alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Juche

Juche () is the group of ideas developed by North Korean leader Kim Il-Sung, Juche means self-reliance. According to its supporters, the idea was developed from Marxism and Leninism. In many cases, it is noticeably different from both. At its base, the idea states that the interests of the people and their nation are more important than those of Leninism or Marxism. A strong leader is required to undertake the necessary reforms. The nation of (North) Korea is special, and should be the focus of interest. Every nation needs to drive forward its own revolution. Three things are necessary for this:
Political independence
Economic self-reliances
Military independence
It is the role of the state to make sure these three things are there. According to this idea, man himself is responsible for designing what the world should look like. The welfare of many people (which form the nation) is more important than the fate of the individual.

Juche also says that intellectuals are important.

Certain people have described these ideas as a philosophy, others see it as a religion.

Politics of North Korea

Nationalism
Kigali

Kigali (pronounced either as 'Kigali' or 'Chigali' or 'Cyigali') is the capital city of Rwanda. 

National capitals in Africa
Geography of Rwanda
Paul Kagame

Paul Kagame (born October 23, 1957) is the President of Rwanda since 2000.

Though a member of the Tutsi ethnic group, he tends to downplay the importance of his ethnicity. He is responsible for ending the Rwandan Genocide. However, he is often seen as a dictator, and has a bad human rights record.

From 2018 to 2019, he was the Chairperson of the African Union. In 2022, he became the Commonwealth Chair-in-Office.

1957 births
Living people
African Union chairpersons
Presidents of Rwanda
Dictators
Commonwealth Chairpersons-in-Office
Juche Tower

The Juche Tower is a monument in Pyongyang, North Korea. It was completed in 1982. It is on the eastern bank of the Taedong River, opposite the Kim Il-Sung Square. Its geographic coordinates are 39°1′3.52″N, 125°45′48.05″E. It was made to celebrate the anniversary of Kim Il-Sung's 70th birthday. It is claimed that it was designed by Kim Jong-il.

The 170 meter (560') structure contains 25,550 blocks (365 × 70, one for each day of Kim Il Sung's life, excluding remainder days), dressed in white stone with seventy dividers and capped with a 20 meter high, 45 ton, shining torch allegedly made out of 'special materials'. It is possible to go to the top of the tower. It is said that the tower was built in 35 days and was dressed in 76 days.

In front of the tower is a 30 meter high statue consisting of three figures — one with a hammer, one with a sickle and one with a writing brush (an idealised worker, a peasant and a "working intellectual"). Also close to the tower is a wall of 82 friendship plaques, apparently from foreign supporters. Around the tower there are also pavilions and water features. It is claimed that the tower has become a popular place for North Koreans.

The tower is named after the principle of Juche, developed by Kim Il-Sung. The name of the tower is sometimes translated as the Tower of the Juche Idea or Juche Ideology Tower.

Pyongyang
Monuments and memorials
Towers in Asia
Buildings and structures in North Korea
1982 establishments in Asia
Establishments in North Korea
Space exploration

Space exploration is a term which describes searching outer space. There are many reasons for space exploration. The most important reasons are for scientific research and the interest of humans to learn more about outer space. For centuries, humans had dreamt of reaching outer space. Better rockets made it possible in the 20th century. On October 4, 1957, the former Soviet Union launched the Sputnik 1, which was the first artificial satellite. This started the Space Race and people later went into orbit and Americans visited the Moon in Project Apollo.

Many space probes have gone to various planets and other places in the Solar System to send back information. When people first went to space they didn't know what the effects of microgravity would have on humans so they sent animals instead. But in 1961 the Soviets launched the first human into space, Yuri Gagarin. The journey to planets is hazardous enough so that probably humans will not be used, and machines can pick up samples. Some people think that Mars can be mined for minerals which are rare and valuable. There are no plans at present to send humans to Mars.

Astronomy 

The first telescope was probably invented in 1608 by Hans Lippershey. The Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 2 was the first space telescope launched on December 7, 1968. As of February 2, 2019, about 3,891 exoplanets are discovered. The Milky Way galaxy has more than 100–400 billion stars and more than 100 billion planets. There are about 2 trillion galaxies in the observable universe.

Related pages 
 Interstellar travel
 Moon landing
 Planet
 Solar system
 NASA
 ESA
 Russian Space Agency
 Astronaut
 Orion
 SpaceX
 Space Shuttle
 Soyuz
 Saturn V
 Exploration of Mars 
Exploration of Neptune
 Space
 Cosmos
 Universe

References

Exploration
Valmiki

Maharishi Valmiki (, vālmīki) (during Lord Rama's time) is celebrated as the poet harbinger in Sanskrit literature. He is the author of the epic Ramayana, based on the attribution in the text of the epic itself. He is revered as the Adi Kavi, which means First Poet, for he discovered the first śloka i.e. first verse, which set the base and defined the form to Sanskrit poetry.

At least by the 1st century AD, Valmiki's reputation as the father of Sanskrit classical poetry seems to have been legendary.

