alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
1164



Events 
 Count Henry I of Champagne marries Marie de Champagne.
 Uppsala is recognized as the seat of the Swedish metropolitan.
 Antipope Paschal III elected by cardinals supporting Frederick Barbarossa.
 Olaf II of Norway is canonized as Saint Olaf.
 Archbishop Rainald of Dassel brings relics of the Magi from Milan to Cologne.
 Thomas Becket contends with Henry II, leaves England to solicit support from the Pope and the King of France.
 The first written record of Tver

1164
578

578 was a common year starting on Saturday.

Events 
Tiberius II Constantine succeeds Justin II as Byzantine Emperor
Kongo Gumi, world's oldest (construction) company founded in Osaka, Japan
1707



Events 
 January 1 – John V is crowned King of Portugal
 May 1 – The Acts of Union 1707 become law, making the separate kingdoms of England and Scotland into one country, the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
 April 25 – Allied army is defeated by Bourbonic army at Almansa (Spain) in the War of the Spanish Succession.
 September 29 – Four British Royal Navy ships run aground near Scilly Isles because of faulty navigation – Admiral Sir Cloddisley Shovel and thousands of sailors drown
 October 23 – First Parliament of Great Britain.
 A fortress is founded on the future site of Ust-Abakanskoye (modern Abakan).
 Mount Fuji in Japan erupts.
 The Lao empire of Lan Xang officially ends and splits into the kingdoms of Vientiane, Luang Prabang, and Champasak.

Births 
 February 1 - Frederick, Prince of Wales (d. 1751)
 April 15 - Leonhard Euler, Swiss mathematician and physicist (d. 1783)
 April 22 - Henry Fielding,  British writer (d. 1754)
 May 23 - Carolus Linnaeus, Swedish botanist (d. 1778)
 September 7 - Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, French scientist (d. 1788)

Deaths
 May 9 - Dieterich Buxtehude, German composer (b. c. 1637)
972

972 was a leap year.

Events 

 Otto II marries Theophanu, Byzantine princess
 Battle of Cedynia – Polish duke Mieszko I defeats Germans
 Pope Benedict VI succeeds Pope John XIII as pope
 Boleslaus II the Pious succeeds Boleslav I of Bohemia in Bohemia
 Yaropolk of Kiev succeeds Sviatoslav I in Kiev
 Fatimids enter Egypt, establish the Al-Azhar mosque in Cairo
 Buluggin ibn Ziri appointed viceroy in Ifriqiya, start of the Zirid dynasty
 The monastery at the site of Peterborough Cathedral is rebuilt
 Saint Eadburga is canonized
 Emperor John Tzoimisces makes eastern Bulgaria a Byzantine subject
 The city of Satu Mare, Romania is founded

Births 

 March 27 – King Robert II of France (d. 1031)
 Al-Mawardi
 Ermesinde of Carcassonne, countess and regent of Barcelona (d. 1057)
 Fujiwara no Yukinari
 Fulk III of Anjou
 Pope Gregory V
 Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor
 Renauld I, Count of Nevers

Deaths 

 July 15 – Boleslav I of Bohemia
 September 6 – Pope John XIII
 Liutprand, bishop of Cremona and historian
 Sviatoslav I, Prince of Kiev
 Kuya, Japanese monk of Pure Land Buddhism (b. 903)

970s
1031



Events 
 Collapse of the Moorish Caliphate of Córdoba.
 Byzantine general George Maniaces captures Edessa.
 Henry I becomes King of France
 Bezprym seizes the throne of Poland from Mieszko II Lambert
 France suffers from a famine (until 1033).

Births 
 King Malcolm III of Scotland, Scottish royal (died 1093)
 Matilda of Flanders, Queen consort of the Kingdom of England (died 1083)
 Roger I of Sicily, Count of Sicily (died 1101)

Deaths 
 July 20 – King Robert II of France (b. 972)
 September 2 – Saint Emeric of Hungary

References
1083



Events 
 Sancho I of Aragon conquers Graus.
 Alfonso VI of Castile conquers Talavera de la Reina.
 Bosnia is conquered by Duklja.
 June – Pope Gregory VII is besieged in Castel Sant'Angelo by Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
1027

1027 (MXXVII) was a common year when the Julian calendar was used. It was the twenty-seventh year of the 2nd millennium and the 11th century.

Events 
 March 26 – Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor. 
 May 14 – Henry I of France is crowned king of France at Reims Cathedral.
 Aldred becomes abbot of Tavistock.
 Start of the Tibetan calendar.

Births 
 October 14 – William the Conqueror, King of England and Duke of Normandy (died 1087)

Deaths 
 Richard, Duke of Normandy, French nobleman (born 960)

References
1316



Events 
 Pope John XXII elected to the papacy.
 The Great Famine of 1315-1317.

Deaths 
 Ala-ud-din-Khilji
1778



Events 
 The term thoroughbred was first used in the United States in an advertisement in a Kentucky gazette to describe a New Jersey stallion called Pilgarlick.
 January 18 – Third Pacific expedition of Capt. James Cook, with ships HMS Resolution and HMS Discovery, first see O'ahu then Kaua'i in the Hawaiian Islands, which he names the "Sandwich Islands".
 February 5 – South Carolina becomes the first state to ratify the Articles of Confederation.
 February 6 – American Revolutionary War: In Paris the Treaty of Alliance and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce are signed by the United States and France beginning official recognition of the new republic.
 February 23 – American Revolutionary War: Baron von Steuben arrives at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania and begins to train the Continental Army.
 July 10 – American  Revolutionary War: Louis XVI of France declares war on the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
 July 27 –  American Revolution: First Battle of Ushant – British and French fleets fight to a standoff.
 August 26 – Triglav, at 2,864 metres above sea level the highest peak of Slovenia, was ascended for the first time by four brave men: Luka Korošec, Matevž Kos, Štefan Rožič and Lovrenc Willomitzer on Sigismund Zois's initiative.
 September – The Massachusetts Banishment Act, providing punishment for Loyalists, is passed.
 November 26 – In the Hawaiian Islands, Captain James Cook becomes the first European to discover Maui.
 France introduced the first state-controlled brothel.
 The first settlement was made in the area of what is now Louisville, Kentucky by 13 families under Col. George Rogers Clark.
 Phillips Academy, the most prestigious secondary boarding school in the United States, was founded by Samuel Phillips Jr.
885



