alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
St. Louis

St. Louis is a large and major city in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is by the Mississippi River. It was founded by the French. It was named after King Louis IX of France, who is also a Saint. It is often called the "Gateway City" because it was important to settlers traveling out west. Its most famous landmark is the Gateway Arch.

Climate
St. Louis has a hot-summer continental climate (Dfa in the Köppen climate classification) and experiences four distinct seasons. Summers are often hot and humid with temperatures in July between 70 and 90 degrees.

Cuisine 
St. Louis is famous for a number of dishes made local such as toasted ravioli and pork steaks.

Sports 
St. Louis has two major sports both playing in the downtown area; the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, and the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League. St. Louis had a National Football League team from 1995 to 2015, named the St. Louis Rams, which moved back to Los Angeles, California after that season.

Education
There are many colleges and universities in and around St. Louis. Some of these are Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis University, Fontbonne University, and Lindenwood University.

References 
http://www.rssweather.com/climate/Missouri/St.%20Louis/

Other websites
 
 Built St. Louis
 St. Louis Convention & Visitors Bureau
 St. Louis Regional Chamber and Growth Association 
 City-data.com – St. Louis
 Washington University - About St. Louis
 The City of St. Louis, Missouri
 Historic maps of St. Louis in the Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection  at the University of Missouri

County seats in Missouri
Missouri counties
Olympic cities
 
18th-century establishments in New Spain
1764 establishments
Albert Coady Wedemeyer

General Albert Coady Wedemeyer  (1897–1989) was an American army officer during World War II.

Wedemeyer was born in Omaha, Nebraska on July 9, 1897. He studied at the United States Military Academy in West Point and graduated in 1919. After the start of World War II, he was made a temporary Lieutenant Colonel in 1941. Between 1941 and 1943, he served as a staff officer in the war-plans division of the U.S. War Department. He was the chief author of the 1941 Victory Program which advocated the defeat of the German armies in Europe. When the U.S. entered the war this plan was adopted and expanded. He helped plan the invasion of Normandy.

In 1943, Wedemeyer was made Chief of Staff to Lord Mountbatten, the supreme Allied commander of the South East Asia Command (SEAC) in the Southeast Asian Theatre.

Between 1944 and 1946, he was Chief of staff to General Chiang Kai-shek and commander of U.S. forces in China under the command SEAC. The China Burma India Theatre assigned to Joseph Stilwell was split in two with command of the Burma–India theatre going to General Daniel Sultan. Wedemeyer had been commander of the U.S. China Theatre (USFCT) in 1944–1945. He had an intimate knowledge of the Allied airlift from India over the Himalayas into China. This airlift was both to supply the Nationalist Chinese Army and the U.S. Twentieth Air Force engaged on Operation Matterhorn.

In 1948, as the Army Chief of Plans and Operations, Wedemeyer supported Lucius D. Clay's intention to create an airbridge during the Berlin Crisis. His expertise in this area was considerable as he had been U.S. Army theater commander in China during World War II and had been supplied by air over the mountains from India by army transport planes. This earlier operation had been commanded by Lieutenant General William H. Tunner, who was later named to head the Berlin Airlift operation.

Wedemeyer retired in 1951. He was promoted to general in 1954.  He died December 17, 1989 in Fort Belvoir, Virginia. His son Albert Dunbar Wedemeyer was a captain in the U.S. army and a Central Intelligence Agency operative.

Other websites 
 Arlington Cemetery biography 
 Photo 
 Berlin Airlift 
 Britannica biography 
 Fact Finding Mission to China: Report by Wedemeyer  (September 19, 1947)

American people of World War II
People from Omaha, Nebraska
1897 births
1989 deaths
Military people from Nebraska
William H. Tunner

Lt. General William H. Tunner (July 14, 1906 - April 6, 1983) was an American general.

After the Burma Road was cut by the advancing Japanese in early 1942, he organized the Allied logisitical airlift from India in to China over the Hump which was to support Chiang Kai-Shek's Chinese forces and the Flying Tigers until the opening of the Ledo Road. He was the organizer of the Berlin Airlift (1948-49). He was played by Heino Ferch in the film "Nur der Himmel war frei" (2005)

Related pages
 General Albert Coady Wedemeyer

1906 births
1983 deaths
Sarasota, Florida

Sarasota is a city on the West coast of Florida, in the United States. It is the place where the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus has its home. In 2020, 54,842 people lived there (US. Census 2020).  Many famous people have lived in the city, such as: Tom Cruise (actor), Brian Johnson (band singer), and Paul Reubens (the actor, "Pee-wee Herman").

Twin towns 
  Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland

References 

 
County seats in Florida
1902 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in Florida
Paul Reubens

Paul Reubens (born Paul Rubenfeld; August 27, 1952 – July 30, 2023) was a Jewish American actor, writer, movie producer, game show host, and comedian, best known for portraying Pee-wee Herman. He was of Jewish descent. He appeared in many movies and television series in the late 1970s and early 1980s and worked with a group called "The Groundlings". Around this time, Reubens created Pee-Wee for a stage show, which was a parody of old kids programs. In 1985, he starred in a movie called Pee-wee's Big Adventure, which was very successful. The next year, he got his own television program, Pee-wee's Playhouse. It was very popular.

