alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Kosmos 605

Kosmos 605 (), or Bion 1, was a Bion satellite. Kosmos 605 was the first of eleven Bion satellites.

Launch 
Kosmos 605 was launched by a Soyuz-U rocket flying from Site 43/3 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in the Soviet Union. The satellite was initially launched in a low Earth orbit with a perigee of  and an apogee of  with an orbital inclination of 62.80° ant an orbital period of 90.70 minutes.

Mission 
The spacecraft orbited the Earth for 21 days until its biological capsule returned to Earth on 22 November 1973 in a region of northwestern Kazakhstan. It carried several dozen male rats (possibly 25  or 45 ), six Russian tortoises (Agrionemys horsfieldii)  (each in a separate box), a mushroom bed, flour beetles (Tribolium confusum) in various stages of their life cycle, and living bacterial spores. It provided data on the reaction of mammal, reptile, insect, fungal, and bacterial forms to prolonged weightlessness.

Results 
After returning, the animals found several functional changes, such as decreased body temperature, difficulty breathing, muscle atrophy, decreased bone mechanical strength and decreased mass of some internal organs and glands. No pathological changes were found. 3–4 weeks after landing, most of these changes receded and the animals returned to normal. In the experiment, for the first time, a second generation of insects was obtained whose weightlessness was developed. No differences were detected between the second and the first generation. The influence of space conditions on the development of fungi was also found. Growing up in a weightless state, they created a very thin and extremely bent leg and a more massive mycelium than on Earth. Kosmos 605 also tested means of protection against ionizing radiation.

See also 

 1973 in spaceflight

References

Bibliography 
 Kozlov, D. I. (1996), Mashnostroenie, ed.; Konstruirovanie avtomaticheskikh kosmicheskikh apparatov, Moscow, ISBN
 Melnik, T. G. (1997), Nauka, ed.; Voenno-Kosmicheskiy Sili, Moscow, ISBN
 "Bion' nuzhen lyudyam", Novosti Kosmonavtiki, (6): 35, 1996

Bion satellites
Kosmos satellites
Spacecraft launched in 1973
1973 in spaceflight
1973 in the Soviet Union
Ricart–Agrawala algorithm

The Ricart–Agrawala algorithm is an algorithm for mutual exclusion on a distributed system. This algorithm is an extension and optimization of Lamport's Distributed Mutual Exclusion Algorithm, by removing the need for  messages. It was developed by computer scientists Glenn Ricart and Ashok Agrawala.

Algorithm

Terminology 
 A site is any computing device which runs the Ricart-Agrawala Algorithm
 The requesting site is the site which is requesting to enter the critical section.
 The receiving site is every other site which is receiving a request from the requesting site.

Algorithm
 Requesting Site 
 Sends a message to all sites. This message includes the site's name, and the current timestamp of the system according to its logical clock (which is assumed to be synchronized with the other sites)

 Receiving Site 
 Upon reception of a request message, immediately sending a timestamped reply message if and only if:
 the receiving process is not currently interested in the critical section OR
 the receiving process has a lower priority (''usually this means having a later timestamp)
 Otherwise, the receiving process will defer the reply message. This means that a reply will be sent only after the receiving process has finished using the critical section itself.

 Critical Section: 
 Requesting site enters its critical section only after receiving all reply messages.
 Upon exiting the critical section, the site sends all deferred reply messages.

Performance
 Max number of network messages: 
 Synchronization Delays: One message propagation delay

Common optimizations
Once site  has received a  message from site , site  may enter the critical section multiple times without receiving permission from  on subsequent attempts up to the moment when  has sent a  message to . This is called Roucairol-Carvalho optimization or Roucairol-Carvalho algorithm.

Problems
One of the problems in this algorithm is failure of a node. In such a situation a process may starve forever.
This problem can be solved by detecting failure of nodes after some timeout.

See also
 Lamport's bakery algorithm
 Lamport's distributed mutual exclusion algorithm
 Maekawa's algorithm
 Suzuki–Kasami algorithm
 Raymond's algorithm
 Naimi–Trehel's algorithm

References

Maekawa, M.,Oldehoeft, A.,Oldehoeft, R.(1987). Operating Systems: Advanced Concept.Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.

Distributed algorithms
Sha Tau Kok Road

Sha Tau Kok Road () is a road connecting Sha Tau Kok and Fanling in the New Territories, Hong Kong.

History
Sha Tau Kok Road is the only road access to Sha Tau Kok from Hong Kong since its construction in 1927. The road replaced Sha Tau Kok Railway as the connection between those areas.

See also

 List of streets and roads in Hong Kong
 Shek Chung Au

References

Sha Tau Kok
Fanling
Roads in the New Territories
Kosmos 690

Kosmos 690 (in Russian: Бион 2, Космос 690), or Bion 2, was a Bion satellite launched by the Soviet Union.

Launch 
Kosmos 690 was launched on 22 October 1974, at 17:59:59 UTC from Plesetsk Cosmodrome with a Soyuz-U launch vehicle. It was placed in low Earth orbit, with perigee of , apogee of  and orbital inclination of 62.80°, and orbital period of 98.40 minutes.

Spacecraft 
The spacecraft was based on the Zenit spy satellite with emphasis on studying the problems of radiation effects on human beings.

It carried albino rats for biomedical research. Scientists from Czechoslovakia, Romania and Soviet Union subjected the rats to daily radiation doses from a gamma source by ground command. When they were recovered 21 days later, many rats had developed lung problems and their blood and bone marrow had changed more than those of control specimens. It had an on-orbit dry mass of .