Events 
Vikings besiege Paris

Births 
 Emperor Daigo of Japan
 November 26 – Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang

Deaths
 April 6 – Saint Methodius, bishop and Bible translator
 June – Godfrith, the Sea King 
 July – Pope Adrian III
 July/August – Sulayman ibn Wahb, Abbasid vizier
1751



Events 
 Adam Smith is appointed professor of logic at the University of Glasgow
 March 25 – For the last time, New Year's Day is legally on March 25 in England and Wales.
 March 31 – The future King George III of the United Kingdom succeeds his father as Prince of Wales.  His mother Augusta of Saxe-Gotha becomes Dowager Princess of Wales.
 First publication of Encyclopédie
 The Academy and College of Philadelphia, the predecessor to the private University of Pennsylvania, is founded.
 Pennsylvania Hospital, the first hospital in the British colonies, is founded.

Births 
 March 16 – James Madison, American politician, 4th President of the United States (d. 1836)

Deaths 
 March 31 – Frederick, Prince of Wales, member of the British Royal Family (b. 1707)
250

250 (CCL) was .

Events 
Diophantus writes Arithmetica the first systematic treatise on algebra. 
A group of Franks penetrate as far as Tarragona in Spain (approximate date).
Goths invade Moesia.
The Alamanni drive the Romans from the modern area of Donau-Ries.
Decius begins a period of persecution of the Christians in the Roman Empire.
Teotihuacán is rebuilt as a four-quartered cosmogram by Zapotec architects brought from Monte Albán in Oaxaca.
Kofun Period begins in Japan.

Births 

 Helena of Constantinople
 Licinius
1802



Events 
March 16 – West Point is established.
March 25/27 – Treaty of Amiens between France and United Kingdom ends the War of the Second Coalition.
March 28 – H. W. Olbers discovers the asteroid Pallas.
May 19 – Napoleon Bonaparte establishes the French légion d'honneur (Legion of Honour).
June 8 – Haitian revolutionary Toussaint Louverture is seized by French troops and sent to Fort de Joux for prison.
July 4 – At West Point, New York the United States Military Academy opens.
August 2 – In a plebiscite Napoleon Bonaparte is confirmed as consul for life.
September 11 – The Italian region of Piedmont becomes a part of Napoleonic France.
October 2 – War ends between Sweden and Tripoli. The United States also negotiates peace, but war continues over the size of compensation.
July – Eleuthère Irénée du Pont founds E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, the modern DuPont Company.
October – French army enters Switzerland.
Marie Tussaud opens her famous wax museum in London, having been commissioned during the Reign of Terror to make death masks of the victims.
Treviranus uses the term biology for the first time.
Thomas Wedgwood produces the world's first photograph, but has no means of fixing the image, which quickly fades.
William Symington builds the first successful steamship, the Charlotte Dundas.
Ludwig van Beethoven performs the Moonlight Sonata for the first time.
William Wordsworth publishes the poem "Westminster Bridge."
The estimated world population reaches 1 billion people.

Ongoing events 
French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802)
Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)
37

37 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Proculus and Pontius.

Events 
 March 18 – Roman Senate ends Tiberius' will. They proclaim Caligula Roman Emperor.
 Caligula tries declare himself a god.  This creates tension between himself and the Senate.
 An earthquake destroys Antioch
 Abilene is granted to Agrippa I.
 Saint Peter founds the Syrian Orthodox Church. (traditional date)
 Probable year of the conversion of the Pharisee Saul of Tarsus to Christianity.  After 39 he is recognised as Saint Paul.

Births 
 December 15 – Nero, Roman Emperor
 Josephus, Jewish historian

Deaths 
 March 16 – Tiberius, Roman Emperor
 May 1 – Antonia Minor, daughter of Mark Antony and Octavia Minor
 Marbod king of the Marcomanni

37
1584

1584 was a leap year.

Events 
 June 1 – With the death of the Duc d'Anjou, the Huguenot Henry of Navarre becomes heir-presumptive to the throne of France.
 July 5 – Maronite College established in Rome
 July 10 – William I of Orange assassinated
 Change to the new Gregorian Calendar in many countries. Dates between October 5 – 14 ignored.
 The first translation of the complete Bible into Slovenian language: Bibilija, tu je vse svetu pismu stariga inu noviga testamenta, slovenski tolmačena skuzi Jurija Dalmatina (Wittenberg), i.e. The Bible, it is a Complete Holy Scripture of the Old and of the New Testament, Translated into Slovenian by Jurij Dalmatin.
 Archangelsk is founded in northern Russia.
 Feodor I succeeds his father Ivan IV as Tsar of Russia
 Latin Book of Concord published in Germany
 Ghent falls to the Spanish.
193

193 was a common year.

Events 
January 1 – Pertinax is proclaimed Roman Emperor.
 June 1 – Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is assassinated in his palace.
Pertinax is killed after 87 days as Roman emperor. Septimius Severus finally gains control of the Roman Empire, after eliminating Pescennius Niger and Didius Julianus. Clodius Albinus also claims the Empire.
Last (4th) year of Chuping era of the Chinese Han Dynasty
1243

1243 was a common year.

