alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Cornish language

Cornish (Cornish: Kernewek) is a very old language from Cornwall in the southwest of England. Cornish is a Celtic language and is very similar to Welsh and is related to Gaelic.

History 
A long time ago, Cornish was the only language spoken in Cornwall, but more and more people began to speak English, instead of Cornish. In 1550, when the prayer book was written in English instead of Latin, the Cornish people got angry and there was a rebellion. Because many Cornish-speakers died and  they would now hear the Bible in English, Cornish was used less and less.

By 1800, only a few people could speak Cornish, and since no one spoke it to one another any more, Cornish became endangered.

People say that a woman called Dolly Pentreath was the last person who could speak Cornish. That is not quite true, but she was one of the last people to use it instead of English.

How old is the Cornish language? 
Cornish started to diverge from Welsh towards the end of the 7th century AD and the earliest known examples of written Cornish date from the end of the 9th century AD. These were in the form of glosses scribbled in the margins of a Latin text –Smaragdus' Commentary on Donatus.

The origins of the Cornish language 
Derived from the Brythonic languages, the Cornish language has common roots with both Breton and Welsh. The words 'Cornwall' and 'Cornish' are derived from the Celtic Cornovii tribe who inhabited modern-day Cornwall prior to the Roman conquest.

Methods of spreading 
Some people learned about Cornish by traveling around talking to people who could still speak it and by reading old plays and books. Some people wanted to learn the language and speak it and so in 1904 a learned man, Henry Jenner, wrote a book to help people. Some people then began to learn the language and speak it again.

Today 
No one knows how many Cornish-speakers there are now. People think that about 300 people probably speak Cornish. Some young people have grown up speaking it. Most people in Cornwall know a few sentences or words in Cornish. In 100 years, Cornish has grown from almost no speakers to many thousands, which is very exciting for many people.

There are now many new books, films and songs in Cornish. The Bible has now been translated into Cornish. There is an event, the open Gorseth, with a story and poetry competition. Sometimes, Cornish is used in churches.

There used to be a problem with Cornish: three different dictionaries had different spellings, and people did not agree about how to write words or say them. That was confusing for people when they have not been speaking for long. In 2008, people who used different types of Cornish came together and agreed on a new standard form of Cornish to be used everywhere.

Sample phrases 

 Kernowek: Cornish
 Kernow: Cornwall
 Den: Man
 Benyn: Woman
 Gorthugher da: Good afternoon
 Dydh da!: Good day!
 Duw genes!: Goodbye!
 Onen hag oll: One and all.
 Fatla genes!:  How's it going with you

References

Other websites 

 Ferdinand, Siarl (2013). Brief History of the Cornish language, its revival and its current situation. E-Keltoi,  2, 199–227

Celtic languages
Cornwall
Watergate scandal

The Watergate scandal was a serious scandal during and after the 1972 presidential election. 

A United States President, Richard Nixon was running for election against Democrat George McGovern. Afterwards, Frank Wills, a security guard, discovered clues that former FBI and CIA agents broke into the offices of the Democratic Party and George McGovern months before the election. They secretly listened to phone lines and stole several important documents. 

When these men were found, they were discovered to have been associated with Nixon. He had helped them cover all the evidence of the scandal, and may have even hired the men to begin with. The Washington Post was a newspaper which played a big role in exposing the misdoings, specifically aided by reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein. This showed the public that Nixon was not as trustworthy as he seemed.

Nixon chose to resign from office on August 9, 1974 because he wished not to be impeached. This means that he might have been charged with crimes. The U.S. Congress could not impeach him if he resigned. After this, Gerald Ford became his vice-president because Spiro T. Agnew (Nixon's first vice-president) had to resign as well after unrelated charges of accepting bribes and avoiding taxes. Ford then became the President by default of Nixon using his power under the 25th Amendment to the U.S Constitution. Ford pardoned Nixon for all of his crimes later on. The name "Watergate" comes from the hotel in Washington, D.C. where the first crime and break in took place, and is often associated with political scandals.

Other resources
Brittanica

1970s crimes
1970s in the United States
Burglary
Cyan

Cyan is the color halfway between blue and green on the color wheel.  It is one of the primary (main) colors of ink in an inkjet printer, along with black, yellow and magenta.

Cyan is a secondary color of light, along with magenta and yellow. The primary colors of light are: blue, red and green. Cyan is made by mixing green and blue light.

Cyan is the opposite of red and is halfway between green and blue.

Meaning of cyan
 Cyan is associated with making someone feel better and protection, as well as being associated with good health from getting exercise by going swimming.  This is because the water in a swimming pool is usually colored cyan from having a plaster white bottom that reflects the blue sky.  The tiles of a swimming pool are often colored cyan, which makes the cyan color of the water in a swimming pool even more intense.
 Cyan is a restful, calming color that symbolizes relaxation, especially that shade of cyan known as bright turquoise (shown below) which can be the color of the water in lagoons in tropical countries where people go swimming on their vacation.
 The shade of Cyan called medium aquamarine (shown below) is used for the uniforms of nurses and surgeons and also used to paint rooms in hospitals because it is regarded as a color that calms and relaxes the patients.

