alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Environment

Environment means what surrounds us. It may be living or non-living things. It includes physical, chemical and other natural forces. Living things live in their environment. They constantly interact with it and adapt themselves to conditions in their environment. In the environment there are different interactions between animals, plants, soil, water, and other living and non-living things.

The word environment is used to talk about many things. People in different fields of knowledge use the word environment differently. Electromagnetic environment is radio waves and other electromagnetic radiation and magnetic fields. The environment of a galaxy may mean the interstellar medium, or it may mean other nearby galaxies.

In psychology and medicine, a person's environment is the people, physical things and places that the person lives with. The environment affects the growth and development of the person. It may affect the person's behavior, body and mind. 

The conditions of living organisms in an environment are affected by the weather and climate changes in the environment. They are also greatly affected by other living things.

Natural environment

In biology and ecology, the environment is all of the natural materials and living things, If those things are natural, it is a natural environment.

Environment includes the living and non-living things that an organism interacts with, or has an effect on it. Living elements that an organism interacts with are known as biotic elements: animals, plants, etc. Abiotic elements are non living things which include air, water, sunlight etc. Studying the environment means studying the relationships among these various things. An example of interactions between non-living and living things is plants getting their minerals from the soil and making food using sunlight. Predation, an organism eating another, is an example of interaction between living things.

Environmentalists think we should protect the natural environment, to keep it safe. Things in the natural environment that we value are called natural resources. For example; fish, insects, and forests. These are renewable resources because they come back naturally when we use them. Non-renewable resources are important things in the environment that are limited for example, ores and fossil fuels after a few thousand years. Some things in the natural environment can kill people, such as lightning.

 Ecological units which are natural systems without much human interference. These include all vegetation, microorganisms, soil, rocks, atmosphere, and natural events.
 Universal natural resources and physical phenomenon which lack clear-cut boundaries. These include climate, air, water, energy, radiation, electric charge, and magnetism.

Related pages
Environmental chemistry
Environmental factor
Environmental revitalization
Environmentalism
Ecology
Petula Clark

Petula Clark, CBE (born 15 November 1932) is a British singer, actress and composer. She was born in Epsom, Surrey. She began her career as a child and was popular in Britain during World War II. In the 1950s, she became a successful pop singer, first in the UK, then in continental Europe, and finally in the United States in the mid-1960s. Her most famous song is "Downtown," which was recorded in four languages and sold nearly five million copies worldwide. Her films include The Card (1952), The Runaway Bus (1956), Finian's Rainbow (1968), and Goodbye, Mr. Chips. She continues to record and perform in concert.

Other websites 

Actors from Surrey
British child actors
British child singers
English movie actors
English pop singers
English television actors
Singers from Surrey
1932 births
Living people
Warner Bros. Records artists
Tom Jones (singer)

Sir Thomas John Woodward  (born 7 June 1940), known professionally as Tom Jones, is a Welsh singer. He has won Grammy Awards. Jones is particularly noted for his powerful voice. He released his first album Along Came Jones in 1965. He has released thirty-nine studio albums since then. He released his most recent album Spirit in the Room in 2012.

Early life
He was born at 57, Kingsland Terrace, Treforest, Pontypridd, South Wales.

Personal life
Jones was married to Linda from 1957 until she died of cancer in 2016. He has a son (born 1957) by Linda. He has a son (born 1988) by another woman.

Other websites

References 

1940 births
Living people
Brit Award winners
British R&B musicians
British soul musicians
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Glamorgan
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Welsh pop singers
Knights Bachelor
Interscope Records artists
Slade

Slade is an English Hard rock /Glam rock band. The band started in 1966 and were popular in the 1970s and 1980s. The band released fifteen studio albums and four live albums. 

With worldwide success, particularly in the UK and Europe, the band scored six number one singles on the UK chart, and a total of 24 top forty singles in the country. The original line-up split in 1992 which led guitarist Dave Hill and drummer Don Powell to form Slade II, with new members. The new line-up continues to tour today.

In 1975, the band made a film titled Slade in Flame.

Members
 Noddy Holder - Vocals / guitars / bass guitar
 Dave Hill - Guitars / vocals / bass guitar
 Jim Lea - Bass guitar / vocals / keyboards / violin / guitars
 Don Powell - Drums / percussion

Albums
 Beginnings (as Ambrose Slade, 1969)
 Play It Loud (1970)
 Slade Alive! (1972)
 Slayed? (1972)
 Sladest (1973)
 Old New Borrowed and Blue (1974)
 Slade in Flame (1974)
 Nobody's Fools (1976)
 Whatever Happened to Slade (1977)
 Slade Alive Vol. 2 (1978)
 Return to Base (1979)
 We'll Bring the House Down (1981)
 Till Deaf Do Us Part (1981)
 Slade on Stage (1982)
 The Amazing Kamikaze Syndrome (1983)
 Keep Your Hands Off My Power Supply (1984)
 Rogues Gallery (1985)
 Crackers – The Christmas Party Album (1985)
 You Boyz Make Big Noize (1987)
 Wall of Hits (1991)
 Keep on Rockin''' (1994) (as Slade II)
 Cum On Let's Party (2000) (as Slade II'')

English rock bands
1776



Events 
 July 4 – the United States of America say that they are no longer part of England (the Declaration of Independence)
 July 12 – Captain James Cook starts his third, and final, voyage to the Pacific Ocean
 The city of San Francisco is founded in California, USA (San Francisco was then part of Spain).
 The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith is published. It is an important book in the history of economics.

