alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Technology

Technology is the skills, methods, and processes used to achieve goals.

People can use technology to:

 Produce goods or services
 Carry out goals, such as scientific investigation or sending a spaceship to the moon
 Solve problems, such as disease or famine
 Do things we already do, but more easily.

Technology can be knowledge of how to do things.  Machines are examples of embed.  This lets others use the machines without knowing how they work.  Technological systems use technology by taking something, changing it, then producing a result. They are also known as technology systems.

The most simple form of technology is the development and use of basic tools. The discovery of fire and the Neolithic Revolution made food easier to get. Other inventions, such as the wheel and the ship, helped people to transport goods and themselves.  Information technology, such as the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, has led to globalization. 

People have used technology for millions of years.  Without food technology, most people would die.

Etymology 
The word "technology" comes from two Greek words:

 τέχνη, techne, meaning "art, skill, or cunning of hand"
 -λογία, -logia, a suffix meaning "the study of"

Related pages
 Engineering
 Inventor
Daughter

A daughter is a female child. A daughter is a sister, if she has siblings.

Related pages
Family
Son

Basic English 850 words
Family
Son

A son is a male child of a mother and father. A female child is a daughter.

Basic English 850 words
family
1516



Events
 The Royal Mail is established

Births 
 January 16 – King Bayinnong, king of the Toungoo dynasty of Burma
 February 18 – Mary I of England

Deaths 
 January 23 – King Ferdinand II of Aragon
 August 9 – Hieronymus Bosch, Dutch painter
 November 26 – Giovanni Bellini, Italian Renaissance painter
Oliver Stone

William Oliver Stone (born September 15, 1946) is an American movie director, producer, writer and actor. He was born in New York City and raised in Manhattan and Stamford, Connecticut. Stone became well known in the late 1980s and early 1990s for directing a series of movies about the Vietnam War. He was in the war as an infantry soldier. Stone's movies are often about political and cultural issues.

Filmography

As director

As actor
Battle of Love's Return (1971)
Platoon (1986) (cameo)
Wall Street (cameo) (1987)
The Doors (1991) (cameo)
Dave (cameo) (1993)
Any Given Sunday (1999)
Torrente 3: El Protector (cameo) (2005)
Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps (cameo) (2010)
Graystone (film) (actor) (2011)

Screenwriter only
Midnight Express (1978)
Conan the Barbarian (with John Milius) (1982)
Scarface (1983)
Year of the Dragon (with Michael Cimino) (1985)
8 Million Ways to Die (with David Lee Henry) (1985)
Evita (with Alan Parker) (1996)

Producer/executive producer only
Sugar Cookies (1973)
Blue Steel (1989)
Reversal of Fortune (1990)
From Hollywood to Hanoi (1992)
Zebrahead (1992)
South Central (1992)
Wild Palms (1993) (TV)
The Joy Luck Club (1993)
The New Age (1994)
Indictment: The McMartin Trial (1995) (TV)
Freeway (1996)
The People vs. Larry Flynt (1996)
Cold Around the Heart (1996)
Killer: A Journal of Murder (1996)
Gravesend (1997)
The Last Days of Kennedy and King (1998)
Savior (1998)
The Corruptor (1999)
The Day Reagan Was Shot (2001) (TV)
Comandante (2003)
Persona Non Grata (2003)

Other websites  

1946 births
Living people
Academy Award winning directors
Actors from Stamford, Connecticut
Actors from Manhattan
American movie actors
American movie editors
American television producers
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
Writers from Connecticut
Writers from Manhattan
Salt water

Salt water (or saline water) is water with a large amount of salt in it. It usually means the water from the seas and oceans (sea water). Almost all the water on Earth is saline. River water, however, is usually not saline.

Salt water used for making or preserving food, is usually saltier than sea water and is called brine. Drinking sea water alone is dangerous. A summary of 163 life raft voyages showed the risk of death at 39% for those who drank seawater, compared to 3% for those who did not. Experiments on rats showed the danger.

When scientists measure salt in water, they are testing the salinity of the water. Salinity is measured in parts per thousand or ppt. Most sea water is about 35 ppt salt. Salt lakes can be up to ten times as salty. Above that level precipitation creates a salt plain.

Brackish water, in contrast, is less salty than seawater.

Salt water is more dense than fresh water. Fresh water has a density of 1 g/ml, while salty seawater has an average density of about 1.025 g/ml.

Related pages 
 Desalination
 Fresh water
 Water cycle

References

Oceanography
Water
Oceanography

Oceanography (also called oceanology or marine science) is the study of the ocean, its properties and its characteristics. This can include, and is not limited to, studying the marine life, the geography of the ocean floor, and the water itself. Many sciences are useful in oceanography, so it is a multidisciplinary field. Oceanographers spend much time on boats.

Sub-Categories 
The study of oceanography may be divide branches:
 Marine biology or biological oceanography
 Chemical oceanography or marine chemistry
 Marine geology or geological oceanography
 Physical oceanography
 Marine engineering
Diamanto Manolakou

Diamanto Manolakou, born on 1 March 1959,  is a Greek politician and member of the European Parliament for the Communist Party of Greece; part of the European United Left–Nordic Green Left.