Tones of the Cyan color comparison chart

Related pages
 List of colors
 Aqua
 Aquamarine
 Blue-green
 Electric blue
 Teal
 Turquoise
 Viridian

Shades of blue
Shades of cyan
Shades of green
La Liga Filipina

La Liga Filipina was a group created by Doctor Jose Rizal on July 3, 1892 in the Philippines. 
The aims were:

To unite the whole archipelago into one society with equality for Filipinos and Spaniards in the Philippines.
Mutual protection in every want and need;
Defense against all violence and injustice;
Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce; and
Study and application of reforms.

Jose Rizal tried very hard to make it a peaceful group. But the Spanish authorities considered it dangerous. On the night of July 7, 1892, Rizal was secretly arrested four days after its creation. The following day, Governor-General Eulogio Despujol ordered Rizal to be deported to Dapitan.

After Rizal's arrest, La Liga Filipina became inactive. Then it was reorganized by Domingo Franco and Andres Bonifacio. The society broke apart into two separate groups: the Cuerpo de Compromisarios which promised to continue supporting the La Solidaridad in Spain and the Katipunan in the Philippines.

Political parties in the Philippines
1890s establishments in Asia
1865



Events 
 William Booth creates the Salvation Army.
 The American Civil War ends.

Births 
 October 22 – Paul Raud, Estonian painter (d. 1930)
 December 8 – Jean Sibelius, Finnish composer (d. 1957)
 December 30 – Rudyard Kipling, English writer and poet (d. 1936)

Deaths 
 April 15 – United States President Abraham Lincoln.
 April 26 – John Wilkes Booth, the man who killed United States President Abraham Lincoln.
Elton John

Sir Elton Hercules John  (birth name Reginald Kenneth Dwight, born 25 March 1947 in Pinner, Middlesex, England), better known simply as Elton John, is an English retired singer, songwriter, pianist, and composer. He started his music career immediately after leaving school. Elton John was the biggest music star in the 1970s.

Early life 
Reginald Kenneth Dwight was born in 55 Pinner Hill Road, Pinner, Middlesex. He was eldest child Stanley Dwight and Sheila Eileen. He was educated in Pinner.

Career
John became famous in the early 1970s when he and lyricist Bernie Taupin wrote several songs which he performed and recorded. John became a huge star, not only for his musical abilities, but for his flamboyant stage personality. He composed several musicals. He also composed the music for the animated movies The Lion King (1994) and The Road to El Dorado (2000). He is active in charity work. In 1997, in honor of Diana, Princess of Wales, John co-wrote and released a version of his hit Candle in the Wind. That became the world's best-selling single of all time. It sold 37 million copies within two months.

Outside of music, John has raised millions of pounds for people living with HIV and AIDS through the Elton John AIDS Foundation.

Awards

John has received the following awards.

Academy Awards
 1995: Best Original Song for "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" from The Lion King
 2020: Best Original Song for “(I’m Gonna) Love Me Again” from Rocketman

Grammy Awards
 1987: Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for "That's What Friends Are For", performed by Dionne Warwick & Friends (award shared with Dionne Warwick, Gladys Knight & Stevie Wonder)
 1991: Best Instrumental Composition for "Basque", performed by James Galway
 1995: Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" 
 1997: Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for "Candle in the Wind 1997"
 1999: Grammy Legend Award
 2001: Best Musical Show Album for Elton John & Tim Rice's Aida (award shared with Guy Babylon, Paul Bogaev & Chris Montan (producers), Tim Rice (lyricist) and the original Broadway cast with Heather Headley, Adam Pascal, and Sherie Rene Scott)

Tony Awards
 2000: Best Original Musical Score for Aida

Personal life
John has had treatment for alcoholism, drug abuse and bulimia nervosa. In 1984, he was married to Renate Blauel.
In 2005, John entered a civil partnership with David Furnish. They had been together for over 16 years.  On 21 December 2014, John and Furnish married. Guests at their wedding included English former footballer David Beckham along with his wife Victoria Beckham and their younger sons and their daughter. Their eldest son, who is also John's godson, was not present.

Discography
Studio albums

References 

1947 births
Brit Award winners
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Grammy Award winners
Living people
English LGBT people
English pianists
English rock musicians
English rock singers
English singer-songwriters
Gay men
LGBT musicians
Musicians from London
Musicians from Middlesex
Singers from London
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Companions of Honour
The Who

The Who are an English rock band formed in 1964. The main lineup from 1964 to 1978 was guitarist Pete Townshend, vocalist Roger Daltrey, bassist John Entwistle and drummer Keith Moon. They became known for their high energy live shows. The Who have sold about 100 million records. Many people think that The Who are the greatest live band of all time.

The Who rose to fame in the United Kingdom with a series of top ten hit singles including: "I Can't Explain", "The Kids Are Alright", "My Generation", "Who Are You", and "Love Reign O'er Me". The albums "My Generation", "A Quick One" and "The Who Sell Out" followed. Their fame grew with memorable shows at the Monterey Pop and Woodstock music festivals. "Tommy," released in 1969, was the first in a series of top ten albums in the United States.

Keith Moon died in 1978. The band released two more studio albums with drummer Kenney Jones before disbanding in 1983. They re-formed at events such as Live Aid and for reunion tours such as their 25th anniversary tour and the Quadrophenia tours of 1996 and 1997. In 2002 planning for recording an album of new material was put on hold after John Entwistle's death at the age of 57. Townshend and Daltrey continued to perform as The Who and in 2006 they released the studio album titled "Endless Wire."