Role in Ramayana 
Valmiki played an important role in Uttara Kanda, the last chapter of epic Ramayana. It is believed that The Uttara Kanda was not original work of Valmiki. It is believed to be taken up from Sesha Ramayana. According to the legend Rama send Sita to forest. Sita finds refuge in Sage Valmiki's ashram, where she gives birth to twin boys Lava (founder of Lahore) and Kusha (founder of Kasur) . Lava and Kusha were Valmiki's first disciples to whom he taught the Ramayana. Bala Kanda of the epic also telling the story of Valmiki narrating the Ramayana to his disciples Lava and Kusha.

Related pages
 Rishi
 Kashyapa
 Atri
 Vashitha
 Vishvamitra
 Gautam
 Jamdagni
 Bharadvaja

References 
Notes

Others
 Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend () by Anna Dallapiccola

Hindu saints
Hindu mythology
Indian poets
Ancient writers
Kali

Kali is one of the goddesses in Hinduism and aspect of Parvati. She is the goddess of creation, destruction and time, and commonly presented as dark and violent. Various Shakta Hindu cosmologies, as well as Shakta Tantric beliefs, worship her as the ultimate reality or Brahman.

Kali is represented as the consort of Lord Shiva, on whose body she is often seen standing. She is associated with many other Hindu goddesses like Durga, Bhadrakali, Sati, Rudrani, Parvati and Chamunda. She is the foremost among the Dasa Mahavidyas, ten fierce Tantric goddesses.

References
 Encyclopedia International, by Grolier Incorporated Copyright in Canada 1974. AE5.E447 1974 031 73-11206  page 95

Hindu gods and goddesses
Estádio do Morumbi

Morumbi Stadium or Estádio do Morumbi is the biggest stadium in São Paulo, Brazil. It used to have 120,000 seats available, but now its maximum capacity is 77,000 seats for safety reasons. It is the home ground of São Paulo Futebol Clube and its formal name honors Cícero Pompeu de Toledo, who was São Paulo FC's chairman during most of the stadium's construction.

Football stadiums in Brazil
São Paulo (state)
Bail

Bail is money given to the court to guarantee that someone will go to their trial. If the person does not show up for their trial, the government gets to keep the money.

If the arrested person cannot afford the full bail amount, they can use a bail bond. This is a system where part of the bail amount is paid to a company, and they do the bail paperwork. Unlike placing the full bail to the court, the bail bond payment is not returned.

If someone uses a bail bond company, and they do not show up for their court appearance (these people are known as "bail jumpers") a bounty hunter can be hired to track them down and bring them back.

Criminal justice
Money
Imprisonment and detention
Initialism

An initialism is a word made from the first letters of each word in a phrase. Unlike acronyms, initialisms cannot be spoken as words: they are spoken letter by letter. Examples of initialisms are:

DVD - Digital Versatile Disc
CD - Compact Disc
ATM - Automated (or Automatic) Teller Machine 
BRB - Be Right Back 
NMHU - Not Much Here, You? 
GTG/G2G - Got To Go 
JW - Just Wondering 
JK - Just Kidding
OK - Okay, "orl korrekt", misspelling of "all correct".

References

Other websites 
Abbreviations vs. acronyms vs. initialisms
https://www.abbreviations.com/ Abbreviations.com, a website full of millions of acronyms

Vocabulary
Soufflé

A soufflé is a light fluffy dessert food.

It is a lightly baked cake. It can be served as a savoury main dish, but usually it is sweetened as a dessert. It is made with egg yolks and beaten egg whites. The egg whites are beaten to a soft peak meringue.

The dish puffs up in the oven.

Egg dishes
Desserts
Blossom

A blossom is a flower that grows on stone fruit trees and other plants including oranges, cherries, plums, apples and almonds

Other meanings of Blossom
Blossom (TV series), a TV series in the 1990s.
Blümchen (Jasmin Wagner), a German singer uses this name when she sings in English.
Blossom Music Center in Cleveland, Ohio
One of the Powerpuff Girls.

Flowers
Marmalade

Marmalade is a topping, like a jam or jelly, that is usually made with oranges. Marmalade can also be made from lemons, limes, grapefruits, or a combination of citrus fruits.

The word Marmalade comes from the Galician word "marmelada" meaning 
quince jam.

Related pages 
 Marmalade (Candy)

Other websites 

Spreads
1697

1697 was a common year.

Events 
 September 11 – Battle of Zenta, Prince Eugene of Savoy beat the Ottoman army of Mustafa II
 September 20 – The Treaty of Ryswick
 December 2 – St Paul's Cathedral opened in London
 Peter the Great travels in Europe officially with a false identity as "artilleryman Pjotr Mikhailov"
 Use of palanquins increases in Europe
 Christopher Polhem starts Sweden's first technical school.
 The royal castle "Tre Kronor" in Stockholm burns to the ground. A large portion of the royal library is destroyed.
 Karl XII of Sweden is made king at the age of 15.
 Tayasal, capital of the Peten Itza Maya, the last Mesoamerican state which ruled itself, is taken over by Spain
 The Manchu Empire takes over western Mongolia
Thomas Hardy

Thomas Hardy OM (2 June 1840 – 11 January 1928) was an English novelist and poet. In the U.K. Hardy is generally thought to be one of the greatest figures in English literature. He lived in the Victorian era.

Early life 
Thomas Hardy was born in Upper Bockhampton near Dorchester, Dorset. His father was a stonemason. His mother had read a lot. She added to his formal education. Hardy trained as an architect in Dorchester before moving to London to get a job. He won prizes from the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Architectural Association.