References 

1959 births
Living people
Communist politicians
MEPs for Greece
Arthur C. Clarke

Sir Arthur Charles Clarke (Minehead, Somerset, 6 December 1917 – Colombo, Sri Lanka, 19 March 2008) was a British writer and inventor. He was most famous for his science fiction novel 2001: A Space Odyssey, and for working with director Stanley Kubrick on the movie of the same name. Clarke and Isaac Asimov were probably the two best-known science fiction writers of their day.

Some of Clarke's novels include Childhood's End, A Fall of Moondust, The Songs of Distant Earth, The Sands of Mars, and Meeting with Medusa. He also wrote many short stories, and several serious works on science.

Clarke served in the Royal Air Force as a radar instructor and technician from 1941 to 1946. He proposed a satellite communication system in 1945 which won him the Franklin Institute Gold Medal in 1963.

He was the chairman of the British Interplanetary Society from 1947 to 1950 and again in 1953.

Clarke emigrated to Sri Lanka in 1956 largely to pursue his interest in scuba diving; That year, he discovered the underwater ruins of the ancient Koneswaram temple in Trincomalee. He lived in Sri Lanka until his death. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1998, and was awarded Sri Lanka's highest civil honour, Sri Lankabhimanya, in 2005.

Clarke died from heart and respiratory failure at the age of 90.

Related pages
 Arthur C. Clarke Award

References

Other websites 
 Arthur C. Clarke Awards Official site 
 Arthur C. Clarke links & image archive

1917 births
2008 deaths
English science fiction writers
English inventors
English LGBT writers
English novelists
English science writers
Gay men
Nebula Award winning writers
Writers from Somerset
Anthony Burgess

Anthony Burgess (25 February 1917 – 22 November 1993) was an English author.

One of these was named A Clockwork Orange. It was about evil. He had the idea for the story after a group of bad young men raped and beat his wife for no reason.

Burgess also made songs and music. And he wrote a lot about writers he loved, such as James Joyce, a novelist, and Gerard Manley Hopkins, a poet.

Burgess was born in Harpurhey, Manchester, in the north of England. Before he became a writer, he was a soldier, then a teacher. When he was 37 years old, he left his home country to work in Malaysia and Brunei. Later, he lived in the USA, Italy, and France.

He was born very poor, the son of a man who made a meagre living out of selling cigarettes to workmen. But when Burgess died, he had grown rich. This was because he worked so hard at his art, which is the art of literature. He wrote at least 1,000 words every day of his life. But he always found time to be kind to other writers. He was friendly to the many people who came to visit with him at his seaside home in Monaco.

Burgess died of lung cancer aged 76, in St John's Wood, London.

The books by Burgess that people say they like the most are called Earthly Powers, about the Pope; Enderby, about a poet; and Nothing Like the Sun, about William Shakespeare.

Other websites 

English novelists
English television writers
Pen names
Writers from Manchester
1917 births
1993 deaths
Emmet D. Boyle

Emmet Derby Boyle (July 26, 1879 - January 3, 1926) was a Governor of Nevada. He was a Democrat.

Boyle was born in Virginia City, Nevada in 1879. He was a mining engineer, and was the Governor between 1915 and 1923. He died in 1926 at the age of 46.

1879 births
1926 deaths
Governors of Nevada
Carp

A carp (plural: carp or carps) is a fish that lives in fresh water, such as rivers and lakes. In Europe and Asia carp are loved as a fishing and eating fish. However, carp are a really big problem in countries such as the U.S. and Australia. They make the water dirty by causing the mud at the bottom to move and in these countries people hate them.

Some popular ornamental fishes like the koi and goldfish are also carp.

Types of carp 

 Genus Abramis
 Carp bream (Abramis brama)
 Genus Barbodes:
 Carnatic carp (Barbodes carnaticus)
 Genus Carassius:
 Crucian carp (Carassius carassius )
 Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio)
 Goldfish (Carassius auratus)
 Genus Cirrhinus:
 Chinese mud carp (Cirrhinus chinensis)
 Deccan white carp (Cirrhinus fulungee)
 Hora white carp (Cirrhinus macrops)
 Small scale mud carp (Cirrhinus microlepis)
 Mud carp (Cirrhinus molitorella)
 Man carp (Cirrhinus saprian)
 Genus Ctenopharyngodon:
 Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)
 Genus Culter:
 Predatory carp (Culter erythropterus)
 Genus Cyprinus:
 Common carp, Koi (Cyprinus carpio)
 Genus Epalzeorhynchos:
 Red-tailed black shark (Epalzeorhynchos bicolor)
 Red-finned black shark or Rainbow shark (Epalzeorhynchos frenatus)
 Genus Henicorhynchus:
 Siamese mud carp (Henicorhynchus siamensis)
 Genus Hypophthalmichthys:
 Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)
 Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)
 Genus Labeo:
 African carp (Labeo coubie)
 Fringed-lipped peninsula carp (Labeo fimbriatus)
 Bigmouth carp (Labeo kontius)
 Genus Mylopharyngodon:
 Black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus)
 Genus Tinca:
 Tench (Tinca tinca)

Other websites 

 Fishing Website on Carp
 Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission 

Cypriniformes
Christopher Walken

Ronald Walken (born March 31, 1943), simply known as Christopher Walken, is an American movie, television, and theatre actor. He is best known for playing evil or mentally damaged characters. He has sometimes used that image for comedic effect.  He was born in Queens, New York to a German father and Scottish-born mother. Walken has been married to casting director Georgianne Walken since 1969.