Early life
He was born in Peekskill, New York and grew up in Sarasota, Florida.

Personal life
In 1991, Reubens was arrested for masturbating in an adult movie theatre. This ended the Pee-Wee craze. 

In 2010, he had the main role in a play on Broadway, in The Pee-wee Herman Show. In 2016, Reubens co-wrote and had the main role in the Netflix original film Pee-wee's Big Holiday, in the role as Pee-wee Herman.

Death
Reubens died on July 30, 2023 at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California at the age of 70. The cause of death was respiratory failure caused by acute myeloid leukemia and lung cancer. His remains were cremated and will be buried at Hollywood Forever Cemetery.

Filmography

Movies

Television

Video games

References

Other websites

 Official website
 

1952 births
2023 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Deaths from acute myeloid leukemia
Deaths from lung cancer
People from Peekskill, New York
Actors from New York (state)
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American television personalities
American voice actors
Comedians from New York (state)
Jewish American actors
Jewish American comedians
Jewish American writers
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish screenwriters
Movie producers from New York (state)
Writers from New York (state)
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Peekskill, New York

Peekskill is a city in the U.S. state of New York. It is the birthplace of New York Governor, George Pataki. Other famous people born there include Paul Reubens and Mel Gibson.

Cities in New York (state)
Małkinia Górna

Małkinia Górna is a village in Małkinia Dolna Community, Ostrowian County (head town of the county: Ostrów Mazowiecka), Masovian Voivodeship, Poland. There is probably the greatest village in Europe (by population) and one of the greatest places without town status.

 Area: 6,97 km²
 Population (as of 2006): 6000
 Stanisław Tym (a famous Polish actor) birthplace
 Rail tracks Siedlce-Ostrołęka

Related pages
 Ostrów Mazowiecka
 Brok

Villages in Masovian Voivodeship
Ostrowian County (Poland)
John C. Calhoun

John Caldwell Calhoun (March 18, 1782 – March 31, 1850) was the vice president of the United States for John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. Calhoun was vice president under two different presidents. George Clinton is the only other vice president to serve under two presidents. Calhoun's father was an Irish immigrant.

Calhoun is probably best remembered for his strong beliefs in slavery and nullification, which said any US state had the right to reject a federal law if it was unconstitutional. President Andrew Jackson hated nullification and this disagreement started a feud between them. Calhoun was the first vice president in U.S. history to resign from office, doing so on December 28, 1832. In 1844 and 1845 he was United States Secretary of State.

References

Other websites 
 John C. Calhoun -Citizendium

1782 births
1850 deaths
Politicians from South Carolina
United States Secretaries of State
United States Secretaries of War
19th-century American politicians
Pelvis

The pelvis (plural: pelves) is the part of the vertebrate body to which the legs attach. It has a very ancient history. This article is only about the human pelvis.

Pelvis can mean the lower part of the trunk of the human body, between the abdomen and the thighs. Or it can mean just the bones in that region.

The pelvis is at the lower end of the spine. The pelvic skeleton is, at the back, the sacrum and the coccyx. At the front and to the left and right sides, there is a pair of hip bones. The legs are attached at the pelvis.

The pelvis protects the organs used for digesting and for reproduction. It has many muscles attached. The muscles are mostly to do with keeping the body upright and with walking and running. Muscles attach to the bones with  tendons. The bones of the pelvis are attached to each other by and to the sacrum by ligaments.

The pelvis bones are symmetrical, the same on both sides.

1. The hip bone made of: 
 The top part is the ilium
 The middle part is called the pubis
 The lower part is called the ischium
2. The sacrum

3. The coccyx

Differences between the two sexes 
Male and female human pelves are different. The female pelvis is wider and more shallow than the male pelvis. There is not much difference in young children before puberty. After puberty, the female pelvis is significantly larger than in males. 

The function of this change is to make the female pelvis able to function in childbirth, when the foetus is born through the pelvis. The space is called the 'birth canal'. There are many variations between one female and another in the structure of the pelvis. These differences have been studied in detail. These days by using ultrasound, the pelvis of pregnant women can be assessed to see if natural birth is likely to go ahead with no problems. The study is part of the medical speciality known as obstetrics.

References 

Bones
Human body features
Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace

Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace is a science fiction movie released in 1999. This movie is the fourth movie that director George Lucas made in the Star Wars series but is the first movie chronologically.

Story 

A peaceful planet named Naboo has been blockaded by a fleet of spaceships belonging to a corrupt organisation called the Trade Federation. Two Jedi Knights, Master Qui-Gon Jinn and his apprentice Obi-Wan Kenobi, learn that the Federation is planning to invade Naboo with their army of droids (robots). In order to warn the people of Naboo, they transport themselves down to the planet on Trade Federation battleships.  

They reach the swamps of Naboo, separately. Qui-Gon and Obi-Wan meet Jar Jar Binks. They find the Queen, Padmé Amidala, who escapes with them to the Republic, but in the blockade, their ship's engine was damaged.  

They barely had enough power to reach Tatooine, and still need new parts for the ship so as not to be stuck on the planet forever. Luckily, they meet Anakin Skywalker, a young slave boy, who helps them gain the money by participating in a very dangerous podracing event. 

