alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Jane Pierce

Jane Means Appleton Pierce (March 12, 1806 – December 2, 1863), wife of U.S. President Franklin Pierce, was First Lady of the United States from 1853 to 1857.

Early life
Her father’s name was Jesse Appleton. When her father died, her mother moved with her to Amherst, New Hampshire.

Marriage
How she met Pierce, a young lawyer with political ambitions, is unknown, but her brother-in-law Alpheus S. Packard was one of Pierce's instructors at Bowdoin. Franklin, almost 30, married Jane, 28, on November 19, 1834, at the bride's maternal grandparents' home in Amherst, New Hampshire. The Reverend Silas Aiken, Jane's brother-in-law, conducted the small ceremony. The couple honeymooned six days at the boardinghouse of Sophia Southurt near Washington, D.C.. 
 
Franklin Pierce was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives by the time they married and became a U.S. Senator in 1837.  Jane hated life in Washington, D.C., and encouraged her husband to resign his Senate seat and return to New Hampshire, which he did in 1842. Service in the Mexican-American War brought him the rank of Brigadier General and local fame as a hero. He returned home safely, and for four more years the Pierces lived quietly at Concord, New Hampshire, in the happiest period of their lives, where they watched their son Benjamin "Benny" grow up.

References

1806 births
1863 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
Franklin Pierce
People from Concord, New Hampshire
Lucy Webb Hayes

Lucy Ware Webb Hayes (August 28, 1831 – June 25, 1889) was a First Lady of the United States and the wife of President Rutherford B. Hayes.

Lucy was nicknamed "Lemonade Lucy."  She did not serve alcohol in the White House.

Early life
She was born in Chillicothe, Ohio. She was the daughter of James Webb, a doctor, and Maria Cook-Webb. Lucy was descended from seven veterans of the American Revolution. Her father died when she was a child. With her mother, she moved to Delaware, Ohio where in 1847 she met Rutherford B. Hayes.

Lucy Hayes studied at Ohio Wesleyan University. She was the first First Lady to graduate from college.

The First Lady
As First Lady, Hayes supported her husband's ban of alcoholic beverages at state functions, excepting only the reception for Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia in 1877, at which wine was served. She also instituted the custom of conducting an Easter egg roll on the White House lawn. A devout Methodist, she joined the president in saying prayers after breakfast and conducting group hymn sings with the cabinet and congressmen on Sunday evenings.

Children
The Hayes had four sons and a daughter to live to their adulthood:
Sardis “Birchard Austin” Birchard Hayes (1853–1926) 
James Webb Cook Hayes (1856–1934) 
Rutherford Platt Hayes (1858–1931) 
Joseph Thompson Hayes (1861–1863)
George Crook Hayes (1864–1866)
Frances “Fanny” Hayes-Smith (1867–1950)
Scott Russell Hayes (1871–1923) 
Manning Force Hayes (1873–1874)

In popular culture
In the musical comedy 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, the First Lady sings the “Duet for One,” in which she transforms from Mrs. Grant into Lucy Webb Hayes.
In the Lucky Luke comic book Sarah Bernhardt, which is set in the late 19th-century Wild West, President Rutherford B. Hayes's wife is portrayed as being one of many who strongly disapproves of the titular actress's tour of the United States, given her reputation for loose morality. Disguised as a man called “George,” the First Lady infiltrates Sarah’s entourage and sabotages their tour throughout the U.S., though she does come to accept Sarah when the French actress's charms and singing talent moves a tribe of hostile Indians.  "The president’s wife" is not mentioned by name in the book, and thus might be regarded as fictional, although she and her husband do resemble Rutherford and Lucy Hayes in many ways. Hayes himself is portrayed as a man who is very taken aback by his wife's hostility towards Sarah, and keeps making the same speech over and over again, even when there is no one there to listen to him.

Death
She died of a stroke on June 25, 1889. When she died, people in the United States lowered the flag to half-mast.

Other websites

Lucy Ware Webb Hayes  - Official White House biography
Lucy Hayes’ Civil War Letters 
Lucy Hayes at Findagrave

References 

1831 births
1889 deaths
Deaths from stroke
First Ladies of the United States
Rutherford B. Hayes
Caroline Harrison

Caroline Lavinia Scott Harrison (October 1, 1832 - October 25, 1892) was the wife of Benjamin Harrison. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1889 until her death in 1892. 

Her birthplace was Oxford, Ohio. Her parents were Mary Potts Neal and Dr. John W. Scott. She met the young Ben when he was a student at Miami University. They married on October 20, 1853. They had three children. Their first child was Russell Benjamin (1854-1936). Their second child was Mary Scott (1856-1930). Their third child was a daughter, born in 1861. In the same year, their third child died. 

When her husband became the President of the United States in 1889, they both moved to the White House. Caroline gave stylish parties. She became sick with tuberculosis. She could not participate in social functions after that. She died of tuberculosis on October 25, 1892. 

First Ladies of the United States
Benjamin Harrison
1832 births
1892 deaths
Helen Herron Taft

Helen Louise Herron "Nellie" Taft (June 2, 1861 – May 22, 1943) was the wife of William Howard Taft and First Lady of the United States from 1909 to 1913.

