasing. He defines the political opportunity as "consistent dimension of the political environment that provides incentives for people to undertake collective action by affecting their expectations of success or failure". When the political opportunity disappears, for example because of a change in the public opinion caused by a rise in insecurity and violence, the movement dissolves.

Tarrow lists the qualities of a cycle of contention:
 a rapid diffusion of collective action and mobilization as existing social movements create political opportunities for others to act or join in;
 innovation in the forms of contention;
 the creation or major change in collective action frames, discourses and frames of meaning;
 coexistence of organized and unorganized activists;
 increased interaction between challengers and authorities.

Tarrow (1998) notes that "such widespread contention produces externalities that give challengers at least a temporary advantage and allows them to overcome the weaknesses in their resource base. It demands that states devise broad strategies of response that are either repressive or facilitative, or a combination of the two."

He writes that even defeated or suppressed movements leave some kind of residue behind them, and that effect of social movements, successful or failed, is cumulative in the long term, leading to new protest cycles. This is visible especially when those cycles are analysed in the historical frame. Prior to the 18th century, rebellions were usually aimed at local targets in response to local grievances, usually without many preparations and without allies in different social or ethnic groups. This has however changed in the 18th century, when social movements evolved in West Europe and North America (see also works by Charles Tilly).

See also

 Framing (social sciences)

References
 Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Collective Action, Social Movements and Politics, Cambridge University Press, 1998. (Spanish trans.: El Poder en Movimiento, Alianza, 1998; revised as Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics, Cambridge University Press, 1998).

Social movements
Aaronovich

Aaronovich, Aaronovitch or Aharonovich () is a Russian-Jewish patronymic surname literally meaning "son of Aaron". Notable people with the surname include:
Igor Aharonovich (born 1982), Australian physicist 
Yitzhak Aharonovich (born 1950), Israeli politician
Sam Aaronovitch (1919–1998), economist and British communist activist and his sons:
David Aaronovitch (born 1954), English journalist, broadcaster, and author
Owen Aaronovitch (born 1956), English actor
Ben Aaronovitch (born 1964), English writer

See also
Aronowicz
Aronov
Aronin

Russian-Jewish surnames
Patronymic surnames
Madras fanam

The fanam (or panam in the local language of Tamil) was a currency issued by the Madras Presidency until 1815. It circulated alongside the Indian rupee, also issued by the Presidency. The fanam was a small silver coin, subdivided into 80 copper cash, with the gold pagoda worth 42 fanams. The rupee was worth 12 fanams. After 1815, only coins of the rupee currency system were issued.

Conversion table

Fanams were also issued in Travancore, worth 1/7 of a rupee, whilst in Danish India the fano was issued, worth 1/8 rupee, and in French India the fanon was issued, worth 1/8 rupee.

See also

 French Indian rupee
 Danish Indian rupee
 Portuguese Indian rupia

References

Modern obsolete currencies
Coins of India
1815 disestablishments
Historical currencies of India
Madras Presidency
Economic history of Tamil Nadu
Bloom (Jeff Coffin album)

Bloom was the fourth album released by Jeff Coffin, and was issued in 2005. This album was the second album recorded and released with the Mu'tet, a constantly changing group of guest musicians that play with Coffin.

Reception

In a review for AllMusic, Jonathan Widran wrote: "All over the place? Sure. Self-indulgent? Maybe. But take away a track or two and the open-minded listener has probably never had this much crazy fun on one collection. So get over it."

Matt Merewitz of All About Jazz stated: "With Bloom Coffin and the Mu'tet successfully take the listener on a sonic journey through such an abundance of styles, colors, and textures that any attempt to box Coffin or the Mu'tet into one singular style would be an exercise in futility. Check out this record. You'll be glad you did."

Writing for Jambands.com, Karl Kukta noted that, with the album, "Coffin has decided to pretty much stick with the recipe," and drew comparisons with the music of Béla Fleck and the Flecktones, commenting: "The perpetually buoyant vibe — the frequent use of complex time signatures — the benign infusion of Eastern and Western music that teeters ever so closely to the still waters of New Age and smooth jazz... am I missing anything?"

