alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Anesthetic

An anaesthetic (anesthetic) is a substance that either stops pain, or causes the user to sleep.
There are two types: general anaesthesia causes a reversible loss of consciousness. Local anaesthetic cause a loss of sensitivity (and pain) on a local area. 

Anaesthetics can be rubbed onto the skin, given by injection ("shot"), or given as a gas to breathe.  Anaesthesia blocks pain during operations. This lets patients undergo surgery and other procedures without the distress and pain they would normally feel. It comes from the Greek roots an-, "without" and aesthetos, "perceptible, able to feel".

The most famous anaesthetic, ether, may have been made as early as the 8th century, but it took many centuries for its anaesthetic importance to be appreciated

The history of modern anaesthetic began with Joseph Lister. Before it, people sometimes used cocaine, alcohol, and other drugs to get the same effects. Modern anaesthesia is complex, with a combination of anesthesia, analgesia and muscle relaxation. These three are known as the "triad of anesthesia".

The most famous anesthetic, ether, may have been synthesized as early as the 8th century, but it took many centuries for its anesthetic importance to be appreciated

References

Related pages 
 Anesthesiologist
 Nitrous oxide
 Sedative

Anesthetics
Pain
Fidel Castro

Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz ( ) (August 13, 1926 – November 25, 2016) was a Cuban revolutionary and politician. He was Prime Minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976, and President from 1976 to 2008. He temporarily gave power to his brother Raúl Castro while recovering from surgery in the summer of 2006. On February 19, 2008, he announced that he would not return to power. He was in power for 49 years.

Early life 
Castro was born in Birán, Cuba on August 13, 1926. He received a doctorate of law from the University of Havana. He was trained as a military lawyer. He came to power after he and his guerrilla soldiers overthrew the dictatorship of General Fulgencio Batista.

Political Career
Castro was a communist and he made Cuba the first socialist country of the Americas. During the Cold War he was a friend of the Soviet Union, and he depended on their help until the USSR collapsed. An important moment of the Cold War was the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. In October 1962 the United States of America discovered that the Soviet Union was placing missiles on Cuba, close to the United States. After very tense talking, a big nuclear war was avoided between the Soviet Union and the USA.

Some people call Castro a dictator. They criticize him, because they think he has ignored some human rights, for example, torture, murder and oppression of freedom of speech, both at home and in African countries where he sent Cuban soldiers to spread Communism. Other people do not think this is true. For example, Nelson Mandela has spoken in support of Castro and has thanked him for aid to Africa. Amnesty International criticized Cuba's human rights record but noted slow progress in July 2002. Supporters of Castro say he gave Cuba the best health care and education of Latin America and created equality between the poor and the rich.

Personal life
Castro's first wife was Mirta Díaz - Balart. They married in October 1948. They had a son Fidel Ángel "Fidelito" Castro Díaz-Balart, born in September 1949. Díaz-Balart and Castro divorced in 1955. In 1980, Castro married Dalia Soto del Valle. Their marriage would end with Castro's death in 2016.

Death
On November 25, 2016, Castro died at age 90 of natural causes in Havana, Cuba.  President Raúl Castro, his brother, announced Fidel's death on state television. His remains were later cremated on November 26, 2016.

References

Other websites 

By Fidel Castro
 Archive of Fidel Castro's speeches in 6 languages
About Fidel Castro
 Guide to the Cuban Revolution Collection, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library

1926 births
2016 deaths
Communist politicians
Cuban military people
 
Presidents of Cuba
Prime ministers
Former dictators
Socialists
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
J. R. R. Tolkien

John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973) was a British philologist, university professor, and writer. Tolkien is best known for his most famous works, The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.

Biography 
He was born in Bloemfontein, South Africa but his parents were both from England. He lost much of his family at an early age. He fought in World War I, and after the war he found a job helping to produce the Oxford English Dictionary. Tolkien was very interested in languages, and he had studied at Oxford University. Soon he became a professor of English Language at the University of Leeds. He was then a professor at the University of Oxford until 1959, when he retired. He also was good friends with many other writers and scholars, most notably C. S. Lewis, who wrote the Narnia books, The Screwtape Letters, and many essays on Christian theology. Tolkien himself was a devout Catholic.

Tolkien married Edith Mary Bratt on 22 March 1916 in England, at the age of 24. They had four children, three sons and a girl: John, Michael, Christopher, and Priscilla.

Writing 
He created and worked on the fictional fantasy world of Middle-earth for most of his life, and his most famous books are set in that world. Because of his Middle-earth books he is often considered the "father of high fantasy" which made the fantasy genre very popular.

Tolkien wrote other books, for example Farmer Giles Of Ham, and also illustrated (drew the pictures and maps for) The Lord of the Rings. The Lord of the Rings was published in three parts and has been made into several motion pictures. The Lord of the Rings took 12 years to write.

