alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Hebrew language

Hebrew is a Semitic language. It was first spoken in Israel. Many Jewish people also speak Hebrew, as Hebrew is part of Judaism.

It was spoken by Israelites a long time ago, during the time of the Bible. After Judah was conquered by Babylonia, the Jews were taken captive (prisoner) to Babylon and started speaking Aramaic. Hebrew was no longer used much in daily life, but it was still known by Jews who studied halakha.

In the 20th century, many Jews decided to make Hebrew into a spoken language again. It became the language of the new country of Israel in 1948. People in Israel came from many places and decided to learn Hebrew, the language of their common ancestors, so that they could all speak one language. However, Modern Hebrew is quite different from Biblical Hebrew, with a simpler grammar and many loanwords from other languages, especially English.

As of 2021, Hebrew has been the only dead language that had been made into a living language again.

The Hebrew Bible was originally written in Biblical Hebrew.

Grammar 
Hebrew is a Semitic language, like Arabic, a similar language. Hebrew words are made by combining a root with a pattern. In Israeli Hebrew, some words are translated from European languages like English, French, German, and Russian. Many words from the Old Testament were given new meanings in Israeli Hebrew. People learning Hebrew need to study the grammar first so that they can read correctly without vowels.

In Israeli Hebrew, there is no verb "to be" in the present tense only in the future and the past tenses. In Biblical Hebrew, there are no tenses but only two aspects: imperfect and perfect. The imperfect is something like the future and the present tenses. The perfect is something like the past tense.

Mishnaic Hebrew was spoken as well as Judeo-Aramaic at the time of Jesus and at the time of the Bar-Kokhba revolt (2nd century AD) until the Byzantine Empire of Justinian (6th century AD).

The Hebrew alphabet has been adapted to write Yiddish, another Jewish language. However, Yiddish is different from Hebrew because Yiddish comes from a mix of German, Hebrew, and other languages.

Alphabet 

The Hebrew alphabet has 22 letters. Five of them change when they are at the end of a word. Hebrew is read and written from right to left. The first three letters, aleph, beth and gimel, are also used in mathematics in the context of transfinite numbers.

The Hebrew alphabet is an abjad and so only the consonants are written, and readers must supply the vowels. Since that can be difficult, the vowels can be marked as dots called “nikkud” or “tnuah” (plural ”nikkud” signs and “tnuot” respectively.) In Modern Hebrew, some letters can denote vowels, which are called matres lectionis (mothers of the reading) since they greatly help reading. Vav (or Waw) can make the 'oo' sound (/u/ in IPA) like in food. Yodh (or Yud) can make the 'ee' sound (/i/ in IPA) like in feed.

Notes

Related pages 

 Phoenician alphabet

References
James Kopp

James Charles Kopp (born August 2, 1954) is an American criminal. He was found guilty of murder in 2005 for shooting Dr. Barnett Slepian to death in 1988. Kopp said the reason he shot the doctor was that he was against the abortions that the doctor did.

Murder of Slepian
On October 23, 1998, Slepian, his wife, and their four children came home from synagogue (Jewish church). Kopp waited outside the home with a rifle. He shot Slepian in the back through a window while Slepian was in the kitchen. Slepian's wife and son Andrew were standing in the same room with him.

References

1954 births
Living people
American people convicted of murder
American prisoners
American Roman Catholics
American terrorists
Criminals from California
People from Pasadena, California
Millet

Millet is a type of grain that is eaten. There are many types of millet. Millets are of good nutritional value.

Millets also have high fiber content, and poor digestibility of nutrients. This limits their value in nutrition and makes them rather less acceptable to consumers.

References 

Grains
Hedgehog

For the fictional character, see Sonic the Hedgehog

A hedgehog, also called a hedgepig or furze-pig, is a small mammal. It has between 5000 and 7000 spines on its back. There are hedgehogs in Europe, Asia, Africa, and New Zealand. When attacked or threatened, it curls up. Hedgehogs eat insects, snails, frogs and toads, snakes, bird eggs, carrion, mushrooms, berries and melons. Sometimes, hedgehogs will search for earthworms after rainstorms.