Career 
Hardy wrote a small number of novels which earned him a high reputation in his lifetime. These include Tess of the d'Urbervilles, The Mayor of Casterbridge and Far from the Madding Crowd. After the publication of Jude the Obscure in 1895 Hardy gave up novel writing but continued to write poetry including an epic poem called The Dynasts. Hardy set his novels in South West England, calling it 'Wessex'. He invented names for the towns, e.g. "Casterbridge" is Dorchester in Dorset. Hardy died in Dorchester. His ashes are buried in Westminster Abbey.

Related pages 
 Charles Dickens
 George Eliot
 Wilkie Collins
 H. Rider Haggard
 Jerome K. Jerome
 Anthony Trollope

English novelists
English poets
People buried in Westminster Abbey
Writers from Dorset
1840 births
1928 deaths
Manhole

A manhole (also called a utility hole, cable chamber, maintenance hole ,  inspection chamber,  access chamber or confined space) is a hole for a person to go into to fix underground services. Some examples of these are sewers, telephone, electricity, storm drains and gas.  

The opening is protected by a manhole cover. A manhole cover can also be called a "biscuit". It is designed to stop people falling down the hole and to stop people going underground if they are not allowed to. Manholes usually have metal or polypropylene steps on the wall to make it easier to get into the manhole.

Manholes are usually found in urban areas, in streets and sometimes under sidewalks. They are usually circular to stop the manhole cover from falling into the hole.

Hazards
In urban areas, electricity being in places it is not supposed to be (stray voltage) has become a big concern. In 2004, Jodie S. Lane was electrocuted after stepping on a metal manhole cover. She was walking her dog in New York City when it happened.

Related pages 
 Glass-reinforced plastic

Notes

More reading 

Construction
Street furniture
Sewer

Sewers are underground pipes that take away dirty water and human waste from homes, offices and many other places. Sanitary sewers lead to sewage treatment plants that remove the harmful and unwanted parts, returning clean water to the environment. Many rules and regulations exist for how clean the final discharge (effluent) must be. Storm sewers are usually simpler. Houses that do not have a connection to city sewer will have a septic tank.

Cleaning crews use special trucks and tools to help keep the sewers clear of grease, tree roots, and other blockages. More rural areas may have septic systems where sewers do not yet exist.  In many urban areas, street gutters to carry rainwater are combined with sewers. 

waste

Drainage
Pajamas

Pajamas (pyjamas in the United Kingdom) are loose clothes that people wear while they are sleeping. Pyjamas usually include trousers and a shirt. Pyjamas are often made of cotton. They are usually worn without underwear. The word comes from , Pajāmā; . Pajamas are often worn without underwear.

Clothing
Barter

Barter is trading one thing for another without using money. Usually the things that are traded are worth the same amount of money, but no money is used in the trade.

Barter is useful when two people each have something the other wants, so they agree on an amount of stuff and then swap it. This can also happen with services, for example a plumber can fix a tap in a winery and be given a crate of wine.

Barter and money have been practiced longer than history has, so there is little historic evidence of the change. However, the usual idea is that barter came earlier and money arose to solve a problem: One person may not want what the other person has. For instance, Bob needs a new pair of shoes and John has those shoes. But Bob has eggs and John needs milk. This is where money becomes useful because anything can be traded for a set amount of money. Bob could pay John for the shoes and John could go to the store and buy some milk.

References 

Commerce
Money
Simple living
Carlisle United F.C.

Carlsile United F.C. is an English football team in Football League Two. Jordan McDowall is the manager.

League position

Former position 

English football clubs
1904 establishments in England
Baroque pop

Baroque pop is a rock music subgenre that mixes both rock and classical music. It was created by musicians in the 1960s by adding classical instruments like harpsichord, French horns, oboes, and string sections. It became popular with both teenagers and adults at the time. Examples can be found on The Beach Boys' Pet Sounds and recordings made by Phil Spector.  It is also referred to as chamber pop, among other names.

References

Music genres
290s

The 290s decade ran from January 1, 290, to December 31, 299.

Important people 
Diocletian, Roman Emperor
Maximian, Roman Emperor
Leica Camera

Leica is a camera company in Wetzlar, Germany.

Cameras
Hesse
Manufacturing companies of Germany
Tiến Quân Ca

"" (; "Army March") is the national anthem (song) of  Vietnam. It was created in 1944 by Nguyễn Văn Cao, a Vietnamese composer (person who writes music). It was also the national anthem of North Vietnam until the joining of North and South Vietnam at the end of the Vietnam War.

Lyrics

The national anthem went through many changes since the 1940s. Though there are two verses, the first one is usually only sung as the anthem. Recently, the Vietnam Center for Music Copyright stated that they will "collect royalty" from the song, meaning that it would be under copyright.

References

Vietnamese music
1944 songs
Asian anthems
North American blizzard of 2003

The Blizzard of 2003, also called the Presidents' Day Storm of 2003, or Presidents' Day Storm II, was a very big snowstorm on the East Coast of the United States and Canada, which started on February 15 and ended on February 18, 2003. Lots of snow fell in the big cities in the Northeast US, making it the biggest snowstorm of the snowy winter of 2002-2003. All cities from Washington D.C. to Boston were covered in a lot of snow, and people could not go around because of the bad weather. In Baltimore and Boston, this was the biggest snowstorm ever recorded.