Bibliography

Fiction and poetry 
 The Hobbit or There and Back Again,  (HM). (1937)
 Leaf by Niggle (1945, short story)
 Farmer Giles of Ham (1949, medieval fable)
 The Lord of the Rings (1954–1955)
 The Fellowship of the Ring: being the first part of The Lord of the Rings,  (HM). (1954)
 The Two Towers: being the second part of The Lord of the Rings,  (HM). (1954)
 The Return of the King: being the third part of The Lord of the Rings,  (HM). (1955)
 The Adventures of Tom Bombadil and Other Verses from the Red Book (1962)
 Smith of Wootton Major (1967)
 The Road Goes Ever On (1967)
 The Silmarillion (1977)
 Unfinished Tales (1980)
 The History of Middle-earth (1983–1996)
 Bilbo's Last Song (1990)
 The Children of Húrin (2007)
 The History of The Hobbit (2007)

Academic and other works 
 Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics (1937)
 On Fairy-Stories (1947)
 Ancrene Riwle or Ancrene Wisse

References

Other websites 

 HarperCollins Tolkien Website
 Tolkien Biography (The Tolkien Society)
 The Lord of the Rings Wiki
 Tolkien Gateway Wiki
 1952 recording of Tolkien reading part of The Two Towers (from "Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit") 
 The Tolkien Library - Tolkien news, articles, resource, bibliography, biography, collectors guide

1892 births
1973 deaths
 
Academics of the University of Oxford
People from Bloemfontein
Academics of the University of Leeds
English novelists
English Roman Catholics
Adolescence

Adolescence is the time between being a child and a mature adult, that is the period of time during which a person gradually grows into an adult, but is emotionally not mature. Adolescence in the English-speaking world usually corresponds to the teenager years of 13-19 which are so named because of the end of the English words "thirteen" to "nineteen".

The ages when one is no longer a child, and when one becomes an adult, vary by culture. In many cultures they are marked by rites of passage. The word comes from the Latin verb adolescere meaning "to grow up." During this time, a person's body, emotions and academic standing change a lot. When adolescence starts, in America, children usually finish elementary school and enter secondary education, such as middle school or high school.

During this period of life, most children go through the physical stages of puberty, which can often begin before a person has reached the age of 13. Most cultures think of people as becoming adults at various ages of the teenage years. For example, Jewish tradition thinks that people are adults at age 13, and this change is celebrated in the Bar Mitzvah (for boys) and the Bat Mitzvah (for girls) ceremony. Usually, there is a formal age of majority when adolescents formally (under the law) become adults.

References

Related pages 
Teenager
Adult
Youth

Other websites 
 Adolescence -Citizendium . 

Human life stages
KDE

KDE is a community that produces free software, including a desktop environment called KDE Plasma for operating systems based on Linux or UNIX. This replaces the console, which is simply a black screen with text on it. KDE Plasma is a popular piece of software for users of Linux and UNIX.

Plasma runs on top of the X Window System, which runs on top of any UNIX-like operating systems like Linux and Mac OS X. 
Since KDE SC 4.0, many KDE programs also runs on Microsoft Windows.

KDE releases 
The following table lists when each version of KDE was released.

Applications 

There are several major applications for KDE. These include:

 Amarok - Music player
 K3b - CD burner
 Kate - Text editor
 KDevelop - A program for making software
 Konsole - Terminal emulator
 Kontact - Personal information manager that has an e-mail client, a news client, a feed aggregator, To-do lists and more.
 Kopete - Instant messaging client
 Konqueror - File manager and web browser
 KOffice - Office suite
Dolphin - File manager

References

Other websites 

 Official KDE website
UK Independence Party

The United Kingdom Independence Party (often called UKIP, said "you-kipp") is a political party in the United Kingdom. Its policies promote conservatism, national conservatism, and Euroscepticism.

The party was founded in 1993, and they first won seats in the European Parliament in 1999. They won 3 seats in 1999, which was increased to 12 in 2004 and 13 in 2009. It is now 9. The party does not do well under Britain's 'First-past-the-post' system of elections and only had one seat in the British House of Commons, although they received 3.8 million votes (12.6% of the total vote) at the 2015 UK general election.

Supporters of UKIP mostly believe in the following things:
 The United Kingdom should leave the European Union.
 There should be more referendums on certain issues.
 British people should not have to carry ID cards.

In 2008 UKIP banned people who used to be members of the British National Party (BNP) from joining.

On 9 October 2014 Douglas Carswell became UKIP's first elected MP. Carswell quit the party in March 2017.

May 2014 local elections
In the May 2014 local elections UKIP got 30% of the vote in Sunderland. The party gained 155 local council seats across the country.

2015 general election
UKIP came third in the May 2015 general election, after the Labour Party and the Conservative Party. The party got 12.9% of the vote and gained one seat.

2017 general election
In the 2017 general election, UKIP's share of the vote went down to 1.8 and they didn't win any seats. The next day UKIP's leader Paul Nuttall resigned.

Current members 
There are currently over 20,000 people who are members of the UKIP.

Gerard Batten becomes leader (2018)
In February 2018 Gerard Batten become leader of the party firstly on an interim basis before winning the UKIP leadership election in April 2018 unopposed.

2018 UK local elections
In the 2018 UK local elections UKIP lost 124 of the 126 seats it was defending, and gained a single seat in Derby.

Accusations of embracing the far-right
Since the election of Batten as leader of the party there have been accusations that UKIP is embracing the far-right. Those saying the party was moving to the right began early in Battern's leadership when he began to focus the party around rejecting Islamic ideology and when a quote arose of Battern calling Islam a "death cult". In September 2018 Battern was also criticised for attending an anti-Muslim rally in Sunderland. These accusations grew much stronger after the far-right activist Tommy Robinson was appointed an advisor to Battern in November 2018. This led to many of UKIP's MEPs and former party leaders Nigel Farage and Paul Nuttall to leave the party, as well as the party's leader in Scotland.