An instrument module in the form of 2 connected truncated cones, weighing ,  in diameter and  in length, carries in most of the auxiliary instrumentation in the hermetized part. Outwardly, ball valves with compressed nitrogen are attached to the gas nozzles of the stabilizer system. At the rear, the TDU-1 braking engine is located at a stroke of 15.83 kN and a maximum operating time of 45 seconds. Hypergolic KPL delivers a turbo pump to the combustion chamber. An auxiliary container containing chemical batteries and additional experiments, cylindrical with a diameter of  and a height of  is placed above the return module and dumped approximately a day before the landing.

Mission 
After 21 days, Kosmos 690 returned to Earth and landing in Kazakhstan on 12 November 1974. The return module, weighing  and  in diameter, was covered with an ablative thermal shield 3 to 18 cm thick.

See also 

 1974 in spaceflight
 Kosmos (satellite)

References

Bibliography 
 Kozlov, D. I. (1996), Mashnostroenie, ed.; Konstruirovanie avtomaticheskikh kosmicheskikh apparatov, Moscow, ISBN
 Melnik, T. G. (1997), Nauka, ed.; Voenno-Kosmicheskiy Sili, Moscow. ISBN
 "Bion' nuzhen lyudyam", Novosti Kosmonavtiki (6): 35, 1996

Bion satellites
Kosmos satellites
Spacecraft launched in 1974
1974 in spaceflight
1974 in the Soviet Union
Romania–Soviet Union relations
Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations
Kosmos 782

Kosmos 782 (in Russian: Бион 3, Космос 782, or Bion 3) was a Bion satellite. It carried 14 experiments prepared by seven countries in all, with participation from scientists in France, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, United States and the Soviet Union.

Launch and return 
Launched from Plesetsk Cosmodrome on 25 November 1975, at 14:00:00 UTC. The biosatellite was recovered near Amankaragaj, in Kazakhstan, Soviet Union, on 15 December 1975 after 19.5 days.

Mission 
It included a centrifuge with revolving and fixed sections in which identical groups of animals, plants, and cells could be compared. The subject animals included white rats and tortoises. The effects of aging on fruit fly livers and plant tissues with grafted cancerous growths were also studied. More than 20 different species were flown on the mission, including 25 unrestrained male Wistar rats, fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), carrot tissues, and 1,000 embryos of the fish Fundulus heteroclitus (a small shallow-water minnow). A United States radiation dosimeter experiment was also carried out without using biological materials. This experiment was the only joint U.S./U.S.S.R. study flown on the Kosmos series of biosatellites that was developed by Johnson Space Center (JSC); all others were developed and managed by Ames Research Center (ARC).

See also 

 1975 in spaceflight

Bibliography 
 Kozlov, D. I. (1996), Mashnostroenie, ed.; Konstruirovanie avtomaticheskikh kosmicheskikh apparatov, Moscow, ISBN
 Melnik, T. G. (1997), Nauka, ed.; Voenno-Kosmicheskiy Sili, Moscow, ISBN
 "Bion' nuzhen lyudyam", Novosti Kosmonavtiki (6): 35, 1996

References

External links 
  NASA Ames Research Center

Bion satellites
Kosmos satellites
Spacecraft launched in 1975
1975 in spaceflight
1975 in the Soviet Union
Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations
Romania–Soviet Union relations
Hungary–Soviet Union relations
Poland–Soviet Union relations
France–Soviet Union relations
Soviet Union–United States relations
Operation Backfire

Operation Backfire may refer to:

Operation Backfire (WWII)
Operation Backfire (FBI), an FBI operation against certain actions by the radical environmental movement.
Howard Marshall

Howard Marshall is the name of:

Howard Marshall (broadcaster) (1900–1973), English sports broadcaster
Howard Marshall (rugby union) (1870–1929), English rugby union player
I. Howard Marshall (1934–2015), biblical scholar
J. Howard Marshall (1905–1995), American oil business executive
J. Howard Marshall III (born 1936), American businessman
Xinca

Xinca may refer to:
 Xinca people — an indigenous people in southern Guatemala
 Xincan languages — their indigenous Mesoamerican languages

Xinka refers to:
 Xinka, Somalia, a town in the Uur Caleed area of Somalia

See also 
 Shinca (disambiguation) 
 Shinka (disambiguation)
 Chinka (disambiguation)
Óbidos, Pará

Óbidos is a municipality in Pará, Brazil located at the narrowest and swiftest part of the Amazon River.  The town was founded in 1697, and is located between Santarém and Oriximiná. It is the seat of the Diocese of Óbidos. The town was named after Óbidos, Portugal.

Conservation

The north of the municipality contains part (7.36%) of the  Grão-Pará Ecological Station, the largest fully protected tropical forest conservation unit on the planet.
It contains 10% of the  Trombetas State Forest, created in 2006.

Transportation
Óbidos is served by Óbidos Airport.

Sobral Santos II disaster

Óbidos, Pará, in Brazil, was the scene of the sinking of  in September 1981, one of the worst maritime tragedies in the history of the Amazon River. The riverboat was making its weekly trip between Santarém and Manaus and was claimed to be overcrowded when it sank in Óbidos harbour. It is assumed over 300 people died in the disaster, with hundreds of bodies and body parts never identified.

Villages 
 Missão Tiriyó

Climate 
The climate is tropical monsoon (Köppen: Am), with great differences in precipitation according to the seasons.

References

Further reading

 Harris, Mark. Life on the Amazon The Anthropology of a Brazilian Peasant Village. A British Academy postdoctoral fellowship monograph. Oxford: Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press, 2000. 

''Columbia-Lippincott guide'. (New York City: Columbia University Press, 1952) p. 1362.