The life of the storm 
The storm started in the southern Rockies on February 14, and moved to southern Missouri and the Lower Tennessee Valley in a few days. It brought heavy rain and bad weather to the Deep South, including the nation's first tornado of 2003. In the north, snow and ice affected the Midwest. Southern Iowa and eastern Illinois also got lots of snow, with 11 inches (28 cm) in Des Moines. In Kentucky this was mostly an ice storm, with some places getting up to 3/4" (2 cm) of ice. At the same time, Washington, D.C. and Baltimore got a little bit of  snow on February 15. The weather was very cold, and the storm moved very slowly.

But early on February 16, lots of snow started falling in those two cities, and the snow started in Philadelphia. Heavy snow kept coming, falling very fast. It was also very cold, so the snow kept piling up. The heavy snow continued all day, and it reached New York City in the evening. At about the same time, the snow changed to sleet in Washington, D.C., and that's why the city got less snow than other cities. In the rest of the Northeast, however, the snow stayed for much of the night. The sleet changed back to snow by the next morning in Washington, D.C., and soon ended. Blizzard Warnings were given in New York City and Boston, and the snow began in Boston that day. In the evening, the heavy snow ended in New York City, and it ended in Boston on the morning of February 18. After that, the storm weakened and brought a few inches of snow to other parts of New England.

Impact 
This snowstorm slowed down much of the East Coast with its heavy snow. Washington's Reagan National Airport, Baltimore-Washington International Airport, Philadelphia International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport in New York were closed, and Dulles Airport had one runway open. With snow falling, driving was almost impossible. In Baltimore, the roof of the historic B&O Railroad Museum broke, destroying many valuable engines, railroad cars and train souvenirs.

See also 
 December 2009 North American blizzard
 December 2010 North American blizzard
 January 31 – February 2, 2011 North American winter storm
 February 2013 nor'easter

Other websites 
In Depth Case Study 
CNN Article of the Storm
CBS Article of the Storm 
The Presidents’ Day Weekend Snowstorm of 2003 
Snow storm, February 16-17, 2003

2003 in weather
2003 in the United States
2003 in Canada
Historic blizzards in the United States
Natural disasters in Canada
2000s disasters in Canada
2000s disasters in the United States
2003 disasters
Organization of American States

The Organization of American States (OAS in English; OEA in the other three official languages) is an international organization based in Washington, D.C. It has all thirty-five independent nations of the Americas as its members.

For its work Organization of American States (OAS) uses four languages: English language, French language, Portuguese language, and Spanish language.

Many people and politicians of different countries of North America and South America had thought of an organization of their countries. These countries have also formed different organizations from time to time. Beginning from 1889 to 1890, these countries held meetings known as the International Conference of American States. At its first conference, 18 countries formed the International Union of American Republics.

In 1910, these countries held the Fourth International Conference of American States at Buenos Aires. They changed the name of the International Union of American Republics to the Union of American Republics. These countries held the ninth International Conference of American States between March and May 1948 at Bogotá. On 30th April 1948, 21 countries signed an agreement. They called this agreement the Charter of the Organization of American States. This was the beginning of the Organization of American States (OAS). OAS started functioning from December 1951.

The Charter of the OAS states the goals for forming the OAS. There are many goals. Some important goals relate to peace and security for these countries; development of democratic governments; and economic cooperation.

Members 
All 35 independent nations of America are members of the OAS. Upon foundation on 5 May 1948 there were 21 members:

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

The later expansion of the OAS included the newly independent nations of the Caribbean (most of whom gained independence only after World War II) and Canada. Members with later admission dates (sorted chronologically):
  (member since 1967)
  (1967)
  (1969)
  (1975)
  (1977)
  (1979)
  (1979)
  (1981)
  (1981)
  (1982)
  (1984)
  (1990)
  (1991)
  (1991)

Related pages
 Caribbean Community
 United Nations

Notes

Other websites 

 Official site

International organizations
Political organizations based in the United States
1948 establishments
Politics of North America
Politics of South America
Gustav Holst

Gustav Holst (21 September 1874 - 25 May 1934) was a famous English composer. He was born in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. He studied composition at the Royal College of Music in London.  He also learned to play the trombone. He became Director of Music at St Paul’s Girls’ School, Hammersmith, (London). Some of his music was written for the pupils at this school: for example, the popular St Paul’s Suite (1912-1913) for string orchestra.  

His most famous work of all is The Planets (1918). This is a suite of seven movements for orchestra, each about a different planet (the Earth is not included, and Pluto had not yet been discovered). The music does not really describe the planets, it describes the Roman gods after which the planets are named.  Mars, for example, is the “Bringer of War”. It has a very exciting rhythm with five beats in a bar. Jupiter has a tune which has become famous as the hymn “I Vow to Thee, My Country”. He died of heart failure in London.

References

Other websites

 www.GustavHolst.info
 List of compositions
 Gustav Holst: The Lost Films (Discovered 2009) 
 Holst Birthplace Museum, Cheltenham 

20th-century English composers
Deaths from heart failure
Musicians from Gloucestershire
1874 births
1934 deaths
Nelson's Column

Nelson's Column is a national monument of the United Kingdom based in Trafalgar Square, London. The column was built between 1840 and 1843 to commemorate Admiral Horatio Nelson's death at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.