Walken is a skilled dancer who in many of his movies dances, because he requests it. He has been in nearly one hundred movies and television shows since 1953, including The Dead Zone (1983), Brainstorm (1983), A View to a Kill (1985), Batman Returns (1992) True Romance (1993), Pulp Fiction (1994), Nick of Time (1995), Mousehunt, (1997), Catch Me If You Can (2002), Around the Bend (2004) and The Jungle Book (2016). He was George Lucas' second choice for Han Solo after Harrison Ford.

He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in The Deer Hunter (1978) where he played a disturbed Vietnam veteran with Robert De Niro. He was nominated again in 2002 for Catch Me if You Can''. 

Walken has been guest host on Saturday Night Live many times. He has played many well known characters on that show.

Other websites 

Christopher Walken biography 	
The online Christopher Walken fan club	
Walken Works – A Christopher Walken film review site	
Christopher Walken Fan Forum Includes news updates on Walken's activities
Hoax "Walken 2008" presidential campaign website

1943 births
Living people
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Actors from New York City
Actors who played Bond villains
Academy Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Gene Hackman

Eugene Alden Hackman (born January 30, 1930) is an American retired actor and novelist. Hackman was born in San Bernardino, California. His parents divorced while he was a child, and he moved from one place to another until he settled finally in Danville, Illinois, where he lived with his English-born grandmother. At the age of 16 he left home to join the Marines, where he served 3 years as a radio operator. Having finished his service, he moved to New York, where he worked in several minor jobs. He then studied television production and journalism at the University of Illinois.

Already over 30 years old, Hackman decided to become an actor, and joined the Pasadena Playhouse in California. It was in that school that Hackman became friends with another person who wanted to be an actor named Dustin Hoffman.

After working hard in many roles he became a well-respected actor. He has won two Academy Awards, and has played many well-known roles.

Filmography
 Welcome to Mooseport (2004)
 Runaway Jury (2003)
 Behind Enemy Lines (2001)
 The Royal Tenenbaums (2001)
 Heist (2001)
 Heartbreakers (2001)
 The Mexican (2001)
 The Replacements (2000)
 Under Suspicion (2000)
 Enemy of the State (1998)
 Twilight (1998)
 Absolute Power (1997)
 The Chamber (1996)
 Extreme Measures (1996)
 The Birdcage (1996)
 Get Shorty (1995)
 Crimson Tide (1995)
 The Quick and the Dead (1995)
 Wyatt Earp (1994)
 Geronimo: An American Legend (1993)
 The Firm (1993)
 Unforgiven (1992)
 Company Business (1991)
 Class Action (1991)
 Loose Cannons (1990)
 Postcards from the Edge (1990)
 Narrow Margin (1990)
 The Package (1988)
 Bat*21 (1988)
 Mississippi Burning (1988)
 No Way Out (1987)
 Another Woman (1987)
 Superman IV: The Quest for Peace (1987)
 Hoosiers (1986)
 Power (1986)
 Target  (1985)
 Twice In A Lifetime (1985)
 Eureka (1984)
 Misunderstood (1984)
 Uncommon Valor (1983)
 Under Fire (1983)
 Reds (1981)
 Superman II (19810)
 All Night Long (1981)
 Superman (1978)
 The Domino Principle (1978)
 A Bridge Too Far (1977) March Or Die (1977) French Connection II (1975) Lucky Lady (1975) Night Moves (1975) The Conversation (1974) Bite the Bullet (1974) Young Frankenstein (1974) Scarecrow (1973) The Poseidon Adventure (1972) Prime Cut (1972) The Hunting Party (1971) The French Connection (1971) I Never Sang for My Father (1970) Downhill Racer (1969) Marooned (1969) The Gypsy Moths (1969) Bonnie and Clyde (1967) Hawaii (1966) Lilith'' (1964)

Other websites 

1930 births
Living people
Actors from San Bernardino, California
Actors from Illinois
Academy Award winning actors
United States Marine Corps personnel
American movie actors
American novelists
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
People from San Bernardino, California
People from Danville, Illinois
San Bernardino, California
Writers from California
Writers from Illinois
Brian Russell

Brian Russell (born November 30th, 1943) is an American music producer. He is the former husband of musician Brenda Russell. He is currently married to Cheryl Ladd. He has been married to Cheryl Ladd since January 3, 1981. He was previously married to Brenda Russell.

1978 births
Living people
American entertainers
Cod

Cod is a teleost fish that lives in the ocean. It is a large predator. There are about 12 different genera in its family, Gadidae.

Cod is an important type of fish for professional fishing. It is also popular to eat, because it is mild in taste. The livers of cods are processed to get cod liver oil. Cod is the fish of preference to use for fish and chips. Other fish, such as haddock and plaice, are also regularly eaten. The most commonly eaten cod is Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua.

Cod has been caught and traded since the age of the Vikings. Cod in the wild is a large fish. It grows to about five feet long. The biggest one ever caught weighed about 104 pounds. Nowadays they are caught when they are much younger.