Municipalities in Pará
Populated places established in 1697
Populated places on the Amazon
1697 establishments in the Portuguese Empire
Dynamo Moscow

MGO VFSO "Dynamo" (), commonly known as Dynamo Moscow (), is a Russian sports club based in Moscow. Founded by Felix Dzerzhinsky on 18 April 1923, Dynamo Moscow was the first institution created from the All-Union Dynamo Sports Club.

Dynamo Moscow developed numerous athletes. Among them, multiple Olympic medalists like fencer Galina Gorokhova and gymnast Mikhail Voronin, Ballon d'Or winner the "Black Spider" Lev Yashin, three-time ice hockey Olympic gold medalist Vitaly Davydov, and one of the most decorated in rhythmic gymnastic, Alina Kabaeva.

Since December 2019, the Dynamo Society is headed by the FSB two-star general Anatoly Gulevsky.

Departments

Notable athletes gallery

References

 

Sports clubs and teams established in 1923
Multi-sport clubs in Russia
Sports clubs and teams in Moscow
Joe Ybarra

Joseph Ybarra (born ~1954) is an American producer and designer of video games. He left Apple Computer in 1982 to work at the new Electronic Arts that was founded by his fellow ex-employee Trip Hawkins. He was the original producer of the first Madden NFL.

As one of the original game producers at EA, Ybarra worked on acclaimed games such as M.U.L.E., Seven Cities of Gold, Starflight, and the first version of Madden NFL. Ybarra later served as the president of Infocom and produced MMORPGs for Sierra Online and Monolith Productions. He also held a position at Cheyenne Mountain Entertainment, which eventually filed for bankruptcy. In 2013, Ybarra launched a Kickstarter for a simulation game called Shackleton Crater, which ultimately did not meet its funding goals.

Professional biography
Joe Ybarra worked at Apple Computer before leaving in 1982 to work at Electronic Arts, a startup company founded by his fellow ex-Apple employee, Trip Hawkins. There he became one of the original game producers and game designers at Electronic Arts in 1982 (along with Stewart Bonn, Dave Evans (Apple), Susan Lee-Merrow and Pat Marriott), where the concept of a game producer was created by Trip Hawkins.  During this time he produced several highly acclaimed computer games, including M.U.L.E. by Dani Bunten and Ozark Softscape, Seven Cities of Gold (also by Bunten), Starflight and Dr. J. and Larry Bird Go One on One by Eric Hammond.  Ybarra was also the original producer on the first version of Madden NFL.

He later became president of game publisher Infocom and produced MMORPGs for Sierra Online and Monolith Productions.

He had been working with Cheyenne Mountain Entertainment and its subsidiary FireSky on the Stargate Worlds MMO as Senior Vice President of Strategic Operations. However, Cheyenne Mountain Entertainment filed for bankruptcy on February 12, 2010 and no longer sells or operates Stargate: Resistance.

On March 11, 2013 Joe Ybarra announced a Kickstarter project for a simulation game called Shackleton Crater, billed as "the lunar colonization strategy game based on today's science and tomorrow's dream." However, it was closed down before achieving its funding goals.

Video games produced or designed by Joe Ybarra
 Alien Legacy
 Earth Orbit Stations
 M.U.L.E.
 John Madden Football
 Dr. J. and Larry Bird Go One on One
 Shadowbane
 Spellcraft: Aspects of Valor
 Starflight
 Stargate Worlds
 The Bard's Tale
 The Matrix Online
 Seven Cities of Gold
 The Shadow of Yserbius

References

External links
 
 

Electronic Arts employees
Infocom
Living people
Madden NFL
Video game producers
American video game designers
Year of birth missing (living people)
TASSL

The Application Software Systems Laboratory (TASSL) is a research lab, as a part of Center for Advanced Information Processing (CAIP), and Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering at Rutgers University . It is under the direction of Dr. Manish Parashar and the current research fields include Autonomic Computing, Parallel Computing and Distributed Computing, Grid Computing, Peer-to-peer Computing, Adaptive Computing Systems, and Scientific Computation..

It is one of the leading research groups in the field of Autonomic Computing and adaptive computation systems.

External links

 CAIP

Artificial intelligence laboratories
Research institutes in New Jersey
Computer science institutes in the United States
Laboratories in the United States
Kosmos 936

Kosmos 936 or Bion 4 (Бион 4, Космос 936) was a Bion satellite. The mission involved nine countries in a series of biomedical research experiments. The experiments were primarily follow-ups to the Bion 3 (Kosmos 782) flight. Scientists from the Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, France, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the United States and the Soviet Union conducted experiments in physics and biology on the mission.

Spacecraft 
The spacecraft was based on the Zenit reconnaissance satellite and launches began in 1973 with primary emphasis on the problems of radiation effects on human beings. Launches in the program included Kosmos 110, 605, 670, 782, plus Nauka modules flown on Zenit-2M reconnaissance satellites. 90 kg of equipment could be contained in the external Nauka module.

Launch 
Kosmos 936 was launched on 3 August 1977, at 14:01:00 UTC by a Soyuz-U launch vehicle from Plesetsk Cosmodrome. The mission ended after 19.5 days.

Mission 

The mission was to conduct various biological studies, continuing the Bion 3 mission experiments. He had two centrifuges on board to put some specimens in an artificial gravity environment. An attempt was made to differentiate, using rats, between the effects caused by space flight itself from those caused by stress. The effects of flight on muscle and bone, on red cell survival, and on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism were also studied, and an experiment with rats on the effects of space radiation on the retina was conducted.