Events 
 Innocent IV was elected pope.
 Castile captures the city of Murcia from the Moors.
 City of Brno founded
 Battle of Köse Dag
1541

1541 was a common year.

Events 
The first official translation of the entire Bible in Swedish
 February 12 – Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Chile.
 May 8 – Hernando de Soto reaches the Mississippi River naming it Rio de Espiritu Santo.
 May 23 –  Jacques Cartier departs Saint-Malo France on his third voyage.
 July 9 – Estevão da Gama departs Massawa, leaving behind 400 matchlockmen and 150 slaves under his brother Christovão da Gama, with orders to assist the Emperor of Ethiopia defeat Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi who has invaded his Empire.
 August 29 – The Janissaries of Suleiman the Magnificent take Buda by ruse, hiding themselves as tourists.
 Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent seals off The Golden Gate in Jerusalem.
The Parliament of Ireland declares Henry VIII of England King of Ireland replacing the Lordship of Ireland with the Kingdom of Ireland.
 October – The unsuccessful Algerian campaign of Charles V of Spain Gabsurg
1354

1354 was a common year.

Events 
 October 8 – Cola di Rienzo, self-proclaimed "tribune" of Rome, is killed by an angry mob
 End of reign of John VI Cantacuzenus, as Byzantine emperor.
 The Lao kingdom of Lan Xang is established.
1286



Births 
 March 8 – John III, Duke of Brittany (died 1341)
 June 30 – John de Warenne, 8th Earl of Surrey, English politician (died 1347)
 James Douglas the Black, Scottish patriot (died 1330)
 Hugh the younger Despenser (died 1326)
 Frederick I of Austria (died 1330)
 William III, Count of Holland (died 1337)
1129

1129 was a common year.

Deaths 
 March 8 – Queen Urraca of Castile (born 1082)
 July 24 – Emperor Shirakawa of Japan (born 1053)
 Prince Álmos, of Hungary
 Constantine II of Armenia
 Thoros I of Armenia
 Ranulph le Meschin, 1st Earl of Chester
 Symeon of Durham, English chronicler
 Margrave Leopold of Styria
1082



Births 
 November 2 - Emperor Huizong of China (d. 1135)
 Queen Urraca of Castile (d. 1129)
1135

1135 was a common year.

Deaths 
 June 4 – Emperor Huizong of China (b. 1082)
 December 1 – King Henry I of England
 Al-Mustarshid, Caliph of Baghdad
 Milarepa, Tibetan yogi and poet (born 1052)
1052

The year 1052 was a leap year which started on Wednesday.

Events 
 Godwin, Earl of Wessex returns to England from exile.

Births 
 May 23 – King Philip I of France (d. 1108)
1761



Events 
 January 14 – Third Battle of Panipat was fought between Marathas and Afghans
 January 16 – British capture Pondicherry, India from the French.
 February 8 – Earthquake in London breaks chimneys in Limehouse and Poplar
 March 8 – Second earthquake in North London, Hampstead and Highgate
 In Dutch Guayana a “state” formed by escaped slaves signs a treaty with the local governor
 Opening of Matthew Boulton's Soho Manufactory.
 Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star is published, in France.
 June 6 – Transit of Venus occurred, and was observed from 120 locations around the globe.
 The vizier Muhammad Abu al Kaylak, who had led the Funj army in wars, carries out a Sennar palace coup, relegating the sultan to a figurehead role. (History of Sudan (Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah))
1470s

The 1470s was the decade that started on January 1, 1470 and ended on December 31, 1479.

Events 
 1470 July 12 – The Ottomans capture Euboea.
 1471 March – The Yorkist King Edward IV returns to England to reclaim his throne.
 1472 – Foundation of the Kingdom of Fez.
 1474 February – The Treaty of Utrecht ends the Anglo-Hanseatic War.
1476 – Battle of Avenches
 1477 February 27 – Uppsala University is founded.
 1478 November 1 – Start of the Spanish Inquisition.
 1479 January 20 – Ferdinand II takes the throne of Aragon. He rules together with his wife Isabella I, Queen of Castile.
1476

1476 was a leap year.

Events 
 March 2 – Battle of Grandson. A Swiss army defeats the Burgundians under Charles the Bold
 June 2 – Battle of Morat. The Swiss again defeat Charles.
 December – Vlad III Dracula manages to become reigning Prince of Wallachia for the third and last time before being assassinated by decapitation. His head is sent to his old enemy Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire.
Gleiwitz incident

The Gleiwitz incident was a planned German attack against the radio station "Sender Gleiwitz" in the German town of Gliwice on the night of August 31, 1939. This attack along with other Nazi activities was used to make people think that Poland attacked Germany and that Poland, not Germany started World War II.

Nazism
World War II
August events
1939 in Europe
1930s in Germany
Free

Free may mean:

For things that are not alive, it means that it is being given away by someone who does not want any money in return
For living creatures, including people, it means having freedom: being able to be what one wants to be, or to do what one wants to do, without being ordered around
 Free County (), a former region of France
 Free (band), an English rock band
 Free software, software that anyone may run, share, and change, at any time, for any reason. 

Basic English 850 words
Mackinac Island

Mackinac Island is an island in Lake Huron.  It is part of the U.S. state of Michigan and is 8 miles (13 kilometers) around.

Many people go to see Mackinac Island in the summer because the island passed a local law that says that no one can use a car on the island.  Everybody has to ride a horse or a bicycle.  In recent years, young people have been using roller skates or roller blades to get around the island.  There is a narrow paved road that follows the 8 miles of shoreline.  This road is for horses (and their buggies), bicycles, skaters and joggers or just people taking a long walk.  