Hedgehogs are nocturnal animals and they hibernate between November and March.

Description 
Hedgehogs have long spines, or quills, made of keratin. They do not come off easily, unlike porcupines, but in baby hedgehogs, the baby quills drop off and are replaced with adult quills. This is called "quilling". When they are very stressed or sick, their quills can fall off, too. Their quills are not poisonous: they are safe for humans to feel and touch, as they are not very sharp, or harmful.

Pets 
Some people keep hedgehogs as pets. African pygmy hedgehogs are the most common type that are kept as pets. They live 2–4 years in captivity. Hedgehogs are exotic pets, which means they may not be legal to keep as pets in some places.

References

Other websites

 
 Hedgehog reference at the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
 Hedgehog Facts 
 Hedgehog Care and Advice 

Eulipotyphla
Georges Brassens

Georges Brassens (October 22, 1921 - October 29, 1981) was a French singer and songwriter. He sang La mauvaise réputation (the bad reputation) and Le gorille (the gorilla).

1921 births
1981 deaths

French singers
French songwriters
Display resolution

Display resolution is the number of pixels displayed on a given surface. This is one of the numbers that say the capability of a computer monitor. 

For example: a "640 by 480 display", which has 640 pixels from side to side and 480 from top to bottom (as in a VGA display), and therefore has a total number of 640 × 480 = 307,200 pixels or 0.3 megapixels, is what is meant by 640 × 480 display resolution.

Related pages
Pixels per inch
Frequency

Display technology
Cervix

The cervix is the bottom part of the womb (uterus) of the female reproductive system. The cervix is about 1 inch long. It is in the shape of a cylinder. The shape changes during pregnancy. There is a thin, central cervical canal that runs through its length. This canal connects the womb and the vagina. The opening into the uterus is called the internal os. The opening into the vagina is called the external os. The lower part of the cervix bulges into the top of the vagina. The cervix has been written about since at least the time of Hippocrates, over 2,000 years ago.

References

Anatomy of the female reproductive system
Frankfort, Kentucky

Frankfort is the capital city of the U.S. state of Kentucky. It has been the state capital since December 8, 1792. It is the county seat of Franklin County, and has been since 1795. It's located between Lexington and Louisville Kentucky.

Frankfort is beside the Kentucky River. This is how the city earned its name, because the land was owned by pioneer Stephen Frank. First called "Frank's Ford", the name was soon shortened to Frankfort.

Within a century the population of Frankfort grew from 9,487 in 1900, to 27,741 in 2000. The members of the city commission and the mayor are elected by the citizens.

The mayor of Frankfort in 2008 is Gippy Graham.

References

Other websites 
 City of Frankfort Website

State capitals in the United States
Cities in Kentucky
County seats in Kentucky
Shah Rukh Khan

Shah Rukh Khan (born 2 November 1965), popularly known as SRK, is an Indian actor and film producer who works in Hindi films. He is also known as the "Badshah of Bollywood", "King of Bollywood" and "King Khan". He was born in New Delhi, his grandparents having moved there from Afghanistan and Peshawar. He started his career appearing on television in the late 1980s. He is Muslim and studied at a Muslim school. He is married to Gauri Khan, a Hindu, and has three children: Aryan, Suhana and Abhay. He also has a sister named Shehnaz Lalarukh. He has a master's degree. 

He is one of the biggest stars not just in Bollywood, but also around the world. According to Forbes richest list, Shahrukh's net worth in dollars is $770 Million and according to the world of Statistics Shahrukh Khan's net worth is more than Hollywood actor Robert De Niro ($500m), George Clooney ($500M), Jackie Chan ($520M), and Tom Cruise ($620M). He stands out on the 4th number top 100 richest lists.  After playing a role in his 1999 superhit movie, Badshah, everyone gave him the title name Badshah. He is also known by another name, King Khan. Shahrukh Khan charges movies more than 50 crores in Indian rupees. He earns 22M dollars annually.