Track listing
All tracks by Jeff Coffin except where noted.

"Move Your Rug...processional (Blues for Otha)" – 1:40
"Better Do Your Thing" – 6:16
"The Evil Boweevil" (Pat Bergeson, Coffin, Tom Giampietro) – 4:43
"My Dog Chunks" (Coffin, Giampietro, Jones) – 5:51
"The Mad Hatter Rides Again" – 3:55
"Circle of Wills" – 2:33
"Hatim" (Balyamani, Coffin)– 7:05
"Bloom" – 5:43
"Old Jack Craw" – 4:25
"As Light Through Leaves" – 8:16
"Weird Beard" – 3:38
"Wobble" – 5:34

Personnel

Jeff Coffin – saxophones
Jeff Sipe – drums and percussion
Victor Wooten – electric and acoustic bass
DJ Logic – turntables
Béla Fleck – banjo
Chris Thile – mandolin
Tyler Wood – piano/B-3
Pat Bergeson – guitar
Derek Philip Jones – electric and acoustic bass
Futureman – percussion
Johny Neel – B-3, lead vocals
Kirk Whalum – soprano sax
Rod McGaha – trumpet
Joe Murphy – tuba
Roy Agee – trombone
Tom Giampietro – drums
Paul Brantley – cello
Noa Ben-Amotz – percussion
Rahsaan Barber – tenor sax
Roland Barber – trombone
OfficerFishDumplings – programming
W.O. Smith Children's Choir – angelic vocals
Derico Watson – drums

References

2005 albums
Jeff Coffin albums
Battle of Bornhöved (1227)

The (second) Battle of Bornhöved took place on 22 July 1227 near Bornhöved in Holstein. Count Adolf IV of Schauenburg and Holstein — leading an army consisting of troops from the cities of Lübeck and Hamburg, about 1000 Dithmarsians and combined troops of Holstein next to various Northern German nobles — defeated King Valdemar II of Denmark and the Welf Otto the Child.

Background 

Valdemar and his predecessor King Canute VI of Denmark had previously conquered Holstein, Mecklenburg, Hamburg, Lübeck (1202), Ratzeburg and the coast of Pomerania including the island of Rügen.

The battle 
The contest was maintained with great firmness on both sides, and continued for an unusual length of time, and the carnage was so great, that its combatants are said to have fought knee deep in blood. The King of Denmark had one of his eyes shot out, and had several horses killed under him, but his troops and their allies fought with so much bravery that the victory would have been theirs had not the contingent of Dithmarschen, a Saxon ethnic group, deserted their colours. At the most critical moment of the action these troops passed over to the enemy, and the Danes were obliged to give way. In the confusion that followed Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and the Bishop of Ribe were taken prisoner. Otto was sent to Rostock, the capital of a lordship held by Mecklenburg, where he was shut up in a fortress. But the King of Denmark, who escaped from the field, busied himself in repairing this disaster by forming a fresh army, with which he kept the enemy in check.

Results 
As a result of the battle, the Danish border with the Holy Roman Empire was moved north again from river Elbe to the Eider River, the southern border of the Duchy of Schleswig. This border remained in effect until 1806. The victorious Adolf IV of Schauenburg regained the County of Holstein and his fellow victor Albert I, Duke of Saxony reasserted himself as liege lord of the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein against the Welf claim. Dithmarschen shook off Danish supremacy and returned to a very loose overlordship by the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, paving the way for its de facto autonomy as a peasant republic until 1559. The Principality of Rügen was the only possession in the Holy Roman Empire left to Valdemar after the battle.

References 

 Sir Andrew Halliday Annals of the House of Hannover, v.2, London, 1826.

Notes 

Battles involving the Holy Roman Empire
Wars involving the Hanseatic League
Battles involving Denmark
Battles in Schleswig-Holstein
Conflicts in 1227
History of Hamburg
History of Lübeck
1227 in Europe
13th century in Denmark
1220s in the Holy Roman Empire