Sources

Other websites 
 UKIP homepage

1993 establishments in the United Kingdom
UK Independence Party
Nationalist organisations in the United Kingdom
Eurosceptic parties
Brexit
Space Oddity

David Bowie's first big hit record was the single "Space Oddity" in 1969. This album though only really sold well when he became more famous in 1973. Many of the songs are very melodic, with good tunes, and are unusual.

The songs on this album are:
 Space Oddity
 Unwashed And Somewhat Slightly Dazed
 Letter To Hermione
 Cygnet Committee
 Janine
 An Occasional Dream
 Wild Eyed Boy From Freecloud
 God Knows I'm Good
 Memory Of A Free Festival

1969 albums
Rock albums
Folk albums
David Bowie albums
Saxophone

A saxophone is a type of musical instrument in the woodwind family. The saxophone uses a piece of wood, called a reed, to make sound. The player blows air into the mouthpiece, which vibrates the reed. The saxophone also uses keys to change pitch, and the player closes or opens holes to choose the note. Commonly, saxophones have about 22 keys.   

The saxophone is most commonly found in four voices: soprano, alto, tenor, and baritone saxophones. However, uncommon saxophones include the bass and contrabass saxophones (lower than a baritone saxophone), the C-melody saxophone (between the tenor and alto saxophones), and the sopranino saxophone (higher than a soprano saxophone).  

It was invented in 1840 by Adolphe Sax and is used in classical, jazz, and occasionally in rock, pop, and other styles. The saxophone was originally created for military bands, but was commonly used in jazz big bands in the 1940s and 1950s. Famous saxophone players include Marcel Mule (classical music), John Coltrane (jazz music), and Charlie Parker (jazz music).

Woodwind instruments
Jazz instruments
Bryophyte

Bryophytes are simple plants. They are the simplest plants that grow on land. There are three forms of bryophyte. These are mosses, liverworts and hornworts. 

Bryophyta is the formal term for this division of plants who do not have tissues to move water. In some modern classifications the word bryophyta only includes mosses. However, the term is still useful because mosses, liverworts, and hornworts share important traits. 

Scientists think that liverworts evolved from green algae. Then other plants, including moss and hornworts, evolved from liverworts.

A person who studies bryophytes is called a bryologist. The study of bryophytes is named bryology.

Life cycle 

Like all land plants (embryophytes), bryophytes have life cycles with alternation of generations. A bryophyte has two forms that have different numbers of chromosomes. The haploid form has unpaired chromosomes. It is called a gametophyte. People often write "1n" for haploid. The other form is diploid and has paired chromosomes. It is called a sporophyte. People often write "2n" for diploid.  

A bryophyte begins when its parent plant makes haploid spores that land on the ground. Each spore grows into a leafy gametophyte. This gametophyte is either male or female. Male gametophytes make haploid sperm. Female gametophytes make haploid eggs. Water moves the sperm to the egg. An embryo is made when they join. This embryo is diploid. It grows a tall stalk from the gametophyte. This stalk is often brown. A structure called the sporangium is at the top of the stalk. The sporangium is diploid too. It makes spores that are haploid in a process called meiosis. When the spores land on the ground, the cycle begins again. 

Bryophytes are "gametophyte dominant." This phrase means when you look at a bryophyte, you are more likely to see the gametophyte. The sporophyte is less common.  Sporophytes are always attached to the gametophyte. They must get food from the gametophyte. Bryophyte sporophytes do not have branches. They make only one sporangium.

References

Other websites 
The British Bryological Society  

Bryophytes
Non-vascular plants
Kent

Kent is a county in England. It is just to the south-east of London and is on the coast. The sea to the East of Kent is the North Sea.  The sea south of Kent is called the English Channel by the British. France is opposite Kent on the other side of The Channel. At the most narrow point, between Dover, Calais and Cape Gris-Nez, The Channel is only 21 miles (34 km) wide. Dover is one of the main ports in Kent. From here many ferries sail to and from France.

Ports
Other main ports in Kent include Sheerness and Ramsgate.  The Channel Tunnel goes from Folkestone in Kent to France. It was built in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

History
Kent is a very ancient county. In the 6th and 7th centuries it was ruled by its own kings,  It is often called 'the garden of England' because its countryside is very green and because it produces much fruit. A lot of fruit such as strawberries are grown in Kent, and the county is famous for growing hops which are used to make beer. Maidstone is called the county town because the local government for Kent is based there.

Places
Another important town is the city of Canterbury. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the head of the Church of England. Hundreds of years ago many Christian people would travel to the Cathedral at Canterbury from their homes in other parts of Britain. This was called making a pilgrimage. 

 
Ceremonial counties of England
Gavrilo Princip

Gavrilo Princip, 25 July 1894 – 28 April 1918, was the Serb nationalist who shot Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the wife of the Archduke, Archduchess Sophie Chotek.

Princip was born in Obljaj a poor area of Bosnia. As a young man he joined a small group who wanted the Slavs in the south of Austria-Hungary to join with Serbia in a new country. They called themselves "Young Bosnia". A group of powerful people in Serbia decided to help them. Those powerful people were called the Black Hand. They gave 'Young Bosnia' guns and small bombs. 

