June 28



Events

Up to 1900 
1098  Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul.
1243  Innocent IV becomes pope.
1360  Muhammed VI, Sultan of Granada becomes the 10th Nasrid King of Granada after killing his brother, Ismail II, Sultan of Granada.
1389  Ottoman Empire defeats Christian Europe army in Kosovo, opening the way for the Ottoman conquest of Southeastern Europe (see Vidovdan).
1461  King Edward IV of England is crowned.
1519  Charles V elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
1575  The Battle of Nagashino takes place in Japan.
1635  Guadeloupe becomes a French colony.
1651  Battle of Beresteczko between Poles and Ukrainians, the biggest battle in the 17th century, starts.
1709  Tsar Peter I of Russia defeats Charles XII of Sweden at the Battle of Poltava.
1745  War of the Austrian Succession: A New England colonial army captures Louisbourg, New France, after a 47-day siege.
1776  American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Sullivan's Island becomes the first decisive US victory of the war, over Great Britain.
1807  Second British Invasion of Rio de la Plata: John Whitelock lands at Ensenada in an attempt to recapture Buenos Aires and is defeated by the locals.
1811  Napoleonic Wars: French troops storm the city of Tarragona, Spain and carry out a massacre on citizens who offer strong resistance.
1838  In the United Kingdom, Queen Victoria is officially crowned.
1841  Giselle, a ballet by French composer Adolphe Adam, is first performed in Paris.
1859  The first dog show is held in Newcastle upon Tyne, England.
1865  In the US, the Army of the Potomac is disbanded.
1880  Ned Kelly, the Australian bushranger, is captured at Glenrowan.
1882  The Anglo-French Convention of 1882 marks the territorial boundaries between Guinea and Sierra Leone.
1886  The first passenger train of the Canadian Pacific Railway leaves Montreal, Quebec.
1887  Minot, North Dakota is incorporated as a city.
1894  Labor Day becomes an official US holiday.
1895  El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua form the Central American Union.
1896  An explosion in the Newton Coal Company's Twin Shaft Mine in Pattston City, Pennsylvania results in a massive cave-in that kills 58 miners.

1901  2000 
1902  United States Congress passes the Spooner Act, allowing President Theodore Roosevelt to acquire rights from Colombia for the Panama Canal.
1904  The Danish ship SS Norge runs aground and sinks off Rockall in the North Atlantic Ocean; 625 people are killed.
1904  Helen Keller completes her studies at Radcliffe College.
1914  Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and his wife Sophia are killed by a Serbian nationalist, the casus belli of World War I.
1919  The Treaty of Versailles is signed, ending World War I with Germany.
1921  King Alexander I of Serbia proclaims the new constitution of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
1922  The Irish Civil War begins with the shelling of the Four Courts in Dublin by Irish Free State forces.
1926  Mercedes-Benz is formed by Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz merging their two companies.
1936  The Japanese puppet state of Mengjiang is formed in northern China.
1938  A 450-tonne meteorite struck the earth in an empty field near Chicora, Pennsylvania
1940  Romania cedes Bessarabia (current-day Moldova) to the Soviet Union.
1948  A magnitude 7.3 earthquake in Fukui, Japan, kills 5,390 people.
1950  Seoul is captured by troops from North Korea.
1960  US-owned oil refineries in Cuba confiscated and nationalised.
1960  A gas explosion in a coal mine in Monmouthshire, Wales, kills 37 miners.
1964  Malcolm X forms the Organization of Afro-American Unity.
1967  Israel annexes East Jerusalem.
1969  Stonewall riots in New York city mark the beginning of the modern gay rights era.
1976  An Angolan court sentences US and UK mercenaries to death sentences and prison terms in the Luanda trial.
1978  The United States Supreme Court, in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke 438 US 265 1978, bars quota systems in college admissions but affirms constitutionality of programs giving advantage to minorities.
1981  A powerful bomb explodes in Tehran, killing 73 officials of the Islamic Republic Party.
1983  The partial collapse of Connecticut's busy I-95 Mianus River Bridge, killing 3 people.
1987  For the first time in military history a civilian population is targeted for chemical attack when Iraqi warplanes bomb the Iranian town of Sardasht.
1988  Four workers are asphyxiated at a metal-plating plant in Auburn, Indiana, in the worst confined-space industrial accident in U.S. history. A fifth victim dies two days later.
1990  Paperback Software, a company founded by Adam Osborne, found guilty by a U.S. court of copyright violation for copying the appearance and menu system of Lotus 1-2-3 in its competing spreadsheet program.
1992  The Constitution of Estonia is signed into law.
1994  Members of the Aum Shinrikyo cult release sarin gas in Matsumoto, Japan, killing 7 people and injuring 660.
1996  The Constitution of Ukraine is signed into law.
1997  Boxer Mike Tyson is disqualified for biting off part of the ear of his opponent Evander Holyfield.