Births 
 January 24 – E.T.A. Hoffmann, German writer, composer, and painter (died 1822)
 February 11 – Joannis Capodistrias, Greek governor of Troezen (died 1831)
 March 10 – Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen of Prussia (died 1810)
 April 1 – Sophie Germain, French mathematician (died 1831)
 June 11 – John Constable, English painter (died 1837)
 August 9 – Amedeo Avogadro, Italian chemist (died 1856)
 Muttusvami Dikshitar, Indian composer

Deaths 
 August 25 – David Hume, Scotish philosopher
Yogurt

Yogurt, or yoghurt is a milk product made by bacterial fermentation of milk. The lactose in the milk becomes lactic acid when it is fermented. Lactic acid acts on the protein in the milk to make yoghurt thick and sour. The milk is heated to about 80 °C to kill any bacteria present, and to change the milk proteins so that they set together instead of becoming curd. After it is cooled to about 45 °C, the bacteria culture is added, and the milk is kept at that temperature for 4 to 7 hours to ferment. Yogurt can also be made from plant milks such as almond milk, soy milk, and coconut milk.

Yogurt is one of the oldest produced foods in human history. No one knows for sure how long yogurt has been around. Today, it is eaten all over the world. It is rich in protein, calcium, riboflavin, vitamin B6 and  vitamin B12.

Spelling 
Yogurt derives romfrom the Turkish word yoğurt and in English, the word can be spelled either 'yogurt' or 'yoghurt'. In Canada 'yogourt' is also common. It can be spoken with either a short or a long 'o'.

History 
The earliest yogurts were probably made by wild bacteria (yeast infections) and happened by chance.

The oldest writings mentioning yogurt were by Pliny the Elder, who said that some people knew how to thicken the milk into something which was sour but tasty. 

Stamen Grigorov (1878–1945), a Bulgarian student of medicine in Geneva, first examined the bacteria in Bulgarian yogurt. In 1905 he said that it contained a round and a rod-like lactic acid-producing bacteria. In 1907 the rod-like bacteria was called Lactobacillus bulgaricus (now Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus). The Russian Nobel laureate biologist Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, from the Pasteur Institute in Paris, was influenced by Grigorov's work and made a hypothesis that eating yoghurt regularly was the reason why Bulgarian peasants lived for so long. Mechnikov believed that Lactobacillus was needed for good health, and worked to make yoghurt popular through Europe.

Nutrition 
Yoghurt has a lot of protein, calcium, riboflavin, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 in it. It is healthier than milk is. Many people who are lactose-intolerant can enjoy yoghurt, because much of the lactose in the milk has been changed into lactic acid.

Yoghurt also has medical uses, such as preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea.

References

Dairy products
Desserts
Marlon Brando

Marlon Brando, Jr. (April 3, 1924 – July 1, 2004) was an American actor and activist. He is best known for his roles in the movies, A Streetcar Named Desire (1951), The Wild One (1953), On the Waterfront (1954), The Godfather (1972), Superman (1978), Apocalypse Now (1979) and The Island of Dr. Moreau (1996). Brando died of respiratory failure from pulmonary fibrosis and congestive heart failure at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center on July 1, 2004.

References

Other websites 

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Omaha, Nebraska
American movie actors
American movie directors
American stage actors
American television actors
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Deaths from respiratory failure
Deaths from pulmonary fibrosis
1924 births
2004 deaths
Galician language

Galician (Galician: ) is a modern language that is spoken in Galicia, a region of Spain in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. Galician is closely related to Portuguese because they split from the same language, which is now called Galician-Portuguese or Medieval Galician. Some even say that Galician and Portuguese are two dialects of the same language but with different accents. However, most scholars say that the differences are now so great since both languages separated in the Middle Ages that they are now truly different languages. Galician is also very similar to the Leonese language.

Galician is a Romance language that evolved from Vulgar Latin, the Latin of common people in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The area is now Galicia, the western parts of Asturias and Castile-Leon and the Norte region in northern Portugal.

Galician took most of its words from Latin, many from Spanish but some from Germanic and Celtic.

Galician comes from Galician-Portuguese, spoken during the Middle Ages in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia. Today, Galician is spoken only in Galicia and by some people in North America, South America and Eastern Europe. In Jalisco, Mexico, Galician still leaves traces in the accent and words.

Dialect or language? 
Some people say Galician and Portuguese are really two dialects of the same language because there are not a lot of differences between them, but they are officially two separate languages. Most scholars say they that have become so different over hundreds of years that they are now two different languages.

People who speak Portuguese in northern Portugal, which is close to Galicia, and people who speak Galician in Galicia, say that they can understand a lot each other, but that is less true in the south of Portugal.

During the Enlightenment, Benito Jeronimo Feijoo already raised that question. He considered Galician and Portuguese the same language originating in Latin, and constituting a linguistic unity, and not dialects of Castilian-Spanish.