Monuments and memorials in England
1840s establishments in England
Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
Grade I listed buildings in London
Cousin

A cousin is a term in genealogy. A cousin is not a direct ancestor or descendant, but is a relative who shares a common ancestor. The word 'cousin' is often used to mean a person's first cousin  the child of someone's aunt or uncle.

Cousin relationships can have degree and removal (e.g. a second cousin once removed is a cousin with a degree of two and a removal of one).
 The family line of the cousin with smallest number of generations to the most recent common ancestor is used to determine the degree (if they are the same use either one). The number of generations from the parents to the common ancestor (number of generations minus one) is the degree.
 When the cousins are separated by a different number of generations from the most recent common ancestor, the cousin relationship is "removed". The difference between the number of generations for each cousin is the removal.

Related pages
Cousin marriage
Consanguinity

Other websites
Ancestry.com - cousin removal
Geni.com - Defining the Genealogical Term, 'Removed' 
SearchforAncestors.com - Cousin Relationship Calculator
Eastman's Online Genealogy Newsletter - What Is "Second Cousin Once Removed?" 

Family
900

Year 900 (CM) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
Persian scientist, Rhazes, distinguished smallpox from measles in the course of his writings. Holding against any sort of orthodoxy, particularly Aristotle's physics, he maintained "the conception of an 'absolute' time, regarded by him as a never-ending flow".
 Gyeonhwon formally establishes the kingdom of Hubaekje in southwestern Korea.
 Merchants from southwest Asia and India settle on the east-African coast, trading gold, beads and metal for ivory and slaves.
 Harold I of the Yngling or Scilfing dynasty subdues the petty kings of Norway and conquers the Orkney and Shetland islands.
996

996 was a leap year.

Events 
 March/April – Pope John XV dies before being able to crown Otto III, King of Germany as Holy Roman Emperor. Otto resides in Pavia while waiting for the election of the next Pope.
 May 3 – Twenty-four year old Bruno of Carinthia, grandson of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor and first cousin of Otto III, is elected Pope Gregory V. He is the first German Pope.
 May 21 – Sixteen year old Otto III is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by his cousin Pope Gregory V.
 October 24 – Hugh Capet, King of France dies and is succeeded by his son Robert II of France.
 Abu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz Billah, fifth Caliph in Egypt dies and is succeeded by his son Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.
 November 1 – Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freising, which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi (Austria in Old High German).
 Niujie Mosque constructed in Beijing
1288



Events 
 June 5 – John I of Brabant defeats the duchy of Guelders in the Battle of Worringen — one of the largest battles in Europe of the Middle Ages — thus winning possession of the duchy of Limburg. The battle also liberates the city of Cologne from rule by the Archbishopric of Cologne; it had previously been one of the major ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire.
 August 8 – Pope Nicholas IV proclaims a crusade against King Ladislaus IV of Hungary, who had lost credibility by favoring his semi-pagan Cuman subjects and in general refusing to conform to the social standards of western Europe.
 The Scots Parliament creates a law allowing women to propose marriage to men during leap years; men who refuse such proposals are required to pay a fine to the spurned bride-to-be.
 The oldest surviving bell in the clocks atop the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome dates to 1288.
 Vietnamese general Tran Hung Dao sinks the entire fleet of an invading Yuan dynasty Mongol army by placing steel-tipped bamboo stakes in the Bach Dang River, near Halong Bay.
 The Japanese era Koan ends, and the Shōō era begins.
1345

1345 was a common year.

Events 
 Miracle of the Host
 Holland, Hainaut and Zeeland are inherited by emperor Louis IV of the Holy Roman Empire and becomes part of the imperial crown domain, until 1347.
1347

1347 was a common year.

Events 
 The Black Death ravages Europe (1347-1351)
 Roman Commoner Cola di Rienzo proclaims himself a new Roman dictator in Capitoline Hill in Rome; Pope Clement VI denounces him as a pagan and a heretic and he is driven out of the city by the end of the year
1565

1565 was a common year.

Events 
March 1 – the city of Rio de Janeiro is founded.
April 27 – Cebu City is established becoming the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines.
May 18 – The Ottoman troops landed on the island of Malta. The Great Siege of Malta began.
June 17 – Matsunaga Hisahide assassinates the 13th Ashikaga Shogun, Ashikaga Yoshiteru.
August 28 – St. Augustine, Florida (named after St. Augustine), established. It is the oldest remaining European settlement in the United States.
September 4 – Spanish fleet of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés lands on modern-day Florida to oust the French under Jean Ribault. He later destroys the French colony of Fort Caroline.
September 8 – Pedro Menéndez de Avilés settles in St. Augustine, Florida.
September 8 – The Knights of Malta lift the Turkish Siege of Malta (siege started on May 18).
Livestock

Livestock are domestic animals that are kept by people. Their uses are for meat, milking, wool, leather, or labor. Taking care of livestock is animal husbandry. Some types of livestock are: cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and chickens. Chickens produce eggs; pigs produce meat; cattle, goats and sheep create milk, and sheep also create wool. Horses, cattle, camels, llamas, water buffalo, and other large animals do work for people, such as pulling wagons and other vehicles.