One of the instruments (without a biological part) studied the physical parameters of the components of space radiation. Fruit flies were used in genetics and aging studies. A group of rats of the Rattus norvegicus species were sent, with an average weight of  at launch and 62 days of age. Twenty of the rats experienced microgravity and the other ten were subjected to the artificial gravity of the centrifuge.

See also 

 1977 in spaceflight

References

Bibliography 
 Kozlov, D. I. (1996), Mashnostroenie, ed., Konstruirovanie avtomaticheskikh kosmicheskikh apparatov, Moscow, ISBN
 Melnik, T. G. (1997), Nauka, ed., Voenno-Kosmicheskiy Sili, Moscow, ISBN
 "Bion' nuzhen lyudyam", Novosti Kosmonavtiki, (6): 35, 1996

Bion satellites
Kosmos satellites
Spacecraft launched in 1977
1977 in spaceflight
1977 in the Soviet Union
Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations
Romania–Soviet Union relations
Hungary–Soviet Union relations
Poland–Soviet Union relations
France–Soviet Union relations
Soviet Union–United States relations
East Germany–Soviet Union relations
Přerov nad Labem

Přerov nad Labem (; ) is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,300 inhabitants.

Geography
Přerov nad Labem is located about  west of Nymburk and  east of Prague. It lies in the Central Elbe Table lowland within the Polabí region. The highest point is the hill Přerovská hůra at  above sea level. The municipality is situated on the left bank of the Elbe River, which forms the northern municipal border.

History
The first written mention of Přerov nad Labem is from 993. In 1499, the village was promoted to a market town by Vladislaus II, but it later lost the title.

Sights

The Church of Saint Adalbert was built in the early Baroque style in 1618–1682 and was rebuilt in 1865.

The Přerov nad Labem Castle was built at the end of the 14th century as administrative seat of the Břevnov Monastery. It the 1560s it was rebuilt in the Renaissance castle. Today the building is without use and inaccessible to the public.

Přerov nad Labem is a home of one of the oldest open-air museums in Europe. It was founded by Austrian aristocrat Ludwig Salvator in 1895.

Moto & Velo Museum is a private museum with an exposition of historic bicycles and motorcycles. It was opened in 1998.

References

External links

Open-air ethnographic museum official website

Villages in Nymburk District
Kosmos 1129

Bion 5, or also Kosmos 1129 (in Russian: Бион 5, Космос-1129) was a Bion satellite. It was a biomedical research mission involving scientists from nine countries, launched on 29 September 1979, at 15:30:00 UTC. Among the experiments was the first attempt to breed mammals in space, which proved unsuccessful. The mission ended after 18.5 days, on 14 October 1979, at 02:24 UTC. The mission had the cooperation of the Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, France, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the United States and the Soviet Union.

Mission 
Organisms studied included:
 Rattus norvegicus (Wistar rat)
 Coturnix coturnix (Japanese quail)
 Daucus carota (carrot)

Objectives 
Bion 5 mission consisted of various biological studies, including the first mammalian reproduction attempts (rats) in space, which ended up not succeeding. Experiences NASA were designed to study the effects of radiation on mice, quail embryos and some plant specimens.

Studies on the effect of microgravity were also performed on the muscles and bones of rats and avian embryogenesis was studied in space. the effects of microgravity on plant tissues were investigated using carrots and carrot cancerous tissue to study the effects of space flight on the growth and development of plants. As in the previous mission, 30 rats for the species Rattus norvegicus were sent physiological studies; Seven additional rats were used in embryological experiments.

See also 

 1979 in spaceflight

References

Bibliography 
 Kozlov, D. I. (1996), Mashnostroenie, ed.; Konstruirovanie avtomaticheskikh kosmicheskikh apparatov, Moscow, ISBN
 Melnik, T. G. (1997), Nauka, ed.; Voenno-Kosmicheskiy Sili, Moscow, ISBN
 "Bion' nuzhen lyudyam", Novosti Kosmonavtiki, (6): 35, 1996

External links 
 Cosmos 1129. NASA

Bion satellites
Kosmos satellites
Spacecraft launched in 1979
1979 in spaceflight
1979 in the Soviet Union
Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations
Romania–Soviet Union relations
Hungary–Soviet Union relations
Poland–Soviet Union relations
France–Soviet Union relations
Soviet Union–United States relations
East Germany–Soviet Union relations
Keith Yandell

Keith Edward Yandell (, Davenport, Iowa – , Madison, Wisconsin) was a philosopher of religion who became notable by his teaching and his writings.

Teaching
Yandell began teaching in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Wisconsin, Madison in 1966. He had become the Julius R. Weinberg Professor of Philosophy when he retired in 2011.

Beginning in 2004 and continuing after his retirement from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Yandell became an Affiliate Professor of Philosophy at the 
Trinity Evangelical Divinity School in Deerfield, Illinois.

Education
Yandell earned a BA and an MA from Wayne State University. He received a PhD from Ohio State University.
His fields of expertise include: History of modern philosophy, Metaphysics, Philosophy of religion, Ethics, and Indian philosophy.