In order to get to Mackinac Island, visitors have to buy a ticket on a ferry boat.  The boat ride has views of Lake Huron and the Mackinac Bridge.  After they get to Mackinac Island, many visitors buy locally made fudge.  

Islands of the United States
Geography of Michigan
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars

AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars is a list of the top actors in Hollywood history. It was announced by the American Film Institute on June 16, 1999.

The list promised one hundred people on it, but in the end there were only fifty.

As of 2023, of the fifty stars listed, only one is still alive (Sophia Loren). At the time the list was unveiled Katharine Hepburn, Elizabeth Taylor, Shirley Temple, Lauren Bacall, Marlon Brando, Gregory Peck, Kirk Douglas and Sidney Poitier were also still living.

The list 

American Film Institute
Lists of actors
Havana

Havana () is the capital city of Cuba. Its population was 2.1 million in 2012. It is at 23°8′N 82°23′W and is a little more than 100 miles south-southwest of Key West, Florida in the United States.

Havana is a very old city. It was founded in 1515 by Spanish explorers. Due to its important location it became a springboard for the Spanish conquest of the Americas. Also, it became a stopping point for Spanish ships returning to Spain filled with treasure. King Philip II of Spain granted Havana the title of City in 1592. Walls as well as forts were built to protect the old city. The sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine in Havana's harbor in 1898 was the immediate cause of the Spanish–American War.

References

Other websites 

Provinces of Cuba
1515 establishments
 
Establishments in Cuba
Bismarck

Bismarck is a German family name.

Otto von Bismarck
The name "Bismarck" is usually associated with Otto von Bismarck, a famous Prussian and later German statesman in the 19th century. His name is sometimes misspelled Bismark.

Ships

Battlecruiser class
 Fürst Bismarck, a Mackensen class battlecruiser of the German navy, still under construction at the time of the 1918 Armistice and never completed.

Battleship
The Bismarck was a battleship of the German navy during WWII
 The Bismarck Chase
 Sink the Bismarck!, a 1960 movie about the sinking of the Bismarck
 Sink the Bismarck, a 1960 Johnny Horton song inspired by the movie
 Expedition: Bismarck, a 2002 documentary about the battleship Bismarck.

Ocean liners
 The SS Bismarck of 1914 became the RMS Majestic as a part of World War I war reparations.

Places

Geography
 the Bismarck Sea, north of the island of New Guinea
 the Bismarck Archipelago, a part of Papua New Guinea
 Bismarck, North Dakota, the capital of the U.S. state of North Dakota
 Bismarck, Arkansas
 Bismarck, Illinois
 Bismarck, Missouri
 Bismark, Ontario, a hamlet in Canada at the junction of Highway 20 and Highway 57
 Bismark, Saxony-Anhalt, the German town from which the Bismarck family originated

Buildings and structures
 "Bismarck towers"
 Bismarck Tower Stettin

Other people named Bismarck
 Herebord von Bismarck, the first verifiable holder of the name (from the 13th century)
 Ludolf August von Bismarck (1683-1750), a Russian General
 Levin Friedrich von Bismarck (1703-1774), a Prussian Attorney General
 August Wilhelm von Bismarck (1750-1783), a Prussian Finance Minister
 Friedrich Alexander Graf von Bismarck-Bohlen (1818-1894), a Prussian General
 Herbert von Bismarck (1849-1904), Secretary of State, son of Otto von Bismarck
 Gottfried von Bismarck (1881-1928)
 Bernhard von Bismarck
 Otto Fürst von Bismarck (1815-1898), a highly influential German politician of the 19th century. Prime Minister of Prussia, and Chancellor of the Second German Reich.
 Gottfried Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen (1901-1949), a Nazi parliamentary representative, grandson of Otto von Bismarck
 Count Gottfried von Bismarck (1962-2007) son of Prince Ferdinand von Bismarck, great-great-grandson of the famous Otto von Bismarck
 Philipp von Bismarck (b. 1913), a German politician of the CDU party
 Prince Ferdinand von Bismarck
 Klaus von Bismarck, 1961-1976, and administrator of a German radio station
 Gunilla von Bismarck (b. 1949), great-granddaughter of Otto von Bismarck, a German philanthropist
 Carl-Eduard von Bismarck (b. 1961), great-great-grandson of Otto von Bismarck, a German politician
 Aurel von Bismarck, a musician and composer

Things
 Bismarck, a beer mix also known as a Black Velvet
 Bismarck herring, a variant of rollmops

Media
 Sei Jūshi Bismarck, a Japanese anime series released by Studio Pierrot in 1984.
Crusinallo

Crusinallo, with 4000 people, is the most populated district of the town of Omegna (in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, in Piedmont, Italy). It was an independent town until 1928. The town of Crusinallo is located in the north part of the town of Omegna, at the border with the towns of Casale Corte Cerro, Gravellona Toce, and Germagno. The natural borders are: at north, the Saint Martino river; at east and south, the Strona river; at west, the forest of Alpe Colla.

Settlements in Verbano-Cusio-Ossola
1752

1752 only had 355 days.