References

Languages of Spain
Romance languages
Galicia
Ibn Khaldun

Ibn Khaldun (; , ; 27 May 1332 – 17 March 1406) was an influential Arab thinker of the 14th century. His family were from Andalusia. Khaldun served the governments of the day in many ways. He was sometimes in prison. He lived in Marrakesh in Morocco for a time, and in Granada. Then he moved to Cairo, where he was a judge.

The most famous book Khaldun wrote is the Kitāb al-ʻIbar (Book of Lessons), a history of the world. The first part, Muqaddimah (Introduction) is often used alone. This book is often credited as inventing sociology. He also wrote his autobiography.

Ibn Khaldun lived a life in search of stability and influence. He came from a family of scholars and politicians and he intended to live up to both expectations. He would succeed in the field of scholarship much more so than in any other field. He died on 17 March 1406, one month after his sixth selection for the office of the Maliki qadi (Judge).

Moroccan historians
1332 births
1406 deaths
Writers from Tunis
Writers from Cairo
Swabian Jura

The Swabian Jura (German: Schwäbische Alb, Bavarian: Schwobm Alb) is a plateau in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The Swabian Jura is situated between the Black Forest (West), Stuttgart (North), Bavaria (East) and Lake Constance (South). A lot of fossils are found here. The highest mountain is the Lemberg (1015 m).

Tourist information 
 There are many castles, monasteries, churches, ruins, caves and old towns in the region. 
 The river Danube nearly disappears in the porous limestime near Immendingen.
 Important Towns:
 Albstadt
 Balingen
 Hechingen
 Münsingen
 Reutlingen (the "gateway" to the Swabian Jura)
 Sigmaringen
 Ulm

 A National Scenic Byway (Schwäbische Albstraße) leads you from the South West (Trossingen/Tuttlingen) to the North East (Aalen/Nördlingen) - length: over 200 kilometres.

Geography of Baden-Württemberg
Mountain ranges of Germany
Nerve

A nerve is a group of special nerve cells grouped together in parallel. Another word for nerve cell is neuron. The special neurons grouped together in nerves take information (messages) to and from the human body to the central nervous system. The central nervous system (acronym) CNS is the brain and spinal cord. The spinal cord is the big cord that goes from the brain into the back. It carries all the information that goes from the brain to the nerves in the body.

All the nerves in the body make the peripheral nervous system (acronym PNS). The brain and spinal cord are the CNS. All the nerves that come from the spinal cord are the PNS. Together the CNS and PNS are the nervous system.

Nerve Structure 

Nervous system contains neurons and cells called glia. Glia cells keep the neurons safe and healthy. Neurons take messages to and from the CNS to the rest. The dendrite and axon are fibers that go out from the cell body. Axons take information away from the cell body. Dendrites take information to the cell body.

Types of nerves 
Afferent nerves take messages to the CNS (brain) from the body. They take messages about sensation from the skin. They take messages about the position of the body from the muscles. They take messages about the function of organs like the heart and stomach.

Efferent nerves take messages from the CNS to the body. They take messages that tell muscles to move. They take messages to glands. They tell glands like sweat glands to make sweat (the water that comes out of your skin when you are hot.)

Diseases of nerves 
There are many diseases of nerves. A disease of nerves is also called a neuropathy.
 Trauma - nerves can be hurt by injury like being cut with a knife or being crushed when a bone is broken (fractured.)
 Toxins – nerves can be hurt by toxins. These are substances also called poisons that can hurt an organism. Some toxins that hurt nerves are: alcohol, lead, and some drugs and medicines.
 Infections – nerves can be hurt by infections.
 Diseases – nerves can be hurt from having some diseases. The most common disease to cause a neuropathy is diabetes. This is called diabetic neuropathy.

References 
Article about the nerve from Encyclopedia Britannica
Basic English 850 words
Anatomy of the nervous system
Injury

Injury means a harm or hurt.

Usually an injury is when the body or a part of the body is damaged by something outside of the body. Another word for injury to a body is trauma.

Injury can be by:
Environmental – Burns from heat or injury from cold
Penetrating injury – when a sharp object like a knife pierces the body
Blunt injury – when something hits the body (like punching someone or falling from a tree)
Chemical – being hurt by chemicals like burns from acid

Injury can be accidental or intentional. In an intentional injury a person tries to hurt another. (Intentional injury is also called non-accidental injury). Accidental injury is without meaning to hurt someone. A traffic collision for example may injure someone accidentally.
Mercedes-Benz

Mercedes-Benz () is a brand of cars, trucks, buses and coaches from the Daimler AG company of Germany.  The company was once known as Daimler-Benz and is still sometimes called just "Mercedes."  Mercedes-Benz is the world's oldest car maker and the cars they make are expensive. The symbol of Mercedes-Benz is very famous.  It is a three-pointed star inside of a circle and was designed by one of the men who started the company, Gottlieb Daimler.  The three points of the star stand for land, air and sea because Daimler's engines were used not only in cars and trucks but in airplanes and boats.  The symbol was first used in 1909. 