The Who were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990.

Discography
Studio albums
 My Generation (1965)
 A Quick One (1966)
 The Who Sell Out (1967)
 Tommy (1969)
 Who's Next (1971)
 Quadrophenia (1973)
 The Who by Numbers (1975)
 Who Are You (1978)
 Face Dances (1981)
 It's Hard (1982)
 Endless Wire (2006)
 TBA (2015)

Other websites
Hear the Who on the Pop Chronicles. 

1964 establishments in the United Kingdom
1960s British music groups
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1964
Musical groups from London
Warner Bros. Records artists
Led Zeppelin

Led Zeppelin was an English rock band. The group was started in 1968 and broke up in 1980. The members were Robert Plant (vocals), Jimmy Page (lead guitar), John Paul Jones (bass), and John Bonham (drums). Led Zeppelin ended in 1980 after the accidental death of John Bonham. After Bonham's death, the band believed that nobody could take his place and decided not to continue. The band played together again in a tribute concert in London on 10 December 2007 with Jason Bonham, John's son, playing the drums. The band is one of the most influential rock bands of all time and one of the most successful music artists in history, selling 300 million albums around the world.

Discography
Studio albums
Led Zeppelin (1969)
Led Zeppelin II (1969)
Led Zeppelin III (1970)
Led Zeppelin IV (1971)
Houses of the Holy (1973)
Physical Graffiti (1975)
Presence (1976)
In Through the Out Door (1979)
Mothership (2007)

Filmography
The Song Remains the Same (1976)
Led Zeppelin (DVD) (2003)
Mothership (DVD) (2007)

Other websites 

 Led Zeppelin: Official Site
 Led Zeppelin at MySpace
 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame bio
 Rolling Stone Magazine bio 
 BBC interview with Robert Plant about the Led Zeppelin reunion
 1971 interview with Led Zeppelin
 Heart-Led Zeppelin Stairway to heaven-kennedy center honors

1968 establishments in England
Musical groups disestablished in 1980
1960s British music groups
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
English hard rock bands
English heavy metal bands
Kennedy Center honorees
 
Musical groups established in 1968
Musical groups from London
1980s disestablishments in England
1980 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Closed source

Closed source (or proprietary software) means computer programs whose source code is not published.  The source code is not shared with the public for anyone to look at or change.  Closed source is the opposite of open source. 

Most companies who sell their software for money make it closed source so people cannot easily change it or copy it for free.

Even some who give their software for free do not show the source code, because they think it looks bad, or that somebody will change the authors' names to their own (a kind of plagiarism) without making the program better. Some programs called “freeware” are given away for free, but they are not the same as free software that anyone can do whatever they want with.

Software
Vulture

Vultures are large birds of prey that usually feed on the carrion or (dead or dying animals and rocks). Vultures use their large wings to soar in the air for many miles without having to flap. Vultures are also called buzzards.

Vultures from the Old World (Europe, Asia, and Africa) are not related to the vultures of the New World (North and South America). They look quite similar, though. Both have heads and necks with no feathers. 

Old World vultures are related to eagles and hawks and use sight to find their food. New World vultures use their sense of smell to find their food. Vultures symbolize death in literature.

King vultures use rocks to open eggs, they pick up a rock with their beak and simply drop or throw the rock onto the egg and breaks it.

New World vultures is a name which is used for a number of species in the Americas. The best known of these are probably the Andean condor and the black vulture.

References
Eagle

Eagle is a general term for many large birds of prey. Over 60 species have been described, and they live in many parts of the world. Most species of eagle are found in Eurasia and in Africa. 

Eagles are not a natural monophyletic group. The name describes a bird of prey big enough to hunt larger vertebrates. Eagles hunt during the day and have very good eyesight. Eagles are generally put in the family Accipitridae. They belong to several groups of genera, some of which are closely related.

The largest eagle that has ever lived is Haast's eagle. It is the only eagle in the world ever to have been top predator of its ecosystem. Though it is now extinct, it lived in New Zealand. Before man got there, it preyed on moas.

Eagles are carnivores. This means that they eat meat from other animals. Eagles are birds of prey, and so are vultures, falcons and owls. Eagles use their strong talons to catch and grab their food, and they use their sharp beaks to help them tear into the meat of their prey.

References

Accipitriformes
National symbols of Serbia
National symbols of Nigeria
Falcon

Falcons are small to medium-sized birds of prey related to hawks, eagles, and vultures. They usually have pointed wings and long tails. 

Most falcons eat small mammals. Some species hunt other birds, which they take in flight. Like hawks, most falcons have dark gray or brown backs and wings, with white undersides.

The peregrine falcon is found over most of the world and is famous for hunting birds by diving down on them at 320 km/h (200 mi/h). It was nearly wiped out in North America by the use of pesticides, but has since made a recovery. 

In some countries falcons are used in falconry. This means people catch the birds and make them hunt for them. Long ago this was a way for people to get more food but today it is a sport.

Winter larder
On the Moroccan island of Mogador, falcons seem to imprison small birds by trapping them in crevasses, presumably saving them to eat later.

