alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Welfare state

A welfare state is where the government has a duty to provide some level of basic support for welfare of its citizens, including Social Security. In politics, conservatives are against welfare states.

Examples 
The government provides scholarship to people who do not have as much as most other people in terms of education. The state may also give homes to people who do not have them particularly who find it difficult to make ends meet due to lack of education. The state has a system in place to monitor the progress of above such aids. To make this happen there have to be economical reformation, and the state and organisations who believe that the future is now come together to achieve this. The state also will aid in tax audits initially to put such a measure in place. The taxes vary and the pyramid information will be available for such a complex socio-political structure.A Welfare State could also be paid for if the government borrows money from people, mainly by selling bonds. It is run by the government which helps the poor and the needy out.

Scholarship scheme at varying levels would be introduced to the school and university pupils so a healthy yet connected growth of youth happens. Thus a seamless transition happens in a way the future generations stand as self sustaining individuals and contribute back to the state welfare through sense of giving back and also giving forward to their next generation. Double profit in an investment made for the betterment.

Welfare states 
The most known welfare states are Nordic countries.  The United Kingdom, Canada, and France are some other examples of welfare states.

Related pages 
Constitutional economics
Economic, social and cultural rights
Social democracy
Big government

Welfare economics
Social care
Forms of government
Athlete (band)

Athlete are an English band from South London. Their second album is widely regarded as their breakthrough and they have released two singles so far from the album.

Discography

Albums 
 Vehicles and Animals – (April 7, 2003)  #19 UK
 Tourist – (January 31, 2005) #1 UK
 Beyond the Neighbourhood – (September 3, 2007) #5 UK

Singles

Compilations
Athlete tracks have appeared on the following compilation CDs:

Musical groups from London
Proton

A proton is part of an atom. They are found in the nucleus of an atom along with neutrons. The periodic table groups atoms according to how many protons they have. A single atom of hydrogen (the lightest kind of atom) is made up of an electron moving around a proton. Most of the mass of this atom is in the proton, which is almost 2000 times heavier than the electron. Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of every other kind of atom. In any one element, the number of protons is always the same. An atom's atomic number is equal to the number of protons in that atom. 

Protons are made of quarks. A proton is believed to be made up of 3 quarks, two up quarks and one down quark. One down quark has a charge of -1/3, and two up quarks have a charge of +2/3 each. This adds to a charge of +1. A proton has a very small mass. The mass of the proton is about one atomic mass unit. The mass of the neutron is also about one atomic mass unit. The size of a proton is determined by the vibration of the quarks that are in it, and these quarks effectively form a cloud. This means that a proton is not so much a hard ball as an area that contains quarks.

Related pages
 Proton decay
 Neutron
 Electron
 Quarks

References 

Subatomic particles
1774



Events 
 January 21 – Mustafa III, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his brother Abd-ul-Hamid I.
 May 10 – Louis XVI becomes King of France.
 June 2 – Intolerable Acts: The Quartering Act, requiring American colonists to let  British soldiers into their homes, is reenacted.
 June 11 – Jews in Algier escape the attack of the Spanish army.
 July 21 – Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774: Russia and the Ottoman Empire sign the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji ending six years of war. The treaty does give Russia the right to intervene in Ottoman politics to protect its Christian subjects.
 September 5 – First Continental Congress assembles in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
 The British pass the Quebec Act setting out rules of governance for the colony of Quebec in British North America.
 The Sardinian pika becomes extinct.

Births 
 September 26 – Johnny Appleseed
Clint Eastwood

Clint Eastwood (born May 31, 1930) is an American actor, director, producer, and composer.

Early life
Eastwood was born in San Francisco, California on May 31, 1930. He was nicknamed "Samson" by the hospital nurses as he weighed  at birth. Eastwood is of English, Irish, Scottish, and Dutch ancestry. He was raised in Piedmont, California. He studied at Piedmont Junior High School and at Oakland Technical High School.

Career
He has appeared in many movies since the 1950s. The most famous are the Dollars trilogy of Spaghetti Westerns (1964–1966), Dirty Harry movie series as Harry Callahan (1972–1988), Any Which Way You Can (1979) and similar movies. Eastwood also won critical acclaim as a director with the movies Unforgiven (1992), Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil (1996), Space Cowboys (2000), Mystic River (2003), and Million Dollar Baby (2005). In recent years, Eastwood directed biopic movies such as American Sniper, Sully, and Richard Jewell.

Personal life
Eastwood was married to Maggie Johnson from 1953 until they divorced in 1984. They had two children. Then he was married to Dina Ruiz since 1996. They have one child. He now lives with his family in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. He was the mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea for two years, starting in 1986.

Awards

References

Other websites 

1930 births
Living people
Academy Award winning directors
Actors from San Francisco
American mayors
American movie actors
American television actors
American television directors
American television writers
Military people from California
Movie directors from California
Movie producers from California
Politicians from California
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Spaghetti Western

Spaghetti Westerns were a name given to low-budget Western movies, which were made by Italian movie companies in the late 1960s. They were different from the American western movies, usually filmed in Italian, had limited budgets, filmed on location in Spain and Italy with minimal sets, and many close-ups and artistic shots. Perhaps the most well-known of these movies is "The Man with No Name" trilogy: A Fistful of Dollars (1964), For a Few Dollars More (1965), and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966). All three of these movies were directed by Sergio Leone, featured music by Ennio Morricone, and starred American actor Clint Eastwood as the main character.