Movies

Awards

References

Other websites 

1965 births
Living people
Indian movie actors
Indian movie producers
Actors from New Delhi
Game show hosts
Masashi Tashiro

Masashi Tashiro (田代まさし, born August 31, 1956 in Saga Prefecture) is a former Japanese television performer and member of Japanese musical group Rats & Star. He was brought up in Shinjuku, Tokyo. On December 21, 2001, Tashiro was the first Japanese person chosen by the American magazine Time as "Person of the Year".

Tashiro was fired from the entertainment world in 2001 because of scandals. 

1956 births
Living people

Japanese musicians
People from Saga Prefecture
Mamluk

Mamluks are members of a military caste that controlled Egypt from 1254 to 1811. Other mamluks held power in some other Muslim countries. The word means "slave" in the Arabic language and they began as slaves. In 1517 the Ottoman Empire conquered them, but Mamluks continued to be powerful. Muhammad Ali Pasha defeated them and took control of Egypt in 1811.

Other websites
 Qur'an Carpet Page; al-Fatihah is an Islamic holy book that was owned by Mamluks from the 1300s

History of Egypt
Egyptian military people‎
1254 establishments
1811 disestablishments
Establishments in Egypt
Disestablishments in Africa
13th-century establishments in Africa
Laurent Clerc

Laurent Clerc (born Louis Laurent Marie Clerc December 26, 1785 in Isère - July 18, 1869) co-founded the first school for the deaf (people who cannot hear) in the United States.

Deaf people in America respected Clerc and call him the "Father of the Deaf" because he founded the first school for the deaf in America in Hartford, Connecticut.  Clerc and Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet founded that school on April 15, 1817 in an old hotel.  The school moved to its present location in 1821 and is now named The American School for the Deaf.  The American School for the Deaf is the oldest school for the deaf in the United States.

Other websites
Name sign for Laurent Clerc
http://ia300102.us.archive.org/3/items/Laurent_Clerc/clerc.mpg

1785 births
1869 deaths
French teachers
American teachers
Deaf people
People from Isère
Ivory

Ivory is a hard yellowsh-white material made from the tusks and teeth of animals such as elephants, hippopotamuses and walruses. Ivory is now very rare and expensive since there are restrictions on hunting elephants for ivory. There are also laws against the trade of ivory. Some countries (including Zimbabwe and South Africa) argue that these laws should be removed or changed, to allow them to sell some ivory. 

Ivory has been used to make piano keys, billiard balls, handles and small ornaments. After ivory was banned, these items were usually made from plastic. Many of the earliest plastics were meant to be substitutes for ivory. Ivory has been used in artworks, such as carvings, since ancient times. 

Ivory color represents quiet and pleasantness.  

Natural materials
Political subdivisions of Brazil

Brazil is subdivided into 26 states and 1 Federal District (the capital city Brasília).

Center-West Region 
 
 Federal District (capital Brasília)
 Goiás (capital Goiânia)
 Mato Grosso (capital Cuiabá)
 Mato Grosso do Sul (capital Campo Grande)

North Region 

 Acre (capital Rio Branco)
 Amapá (capital Macapá)
 Amazonas (capital Manaus)
 Pará (capital Belém)
 Rondônia (capital Porto Velho)
 Roraima (capital Boa Vista)
 Tocantins (capital Palmas)

Northeast Region 

 Alagoas (capital Maceió)
 Bahia (capital Salvador)
 Ceará (capital Fortaleza)
 Maranhão (capital São Luís)
 Paraíba (capital João Pessoa)
 Pernambuco (capital Recife)
 Piauí (capital Teresina)
 Rio Grande do Norte (capital Natal)
 Sergipe (capital Aracaju)

South Region 

 Paraná (capital Curitiba)
 Rio Grande do Sul (capital Porto Alegre)
 Santa Catarina (capital Florianópolis)

Southeast Region 

 Espírito Santo (capital Vitoria)
 Minas Gerais (capital Belo Horizonte)
 Rio de Janeiro (capital Rio de Janeiro)
 São Paulo (capital São Paulo)

Geography of Brazil
Vice president

A vice president is someone who helps a president conduct his or her duties. A vice president also takes over if a president is not available. In business and in government a vice president (VP) is below a president in rank. Vice is comes from Latin meaning 'in place of'. In British English a vice president in business is called a director. In some countries, a vice president is called a deputy president.