Mogador has the ruins of a fortress, a mosque and a prison. Today the island is a nature reserve, where Eleonora’s falcons nest among the ruins. They hunt migrating warblers, hoopoes and other birds. 

Researchers came across small birds trapped in deep cavities, their flight and tail feathers removed. The birds were unable to move their wings or use their dangling legs. Eleonora’s falcons have been seen building up larders of up to 20 dead birds during migration season, when prey is plentiful. But "storing snacks that are still alive could be a unique behaviour" said an expert.

References

Falconiformes

kk:Сокол (Силистра облысы)
National symbols of the United Arab Emirates
Islington

Islington is a district in north London, in the United Kingdom. The area usually called Islington is only part of the London Borough of Islington. It is a fashionable area and has with large well-built houses and is close to the City of London.

References

Other websites 
 Islington Council
 Weather forecast for Islington 

London Borough of Islington
Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology

Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology (SIIT) () is an institute of technology in Thammasat University, Thailand. It was established in 1992.

SIIT offers education in science, technology, engineering, and management. Every education programs are "international program", all classes are in English language. Its graduates receive degrees from Thammasat University.

Although it is part of Thammasat University, its financial and administration system are separate from the central university system.

Academics

Schools
SIIT has five schools and one department for undergraduate and graduate students.
 School of Bio-Chemical Engineering and Technology  hosts chemical engineering and environmental technology programs
 School of Civil Engineering and Technology  hosts civil engineering and infrastructure planning programs
 School of Information, Computer and Communication Technology  hosts information technology, computer science, and Electronics and communication engineering programs
 School of Management Technology hosts management technology and engineering management programs
 School of Manufacturing Systems and Mechanical Engineering  hosts mechanical engineering and industrial engineering programs
 Department of Common and Graduate Studies

Campuses
SIIT has two campuses (as of 2013), Rangsit and Bangkadi campus. Both are in Pathum Thani province.
The area is known for "Technology Clusters of North Bangkok".
 Rangsit campus is 42 kilometers north of Bangkok (the capital city of Thailand). It is near Thailand Science Park, national research centers, industrial estates, and universities. 
 Bangkadi campus is in Bangkadi industrial park. It is near Software Park Thailand.
 There is a plan to open a new campus in Lampang. Lampang is a province in northern part of Thailand.

Other websites 
 SIIT official website
 SIIT International Office 
 SIIT.NET  community
 List of SIIT websites  (Open Directory Project)

References

Colleges and universities in Thailand
1992 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Thailand
Iliad

The Iliad  is the oldest surviving work of Greek literature. It was an oral epic poem. People spoke it without reading it. It was written down in the 8th century BC. It is an epic (or very long) poem with 24 chapters written in hexameter. The poem includes early Greek myths and legends. It may have been based on a Bronze Age attack on the city Troy. People usually say that Homer wrote the Iliad. However, scholars are not sure if the poem was really written by just one person.

The story happens during the Trojan War, some time around 1200 BC. It talks about the confrontations of the warrior Achilles and King Agamemnon. The story is only about a few weeks at the end of the war, but it also talks about many of the Greek myths about the war. It tells the story from the wrath of Achilles, to the death and funeral of Hector and the siege of Troy.

Together with another of Homer's poems, the Odyssey, it is one of the two major Greek epic poems.

Some important characters in the Iliad are Achilles, Odysseus, Agamemnon, Menelaus, Priam, Hector, Paris, and Helen.

Plot 
The poem starts with the god Apollo sending a plague to the Greeks, because they captured the daughter of one of his Trojan priests. Agamemnon is forced to give the daughter back. So that he has a girl of his own, Agamemnon takes the captured Trojan girl Briseis from her owner Achilles. Achilles is angry and refuses to fight in the war. When Achilles' lover Patroclus is killed by Hector, Achilles starts to fight again and kills Hector in a duel. Later, Hector's father Priam comes in secret to Achilles to take back his favorite son's body to give it a proper funeral, which Achilles allows him to do. The poem ends with the funeral of Hector.

Related pages
 Trojan War
 Odyssey

References

Sources
Fagles, Robert (transl) 1990. The Iliad. Introduction and notes by Bernard Knox. Penguin. . Winner of the Academy of American Poets 1991 London translation award.

Other websites

Iliad , online version of the work by Homer (English). Pope translation.
Iliad in Ancient Greek: from the Perseus Project (PP), with the Murray and Butler translations and hyperlinks to mythological and grammatical commentary; via the Chicago Homer , with the Lattimore translation and markup indicating formulaic repetitions

Greek mythology
Classical Greek literature
Epic poems
8th-century BC books
Bill Watterson

William B. Watterson II (born July 5, 1958) is an American artist and cartoonist. He is most famous for his comic strip, "Calvin and Hobbes" which was published between 1985 and 1995. He is a very private person and not much is publicly known about him. He also did not want people to sell things with the pictures of his characters on them, and the only things he allowed to be made using his characters were books with collections of Calvin and Hobbes strips. 

1958 births
Living people
American cartoonists
American comics artists
Centimetre

A centimeter(the American spelling is centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI) measurement system. It is equal to one hundredth of a metre. Centi- is placed in front to say 'a hundredth'. The centimeter is the base unit of length in the old centimeter-gram-second (CGS) system of units.