Other websites 
Spaghetti Western Database

Western (genre) movies
Boroughs of Berlin

The German capital Berlin is subdivided into 12 boroughs (German: Stadtteile/ Bezirke). The boroughs are called Bezirke in German. The 12 boroughs have political rights like a town community but they are not a legal city.

On January 1, 2001 there was a Berlin borough reform. The reform cut the number of Berlin's boroughs from 23 to 12. This was the result of combining several of the old boroughs. The reform was done in order to cut down administration costs.

Here are the old and the new boroughs:

(the data in the table is March 2004)
Superhuman

Superhuman means something that is beyond what people are naturally able to do. It is a word most used in fiction such as superhero comic books, but also sometimes in science fiction and fantasy movies and books.

Any character in books or movies that is much stronger than any real person, or can do things such as fly like Superman, is said to be superhuman or to have superhuman powers.

The word "superhuman" may also mean something that is not human but can do something that humans cannot, like a robot that can think faster than a person can.

Fiction
Real Madrid CF

Real Madrid Club de Fútbol, sometimes known as Real Madrid, is a Spanish football club from Madrid, Spain. It was started in 1902 and competes in La Liga (the Spanish top league).  The "Real" in the club's name is Spanish for "royal", because it was blessed by the King of Spain in 1920.

Real Madrid has won La Liga 34 times and the Copa del Rey (King's Cup) 19 times, the most out of any team in the league. It has also won the UEFA Champions League a record 14 times and the UEFA Cup twice.

Real Madrid was recognised as the FIFA Club of the 20th Century on 11 December 2000, and received the FIFA Centennial Order of Merit on 20 May 2004. In June 2017, the team succeeded in becoming the first club to win the Champions League twice in a row. In 2018, Madrid made history by becoming the first club in recent history to win the Champions League three times in a row. They beat Liverpool F.C. 3–1 in the final.

Since it began, Real Madrid has since spent all of its history in La Liga, and has never been relegated down to a lower level. This shows how strong they have been just to stay in the top flight of Spanish football. In the 1940s, the club, the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium and the Ciudad Deportiva were rebuilt after the Spanish Civil War. The club became a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s. In the 1980s, the club had one of the best teams in Spain and Europe (known as La Quinta del Buitre). They had won two UEFA Cups, five Spanish championships in a row, one Spanish cup and three Spanish Super Cups.

The club has bought and had many famous footballers, including , David Beckham, Zinedine Zidane, Michael Owen, , Kaká and other very famous footballers. The most expensive player is Gareth Bale who was bought for 85.3 million pounds from Tottenham Hotspur of the English Premier League.

The club's traditional home colours are all white. Its crest has been changed several times in attempts to modernise or re-brand. The current crest is a modified version of the one first adopted in the 1920s. Real's home stadium is the 81,044 capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in Madrid, where it has played since 1947. Unlike most European football clubs, Real Madrid's members (socios) have owned and operated the club since it was opened. Real is the world's most valuable club. Real Madrid has won 34 La Liga titles.

Rivalries

El Clásico 
There is a strong rivalry between the two strongest teams in La Liga, which are Real Madrid and FC Barcelona, where the game between them is known as "El Clásico" ("The Classic").

Madrid Derby 
The club's nearest neighboring club is Atlético Madrid, and matches between them are known as "Madrid Derby". A strong rivalry is shared between fans of both teams.

Current Squad

Current Squad

Honours 

 
  shared record

League position 

Contracts

Former position

Reserve Team

Most expensive players

References 

Spanish football clubs
Madrid
1902 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in Spain
1874

1874 was a common year.

Births 
 March 29 – Lou Henry Hoover, First Lady of the United States (d. 1944)
 August 10 – Herbert Hoover, 31st President of the United States (d. 1964)
 September 13 – Arnold Schoenberg
 November 30 – Winston Churchill
Bigfoot

Bigfoot, also called Sasquatch is a creature in folklore. People say that they are primates living in remote areas of Canada and the United States, most commonly in the Pacific Northwest. Even though many people claim to have seen a Bigfoot, or seen their tracks, no one has ever captured one, or found a dead body. So, most people do not believe in Bigfoot. Bigfoot is said to be very tall, from 7 to 9 feet (about 2 to 2.75 meters) and covered in brown, black, red, or sometimes even white fur or hair. They are said to have very big feet, about 13 inches long (0.3 meters), which is why they are named Bigfoot.

Bigfoot is similar to another mythical creature, the Yeti of the Himalayas.

The name Sasquatch comes from the Halkomelem language, a Central Salish language in the Salish language family.  Stories of this type of creature are known among a number of First Nations groups in south-western British Columbia.