Early life
Her parents were Harriet Collins and John W. Herron. She was their fourth child. She spent her childhood in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Marriage
When Helen Herron was 18 years old, she met Will Taft. They married in 1886. William Howard Taft and Helen Herron Taft had three children:
Robert A. Taft (1889-1953), United States Senator from Ohio
Helen Taft Manning (1891-1987), Professor at Bryn Mawr College
Charles Phelps Taft II (1897-1983), mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio.

First Lady
She was a part of her husband’s rise in administration and politics. When her husband became the president, she gave special attention to the social life at the White House. When she suffered from stroke, her daughter Helen Taft Manning left college for a year to look after the social life at the White House. 

During their stay at the White House, the couple celebrated their silver wedding anniversary in 1911. People celebrate a silver anniversary after 25 years of any occasion. She had also written a book named  Recollections of Full Years. The book tells about her work and life. Her husband died in 1930. She continued to live in Washington D.C. after the death of her husband. She died on May 22, 1943.

Other websites
 Helen Herron Taft  White House biography
 Helen Taft at Find-A-Grave

William Howard Taft
First Ladies of the United States
People from Cincinnati

1861 births
1943 deaths
Mary McElroy

Mary Arthur McElroy (July 5, 1841 – January 8, 1917) was the sister of the 21st President of the United States, Chester A. Arthur, and served as a hostess for his administration (1881–1885). She assumed the role because Arthur's wife, Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur, had died only a year and a half earlier.

Early life
She was born in Greenwich, New York. Her parents were William and Malvina S. Arthur. Her parents had nine children, Mary being the last. In 1880, her brother Chester Arthur, became the Vice President of the United States. In July 1881, after the assassination of the President, James Garfield, Chester A. Arthur became the president of the United States and he requested his sister to become "First Lady" during his term in office.

First Lady
In November 1880, McElroy's brother Chester Arthur was elected vice president. In July 1881, President James Garfield was fatally wounded and died on September 19, 1881. Arthur succeeded him, and asked McElroy to care for his young daughter Ellen and act as "Mistress of the White House." Because she had her own family in Albany, McElroy lived in Washington, D.C. only during the busy winter social season. Although Arthur never officially granted her the protocol of a formal position, she proved to be a popular and competent hostess. The procedures she and her brother developed for the social functions were used by future First Ladies for decades.

McElroy presided over a number of events and honored former First Ladies Julia Gardiner Tyler and Harriet Lane, James Buchanan's niece and social hostess, by asking them to help her receive guests at the White House. McElroy's oldest daughter May and Arthur's daughter Nell often assisted. Her final reception took place on February 28, 1885, one week before the end of the Arthur administration: 3,000 people attended (including Adolphus Greely) and 48 daughters of officials and of the social elite assisted her.

Personal life
When her brother retired as the President, Mary went to live in Albany, New York.

Death
She died on January 8, 1917 at the age of 75 in Albany, New York.

References

Other websites
Mary McElroy 

Chester A. Arthur
First Ladies of the United States
1841 births
1917 deaths
Frances Folsom Cleveland

Frances Clara Folsom Cleveland Preston (July 21, 1864 – October 29, 1947) was the wife of the President of the United States Grover Cleveland and the 27th First Lady of the United States from 1886 to 1889 and again from 1893 to 1897.

Early life
She was born in Buffalo, New York. Her birth name was Frances Clara Folsom. Her parents were Emma C. Harmon and Oscar Folsom. Her father later became a law partner of Grover Cleveland. All of her ancestors were from England. Cleveland was a family friend to Oscar's family. After Oscar’s death, Cleveland looked after the family. He arranged for education of Frances Folsom. She studied at Wells College. Cleveland and Frances Folsom sent letters to each other.

Marriage and family
In 1885, Frances Folsom and her mother came to White House to meet Cleveland. Cleveland and Frances Folsom became close to each other, despite being around 27 years younger than Cleveland. On 2 June 1886, they married. This was the first and only couple to wed in the White House. When Frances Folsom became Mrs. Cleveland, she took the role of the First Lady. She gave two receptions every week. She became very popular.

Personal life
In 1888, Cleveland lost the election. The couple lived in New York City. There their first child Ruth was born. In 1893 Cleveland again became the president. Frances Folsom again became active as the First Lady. In 1893, she gave birth to a second child, Esther. In 1895, she bore a third child, named Marion. By the time Cleveland had retired, Frances Folsom had become a very popular First Lady.

The couple retired to live in Princeton, New Jersey. During this time, they had two sons. She was by her husband’s side when he died in 1908. In 1913, Frances remarried. Her second husband was Thomas J. Preston, Jr., a professor of archeology.

Death
Frances Folsom lived until the age of 83, and had become well known in the Princeton University community.
She died at age 83 in New Jersey. 

First Ladies of the United States
People from Buffalo, New York
Grover Cleveland
1864 births
1947 deaths
Betty Ford

Elizabeth Anne Ford (née Bloomer; April 8, 1918 – July 8, 2011) was an American spokesperson and women's right activist who was the first lady of the United States from 1974 to 1977, as the wife of President Gerald Ford. She was also the second lady of the United States from 1973 to 1974 when her husband was vice president.