Qui-Gon suspects that Anakin is strong with the Force, meaning that he has potential to become a Jedi. Qui-Gon manages to win Anakin's freedom and they take him with them, but his mother must stay behind.

Qui-Gon, Obi-Wan, Anakin, Padmé and her personnel make it to Coruscant, capital of the Republic. However, Padmé soon finds out that the Republic Senate is corrupt and she calls for a vote to elect a new Chancellor. A senator named Palpatine is elected, but nobody knows that he is secretly a Sith (evil Jedi) and he is the person who is controlling the Trade Federation.

The group returns to Naboo because the Republic is unwilling to help. Padmé and her guards manage to capture Nute Gunray, the head of the Trade Federation and they force him to surrender. Meanwhile, Qui-Gon is killed by Darth Maul, a Sith knight sent by Palpatine to kill the Jedi. Obi-Wan uses his lightsaber to cut Maul in half. Yoda and the other Jedi agree that Obi-Wan should be allowed to train Anakin in the ways of the Jedi.

Cast 
Liam Neeson as Qui-Gon Jinn
Natalie Portman as Padmé Amidala
Jake Lloyd as Anakin Skywalker
Ewan McGregor as Obi-Wan Kenobi
Ian McDiarmid as Senator Palpatine
Pernilla August as Shmi Skywalker
Ahmed Best as Jar Jar Binks
Kenny Baker as R2-D2
Anthony Daniels as C-3PO
Silas Carson as Nute Gunray and Ki-Adi-Mundi
Frank Oz as Yoda
Samuel L. Jackson as Mace Windu
Ray Park as Darth Maul
Terence Stamp as Chancellor Valorum
Oliver Ford Davies as Sio Bibble
Hugh Quarshie as Captain Panaka
Andy Secombe as Watto
Brian Blessed as Boss Nass
Lewis MacLeod as Sebulba

Other websites

 
 
 
 Star Wars Episode 1: The Phantom Menace The Movie Database

1999 movies
1999 science fiction movies
Movies composed by John Williams
Prequel movies
Phantom Menace, The
Movies directed by George Lucas
Movies with underwater settings
3D re-releases
Cyprus Mail

The Cyprus Mail is a newspaper written in English based in Cyprus. It is made every day, except Monday. Some of its news can be found on its website.

Other websites 
 Official website

English-language newspapers published in Asia
Republic of Cyprus
Collision

A collision occurs when two objects come in contact with each other. All collisions have the same momentum before and after a collision. Examples of collisions include car crashes, bouncing a ball, and playing pool. Collisions are made from two smaller sections called elastic and inelastic collisions.

Elastic Collisions 

In the case of playing pool or bouncing a ball, an elastic collision occurs. An elastic collision generally occurs when an elastic or hard object experiences a collision that bounces off another elastic or hard object, where the kinetic energy and momentum are the same before and after the collision. In an experiment, a small amount of energy will still be lost because of the friction between the surface and the objects.

Inelastic Collisions 
In the case of a car crash, an inelastic collision occurs. An inelastic collision generally occurs when a soft object experiences a collision that does not result in a bounce. Kinetic energy is lost during this type of collision because the energy is transformed into other forces. The momentum is the same before and after the collision.

Two Dimensional Collisions 
In the case of a two dimensional collision, the rules in elastic and inelastic collision are still the same, but vectors are used to find the momentum before or after a collision.

Sources 
Duncan, Tom. Advanced Physics for Hong Kong: Volume 1 Mechanics & Electricity. John Murray Ltd, 1995.
Wai, Loo Kwok. Longman A-Level Course in Physics: Volume 1. Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd, 2003.

Mechanics
Belgrade

Belgrade is the capital city of the country of Serbia. Before the wars of the 1990s, it was the capital of Yugoslavia from 1918 to 1992 after the Kingdom of Serbia collapsed in 1918 along with Austria-Hungary after World War 1.

Belgrade is also one of the most popular travel destinations in Southeastern Europe. It is famous for a very busy nightlife and a lot of entertainment activities.

The main tourist attractions in Belgrade are:
 Kalemegdan Fortress
 Knez Mihailova Street
 Belgrade Zoo
 Memorial Complex "Josip Broz Tito"

History 
The first settlements on the city's territory date back to Vinča cutlure. The city itself (under the name Singidunum) was founded by the Celtic Scordis tribe in the 3rd century BC. Then it was owned by the Romans, Byzantines, Avars, Slavs, etc. In 878 it was first mentioned as Belgrade. In 1403 it became the Serbian capital. In 1521, the city was conquered by the troops of the Ottoman Empire. In 1815 it again became the capital of Serbia. From 1918 to 2003 it was the capital of Yugoslavia. In 2003-2006, Belgrade was the unofficial capital of the confederal union of the two states of Serbia and Montenegro.

Related pages 
 Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra

Other websites 

 WorldFlicks in Belgrade: Photos and interesting places on Google Maps 

 
3rd-century BC establishments
Puncknowle

Puncknowle is a village in Southwest Dorset, England, United Kingdom. In 2001, 491 people lived in it.

Villages in Dorset
Hydrogen economy

A hydrogen economy is a hypothetical future economy in which the primary energy used for automobiles and other vehicles as well as creating electricity comes from hydrogen and renewable energy sources, like windmills and solar panel.