American folklore
Cryptozoology
The Da Vinci Code

The Da Vinci Code is a 2003 book by Dan Brown. 
The book talks about a religious group called Opus Dei, a famous artist named Leonardo da Vinci, and some famous paintings he made called the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.

According to Sharan Newman in The Real History behind the Da Vinci Code, Dan Brown based The Da Vinci Code on a book called Holy Blood, Holy Grail by Baigent and Leigh. This book was based on some papers found in the National Library of France, and which were forgeries. The papers were written to show that the man who wrote them was really the true king of France and head of an ancient secret society.

In 2006, Columbia Pictures made a movie version. It was directed by Ron Howard and stars Tom Hanks as Robert Langdon.

2003 books
20th-century American novels
Peugeot

Peugeot is a French company. They make cars, vans, motorcycles and scooters in France.

Vehicles

Peugeot 605 

The Peugeot 605 is the name of a car. This was a full-size car. It was made between 1989 and 1999 after the company stopped the production of Peugeot 505. After this, the company made a smaller car named Peugeot 405, and a bigger car named Peugeot 605. The Peugeot 605 is a car of the luxury-family car class.

Peugeot 306 

The Peugeot 306 is the name of a car that started being made in 1993 and stopped being made in 2002. It was a small, family car. There were several verities of this car: from the slowest version, the 1.4, all the way up to the fastest version which was called the GTI-6.
The Peugeot 306 also came in a diesel veriety, which many people see as an important step in bringing economical diesel oil powered car to people. This version came in 1.8 litre, 1.9 litre, and 1.9 litre turbocharged versions. In 1999, Peugeot replaced these diesel engines with the 2.0 litre HDI engine which was better at saving fuel than all the other engines.

Peugeot 3008 

The Peugeot 3008 was launched in 2008 as part of Peugeot's range . The design of this crossover aimed to combine the genres of an MPV and a hatchback. The 3008 comes with turbocharged 1.6-litre petrol engines, plus 1.6 and 2.0-litre diesels.

Following the original 3008 model, Peugeot revealed the 3008 HYbrid4  later in the 2010 Paris Motor Show. It is the first diesel electric hybrid car.

In 2012, the 3008 was facelifted.

In May 2016, the 3008 received an all-new second generation. It now resembles a proper SUV rather than a MPV, and it comes with Peugeot's i-Cockpit from the 208.

In September 2020, the second generation 3008 was facelifted with a new front end.

Current Vehicles 

The cars that Peugeot currently make are the:

208, 308, 408, 508, 2008, 3008, 5008, and Rifter.

The vans that Peugeot currently make are the:

Expert/Traveller, Boxer, Partner

Discontinued Vehicles 
Some of the cars that Peugeot formerly made are the:

106, 107, 108, 206, 207, 306, 307, 405, 406, 407, 605, 607, and the 807.

Other websites 

Peugeot International Website

Peugeot Motocycles Website

19th-century establishments in France
Automobile companies of France
Calais

Calais is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in north  France. It is an important ferry port opposite Dover. The Channel Tunnel is also nearby. About 73,000 people live in Calais.

Communes in Pas-de-Calais
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Subprefectures in France
A Clockwork Orange

A Clockwork Orange is an English dystopian novella written by Anthony Burgess and published in 1962.

Through the actions and experiences of the teenaged, charming but sociopathic, Alex, it explores mankind's violent nature. The novel is set in a not-so-distant future society with a culture of extreme youth rebellion and violence. It satirizes trends in youth culture that were around in the 1960s in the West, and to some extent still present today. The dramatic events throw a light on human free will to choose between good or evil, and the weakness of free will as a solution to evil. Alex and his three goons (friends who do bad things) do various crimes, mainly assaulting everyone: brutally for the men, and sexually for the women. He is sent to prison for murdering a woman whilst burgling her house.

Burgess experiments with language by writing in a Russian-influenced argot (slang) called "Nadsat" which is used by the novel’s teenage anti-hero in his first-person narrative, and the younger characters. According to Burgess, the novel was a jeu d'esprit written in just three weeks.

In 2005, A Clockwork Orange was included on Time magazine's list of the 100 best English-language novels written since 1923, and it was named by Modern Library and its readers as one of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. The original manuscript of the book was bought by McMaster University. Hamilton, Ontario, Canada in 1971.

The best known adaptation of the novel to other forms is the 1971 movie A Clockwork Orange by Stanley Kubrick, starring Malcolm McDowell as Alex. A 1965 film by Andy Warhol entitled Vinyl was also an adaptation of Burgess' novel.

Awards 
2008 - Prometheus Award (Hall of Fame Award)

References 

1962 books
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
Crime fiction books
British novellas
Fiction set in the future
Rape in fiction
English novels
False

False means untrue. If something is false, it means it is not real. A falsehood is anything said that is not true. A falsehood can also be a series of lies, told to "prove" something that is false itself.

In logic, "false" is one of the truth values (with the other one being 'true'). This is written as , F or 0.

Related pages 

 Contradiction

References 

Logic
Basic English 850 words
Marine biology

Marine biology is the study of any living plant or animal in the sea. Marine biologists study it. Like other scientists, marine biologists must know a lot about the creatures they are studying. They also must understand how the sea works. The study of how the sea works is oceanography.