When they heard that Franz Ferdinand was coming to Sarajevo, six of them took the bombs and guns and waited for Ferdinand to drive past. They were going to kill Ferdinand when he drove past. Every one of them failed. After they all failed, Princip went to a cafe to buy a sandwich.

When Princip came out of the cafe, he saw Ferdinand in his car. The driver of the car had driven his car the wrong way and he stalled the car while trying to turn. Princip walked up and shot Ferdinand. He wanted to shoot the general who was also sitting in the car, but Ferdinand's wife Sophie threw her arms around Ferdinand. She was in the way, and Princip shot her instead of the general.

At his trial, Princip said he did it because he loved his people. The Austrians thought it was a very bad crime, but they could not kill him because he was only 19 years old. The law in Austria-Hungary said only people older than 20 could be killed, even when the crime was as bad as killing royalty like Ferdinand. They said Princip must stay in prison for 20 years. During his time in the prison, one of his arms was amputated. He died in prison of tuberculosis and blood loss in 1918. 

Because this crime happened, Austria-Hungary gave Serbia a list of things that Serbia had to do, later called the "July Ultimatum", to stop things like this from happening any more.  Serbia could not do all the things on the list fast enough, because the Austrians really wanted war with Serbia.  Their German allies also wanted a big war. This led to many of the European countries to start fighting.

References

1894 births
1918 deaths
Assassins
Deaths from tuberculosis
People who died in prison custody
Serbian people
World War I people
Formula

In mathematics and science, a formula is a rule or statement written in algebraic symbols. The plural of formula can be written in two ways: formulae or formulas - the choice is based on personal preference. 

Formulas use letters instead of words. A simple example of a formula is y = x. If x=1, the formula y=x would make the statement that x is the same thing as y, therefore, y=1. 

In mathematics, a formula can also be an identity which equates two mathematical expressions together. Some key formulas under this category include the Pythagorean theorem, binomial theorem, Euler's formula and De Moivre's formula. The expression "V=lwh", which relates the volume V to the length l, width w and height h of a rectangular box, is another example of a formula in geometry.

In science, one of the most well known formulas is the formula for energy, e = mc2, created by Albert Einstein. Here, e represents energy, m represents mass and c is the speed of light. Thus, energy = mass × speed of light 2.

The formula e = mc2 is also an equation. Every equation is a formula, but not every formula is an equation. For instance, the formula x≡y (x "is defined as" y) is not an equation, because no "=" sign is used.

Related pages 

 Inequality
 Scientific law

References 

Algebra
Independence and Democracy

Independence and Democracy is a group in the European Parliament. It used to be called the Group of Europe of Democracies and Diversities. It has about 37 members in it. The members of this group either want their country to leave the European Union, or want to change it.

Members 
Vladimir Železný (Czech Republic) 
Junibevaegelsen (June Movement) (Denmark) 
Mouvement pour la France (Movement for France) (France) 
Popular Orthodox Rally (Greece) 
Lega Nord (Northern League) (Italy) 
ChristenUnie-SGP (Netherlands) 
League of Polish Families (Poland) 
Kathy Sinnott (Republic of Ireland) 
Junilistan (June List) (Sweden) 
United Kingdom Independence Party (United Kingdom) 

European Parliament
Musician

A musician is a person who plays a musical instrument like a guitar or a piano or a person that sings.

A musician is also someone who writes music, even if they write it for other people to play. People who write music are called composers.

Musicians can also make a group together to play songs.

Lists of musicians
Some famous composers and musicians
Johann Sebastian Bach (Composer)
Ludwig van Beethoven (Composer)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Composer)
Duke Ellington (Composer, plays the piano)
Bob Marley (Plays the electric guitar, also sings)
Paul McCartney (Singer, plays the bass and the guitar)
Michael Jackson (Singer)
Jimi Hendrix (Plays the electric guitar, also sings)
Cat Stevens (Singer)

Some famous bands
The Beatles
Jefferson Airplane
U2
Led Zeppelin

Some famous orchestras
The London Symphony Orchestra, The United Kingdom
The New York Philharmonic Orchestra, USA
The Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, Germany
The Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra, Serbia 
The Cleveland Orchestra, USA

References

 
Entertainment occupations
Carrot

The carrot (pronounced CARE-ot) is a type of plant. Many different types exist. The Latin name of the plant is usually given as Daucus carota. The plant has an edible, orange root, and usually white flowers. Wild carrots grow naturally in Eurasia. Domesticated carrots are grown for food in many parts of the world.

Carrots are grown in the ground, and carrots roots are a common edible vegetable. After cleaning, the roots may be eaten raw or cooked. They are served as part of many dishes. In Portugal, carrot jam is a speciality.

Images

Nutrition
Carrots are a moderate source of beta carotene, biotin, vitamin K1, vitamin B6, and potassium. Along with beta-carotene, carrots also have carotenoids another antioxidant helpful to enhance immunity functions and decreased risk of cardiovascular diseases, degenerative diseases and different types of cancers

References

Root vegetables
Apiaceae
Conservatism

Conservatism is a type of political belief that supports emphasis on traditions and relies on the individual to maintain society.  The term was first used by François-René de Chateaubriand in 1818, during the Bourbon Restoration, which wanted to roll back the policies of the French Revolution. The term is associated with right-wing politics. It has been used to describe a wide range of views. There is no single set of policies that are regarded as conservative because the meaning of conservatism depends on a given place and time, although most Conservatives oppose Modernism in some way and want to go back to old values.
In Western culture for example, Conservatives try to maintain things like organized religion, property rights, parliamentary government and family values.