Biography

Early life and education 
Elizabeth Anne Bloomer was born on April 8, 1918, in Chicago, Illinois, to Hortense Neahr and William Stephenson Bloomer. She also had two older brothers. Ford later grew up in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

She attended schools such as, Central High School and Bennington School of Dance.

Marriage and family 

Betty and Gerald Ford were married at Grace Episcopal Church in Grand Rapids, Michigan on October 15, 1948.

The couple had four children named Michael, Jack, Susan, and Steven Ford.

Second Lady of the United States (1973–1974) 

Ford became the second lady of the United States succeeding Judy Agnew when her husband inaugurated as the 40th vice president of the United States on December 6, 1973, after the resignation of Spiro Agnew.

Ford served as the second lady from 1973 until her husband's term ended in August 1974.

First Lady of the United States (1974–1977) 

Ford assumed the role and duties as the first lady of the United States succeeding Pat Nixon, when her husband inaugurated as the 38th president of the United States, upon the resignation of Richard Nixon on August 9, 1974.

As first lady, Ford was very active, she kept high approval ratings and she was considered to be an influential first lady. Ford was known for raising Breast cancer awareness In addition, she was a strong supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment, abortion rights and the women's rights movement. 

Ford gained fame as one of the most influential first ladies in history. She supported major issues such as feminism, equal pay, drugs, gun control.

She was regarded to be the most politically outspoken first lady since Eleanor Roosevelt. Ford regarded Roosevelt as a role model. Active in social policy, Ford broke a record as a politically active presidential spouse.

Ford was popular with the American public. Her overall approval rating was as high as 75%. Ford's popularity was higher than her husband's at most times.

Ford served as the first lady from 1974 until her husband's term ended in 1977.

Later Life 
In 1987, Ford opened the Betty Ford Center in Rancho Mirage, California. The center helps treat drug dependence, alcoholism, and substance abuse. In 1991, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George H. W. Bush.

Death and funeral 
Ford died of natural causes  three months after her 93rd birthday, at Eisenhower Medical Center in Rancho Mirage, California.

Her funeral was held on July 14, 2011, and she was later buried next to her husband at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum.

References

Official website
 

American autobiographers
First Ladies of the United States
Gerald Ford
Writers from Chicago
Second Ladies of the United States
Time People of the Year
1918 births
2011 deaths
Edith Roosevelt

Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt (August 6, 1861 – September 30, 1948) was the second wife of Theodore Roosevelt, the President of the United States. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1901 to 1909.

She was born in Norwich, Connecticut. Her parents were Charles (1825-1883) and Gertrude Tyler Carow (1836-1895). She spent her childhood in old New York City. As small children, Edith Kermit Carow and Corinne Roosevelt Robinson (younger sister of Theodore Roosevelt) played together. During childhood, she and "Teedie" (nickname of Theodore Roosevelt) were in and out of each other's houses.

Edith went to Roosevelt's wedding with Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt in 1880. Soon Alice Hathaway died. In 1885, Rooservelt married Edith.

Theodore Roosevelt and Edith were married in London in December 1886. They settled down in a house on Sagamore Hill, at Oyster Bay, headquarters for a family that added five children in ten years: Theodore Jr., Kermit, Ethel Carow, Archibald Bulloch, and Quentin. Throughout Roosevelt's intensely active career, family life remained close and entirely delightful.

After assassination of President William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt became the President. Mrs. Roosevelt became the First Lady. She guarded the privacy of her family. Still she was an active First Lady. The White House became a social center of that time.

After her husband’s death in 1919, she spent more or less a retired life. She also traveled outside the USA. But, she always came back to Sagamore Hill as her home. In 1932, she briefly came out of her retirement. She gave a speech in support of Herbert Hoover’s re-election for the presidency of the United States. At that time, her nephew-in-law Franklin Delano Roosevelt was also a candidate for the post of the president of the United States. She died at her Oyster Bay home in New York on September 30, 1948, at the age of 87.

1861 births
1948 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
Second Ladies of the United States
People from Norwich, Connecticut
Theodore Roosevelt
Lucretia Garfield

Lucretia Rudolph-Garfield (April 19, 1832 – March 14, 1918), wife of James A. Garfield, was First Lady of the United States in 1881.

Early life
She was born in Garrettsville, Ohio. Her father was Zeb Rudolph, a farmer and co-founder of the Eclectic Institute at Hiram, and her mother was Arabella Mason-Rudolph. Lucretia "Crete" Rudolph was a devout member of the Churches of Christ. She was of German, Welsh, English and Irish ancestry. Lucretia Garfield's paternal great-grandfather immigrated to Pennsylvania (in a part that is now Delaware) from Württemberg, Germany.

Marriage and family
She first met James A. Garfield while both were attending a school. They renewed their friendship in 1851 as students of the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute. They got married on November 11, 1858.