History 
During the Age of Discovery many ships sailed far from home. Captain James Cook went twice around the world and discovered new places. Another person who helped is Charles Darwin, known for the Theory of Evolution. He worked in marine biology. His expeditions aboard the HMS Beagle from 18311836  collected marine organisms. Several other people also made important voyages. Alfred Russel Wallace spent much of his younger life travelling the world and recording the plants and animals he saw.

Marine animals 
Marine animals include squids, corals, whales and fish.  Marine plants include sea grasses and algae.  The Census of Marine Life was a ten-year project of marine biology.   

The lion-fish has a pattern of red, white, cream, or black stripes. This fish is an invasive species. This means that it should not be in as many waters as it is. Another animal is the clownfish is usually orange, or yellow, and black and white stripes. They are part of the Amphiprioninae family.

Marine biologist 
Previous education is a bachelor's degree in biology, followed by at least an MSc in marine biology.

The ocean is large and marine biologists work in many subfields like zoology, invertebrate, ichthyology, and physiology.  Others study physical traits like scales, scales, or eyes.  Biologists also study animal behavior.

Other websites 

 What is a marine biologist? -Careers
 What is marine biology? -University of Texas

Biological oceanography
President of Russia

The President of Russia is the head of state and head of the executive of the central government of Russia and the commander in chief of the Russian Armed Forces.

The current president is Vladimir Putin. Boris Yeltsin was the first president of Russia, Vladimir Putin was second and fourth, and Dmitry Medvedev was the third. The President's duties are listed in the 1993 Russian Constitution. The president directs the foreign and domestic policy of the Russian Federation.

The first inauguration took place on 10 July 1991 following the collapse of the Soviet Union.  Mikhail Gorbachev having to resign sealed the fate of the Soviet Union.  The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic  became the Russian Federation.

Inauguration of the President of Russia is done six years after the last inauguration (since 2000, this 7th of May).

In case of the President's death, resignation or removal from office, the Prime Minister serves as acting president until a replacement is appointed.

List of presidents

Living former Presidents
As of , one former president is alive:

The most recent president to die was Boris Yeltsin, who died on April 23, 2007.

References

Other websites
Official site of the President of Russia

Presidents of Russia
Silvio Berlusconi

Silvio Berlusconi (29 September 1936 – 12 June 2023) was an Italian politician and businessman. He was Prime Minister of Italy from May 1994 to January 1995, June 2001 to May 2006, and May 2008 to November 2011. He was the first to become Prime Minister without first holding another office. He is the leader of a coalition named Forza Italia.

Berlusconi is also the most important manager of Italy, he is the owner of television group Mediaset, of the editorial group "Mondadori" and of the Bank group Mediolanum SpA. He was born in Milan. In July 2020, his net worth was at US$6.3 billion.

Berlusconi had some problems with justice, including fraud (1994, 1996) and corruption (1998). In the 1990s he entered politics and he has been Head of Government in 1994, in 2001 and since 2008 to 2011. On 26 October 2012, he was convicted of fraud. On 1 August 2013, his jail term got confirmed, he will have to serve 4 years, in house arrest, because of his old age. In 2013, Berlusconi was convicted of paying for sex with an underage girl. This conviction was overturned on 18 July 2014.

In 2019, he was elected a member of the European Parliament during the 2019 elections. He was an MEP previously between 1999 and 2001. He was seen as a possible candidate for President of Italy in the 2022 elections.

On 2 September 2020, during the worldwide coronavirus pandemic, Berlusconi tested positive to COVID-19. The next day, he was hospitalized in Milan with pneumonia. He was released from the hospital on 14 September.

In April 2023, it was revealed that Berlusconi had leukemia. He died on the morning of 12 June 2023 at San Raffaele Hospital in Milan, Italy from the disease at the age of 86.

References

Other websites 

 Official party site, in Italian

1936 births
2023 deaths
Italian criminals
Fraudsters
Italian businesspeople
Italian Roman Catholics
People acquitted of sex crimes
Politicians from Milan
MEPs for Italy
Prime Ministers of Italy
Burundi

Burundi (officially called the Republic of Burundi) is a small country in Africa. The capital of Burundi is Gitega. The official languages of Burundi are Kirundi, French and English. There are about eight and a half million people in Burundi. Burundi is one of the poorest countries in the world.

History 
In 1962, Burundi gained independence from Belgium.

Provinces, communes and collines 
Burundi is divided into 18 provinces, 117 communes, and 2,638 collines (hills). Provincial governments are based on these boundaries. In 2000, the province encompassing Bujumbura was separated into two provinces, Bujumbura Rural and Bunjumbura Mairie.

The provinces are:

Largest cities
These are the largest cities in Burundi:

Geography 
One of the smallest countries in Africa, Burundi is landlocked. It is bordered by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and south and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. It has an equatorial climate. Burundi is a part of the Albertine Rift, the western extension of the East African Rift.