Beliefs 
Conservatism tends to support the notion of faith, particularly in Abrahamic traditions in countries where those are the dominant religions. In England, the publication of Edmund Burke’s book Reflections on the revolution in France suggested people should be satisfied and advocated a caring government. The two ideas go together.

Some conservatives seek to keep things as they are, while others want a return to the way things were at an earlier time. This is often called reactionary conservatism. A conservative party in England formed which wanted better co-operation between rich and poor, democracy, and some aspects of a welfare state. This was also favored by conservatives in France and other parts of Europe.

Types 
 Gradualism: The process of change in a slow, gradual way.
 Liberal conservatism: Conservatism with the classical liberal view that the government should not control the economy.
 National conservatism: Conservatism that is focused more on culture and race without being a Nationalist or Far-right.
 Religious conservatism: Conservatism that applies a religion to politics.
 Social conservatism: Conservatism that focuses on social issues and traditions.

Conservatism in different countries

Brazil 
In Brazil, conservatism comes from its Portuguese roots, often being Evangelical, such as President Jair Bolsonaro.

India 
Conservatives in India are pro-Hindu, anti-Pakistan, and are socially conservative. The Bharatiya Janata Party is the biggest conservative party in India, lead by Narendra Modi.

United States 
In the United States, conservatives worry about centralism, do not trust the welfare state, and consider business people trustworthy on wages and prices. During the 20th century the Republican Party became a Conservative political party in the United States.

Related pages 
 Political economy
 Conservative liberalism
 Liberalism
 Libertarianism

References

Other websites 
 Conservatism -Citizendium
Machine

A machine, otherwise referred to as an engine, is a thing that is created by people to make work easier. It is a tool or invention which multiplies the effect of human effort. The machine produces a mechanical advantage.

Some machines have many parts that move. Examples are bicycles and clocks.

Some machines do not have parts that move. Examples are computers and telephones.

People have used machines since before there was history.

Often a machine will change one form of energy to another form of energy. Simple machines increase or change the direction of a force.

Simple machine 
There are six 'simple machines'.  They are:
 the wedge, 
 the Inclined plane (ramp), 
 the screw, 
 the lever, 
 the pulley, 
 and the wheel and axle.

Compound machines are made up of two or more simple machines.

 
Basic English 850 words
Wario Land 4

Wario Land 4 is a video game released for the Game Boy Advance in 2001 as a part of the Wario video game series. It was later released for the Virtual Console for the Nintendo 3DS as an ambassador game in 2011

It was widely well received for it's exploration and escape type gameplay, and array of unique puzzles to tackle using Wario. Various items can affect Wario, from walking candles lighting him on fire, allowing him to break certain walls, or being turned into a spring after being hit by a hammer, allowing him to jump extraordinarily high, until he hits the ceiling.

In 2023, Pizza Tower was released, and is similar in gameplay to Warioland 4. This game swaps Wario for a chef named Peppino, and adds additional features like a display of Peppino's face, more levels, and better framerate. Various other games are currently in the works that mimic the play of Wario Land 4.

Plot
The main plot of this video game is to save a princess that has been turned into a cat and needs to be saved. Wario arrives and has to defeat a golden diva that has turned the princess in to a cat.

References

2001 video games
Game Boy Advance games
Game Boy Advance-only games
Wario
Mrs. Doubtfire

Mrs. Doubtfire is a 1993 American comedy-drama movie, based on the novel Madame Doubtfire. It stars Robin Williams as Daniel Hillard, a divorced actor who disguises himself as a nanny since he desperately wants to be with his children.

Release dates

Plot
Daniel Hillard (Robin Williams) is a voice actor who quits his job over a smoking issue in a cartoon. Then, he throws his son Chris a birthday party, which is against his wife Miranda (Sally Field)'s wishes because Chris received bad grades on his report card. After a long argument, Miranda asks Daniel for a divorce.

Daniel has 90 days to get a job and a place to live. He later discovers that his wife wants a nanny. So, he makes several calls to his wife, using fake names and different accents, to be hired. Eventually, he gets the job.

Daniel Hillard goes to his gay brother Frank (Harvey Fierstein) and his partner Jack (Scott Capurro) to get a makeover. The makeover makes him look like a woman, which is exactly what Daniel had hoped for.

Miranda is later seen dating Stu Dunmeyer (Pierce Brosnan). Disguised as Mrs. Doubtfire, Daniel babysits his three children. When he, his family, and Stu go to Bridges Restaurant to celebrate Miranda's birthday, Daniel must switch in and out of costume repeatedly since he is also eating dinner with Jonathan Lundy (Robert Prosky). While drunk, Daniel ends up mixing up the two outfits. Later, when he saves Stu from choking (disguised as Mrs. Doubtfire), Daniel's face mask comes off, exposing him. Horrified and angered, Miranda immediately leaves with the children while Stu is confused, but thanks Daniel for saving him.

Afterwards, Miranda is awarded full custody of the children while Daniel can only see them with supervision. After realizing how easier it was having Mrs. Doubtfire around, Miranda calls the court and allows Daniel to pick up his children after school and unsupervised.