The centimetre is usually used to measure things that are too big for millimetre  but too small for metres. A centimetre is close to the length of a fingernail.

Similarities to other units of length

1 centimetre is equal to:
 10 millimetres
 0.01 metre (1 metre is equal to 100 centimetres)
 about 0.393700787401575 inch (1 inch is equal to 2.54 centimetres) 

1 cubic centimetre is equal to 1 millilitre, under the SI system of units.

Uses of centimetre
The centimetre is also used:
 sometimes, to measure how much rain has fallen into a rain gauge;
 for heights of people, especially athletes, in metric nations;
 in  maps, centimetres are used to change from map scale to real-world scale of landscapes (kilometres).

Unicode symbols
The centimetre has Unicode symbols so it can be written in Mandarin Chinese, Japanese and Korean characters. 
 centimetre (㎝) - code 339D
 square centimetre (㎠) - code 33A0
 cubic centimetre (㎤) - code 33A4

They are placed into one character, and it is mostly used with East Asian fonts.

References

 CJK Compatibility excerpt from The Unicode Standard, Version 4.4 and co-exterior users.

Units of length
SI units
Marilyn Manson (band)

Marilyn Manson is a rock band, and also the name of the lead singer of the group. The name Marilyn Manson was taken from the first name of actress and sex symbol Marilyn Monroe and the last name of cult leader and serial killer Charles Manson. Some of the earlier band members also created stage names by taking the first name of a female sex symbol and the last name of a serial killer.

Band history
When the band started in 1989 it was originally called Marilyn Manson and the Spooky Kids. The band had four bandmembers and a drumming machine. They played small concerts in their home state Florida (the Warner family had moved from Ohio to Florida when Manson was a teenager).

In 1993 frontman Manson met Trent Reznor, lead singer for Nine Inch Nails. Reznor liked their style and offered them a record deal and the chance to tour with Nine Inch Nails. To get the deal, the band had to change its name to just Marilyn Manson. They also had to find a real drummer.

In 1995, their cover of Sweet Dreams (originally by Eurythmics) became a hit, and the band was suddenly very popular.

The band is very good friends with Nat Morley who is often featured in their music videos.

Discography

Their first album was Portrait of an American Family, which was released in 1993.

Other Marilyn Manson albums are 
 Smells Like Children (1995) (EP)
 Antichrist Superstar (1996)
 Remix & Repent (1997) (EP)
 Mechanical Animals (1998)
 The Last Tour On Earth (1999) (live album)
 Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death) (2000) 
 The Golden Age of Grotesque (2003) 
 Lest We Forget (2004) (greatest hits)
 Eat Me, Drink Me (2007)
 High End Of Low (2009)
 Born Villain (2012)
 The Pale Emperor (2015)
 Heaven Upside Down (2017)
 We Are Chaos (2020)

Some of their greatest hits are The Beautiful People, Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This), The Dope Show, Disposable Teens, Tainted Love, and  Personal Jesus.

Marilyn Manson's songs about drugs, violence and anti-Christianity caused a lot of trouble, especially among Christians. There were protests at his concerts and they were not allowed to play in some cities.

References

1989 establishments in the United States
1980s American music groups
1980s establishments in Florida
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Musical groups established in 1989
Musical groups from Florida
Aubrey Beardsley

Aubrey Beardsley (21 August 1872 – 16 March 1898) was a English illustrator. He is best known for his drawings for Oscar Wilde's Salome. Beardsley is one of the famous people who appears on the cover of The Beatles, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.

Early life
Beardsley was born in Brighton where his mother taught him to be interested in books and music. He was very good at music and drawing by the age of ten, but he was already sick with tuberculosis. After leaving school he worked as a clerk for an insurance company in London. He had to stop working at the end of 1889 because of his illness. He tried writing, but in 1891 he started to work full-time as an artist.

References

1872 births
1898 deaths
English artists
People from Sussex
British illustrators
Mae West

Mae West (August 17, 1893 – November 22, 1980) was an American actress. She worked in vaudeville and later in movies. She is best-remembered for her dirty jokes and comedy movies.

Her name when she was born was Mary Jane West. She was born in Brooklyn, New York City, and died in Hollywood, California. Her mother was a German immigrant and former model.

Trivia
She is one of the famous people who appeared on the cover the Beatles album, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. When asked if she wanted to be on the cover she said, "No, I won't be on it. What would I be doing in a lonely hearts club?", then later The Beatles told her what it was and she changed her mind.

Other websites 
Mae West: The Wild Woman of Film and Stage (VOA Special English)

1893 births
1980 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from diabetes
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American radio actors
Lenny Bruce

Lenny Bruce (October 13, 1925 – August 3, 1966), was an American comedian. His real name was Leonard Alfred Schneider. He is considered an innovator of modern stand-up comedy and changed the way many people see comedians. His jokes and routines were very improper and off limits for the time and he got in a lot of trouble for them. He is considered a hero for the defense of the First Amendment rights in the United States, especially for free speech. 

In the 1960s he was the last person arrested for impersonating and swearing, overwatched by martial law and police and banned from many cities and comedy clubs. 

He appeared on the cover of The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.

He died in 1966 of an accidental morphine overdose whist on trial. 