Works
Yandell has over 60 articles and reviews in journals listed in EBSCO. His books including those co-authored or edited follow:
Free Will and Evil (MA Thesis, Wayne State, 1960)
Metaphysical Systems and Decision Procedures (PhD Dissertation, Ohio State, 1966)
Basic Issues in the Philosophy of Religion (Allyn and Bacon, 1971)
Problems in Philosophical Inquiry: Theory of Knowledge (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971)
Metaphysics (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971)
Theory of Knowledge (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971)
Philosophy of Religion (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971)
Ethics (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971)
God, Man, and Religion (McGraw-Hill, 1973)
Christianity and Philosophy (Eerdmans, 1984)
Hume's Inexplicable Mystery: His Views on Religion (Temple University, 1990)
The Epistemology of Religious Experience (Cambridge University Press, 1994)
Philosophy of Religion: A Contemporary Introduction (Routledge, 1999)
Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India (Routledge, 2000)
Faith and Narrative (Oxford University Press, 2001)
Buddhism: A Christian Exploration and Appraisal (InterVarsity Press/Paternoster, 2009)
Spirituality Without God?: Buddhist Enlightenment and Christian Salvation (Paternoster, 2009)
The Soul (Defence of the Evidential Value of) (Ashgate, 2015)
In addition to books, Yandell has published essays on Anselm, miracles, and religious language; as well as a series of articles on the problem of evil; a series of articles on the epistemic status of religious experience; a series of articles on Hume's philosophy of religion; a series of articles on the supposed ineffability of religious beings or experiences; a series of articles on Indian philosophy; a series of articles on religion and morality; and a series of articles on philosophical issues concerning Christian theology, especially concerning the nature of God. He was working on metaphysical issues in the philosophy of religion and on religious pluralism.

References

1938 births
2020 deaths
American evangelicals
American philosophy academics
Protestant philosophers
Philosophers of religion
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Ohio State University alumni
Thyrotomy

Thyrotomy may also refer to the cutting or biopsy the thyroid gland.
Thyrotomy (also called thyroidotomy, median laryngotomy, laryngofissure or thyrofissure) is an  incision of the larynx through the thyroid cartilage.

See also
Laryngotomy
Cricothyrotomy
Tracheotomy
 List of surgeries by type

References
 Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary

Larynx surgery
Otorhinolaryngology
Metaphrynella

Metaphrynella is a small genus of microhylid frogs from the southern Malay Peninsula and Borneo. They are sometimes known as the Borneo treefrogs or tree hole frogs. The common name refers to the microhabitat of these frogs: males call from tree holes and tadpoles develop in the water contained in those holes.

Description
Metaphrynella are small, arboreal frogs that have plump bodies and adhesive finger and toe tips.

Taxonomy
Metaphrynella may be paraphyletic, as molecular data suggest that Phrynella is phylogenetically imbedded within it. Another study suggests that its closest relatives are Kaloula, Uperodon, and Ramanella. A molecular phylogenetic study by De Sá et al. (2012) shows Kaloula to be a sister clade of Metaphrynella.

Species 
There are two species:

References

 
Microhylidae
Amphibians of Asia
Amphibian genera
Taxa named by Hampton Wildman Parker
Guy Richards

Guy Richards (born 21 March 1983) is an Australian rules footballer in the Australian Football League.

From Coldstream, Richards was drafted in the 2000 National Draft to Collingwood, but took until 2004 to make his AFL debut. Continually developed into a good tap ruckman, Richards was forced to miss his early seasons as a football through injuries, mainly knee injuries hampered his start. When making his debut, he took time to become a dominant player but showed what he could, giving him 12 games since debut, before once again outed with a groin injury. It did not stop him from winning the best first year player however, 2005 was like the early years, a knee and then hip injury, nothing went right. He was able to make a return for the final two games, playing to his full capability. In 2006 Guy was once again struggling with injury, managing only 9 games.

2007 saw Richards vie with Carlton import Chris Bryan for the role as Josh Fraser's deputy. With the arrival of ruckman Cameron Wood via the 2007 AFL Trade period Guy was delisted by Collingwood

References

External links
Guy Richards at the Collingwood Football Club website

1983 births
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Collingwood Football Club players
Living people
Eastern Ranges players
Salamander: A Miscellany of Poetry

Salamander: A Miscellany of Poetry was an anthology of poetry published by George Allen and Unwin in 1947 and featuring the work of many of the Cairo poets.  It was edited by Keith Bullen and John Cromer.  The title alluded to the rebirth of culture from the ashes of World War II.  It put itself forward as "a microcosm of world literature," but the sympathies of the editors were Georgian and Kiplingesque, and the aim of the Salamander Group was "to memorialize the soldier as amateur poet and oral historian."

Work by G. S. Fraser, Alan Rook, John Gawsworth and John Waller, as well as Bullen and Cromer, was published in Salamander.

References
Rawlinson, Mark, British Writing of the 2nd World War, Oxford University Press, 2000.  (see page 114)
 The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century English Literature
Bowen, Roger, Many Histories Deep: The 'Personal Landscape' Poets in Egypt, 1940 – 1945, Associated University Presses, London, 1995.

Notes
 John Cromer, in the introduction.
 Cambridge History, page 425.
 Bowen, op. cit. page 47

External links
Salamander Oasis Trust — including brief historical note

1947 poems
Poetry anthologies
20th-century British literature
British poetry
20th-century poetry
Kosmos 2229

Kosmos 2229, or Bion 10 (in Russian: Бион 10, Космос 2229) was a biomedical research mission involving in ten countries plus European Space Agency (ESA). A Russian spacecraft, was launched by a Soyuz-U launch vehicle from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. It was part of the Bion programme.

Spacecraft 
Several of the hardware elements on the biosatellite were improved for Kosmos 2229. The in-flight data recording system was enhanced, making high-quality brain and neuromuscular recordings possible. The monkey feeder system was improved, and a backup juice dispenser was available. The monkey restraint system was modified to allow more arm movement. The neurovestibular data acquisition system was updated through a joint American-Russian development effort, allowing more parameters to be recorded in flight.

Mission 
Bion 10 carried two monkeys and several insects, amphibians, plants, and cell cultures. Participating scientists were from ten countries (Canada, France, Germany, Lithuania, Netherlands, China, Russia, Ukraine, United States, and Uzbekistan), plus European Space Agency (ASE). In the planning stages this mission was named Bion '92.