Purpose 
The reason to use this is to replace the use of petroleum. It would also stop the use of fossil fuels which causes carbon dioxide along with many other greenhouse gases, such as carbon monoxide and methane, to be created. These float up into the atmosphere, damaging it. This is bad for the ecology.

Hydrogen
Energy
Sustainable development
Brachiosaurus

Brachiosaurus (meaning "Arm lizard") was a herbivorous dinosaur genus that lived in the Upper Jurassic period. The name comes from the fact that the Brachiosaur's front legs were longer than its back legs. Most other dinosaurs had back legs that were longer than their front legs or arms. Brachiosaurus was about 25 m (82 feet) long and 13 meters (42 feet) tall. It was one of the biggest dinosaurs.

Brachiosaurus was a sauropod. Its fossils were found in North America and Asia. At full stretch, Brachiosaurus could reach heights of up to 16 meters (52 feet). The Brachiosaurus skeleton in the Humboldt Museum in Berlin, Germany is both the tallest and largest complete sauropod skeleton. This means that it is also the tallest and largest complete dinosaur skeleton.

Jurassic dinosaurs
Brachiosaurs
Barnacle

A barnacle is a cirripede, a kind of crustacean. It is covered with hard plates of calcium carbonate, and lives stuck to hard surfaces.

It does not look like a crustacean, and for many centuries it was thought to be a mollusc. In the 1830s, J.V. Thompson found their larvae, and followed their development through to their adult form. They have a nauplius larva, typical of crustaeans. Later Charles Darwin, who spent eight years working on barnacles, found that Thompson had been right.

Barnacles grow on hard surfaces like piers, boats, rocks, and on other animals such as turtles and whales. Barnacles are a different group from crabs and shrimps. They are considered a nuisance to the shipping industry and private boat owners.

Life-style 
Barnacles are suspension feeders, sweeping small food into their mouth with their curved 'feet'. They are cemented to rock (usually), and covered with hard calcareous plates, which they shut firmly when the tide goes out. The barnacles reproduce sexually, and produce little nauplius larvae which disperse in the plankton. Eventually, the larvae change into cypris form, and attach on other hard surfaces to form new barnacles. Their comparative anatomy was worked out in detail by Charles Darwin.

Reproduction 
Barnacles have the largest penis to body size ratio of the animal kingdom. A few forms have become fully parasitic on larger crustacea.

Barnacles are by far the commonest animals on rocky sea shores. Their numbers on a shore in the Isle of Man have been estimated as a thousand million (109), and they produce body material of 12 hundrededweight (~600 kg) of tissue, weighed after drying. Each year they let go a huge number of larvae, estimated as a million million (1012).p110

Darwin's work 
Darwin set his work out in four parts: There were the barnacles on stalks (pedunculated), and those that sat on hard substrate (the sessile barnacles). Each of these was divided into living and fossil barnacles.
1851: A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with figures of all the species. The Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes. Living barnacles. 
1851: A Monograph on the Fossil Lepadidae, or, Pedunculated Cirripedes of Great Britain. Fossil barnacles. 
1854: A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with figures of all the species. The Balanidae (or Sessile Cirripedes); the Verrucidae, etc. 
1854: A Monograph on the Fossil Balanidæ and Verrucidæ of Great Britain

Gallery

References 

Crustaceans
International organization

An international organization is an organization, active in more than one country. These organizations can not command countries and citizens in a way a government can. Many are intergovernmental organizations meaning that rather than having people as members, they have individual countries as members. They make rules that the different governments follow. The United Nations is such an organization. 

Some International organizations operate in many countries but do not have governments as members. The Red Cross is that kind of organization.

Other page 
Cosmopolitan
International law
International relations
Non-governmental organization
Weapon of mass destruction

Weapons of mass destruction are weapons that can cause a lot of damage to many people. In general, people see the following as weapons of mass destruction:
Chemical weapons, like poisonous gases (e.g. nerve gases)
Biological weapons. Those are usually germs, or other small living things that may cause a disease. E.g. Smallpox or Anthrax.
Nuclear weapons

Related pages 
 CBRNE (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive) weapons

Weapons
Cast iron

Cast iron is an alloy of iron. The term is usually used for grey cast iron. There are two main types of cast iron: grey cast iron and white cast iron. The differences between the two are mainly based on the amount of silicon in the alloy. All cast iron has about 95% iron in it. Grey cast iron has 3% silicon and 2% carbon. White cast iron has less silicon.

The silicon in grey cast iron causes the carbon to change into graphite. This causes it to have a dark grey or almost black color. With less silicon, the carbon in white cast iron changes to cementite or iron carbide (Fe3C). This causes white fractures to form on the surface and give white cast iron the name.

Grey cast iron is very good at conducting heat. Because of this, it is often used to make cookware.  

Alloys
Iron
Adult Swim

Adult Swim (stylized as [adult swim] since 2003 and is also shortened to [as]) is an American adult-oriented nighttime programming block on the basic cable network Cartoon Network that is programmed by its in-house production studio, Williams Street. Marketed as a separate network for ratings purposes, Adult Swim broadcasts from 9 p.m. to 6 a.m. (Mondays-Fridays) and from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. (Saturdays-Sundays) ET/PT.