Terms and abbreviations 
 Senior Executive Vice President (SEVP) 
 Deputy President (DP) 
 Executive Vice President (EVP)
 Senior Vice President (SVP)
 First Vice President (FVP)
 Assistant Vice President or Associate Vice President (AVP)

Related pages 
 Deputy prime minister

References 

 
Government occupations
Triple jump

The triple jump (also known in certain countries as a triple hop, step and jump or hop, skip and jump) is a athletics event. It has been a part of the World Championships since 1995. The event consists of someone running up to a line, jumping and landing on the same foot (a hop), jumping onto the other foot (a skip) and then jumping into a shallow pit of sand. The winner is the person whose final jump lands the farthest from the line they started jumping at. It is a common game played on playgrounds.

Events in athletics
Staind

Staind is an American rock band from Massachusetts, United States. The band was started in 1994. Its first album, Tormented was released in 1996. Staind's newest album, The Illusion of Progress was released on August 19, 2008. Some of its biggest hits have been Outside, It's Been Awhile, and So Far Away.

In 2013, They announced that they were going on hiatus but were not breaking up.

Band members 
Aaron Lewis - Vocals/Acoustic Guitar
Mike Mushok - Guitars
Jon Wysocki - Drums
Johnny April - Bass Guitar

References

1994 establishments in the United States
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
American rock bands
Musical groups established in 1994
Musical groups from Massachusetts
Post-grunge bands
Ocarina

An ocarina is a kind of flute that is not made out of a tube. Because the ocarina is in a round or box-like shape, its sound is a little different from other flutes.

History

The ten-hole ocarina was first made by Giuseppe Donati, in Italy, in 1853. Instruments like the ocarina had been made for hundreds of years before that in South America, China, and Africa. In Europe, a form called the gemshorn was made in the 16th century. The gemshorn was made from an animal horn.

In the 19th century, groups of ocarina players, with different sized ocarinas, played classical and folk music. Italian ocarinas became known throughout the world, because of this.

In the United States the ocarina was called the sweet potato, because its shape is like a sweet potato.

In 1928, the Japanese began making ocarinas. They added two small holes to the old kind of ocarinas. Japanese 12-hole ocarinas can play a larger scale than 10-hole ocarinas.

English Ocarina

In the 1960s, the English ocarina was invented. It has four finger holes, and may have one or two thumb holes. English ocarinas are made in many shapes.

Other websites 
 Ocarina Knowledge Pages  - All About Ocarinas

References

Flutes
Clarinet

The clarinet is a woodwind instrument.

The clarinet body is made up of the mouthpiece, barrel, upper joint, pads, keys, ring key, rod, lower joint, and bell. The clarinet has one reed. The reed is made of cane, bamboo or  plastic, which varies in thickness. The reed is attached to the mouthpiece with a clamp called a ligature, which is usually made out of metal.   Blowing through the mouthpiece makes the reed vibrate, and therefore makes the noise.  The body of the clarinet is a cylindrical tube with holes.  The holes are covered by the fingers to make musical notes.  There are also buttons pressed by the fingers which allow pads over holes to open or close so all notes of the chromatic scale can be played. The buttons are usually played with the "pinkie" finger.  

One kind of keyed clarinet is called the Albert system.  Another kind is called the Boehm system. The Boehm clarinet is much used by classical orchestras and by jazz musicians. In North America and other Western countries, the most popular clarinet is the clarinet pitched in B flat. This means that if a clarinet player plays a note that is written as a C, it sounds like a B flat on a piano. The B flat clarinet is used in concert, marching, and school bands.  Musicians in orchestras also play the A-clarinet (a semitone lower), the sopranino E flat clarinet (a fourth higher) and the Bass_clarinet  in B flat (sounding an octave lower).  