From 2001 
2004  Estonia, Lithuania and Slovenia join the ERM II
2004  Sovereign power is handed to the interim government of Iraq by the Coalition Provisional Authority, ending the U.S.-led rule of that nation.
2006  Montenegro becomes a member of the UN.
2009  A political crisis lasting several months begins in Honduras, as President Manuel Zelaya is overthrown by Roberto Micheletti.
2011  Google launches Google+.
2016  At least 41 people are killed in a terrorist attack on Istanbul's Atatürk International Airport.
2018  Five people are shot dead in the Capital Gazette shooting at a newspaper office in Annapolis, Maryland, United States.
2019  100th anniversary of the signing the Treaty of Versailles.
2019  France records its hottest-ever temperature, at 45.9 degrees Celsius.
2019  The European Union and Mercosur agree a trade deal.

Births

Up to 1900 
 1170  King Valdemar II of Denmark (d. 1241)
 1243  Emperor Go-Fukakusa of Japan (d. 1304)
 1444  Charlotte, Queen of Cyprus (d. 1487)
 1476  Pope Paul IV (d. 1559)
 1490  Albert of Mainz, bishop and elector of Mainz (d. 1545)
 1491  Henry VIII, King of England (d. 1547)
 1503  Giovanni della Casa, Italian author and poet (d. 1556)
 1547  Cristoforo Malvezzi, Italian organist and composer (d. 1599)
 1577  Peter Paul Rubens, German painter (d. 1640)
 1653  Muhammad Azam Shah, Mughal ruler (d. 1707)
 1692  Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart (d. 1718)
 1703  John Wesley, English founder of Methodism (d. 1791)
 1712  Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Swiss philosopher (d. 1778)
 1719  Etienne François, duc de Choiseul, French general and politician (d. 1785)
 1734  Jean-Jacques Beauvarlet-Charpentier, French organist and composer (d. 1778)
 1794  John Biscoe, English explorer (d. 1843)
 1806  Napoléon Coste, French guitarist and composer (d. 1883)
 1807  Anton Philipp Reclam, German publisher (d. 1895)
 1819  Carlotta Grisi, Italian ballerina (d. 1899)
 1824  Paul Broca, French physician (d. 1880)
 1831  Joseph Joachim, Austrian violinist (d. 1907)
 1835  John Young Brown, American politician, 31st Governor of Kentucky (d. 1904)
 1836  Lyman J. Gage, American politician (d. 1927)
 1847  Sveinbjörn Sveinbjörnsson, Icelandic composer (d. 1927)
 1852  Charles Cruft, English businessman (d. 1938)
 1867  Luigi Pirandello, Italian dramatist and narrator, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 1936)
 1871  Sergei Bulgakov, Russian theologian and philosopher (d. 1944)
 1873  Alexis Carrel, French surgeon, won the 1912 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1944)
 1875  Henri Lebesgue, French mathematician (d. 1941)
 1876  Robert Guérin, French sports official, 1st President of FIFA (d. 1952)
 1883  Pierre Laval, Prime Minister of France (d. 1945)
 1884  Lamina Sankoh, Sierra Leonean banker and politician (d. 1964)
 1888  George Challenor, Barbadian cricketer (d. 1947)
 1890  Howard Drew, American sprinter (d. 1957)
 1891  Carl Panzram, American serial killer (d. 1930)