Debuting on September 2, 2001, Adult Swim serves as the nighttime identity of Cartoon Network, and it was established as alternative programming during late night hours when Cartoon Network's primary target audience would normally be sleeping. By 2005, Adult Swim would be granted its own separate Nielsen ratings report from Cartoon Network due to it targeting a different audience. The block features stylistically varied animated and live-action shows, including original programming, syndicated series, anime, original video animations, and short films with generally minimal or no editing for content.

Adult Swim has frequently aired adult animation features, mockumentaries, sketch comedy, and pilots. The block's shows are known for their sexual themes, frank sexual discussion, nudity, strong language, and graphic violence. Many of its programs are aesthetically experimental, transgressive, improvised, and surrealist in nature. Adult Swim has contracted with various studios known for their productions in absurd and shock comedy.

References

2001 establishments in California
Adult Swim
American television networks
American television series
American television stations
Time Warner subsidiaries
WESC

WESC is a Swedish company. The company makes clothing, like jeans and shirts.  Many people like these clothes, and they can buy them in many countries, for example in the United States, Japan and Germany. Because some famous people use the clothes, other people want to buy them too.

Swedish clothing companies
Ozámiz

Ozámiz is a city in the Philippines, in the province of Misamis Occidental. There were 141,828  people living there according to the 2015 census.

Ozámiz is named after Senator José F. Ozámiz, a hero of the Philippine resistance against the Japanese during World War 2.

Other websites 
 Official website of the city

Cities in the Philippines
Tillage

Tillage is the process in which soil is loosened and softened by tillers or harrows pulled by a tractor or by a plough pulled by an animal or human. The plough breaks the upper crust of the soil so that air and sunlight enter into the soil. This makes the soil more fertile but too much or frequent tillage may make it less fertile.

Agriculture
Yarmouth, Nova Scotia

Yarmouth is a town in the province of Nova Scotia in the country of Canada. In 2011, the population of Yarmouth was 6,761.

Other websites 
Yarmouth official town government Website 

Towns in Nova Scotia
Spleen

The spleen is an organ in vertebrates. The spleen is part of the lymphatic system. In people, it is on the left side of the body, under the heart. The spleen helps fight infections and keeps the blood cells healthy.

Tasks 
The spleen cleans out old blood cells from the blood and recycles them. It helps save the iron and the amino acids from the old blood cells. The spleen also holds a supply of extra blood, in case the body needs some quickly. The spleen works together with the circulatory system (the system which brings blood to the body).

A study published in 2009 using mice found that the spleen is a reservoir which holds over half the body's monocytes. These monocytes move to injured tissue (such as the heart after myocardial infarction), turn into dendritic cells and macrophages, and promote tissue healing. The spleen is rather like a large lymph node. Its absence makes certain infections more likely.

Shape 
The spleen is shaped like a loose fist. It is tucked under the left side of the diaphragm, close by the heart.The average adult spleen weighs 0.44 lbs.

Disease 
The spleen can get bigger when a person is digesting food or is sick. If a person's spleen gets big enough, it can break open. If this happens, the person needs medical care right away. Emergency surgery might be needed to control the bleeding.

Some of the diseases that cause the spleen to get bigger are:  
 malaria, 
 rheumatoid arthritis, 
 systemic lupus, 
 sickle cell anemia, 
 leukemia, 
 lymphoma, and 
 mononucleosis ("mono").

Culture 
In the past, many people believed the spleen helped control emotions. For example, if a person was upset or angry, people would think it was because of a spleen problem.

References

Glands
Lymphatic system
Acton, Massachusetts

Acton is a town in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. It is 21 miles away from Boston.

Other websites
Official Town Website
Acton Public Schools and Acton-Boxborough Regional School District 
Community Profile
Acton Water District Website 
Acton Memorial Library
The Discovery Museums
Theatre III
Open Door Theater
Early Acton History 

Towns in Massachusetts
Urbana, Illinois

Urbana is a city in the U.S. state of Illinois. It is the twin city of Champaign, Illinois and is separated by a single street.  The main campus of the University of Illinois is in Urbana and Champaign. As of 2020, it has population of 38,336.

Population 
Population (2020) • City 38,336
Density 3,240.6/sq mi (1,251.2/km2) 
Metropolitan area 222,538

References 

cities in Illinois
county seats in Illinois
Bill Oddie

William Edgar (Bill) Oddie OBE (born 7 July 1941) is a British comedian, actor, writer and television personality. 

Oddie was born in Rochdale, Lancashire and grew up in Birmingham. He read English Literature at Pembroke College, Cambridge where he gained an MA. He is most famous for his birdwatching and conservation work. In the 1970s, he was a member of the BBC One television comedy series, The Goodies. Doctors found that his mother, Lilian, had schizophrenia. Oddie says that he does not remember her living at home because she spent a lot of her life in mental hospitals.

Oddie has bipolar disorder.

References

Other websites 
Official website

1941 births
Living people
Actors from Birmingham
Actors from Lancashire
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Comedians from Lancashire
English movie actors 
English television actors
English television presenters
English television writers
People with bipolar disorder
People from Rochdale
Television personalities from Lancashire
Writers from Birmingham
Writers from Lancashire
Montgomery Ward

Montgomery Ward was an American department store chain. It currently exists only as an online retail website since 2004. It only delivers in the United States. 