The breeding, keeping alive, and killing of livestock is called animal husbandry. Animal husbandry have been practiced by humans for a long time. There are different animal husbandry practices used by different cultures. It is an important part of the economy and culture of many countries.

Intensive animal farming, which is sometimes called "factory farming" is mostly used today. 99% of livestock in the US are now raised with intensive animal farming. Intensive animal farming increases the amount of things we can get from the livestock but it has also led to bad effects on animal welfare, the environment, and public health.

Etymology

Livestock as a word was first used between 1650 and 1660. Today, cattle means domesticated bovines, while livestock now means domesticated animals.

History 
Animal husbandry started when humans stopped hunting and gathering and settled in farming communities. Animals are domesticated when the way they breed and live are controlled by humans. After a long time, the way they act and the way they look changes. Today, many farm animals cannot live in the wild.

The dog was domesticated in Europe and the Far East from about 15,000 years ago. Goats and sheep were domesticated between 11,000 and 5,000 years ago in Southwest Asia. Pigs were domesticated by 8,500 BC in the Near East and 6,000 BC in China. Domestication of the horse dates to around 4000 BC. Cattle have been domesticated since approximately 10,500 years ago. Chickens and other poultry may have been domesticated around 7000 BC.

Some common livestock

References 

Domesticated animals
Breed

See Breed (song) for the song by Nirvana. See Breed (video game) for the video game by Brat Designs.

A breed is a domesticated race or type of an animal or plant. The term may also be used as a verb. In this way, to breed an animal is to make sure that it has descendants that improve the next generation’s qualities. This is also often referred to as breeding. A breeder is a person who maintains and creates different breeds of animals or plants. Methods include inbreeding and crossbreeding.

Common breeds
List of cat breeds
List of dog breeds
Plant breeding

Related pages
 Variety (plant)
 Race (biology)
 Selective breeding

Animal husbandry
Genetics
Storm

A storm is a violent meteorological phenomenon in which there is heavy rain, and wind due to moisture in the air. Hail and Lightning are also common in storms. More rarely, Tornadoes can occur in storms. 

Hurricanes, typhoons, and tornadoes are, often, called storms too but they have special names because they are very, very strong. Storms are studied by scientists called meteorologists. The idea of shipping forecasts started with a concern to save ships from unexpected storms in the North Atlantic. A storm is associated with severe weather and may be marked by strong wind,  thunder, lightning and heavy precipitation such as ice. Therefore, the knowledge of the weather condition is extremely important.

There are many varieties and names for storms: icestorm, blizzard, snowstorm, ocean-storm, firestorm, etc. The storms called thunderstorms develop in hot, humid tropical areas like  Mexico  very frequently. The rising temperatures produce strong upward rising winds. These winds carry water droplets upwards, where they freeze, and fall down again. The swift movement of the falling water droplets along with the rising air create lighting and sound.

Notes

Severe weather
Pressure

Pressure means how much force something is pushing on something else with.
It is expressed as force acting per unit area:

P = F / A

(Pressure = Force divided by Area that force is acting on)

It can also be defined as thrust (compressive force acting perpendicularly to the surface of a body) acting per unit area.

Pressure is directly proportional to force and inversely proportional to area., so the same amount of force applied by a hand will produce less pressure than when applied by something smaller, like a finger.

It is important to understand the distinction between pressure and force. Body A may exert a much larger force on a surface than body B, but if that force is spread out over an area larger than that of body B, the pressure exerted will be less than that of body B. More force is not always equal to more pressure, and vice versa

Pressure is also related to density. If a solid or a fluid is more dense, it has a larger weight, and therefore exerts a larger force, over the same area.

The SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa) named after French physicist Blaise Pascal, who did much work on pressure. 1 pascal = a force of 1 newton per square meter. To measure much larger and much smaller pressures, sub-multiples of the unit, such as kilopascal and megapascal exist.

Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by oxygen and other molecules (the atmosphere basically) on a body/point/area at sea level, and is equal to approximately 100000 Newtons or 100Kn. Atmospheric pressures is measured using instruments such as the barometer which uses the principles of pressure and vacuum to measure the atmospheric pressure.

Other websites 

 Pressure -Citizendium

Physical quantity
Force
Basic physics ideas
Autogyro

An autogyro, also known as a gyroplane, is a type of rotorcraft that uses an unpowered rotor to fly. The autogyro's rotor must have air flowing across the rotor disc to create rotation, and the air flows upwards through the rotor disc and not down. Only one or two people can be on an autogyro.

The autogyro was invented by Spanish engineer Juan de la Cierva to create an aircraft that could fly safely at low speeds. He first flew one on 9 January 1923 in Madrid. Cierva's autogyro is thought to be the predecessor of the modern helicopter.

References

Aircraft
Crocodilia

The order Crocodilia is a group of archosaur reptiles. There are three living families.

Crocodilians are the nearest living relatives to birds, because they are both survivors of the Archosaurs.

Crocodilians are first found in the Upper Cretaceous period. They are descendents of a much wider group of archosaurs called the crocodylomorphs. These, in the Upper Triassic, were slender land-living forms, the sister group of the dinosaurs. Now birds are their closest living relatives.

The crocodylomorphs, in turn, were part of an even larger group, the Crurotarsi, which are first seen early in the Triassic.