In 1970 the New York's highest court of appeals decided that he is "not guilty for using bad words".

1925 births
1966 deaths
American Jews
American stand-up comedians
Comedians from New York (state)
Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States
Kimchi

Kimchi (; ; ), also spelled kimchee or gimchi, is a traditional fermented Korean side dish made of vegetables with many seasonings. In traditional preparation, kimchi was stored underground in jars to keep cool during the summer months and unfrozen during the winter months.  There are hundreds of varieties of kimchi made from napa cabbage, radish, scallion, or cucumber as a main ingredient.

Kimchi is usually very strong for non-Koreans. There are many different types and Koreans typically eat kimchi in every meal. It is a staple of Korean food. Kimchi can be stored for a long time and it does not go bad easily. However, when it is exposed to hot weather for certain time, kimchi turns sour. So, it should not be put out unless it is going to be eaten soon. In Korea kimchi pots are a common sight. They are large terra cotta pots where the kimchi is stored until it can be eaten or until it ferments. Kimchi usually takes about 2 weeks to ferment, but some varieties can be eaten right away. Some must be stored for over a year to be finished. 

The fermentation gives the kimchi a pickle-like quality and generally soggy or limp kimchi is not good.

Varieties 
Every different kind of kimchi has a special taste and a different amount of time to ferment. Baechu Kimchi is one of the most famous kimchi. Kkakdugi is made of cubed Korean radish (mu). It’s especially contains more water and is hard to chew. Baek kimchi uses milder ingredients. It’s not spicy. Chonggak kimchi has a smallish white radish that comes with a ponytail. Gat kimchi is made from dark green Korean mustard (gat) leaves and stems. These can be kept for months or even longer. As these age, they taste like lemons. Oi Sobagi has a refreshing, cool, and hot taste. Cucumber is the main ingredient for it. It can be kept for about a week. As it ages, it also taste like a lemon. Dongchimi is a food and a beverage all in one. When it ferments, it becomes sweet and taste a lot like lemon water. It can be kept for about a month.

Preparation 

The most common variety of kimchi is made from cabbage, radish, garlic, red pepper, salt and sugar. The cabbage is soaked in salt water for a few hours. Coarse rock salt is then rubbed in between the leaves of the cabbage. Red peppers are also rubbed in and most Kimchi has a lot of pepper in it. The radish is usually cut into long thin strips and added to the mix. A little sugar is added to help the fermentation process along much in the same way beer is made. The amounts of each ingredient vary between the type of kimchi you are making and the personal taste of the maker. Most kimchi has a special taste with shrimp or fish. The kimchi is allowed to ferment for a period of time, usually outdoors in a large kimchi pot. It is also quite common for these pots to be buried under ground. Kimchi can be kept for a long time and does not go bad. Koreans make kimchi with their families in December.

References

Korean food
Vietnam Veterans Memorial

The Vietnam Veterans Memorial, also called the Wall, honors the men and women who died in the Vietnam War. It is a black granite wall which has the names of every American killed in the war. It was designed by Maya Lin in 1981 and is in Washington, DC.

Sources

Buildings and structures in Washington, D.C.
Military monuments and memorials in the United States
Vietnam War
National Memorials of the United States
Maya Lin

Maya Ying Lin (born October 10, 1959) is a Chinese-American architect and artist. She is most famous for her Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, DC and the Civil Rights Monument in Montgomery, Alabama. In 2016, Lin was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Barack Obama.

References

American architects
1959 births
Living people
Manslaughter

Manslaughter is the crime of killing a person. When a person is killed, lawyers also look at the reasons, and motives why this person was killed. If the death of a person was not on purpose, but the killer did something that resulted in the death of the another person, this is usually called manslaughter, in English. It is less serious than if a person was killed on purpose (sometimes with planning involved), which is called murder, in English.  Killing someone in self-defence may be manslaughter. Depending on the circumstances, killing in self-defence may be no crime at all.  Negligent homicide is an even lesser crime.

Manslaughter is a relatively new legal concept. It was first mentioned in an English statute in 1547, but was interpreted very loosely and not earnestly enforced, instead usually charging with murder.  Very few countries had manslaughter on their books until the latter half of the 20th century.  In fact, no jurisdiction in the United States had manslaughter on its books until the 20th century.  England and the United States were the first two countries to introduce manslaughter into their laws.

Laws
Legal dictionary
Bangkok

Bangkok (Thai: กรุงเทพมหานคร) is the capital city of Thailand. In 2010, the city had a population of 9,100,000 people. Since Bangkok has more than 55 times as many people as the second largest city, Nonthaburi, it is a primate city.

Bangkok has a tropical savanna climate (Aw in the Koeppen climate classification).

Bangkok is the world's most popular tourist destination; 23 million visitors stay overnight there per year. The main airport is Suvarnabhumi, 30 kilometers east of Bangkok.

Names
Krung Thep Maha Nakhon is [an] official name; "However, the name Bangkok is still recognised", media says. Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (Bangkok) is [another form of] the official name.

In Thailand, the city is called  Krung Thep ('city of angels'); The name is short form of a ceremonial name from the rule of one king between  1851 and 1868; The full ceremonial name is Krung Thep Mahanakhon Amon Rattanakosin Mahinthara Yuthaya Mahadilok Phop Noppharat Ratchathani Burirom Udomratchaniwet Mahasathan Amon Piman Awatan Sathit Sakkathattiya Witsanukam Prasit. A nickname for Bangkok, is The Big Mango.