It started as a mail-order catalog (called a "Wish Book") and department store in 1872. It owned Jefferson Ward discount stores. Jefferson Ward stores in the northern US were sold to Bradlees in 1985. The rest closed in 1988. All its stores closed in 2000. In 2004, it reopened as an online store.

Montgomery Ward was founded by Aaron Montgomery Ward, a Chicago entrepreneur.

References 

American department stores
1872 establishments in the United States
2001 disestablishments in the United States
Companies based in Chicago
Toe

Toes are the digits of the foot of an animal. Many animal species walk on their toes, and are called digitigrade. Humans, and other animals that walk on the soles of their feet, are plantigrade; hoofed animals are unguligrade.

In humans, the bones of each toe continue all the way to the heel, although in from the base of the toes they come together in the body of the foot. The inside toe is by far the thickest, and is called the big toe, great toe, or hallux.

The one on the other end is short and thin. The toes, especially the big toe, play an essential role in walking, although a loss of the smallest toe will not affect the way people move.

Related pages
 Phalanges
 Bones of the foot
 Foot

Basic English 850 words
Feet
AFC Champions League

The AFC Champions League is a football competition between the best club teams in Asia. The teams are selected because of good performances in domestic leagues or cups. South Korea is the country with the most titles. The team that got the most titles is Al-Hilal.

1967-2014 Titles

Asian Champion Club Tournament (1967-1972)

Asian Club Championship (1985-2002)

AFC Champions League (2002/03–present)

Medal table (1967 - 2020)

Football competitions in Asia
1967 establishments in Asia
Fencing

This is about the sport. You may be wanting to read about a fence.

Fencing is a sport that includes two people with swords. The aim is to score hits. There is also a referee.
In the olden times when two people argued they fenced the first one to draw blood was wrong and the person would be dead, so the person that won would claim the dead person's house and belongings.

Weapons

Foil 

The foil is a light and easy to bend weapon, first made in mid 17th century as a weapon for practice. 'Hits' can only be scored by hitting the target area with the point of the sword. The target area is the torso.

Épée 

The épée is the heaviest of the three weapons. To score a hit, the push-button on the end of the weapon must remain fully down for 2-10 milliseconds, and must arrive (hit) with a force of at least 7.35 newtons. The target area for Épée is the entire body. This includes the feet and the head.

Sabre 

The sabre is the "cutting" weapon, with a curved guard (to protect the hand) and a triangular blade. However, in modern electric scoring, a touch with any part of the sabre, (point, flat or edge, as long as it is on target) will count as a hit. The target area in sabre is everything from the waist up, except for the hands.

Uniform 
Fencers wear a uniform to avoid injury. They wear a mask of black mesh with a bib. Also, a jacket, short pants and a sort of half-a-shirt (called an underarm protector or plastron), all of white fabric. They must also wear socks that cover their legs. Women must wear a chest protector. These are collectively called "whites."

Related pages 
Kendo
Swordsmanship

Other websites 

 Fédération Internationale d'Escrime The organisation responsible for all international fencing

 
Summer Olympic sports
Administrator

Administrators or admins are people who organize things like businesses. All businesses have administrators. They make decisions, organize the people who work there and make sure that things are working alright and there are no problems. Their work is called "administration". The administrators are part of the "management".

An administrator is also the person in charge of some of the small territories of the United Kingdom, for example Ascension Island and the British Antarctic Territory which are too small to run their own government.

Administrators in life 
In real life, administrators manage and control business to make sure it runs correctly. In business, Administrators are usually in-charge of handling disputes, work related issues, and keeping the office or place in working order. The admin usually supervise around the office of businesses and make sure that all tasks or requests are filled.

Administrators on the internet 
Administrators on the internet usually manage and control a website. On websites that need it such as forums, they have moderation tools that ban them, warn them, etc. from the website to prevent bad and inappropriate content. Most websites usually treat moderation positions as a real job.

References

Internet
Occupations
International law

International law is the law that is used when there is a conflict between countries. There are two different types of international law: 
 Public International Law applies to all countries but is not enforceable. 
 Private International Law is when there is a conflict between two or more countries that broke a certain law based on the countries' law. It is composed of a set of treaties. 

In recent years, people have also seen international organizations like the United Nations use international law.

Related pages 
 International human rights law
 Geneva Conventions
 Laws of war
 Roerich Pact

International law
Hague Convention

The Hague Convention is a set of treaties signed in Den Haag in 1899 and 1907. Along with the Geneva conventions, they are among the first treaties to speak about war crimes and the laws of war. They are considered to be part of international law.

Treaties and Conventions
The Hague
The Hague

The Hague (with capital T; Dutch: also called , commonly ) is the third-largest city in the Netherlands, after Amsterdam and Rotterdam. It has a population of about 546,000 (2020) and an area of around 98 km². It is in the west of the country, in the province South Holland. It is the capital of the province. About 1 million people live in the urban area of The Hague, on about 405 square kilometers.

The Hague is the location of the Binnenhof, the building where the national government of the Netherlands meets. Built in the 13th century, the Binnenhof is the home of the "Eerste Kamer" (literally "First Chamber") or "Senaat", and the "Tweede Kamer" (literally "Second Chamber"). These are the same as the upper and lower houses in some other countries. They form the "Staten Generaal" (literally the "Estates-General").