The country lies on a rolling plateau in the center of Africa. The average elevation of the central plateau is , with lower elevations at the borders.  The highest peak, Mount Heha at , is southeast of Bujumbura. The source of the Nile River is in Burundi province. It is linked from Lake Victoria to its headwaters by the Ruvyironza River. Lake Victoria is also an important water source.  It serves as a fork to the Kagera River. Another major lake is Lake Tanganyika in Burundi's southwestern corner.

Burundi's lands are mostly agricultural or pasture. Settlement by rural populations has led to deforestation, soil erosion, and habitat loss.

There are two national parks: Kibira National Park and Ruvubu National Park. Both were formed in 1982 to keep wildlife populations.

Related pages
 Burundi at the Olympics
 Burundi national football team
 List of rivers of Burundi

References 

Notes

Other websites
 
 

 
States and territories established in the 1960s
1962 establishments in Africa
French-speaking countries
Least developed countries
Espoo

Espoo () is the second largest city in Uusimaa, Finland. As of January 2014, more than 260,000 people lived in Espoo. Other municipalities near to it are Kauniainen, Vantaa, Kirkkonummi, Nurmijärvi, Vihti and the capital Helsinki.

Nature
There are several lakes in the northern parts of Espoo. Example Lippajärvi, Pitkäjärvi, Nuuksion Pitkäjärvi and Velskolan Pitkäjärvi.

Other websites
 
 Official Espoo site 
 Travelling quide
Hospital

A hospital is a place where a person goes to be healed when he or she is sick or injured. The difference between a hospital and other healthcare places like a clinic or a doctor's office is that a hospital will have beds where patients can stay overnight. These patients are called inpatients. The goal of inpatient treatment is to provide 24-7 medical stabilization, which is why this type of treatment has more of a hospital-like feel since patients are monitored by doctors, nurses, therapists, and social workers. Treatment is structured and has a schedule that can include individual therapy, group therapy, case management, and support groups.

Hospitals also treat people who do not stay overnight, called outpatients. Doctors and nurses work at hospitals. Doctors make use of advanced medical technology to heal patients.

Patients who are staying at the hospital will always be under the care of doctors and nurses who are always available for taking care of the injured or sick patients. Hospitals always have the tools and machines needed for treating the patients.

The word hospital originally meant "a place where people can stay". There have been hospitals for sick people since ancient times. They were often created and run by religious groups. In the early modern period, hospitals began to be funded by donations from rich people and by governments. Today, hospitals might get money from the government, from charging patients for treatments and check-ups, from patients' health insurance, from people giving to charity or a mixture of those things.

Related pages
 Intensive care unit

References

Other websites

Basic English 850 words
Nose

A nose is a body part which allows animals to smell things. The nose also helps animals breathe. It has parts that make it work and send messages to the brain. The nose's parts include smell receptors and nerve connectors to receptors. In humans, the nose is on the front of the face. The power of the nose varies for animals. For example, dogs have a stronger sense of smell than humans do. It is part of the respiratory system which is the system in animals that help them to breathe. Your nose is very powerful and can remember up to 50,000 different scents. 

The nose is important to health. It filters the air breathed in, removing dust, germs, and irritants. It warms and moistens the air to keep the lungs and tubes that lead to them from drying out. The nose also contains nerve cells that help the sense of smell. When there is a problem with the nose, the whole body can suffer. For example, the stuffy nose of the common cold can make it hard to breathe, sleep, or get comfortable.

Many problems besides the common cold can affect the nose. They include
 Deviated septum - a shifting of the wall that divides the nasal cavity into halves
 Nasal polyps - soft growths that develop on the lining of the nose or sinuses
 Nosebleeds
 Rhinitis - inflammation of the nose and sinuses sometimes caused by allergies. The main symptom is a runny nose.
 Nasal fractures, also known as a broken nose

Related pages
 Nose-picking

Basic English 850 words
Anatomy of the respiratory system
Love

Love is a mix of feelings and actions that shows a deep liking for someone or something. Love involves caring for another. Romantic love can lead to things such as dating, marriage and sex, but a person can also feel for friends, such as platonic love, or family.
There are also chemical reactions within the brain that can be triggered by the different types of love.

Forms of love 
There are many kinds of love. There can be self-love, love towards a friend (such as platonic love), love in romance, towards family, toward God, or towards an object or idea. 
Often love can be confused with other feelings. Being sexually or physically attracted is the feeling of lust. Lust and love may be thought of as different. Normal friendship is a form of love that can be distracted by lust and misunderstanding.

First love 
People describe the person that they first loved romantically as their "first love." For example, in William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is Juliet's very first love. At that time, she was only 13. In Maria Edgeworth's book Belinda, Mr. Vincent says, "First loves are silly things."

Chemical basis 
The biological model of lust is different from love because it is more like hunger or thirst. Helen Fisher, an expert in the topic of romantic love, divides it into three stages: lust, attraction, and attachment. Lust makes people like each other, attraction encourages people to focus on mating, and attachment helps people tolerate the spouse (or the child).

Lust is the passionate sexual desire that promotes mating. This usually lasts only a few weeks or months. Attraction is more for one person specially. Recent studies in neuroscience say that as people fall in love, the brain releases chemicals, including dopamine. These chemicals make people less hungry and sleepy, and also adds an intense feeling of excitement. Research shows that this stage normally lasts from one and a half to three years.