The Kosmos 2229 spacecraft orbited the Earth for almost 12 days. The payload, also designated Bion 10, contained thirteen American life sciences experiments. Studies focused on bone, neuromuscular and vestibular physiology, circadian rhythms, and metabolism. Two rhesus monkeys served as experimental subjects on the mission. As on previous Kosmos biosatellite missions, the monkeys were trained to activate food and juice dispensers. In addition, they were trained to operate a foot pedal so that muscle responses could be studied in flight. For in-flight neurovestibular testing, the monkeys were trained to make hand and head movements in response to visual stimuli.

See also 

 1992 in spaceflight
 Animals in space

References

External links 
 Kosmos Missions After 1990 NASA

Bion satellites
Kosmos satellites
Spacecraft launched in 1992
1992 in spaceflight
1992 in Russia
Otophryne

Otophryne is a small genus of microhylid frogs from northern South America. They are sometimes known as the pancake frogs.

Description
Adult Otophryne are diurnally active leaf mimics. They tend to walk rather than jump. Tadpoles burrow into the sandy bottom of shallow streams. They are extremely specialized with minute, dagger-like, keratinized teeth, and a long spiracular tube on the left hand side of its body. It is suggested that the tadpole is a suspension feeder, using the spiracular tube extending to the bottom surface to create a current through its oral cavity, using its teeth to prevent sand from entering its mouth.

Species
Genus Otophryne has three species:

References

 
Frogs of South America
Amphibian genera
Microhylidae
Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger
No Euro Movement

The No Euro Movement (Movimento No Euro) is a small political party that aims to remove the euro as the Italian currency, returning to the Italian lira, and advocates governmental control of the Italian Central Bank. Renzo Rabellino was elected as secretary of the party on 2 October 2005 held in Milan.

No Euro is essentially a party that is against banks, that wants to abolish the seigneurage crime and to bring back to citizens the property of the money, now belonging to central banks that are private.

On 5 April 2014, No Euro, together Golden Dawn, venetian secessionists and other small political formations, founded in Parma the Christian Front (Fronte Cristiano), with the objective of defending Christian roots against globalization and the globalist project.

References

Eurosceptic parties in Italy
Conservative parties in Italy
Stereocyclops

Stereocyclops (common name: Brazilian dumpy frogs) is a small genus of microhylid frogs. It is endemic to the Atlantic forest of eastern Brazil. Molecular phylogeny suggests that it is sister taxon to the clade containing Dasypops and Myersiella.

Description
Stereocyclops can be defined by features of its osteology. In the skull, palatine bone is present, as is the posterior part of prevomer. The clavicle is fully developed and long. Furthermore, the dorsal coloration is light and sharply separated from the dark ventrum by a light line. The head is flattened and the mouth is relatively large. Notice, however, that at the time of this description, the genus was monotypic and Hyophryne was considered a separate genus; a thorough morphological study of the genus as presently understood is lacking.

Beheavior
One species, Stereocyclops parkeri, is known to show defensive behavior that may enhance its cryptic appearance, giving an impression of a casually dislodged leaf: when an individual is disturbed, it makes a short leap, landing with its legs stretched backwards. It will then remain still, sometimes as long as 30 minutes, although it may also move a little forward with a quick movement of the feet, resembling a flicked leaf.

Species
There are four species in the genus:

References

 
Microhylidae
Amphibian genera
Amphibians of South America
Endemic fauna of Brazil
Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
Synapturanus

Synapturanus is a genus of microhylid frogs. They are found in northern South America. Common name disc frogs has been coined for the genus. Because of their fossorial life style, their natural history is poorly known.

Ecology and behavior
Synapturanus are fossorial and mostly nocturnal tropical rainforest frogs found in the leaf litter and soft soils. Calling takes place usually during rain, which apparently triggers the calling. Eggs are deposited terrestrially in a small burrow below the soil surface. The tadpoles are endotrophic (developing without external food sources). Stomach contents have included nematodes and various arthropods (ants, termites, and spiders).

Description
Females are larger than males. Breeding males have a glandular swelling on the wrist. Males and females are otherwise similar. The largest species is Synapturanus mirandaribeiroi, which reaches a snout–vent length of at least .

Species
This genus has ten recognized species:

References

 
Microhylidae
Amphibian genera
Taxa named by Antenor Leitão de Carvalho
Amphibians of South America
Hugh Mackay (social researcher)

Hugh Clifford Mackay (born 1938)  is an Australian psychologist, social researcher and writer, who founded the Australian quarterly research series The Mackay Report 1979–2003, which later became The Ipsos Mackay Report. He was a weekly newspaper columnist for 25 years and is a regularly appearing commentator on radio and television.

Career
He is a graduate of Sydney Grammar School, and holds a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Sydney and a Master of Arts from Macquarie University. He was a founding member of The Australian Psychological Society and is one of the founders of The Ethics Centre formerly known as The St James Ethics Centre.

Mackay has held a number of honorary academic positions, including Adjunct Professor in the Faculty of Arts of Charles Sturt University, Professor of Social Science at the University of Wollongong and professorial fellow in the Macquarie Graduate School of Management.

He is a patron of the Asylum Seekers Centre and was previously a member of the Bell Shakespeare Artistic Advisory Panel. He was the inaugural chairman of the ACT Government's Community Inclusion Board, chairman of trustees of Sydney Grammar School and deputy chairman of the Australia Council. He has also served on committees of the Law Society of New South Wales, the Sydney Peace Prize, and the National Heart Foundation of Australia.. After an in air incident on a flight from Sydney to Brisbane Hugh didn’t fly for 15 years despite his busy nationwide work commitments over that time.