Willem-Alexander, the king of the Netherlands, lives and works in The Hague. His home is called the Noordeinde Palace and it is not far away from the Binnenhof. All foreign embassies and government ministries of the country are in the city, as well as the Hoge Raad der Nederlanden (The Supreme Court) and many lobbying organisations.

All of this is unusual for a country, because The Hague is not the capital of the Netherlands, which is Amsterdam. This is made so by the Constitution of the Netherlands.

Besides the buildings used by the government, the International Court of Justice of the United Nations is based in the Peace Palace, which is also in The Hague and often referred to as "The Hague" by metonymy. A tourist attraction is Madurodam, which has lots of tiny buildings that look like the real things.

The Hague is part of a large conurbation called the Randstad, where most Dutch people live. It is only an hour away from Amsterdam, Utrecht, and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol by train (most of which are run by Nederlandse Spoorwegen) and with its two train stations, is easy to get to from many places in the Netherlands and all around Europe.

Partner cities 
 Warsaw, Poland

Things to see

Related pages
Residentie Orchestra

References
S.A.S.

The S.A.S. or Special Air Service, is a Special Operations Organisation of the British Army. It was founded in 1941 to attack behind the German line of defence in North Africa, in World War II. They are one of the best schooled units in the world, that makes them very valuable. There are about 500 active SAS soldiers.

The SAS is a secret organisation. Its members often do not tell anyone except close family that they are in it. The British Ministry of Defence (MOD) rarely speaks of the SAS and mission details are never released until much later.

The badge of the organisation was originally designed as a flaming sword of Damocles but ended up as a winged dagger. It shows the motto: Who Dares Wins.

Current SAS roles include:

 Gathering intelligence behind enemy lines.
 Destroying targets far behind enemy lines.
 Protecting The Royal Family, and important government members.
 Training special forces of other nations.
 Performing counter-terrorism operations.

The SAS is thought of all over the world as one of the best, if not the best Special Operations organisations.
This is mainly because of the intense training they are put through. The hardest part of this is intense interrogation (questioning while under torture) which the trainees must go through.

The SAS is respected worldwide and used to train many other Special Forces Units. Several special operations units are modeled after the SAS. For example, the U.S. Army's Delta Force was founded due in large part to Charles Beckwith, a U.S. Army special operations officer, serving as an exchange officer with the SAS. He felt that the U.S. Army was vulnerable in not having a unit comparable to the SAS.

Related pages
 Central Intelligence Agency
 Secret Intelligence Service
 Special forces

Sources 

1941 establishments in Europe
Military of the United Kingdom
Special Forces
1940s establishments in the United Kingdom
Kookaburra Sport

Kookaburra Sport is an Australian company named after an Australian bird related to the kingfisher, which eats snakes and is, therefore, very valuable to the Australians.

Kookaburra makes and sells cricket supplies which are used by amateurs and professionals. They are one of the leading brands and are famous for their colourful and artistic designs. It is the leading manufacturer of cricket equipment in the world. Its balls are used the most in international cricket matches.

Companies of Australia
Cricket in Oceania
Lancashire

Lancashire is a ceremonial county in the North West of England. Its two cities are Lancaster and Preston. Before 1974, Liverpool and Manchester were part of the administrative county of Lancashire.

Rivalry
The county has developed a fierce rivalry with Yorkshire, the next county east. This comes from rivalry in sport, such as in cricket, and comes from the War of the Roses.

Places
A big attraction in Lancashire is Blackpool, an English seaside resort, which has a theme park called Blackpool Pleasure Beach. It has the second largest rollercoaster in Europe ("The Big One") and Blackpool Tower, a tower which was made to look like the Eiffel Tower in Paris.

Lancashire has market towns (like Chorley) and small villages (like Bretherton, Croston and Eccleston). It is just south of an area of outstanding natural beauty called the Lake District. Lancashire also has a lot of pleasant countryside such as White Coppice and the Rivington Moors.

Food
A famous food from Lancashire is "Lancashire hotpot" which is made of meat, onion or other vegetables and potatoes. It is often found on many pub menus in the county and in other places in Britain.

People
The people of Lancashire are known for their friendly nature. Humour is also an important part of Lancashire life.

Ceremonial counties of England
Church of England

The Church of England is the leading Christian church in England. It is the church established by law: its formal head is the English monarch (Charles III). It is the mother church of the Anglican Communion. Its headquarters are at Church House, Westminster, in London.

The Church of England understands itself to be both Catholic and Reformed:
Catholic because it views itself as a part of the universal church of Jesus Christ in unbroken continuity with the early apostolic church. This is expressed in its emphasis on the teachings of the early Church Fathers, as in the Apostles' Creed, Nicene Creed and Athanasian Creed.
Reformed because it has been shaped by the doctrinal ideas of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation, in particular by the Thirty-Nine Articles and the Book of Common Prayer.

There are other Protestant churches in England which are not part of the Anglican Communion.

History 
The Church of England became independent under King Henry VIII in 1534. Henry VIII was married to Catherine of Aragon, but asked the Pope to annul the marriage (say that it was a mistake and that Henry and Catherine were never really married).  He wanted to annul the marriage because he wanted a male heir to his throne and Catherine could not produce one. When the annulment was refused, Henry VIII used his position as King to break the Church away from the Roman Catholic Church. This established the independence of the Church of England, sometimes called the Anglican (English) Church. Methodism broke away from the church in the 18th century. The Oxford Movement brought some Catholic beliefs and practices back into the church in the 19th century. 