The First Lady
In 1881, Garfield became the President of the United States. The family moved into the White House. Even at the age of 49, she was slim and looked lovely. She was not very much interested in her role as the First Lady. But, she was a charming lady and hosted parties at the White House. In May 1881, she fell ill and was suffering from malaria. She was resting at Long Branch, New Jersey, and was yet to become fit. At that time, she heard the news that someone had shot President Garfield, her husband.  She rushed to Washington by train. On its way, the train met with an accident. She did not suffer any injury. When she reached Washington, she remained by the side of her husband. He could not remain alive and died after about three months.

Personal life
After his death, she left for Ohio. There she lived for 36 years, and spent her time arranging and caring for the records of her husband’s career. A part of her home became a presidential library of her husband’s papers.

Death
She died at her home in South Pasadena, California on March 13, 1918. Her casket was placed above ground beside the coffin of her husband in the lower level crypt of the presidential tomb at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio.

Other websites
Find a Grave
Lucretia Garfield White House biography 

First Ladies of the United States
1832 births
1918 deaths
James A. Garfield
Biotechnology

Biotechnology is a technology that involves the use of living organisms. Biotechnology is mainly used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. In biotechnology, living organisms are used to make useful chemicals and products or to perform an industrial task.

Examples 
An example of biotechnology is the use of the fermentation reaction in yeast to make beer and other alcoholic drinks. Another example is the use of carbon dioxide produced by yeast to make bread rise.

Usage 
Biotechnology is often used to refer to genetic engineering technology of the 21st century. However, the term is used for many ways of modifying biological organisms for the needs of humanity. It started with modifications of native plants into improved food crops through artificial selection and hybridization. Bioengineering is the science upon which all biotechnological applications are based. With the development of new approaches and modern techniques, traditional biotechnology industries are also acquiring new horizons enabling them to improve the quality of their products and increase the productivity of their systems.

Biotechnology has also made cloning (the process duplicating organisms) possible. A lot of people think that this is morally wrong while others think it could solve many diseases.

Biotechnology can be used to solve a great number of problems, ranging from product efficiency to reducing global warming.

Related pages 
Bioinformatics
Genetic engineering
Genetically modified food
Nanotechnology

References 

Interdisciplinary fields
Technology by type
Ida Saxton McKinley

Ida Saxton McKinley (June 8, 1847 – May 26, 1907), wife of William McKinley, was First Lady of the United States from 1897 to 1901.

Early life
She was born in Canton, Ohio. Her father was James A. Saxton, who was a famous banker. He educated Ida and their sister well. After their schooling, they went to Europe on a tour.

Marriage & family
She started to work as a cashier in a bank. In 1867, Major William McKinley came to Canton to start his work as a lawyer. Ida and William McKinley came to know each other, and they fell in love. They married each other. While her husband devoted time to his work and career, Ida devoted time to her home and husband. 

She had a daughter on the Christmas Day of 1871. They named their daughter Katherine. She bore a second daughter in April 1873. At that time Ida was very weak and ill. The second daughter dies in August. Their first daughter also died in 1876. By this time, Ida had become very weak and an invalid. 

In the meanwhile, her husband has become a Congressman. He them became a governor of Ohio. He always paid his attention to his wife and cared for her. She spent most of her time in a small Victorian rocking chair. This chair was with her since her childhood.

The First Lady
When they entered the White House, Ida’s health was very weak. She took the role of the First Lady, but while seated in a blue velvet chair. She sat by the side of her husband during official dinners. The President kept a careful watch on her condition. At that time, very few people know of her bad physical condition. Only in recent years, people came to know of her bad physical condition. 

Just after his second term as the President of the United States, an assassin shot William McKinley. McKinley at that time also remembered his wife’s weak condition. He told his secretary: “My wife…be careful, how you tell her; oh, be careful.” 

After her husband’s death, Ida Saxton McKinley returned to Canton. Her younger sister cared for her. She visited her husband’s grave almost daily. She died in 1907. She lies buried by the side of her husband and their two daughters in Canton’s McKinley Memorial Mausoleum.

Reference
Original text based on White House biography

Other websites 
 Ida Mckinley - National First Ladies' Library 

1847 births
1907 deaths

William McKinley
First Ladies of the United States
People from Canton, Ohio
Mamie Eisenhower

Mary Geneva Doud "Mamie" Eisenhower (November 14, 1896 – November 1, 1979) was the first lady of the United States from 1953 to 1961 as the wife of President Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Early life
She was born in Boone, Iowa. Her father was John Sheldon Doud. He became very rich after earning much money in meatpacking industry. For sometime, Doud family lived in Pueblo, Colorado. Then the family settled Denver, Colorado. There Mamie and her three sisters grew in a big house. The family had many servants. Her mother was a daughter of Swedish immigrants.

Marriage and family
In 1915, Mamie met Dwight D. Eisenhower. At that time, he was a young second lieutenant. On Valentine's Day in 1916 he gave her a ring as token of their engagement. On July 1, 1916, they married.

Their first son, Doud Dwight, was born in 1917. He died in 1921 of scarlet fever. A second son, John Eisenhower was born in 1922. He became an author, and also served as a U.S. ambassador to Belgium.