Since these lust and attraction stages are both described as temporary, a third stage might describe long-term love. Attachment can be used to describe the bonding period that helps keep husband and wife together for many years. Attachment occurs in the longer term.

Love and health
Love has consequences for health and well-being. Joyful activities such as love activate areas in the brain responsible for emotion, attention,
motivation and memory, and it may further lead to reduction of cortisol, which reduces stress. Some people usually do not feel love. They are called aromantics. The enhanced feeling of love which corresponds to the sound health can be achieved by reading love shayari.

Related pages

Saint Valentine

Notes 

Basic English 850 words
Love
Healthy lifestyle
Portable

Something that is portable can be carried or easily moved.  The word portable may also refer to:
 Portable building, a manufactured building that is built off site and moved in upon completion of site and utility work
 Portable classroom, a temporary building installed on the grounds of a school to provide additional classroom space where there is a shortage of capacity
 Portable toilet, a modern, portable, self-contained outhouse manufactured of moulded plastic

In computing:
 Portable object (computing), a distributed computing term for an object which can be accessed through a normal method call while possibly residing in memory on another computer
 Portable software, software that can easily be ported to multiple platforms
 Portable applications, applications that do not require any kind of installation onto a computer, and can store data in the program's directory

In electronics:
 Portable communications device, a wearable or handheld device
 Portable audio player, a personal electronic device that allows the user to listen to recorded or broadcast audio whilst being mobile
 Portable computer, a computer that is designed to be moved from one place to another
 Compaq Portable series (1982–?)
 Apricot Portable (1984)
 IBM Portable (1984)
 Macintosh Portable (1989–1991) from Apple Computer
 Handheld game console, a lightweight, portable electronic machine for playing video games

In music:
 Portable Life, a 1999 album by Danielle Brisebois

Portable, Nigerian singer

Related pages 
 Portability
Kingdom

A kingdom is the most common type of monarchy. This means that the ruler or head of state) of the country is a king. They get their position from inheritance. With some countries a female may become head of state as a queen. 

When the current king or queen dies, then their eldest child becomes the new monarch. 

For example, the United Kingdom has a king as head of state. His mother Queen Elizabeth II was, at the time of her father's death, his only child.

Not all countries have this system. Many countries today have no royal family. In their case, the head of state is a leading politician. 

Monarchy
Protestantism

Protestantism is a form of Christian faith and practice. It began in northern Europe in the early 16th century. At that time, they were against some parts of Roman Catholicism. Together with Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism, Protestantism became one of the three greatest forces in Christianity. Protestantism much influenced the culture, beliefs, and economy of the place in which it became important.

The word Protestantism had its origin when German princes and free cities at the Diet of Speyer (1529), petitioned or "protested" against the imperial ban adopted by the Diet against Martin Luther and its stance against the Reformation. Lutherans in Germany began using it. Swiss and French more often used Reformed. The Anglicans use Catholic, Reformed and Protestant, however the Anglican Church is not always regarded as part of Protestantism because it kept most of the doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church from which it separated.

Martin Luther, a doctor of theology and a monk, said that the church should return to its roots, and give more weight to what is written in the Bible (Sola scriptura). Luther thought that the Church had gone too far away from the original teachings. He published 95 theses on the way the Catholic Church was at that time. Some say, he stuck them onto the door of the church of Wittenberg, but others say this is not true. The 95 theses were published in 1516 or 1517. With the theses, he started the Protestant Reformation.

Protestant churches with a big following are:
 Lutheran Church
 Calvinist Church
 Baptists
 Pentecostals
Often but not always:
 Anglican Church: Henry VIII split from the Roman Catholic Church. He wanted to divorce from Catherine of Aragon, but the Pope refused to divorce him. King Henry started the Church of England. It is sometimes seen as being the middle way, between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, and that is why is often excluded from Protestantism. This is because, in the English Reformation, the English Church kept the early Catholic ministry of bishops, priests, and deacons, as well as most of the doctrine and liturgy. The critical point which led to the Anglican Church was the outright rejection of the Pope, and so of the Roman Catholic Church as an organisation.

References

Other websites
Algiers

Algiers is the capital city of Algeria, which is a country in northern Africa. It is on the northern coast of the country. The population of the city is 1,519,570. After Algeria beacme independent from France, Algiers became a very important city for anti-colonial activists and revolutionaries from around the world.

Names
The city's name is gotten from the Arabic name al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر), which means "The Islands". This name refers to the four former islands which were off the city's coast before becoming part of the mainland in 1525.

Twin towns 
Algiers has many twin towns all over the world:

References

Other websites

 
10th-century establishments in Africa
Establishments in Algeria
944 establishments
Arles

Arles is a city in the south of France. It was built in the 6th century BC by the Greeks. Today more than 50,000 people live there. In the 1880s, the famous painters, Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin lived there. Vincent van Gogh painted his famous Sunflowers in Arles.