Mercedes-Benz cars are an important part of the history of the car with many "firsts”.  They were the first to build a diesel-powered car in the 1930s, the first to build a car with fuel injection in the 1950s and the first to offer antilock brakes in the 1970s.  Mercedes-Benz cars have also been important in auto racing history.

Early days 
The Benz Patent-Motorwagen was the company's first production car, built by Rheinische Gasmotorenfabrik Benz & Cie (known today as Mercedes-Benz) it was built in 1885 or 1886. It is often considered the first real gasoline -powered car. By 1901, the cars had become very popular among the rich, mostly because of the efforts of Emil Jellineck.

Models

Models
 A-Class – Hatchback / Sedan
 B-Class – Multi Purpose Vehicle (MPV)
 C-Class – Sedan/Saloon, Estate, Coupé and Cabriolet
 CLA – 4-Door Coupé and Estate
 CLS – 4-Door Coupé and Estate
 E-Class – Sedan/Saloon, Estate, Coupé and Cabriolet
 G-Class – Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV)
 GLA – Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV)
 GLB – Crossover
 GLC – Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV)
 M-Class/GLE – Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV)
 GLS –  Sports Utility Vehicle (SUVS)
R-Class -- Station wagon/ Crossover
 S-Class – Sedan/Saloon, Coupé & Cabriolet
 SL – Grand Tourer
 SLC – Roadster
 V-Class – Multi Purpose Vehicle (MPV)/ Van
 AMG GT – Sports car
 AMG GT4  – Sports Sedan/Saloon
 X-Class - Pickup Truck
 EQA - Electric Vehicle
 EQB - Electric Vehicle
 EQC - Electric Vehicle
 EQE SUV - Electric Vehicle
 EQS SUV - Electric Vehicle
 EQV - Electric Transport Vehicle

Vans
Mercedes-Benz builds a range of vans such as the Citan, Vito, and Sprinter

Trucks

Mercedes-Benz Trucks  and Daimler Trucks builds trucks together, They build buses, trucks, the Vito and the Sprinter van.

Buses

Mercedes-Benz has been building buses from 1895 in Mannheim in Germany. Mercedes-Benz produces a wide range of buses and coaches.

Other websites 

 Mercedes Benz global homepage

 
1886 establishments in Europe
1880s establishments in Germany
Pipette

A pipette is a glass tube used for moving a specific volume of a solution. 

A smaller, less accurate version, known as a teat pipette is made of plastic and is filled by squeezing a plastic bubble at the top.

A pipette used for the delivery of small fractions of a milliliter of a liquid is called a micropipette.

Accurate pipettes 
Piston-driven air displacement pipettes, or 'micropipettes', are the most accurate and precise pipettes. They handle liquid in the microliter scale, and are used in biology and biochemistry,

Laboratory equipment
Game Boy

The , is an 8-bit handheld video game console, first released in Japan in April 1989. It was later released in North America in July 1989 and then in Europe in September 1990. It is Nintendo's first handheld with switchable games. The Game Boy is also one of the first portable consoles to use game cartridges, meaning the games are interchangeable. The Game Boy family eventually expanded to include the Game Boy Color, Game Boy Advance, Game Boy Advance SP, and Game Boy Micro.

The Game Boy has a green screen that displays four shades of dark green (gray for the Game Boy Pocket). Like the NES, the Game Boy has two face buttons, start and select, and a cross-shaped direction pad. The console has a single speaker, and it can be used with stereo headphones. As many as four Game Boys can be connected together with the Game Boy Link Cable.

The Game Boy was invented by Gunpei Yokoi, who was also responsible for creating the unsuccessful Virtual Boy and the successful Game & Watch games.

Recently, the Game Boy was compared to all Nintendo handhelds and systems released between 1989 and 2016 to see how long each one's battery life lasted, and the Game Boy beat all the other systems with 30 hours of battery life. The Game Boy provided the most game play at its time and currently still does.

Best-selling games
 Super Mario Land
 Tetris (Included with the Game Boy)
 Alleyway
 Baseball
 Tennis

Sources
Stomach

The stomach is part of the digestive system. It is an internal organ between the esophagus and the small intestines. The stomach is the third stage in the digestive process. It holds food after ingestion. Food in the stomach then passes through to the small intestine where most of the food's nutrition is absorbed.

The stomach contains hydrochloric acid made by stomach cells. As a useful side-effect, the acid kills bacteria in the food. However, its main function is to help the protein-digesting enzymes called proteases work. In general, the food is churned, squeezed and mixed. This prepares it for digestion. The partially digested food is called chyme.

The stomach acid may cause problems. It can make peptic ulcers worse. It can also cause  heartburn—pain in the chest when acid from the stomach refluxes (backs up into) the oesophagus. These can usually be treated by neutralizing the acid. Vomiting occurs when food goes back up the oesophagus and out the mouth. Vomiting can be a symptom of disease.

Stomachs of other mammals work differently to human stomachs. Ruminants, for example, have a stomach with multiple compartments.
In that system, food goes through the first part of the digestive system twice, and the work of digesting the grass is done by bacteria.

Other words for stomach include belly and tummy.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Anatomy of the digestive system
Drain

A drain is found in the ground and lets water go through (usually rainwater) to avoid the street or farmland getting flooded.