Their life was like any other family of army officers – moving from one place to another. Mamie once estimated that in 37 years, they shifted to at least 27 places. They lived in many places in the United States. They also lived near Panama Canal; in France; and in Philippines.

During the Second World War, “Ike” continued to rise in the army. She lived in Washington DC. After the Second World War, her husband became president of the Colombia University. They bought a farm at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It was the first home they had ever bought. Before becoming President of the United States, her husband also served as the commander of the of North Atlantic Treaty Organization

The First Lady
Mamie Eisenhower was the First Lady for eight years, from 1953 to 1961. She was a popular First Lady. She was a charming lady. She wore pretty dresses and jewelry. Many leaders from different countries came to the White House. They received a very good welcome.

Her recipe for "Mamie's million dollar fudge" was cooked by homemakers all over the country after it was printed in the news.

Later life
After retirement of her husband as the President of the United States, Mamie and her husband returned to Gettysburg. They lived there eight years retirement together. In 1969, her husband died. Mamie continued to live on the farm. She died on 1st November 1979. At the time of her death she was 82 years old. Her grave lies by the side of her husband’s grave in a small chapel. The chapel is a part of the Eisenhower Library in Abilene, Kansas.

Popular culture
A park in southeast Denver, Colorado bears her name.

References

1896 births
1979 deaths
Dwight D. Eisenhower
First Ladies of the United States
People from Pueblo, Colorado
People from Iowa
Rhythm

Rhythm refers to the length of time between each major "beat", or accent, such as in a piece of music. It is the sequence of sounds and silences which make up the rhythm. The first beat of a group of regular, evenly spaced beats usually feels stronger than the others.  When we write music down, we put each group in bars (or “measures”). 

Rhythms can have different patterns which can be clapped or tapped.  In Western music, these patterns are common:  
1 2, 1 2
1 2 3, 1 2 3
1 2 3 4, 1 2 3 4.

A conductor will beat time.  The rhythm will fit in to this regular beat.

All musicians have to have a good sense of rhythm.  To play or sing rhythmically they must keep a steady beat in their head (if playing alone), listen to the others players (if playing in groups) or watch the conductor (if there is one).

People who are playing on their own can practise with a metronome to help them to play to a steady beat.  However, musicians also use rubato (rhythmic freedom), especially when playing music of a romantic nature.  One has to learn to let the music “breathe” in the right way.  This is not the same as playing unrhythmically (badly).  It is something one learns with experience.

Feeling the rhythm in music is basically human.  A person who has a stroke may lose language, but not the sense of rhythm.  Neurologist Oliver Sacks says that chimpanzees and other animals do not have a sense of rhythm.

Other uses 

The word rhythm is used in other topics than music.  The heart usually beats rhythmically, and when it does not, that is a sign of a health problem.  Rhythms may be about much longer time periods than a bar of music.  Everything living is rhythmic relating to the 24-hour light-dark cycle on earth.  The moon has its rhythms and the tides have theirs.

Sometimes the word rhythm is used in a more general sense to mean the general flow of music or of life in general ("the rhythm of life").

Notes 

Basic English 850 words
Music theory
Necessary

If something is necessary, it is very important, otherwise something will be impossible, or it will not work as it should do.  The opposite is unnecessary.

To travel from Europe to America it is necessary to cross the ocean.
A car is necessary for my work.  I can not do my work without a car.
There is no need to do that.  It is quite unnecessary.

Something that is necessary is a necessity.
The "bare necessities of life" are things like food, clothes and shelter (things you need to keep alive).

Basic English 850 words
Inheritance

Inheritance is the practice of passing on property, titles, debts, and duties when someone dies. Those things usually go to family members. People have had laws about inheritance for thousands of years. The question is often settled in a will.

If only sons and other male family members get the inheritance, it is called patrilineal inheritence. If only daughters and other female family members get the inheritance, it is called matrilineal succession. In some cases inheritance depends on legitimacy.

Cultural inheritance is called legacy. Genetic inheritance is called heredity. A kingdom may be inherited, and the person who is expected to inherit is called the heir apparent.

The person who gets the property and other things when someone dies is called the heir (male) or heiress (female).

Inheritance tax is a tax paid by a person who inherits money or property of someone who has died.

Death customs
Property law
Consonant

All the letters in the alphabet are either consonants or vowels. A consonant is a speech sound in which the air is at least partly blocked, and any letter which represents this. Consonants may come singily (by themselves) or in clusters (two or more together), but must be connected to a vowel to form a syllable.

Notice that the consonant (C) and vowel (V) notation does not match the letters of English spelling in a one-to-one relationship (e.g. 'th' is one sound), but rather individual sounds.