References 

Edible fish
Gadiformes
U.S. 1st Infantry Division

The 1st Infantry Division of the United States Army—nicknamed the Big Red One after its shoulder patch—is the oldest division. Since the Division was made, it has served in almost all wars the American Army has been in.  The division's official motto is "Duty First". Their unofficial motto is "No Mission Too Difficult, No Sacrifice Too Great".

Wars/Fighting this division has served in 
 World War I
 World War II
 Korean War
 Vietnam War
 First Gulf War
 Bosnia/Kosovo
 2003 Invasion of Iraq

United States Army
Herring

A herring is a small teleost fish of the genus Clupea. Best-known of this family is probably the Atlantic herring. There are 15 different species of herring. When herrings migrate in the water they usually do this in large numbers; this is then called a school of herring. Like other fish, they do this for protection: see shoaling and schooling. 

Herrings can be eaten.  They are often smoked or pickled. 

A red herring is used to describe a plot device in mystery fiction that leads the reader to a wrong solution.

Clupeiformes
Edible fish
Ray

The rays, or batoids, are a group of cartilaginous fish containing more than 500 described species in thirteen families. They include four orders.

Rays are mostly flattened in shape, and usually demersal, living and eating at the bottom of the sea. The group first appears in the Triassic period, after 95% of marine species had been wiped out by the P/Tr extinction event.

Taxonomy 
 Batoidea
 Rajiformes
 Rajidae: the skates, 200 species
 Rhinidae: the bowmouth guitarfish
 Rhinobatidae: the guitarfish
 Rhynchobatidae: the wedgefish
 Pristiformes: the sawfish
 Myelobatiformes: the stingrays
 Torpediniformes: the electric rays

Description

Appearance 
Rays look like bats in the water, and this is probably why they are called batoids. They have pectoral fins that are attached to their bodies from back to front, similar to the way a bat's wings attach from its shoulder to its feet.

The fins of the ray create a disk shape that can be round, triangular, or diamond-shaped. Rays use their pectoral fins to 'fly' through the water. Though a bony fish takes in water with its mouth, rays do not because they live at the bottom of the ocean. If they took in water through their mouths, they would probably just get a mouthful of sand. Because of this, they have breathing holes on top of their bodies called spiracles. Rays use spiracles to take in water that is then sent over the gills.

Also, because they do not have a swim bladder, rays sink when they are not actively swimming.

Social Animals 
Interestingly, rays are usually curious and social animals. Though they often live alone, they like swimming together in groups with other rays. Despite the fact that they are able to swim, most rays live at the bottom of the sea, eating benthic animals. In fact, they often flick sand on their backs to camouflage (disguise, or hide) themselves as they lie in the sand at the bottom of the ocean.

References
Fishing hook

A fishing hook is a hook used to catch fish. There are many types of fishing hooks. Most have a sharp point which sticks into the fish when it is caught. There are lots of types of fishing hooks, and they all depend on how powerful they can hold the line and the size. Many hooks have different sizes for different fish.

Sports equipment
Fishing
Fishing rod

A fishing rod is a tool used for catching fish. The rod is often used to cast a fishing hook to where the fish are. The hook has bait on it, sometimes an artificial bait. There is usually some way to make the line longer or shorter, and the pole it is can bend a little.

This is called angling and it is how people catch fish for fun or sport. Commercial fishing is usually done using fishing nets.

Modern
Modern fishing rods are designed to be lightweight, durable, and flexible. They are made of materials like graphite, fiberglass, and bamboo. Graphite rods are light and great for long and accurate casts. Fiberglass rods are heavier but more affordable and durable, making them suitable for rugged conditions. Bamboo rods have a unique feel but are heavier. The handles are usually cork, and the guides can be made of steel or titanium. Some rods have back- or butt-rests for better control when fighting large fish. Overall, modern fishing rods prioritize lightness, durability, and performance.

References

Sports equipment
Tools
Fishing
Nottuln

Nottuln is a town in Coesfeld county, 20 km west of Münster, Germany.

It consists of
 Nottuln
 Appelhülsen
 Schapdetten
 Darup

History
A church was founded in 860 by Ludger Liudger, as well as the first monastery in Westphalia.
After a big fire 1748 it was built up by Johann Conrad Schlaun.
The county of Nottuln is at the A43 and a railway.

References

Other websites

Coesfeld (district)
Coesfeld

Coesfeld is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany and the capital of Coesfeld county.

Nepomucenum and St.-Pius-Gymnasium are highschools in Coesfeld.

History 
Coesfeld was founded by the holy Ludgerus. Coesfeld has been a town since 1197.

Big villages in county Coesfeld:
 Nottuln
 Senden
 Dülmen
 Havixbeck
 Billerbeck

References

Other websites

Coesfeld (district)
Hanseatic League
St.-Pius-Gymnasium

St.-Pius-Gymnasium is a catholic private highschool in Coesfeld near Münster in Germany. It is held by the diocese of Münster and named after Pope Pius X. . Until 1976 the school was a boarding school only for boys. Since then it has been a Gymnasium. Today, there are 791 pupils.

There is a statue of Pius X on the school ground to express solidarity with the patron. The school has a chapel and a pastor. There is a modern, well-equipped assembly hall, too.

St.-Pius-Gymnasium is associated with the Lyceé Notre-Dame in Guingamp (France), offers trips to Poole (England) and tries to establish a partnership with a school in Orlando (Florida, USA). 