1901  1950 
 1902  Richard Rodgers, American composer (d. 1979)
 1906  Maria Goeppert-Mayer, German-American physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 1972)
 1912  Carl Friedrich von Weizsaecker, German physicist and philosopher (d. 2007)
 1913  Franz Antel, Austrian movie maker (d. 2007)
 1914  Lester Flatt, bluegrass musician (d. 1979)
 1915  David Honeyboy Edwards, American blues musician (d. 2011)
 1917  Albert De Cleyn, Belgian footballer (d. 1990)
 1918  William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw, Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1999)
 1921  P. V. Narasimha Rao, Prime Minister of India, 1991  1996 (d. 2004)
 1923  Gaye Stewart, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2010)
 1923  Conte Candoli, American trumpeter (d. 2001)
 1923  Pete Candoli, American trumpeter (d. 2008)
 1925  Giselher Klebe, German composer (d. 2009)
 1926  Mel Brooks, American actor, director and filmmaker
 1927  Frank Sherwood Rowland, American chemist (d. 2012)
 1928  Hans Blix, Swedish politician and diplomat
 1930  Itamar Franco, former President of Brazil (d. 2011)
 1930  Jack Gold, British movie director (d. 2015)
 1930  William C. Campbell, Irish-American biologist and parasitologist
 1931  Hans Alfredsson, Swedish actor, movie director, writer and comedian
 1932  Pat Morita, American actor (d. 2005)
 1934  Carl Levin, United States Senator (d. 2021)
 1934  Georges Wolinski, French cartoonist (d. 2015)
 1934  Robert Carswell, Baron Carswell, Irish lawyer and judge
 1935  John Inman, English actor and singer (d. 2007)
 1936  Chuck Howley, American football player
 1938  Moy Yat, martial artist
 1938  Leon Panetta, American politician
 1940  Karpal Singh, Malaysian lawyer and politician (d. 2014)
 1940  Muhammad Yunus, Bangladeshi banker and economist, Nobel Peace Prize winner
 1941  David Lloyd Johnston, 28th Governor General of Canada
 1941  Joseph Goguen, American scientist (d. 2006)
 1942  Chris Hani, South African politician (d. 1993)
 1942  Rupert Sheldrake, British writer, biochemist and parapsychologist
 1943  Klaus von Klitzing, German physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics
 1945  Raul Seixas, Brazilian singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer (d. 1989)
 1946  Gilda Radner, American actress and comedienne (d. 1989)
 1946  Jaime Guzman, Chilean politician (d. 1991)
 1946  John Michael Lounge, American astronaut (d. 2011)
 1947  Mark Helprin, American writer
 1948  Kathy Bates, American actress
 1948  Clarence Thomas, United States Supreme Court justice
 1948  Robin Dunbar, British anthropologist and evolutionary biologist