Words with single consonants include:
 Go (CV), which has one consonant and one vowel in that order
 On (VC), which has one vowel and one consonant in that order
 Ton (CVC), which has a consonant, a vowel, and another consonant in that order

Words with consonant clusters include:
 Pro (CCV), which has two consonants in-a-row and one vowel afterwards
 Old (VCC), which has one vowel and two consonants in-a-row afterwards 
 Spree (CCCV), which has three consonants in-a-row and one vowel afterwards
 Arcs (VCCC), which has one vowel and three consonants in-a-row afterwards
 Strengths (CCCVCCCCC), which has three consonants in-a-row, one vowel afterwards, and finally five consonants in a row

Consonants have friction when they are spoken, mostly using the position of the tongue against the lips, teeth and roof of the mouth. b and p are plosives, using the lips to produce a tiny sharp sound. Phonetics texts give more details, with diagrams. Consonants may be voiced or unvoiced. The th in the is voiced, but in breath is not.

There are 21 consonant letters in English, for 24 consonant sounds in most English accents.p242 Because of the history of the English language, there is no neat one-to-one relationship between letter and sound. th and ch each stand for a single sound, and x in fox stands for two sounds (ks). All these letters are consonants:
B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, (sometimes Y), and Z. "Y" is often used as a consonant, but it is sometimes used as a vowel. For example, in the word yellow, y is a consonant. But in the word happy, y is a vowel.

The rest of the letters of the alphabet are called vowels. Vowels are underdone, for there are about 20 vowel sounds in most English accents.p237 The vowels are:
A, E, I, O, U (and sometimes Y)

References
F.C. United of Manchester

FC United are an English football team. They are from Manchester and were formed in 2005 by fans when Malcolm Glazer bought Manchester United.

FC United of Manchester play their home matches at Broadhurst Park, Moston, Manchester. They play in the National League North. They have a First team, Reserve team, Under-18s team, and Women's team.

Other websites 
FC United of Manchester official website 

2005 establishments in England
Football clubs in Greater Manchester
Metronome

A metronome is a small device that can be used by people who are practising instruments to help them to play in time. It is also something a composer can use to show the performer what speed to play.

A traditional metronome works by clockwork. It has a pendulum which makes a loud tick as it goes to and fro, like the pendulum of a grandfather clock. It has to be wound up after a few minutes of ticking. There is a weight on the pendulum which can be slid up or down and set to a particular speed. There are numbers on the metronome to which you can set it. These numbers mean the number of ticks per minutes. A speed of 60 will make it tick 60 times a minute (i.e. every second). The numbers usually go from 40 (slow) to 208 (very fast). Nowadays many people use electronic metronomes. These are very accurate, do not need to be wound and often have other helpful things like an A to tune to (see musical tuning). Some of them are hardly bigger than a credit card.

The metronome was invented by Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel in Amsterdam in 1812. A man called Johann Maelzel copied Winkel’s ideas and improved them. He made a small, portable metronome which was patented in 1816. 

The metronome made it possible for a composer to show the performer what speed he wanted. If the composer writes at the top of his music: Crotchet (quarter note) = 76, for example, then the metronome can be set at 76 and it will tick at the right speed for that piece of music. Sometimes they write "MM76". The "MM" stands for "Maelzel's Metronome". Beethoven was the first composer to use metronome markings, but he often gave very fast speed indications, and some people wonder whether he made mistakes or whether his metronome worked properly.

Related pages
 Beat (music)
 Rhythm

Musical equipment
Lübeck

Lübeck (, Lübeek; adjective: lübsch, lübisch, at the latest since the 19th century also Lübeck, ) is a city in the North of Germany, in the state of Schleswig-Holstein.
About 210,000 people live there. There is a university there.

The city's full name is Hansestadt Lübeck (Hanseatic city of Lubeck) in memory of its history. It was an important part in the Hanseatic League. The architecture of the city and the region as well is influenced by this historic period. As the Free City of Lübeck, the city was a state of the Weimar Republic. Other Hanseatic cities today are: Hamburg, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Bremen, Greifswald and Demmin.

The most famous citizen is the author Günter Grass. He won the Nobel Prize in literature.

Luebeck has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

References

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Former states in Germany
Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea
Ports and harbours of Germany
Imperial free cities
Weimar

Weimar is a city in the middle of Germany, in the state of Thuringia. About 60,000 people live there. It has a university.

Most famous citizens in the past were the German poets Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller.

The city is well known for the Weimar Republic. It was founded in Weimar in 1919.

References

Other websites

Cities in Thuringia
Urban Districts of Thuringia
 
Weimar Republic
Augsburg

Augsburg ( ,  , ; ) is a city in the South of Germany, in the state of Bavaria. It has about 272,000 inhabitants and a university. It was founded in the Roman age. In the time of Renaissance (after the Middle Ages) a family of bankers, the Fuggers, became very rich and powerful in Augsburg.

The Protestant Augsburg Confession was made in 1530.

In 1555, a peace agreement called The Peace of Augsburg between Catholics and Protestants was signed in Augsburg.

Augsburg has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).

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Münster

Münster (Münster dialect: Mönster, Dutch: Munster, Frisian: Múnster, , () is the historical capital of Westphalia and belongs now to the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

About 270,000 people live there. There is an airport and a university.

Münster was very powerful in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The Westphalian Peace was signed in Münster.

References

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Military–industrial complex

The military–industrial complex refers to the relationship between the government, the military, and the businesses that make things for the military. For example, the businesses can give money to politicians in elections.  Then, politicians give more money to the military.  Then, the military buys things from the businesses.  Each group gains something, so they try to keep doing the same thing.