In Advent, the school publishes a yearbook named "Piusbrief". Its pupil magazine "Fünf vor Acht" got multiple honours. 

The whole school is a non-smoking area.

Education in North Rhine-Westphalia
Cell membrane

The cell membrane is a thin flexible layer around the cells of all living things. It is sometimes called the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane.

Its basic job is to separate the inside of cells from the outside.
In all cells, the cell membrane separates the cytoplasm inside the cell from its surroundings. Animal cells are contained in just a membrane. Bacteria, fungi and plants have strong cell walls as well, which support the cell and block the passage of large molecules.

Structure 

The membrane is made up of a thin layer called the 'phospholipid bilayer'. This has two layers of phospholipid molecules with phosphate heads on the surfaces and lipid (oil) tails on the inside. The outside heads mix with water, but the tails reject water.

Other proteins and lipids can be added to the cell membrane. By these changes, the cell can adjust what it brings in or puts out. Some proteins are always stuck into it, these are called integral membrane proteins. It also has some which are only sometimes stuck onto it. These are called peripheral membrane proteins. The outer layer protecting the inner cell.

Function 

The membrane is selectively permeable.  It is active and regulates (adjusts) what comes in and what goes out of the cell.  The movement of substances across the membrane can be either passive, occurring without the input of cellular energy, or active, requiring energy.

Proteins in the membrane 

Proteins within the membrane are key to its working. These proteins mainly transport chemicals and information across the membrane.

The membrane contains many proteins. The surface proteins can act as gates. They let some chemicals into the cell and let other chemicals leave the cell. It is estimated that up to a third of the human proteome may be membrane proteins. Some of these proteins are linked to the exterior of the cell membrane. An example of this is the CD59 protein, which identifies cells as “self” and thus inhibits their destruction by the immune system.

References 

Cells
Organelles
1808

1808 was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events
 March 13 – Frederick VI becomes king of Denmark. The next day, Denmark declares war on Sweden.
 March 19 – Charles IV of Spain leaves the throne for his son, Ferdinand VII.
 November 15 – Mahmud II (1808–1839) succeeds Mustafa IV (1807–1808) as  sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
 Goethe's Faust: The First Part of the Tragedy is published.
 Barium, calcium, magnesium and strontium are isolated by Humphry Davy in England.

 December 29 – Andrew Johnson
Tilapia

Tilapia are fish that are often farmed for food, or kept as pets in aquariums. They live in warm, fresh water, but some species live in brackish water. The fish are found in Africa, North and South America, India, and Sri Lanka.

They are listed as some of the worlds worst introduced species. They can quickly take over from native fish in rivers. This has happened in places like in the Endeavour River, in   Queensland, Australia. These fish are thought to have been released into the river from an aquarium.

References

Teleosts
Edible fish
Sardine

Sardine is a name of several kinds of fish, especially oily fish. Another name for these fish is Pilchard. All of those fish are quite small and are related to the herring. The Latin name of the family of these fish is Clupeidae. However, the naming is not precise. Fishbase, a database about all kinds of fish, has six species just named pilchard. There are over a dozen with the name of sardine.  Many more exist, with the basic names qualified by adjectives.

The fish are named after the Island of Sardinia. In the past, they could easily be fished there.

Many shops and supermarkets sell canned (or tinned) sardines. The can is filled in liquids like water or oil. Very often, those fish are not sardines, but rather sprats or round herrings.

Gallery

References 

Clupeiformes
Edible fish
Bone

Bones are parts of the skeleton of vertebrates. They also protect organs inside our body.

The bones are the framework of the body. Without them we would be a pile of organs and skin on the ground and would not be able to move.

Bones also protect us. The skull protects the brain and the ribs protect the heart and lungs.  The jaw and skull support the facial muscles, which help us eat and move our mouth.  The pelvis protects the reproductive organs, and vertebrae protect the spinal cord.  

Bone is living tissue, and must be maintained by taking regular exercise and by having calcium from foods like milk, and dark leafy greens such as spinach.  The bone marrow in the middle of the bigger bones makes our red blood cells.

Structure

Bone marrow 
Long bones are hollow, with a central core which is not strong like the rest of the bone. It contains the bone marrow, one of the most important tissues in the vertebrate body. It produces blood cells for the blood system, and lymphocytes for the immune system.

Osteons 

Osteons are the small units of which the hardest parts of human bones are made. They are roughly cylindrical, and about 0.2mm wide and a few millimeters long. They are found in the bone in most mammals, and many reptiles, birds and amphibians. Inside the osteons are bone cells called osteocytes, each living in its own small space. Osteocytes make contact with each other by cytoplasmic processes through a network of tiny canals. This allows the exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste.  Collagen fibers in each ring of cells ('lamellae') give them structure.

Osteons have a hole down the middle, called the haversian canal. This canal contains the bone's blood supply. It also contains capillaries, and nerve fibres.

The details of osteon structure varies between bones and parts of bones, from species to species,  between sexes, and by age and environmental factors.

References 

Basic English 850 words
 
Natural materials
Anteater

An anteater is a mammal of the family Myrmecophagidae and the suborder Vermilingua. Anteaters live in South America and Central America.

Anteaters eat ants and termites. They have long, sharp claws and a long, sticky tongue. The tongue can be up to 60 cm long, as long as a person's arm. The anteater opens an ant nest with its claws. Then it licks up the ants with its tongue.