1951  1975 
 1951  Mark Shand, English conservationist and author, brother of Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall (d. 2014)
 1951  Lalla Ward, English actress
 1951  Walter Alva, Peruvian archaeologist
 1952  Ray Ashcroft, English actor
 1952  Pietro Mennea, Italian athlete and politician (d. 2013)
 1952  John Patrick Lowrie, American voice actor, actor, musician and author
 1952  Jean-Christophe Rufin, French physician and author
 1953  Gernot Rohr, German footballer and manager
 1954  A. A. Gill, British journalist, author and critic (d. 2016)
 1954  Alice Krige, actress
 1957  Georgi Parvanov, former President of Bulgaria
 1957  Jim Spanarkel, American basketball player and sportscaster
 1958  Donna Edwards, American lawyer, politician and writer
 1959  Clint Boon, English singer and keyboardist
 1960  John Elway, American football player
 1961  Jeff Malone, American basketball player and coach
 1963  Charlie Clouser, American musician (Nine Inch Nails)
 1964  Mark Grace, American Major League Baseball player
 1964  Sabrina Ferilli, Italian actress
 1964  Tommy Lynn Sells, American serial killer (d. 2014)
 1966  John Cusack, American actor
 1966  Mary Stuart Masterson, American actress, director and producer
 1967  Lars Riedel, German athlete
 1967  Leona Aglukkaq, Canadian politician
 1967  Gil Bellows, Canadian actor
 1968  Adam Woodyatt, English actor
 1969  Ayelet Zurer, Israeli actress
 1969  Stéphane Chapuisat, Swiss footballer
 1971  Sean Dyche, English football manager
 1971  Fabien Barthez, French footballer
 1971  Lorenzo Amoruso, Italian footballer
 1971  Bobby Hurley, American basketball player
 1971  Elon Musk, South African-American entrepreneur
 1971  Louise Mensch, English politician and author
 1972  Ngo Bao Chau, Vietnamese mathematician
 1972  Alessandro Nivola, American actor
 1972  Jon Heidenreich, American professional wrestler
 1973  Adrian Annus, hammer thrower
 1973  André Lange, German bobsledder
 1974  Rob Dyrdek, American skateboarder, actor and producer
 1975  Ning Baizura, Malaysian singer and producer

From 1976 
 1977  Mark Stoermer, American bass player (The Killers)
 1978  Simon Larose, tennis player
 1979  Felicia Day, American actress and writer
 1979  Randy McMichael, American football player
 1982  Ibrahim Camejo, Cuban long jumper
 1982  Irakli Garibashvili, Prime Minister of Georgia
 1984  Tamara Ecclestone, British model and television host
 1985  Phil Bardsley, British footballer
 1986  Kellie Pickler, American country music singer and songwriter
 1986  Suzuko Mimori, Japanese voice actress and singer
 1987  Terrence Williams, American basketball player
 1988  Kanon Wakeshima, Japanese singer and cellist
 1989  Lucy Rose, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
 1989  Mark Edward Fischbach, American actor and comedian
 1990  Nick Purcell, American actor
 1990  Jasmine Richards, Canadian actress
 1990  Daisy Turner, English model and actress
 1991  Seohyun, South Korean singer, dancer and actress (Girls' Generation)
 1991  Kevin De Bruyne, Belgian footballer
 1993  Bradley Beal, American basketball player
 1994  Anish Giri, Russian-Dutch chess player
 1994  Madeline Duggan, English actress
 1994  Hussein, Crown Prince of Jordan
 1995  Kare Hedebrandt, Swedish actor

Deaths

Up to 1900 
 202  Yuan Shao, Chinese warlord
 548  Theodora I, Byzantine Empress (b. 500)
 572  Alboin, Lombard King (b. 530)
 683  Pope Leo II (b. 611)
 767  Pope Paul I (b. 700)
 928  Louis the Blind, King of Provence and Holy Roman Emperor (b. 880)
 1061  Floris I, Count of Holland (b. 1020)
 1175  Andrey Bogolyubsky, Russian saint (b. 1111)
 1189  Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony (b. 1156)
 1194  Emperor Xiaozong of Song of China (b. 1127)
 1385  Andronikos IV Palaiologus, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1348)
 1586  Primoz Trubar, Slovenian author and reformer (b. 1508)
 1598  Abraham Ortelius, Flemish cartographer (maker of maps) (b. 1527)
 1716  George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland, English general (b. 1665)
 1757  Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, Queen of Prussia (b. 1687)
 1813  Gerhard Scharnhorst, Prussian general (b. 1755)
 1834  Joseph Bové, Russian architect (b. 1784)
 1836  James Madison, 4th President of the United States (b. 1751)
 1880  Dan Kelly, Steve Hart and Joe Byrne, Australian bushrangers, killed at Glenrowan, Victoria.
 1880  Texas Jack Omohundro, American cowboy and actor (b. 1848)
 1881  Jules Armand Dufaure, 33rd Prime Minister of France (b. 1798)
 1889  Maria Mitchell, American astronomer and Women's Rights activist (b. 1818)
 1892  Harry Atkinson, Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1831)
 1892  Alexandros Rhizos Rhankaves, Greek poet and statesman (b. 1810)