Events 
 February 11 – Pennsylvania Hospital, the first hospital in the US, is opened.
 March 23 – The Halifax Gazette, the first Canadian newspaper
 June 6 – Fire destroys part of Moscow
 June 15 – Benjamin Franklin proves that lightning is electricity using a kite and a key.
 September 14, Gregorian Calendar – The British Empire adopts the Gregorian calendar, making it necessary to skip eleven days (September 2 being followed directly by September 14 this year)
 Adam Smith at the University of Glasgow transfers to professor of moral philosophy
 English Scientist Lord John Davies first observes what is later recognised as respiratory collapse
660s BC



Events
 669 BC - Assurbanipal succeeds his father Esarhaddon as king of Assyria
 668 BC - Shamash-shum-ukin, son of Esarhaddon, becomes King of Babylon
 668 BC - Egypt revolts against Assyria
 667 BC - Byzantium founded by Megaran colonists under Byzas. (traditional date)
 664 BC - First naval battle in Greek recorded history, between Corinth and Corcyra
 664 BC - Assurbanipal captures and sacks Thebes, Egypt
 664 BC - Psammetichus I succeeds Necho I as king of Lower Egypt
 664 BC - Taharqa appoints his nephew Tantamani as his successor of Upper Egypt
 660 BC - Legendary Emperor Jimmu's reign starts; traditional date of 1st Japanese monarch of Yamato dynasty
 660 BC - First known use of the demotic script
 660 BC - Psammetichus I drives the Assyrians out of Egypt
1496



Events 
 January 3 – Leonardo da Vinci unsuccessfully tests a flying machine.
 March 10 – Christopher Columbus leaves Hispaniola for Spain, ending his second visit to the Western Hemisphere.
 July – Spanish forces under Gonzalo Hernandez de Cordoba capture Atella after a siege. Among the prisoners is the French viceroy of Naples, the Comte de Montpensier. Ferrante II is restored to the throne of Naples.
 Jesus College (University of Cambridge) founded.

Births 
 March 28 – Mary Tudor, queen of Louis XII of France (died 1533)
 May 12 – King Gustav I of Sweden (died 1560)
 October 20 – Claude, Duke of Guise, French soldier (died 1550)
 François Bonivard, Swiss historian (died 1570)
 Edward Fox, English churchman (died 1538)
 Richard Maitland, Scottish poet (died 1586)
 Clément Marot, French poet (died 1544)
 Anthony St Leger, Lord Deputy of Ireland (died 1559)
 Menno Simons, Dutch religious leader (died 1561)
 Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of Worcester (died 1549)

Deaths 
 March 4 – Archduke Sigismund of Austria (born 1427)
 September 7 – King Ferdinand II of Naples (born 1469)
 September 25 – Piero Capponi, Italian soldier and statesman (born 1447)
 Piero del Pollaiuolo, Italian painter (born 1443)
1543



Events 
February 21 – Battle of Wayna Daga – A combined army of Ethiopian and Portuguese troops defeat the armies of Adal led by Ahmed Gragn.
May – Nicolaus Copernicus publishes De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium
July 12 – King Henry VIII of England marries Catherine Parr. It is the sixth of Henry's marriages and the third of Catherine's. Princess Elizabeth attends the wedding
 August 5 – Turkish and French troops under Khair ed-Din Barbarossa occupy Nice
September-October – Landrecies in Picardy is besieged by forces under Emperor Charles V, but withdraw on the approach of the French army.

Japanese receive first firearms from shipwrecked Portuguese
Native Americans in Spanish colonies are announced free against the wish of local settlers
Martin Luther publishes On the Jews and Their Lies.

Births 
 January 18 – (baptized) – Alfonso Ferrabosco, Italian composer
 January 31 – Tokugawa Ieyasu, Japanese shogun
 February 15 – Charles III, Duke of Lorraine
 February 16 – Kano Eitoku, Japanese painter
 April 1 – François de Bonne, duc de Lesdiguières, Constable of France
 September 14 – Claudio Aquaviva, Italian Jesuit

Deaths 
January 2 – Francesco Canova da Milano, Italian composer
January 3 – Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, Portuguese explorer
January 9 – Guillaume du Bellay, French diplomat and general
February 21 – Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, Imam of Adal (killed in battle)
May 24 – Nicolaus Copernicus, mathematician and astronomer
July 19 – Lady Mary Boleyn, mistress of Kings Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England
September 20 – Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland
November 29 – Hans Holbein the Younger, German artist, active in England
362

362 was a common year in the Julian calendar.

Events 

 An earthquake strikes Nicaea (Turkey).
 An earthquake strikes Al-Karak (Jordan).

Births 

 Flavia Maxima Constantia, daughter of Constantius II
 Jin Xiaowudi, emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty

Deaths 

 Dorotheus of Tyre, bishop and martyr
 Princess Dowager Ma, concubine of Zhang Jun
360s
1071

1071 is a common year.

Events 
 April — The last Byzantine-controlled city in southern Italy, Bari, is captured by Robert Guiscard. 
 August 26 — Byzantine Empire loses Battle of Manzikert to Turkish army under Alp Arslan. Control of much of Asia Minor passes to the Turks.
 Construction of Richmond Castle in North Yorkshire, England begins.
1278



Events 
 August 26 – Kings Rudolph I of Germany and Ladislaus IV of Hungary defeat King Otakar II of Bohemia in the Battle of Marchfield, a match of over 80,000 men and the largest battle of knights in the Middle Ages. The battle ends a power struggle between Rudolph and Otakar over the fate of central Europe, and Rudolph's Habsburg family will continue to rule Austria and other captured territories until the end of World War I in 1918.
 The independence, boundaries, and political structure of Andorra are agreed to by the Spanish Bishop of Urgell and the French Count of Foix.
 The earliest known written copy of the Avesta, a collection of ancient sacred Persian Zoroastrian texts previously passed down orally, is produced.
 An edict by Pope Nicholas III requires all Jews to attend conversion sermons.
 The Japanese era Kenji ends, and the Koan era begins.
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) is one of the world's largest non-profit organisations about animal rights. The four main beliefs of PETA are that animals are not to be used for food, clothes, exploitation or testing. The headquarters of the organization is in Norfolk, Virginia in the United States. PETA was started by Ingrid Newkirk and Alex Pacheco in 1980.