Large anteaters that move on the ground knuckle-walk, bending their front toes under when they move the way gorillas do.  Small anteaters that live in trees do not do this.

Gallery

References

Xenarthrans
Sorghum

Sorghum is a genus in the grass family Poaceae. The plants are grown in warmer climates. Species grow naturally in tropical and subtropical regions of all continents in addition to Oceania and Australasia. Because many species of Sorghum are resistant to drought and high temperatures, it is a very important food source in the desert areas of Africa.

References

Grains
The Blues Image

The Blues Image was a late 1960s rock band formed in Tampa, Florida in 1966, and their only hit was the song "Ride, Captain, Ride". Members are singer and guitarist Michael Pinera, drummer Manuel Bertematti, and drummer Joe Lala. They were later joined by bassist Malcolm Jones and keyboardist Frank "Skip" Konte.

Discography

Albums 
 Blues Image (1969)
 Open (1970)
 Red White & Blues Image (1970)

Compilations 
 Rhino Hi-Five : Blues Image (2005)

Singles 
 "Lay Your Sweet Love on Me" (1969
 "Ride Captain Ride" (1970)
 "Gas Lamps and Clay" (1970)
 "Rise Up" (1971)

Blues Image
Musicians from Tampa, Florida
Musical groups from Florida
Musical groups established in 1966
1966 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Florida
Musical groups disestablished in the 1970s
1970s disestablishments in the United States
20th-century disestablishments in Florida
Drummer

A drummer is a person who plays the drums as a job or as a hobby. This can be someone who plays drums in the military, in a band or as a session musician. A session musician is someone who plays an instrument in a band when no one else is available. A drummer keeps the beat so their role is a hard and important job. Without a drummer, the band would find it hard to keep in time.

 
Entertainment occupations
Singer

A Singer is a person who sings with their voice. Anyone who is singing is a singer. Some people do it as a job (professional singer), others may sing without being paid (amateur singer). Singers may sing anything: songs, opera, etc. They may be accompanied by an instrument or an orchestra. Some singers also play a musical instrument such as piano, guitar or harp while they sing (they accompany themselves). Singing is important in movies and in the theatre.

The lead vocalist (or lead singer) is the member of a band who sings the main solo vocal portions of a song. The lead vocalist may also play one or more instruments, and is usually the "leader" of their group, often the spokesperson in interviews and before the public. The lead vocalist is sometimes referred to as the frontman. For example, Jerry Garcia was the lead singer and frontman for the Grateful Dead.

Qualities 
A good singer will have to think of a lot of different things in a performance. Some attributes of singing skill are good vocal technique, a large vocal range, as well as feeling the song through emotional language and breathing, and also acting to provide a song with meaning. A good singer may be able to learn a song quickly, but it may take some time before they really feel it has become "part of them." A lead singer has to be a strong singer since background vocalists sing accompaniment.

Mongolian throat singing has become popular because due to its geographic location and culture. The open landscape of Tuva allows for the sounds to carry a great distance.

Singers can sing as a solo, or in a group or a choir. Choirs can include gospel music, church music and even pop songs where there are usually two male groups of singers (bass and tenor) and two female groups of singers (soprano and alto). Sopranos have a higher range and altos have a lower range. Combining these two can create various harmonies which add textures to songs and make them more interesting to listen to.

People may feel like singing for various reasons. They may want to share their feelings with other people. They may be feeling happy about something, or sad, or excited, frustrated or angry. Singing is an art in which mood is expressed through the voice.

Notable singers
 taylor swift
 beyonce
 Adele
 Rihanna
 Billie Eilish
 Justin Bieber
 Freddie Mercury
 Michael Jackson
 Kanye West
 Ariana Grande

Related pages
 Singing

References

Other websites 
 What It Takes to Become a Professional Singer

 
Entertainment occupations
Keyboardist

A keyboardist is a musician who plays one or more of the musical instruments called keyboard instruments, such as the piano, organ, or electronic synthesizer. They may also use MIDI. A person who plays piano is also called a pianist. A person who plays organ is called an organist. Many types of music use keyboardists, such as rock, pop, funk, and classical music.

Musicians
Entertainment occupations
Superhero

A superhero is a fictional character who protects innocent people and fights for good.

Modern superheroes usually have superhuman powers, for example have better senses, are stronger and faster than normal humans. Usually a superhero is courageous and noble. They usually have a colorful name and costume.

Some of the most well-known original superheroes are Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Spider-Man and Hulk from DC and Marvel.

Some superheroes do not actually have super powers but are merely strong individuals who want to do good in the world. For example, Batman does not have any superpowers, but has been through years of training to be physically and mentally stronger than his enemies.  

Most superheroes keep their identities a secret by wearing masks or helmets.  This protects the superheroes' friends and family from being hurt by villains. Also, because superheroes do not fight within the regulations of the law like police officers do, they would have to be arrested for vigilantism if they revealed their identities.

Also, many superheroes have tragic backstories that play into why they're superheroes in the first place. Batman, for example, saw both of his parents murdered in front of him and dedicated himself to fighting crime to prevent things like that happening to other people. Another example of this is Spider-Man who let a thief go that he could've easily stopped; that same thief later broke into his home and killed Spider-Man's uncle. After this, Spider-Man realized that he had to be responsible with his power and use it to help others.