Basic English 850 words
Drainage
King Crimson

King Crimson were a progressive rock band. They formed in England in 1968. Their music is usually called progressive rock, but they also have jazz, gamelan, classical music, heavy metal and experimental music in their sound. They are not very popular, but they have a loyal group of fans. Their music has influenced a lot of bands and styles of music. King Crimson are most well known for their first album, In the Court of the Crimson King, which helped create progressive rock. Only one person has been in the band since they started, guitarist Robert Fripp.

History

1960's 
In 1967, drummer Michael Giles and his brother, Peter, a bass guitar player, started a band with Robert Fripp. They recorded one album called The Cheerful Insanity of Giles, Giles and Fripp. This album did not do very well, and a lot of critics wrote bad reviews of it. After this, Ian Mcdonald joined playing keyboards, reeds, and woodwind instruments. Ian McDonald's friend, Peter Sinfield, joined to write lyrics, and Greg Lake replaced Peter Giles on bass guitar. Then they bought a mellotron, which helped them sound more like classical music. They changed their name to King Crimson, and did their first show in Hyde Park, London in 1969. Their first CD, In the Court of the Crimson King, was a huge success. Their original style impressed fans and critics.

1970's
Micheal Giles and Ian Mcdonald left the band to do solo work. The three of them still in the band, Robert Fripp, Peter Sinfield, and Greg Lake, released the single Catfood/Groon. On the next album, woodwind player Mel Collins, singer Gordon Haskell, and Peter Giles all helped record a few songs with the band. King Crimson released their second album, In the Wake of Poseidon, in 1970. It was not very popular because it sounded too much like the first album.

Studio albums
 In the Court of the Crimson King (1969)
 In the Wake of Poseidon (1970)
 Lizard (1970)
 Islands (1971)
 Larks' Tongues in Aspic (1973)
 Starless and Bible Black (1974)
 Red (1974)
 Discipline (1981)
 Beat (1982)
 Three of a Perfect Pair (1984)
 THRAK (1995)
 The ConstruKction of Light (2000)
 The Power to Believe (2003)

English rock bands
English hard rock bands
English heavy metal bands
New wave bands
Progressive rock bands
Musical groups from London
Fleetwood Mac

Fleetwood Mac are a British-American rock band that formed in London, England in 1967. The group was started by Peter Green. The original group included Mick Fleetwood, John McVie, Jeremy Spencer and Bob Brunning. In 1968 Danny Kirwan joined the band. He was then an 18-year-old guitarist and singer. Peter Green left and, in 1971 was replaced by Christine and John McVie plus Bob Welch. When Welch left he was replaced by Americans Lindsey Buckingham and Stevie Nicks. The band became famous with the release of the album Fleetwood Mac.

Discography

Studio albums
 Fleetwood Mac (1968)
 Mr. Wonderful (1968)
 Then Play On (1969)
 Kiln House (1970)
 Future Games (1971)
 Bare Trees (1972)
 Penguin (1973)
 Mystery to Me (1973)
 Heroes Are Hard to Find (1974)
 Fleetwood Mac (1975)
 Rumours (1977)
 Tusk (1979)
 Mirage (1982)
 Tango in the Night (1987)
 Behind the Mask (1990)
 Time (1995)
 Say You Will (2003)

References

1967 establishments in England
1960s British music groups
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1967
Musical groups from London
Warner Bros. Records artists
The Yardbirds

The Yardbirds are a English blues band. They formed in the 1960s. They are famous for having the guitarists, Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, and Jimmy Page. Eric Clapton left the band after they turned from a blues band to a pop band, in keeping with the moving trend of music in the 1960s. He suggested Jimmy Page, who had been a studio musician at the time (performing on records for many stars but not being a member of a specific band). Unwilling to give up his career as a studio musician, Page suggested Jeff Beck. Shortly thereafter, Page joined the band, playing bass and lead guitar. 

Towards the end of the '60s, the Yardbirds broke up while in the middle of a tour. Page wanted to keep the band going, and eventually put together a band called "The New Yardbirds" consisting of vocalist Robert Plant, bassist John Paul Jones, and drummer John "Bonzo" Bonham. This group would soon gain a new name, allegedly taken from a quote by Who drummer Keith Moon. Moon had said previously said that their band would go over "like a lead zeppelin," and the name "Led Zeppelin" stuck.

Other websites

Musical groups from London
Grateful Dead

The Grateful Dead was a rock band that formed in Palo Alto, California, United States in the 1965. They are known for their concerts, and devoted followers called "Deadheads". The band and their music are sometimes associated with the hippie and drug cultures.  Their music style is psychedelic rock combined with other kinds of music like blues, country, folk, and bluegrass. They are also known for their artwork and logos, which include skeletons and dancing bears.

They were named number 57 on Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time and added to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994. They have sold more than 35 million records worldwide and they have played for 25 million people, more than any other band.