Sauropsida
Archosauria
Crurotarsi
Crocodylomorphs
Crocodilia

Taxonomy
 Order Crocodilia
 Family Crocodylidae
 Crocodiles
 Family Alligatoridae
 Alligators
 Caimans
 Family Gavialidae
 Gharial
 False gharial

See also Crocodilomorpha for the archosaur stem-group.

 
Reptiles
Archosaurs
Biometrics

Biometrics is a field of study which identifies or recognises people by the traits they have. Not to be confused with biometry, the application of statistics to biology.

Given those traits, a system can be trained to recognise certain people, with a certain probability. Training lowers the probability of falsely identifying someone. 

The traits used are of two types:
Based on the body (physiological traits). These include fingerprints, face recognition, scent, voice recognition, iris (eye), or retina recognition.
Based on the behaviour of a person.

Most often, the two types are combined, as in voice or signature recognition. Most of these biometrics are seen as "behavioral", but some are linked to the physiology, e.g. of the vocal tract, or of the hand. 

A person  may be identified by a fingerprint, or by letting the person sign a document.  The data could then be kept.  Someone who is checking can again take the fingerprint or the signature, and compare it to the old version.

When selecting features, those choosing must also look at social acceptance. Taking a fingerprint may be ok, taking a blood test may not be. Some biometric data is also easier to fake, e.g. signatures.

Also, when voice samples are taken, they may be distorted, if only a telephone line is available. Telephone lines cut off some bandwidth from the signal.

Other than for passports, biometric methods are also used in many banks.

Related pages 
 Fingerprint scanner

References 

Anatomy
Authentication methods
Bandwidth (signal processing)

Bandwidth is used to measure electronic and other types of communication. This includes radio, electronics, and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, Bandwidth is the difference between the electronic signal having highest-frequency and the signal having the lowest-frequency.

In computer networks, bandwidth is often used as a term for the data transfer bit rate.  More easily, the amount of data that is carried or passed from one point to another in a network, in a given time period (usually a second).

Frequency
Many systems work by means of continuous movements, or oscillations. Each complete "back and forth" it makes is called a cycle. The number of cycles every second is its frequency. Frequency is measured in cycles per second, most often called "Hertz", or "Hz" for short.

Systems have at least one frequency, and usually many different frequencies.  For example, sound waves travel as vibrations.  People can hear sound frequencies low as 20 Hz, and high as 20,000 Hz. A band of frequencies is a continuous range of frequencies; the band of frequencies people can hear is from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.

Bandwidth is the width of a frequency band; The width is the highest frequency minus the lowest frequency.  In the hearing example, the bandwidth of a person's ears is about 20,000 Hz - 20 Hz = 19,980 Hz.

Usage
Bandwidth is used with electromagnetic spectrum (for example, radio waves, light waves and X-rays). Such waves are oscillations of electric and magnetic fields. For example, the lowest United States AM radio channel has the band of frequencies from 535,000 Hz to 545,000 Hz.  It has a bandwidth of 10,000 Hz (545,000 - 535,000 = 10,000).  All United States AM radio broadcasting stations have this bandwidth (But, the location of each band is distinct).  The lowest United States FM radio channel has the band from 88,000,000 Hz (88 MHz) to 88,200,000 Hz (88.2 MHz).  It has a bandwidth of 200 kHz. You can see that the width of an FM band is 20 times the width of an AM band.

The word "bandwidth" has been used incorrectly in digital data communication to mean "data carrying capacity". There is no such thing as "digital bandwidth"; the proper term for the data carrying capacity of a communication channel is channel capacity.

In general, the channel capacity of a system increases with the bandwidth used for communication. However, many other parts are also important. Therefore, in most systems, the channel capacity is different from the channel bandwidth.

References

Internet
Mechanical vibrations
Radio technology
Electronics
Hertz

The hertz (symbol: Hz, definition: 1/s) is a unit derived from time which measures frequency in the International System of Units (SI). Frequency is how often something happens. A frequency of 1 hertz means that something happens once a second. While hertz or Hz are the standard ways to express this unit, other expressions are sometimes used, as shown in the table.

The note Middle C (the C in the middle of the piano) is 261.65 (262) Hz. This means there are 262 vibrations every second, which is heard as the note Middle C, when that piano key is played.

Humans are able to hear sounds between 20 and 20 000 Hz. Owls are able to hear sounds between 200 and 12000 Hz.

The basic unit is 1/second. The unit is named after a German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz.

Multiple units 
1000 hertz is 1 kilohertz. 1000 kilohertz is 1 megahertz, 1000 megahertz is 1 gigahertz: (see table)

Examples 
 The frequency of the Earth's spinning (once per ~24 hours) is about 12 microhertz (much smaller than 1 Hz).
 The hertz is sometimes used to measure the power of a processor in computing and electronics.
 Amateur radio in the United States Of America is at different frequencies between 1.8 and 1300 MHz
 Air traffic control uses frequencies between 3 and 25 MHz as well as frequencies between 108 and 136 MHz
 Musical note middle G (G4) has a frequency of 392 Hz.

Sources 

Units of frequency
SI derived units
Ulster Scots dialect

Ulster Scots, sometimes called Ullans, is a dialect of Scots spoken in some of the northern parts of Ireland, across Ulster. It is closely related to the English language.