PETA has protested fast food chain KFC for the way it kills chickens and also for jallikattu or sallikattu in Tamil Nadu (India). In the past, it has protested many corporations including Iams, which makes pet food. 

PETA's main website is made for adults and vegans. They also have another website called PETA2 which is made for teenagers who are vegetarian, vegan or still deciding. PETA says it has over nine million members.

References

Other websites 

 PETA (General)
 PETA (UK)
 YouTube profile
 PETA UK on YouTube

Animal rights
Non-profit organizations of the United States
Ethics
Norfolk, Virginia
Software licence

A software licence (or software license in United States English) is a kind of licence that is used to set rules about how a piece of software can or cannot be used. After getting the software by either downloading it or buying it, you need to agree with the licence in order to use it. The licence is chosen or created by the software developer/creator or software publisher. Many licences answer questions such as "can I use this software commercially/to make money?", or "can I give this software to other people?", or in general, "in what ways am I allowed/permitted to use this software?".

One kind of software licence, an end user licence agreement, or "EULA", is very specific/descriptive about the things that you can or cannot do with the software, and oftentimes establishes/defines the rights of the software developer over the user. Most EULAs are written by the specific software developer and are not shared like other software licences.

Another type of software licence is an open source distribution licence. These licences let software developers choose what people can and cannot do with the code of the software. There are many licences freely available which allow you to do this, such as the MIT Licence, which allows for the software to be used by any person for any reason/purpose. The GNU General Public Licence, often abbreviated/shortened as GPL is a licence which makes all copies of the software free and open source. Therefore, GPL cannot be included in any part of proprietary/closed software because it does not follow the rules of the licence. The Apache Licence is more definitive and specific, but is more common with larger companies, such as Google, but is still considered a free software licence. Creative Commons is a popular licence used by people who want to give something out for free without taking as much credit. Creative Commons is very open, and is even used by Wikipedia for its pages and other content.

List 
Affero General Public License
Apache License
BSD licence
General Public License
Lesser General Public License
MIT License
Mozilla Public License
PHP License
Zlib License

 
Copyright
BSD licence

The BSD licence is named after the group that first used the licence, the University of California, Berkeley, where the BSD operating system was first made. Since they are in the United States, BSD uses the U.S. spelling BSD license.

The licence 
The words of the BSD licence are public domain and can be changed however people want. To be useful for people or groups, people need to change 'Regents of the University of California', 'University of California, Berkeley', and 'Regents' to their name. A basic BSD licence looks like this:

 * Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 * All rights reserved.
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 *
 *     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *        notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *     * Neither the name of the University of California, Berkeley nor the
 *       names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
 *       derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY
 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
 * WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
 * DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
 * DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
 * (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
 * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
 * ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
 * SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

This means that any person who uses the licensed software can do anything with it, but the person cannot say it is all their work or say that the first makers of the software support the person's new software in any way. It also stops people from suing the first makers if something goes wrong with it.

Related pages
 Software licence

Software licences
BSD
1786



Events 
 May 21 – Trial of the Necklace affair ends in Paris
 August 8 – Mont Blanc was climbed for the first time by Dr. Michael-Gabriel Paccard and Jacques Balmat.
August 29– Shays Rebellion begins
 September 2 – Hurricane in England.
 November 7 – The oldest musical organization in the United States was founded as the Stoughton Musical Society.
 November 30 – Peter Leopold Joseph of Habsburg-Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany, promulgates a penal reform making his country the first state to abolish the death penalty. November 30 is therefore commemorated by 300 cities around the world as Cities for Life Day.
 December 4 – The Mission Santa Barbara, was founded by Father Fermín Francisco de Lasuén, becoming the tenth mission in the California mission chain.

Choctaw Treaty
Chickasaw Treaty
Robert Burns publishes Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect
 Francis Light acquires the island of Penang from the Sultan of Kedah on behalf of the British East India Company. It is the first British colony in South-East Asia.
 Anglo-Spanish treaty gives Belize to Britain
 First ship of convicts leaves Britain for Botany Bay, Australia – 820 out of 1138 aboard are convicts
 The trade with Iceland is opened to all Danish and Norwegian traders.
 The Mozart opera "The Marriage of Figaro" is premiered in Vienna
 Goethe undertakes his 'Italian Journey' throughout September-December (published in 1817)

Births 
 January 8 – Nicholas Biddle, President of the Second Bank of the United States (d. 1844)
 January 12 – Sir Robert Inglis, Bt, English politician (d. 1855)
 January 23 – Auguste de Montferrand, French architect (d. 1858)
 February 16 – Maria Pavlovna of Russia, Grand duchess of Saxe-Weimar Eisenach (d. 1859)
 February 24 – Martin W. Bates, U.S. Senator from Delaware (d. 1869)
 February 24 – Wilhelm Grimm, German philologist and folklorist (d. 1859)
 March 22 – Joachim Lelewel, Polish historian (d. 1861)
 June 13 – Winfield Scott, American general and Presidential candidate (d. 1866)
 August 17 – David "Davy" Crockett, American frontiersman (d. 1836)
 August 25 – King Ludwig I of Bavaria (d. 1868)
 September 10 – William Mason, American politician (d. 1860)
 September 11 – Friedrich Kuhlau, German composer (d. 1832)
 September 18 – King Christian VIII of Denmark (d. 1848)
 September 24 – Charles Bianconi, Italian-Irish entrepreneur
 December 12 – William L. Marcy, American statesman (d. 1857)

Deaths 

 

nv:1751 – 1800
1728



Events 
 Astronomical aberration found by the astronomer James Bradley
 Swedish academy of sciences made at Uppsala
 The making of the University of Havana (Universidad de la Habana ), Cuba's most set university.