The group were together from 1965 to 1995, when Jerry Garcia, the group's lead guitarist and singer, who was seen by many people as the group's leader, died.  The other members were Bob Weir (guitar and singing), Phil Lesh (bass guitar), Ron "Pigpen" McKernan (keyboards, harmonica, and singing) and Bill Kreutzmann (drums). All of these members were in the group the entire time, they were together, except for McKernan who died in 1973. Other main members of the band were Mickey Hart (drums 1967 to 1971 and 1974 to 1995), Keith Godchaux (keyboards 1971 to 1979), his wife Donna Godchaux (singing 1972 to 1979), Brent Mydland (keyboards 1979 to 1990), and Vince Welnick (keyboards 1990 to 1995).

The group was known for their stage shows, which included improvising or "jamming" with their song and instruments, some Deadheads have recorded and collected many of these shows on tape.

Musical groups from San Francisco
American rock bands
1960s American music groups
1970s American music groups
1980s music groups
1990s American music groups
Warner Bros. Records artists
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees
Johnny Winter

John Dawson Winter III (February 23, 1944 – July 16, 2014) was an American albino blues musician from Beaumont, Texas. His brother, Edgar Winter, is also a famous musician. He also worked as producer and produced two Grammy winning albums of Muddy Waters (Hard again, I´m ready).

He died in his hotel room in Zurich, Switzerland, aged 70. It happened two days after his last performance there. The cause of his death is currently unknown.

Discography

Official albums
First Winter (1969, Buddha)
The Progressive Blues Experiment (1968, Sonobeat)
Johnny Winter (1969)
Second Winter (1969)
Johnny Winter And (1970)
Live Johnny Winter And (1971)
Roadwork (1972) - with Edgar Winter's White Trash
Still Alive and Well (1973)
Saints & Sinners (1974)
John Dawson Winter III (1974)
Captured Live! (1976)
Together (1976) with Edgar Winter
Nothin' But the Blues (1977)
White, Hot and Blue (1978)
Raisin' Cain (1980)
Guitar Slinger (1984)
Serious Business (1985)
Third Degree (1986)
The Winter of '88 (1988)
Let Me In (1991)
Hey, Where's Your Brother? (1992)
Scorchin' Blues (1992)
Live In NYC '97 (1998)
I'm A Bluesman (2004)
The Johnny Winter Anthology (2009) via Shout! Factory
The Woodstock Experience (2009)

Compilation albums
The Johnny  Winter Story (1969)
About Blues (1970)
Early Times (1970)
Before The Storm (1970)
Birds Can't Row Boats (1988)
 The Texas Tornado (1992)
A Rock n' Roll Collection (1994)
White Hot Blues (1997)
Winter Blues (1997)
Texas Blues: The Early Years (1998)
The Return of Johnny Guitar - best of 1984-86 (2000)
Deluxe Edition  (Alligator) (2001)
The Best of Johnny Winter (Sony) (2002)

Non-official albums
Austin, TX also known as The Progressive Blues Experiment (1972)
Dervish Blues (live San Bernardino, Ca.) (1975)
Whole Lotta Love (1978)
Ready for Winter (1981)
Still Blues After All These Years/Live In Chicago (1990)
A Lone Star Kind of Day (Relix- Roy C. Ames production) (1991)
Jack Daniels Kind of Day (1992)
White Lightning (1996)
Back in Beaumont (2000)
Blues'N' Tattoo (recorded Live at Central Park New York - 1980-07-27)

References

Other websites 
 Official website

1944 births
2014 deaths
American guitarists
American record producers
Blues guitarists
People from Beaumont, Texas
Musicians from Texas
Musicians from Mississippi
Edgar Winter

Edgar Holland Winter (born December 28, 1946) is an albino musician and record producer from Beaumont, Texas. He is the brother of Johnny Winter who is also a famous musician.  He mostly plays keyboards and the saxophone.

Other websites 
http://www.edgarwinter.com/bio.php 

Blues musicians
1946 births
Living people
Albinism

Albinism is a condition some people, animals, and plants  are born with. This condition is caused by a lack of pigment melanin (colour) in their hair, eyes, and skin. A person or animal with albinism is called an albino. Many albino people prefer to be called a "person with albinism". There are ten different types of albinism.

People with albinism can have white or light blonde hair. They can have very pale skin. Their eyes are blue, or rarely pink-ish. People with albinism can have problems such as bad vision, increased sweat and getting sunburnt easily. This is because people with albinism have less pigments in their eyes, skin and hair.

Albinism is rare in the United States. One out of every 20,000 people in the United States has albinism. There are about 15,945 people in the United States who have albinism.

Vision problems in albinism include nystagmus (irregular fast movements of the eyes), strabismus (where the eyes fail to balance) and refractory errors (like being near-sighted or far-sighted).

In most environments, Albino animals are more easily seen and so may be attacked by predators. They lack the camouflage that the non-albino members of their species have. Also, where colour is a factor in mate selection, they may be at a disadvantage there, too.

Genetics of albinism 
Albinism is a hereditary condition. It is usually inherited in a recessive pattern; it means, both parents have to give the albinism gene to a child to cause albinism. Parents pass on pairs of genes to their children. One of the pairs of genes is in charge of making melanin. If both of these genes are flawed, then little or no pigment is made. If only one gene is flawed then pigment can still be made.