Superheroes
Paul Karrer

Paul Karrer (21 April 1889  18 June 1971) was a Swiss biochemist best known for his work on vitamins.  He and Norman Haworth won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1937.

1889 births
1971 deaths
Swiss Nobel Prize winners
Swiss biologists
Biochemists
Smush Parker

William "Smush" Parker (born 1 June 1981 in New York, New York) is a professional player in the American National Basketball Association.

Parker was not selected in the NBA player draft after a college career at Fordham University, and has played for the Cleveland Cavaliers, Detroit Pistons and Phoenix Suns, signing a contract with the Los Angeles Lakers during the 2005 offseason.

He last played in the NBA for the Los Angeles Clippers in 2010.

References

African-American basketball players
Sportspeople from New York City
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Detroit Pistons players
Los Angeles Clippers players
Los Angeles Lakers players
Miami Heat players
Phoenix Suns players
1981 births
Living people
American basketball players
1462

Year 1462 (MCDLXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Events
 March 27 – Vasili II of Russia dies. He is succeeded by his son Ivan III of Russia.
 July 1 – Battle of Seckenheim

 June 27 – Louis XII of France
1681

Year 1681 was a common year that started on a Wednesday when using the Gregorian calendar.

Events 

 March 14 – Charles II of England grants a land charter to William Penn for the area that will later become Pennsylvania.
 October 28 –  A London woman is publicly flogged for the crime of "involving herself in politics."
 August 31 – Titus Oates is told to leave his state apartments in the Whitehall – his fame begins to wane and he is soon arrested and imprisoned for sedition.
 August 12 – The Ahom King Gadadhar Singha or Gadapani, who took the Tai name Supaatphaa, ascends the throne.
 December – Wu Shifan, the grandson of the Chinese general Wu Sangui, commits suicide in Yunnan province, ending the eight year conflict of the Revolt of the Three Feudatories against Qing Dynasty authority in China, then led by the Kangxi Emperor.

Undated 
 France annexes the city of Strasbourg.
 The last dodo bird is killed.
 Collections are made in England for needy French refugees.

Births 

 March 14 – Georg Philipp Telemann, German composer (died 1767)
 June 26 – Hedwig Sophia, duchess of Holstein-Gottorp, Swedish writer (died 1708)
 September 11 – Johann Gottlieb Heineccius, German jurist (died 1741)
 September 28 – Johann Mattheson, German composer (died 1764)
 November 17 – Pierre François le Courayer, French theologian (died 1776)
 November 28 – Jean Cavalier, French Protestant rebel leader (died 1740)

Deaths 

 January 28 – Richard Allestree, English royalist churchman (born 1619)
 March 12 – Frans van Mieris, Sr., Dutch painter (born 1635)
 May 25 – Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Spanish dramatist and poet (born 1600)
 July 1 – Oliver Plunkett, Irish saint (born 1629)
 July 25 – Urian Oakes, English-born President of Harvard University (born 1631)
 August 22 – Philippe Delano, Dutch Plymouth Colony settler (born 1602)
 December 22 – Richard Alleine, English Puritan clergyman (born 1611)
 date unknown – Gerard ter Borch, Dutch painter (born 1617)
Anonymity

Anonymity means "namelessness" and comes from Greek words meaning "without name". It is when a person's identity or name is unknown. If a person is called anonymous, nobody knows who he or she is, or the anonymous person does not want to be found out. 

The concept of anonymity has some important uses. It is vital for a democracy that votes cast in an election are anonymous. In that way, no-one can find out how a person voted in an election.

Names
Privacy
Spectroscopy

Spectroscopy is the study of light as a function of length of the wave that has been emitted, reflected or shone through a solid, liquid, or gas. 

To be analysed the chemical is heated, because each chemical glows differently. The various wavelengths of the glow make a color spectrum which differs in some detail from other chemicals. Spectroscopy separates and measures the brightness of the different wavelengths. It can identify the chemicals in a mixture, and determine some other things, such as how hot the thing is.

Spectroscopy allows scientists to investigate and explore things that are too small to be seen through a microscope, such as molecules, and the even smaller subatomic particles like protons, neutrons and  electrons. There are special instruments to measure and analyze these light waves.

Methods
Infrared spectroscopy measures light in the infrared electromagnetic spectrum. The highlight of IR spectroscopy is that it is very useful in identifying functional groups of organic molecules.  The absorption of infrared light by organic molecules causes molecular vibrations.  The vibrational frequencies are unique to the individual functional groups. IR spectra is given graphically by transmittance(%) vs. wavenumber (cm-1)

X-ray crystallography can look at the structure of a crystalline molecule. The electron cloud of each atom diffracts the X-rays thus revealing the positions of the atoms. Various inorganic and organic molecules can be crystallized and used in this method including DNA, proteins, salts and metals. The sample used for analysis is not destroyed.

Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy uses visible and ultraviolet light to look at how much of a chemical is in a liquid. The colour of the solution is the basis for how UV-Vis works. The color of the solution we are working with is colored because of its chemical composition. So the solution absorbs some light colors and reflects other colors, the light it reflects is the color of the solution.  UV-Vis spectroscopy works by passing light through a sample of your solution then determining how much light gets absorbed by the solution.