Births 
 January 9 – Thomas Warton, English poet (d. 1790)
 February 21 – Emperor Peter III of Russia, husband of Catherine the Great (d. 1762)
 April 16 – Joseph Black, Scottish scientist (d. 1799)
 August 26 – Johann Heinrich Lambert, Swiss mathematician, physicist and astronomer (d. 1777) 
 August 28 – John Stark, American general (d. 1822)
 September 3 – Matthew Boulton, English metal-worker, inventor and partner of James Watt (d. 1809)
 September 14 – Mercy Otis Warren, American writer (d. 1814)
 October 7 – Caesar Rodney, American lawyer who signed the Declaration of Independence (d. 1784)
 October 27 – James Cook, British captain and explorer (d. 1779)
 November 10 – Oliver Goldsmith, Irish writer (d. 1774)

Deaths
 February 12 – Agostino Steffani, Italian diplomat and composer (b. 1654)
 February 13 – Cotton Mather, Puritan minister (b. 1663)
 March 4 – Anna Petrovna of Russia, oldest daughter of Peter the Great (b. 1708)
 April 3 – James Anderson, Scottish historian (b. 1662)
 August 15 – Marin Marais, French musician (b. 1656)
 September 23 – Christian Thomasius, German jurist (b. 1655)
 November 19 – Leopold of Anhalt-Cöthen, German Prince (b. 1694)
 date unknown – Serfoji I, Indian Ruler (b. 1675)
1614

1614 was a common year.

Events 
 April 5 – In Virginia, Native American Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe.
 October 11 – Adriaen Block and a group of Amsterdam merchants petition the States General for exclusive trading rights in the area he explored and named "New Netherland".
 The French Estates-General meets for the last time before the era of the French Revolution. In between, France will be governed as an absolute monarchy.
 John Napier publishes a paper outlining his discovery of logarithms.
 The University of Groningen is established.
 Institution of the Rosicrucian Order in Germany according to Fraternitas Rosae Crucis.
 Toyotomi Hideyori attempts to restore Osaka Castle. Tokugawa Ieyasu, father of the Shogun, is outraged at this act, and takes the castle by storm.

Births 
 January 1 – John Wilkins, English clergyman (d. 1672)
 January 5 – Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands (d. 1662)
 July 10 – Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, English royalist statesman (d. 1686)
 December 16 – Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1674)
 Franciscus Sylvius, German scientist (d. 1672)

Deaths
1588



Events 
 May 12 – Day of the Barricades in Paris.  Duke Henry of Guise seizes the city, forcing King Henry III to flee.
 May 28 – The Spanish Armada, with 130 ships and 30,000 men, begins to set sail from Lisbon heading for the English Channel (it will take until May 30 for all ships to leave port).
 July – King Henry III of France capitulates to the Duke of Guise and returns to Paris.
 July 31 – First engagement between the English and Spanish fleets off Plymouth. The English have the better of it.
 August 2 – The English and Spanish fleets meet again off Dorset. (The English fleet is led by Lord Howard of Effingham and Sir Francis Drake.) The English again have the better of it.
 August 6 – Battle of Gravelines: The Spanish Armada is defeated by an English naval force under command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake off the coast of Gravelines, now in France.
 August 7 – The English and Spanish fleets again engage off the coast of Flanders. The English again are more successful.
 August 8 – August 9 – The Spanish are unable to reach the coast of Flanders to meet up with the army of the Duke of Parma. Medina Sidonia decides to return to Spain.
 August 12 – The Spanish fleet sails past the Firth of Forth, and the English cease their pursuit. Much of the Spanish fleet is destroyed as it sails around Scotland and Ireland.
 October 1 - Abbas the Great of Persia takes power.
 December 23 – Henry III of France strikes his ultra-Catholic enemies, having the Duke of Guise and his brother, Cardinal Louis of Guise, killed, and holding the Cardinal de Bourbon a prisoner.
 Ahmad al-Mansur, sultan of Morocco, demands that the king of Songhay give a heavy tribute in exchange of a Saharan salt, probably in an intentional provocation. When Songhay's answer is defiant, he declares war and marches his army through Sahara to Songhay
 Russia, regency of Boris Godunov
 William Morgan's Welsh translation of the Bible published.
1012



Events 
 Mael Morda starts a rebellion against Brian Boru in Ireland, which would eventually end in 1014 at the Battle of Clontarf.
 Sulayman is restored as Umayyad caliph of Cordoba, succeeding Hisham II.
 Benedict VIII becomes pope. Gregory is antipope.
 Archbishop Alphege of Canterbury is murdered by his Danish captors.
 King Aethelred of England pays Danegeld.
 Oldrich succeeds Jaromir as duke of Bohemia.

1012
1746

1746 was a common year.

Events 
 January 8 – Bonnie Prince Charlie occupies Stirling
 April 16 – Battle of Culloden brings an end to the Jacobite Risings
 August 18 – Two of the four rebellious Scottish lords, Earl of Kilmarnock and Lord Balmeniro beheaded in the Tower (Lord Lovat executed 1747)
 October 22 – The College of New Jersey is founded (it becomes Princeton University in 1896)
 October 28 – An earthquake demolishes Lima and Callao, in Peru
 Catharine de Ricci (born 1522) canonized.
 Town of Vilkovo (Odes'ka oblast', Ukraine) is founded.

Births 
 Jacques Alexandre Cesar Charles-November 12, 1746
1734

1734 was a common year.