Famous people with albinism 
Edgar Winter-musician
Johnny Winter-musician
Salif Keita-musician

Other websites 

National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation (U.S.-based)
Albinism in Popular Culture

References 

Genetic disorders
Paco de Lucía

Paco de Lucia (real name: Francisco Sanchez Gomez, (21 December 1947  25 February 2014) was a Spanish Flamenco guitar player. He was born in Algeciras, Andalusia. He died in Cancún, Mexico from a heart attack. 

1947 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Entertainers from Andalusia
Spanish musicians
Latin Grammy Award winners
Hearing

Hearing is one of the five senses. Ears detect vibrations in the air. These vibrations are sounds. Most animals can hear. Most land vertebrates hear through ears. Fish hear in several different ways. Many use their swim bladder to hear, and many use their lateral line.

In mammals, sound travels through three main parts of the ear to be heard. These are the outer, middle and inner ear.

Outer Ear - This is the part of the ear that we can see called the pinna as well as the inside of the ear called the ear canal. Sound first travels through the pinna and ear canal then to the eardrum at the end of the canal which the sound makes vibrate.
Middle Ear - Sound continues to travel deeper into the ear and is helped by three of the smallest bones in the body - hammer, anvil and stirrup - to reach the inner ear. 
Inner Ear - Here the sound reaches a small tube shaped like a snail shell, called the cochlea. Inside the cochlea is a fluid, which moves tiny hairs that send signals to the brain which interprets sounds for you to understand and hear

References 

Basic English 850 words
 
Perception
Caucasian race

Caucasoid was a word for a person from Europe, West Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, North Africa, or the Horn of Africa. The group of these persons was called "Caucasoid race" or Caucasian race. In former times, many people divided human beings into three races. These races were called Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid. Today, scientists agree that there is only one human race. Modern genetic research has shown that the idea of three races was wrong.

German anthropologist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752 – 1840) invented the name Caucasian race because he saw a connection to the Caucasus Mountains. 

In the United States, white people are often called "Caucasian". But the "Caucasian race" included people with a skin from white to dark brown.

Pictures
Some persons in the pictures have white skin, others have brown skin. But in former times, scientists saw all persons in the pictures as members of the "Caucasian race".

References

Scientific racism
Voice

A voice is used when a person speaks or sings. It describes human communication, rather than that of animals. 

The sound of the voice is carried by the air, and can be heard. A vocal sound is made when air is passed over the vocal cords, so making a meaningful sound. If a person has no voice, the condition is called muteness. 

The musical part of a song that is sung by a person using their voice is called vocals. 

Many terrestrial animals make sounds, especially those that are vertebrates. By extension, this might be called their voice, but another term is "animal sounds". That includes a wider range of noises which animals may produce. 

Basic English 850 words
Human communication
Sound
James Madison

James Madison Jr. (March 16, 1751  – June 28, 1836) was a Founding Father and the fourth president of the United States from 1809 to 1817. He was also the most important author of the United States Constitution and a slaveowner with a big plantation. Madison was the shortest president, with a height of .

Family 
James Madison Jr. was the eldest son of Col. James Madison Sr. and Nellie Conway Madison.

Madison married Dolley Todd (née Payne) on  April 18, 1794.

Political life 

Madison started his career in the Virginia state legislature.  Madison learned many things from Thomas Jefferson.  Madison wanted a stronger federal government of the United States than the Articles of Confederation provided. He was a member of the meeting that formed the current United States Constitution.  Madison is called the "Father of the Constitution" because he helped write a large part of it and persuaded people that it was a good one.

Madison was elected to the United States House of Representatives.  Madison helped write the first laws for the United States.  Madison also was the main writer of the Bill of Rights, the first 10 amendments to the Constitution.

Madison and Jefferson were good friends and helped create the Democratic-Republican Party who wanted a weak federal government.

Madison was selected by Jefferson to be his Secretary of State.

Presidency 

Madison was selected by his political party to be the Democratic-Republican candidate for president in 1808.  He won that election and the next election in 1812.

The War of 1812 started while Madison was president. Madison still hoped for peace, but Congress wanted war so he gave in and approved a declaration of war against Britain on June 18, 1812. People who still wanted peace called it "Mr Madison's War". Madison and his family were forced to flee in 1814 when British forces seized control of Washington D.C and burned the White House, and many other buildings, to the ground. Dolley Madison, his wife, famously saved a portrait of George Washington from the fire.

The war caused Madison to want a stronger government than he had before. While he originally was against a national bank, he realized that it was necessary and it was necessary for funding a war.  When the charter of the national bank expired, Madison renewed it.

Later life 

Madison retired to Virginia after his second term.  Madison died on June 28, 1836.

References

Other websites 
 Madison's White House biography

1751 births
1836 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
 
Presidents of the United States
United States Secretaries of State
United States representatives from Virginia
Founding Fathers of the United States
Democratic-Republican Party politicians
19th-century American politicians
18th-century American politicians
Slavers
James Monroe

James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) was the fifth president of the United States. He mostly agreed with Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, the two presidents before him. Many cities have been named Monroe. Monrovia, the capital of Liberia, is also named after him.

Early life 

Monroe was born in Virginia. When James was 16, his father died. At age 18, he joined the Continental Army.  He later studied law with Thomas Jefferson.