Cancelled sequel
In 2001, Bonnie Hunt began development on Mrs. Doubtfire 2, but Williams disapproved and claimed that the script was scrapped multiple times. On April 17, 2014, production on Mrs. Doubtfire 2 began. Williams' death in 2014, production on the sequel was cancelled. However, it is possible that Williams could have filmed scenes for the sequel when he was alive.

Other websites
 

1993 comedy-drama movies
1990s family movies
20th Century Fox movies
Academy Award winning movies
American comedy-drama movies
American family movies
Cross-dressing in movies
English-language movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies about entertainers
Movies about families
Movies about divorce
Movies based on books
Movies set in San Francisco
Movies that won the Best Makeup Academy Award
Movies directed by Chris Columbus
Epistemology

Epistemology  is the philosophy of knowledge. It seeks to answer the questions "What is knowledge?" and "How is knowledge acquired?"

Epistemologists are philosophers who are interested in questions such as whether it is possible to have knowledge, what kind of knowledge there is, and how people come to know things.

One of the first philosophers to make a clear statement on these questions was Xenophanes (570–470 BC). The following saying was, and still is, famous:
"Certain truth has no man... for even if he ever succeeds in saying what is true, he will never know it".
This is an early kind of skepticism.

Some questions 

 What is knowledge?
 How can we know anything?
 What is science?
 What is truth?

Some positions 
 Knowing how vs. knowing that: This was an idea of Gilbert Ryle. Moral questions, for example, may come down to knowing how to behave. Science could be about knowing that something is the case.
 Rational vs. empirical knowledge: Rational knowledge (if it exists) is knowledge built up from a person's internal thought. Empirical knowledge is built up from what is received through the senses.
 Error: Knowledge cannot err vs. the possibility of making mistakes is an essential part of knowledge (Ludwig Wittgenstein).

There are other debates of this kind.

Related pages
 Epistemic community
 Philosophy of science

References
Ford Focus

The Ford Focus is a small car made by Ford Motor Company from 1998 to the present day.

First generation (1998–2004) 
Ford created the first generation Focus in late 1998 with 3 and 5-door hatchbacks, saloon and estate versions. The older Escort was produced alongside it until 2000 (vans until 2002). In late 2001, the model was facelifted at the front and inside, It had new front lights, new bumper and different seats as well as new diesel engines. It was very popular thanks to its styling and fun handling which resulted in being the UK’s best-selling car during its time in production.

Second generation (2004–2011) 
Ford created the second generation Focus in late 2004 with the same versions as the previous generation. In early 2008, the model was facelifted at the front and back, it had new front lights, new bumper and new grille. This was the only generation to include a hard-folding convertible model.

Third generation (2011–2018) 
Ford created the third generation Focus in early 2011 with 5-door hatchback, saloon and estate versions, a 3-door hatchback is no longer offered. In late 2014, the model was facelifted at the front and back, It had new front lights, new bumper and new grille. The third generation Ford Focus was also available in the RS Trim, a sport version of the normal Focus and sold for a higher price.

Fourth generation (2018–present) 
Ford created the fourth generation Focus in Summer 2018 with hatchback, saloon and estate versions. It appeared exactly 20 years after the original Focus launched. It was facelifted in late 2021. A fourth generation Focus RS was planned, but ultimately was scrapped due to the cost of developing a hybrid powertrain.

References

Other websites
2000s automobiles
Focus
Seinfeld

Seinfeld is an American situation comedy television series created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David, and ran from 1989 to 1998.

The show is about four friends in New York City living their day-to-day lives. This show follows a strict policy of "no hugging, no learning" which means the episodes do not end with characters learning a lesson or feature any dramatic scenes such as fighting, arguing, or crying which is why the series is joked about being the "show about nothing".

People

Main Characters 
 Jerry Seinfeld (played by himself) - The main protagonist of the show. He is a comedian. He lives in a rented apartment in New York City. Jerry always gets into strange situations and funny events with his friends.
 George Costanza (played by Jason Alexander) - A real estate agent, Jerry's best friend. He is very neurotic and always afraid that nobody likes him.
 Elaine Bennes (played by Julia Louis-Dreyfus) - Elaine is Jerry's ex-girlfriend. But they are still friends and always spend time together. Elaine always has trouble finding a good boyfriend.
 Cosmo Kramer (played by Michael Richards) - He lives in the apartment next to Jerry's. Kramer is very tall and his hair always stands upwards. He is a strange sort of person and always has ideas nobody else has.

Recurring Characters 
 Newman (played by Wayne Knight) - The main antagonist of the show who's a very close friend of Kramer, but he and Jerry almost never get along with Newman trying to take Jerry down. Newman is a lazy mailman who works for the United States Postal Service. 
 Susan Ross (Heidi Swedberg) - George's girlfriend in season 4 and his fiancée in season 7. George hates being with her.
 Frank and Estelle Costanza (Jerry Stiller, Estelle Harris, and John Randoplh) - George's parents, whom he hates.
 Morty Seinfeld (Barney Martin) - Jerry's father.

DVDs 
 Seasons 1 & 2
 Season 3
 The Regift Edition Boxed Set

Other websites 
 
 

1990 American television series debuts
1999 American television series endings
1990s American comedy television series
American sitcoms
Emmy Award winning programs
Golden Globe Award winning programs
NBC network shows
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
 
Television series set in New York City
English-language television programs
Joey (TV series)

Joey was a 2004-2006 American television series. It was a sitcom on the NBC network. The series was a spin-off of the series Friends. It starred Matt LeBlanc as Joey Tribbiani, his character from Friends. It consists of Joey, his sister, and his nephew.