References

Dialects of English
Languages of Ireland
Northern Ireland
West Germanic languages
Dialects of Scots
Sara Cox

Sara Cox (born 13 December 1974) is an English broadcaster. She was born in Bolton, Greater Manchester. She presents shows for BBC Radio 1 and has hosted many television programmes.

References

Other websites 

1974 births
Living people
BBC radio presenters
English radio personalities
English television presenters
People from Bolton
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine

Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (DS9) is the third Star Trek television series. Most of the series takes place on a space station called "Deep Space Nine". It was the first and so far only Star Trek show to be based on a space station rather than a starship.

Episodes

"Babel" 
On the space station Deep Space Nine, the crew gets sick with an aphasia virus, which makes them say random words in place of what they mean to say.

Cast 
 Benjamin Sisko (Avery Brooks) – Commander of the Space Station Deep Space Nine, in which the show takes place
 Kira Nerys (Nana Visitor) – Alien (Bajoran) military officer, second in command of Deep Space Nine
 Odo (René Auberjonois) – Alien (Changeling) security chief of Deep Space Nine
 Miles O'Brien (Colm Meaney) – Chief Engineer
 Worf (Michael Dorn) – Tactical Officer
 Jadzia Dax (Terry Farrell) – Science Officer
 Ezri Dax (Nicole de Boer) – Station Counselor. Replaced Jadzia Dax in show's final year
 Dr. Julian Bashir (Alexander Siddig) – Station's doctor
 Quark (Armin Shimerman) – Owns a bar on Deep Space Nine

Deep Space Nine
First run syndicated television programs
1993 American television series debuts
Television spin-offs
1999 American television series endings
1999 television series endings
English-language television programs
Jack o'lantern mushroom

The jack o'lantern mushroom is an orange- to yellow gilled mushroom.  It looks like the chanterelle and emits light. Unlike the chanterelle, the jack o'lantern mushroom is very poisonous. While eating this mushroom will not kill you, it may cause cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea. This mushroom smells and looks very appealing, so there are reports of repeat poisonings from individuals who were tempted to try them a second time.

Description 
The Jack-o-Lantern mushroom's fruiting body (its stem and cap) is an orange color. It grows from late summer into November, in large clumps on or near tree stumps. However, it can also be found growing on the ground (along buried roots) nearby. Underneath the cap is its well-known glowing color, which glows in a lime green color. This mushroom is asexual.

Gallery 

Mushrooms
Norfolk County, Ontario

Norfolk County is a city in Ontario, Canada that is largely agricultural. It has many primary schools and high schools and the majority of citizens are Christian. Its communities include:
 Simcoe
 Delhi
 Port Dover
 Pine Grove
 Gilbertville
 Waterford

The current mayor is Charlie Luke who was elected on November 13, 2014.

Cities in Ontario
Simcoe, Ontario

Simcoe is a small town in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada.

Buildings 
It has a secular high school and a faith-based high school along with several primary schools, two shopping malls, two free clinics and a hospital.

The Internet is available in Simcoe in both dial-up and broadband forms. Although there are 3 video stores in the city, some people prefer satellite television over cable television or rented DVDs. The satellite television is cheaper than the local cable in this town. Basic cable starts out at over $100/month while satellite can range in price from free-to-air to expensive (but with more channels than basic cable). A Wal-Mart that opened on January 23, 2008 at the northeast end of Simcoe. A Shoppers Drug Mart and a Boston Pizza are currently open.

Festivals 
During the summer, the town hosts the Friendship Festival, which is famous all over Ontario. In the fall, the Norfolk County Fair and Horse Show brings carnival rides and midway attractions for 6 days. Simcoe is also a central area for migrant labour, to harvest tobacco, fruits and vegetables.

Religious festivals 
Winter time brings the Panorama and a selection of religious and Christian dioramas for the town to see.

Famous people 
For such a small town, Simcoe is famous for producing world class hockey talent. The town is famous for hockey players Rob Blake, Jassen Cullimore, Dwayne Roloson, Rick Wamsley, John Stevens (although not born in Simcoe, was product of Talbot Street arena hockey program), Geordie Kinnear, Ryan VandenBussche and more who play hockey in the National Hockey League in North America. Also it is the home of Red Kelly, who played in the NHL. The Stanley Cup was seen around Simcoe for 3 seasons in a row (over a 4-year period due to NHL Players strike that occurred). Barry Boughner was from local town Delhi, Ontario. Serious aspirational professional hockey player kids should strongly consider Simcoe as a starting point (in someone's opinion).

Towns in Ontario
Simcoe Composite School

Simcoe Composite School is a high school in Simcoe, Ontario, Canada. It was established in the year 1898. There are lots of multicultural courses for students 14 to 21 years of age to study. The school is located near two parks, a busy downtown, fast food restaurants, and a post office. There is also a special education program for the mentally disabled to attend special courses and swimming on Wednesday afternoons at the local recreation centre. The school colors are blue and white.

English, French, and Spanish are the languages that are taught in Simcoe Composite School. There are also computer, music, drama, woodworking, and other classes. Simcoe is one of the oldest high schools in Norfolk County. Students from all over the county can attend this high school along with several others in the area.

Schools in Ontario
1898 establishments
1890s establishments in Canada