Under his son, King Edward VI, more Protestant forms of worship were adopted. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer started more changes. A new pattern of worship was set out in the Book of Common Prayer (1549 and 1552). These were based on the older liturgy but influenced by Protestant principles.

Related pages 
Archbishop of Canterbury
Thomas Cranmer
Reformation
House of Lords
Supreme Governor of the Church of England

Other websites 
CofE website

Anglicanism
Religion in England
Tense (grammar)

Tense is the form of a verb that shows the time something happened, or is going to happen. There are three main tenses:

Present tense: things that are true when the words are spoken or written.
Example: She goes to school. In this sentence, goes shows that it is a present tense. It suggests that she regularly goes to school.
Example: She is going to school. This says she is now going to school.
Past tense: things that were true before the words were spoken or written. 
Example: She went to school. In this sentence, went shows that it is a past tense.
Future tense: things that will be true after the words are spoken or written. 
Example: She will go to school. In this sentence, will shows that it is a future tense.

Tense can be shown by changing the spelling of a verb. For example, be can become am, is, and are in present tense, and was and were in past tense. In English, future tense is shown by adding will before the verb. For example, be becomes will be in future tense.

Some verb tenses are much more common than others in English.

Note: These tenses can be subdivided further (see below).

Aspect 
There are also different kinds of tense within each main tense.  
In addition to tense, verbs can also indicate the completion, progress, or duration of an action. This is done by adding "helping words" or "auxiliary words", such as be and have, before the verb. For example, "I give", "I have given", "I am giving", and "I have been giving" are all in present tense, but have different meanings. This is called aspect. 

Other languages have different ways of showing tense. For example, Latin usually shows tense by changing the verb, like English. However, Chinese and Indonesian show tense by adding new words, instead of changing the verb.

References 

Grammar
Blackpool Tower

Blackpool Tower is a tall structure in Blackpool, a North England seaside town.

It was built in the style of the Eiffel Tower. Building started in 1891 and finished in 1894. It cost £45000 (around US$70000), is 518 ft tall and weighs 2586 tons. It is mainly made from steel and cast iron.

It is one of the main tourist attractions in Blackpool. These include the tower itself, the Golden Mile, which is a row of arcades, the Irish Sea and beach, and Pleasure Beach Blackpool (a theme park).

The oldest part of the building is the old aquarium which was part of Dr Cockers' Menagarie and Aquarium since the 1870s. It was kept open to earn money while the tower building was built around it.

The tower was bought by Blackpool Council in 2010 and is now run by Merlin Entertainments for Blackpool Council.

Since Merlin Entertainments started running the tower, the building has been repaired and new attractions have been added. The aquarium was removed to make way for a new attraction.

Attractions at the tower include the Blackpool Dungeon, the Blackpool Tower Eye, the Blackpool Tower Circus, the Blackpool Tower Ballroom and Jungle Jim's.

References

1894 establishments in the United Kingdom
Blackpool
Monuments and memorials in England
Towers in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures completed in the 19th century
Buildings and structures in Lancashire
Kookaburra

Kookaburras are birds of the genus Dacelo and are native to Australia and New Guinea. An adult kookaburra is generally 28–42 centimetres from the head to the tip of the tail.

Taxonomy 

 Genus Dacelo
 Laughing Kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae) – Native to eastern mainland Australia, introduced to Tasmania, Flinders Island, Kangaroo Island and Western Australia. Some were also introduced to New Zealand between 1866 and 1880; but only those that were freed by Sir George Grey on Kawau Island are still there today.
 Blue-winged Kookaburra (Dacelo leachii) – Native to northern Australia and southern New Guinea.
 Spangled Kookaburra (Dacelo tyro) – Found only on the Aru Islands and Trans Fly savanna and grasslands of southern New Guinea.
 Rufous-bellied Kookaburra (Dacelo gaudichaud) – Widely distributed through forests of lowland New Guinea and has also been seen on Saibai Island in Queensland.

Life 
Kookaburras usually eat small animals: small mammals (like mice), insects, small birds, lizards and snakes. 

Kookaburras usually live in family groups. Young kookaburras help their parents to hunt and care for the smaller children.

Kookaburras are well known for their loud call, which sounds a bit like human laughter. Kookaburras use their calling to show others what is their land.

Coraciiformes
Birds of Australia
Birds of Oceania
Poll tax

Poll tax is a system of taxing. It is also called head tax. It is based on the idea that everyone pays the same amount of tax. This is regardless of how much they earn. In the last few years of Margaret Thatcher's reign as British Prime minister, she received heavy opposition and mass riots were held when she tried to have poll tax used as the tax system.  Her tax was called Community Charge.  Council Tax took its place in 1993.‎

An earlier poll tax in England caused the Peasants' Revolt in 1381.

References

Taxation
Canadian dollar

The Canadian dollar is the national currency of Canada. It has been used since 1858. The Canadian dollar is also used in Saint Pierre and Miquelon along with the Euro.

Other websites
 

Currency of North America
Economy of Canada
1858 establishments
1850s establishments in Canada