A beginner clarinet player usually can play a note within the first minutes of a lesson. Making a sound with the clarinet is easier than making a sound with many other wind instruments. Most instrumental music teachers consider it to be a good instrument for young players as soon as the lower adult teeth have grown. The fingering system is very similar to the flute and the saxophone, so changing from playing the clarinet to one of these instruments is not too difficult after the student is comfortable playing the clarinet and has reached a certain level.

A famous piece that features a clarinet is Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Clarinet Concerto, which has the clarinet playing the melody with the rest of the orchestra playing along. Written in 1791, it is often considered the first great composition for the instrument.

Components

Notable players 
 Benny Goodman
 Artie Shaw
 Sabine Meyer
 Martin Fröst
 Charles Neidich
 Paul Meyer (clarinetist)
 Jörg Widmann

Other websites 

 The International Clarinet Association

Woodwind instruments
16th century

The 16th century was the century from 1501 to 1600. In this century, many Europeans visited or moved to the newly-found Americas and some also searched for new routes to Asia. There was much change in Europe, such as the Protestant Reformation.

Decades and years 
Note: years before or after the 16th century are in italics.
Lute

The lute is a kind of musical instrument with strings.

The first lutes were brought to Spain by the Moors. Others may have been brought to Europe from Arabic lands.  The lute is one of the ancestors of the classical guitar.

A lute has an oval-shaped back, made of strips of wood. It has a flat front, with a neck attached to it. Early lutes had four strings or eight sets of two strings. Beneath these strings, there were strings tied to the neck, where the player pressed down to make the notes. These strings were called frets.

The front part of the body is made of a flat piece of wood, and known as the sound board. It has a beautifully carved hole in the center which is called the rose.

The lute was at first played by strumming or plucking with a pick. Later they were played with the fingers alone.

During the Renaissance, bigger lutes were designed. Most lutes at this time had seven or eight sets of strings. New kinds of lutes were invented. One new kind of lute made in the Renaissance was the theorbo. Another kind was the archlute.

In European classical music the lute was changed into the harpsichord and the mandolin.

Today there are kinds of lute still being played in Greece, Turkey, and in Arabic-speaking countries. The Renaissance lute is also played today, in western countries, as well as a German lute that is played the same way as a guitar.

Plucked string instruments
Early musical instruments
Independence Day (United States)

In the United States, Independence Day, commonly known as the Fourth of July or the Fourth, is a holiday commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, declaring the independence of the Thirteen Colonies from the United Kingdom of Great Britain. On Independence Day there are many events such as fireworks, parades, barbecues, carnivals, picnics, concerts, baseball games, political speeches and ceremonies, and various other public and private events. These events celebrate the history, government, and traditions of the United States.

Independence Day, the only holiday that celebrates the United States, is a national holiday marked by patriotic displays. Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors. Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions (like the postal service and federal courts) are closed on that day. Many politicians make it a point on this day to appear at a public event to praise the nation's heritage, laws, history, society, and people.

Families often celebrate Independence Day by having or going to a picnic or barbecue, and take advantage of the day off and in some years, long weekend to gather with relatives and friends. People may also do fun and relaxing hobbies like any other day off such as swimming, fishing, boating, sunbathing, playing sports, or just kicking back and relaxing. Many stores are open on the fourth so people may go shopping. In the evening, people may launch their own fireworks. Decorations (e.g., streamers, balloons, and clothing) are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag. Parades often are in the morning, while fireworks displays occur in the evening at such places as parks, fairgrounds, or town squares.

On the 4th of July Americans do these things:
 Fireworks
 Hold parades
 Bake red, blue and white desserts, such as cakes and cookies
 Create 4th of July wands.

Related pages
 Juneteenth National Independence Day

References

National days
Microsoft Office

Microsoft Office or Microsoft Office System is a collection of computer programs made by Microsoft. Microsoft Office is a collection of office-related applications. Each application serves a unique purpose and offers a specific service to its users. The programs are created for all users. There are different versions of the software for home users and for business users. Some versions may offer more programs, and some versions cost less than others, but none are for free. The current version is Office 2021, which was released on October 5, 2021.