The city is at the heart of the Camargue. Not many people live in this region, so there is a lot of free land around Arles. Because of this, Arles is the city in France to have the largest area (nearly 760 square kilometres).

 
6th-century BC establishments
Certificate

A certificate is a document for authentication of something. It may be an award that can be given to people. The certificate can be given to people for graduation, for good working skills, or to thank someone who has done good things. They are usually tied to an occupation, technology, or industry. Certifications are usually offered by a professional organization or a company that specializes in a particular field or technology. A certification demonstrates that the person have a specific skill or level of knowledge, ultimately showing an employer that person know what need to do to successfully perform a job. Other items, such as patches, badges, lapel pins, watches, and medals can also come with the certificate.

Many other kinds exist. A certificate of authenticity says a thing is real. For example, it can say that a painting was made at a particular time by a particular artist and is not a forgery. A certificate of occupancy says a building is fit for use. A certificate of deposit says someone has money in a bank. A birth certificate is one of the kinds of vital record.

References
Daily Mail

The Daily Mail is a large, well-known newspaper. It started in 1896. It is published every weekday and Saturday from a factory in London, England. It is not printed on Sundays. Its sister paper, the Mail on Sunday, is printed instead.

It is the second-most sold newspaper in the United Kingdom. It sells more than a million copies a day. Its political opinion is right-wing, and it supports the Conservative Party in elections. The newspaper is available in many countries outside the United Kingdom, such as Egypt and the US. There is a different Scottish edition of the newspaper, which is sold in Scotland only and differs mainly in the Sport pages. There is also an Irish version of the newspaper, but the main international version is the English one.

It is the main publication of the Daily Mail and General Trust, but the company also prints the Evening Standard, London Lite and Metro newspapers in the UK.

People are often critical of The Daily Mail, because a lot of people think it's racist and sexist. Sources also state that it is unreliable  and that it publishes inaccurate scare stories about science and medical research.

Politically the Daily Mail is right-wing. It has endorsed the Conservative Party at every UK general election since 1945, apart from one election in 1974.

The Daily Mail was first published by Lord Northclife in 1896. It started as a broadsheet. It is now a tabloid.

References

Other websites 
 Official site

1896 establishments in the United Kingdom
Newspapers published in the United Kingdom
Rhine River

The Rhine River (, , ) is  long. Its name comes from the Celtic word "renos", which means 'raging flow'.

The Rhine is an important waterway.  can be used by ships, and boats can go to the Black Sea using the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal. Many goods are transported over the Rhine, and the Rhine valley is also an important wine producing region. The river Rhine begins at Tomasee, a lake in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland, and runs through Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands. It is the border between Switzerland and Liechtenstein and also the border between Germany and France. It is also the border between Switzerland and Austria. It is also the border between the Netherlands and Germany. It is the border between France and Switzerland. It runs through Basel, Bonn, Cologne and Duisburg. It also separates the cities of Mainz and Wiesbaden. The Rhine has 50 species of fish. The Rhine is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe.

Geography 
The river runs through only one lake on its way, Lake Constance, which is on the border of Switzerland, Germany and Austria.

The middle Rhine has many castles.  Robber barons used some of them during the 15th–18th centuries.  When the Industrial Revolution hit Europe, factories set up along its banks and emptied their waste into the River.  The Salmon left and other fish became rare.  After World War II, the Rhine Action Programme was set up to boost the Rhine's wildlife and reduce the pollution there.

Together with the Danube it formed most of the northern frontier of the Roman Empire.

List of features

Cities near the Rhine 
These are large cities that are found near the Rhine:

Switzerland:

 Basel

France:

 Strasbourg

Germany:

 Karlsruhe
 Mannheim
 Ludwigshafen
 Wiesbaden
 Mainz
 Koblenz
 Bonn
 Cologne
 Leverkusen
 Neuss
 Düsseldorf
 Krefeld (Uerdingen)
 Duisburg

Netherlands:

 Arnhem (Nederrijn)
 Nijmegen (Waal)
 Utrecht (Kromme Rijn)
 Rotterdam (Nieuwe Maas)

Smaller cities that are found near the Rhine:

Switzerland

 Chur
 Kreuzlingen
 Schaffhausen

Liechtenstein:

 Vaduz

Germany:

 Konstanz
 Breisach
 Speyer
 Worms
 Bingen am Rhein
 Rüdesheim am Rhein
 Neuwied
 Andernach
 Bad Honnef
 Königswinter
 Niederkassel
 Wesseling
 Dormagen
 Zons
 Monheim am Rhein
 Wesel
 Xanten
 Emmerich am Rhein

Netherlands:

 Zutphen (IJssel)
 Deventer (IJssel)
 Zwolle (IJssel)
 Kampen (IJssel)
 Leiden (Oude Rijn)
 Dordrecht (Merwede)
 Wageningen (Nederrijn)
 Woerden (Oude Rijn)
 Wijk bij Duurstede (Neder Rijn / Kromme Rijn / Lek)
 Alphen aan den Rijn (Oude Rijn)

References

Related pages 
Rhenium

Geography of Baden-Württemberg
Geography of North Rhine-Westphalia
Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate
Rivers of Austria
Rivers of Germany
Rivers of Liechtenstein
Rivers of the Netherlands
Rivers of Switzerland
Vorarlberg
Rivers of Grand Est
Gelderland
South Holland
Utrecht (province)
Robber baron

The term robber baron was first used in the 12th and 13th centuries to describe rich men who lived in large castles along major transportation rivers, like the Rhine in Europe. They would send ships out onto these rivers to stop anybody who was traveling through who did not know better and collect a tax from them on any money or goods on these ships. They were not officially allowed to collect these taxes. It was only the Holy Roman Emperor who could decide what taxes to be charged, how much and who could charge it.