Mackay is a Fellow of the Australian Psychological Society and the Royal Society of NSW, and an Associate Fellow of the British Psychological Society. ea

Honours and awards
He holds honorary doctorates in Letters from Charles Sturt University, Macquarie University, the University of New South Wales the University of Western Sydney and the University of Wollongong as well as the Hartnett Medal from the Royal Society of Arts, and the Alumni Award for Community Service from the University of Sydney.

At the 2015 Australia Day Honours, Mackay was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia for distinguished service to the community in the areas of social research and psychology, as an author and commentator, and through roles with visual and performing arts and educational organisations.

Publications

Non-fiction

 drew on 60 individual reports
 (subsequently re-published as 'The Good Listener'. 1998)

 (2nd edition published 2019).

 (2nd edition published 2019)
 (originally published 2013)

Periodical
The Mackay Report quarterly research series (subsequently The Ipsos Mackay Report), over 100 reports including:

Fiction

References

External links

 Hugh Mackay, Personal Website

Living people
Australian journalists
20th-century Australian novelists
21st-century Australian novelists
Australian male novelists
Australian psychologists
Officers of the Order of Australia
People educated at Sydney Grammar School
Place of birth missing (living people)
University of Sydney alumni
Macquarie University alumni
1938 births
20th-century Australian male writers
21st-century Australian male writers
Uperodon

Uperodon is a genus of microhylid frogs. They occur in South Asia (Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, and Bangladesh) and Myanmar. Uperodon reached its current composition in 2016 when the genus Ramanella was brought into its synonymy. The common names of these frogs are globular frogs and balloon frogs in reference to their stout appearance, or dot frogs, the last specifically referring to the former Ramanella.

Uperodon includes burrowing frogs that eat ants and termites.

Species
There are 12 recognized species:
 Uperodon anamalaiensis (Rao, 1937)
 Uperodon globulosus (Günther, 1864)
 Uperodon montanus (Jerdon, 1853)
 Uperodon mormoratus (Rao, 1937)
 Uperodon nagaoi (Manamendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda, 2001)
 Uperodon obscurus (Günther, 1864)
 Uperodon palmatus (Parker, 1934)
 Uperodon rohani Garg, Senevirathne, Wijayathilaka, Phuge, Deuti, Manamendra-Arachchi, Meegaskumbura, and Biju, 2018
 Uperodon systoma (Schneider, 1799)
 Uperodon taprobanicus (Parker, 1934)
 Uperodon triangularis (Günther, 1876)
 Uperodon variegatus (Stoliczka, 1872)

The AmphibiaWeb also lists Uperodon minor Rao, 1937, which is considered synonym of Uperodon anamalaiensis by the Amphibian Species of the World.

References

 
Microhylidae
Amphibian genera
Amphibians of Asia
Taxa named by André Marie Constant Duméril
Taxa named by Gabriel Bibron
Harald Sohlberg

Harald Oskar Sohlberg (29 November 1869 – 19 June 1935) was a Norwegian Neo-romantic painter.

Biography
Sohlberg attended the Royal School of Art and Design of Christiania. He later trained under the graphic artist and painter Johan Nordhagen.  Sohlberg attended the art school of Kristian Zahrtmann.  He also studied as a pupil of Erik Werenskiold,  Eilif Peterssen and Harriet Backer.

He is particularly known for his depictions of the mountains of Rondane and the town of Røros. Perhaps his most widely recognized paintings, in several variations, is Winter's Night in Rondane, presently featured at the National Gallery (Nasjonalgalleriet).

Cultural references
His painting Fisherman's Cottage was used as the cover of a book by John Burnside, Scottish writer, called A Summer of Drowning; Sohlberg is mentioned prominently throughout the novel, and one of the sections of this book is called "The Fisherman's House" in obvious homage to the painting.

Another painting, Flower Meadow of the North, was used as the cover of the book Morning Poems by Robert Bly.

Selected works

 Natteglød (1893)  Nasjonalgalleriet, Oslo.
 Sommernatt (1899)   Nasjonalgalleriet, Oslo.
 Vinternatt i fjelene (1901) Hilmar Rekstens Samlinger, Bergen
 Fra Røros (1902)   Nasjonalgalleriet, Oslo.
 Natt (1904)  Trondheim Kunstmuseum, Trondheim
 En blomstereng nordpå (1906) Nasjonalgalleriet, Oslo.
 Eken (1908) Drammen Kunstmuseum
 Vinternatt i Rondane (1911–14)  Nasjonalgalleriet, Oslo.

Gallery

References

Other sources
(In Norwegian)
 Bjerke, Øivind Storm (1991) Harald Sohlberg: Ensomhetens maler (Gyldendal norsk forlag)   
 Bjerke, Øivind Storm (1996) Edvard Munch and Harald Sohlberg: Landscapes of the Mind (National Academy of Design) 
 Lange, Marit Ingeborg,  Peter Norgaard Larsen  (2003) Nordiske Stemninger: Harald Sohlberg. L.A. Ring (Stiftelsen)

External links

 Harald Oskar Sohlberg (paintingstar.com)]
 Harald Sohlberg  (fineart.no)
 Harald Oskar Sohlberg (escapeintolife.com)
  Winter Night in Rondane (Images of Norway: Rondane and Harald Sohlberg)  (exviking.net)

1869 births
1935 deaths
19th-century Norwegian painters
20th-century Norwegian painters
Norwegian male painters
19th-century Norwegian male artists
20th-century Norwegian male artists
Urban wilderness

Urban wilderness refers to informal green spaces within urban areas that distant enough from urbanized areas so that human activities cannot be registered. Urban wilderness areas within cities have been shown to beneficially impact the public's perception of wilderness and nature, making this an important element to future city planning

Overview 
Key traits of urban wilderness that differentiate it from other urban green spaces:

 Involves green spaces that are far enough removed from the urban areas, so human actions cannot be noticed.
 Supports biodiversity - Urban wilderness efforts aim to enhance/improve a regions' local biodiversity through careful management plans.
 A high degree of self-regulation - vegetation can survive with minimal interference or management by humans.