The term was invented in the United States.  However, most countries have politicians and soldiers and people who make weapons and other military supplies; thus they have a military-industrial complex.

When there is a military-industrial complex, problems can happen.  The government can become corrupt.  A business might want the country to be at war because they make more money during war than during times of peace.

Where the term came from
President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower used the term in his farewell speech—the last speech he gave while he was the President.  He said, "we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex."  This was a warning.  It means that people should be careful or the military-industrial complex will get too much power.

Today, the term is used a lot by people writing and talking about politics.  Especially when the subject is militarism in the United States.  It also appears in discussions about private military companies—businesses that commonly employ soldiers who have left the military.

Related pages
 Constitutionalism
 Constitutional economics
 Rule according to higher law
 Roerich Pact
Lockheed Martin
Organization

Organization (British English: Organisation) is the idea of putting things together in a logical order. The verb is "to organize".

An organization is a group of people who work together. Organizations exist because people working together can achieve more than a person working alone.  

To make sure people work together, organizations usually have leaders.

Related pages
Business
Charitable organization
International organization
NGO
Quango

References 

Basic English 850 words
Göttingen

Göttingen is a city in Germany.
It is in the state of Lower Saxony.
Göttingen is known worldwide for its university.

Location 
Göttingen is on the Leine river.
The city is in the valley of the Leine river.
There are mountains to the west and east of Göttingen.

Göttingen is near a center of Germany.
There are many methods to calculate the center of a country.
Göttingen is about  west-south-west of the center of Germany.
This center’s location is calculated by the 3D-model of Germany.

People 
There live about 130,000 people in Göttingen.
There are about 30,000 university students.
The university and its hospital are a big employer.
Because of this, almost one third of people in Göttingen are there because of the university.

In Germany people must be allowed to stay.
In 2020, 29.2% of the people allowed to live in Göttingen had a migration background.

Buildings

Sights 
The most known sight is a water spring.
The spring has a bronze statue.
The statue is a girl.
She carries three geese.
The sight is called .
It is located on a square.
The square is in front of the old city hall.

Places of worship 
There are many places of worship.
There are many churches.
There are also synagogues.

Traffic 
Göttingen is next to the autobahn number 7.
Göttingen has a train station.
Many high-speed trains stop at the train station.

Today, there is no airport.
During Nazi Germany there was an airport.
The airport was for small planes.

Many people use a bicycle.
There are many bicycle paths.
On some streets bicycles have priority.

Pictures

Sources

Read also 

Hanseatic League
Trevor Hemmings

Trevor James Hemmings CVO (11 June 1935 – 11 October 2021) was a British billionaire businessman.  He lived in the Isle of Man.

Hemmings owned several race horses and the holiday company Pontins. He also owned Littlewoods, Blackpool Tower and had a £150 million stake in Scottish and Newcastle.

One of Hemmings' horses, "Hedgehunter", won the 2005 Grand National at Aintree.

Hemmings died on 11 October 2021, at the age of 86.

References 

Businesspeople from London
2021 deaths
1935 births
Karlsruhe

Karlsruhe (South Franconian: Kallsruh, Alemannic German: Karlsrueh or Chaarlsruei) is a city in the south-west of Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg.

As of 2016, Karlsruhe has about 308,000 people.

The city lies on the eastern shore of the Rhine River and has a technical university.

France is close by, on the other side of the Rhine River, a few kilometers to the south.

Karlsruhe is the seat of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court of Germany). 

The city was the capital of the former Grand Duchy of Baden.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 Karlsruhe.de
 Stadtwiki Karlsruhe
Bielefeld

Bielefeld (; ) is a city in northwest Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

Bielefeld has about 327,000 people living there. It has a university.

References

Other websites
Utrecht (city)

Utrecht is a city in the Netherlands. It is the capital of the Province of Utrecht and lies in the midst of both the country and the province. About 358,000 were living there in 2020, which makes Utrecht the fourth-largest city in the Netherlands.

Utrecht is an important public transport junction, especially concerning the railways. It contains the largest university of the Netherlands called Utrecht University.

One of the main sights is the Domkerk, a cathedral that was built between 1321 and 1382. In of a storm in 1674, part of the cathedral was destroyed. This part was never rebuilt, so now the tower is separate from the rest of the church.

Utrecht is the main seat of the Roman Catholic Church in the Netherlands, the archbishop resides here.

References

Other websites 

 Municipality of Utrecht
  Tourist information 
 FC Utrecht
  Cathedral
Groningen (city)

Groningen is a municipality in the north of the Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of Groningen. It has about 233,000 inhabitants (2021) and a university, called the University of Groningen.

Since 2019, Haren and Ten Boer have been part of the municipality of Groningen.

Well-known people 
 Pete Hoekstra (born 1953), former U.S. ambassador to the Netherlands

Other websites 

 Official website
 Map and photos of Groningen
 Groningen Museum
Eindhoven

Eindhoven is a city in the south of the Netherlands. It is in the Noord-Brabant province. It has about 236,000 inhabitants (2021) and a well-known football team called P.S.V. Eindhoven.