1901  2000 
 1913  Manoel Ferraz de Campos Sales, President of Brazil (b. 1811)
 1914  Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria (assassination) (b. 1863)
 1914  Archduchess Sophie Chotek, wife of Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria (b. 1868)
 1917  Sven Berggren, Swedish naturalist and botanist (b. 1837)
 1928  Ida Ferenczy, lady-in-waiting to Elizabeth of Bavaria (b. 1839)
 1929  Edward Carpenter, English poet and philosopher (b. 1844)
 1935  Patriarch Meletius IV of Constantinople (b. 1871)
 1940  Italo Balbo, Italian general and politician (b. 1896)
 1942  Yanka Kupala, Belarussian writer (b. 1882)
 1960  Jake Swirbul, co-founder of Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation
 1962  Mickey Cochrane, American Baseball Hall of Famer (b. 1903)
 1965  Red Nichols, American jazz musician (b. 1905)
 1971  Franz Stangl, Nazi Concentration camp commandant (b. 1908)
 1974  Frank Sutton, American actor (b. 1923)
 1975  Rod Serling, American scriptwriter, host of The Twilight Zone (b. 1924)
 1976  Stanley Baker, Welsh actor and movie producer (b. 1927)
 1978  Clifford Dupont, President of Rhodesia (b. 1905)
 1980  José Iturbi, Spanish musician, conductor (b. 1895)
 1981  Terry Fox, Canadian athlete and cancer activist (b. 1958)
 1989  Joris Ivens, movie maker (b. 1898)
 1991  Henri Lefebvre, French philosopher (b. 1901)
 1992  Mikhail Tal, Latvian chess player (b. 1936)
 1993  GG Allin, American punk rock singer (b. 1956)
 1997  Mrs. Miller, singer (b. 1907)

From 2001 
 2001  Mortimer Adler, American philosopher (b. 1902)
 2001  Joan Sims, actress (b. 1930)
 2003  Wim Slijkhuis, Dutch athlete (b. 1923)
 2004  Anthony Buckeridge, writer (b. 1912)
 2007  Kiichi Miyazawa, Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1919)
 2008  Ruslana Korshunova, Kazakhstani model (b. 1987)
 2009  Billy Mays, American pitchman (b. 1958)
 2010  Robert Byrd, American politician, longest-serving United States Senator (b. 1917)
 2011  Michael Wenning, American minister (b. 1935)
 2013  Peter Lehmann, Australian winemaker (b. 1930)
 2014  Meshach Taylor, American actor (b. 1947)
 2014  Brian Roe, English cricketer (b. 1939)
 2014  Jim Brosnan, American baseball player (b. 1929)
 2014  Julio Silva Solar, Chilean lawyer and politician (b. 1926)
 2015  Todor Slavov, Bulgarian rally driver (b. 1984)
 2015  Jack Carter, American comedian and actor (b. 1922)
 2015  Wally Stanowski, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1919)
 2016  Scotty Moore, American guitarist (b. 1931)
 2016  Buddy Ryan, American football coach (b. 1931)
 2016  Pat Summitt, American basketball coach (b. 1952)
 2016  Zurlon Tipton, American football player (b. 1990)
 2017  John Higgins, Scottish footballer (b. 1930)
 2017  Wally O'Connell, Australian rugby league player (b. 1923)
 2017  Ola Mildred Rexroat, American World War II military official (b. 1917)
 2018  Domenico Losurdo, Italian philosopher (b. 1940)
 2018  Rob Hiaasen, American journalist and newspaper editor (b. 1959)
 2018  Denis Akiyama, Canadian actor (b. 1952)
 2018  Christine Nöstlinger, Austrian author (b. 1936)
 2019  Willie Frazer, Northern Irish activist (b. 1960)

Observances 
 Saint Irenaeus
 Soviet Occupation Day in Moldova
 Observed as Tau Day by opponents of Pi (Mathematics)

Days of the year