He married Elizabeth Kotright in 1789.

Political life 

Monroe was an anti-federalist; he did not want the United States Constitution to pass.  He was elected to the United States Senate in 1790.  He helped form the Democratic-Republican Party with Jefferson and James Madison.

Monroe was Governor of Virginia from 1799 to 1802.

Monroe went to Paris to help negotiate the Louisiana Purchase, and later became Ambassador to Great Britain.

Monroe was Madison's Secretary of State and Secretary of War.

Presidency 

Monroe was president from 1817 to 1825. With his Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, Monroe got Spain to give the United States Florida. Monroe and Adams also created the Monroe Doctrine, which was a policy that said that the United States did not want Europe to be involved in the Western Hemisphere anymore.

Monroe signed the Missouri Compromise. The compromise was to delay the slavery issue in the United States. Monroe was the last president to have fought in the American Revolutionary War and the last one to be one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

Post-presidency 

Monroe retired to Virginia.  After his wife's death he moved to New York where he died on July 4, 1831 of tuberculosis.

References

Other websites 
 James Monroe's White House biography
 James Monroe -Citizendium

1758 births
1831 deaths
Deaths from tuberculosis
United States Secretaries of State
Governors of Virginia
Founding Fathers of the United States
 
19th-century American politicians
18th-century American politicians
South Holland

South Holland is a province in the west of the Netherlands. It is called Zuid-Holland in Dutch. It is surrounded by the North Sea and the provinces North Holland, Utrecht, Gelderland, North Brabant, and Zeeland. About 3,726,000 people are living in South Holland (2021).

Cities
The biggest cities are Rotterdam and The Hague. The Hague is the capital of the province. The Hague is also the administrative capital of the Netherlands. That means that the parliament is there.

Rotterdam has the largest port of Europe. Leiden, Gouda, and Delft have town centers with many old buildings. Zoetermeer is a quite new city. Most of it was built in the 1970s. Another important city is Dordrecht.

Landscapes
In South Holland there are some typical Dutch landscapes. Near Leiden there is a region that is known as the Bollenstreek ("bulb district"). In springtime many large fields with flowers can be found here. These fields are called bulb fields. Near Rotterdam there is a small village called Kinderdijk with 19 windmills near each other.

The area south of The Hague is called Westland. Here are many greenhouses.

Islands
The south of the province has many islands. The largest of them are Voorne-Putten, Goeree-Overflakkee, IJsselmonde, the Hoeksche Waard and the island of Dordrecht. These big islands are connected by bridges and/or tunnels.

Water resources
The most important rivers and other bodies of waters are Nieuwe Maas, Nieuwe Waterweg, Oude Maas, Haringvliet, and Hollands Diep.

Other websites 
 Plaatsengids.nl
Black Eyed Peas

The Black Eyed Peas are an American musical group from Los Angeles, California. Over the years their music has included hip hop, R&B, dance and Latin. The group currently has three members: Will.i.am, apl.de.ap, Taboo.

Members of the Black Eyed Peas and its history 
 Stacy Ann Ferguson, better known by her stage name Fergie, was born on March 27, 1975. She is an American R&B singer, actress and songwriter of Irish, Mexican, and Scottish descent. She was revealed by the kids TV series Kids Incorporated and another TV show, Great Pretenders. The TV series revealed her talents and she began her career of singer with the R&B trio Wild Orchid which became the group of the Black Eyed Peas. She acted in the movie Nine which came out in theatres in 2010. In 2017, Fergie left the group to focus on her solo career.
 will.i.am (real name William James Adams) was born on March 15, 1975, in Los Angeles. He is an American rapper and singer of Jamaican descent. will.i.am rose to fame as frontman and co-founder of the Black Eyed Peas. He has recently left Interscope for a solo deal with Def Jam.
 Allan Pineda Lindo, better known by his stage name Apl.de.ap, is a Filipino American rapper and producer. He was born on November 28, 1974 in Angeles City in the Philippines, from the age of 11 and he moved to the United States because he was adopted by the Hudgen's family. He began his career of singer and performer in the group "Atban Klann" with Will.i.am, which become the "Black Eyed Peas" when Taboo entered this group in 1995.
 Taboo (real name Jaime Luis Gomez) was born on July 14, 1975 in Los Angeles. He joined the Black Eyed Peas in 1995. He has a son named "Josh" who was born on December 5, 1993.

Before they became popular, the group's members were will.i.am, apl.de.ap, Taboo and backing vocalist Kim Hill. Hill left the group in 2000 and was replaced in 2003 by Fergie. They first became popular with the single "Where Is the Love" and the album Elephunk and their next album, Monkey Business was also successful. They have more recently released The E.N.D., an album that has had the successful singles "Boom Boom Pow", "I Gotta Feeling" and "Meet Me Halfway".

Albums 
 Behind the Front (1998)
 Bridging the Gap (2000)
 Elephunk (2003)
 Monkey Business (2005)
 The E.N.D. (2009)
 The Beginning (2010)
 Masters of the Sun Vol. 1 (2018)

References

1995 establishments in California
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American hip hop bands
American R&B bands
Electronic music bands
Musical groups established in 1995
Musical groups from Los Angeles