Cast 
 Matt LeBlanc as Joey Tribbiani
 Drea de Matteo as Gina Tribbiani (Joey's sister)
 Paulo Costanzo as Michael Tribbiani (Joey's nephew; Gina's son)
 Jennifer Coolidge as Bobbie Morganstern
 Andrea Anders as Alex Garrett

Joey stopped broadcasting after the episode "Joey and the Snowball fight" because fewer than 4.1 million viewers tuned in, compared to 18 million who tuned into see the pilot episode. Joey Season 2 on DVD rocketed to over £35 in some cases because so few were made, and they were only released in Canada.

Related pages 
 Friends
 Episodes

Other websites 
 
 Eipsodes on Imdb

2004 American television series debuts
2006 American television series endings
2000s American comedy television series
American sitcoms
NBC network shows
Television series about families
Television series set in Los Angeles
Television spin-offs
English-language television programs
Lisgar Collegiate Institute

Lisgar Collegiate Institute is in Ottawa, Canada. It is the oldest secondary school in Ottawa and possibly Ontario. It was named after a former Governor General of Canada. It was established in 1874 and has been formerly known as the Ottawa Collegiate Institute and the Dalhousie District Grammar School. It celebrated its 160th anniversary in 2004. 
Lisgar houses about 1000 students. It has a gifted program.

Schools in Ontario
1874 establishments
1870s establishments in Canada
Organizations based in Ottawa‎
Aberdeen

Aberdeen is a city on the north east coast of Scotland where the rivers Dee and Don flow into the North Sea. It was the capital of the Grampian region of Scotland, but it is now one of Scotland's Unitary Authorities. Aberdeen is the third largest city in Scotland. Its population is nearly 200,000. It is the coldest city in the UK. The city's motto is Bon Accord.

History 
In the 8th AD, Aberdeen was founded as a settlement for fishing. It grew into a town in the early 12th century. By 1264, Aberdeen already had a castle.

Places
Aberdeen is famous for its buildings made from granite. Because of grey colour of the stone, Aberdeen is called the "Silver City by the Golden Sands". Aberdeen has two universities, the University of Aberdeen which was founded on 10 February 1495 by Bishop William Elphinstone and Robert Gordon University which was founded in 1910 but has a history dating back to the 1800s.

Dialect
The local people sometimes speak in a dialect called Doric. They are called Aberdonians.

Sports
Aberdeen has its own football team, Aberdeen F.C.. The team plays in the Scottish Premier League.

Festival
Each year in August, Aberdeen hosts the Aberdeen International Youth Festival. This is one of the most important annual events in Scotland. Hundred of groups of young performing artists come to Aberdeen each year for the festival.

Gallery
Aberdeen shares its name with Aberdeen, Idaho and Aberdeen, Washington in this Gallery.

References 

 
Port cities and towns of Scotland
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a skin condition where cells grow at a faster rate than they can be shed, causing excess skin to build up and form scaly patches on the body. 

The condition: 
It appears to be a buildup of dry skin on your body.  You can have it at any age, but normally as you get older.  It starts with the skin cracking as a paper cut on your fingertips. This skin would begin to die, flake, peal and itch. As your itch the area, it begins to get red and then it begins to blister, flake and peels to raw skin.  It appears most often on hands, toes, the inside arch of your feet and on your heels.  It is also shows up in callus, by cracking.  When washing hands it has a burning effect.     

Living in moist humid climate appears to delay the condition for appearing.  Dry arid climates seem to aggravate the condition.  Washing your hands has a drying affect, which triggers the condition.  When washing, water removes oils from our body, and has a drying effect on our hands.  Washing with Psoriasis removes the dry skin, but then the skin underneath is raw.  Hard water appears to worsen the condition in dry climates, but not as much in humid areas.  Soft water appears better. 

Skin problems
Jurassic Park

Jurassic Park is a 1990 science fiction novel by Michael Crichton. It was made into a movie in 1993 directed by Steven Spielberg.

As a story, Jurassic Park is a "going back in time" story, without actually going back in time. It's impossible, but like H.G. Wells's 
many books, or Conan Doyle's  The Lost World, it is futurist but imaginary.

Plot 
The plot of this story is of a theme park that is filled with dinosaurs. The park seems like a great idea to the people building the park. John Hammond, the man who built the park, invites several people, including his grandchildren and the paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant, to visit the park. During the tour, Nedry (a computer worker for the park) shuts down the entire park to try to steal some dinosaur embryos, in order to earn a fortune from another company. Now the guests must try to restart power for the park. Complications arise since some dinosaurs escape because of the power failure, and other try to eat the humans.

Main characters 
 Dennis Nedry — Jurassic Park's main programmer
 Dr. Henry Wu — Chief Geneticist
 Dr. Alan Grant — Paleontologist
 Dr. Ellie Sattler — Paleobotanist
 John Hammond — Owner of InGen
 Ray Arnold — Engineer
 Robert Muldoon — Park Warden
 Donald Gennaro — Financial Advisor

Related pages 
 Jurassic Park (movie)

Other websites 

 Jurassicpark.com 
 Jurassic Main Frame News 

20th-century American novels
Jurassic Park
American science fiction books
1990 books
Dinosaurs in fiction
H. G. Wells

Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 – 13 August 1946) was an English writer. He was born in Bromley, Kent. He studied biology under Thomas Henry Huxley. 