Second, it is a slang term used of certain rich and ruthless industrialists and bankers, especially in the late 19th and early 20th century U.S.A. 

History of Germany
People
Winery

A winery is a place or business that makes wine.

Related pages

 Vineyard

Wine
Canterbury

Canterbury is a city in Kent, England. It is about  from London. It was made famous by a book called The Canterbury Tales. It is also famous for Canterbury Cathedral. Thomas Becket was assassinated by knights who came from Sandlings.

Transportation
There are two railway stations in the city; Canterbury East and Canterbury West. The A2 road passes near the city. It goes west to London and south-east to Dover.

Education
The city has an estimated 31,000 students. This is the highest student/permanent resident ratio in the UK. There are three universities, and several other higher education institutions and colleges. At the 2001 census, 22% of the population aged 16–74 were full-time students, compared with 7% throughout England. The three universities: the University of Kent, Canterbury Christ Church University, and the University for the Creative Arts.

Sports
The St Lawrence Ground is the home ground of Kent County Cricket Club. It has hosted several One Day Internationals, including one England match during the 1999 Cricket World Cup.

History 
The Canterbury area has been lived in since prehistoric times. Paleolithic stone axes, and Neolithic and Bronze Age pots have been found in the area. Canterbury was once the main settlement of the Celtic tribe of the Cantiaci, which lived in most of modern-day Kent. In the 1st century AD, the Romans captured the settlement and named it Durovernum Cantiacorum. The Romans rebuilt the city, with new streets in a grid pattern, a theatre, a temple, a forum, and public baths. Its position on Watling Street on route to the major Kentish ports of Rutupiae (now Richborough), Dubrae (now Dover), and Lemanae (now Lymne) made it important.

References
Huddersfield

Huddersfield is a large town in the Metropolitan borough of Kirklees in West Yorkshire, England. It was famous for its cloth industry, and where Rugby League football started.

Huddersfield was the birthplace for the Labour Party prime minister, Harold Wilson. It is also known for its football team, who were the first team to win the Football League first division title three years in a row (1924-26).

Huddersfield had 162,949 residents at the 2011 census. It sits close to the Pennines,  south-west of Leeds,  west of Wakefield,  north-west of Sheffield and  north-east of Manchester. 

The River Holme discharges into the River Colne. They were tapped for steam turbines and textile treatment in the large weaving sheds.

References
Anti-tank dog

Anti-tank dogs were dogs with explosives placed on their backs. These dogs were trained to run under enemy tanks. The explosives were then remotely detonated in order to destroy the target tank. 

These dogs were trained by the Soviet Union during World War II to be used against German armored vehicles. They were trained on Russian tanks, which used diesel fuel. In battle, the dogs often ran toward the smell of diesel fuel from the Soviet tanks instead of the intended German targets. 

The German Army soon learned about the dogs, so all Russian dogs were shot on sight by the Germans. Very few dogs remained in the Eastern Front as a result of this.

After the war better weapons against tanks were made. Therefore, it is unlikely that anti-tank dogs will ever be used again.

Military animals
Dogs
Second language

A second language is a language that a person learns in addition to their first language. A second language may be learned in a formal or informal way, such as at school or in a family. A person may speak two or more second languages. 

Adults do not learn languages the same way that children do. Learning a second language is difficult for adults, who rarely speak it as well as their native language because it is much easier for children to learn a second language.

Some children have native multilingualism and so speak several languages, such as by living in a foreign country or having a father speaking a different language from their mother.

Other websites
Asha

References 

Language education
Javier Solana

Francisco Javier Solana de Madariaga (born July 14, 1942 in Madrid) is a Spanish physicist, politician and diplomat.

He is the former Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and also the former European Union foreign policy chief.

Solana was studying in both the United Kingdom and the United States before returning to Spain with Nicolás Cabrera, and becoming a professor of solid state physics in the Complutense University.

Having already joined the banned PSOE left-wing party in 1964, he became one of its leaders when it became legal in 1977. He became a Cabinet Minister, serving first as Minister for Culture and party spokesman, then Minister for Education, then Minister for Foreign Affairs, before being made NATO boss in December 1995, just as the Dayton agreement saw the IFOR NATO peacekeeping mission enter the former Yugoslavia. He was also involved in the Kosovo bombings, and the negotiations that led to an eventual peace.

In March 2020, Solana tested positive for COVID-19.

References

1942 births
Living people
Spanish diplomats
European Union politicians
Secretaries General of NATO
Politicians from Madrid
Physicists
Spanish scientists