Sister cities 
  Washington, D.C., United States
  Beijing, China (PRC)
  Moscow, Russia
  Manila, Philippines (1997)
  Saint Petersburg, Russia (1997)
  Chaozhou, China (PRC) (2005)
  Seoul, South Korea (2006)
  Ankara, Turkey (2006)
  Hanoi, Vietnam (2006)
  Ulanbator, Mongolia (2006)
  Brisbane, Australia (2007)
  Milan, Italy (2007)
  Liverpool, United Kingdom (2007)
  Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan (2007)
  Budapest, Hungary (2007)
  Sydney, Australia (2007)
  Perth, Australia (2007)
  Stjørdal, Norway (2009)
  Istanbul, Turkey (2009)
  Gdańsk, Poland (2009) 
  Ragunda, Sweden

References

Other websites 

 Bangkok Metropolitan Administration 
 Bangkok Tourism Division 

 
1782 establishments
Establishments in Thailand
1780s establishments in Asia
Settlements established in the 18th century
Silicosis

Silicosis is a disease that is caused by small particles of silica (glass) getting trapped in the lungs. When people have silicosis, the changes in their body often are cyanosis (when skin goes a blueish color), a fever, when the body gets hotter or being not able to breathe properly. Sometimes doctors do not realize that someone has silicosis, and think that they have other illnesses like pneumonia, tuberculosis or fluid in the lungs.

It was first noticed in 1705 by Bernardino Ramazzini (an Italian doctor). He saw something that looked like sand in the lungs of stonecutters. The name silicosis is from Visconti in 1870. The name comes from the Latin silex which means flint.

Related pages 
Pneumoconiosis
Asbestosis

Other websites 
 "Preventing Silicosis" (not simple English)

Breathing problems
Torquay

Torquay (pronounced: "tor-KEE") is a coastal town in Devon, South West England. It is perhaps most famous as birthplace of writer Agatha Christie and setting of the TV show, Fawlty Towers.

Climate
Torquay has one of the smallest average temperature ranges in Britain. It also has one of the mildest Winters in Britain.
The warmest temperature recorded was  on 28 June 1976.
The coldest temperature recorded was  on 26 December (Boxing Day) 2010.
The warmest nighttime temperature was  on 7 August 2003.
The coldest daytime temperature was  on 12 January 1987.
The town is one of the sunniest areas of the south-west.
Fog is most common during September.
Hail is most common during March.
Thunder is most common during June.
Tornadoes are extremely rare, but there is a 0.08 % chance of one during June and September.

References

Torquay
Andrew Sachs

Andrew Sachs (Andreas Siegfried Sachs, 7 April 1930 – 23 November 2016) was a German-British actor. 

Sachs was born in Berlin. His family was Jewish. In 1938, they left Germany for London, shortly after Adolf Hitler became Germany's leader.  

Sachs is best known for his role as Manuel on Fawlty Towers. He also played Albert Einstein in a 1996 episode of Nova on PBS, and provided all the voices in the English version of the 1994 movie version of Faust. 

He was involved in a controversy when Russell Brand and Jonathan Ross left obscene phone messages on his answerphone stating that Brand had had sex with his granddaughter Georgina Baillie, a member of the Satanic Sluts.

Sachs died on 23 November 2016 at a nursing home in Northwood, London from vascular dementia, aged 86.

References

Other websites 
Andrew Sachs at the Internet Movie Database (IMDb)

1930 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Berlin
Actors from London
British movie actors
British television actors
British voice actors
Deaths from vascular dementia
Disease-related deaths in London
German Jews
Jewish British actors
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
The Seven Samurai

The Seven Samurai is a Japanese movie, written and directed by Akira Kurosawa, and released in 1954. It is a black and white movie.

Plot
The fictional plot is set in Japan in 1587, which is the 15th year of Tenshō.

People in a village are worried about thieves and decide to get samurai to help defend them. It is hard to get enough samurai. The samurai that help do it for different reasons. There is a lot of planning while they are waiting for the thieves. There is a big fight with the thieves at the end.

Similar movies
The Magnificent Seven was an American movie Western with a similar story. This is called a remake.

The movie was also adapted into an Japanese anime series in 2004 by GONZO, entitled Samurai 7. The anime series takes a more futuristic and fantasy take at the original story, replacing robots for thieves and bestowing superhuman abilities to the 7 samurais.

References

Other websites

 

1954 movies
Japanese movies
Japanese-language movies
Movies directed by Akira Kurosawa
Vacuum tube

A vacuum tube, also called a valve in British English, is an electronic device used in many older model radios, television sets, and amplifiers to control electric current flow. The cathode is heated, as in a light bulb, so it will emit electrons. This is called thermionic emission. The anode is the part that accepts the emitted electrons. The device may have other parts. Vacuum tubes must be hot to work. Most are made of glass, thus are fragile and can break. Vacuum tubes were used in the first computers like the ENIAC, which were large and need much work to continue operating.