Wells wrote about 50 books. He was one of the inventors of science fiction, and also wrote novels and utopias. He wrote books such as The Invisible Man, The Time Machine, The Island of Dr. Moreau, and The War of the Worlds. He also explained how the things he wrote about could actually happen. Some of his books have been made into movies. 

Wells had diabetes. He died on 13 August 1946, aged 79, at his home in London. On 16 August 1946, his body was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium.

Works

Biology 
 The science of life. London: Cassell (1933). Co-writers: Julian Huxley and G.P, Wells.

Science fiction 
 The Time Machine (1895)
 The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896)
 The Invisible Man (1897)
 The War of the Worlds (1898)
 The First Men in the Moon (1901)

Utopian books 
A Modern Utopia (1905)
New Worlds for Old (1908)
The World Set Free (1914)
The Shape of Things to Come (1933)
Guide for the New World (1941)
Mind at the End of its Tether (1945)

Novels 
Love and Mr Lewisham (1900)
Kipps (1905)
Ann Veronica (1909)
The History of Mr Polly (1910)

References 

1866 births
1946 deaths
English novelists
Writers from Kent
Landseer dog

The Landseer (Continental-European type) is a dog breed.

Dog breeds originating in Canada
FCI breeds
Glasgow

Glasgow (Scottish: Glaschu, Lowland Scots: Glesga) is the biggest and busiest city in Scotland. It is on the banks of the River Clyde. People from Glasgow are known as "Glaswegians" (glas-wee-jans), which is a name also used for words that are used only in Glasgow - also known as "The Glasgow Patter".

The number of people living in Glasgow is 621,020 (2017 estimate) and 
626,410 (2019 estimate). Many more people live in the areas round the city. There are 1,209,143 people living in the Greater Glasgow urban area. The wider metropolitan area is home to over 1,670,000 people, about 33% of Scotland's population.

The number of people living inside the city proper used to be much higher. Starting in the early 1960s the old tenements were pulled down and new housing built further out (high-rise blocks were the fashion of the day). Now there is nowhere near the number of people living in Glasgow as during the famous times of the shipyards on the River Clyde. It was said to be the second biggest city in the world after London at one point in the 1800s. 

Many people from other countries visit Glasgow for holidays and trips; most of these people are from Europe France, America (the US and Canada) for weekend and week trips.

Two airports serve the city, Glasgow International Airport and Prestwick Airport. The main railway stations in the city are Glasgow Central and Queen Street stations. They provide rail links to the rest of Scotland, to the rest of the United Kingdom and Europe.

There are a number of theatres and concert halls in the city. These include the SECC (Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre), the Royal Concert hall, the King's Theatre, the Pavilion Theatre and the Theatre Royal.

Glasgow has several football teams - the best known are Rangers F.C. and Celtic F.C.. Partick Thistle, Clydebank, and Queens Park F.C. also play in the city.

Glasgow has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification). The weather in Glasgow is almost always changing, and it is hard to say what the entire day's weather is like. Very often, the weather is worst in the morning when it is mostly damp and sometimes misty or even foggy; the Glasgow Patter also refers to dreich weather - damp and drizzly. However, the weather mostly improves through the afternoon and more often than not the weather stays dry and at an average temperature.

In summer it is popular as a base for tourists. They can stay in Glasgow and then travel to see Loch Lomond and the Western Isles. One of the oldest paddle-steamer boats is in Glasgow, and in the summer one can travel down the Clyde to visit other towns and islands.

Twinned cities 
  Marseille, France
  Havana, Cuba
  Turin, Italy 
  Bethlehem, Palestinian Territories
  Nuremberg, Germany
  Dalian, People's Republic of China
  Lahore, Pakistan
  Rostov-on-Don, Russia

References
Grampian

Grampian was a government region in north east Scotland. It was named after the Grampian mountains which start in this region.

The capital city of the region was Aberdeen.

The region was created in 1974. It was removed in 1995 because local government in Scotland was  made simpler.

Local government in Scotland
Scottish Borders

Scottish Borders is a council area (region) in south Scotland. Its name is because it is on the border with England.

The name is usually shortened to    " the Borders".

It is made up of the counties of :-

 Berwickshire
 Peeblesshire
 Selkirkshire

The main town of the region is Newtown St Boswells.

Scottish Borders
Central Region, Scotland

Central was a government region in central Scotland between 1974 and 1995. After local government in Scotland was made simpler, it was replaced with smaller areas.

Local government in Scotland
Dumfries and Galloway

Dumfries and Galloway is a council area in south west Scotland. In takes in three counties:

 Dumfriesshire
 Kirkcudbrightshire
 Wigtownshire

The main and biggest town of the region is Dumfries. Dumfries is 60 miles south of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland.

Dumfries and Galloway
Lothian

Lothian was a region on the east coast of Scotland that was used for local government until the new municipalities were created. Lothian has been divided into four new council areas: Edinburgh, Midlothian, East Lothian and West Lothian.

Local government in Scotland
Strathclyde

Strathclyde was a region in west Scotland. It is named after the River Clyde. The capital city of the region was Glasgow. 

A long time ago, Strathclyde was also the name of one of the kingdoms which united to form Scotland.

Geography of Scotland