Other websites 

 The official international site of the city of Eindhoven 
 The city of Eindhoven on the Internet
 InternetGemeentegids Eindhoven over 1450 links
 Photo history: Eindhoven in the 20th century 
 Eindhoven-in-Beeld 
 Regional Historical Centre RHC-eindhoven 
 The Van Abbe Museum of Modern Art
 Eindhoven University of Technology 
 Eindhoven-eertijds.tk 
 The City Stage 
 The Concert Hall
Apeldoorn

Apeldoorn is a city in Gelderland in the Netherlands. It has about 160,000 inhabitants. The Het Loo Palace is in Apeldoorn. This was summer home of the Dutch Royal family.

References
Tilburg

Tilburg is a city in the south of the Netherlands. About 222,000 people live there (2021).

Tilburg is famous for its Schrobbeler, an alcoholic drink.

Tilburg University is in Tilburg.

Other websites 
 Gemeente Tilburg
 Historie Tilburg
 Tilburgnet 
 Kaart van Tilburg 
 Carnaval Tilburg
Zwolle, Netherlands

Zwolle is a municipality and city in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 130,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies where the Vecht river flows into the IJssel river, on the eastern side of last one.

It lies also in the regions of Salland and IJsselvallei, and is the capital of Overijssel province.

Zwolle got city rights in 1230 and joined the Hanseatic League in 1294.

References 
 Plaatsengids.nl

Provincial capitals of the Netherlands
Cities in Overijssel
Municipalities of Overijssel
IJsselvallei (Overijssel)
Salland
Haiphong

Haiphong is a city in the north of Vietnam.
It has about 400,000 inhabitants and a marine harbor.
About 1,700,000 people live in the district of Haiphong.
Haiphong is 120 km away from Hanoi, Vietnam's capital, around 60 km away from Ha Long Bay, a popular tourist site, and very close to Cat Ba Island.

Haiphong is Vietnam's third most populated city, with only Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City having more people. It is one of five municipalities of Vietnam, meaning it is a city with the same status as a province.

Haiphong Port is the busiest seaport in northern Vietnam. The city has an international airport, Cat Bi Airport, which was used as an airbase for the North Vietnamese Army during the Vietnam War.

Cities in Vietnam
Braunschweig

Braunschweig () is a city in the north of Germany, in the state of Lower Saxony.
It was probably founded in the 9th century. About 245,000 people live there. It has a technical university.

References

Other websites
Kos

Kos is a Greek island, belonging to the Dodecanese island group in the Aegean Sea. 

About 30,000 people live on Kos, 16,000 of them in the island capital Kos City in the west of the island.
There is an international airport near Antimachia in the middle of the island and a sea harbour in Kos City.
Kos Island's main industry is tourism. About 300,000 tourists take rooms on Kos every year and a lot of tourists take a one-day trip to Kos from neighboring islands or the Turkish coast. 17 km overseas lies Bodrum, Turkey.

People have lived on Kos since the 15th century BC, maybe longer.
Until the 4th century BC the capital of the island was in the west of it, near Kefalos. After an earthquake it moved to Kos City.
Later the Hellenics, then the Romans and the Byzantines got the island.
The Knights of St. John built great forts on Kos, in Kos City and near Antimachia.
The Turkish took over Kos in 1523.
From 1912 to 1943 the Dodecanese islands belonged to Italy, from 1943 to 1945 to the Germans, and from 1945 to 1946 the British ruled them. Since 1946 they belong to Greece.

The most important tourist attraction is the Askelepsion, an old temple for the Greek god Askelapsios. It was built between the 5th and the 1st century BC.
The physician Hippocrates was from Kos.

Other websites
Kos Island Official Travel Guide
  photographs castle on Kos.

Islands of Greece
Rhodes

Rhodes is a Greek island, belonging to the Dodecanese island group. In Greek it is called Rhodos.

The largest cities are Rhodes City in the north and Lindos in the south-east.
About 125,000 people live on Rhodes. It has an international airport in Paradisi in the north, near to Rhodes (city). 

First settlement were on Rhodes at the 16th century before Christ.
Rhodes was an important Fort for the Knights of St. John in their war against the Turkish invasion. In 1644 the Turkish occupied Rhodes.

1912 Italy won the Dodecanese from Turkey, 1943 Germany took them over, 1945 the British. Since 1946 the islands have belonged to Greece.

Rhodes lives mostly on tourism industry now.

History
During antiquity, Rhodes was an ancient Greek state. Rhodes' people belonged to the Greek race of Dorians. In those days there were three important towns in the island - Lindos, Kameiros and Ialysos. Later, during the fourth century B.C., Rhodes city was founded. Between the third and first century B.C. Rhodes was a powerful state. 

In the first century, Rhodes was conquered by the Romans. Later it came under Byzantine rule. In the Middle Ages, it was conquered by the Knights of St. John, who were crusaders. They built the big castles in the city of Rhodes. Later, it came under Turkish rule, Italian rule and in the year 1946 was united with Greece.

References

Islands of Greece