Nuclear magnetic resonance can look at nuclei. It uses the magnetic properties of certain nuclei, the most common being 13C and 1H.  The NMR instrument generates a large magnetic field that makes the nuclei act like tiny bar magnets.  The nuclei either align with the instruments magnetic field or against it.  At this point we have two possible orientations the nuclei could be in α or β. Next the nuclei are exposed to radio waves that make α go to the β orientation. When this change occurs energy is given off and detected.  The data is interpreted graphically (Intensity vs. chemical shifts in ppm) by a computer system.  NMR does not destroy the sample you use for analysis.  Below is a 900 MHz NMR system.

Related pages 
 Absorption spectroscopy
 Astronomical spectroscopy
 Time-domain spectroscopy
 Auger electron spectroscopy
 Cauchy distribution
 Optics

Other websites

Measurement
United States Virgin Islands

The United States Virgin Islands are a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea. They are currently owned and under the authority of the United States Government. They used to be owned by Denmark (and called Danish West Indies). They were sold to the U.S. on January 17, 1917, because of fear that the Germans would capture them and use them as a submarine base in World War I. They are the only part of the U.S. where vehicles drive on the left hand side of the road.

References

Other websites

 Official Tourism Website
 Governor's Website 
 
 U.S. Census Bureau: Island Areas Census 2000
 
 
 
 Real-time, geographic and other scientific resources of Virgin Islands  from the United States Geological Survey
 Convention between the United States and Denmark for cession of the Danish West Indies
Chester A. Arthur

Chester Alan Arthur (October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886) was the 21st president of the United States from 1881 to 1885. Before becoming president, he was most noted as the Collector of Customs for the Port of New York, a job he got from his political friendships. Arthur was the first president of the United States to take oath of office at his own house. 

Arthur was a lawyer in New York City. Two of his cases were famous. One confirmed that any slave brought to New York was automatically set free. The other ended the racial segregation of streetcars in the city. 

After President James A. Garfield died, vice-president Chester Arthur replaced him. The man who killed him expected the new president to pardon him. This did not happen. 

During Arthur's term a major problem was that people were appointing their friends (such as himself) into high political offices instead of people who were most qualified to do the job. The problem was solved after he promoted the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act which required people to pass tests before they could be appointed to a public job.

References

Other websites 

Arthur's White House biography 

1830 births
1886 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Republican Party (United States) politicians
 
Politicians from Vermont
19th-century American politicians
Wizardry

Wizardry is a series of computer role-playing games that were popular in the 1980s. First, made for the Apple II, they were later moved to other platforms. The latest game in the series, Wizardry 8, is only for Windows.

Wizardry began as a simple dungeon crawl by Andrew C. Greenberg and Robert Woodhead. It was written when they were students at Cornell University and then published by Sir-Tech.

David W. Bradley took over the series after the fourth game.

Series

Ultimately the single game became a series:

Main series
Wizardry: Proving Grounds of the Mad Overlord (1981)
Wizardry: Knight of Diamonds - The Second Scenario (1982)
Wizardry: Legacy of Llylgamyn - The Third Scenario (1983)
Wizardry: The Return of Werdna - The Fourth Scenario (1986)
Wizadry V: Heart of the Maelstrom (1988)
Bane of the Cosmic Forge (1990)
Crusaders of the Dark Savant (1992) (Remade as Wizardry Gold in 1996)
Wizardry 8 (2001)

Spin-offs
Nemesis: The Wizardry Adventure (1998)
Wizadry Chronicle (2001)
Wizardry: Tale of the Forsaken Land (2001)
Wizardry: Labyrinth of Lost Souls (2011)
Wizardry Online (2013)

The first and last three games were trilogies (Three parts of one story).

Legacy

Wizardry inspired many games which were almost exactly like it. Some notable series that are very much like Wizardry include The Bard's Tale and Might and Magic.

Other websites 
 Official Wizardry 8 website 
 Prepare Yourself for the Ultimate in Fantasy Games
 Moby Games entry on Wizardry 
 Page with a lot of mods and inofficial patches

Role-playing video games
Apple II games
Video game series
Windows games
United States Army

The United States Army is a branch (or section) of the United States Armed Forces. An army mainly deals with land based missions, while other parts of the military deal with air and sea missions. The current Commander-in-chief of the United States Army is President Biden.

The United States Secretary of the Army, a civilian, leads the army with the help of the Army Chief of Staff, a general. Officially, a person (or member) in the army is called a soldier. The soldier must take orders from a person in charge known as a CO or commander. When a person joins the Army, they must serve for a certain amount of time or a "tour of duty". A new soldier or recruit must go through training called Basic Training to become a soldier. Each soldier is trained in a variety of weapons and equipment to carry out commands.

History
The army started as the Continental Army from 1775 to August 7, 1789 when the War Department (now known as the Department of Defense) was formed. The Army fought wars against the British and many indigenous peoples in its early years. It also rented slaves from slaveowners to build forts, and many officers brought their own slaves with them on assignments.

Mission 
The United States Army serves as the land-based branch of the U.S. Military.

Regiment
Traditionally, the US Army has had three different combat arms:

Artillery

Cavalry (Armoured)

Infantry

Related pages
 United States National Guard
 United States Army Reserve
 United States Army Center of Military History
 United States Army trucks

References

 
Slavers