Events 
 January 8 – Premiere of George Frideric Handel's opera Ariodante at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden.
 June 17 – French troops take Philippsburg, but the Duke of Berwick is killed
 June 21 – In Montreal in New France, a black slave known by the French name of Marie-Joseph Angélique, was tortured then hanged by the French authorities in a public ceremony that involved her disgrace and the amputation of a hand.
 June 30 – Russian troops take Gdańsk (German: Danzig) which had been besieged since October 1733. Gdańsk is captured after the failure of a French expedition to relieve the city
1682

Year 1682 was a common year that started on a Thursday when using the Gregorian calendar.

Events 
 March 11 – Chelsea hospital for soldiers is founded in England.
 April 7 – René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, exploring rivers in America, reaches the mouth of the Mississippi River.
 April 9 – At the mouth of the Mississippi River, near modern Venice, Louisiana, Robert de La Salle buries an engraved plate and a cross, claiming the territory as "La Louisiane" for France.
 May 6 – Louis XIV of France moves his court to Versailles.
 May 7 – Official beginning of the reign of Peter the Great.
 May 11 – Moscow Uprising of 1682: a mob takes over the Kremlin and lynches the leading boyars and military commanders.
 July 19 – Iyasus succeeds his father Yohannes I as Emperor of Ethiopia.
 August 12 – Vesuvius begins a period of volcanic activity lasting for ten days.
 September – Halley's comet makes an appearance, and is observed by Edmond Halley himself.
 September 14 – Bishop Gore School in Swansea, Wales is founded.
 October 27 – The city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is founded by William Penn.
 October 31  – The city of Bideford, England two men and one woman were some of the last to be executed for witchcraft in England. They were accused of speaking in unknown languages as well as practicing knowledge beyond their natural abilities, and acting in peculiar manners. The woman, Guenevere Damascus, as well as her lover (name unknown) and their spiritual mentor were burned at the stake.

Undated 
 The first black slaves arrive in Germany.
 The Richard Wall House is built in Pennsylvania.

Births 

 February 25 – Giovanni Battista Morgagni, Italian anatomist (died 1771)
 April 16 – John Hadley, inventor (died 1744)
 June 27 – King Charles XII of Sweden (died 1718)
 July 10 – Roger Cotes, English mathematician (died 1716)
 August 16 – Louis, duc de Bourgogne, heir to the throne of France (died 1712)
 October 29 – Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix, French historian (died 1761)

Deaths 
 February 25 – Alessandro Stradella, Italian composer (born 1644)
 March 14 – Jacob Isaakszoon van Ruysdael, Dutch painter (born c.1628)
 April 1 – Franz Egon of Fürstenberg, Bishop of Strassburg (born 1625)
 April 3 – Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, Spanish painter (born 1618)
 May 7 – Tsar Feodor III of Russia (born 1661)
 July 12 – Jean Picard, French astronomer (born 1620)
 September 8 – Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz, Spanish writer (born 1606)
 October 19 – Sir Thomas Browne English writer, physician, and philosopher (born 1605)
 November 19 – Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Royalist commander in the English Civil War (born 1619)
 November 23 – Claude Lorrain French painter (born c.1600)
 date unknown Yohannes I, Emperor of Ethiopia
 date unknown Turhan Hatice, regent of the Ottoman Empire (born 1627)
222

222 was a common year.

Events 
Pope Urban I succeeds Pope Callixtus I
Roman Emperor Alexander Severus succeeds Heliogabalus
Kingdom of Wu is established in China
Sun Quan defeats Liu Bei at the Battle of Yi Ling

References
1755



Events 
 January 25 – Moscow University established.
 February 20 – General Braddock lands in Virginia to take command of the English forces against the French in North America
 April 15 – A Dictionary of the English Language is published by Samuel Johnson; he had begun the work in 1746
 July 9 – French and Indian War: Braddock Expedition – British troops and colonial militiamen are ambushed and suffer a devastating defeat inflicted by French and Indian forces. During the battle, British General Edward Braddock is mortally wounded. Colonel George Washington survives.
 November 1 – 1755 Lisbon earthquake: In Portugal, Lisbon is destroyed by a massive earthquake and tsunami, killing 60,000 – 90,000 people.
 November 18 – An earthquake occurs near Cape Ann, Massachusetts, causing extensive damage.
 December 2 – The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire.
 Great Expulsion of the Acadians.
 The sultanate of Mataram on Java is divided in two, creating the sultanates of Yogyakarta and Surakarta.
 The Acadians were forced to leave their home because of the treaty of uresty between the French and the British
 Wolsey the clothes manufacturer was established in Leicester; the business celebrated its 250th anniversary in 2005.

 

nv:1751 – 1800
477

477 was a common year.

Events 
 Huneric becomes king of Vandals
 Aelle, king of the South Saxons, arrives in England, with his three sons, near Cymenshore. (According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle)
 Song Shun Di succeeds Song Hou Fei Di as ruler of the Chinese Song Dynasty
509

509 was a common year.

Births
 Emperor Kimmei, 29th emperor of Japan (d. 571, traditional date)
 Adi Sankara

Deaths

References
571

571 was a common year.

Events
The Monophysites again reject the Council of Chalcedon, causing another schism.

Deaths
 Emperor Kimmei, 29th emperor of Japan (b. 509, traditional date)

References
609

609 was a common year.

Events 
 The Pantheon is consecrated to the Virgin Mary and all saints (or 610).
 Edessa is taken by the Sassanids.
Omul

The omul (Coregonus migratorius) is a kind of fish. It belongs to the same family as the trout and the salmon. It only lives in Lake Baikal and the rivers around it (the Angara for example. It is very typical for that region of Siberia).

Omul considered a food delicacy and can be eaten n many ways. Local people consume it boiled, fried smoked, and freshly  salted.

The Omul normally fished using seine nets and fishing nets, yet during early spring, it can be caught using a fishing road.

References

Salmoniformes
Siberia
Freshwater fish
Edible fish