History 

Although the vacuum tube was invented by John Ambrose Fleming in 1904, it was Thomas Edison who discovered the "Edison effect" in 1883 which states that electricity does not necessarily need a solid  material to move through; it can move through gas or vacuums as well.

John Ambrose Fleming invented the first vacuum tube, the diode, in 1904. Lee De Forest invented the "audion" in 1906 (which was improved by others as the triode in 1908) and used in the first telephone amplifiers. Many other kinds were invented for various purposes. 

The transistor became cheaper in the 1960s and was much smaller, worked on lower voltages, and used less power. In addition, unlike vacuum tubes, they were much less likely to be damaged by being dropped and had extremely long life. Eventually, they were also much cheaper than glass vacuum tubes. At this time, most radios, television sets, and amplifiers began using transistors instead.  High powered electronics such as broadcasting transmitters were transistorized more slowly. Television receivers continued using the cathode ray tube until the mid-2000s.

Current uses 

In the 21st century, vacuum tubes are rarely used in common electronic equipment. Many devices today rely on the transistor over the vacuum tube. Some devices that still use the vacuum tube, however, include:

 Systems which need high frequency operation, high-power output or very high amplification, such as television transmission, X-ray machines, radar, and microwave ovens. 
 People who enjoy listening to music on high-quality home stereo systems sometimes buy amplifiers which use vacuum tubes. (See tube sound).
 Musicians who play electric musical instruments such as electric guitar sometimes use vacuum tube amplifiers.
 Vacuum fluorescent displays, which are thin vacuum tube displays that display simple information such as numbers, are still fairly common in audio / video equipment and household appliances, although they are being replaced by LED displays.
 Several niche applications, such as photomultiplier tubes.

References 

Electronic components
Skagerrak

Skagerrak is a sea in the northern part of Europe between Norway and Denmark. Skagerrak is a part of the North Sea. To the east is Kattegat.

Close to the Norwegian coast is a deep trench (700 m), the rest of the sea is shallow. Oil and gas are produced from rigs in the Skagerrak.

Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Kattegat

Kattegat is a sea in the northern part of Europe between the Danish peninsula Jutland, the Danish island Zealand, and the western coast of Sweden.

To the north-west is Skagerrak. Kattegat is connected to the Baltic Sea through the Danish Straits and Belts.

The sea is shallow, and life conditions are threatened by loss of oxygen in the water. The oxygen loss is caused by pollution. The pollution originates from farming. A century ago, the sea was very rich in cod, herring, and salmon, which were important sources of food in the countries around the sea.

Seas
Baltic Sea

The Baltic Sea is a sea in northern Europe between Scandinavia, Finland, Russia, the Baltic countries, Poland, and Germany.

Many big rivers in the surrounding countries drain into the Baltic Sea. The Baltic Sea is connected to the ocean through the narrow and shallow Danish straits and belts. For this reason, the water has a low amount of salt, so the northern parts of the sea freeze over in the winter. The ice can carry cars, and roads are established every winter between the islands in the archipelagos between Sweden and Finland.

For several thousand years, the Baltic Sea has connected the countries at her shores. For that reason there are many cultural similarities in these countries. Since all of these countries are European, this sea is also considered European.

Other websites

Baltic Sea
Baltic states
Minerva (automobile)

In 1883 a young Belgian called Sylvain de Jong settled in Antwerp, Belgium. He started a bicycle factory there. By the end of that century he started producing motorbikes, and after a while automobiles as well. In 1903 he grounded the NV Minerva Motors' in Berchem (Antwerp).
A certain Charles S Rolls was Minerva dealer in England. The small 1 cylinder Minervette was there with its 105 Pound, the cheapest automobile. 
In the years after the fame of the automobile was rising enormous. Most important market for the constructor remained however England that took the biggest part of the production, followed by the Netherlands and France. 
From 1908 Minerva got a worldwide Knight licence. The Knight motor was a motor without valves, developed by Charles Y Knight in the United States. These motors were extremely silent. The company did well in several automobile racing competitions in Europe. 
After worldwar I, during which Sylvain de Jong and his engineers headed to Amsterdam, where they kept on developing parts, they returned to start up the production of luxury automobiles. The constructors star rose in the United States as well, American filmstars, politicians and industrials liked them cars as well (even Henry Ford had before the WW already one!). The car had the same qualities as the Rolls Royce, but was a little cheaper. With the economical crisis in the 30's, the company went bankrupt in 1936. The remains were taken over by another Belgian constructor named Imperia. Imperia putted the name Minerva on their automobiles for export to England and France and for the trucks (which Minerva had made before too). 
After worldwar II  the company produced Land Rovers under licence for the Belgian army. Production of these 4Wheel Drives stopped in 1953. The company struggled for survival and made some Land Rover-like cars till 1956. But than the constructor diappeared completely.

Other websites 
Minerva Cars

Automobiles
1324



Events 
 Defensor pacis is published by Marsilius of Padua
 Emperor Kankan Musa I of the Mali Empire arrives in Cairo on his hajj to Mecca

Births 
 March 5 – King David II of Scotland (died 1371)

Deaths 
 January 8 – Marco Polo, Italian explorer (born 1254)
 July 16 – Emperor Go-Uda of Japan (born 1267)
 John de Halton, Bishop of Carlisle
 Henry II of Jerusalem
 Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (born 1270)