Various urban wilderness areas have been established throughout the world. Examples include the Knoxville Urban Wilderness in Knoxville, TN, Purgatory Creek Natural Area in San Marcos, TX, the Danube-Auen National Park in Vienna and Lower Austria, the Turkey Mountain Urban Wilderness Area in Tulsa, and the Milwaukee River Greenway in Milwaukee, WI.

History
The nineteenth and twentieth centuries saw the urbanization of cities. Jacob Riis and other reformers fought for parks in urban areas. 

While many societies had traditions of intense urban plantings, such as the rooftops of pre-conquistador Mexico City, these traditions did not reemerge on a larger scale in the industrialized world until the creation of naturalistic urban parks, such as the ones by Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmsted. 

More recently, groups such as squatters and Reclaim The Streets have performed guerrilla plantings, worked in and on abandoned buildings, and torn holes in highway asphalt to fill with soil and flowers. These actions have been effective in creating new planted zones in economically stagnant areas like urban Eastern Germany, where abandoned buildings have been reverted to forest-like conditions.

See also
Hundertwasserhaus
Green roof
Green wall
Urban forestry
Urban ecology
Urban agriculture
 Urban prairie

References

Urban planning
Habitats
Urban forestry
Pomerance

Pomerance is the name of:

 Bernard Pomerance (1940–2017), American playwright and poet 
 Carl Pomerance (born 1944), American mathematician
 Murray Pomerance (born 1946), Canadian film scholar
 Rafe Pomerance (born 1946), American environmentalist

See also
Pomerants
Pomerantz
Nelly Arcan

Nelly Arcan (March 5, 1973 – September 24, 2009) was a Canadian novelist. Arcan was born Isabelle Fortier at Lac-Mégantic in the Eastern Townships of Quebec.

Biography
Arcan's first novel Putain (2001; English: Whore (2004)) received immediate critical and media attention. It was a finalist for both the Prix Médicis and the Prix Fémina, two of France's most prestigious literary awards. It contains similarities between the escort Cynthia in the novel and Arcan's own experience as a professional escort sex worker.

Putain was followed with three more novels that established her as a literary star in Quebec and France. Her second novel Folle (2004), like her first, is a semi-autobiographical and provocative work, and was also nominated for the Prix Femina. Her third novel, À ciel ouvert, was published in 2007. L'enfant dans le miroir (2007) is a coffee-table illustrated book about beauty. Arcan had recently completed her fourth novel Paradis clef en main (2009; English: Exit (2011)) when she died by suicide. She also wrote several short stories, opinion pieces and columns for various Quebec newspapers and literary magazines.

Death
Arcan was found dead in her Montreal apartment on September 24, 2009. She hanged herself. She had just finished writing her last book, , whose narrator is left disabled after a suicide attempt. She had attempted suicide previously. 
On September 3, 2009, three weeks before her death, Arcan published a story in her weekly column in the Quebec French-language weekly Ici magazine entitled "" ("Take Me, or You're Dead"), detailing an experience with a stalker.

She is buried in Québec's Eastern Townships. Lac-Mégantic's municipal library, assembled from many of the over a hundred thousand books donated after fire destroyed the original library during 2013's Lac-Mégantic derailment, is named « La Médiathèque municipale Nelly-Arcan » in her honour.

Director Anne Émond's 2016 film Nelly is based on Arcan's life.

Bibliography
 Putain (2001; English: Whore, translated by Bruce Benderson, 2004).
 Folle (2004; English: Hysteric, translated by David Homel & Jacob Homel, 2014).
 L'enfant dans le miroir (2007).
 À ciel ouvert (2007; English: Breakneck, translated by Jacob Homel, Anvil Press, 2015).
 Paradis, clef en main (2009; English: Exit, translated by David Scott Hamilton, 2011).
 Burqa de chair (2011; English: Burqa of Skin, translated by Melissa Bull, Anvil Press, 2014).

References

External links
 
 

1973 births
2009 suicides
2009 deaths
Writers from Quebec
Canadian women novelists
People from Lac-Mégantic, Quebec
French Quebecers
Suicides in Quebec
Canadian female prostitutes
Université du Québec à Montréal alumni
21st-century Canadian novelists
21st-century Canadian women writers
Canadian novelists in French
20th-century Canadian novelists
20th-century Canadian women writers
Escorts
Cryptothylax

Cryptothylax is a small genus of hyperoliid frogs found in the Congo Basin.

Species
There are two species in this genus:
 Cryptothylax greshoffii (Schilthuis, 1889)
 Cryptothylax minutus Laurent, 1976

References

 
Hyperoliidae
Amphibians of Africa
Amphibian genera
Taxa named by Raymond Laurent
Jannaram

Jannaram Mandal is situated in Mancherial District of the Telangana state in South India.Jannaram is famous for Kawal Wildelife Sanctuary Tiger Reserve. The town is famous because it is the birthplace of a legend Mekala Sanjay Kumar.

History 

Jannaram became mandal with effect from 22 May 1985. Before which it was in the Luxettipet Taluka.

Administrative divisions
There are 27 villages under this madal.

References 

Villages in Mancherial district
Mandal headquarters in Mancherial district