Products 
The versions available are made up of some or all or more of the following programs:

 Microsoft Word is a word processor that lets a user type text into the document and add images, and different font or design choices.  The main file formats are .doc and .docx.  It also helps to check the spelling and find the meaning of words
 Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet and mathematics program that can make calculations and graphs based on data the user enters. The main file formats are .xls and .xlsx.
 Microsoft PowerPoint is a program that creates presentations and slideshows. They can have text, drawing, pictures and media. They can also be set up to show on a projector. The main file formats are .ppt and .pptx.
 Microsoft Outlook is an email client that can send and receive emails. The user can add a contact list and multiple calendars.
 Microsoft Access is a database program where people can store data over many tables. The main file formats are .mdb and .accdb.
 Microsoft Publisher is a program that lets people make layouts for newsletters and presentations to print. The main file format is .pub.
 Microsoft InfoPath is a program for designing, distributing, filling and submitting electronic forms containing structured data. Based on XML.
 Microsoft Visio is a shaping program not included in Microsoft Office Suites but can be bought in volume editions. Originally included in Microsoft Office.
 Microsoft FrontPage is a HTML-WYSIWYG program included in the Office 2003 Suite. It has been replaced by Microsoft Expression Web in the Expression Series.

Other Products 
 Microsoft Lync
 Microsoft Project
 Microsoft Visact
 Microsoft Office Document Imaging
 Microsoft Office Document Scanning
 Other products also included

Office 365 
Microsoft Office 365 is a new way of sharing Microsoft Office documents with people from your organization or between your computers, syncing to the cloud. In order to sync to the cloud, you need a Microsoft account. 
Actual versions include:
 Personal
 Home
 Business Essentials
 Enterprise E1
 Business Premium
 Entreprise E3
 Enterprise E4
You can get a free trial of Office for 30 days.

References

Other websites 
 Official website
 Office 365 website 

 
Word processors
Afrikaans

Afrikaans is a West Germanic language mainly spoken in South Africa and Namibia.  It was originally the dialect that developed among the Afrikaner Protestant settlers, the unfree workers, and slaves brought to the Cape area in southwestern South Africa by the Dutch East India Company ( - VOC) between 1652 and 1705. Most of these first settlers were from the Netherlands, though there were also many from Germany, some from France, a few from Scotland, and various other countries. The unfree workers and slaves were Malays, and Malagasy in addition to the native Khoi and Bushmen.

Research by J. A. Heese says that until 1807, 36.8% of the ancestors of the White Afrikaans speaking population were Dutch, 35% were German, 14.6% were French and 7.2% non-white (of African and/or Asian origins).  
Heese's figures are questioned by other researchers, however, and especially the non-white component quoted by Heese is very much in doubt.

A sizeable minority of those who speak Afrikaans as a first language are not white. The dialect became known as "Cape Dutch". Later, Afrikaans was sometimes called "African Dutch" or "Kitchen Dutch". Afrikaans was considered a Dutch dialect until the early 20th century, when it began to be widely known as a different language. The name Afrikaans is simply the Dutch word for African, and the language is the African form of Dutch.

Related pages
 Afrikaans Language Monument
Afrikaans-English Dictionary On-line

References
Leonard Bernstein

Leonard Bernstein (August 25, 1918– October 14, 1990) was an American composer and conductor. He was born Louis Bernstein in Lawrence, Massachusetts to Ukrainian Jewish parents. He is best known for conducting the New York Philharmonic and composing West Side Story and Candide.

Bernstein was gay.

He was a heavy smoker who had emphysema. He died of a heart attack in New York City.

Influences 
Bernstein stated composers like Aaron Copland, Dimitri Mitropoulos, George Gershwin, Gustav Mahler, Kurt Weill, Sergei Koussevitzky, Randall Thompson, Cole Porter, Jerome Kern and Robert Schumann as influences.

Other websites 
 Official website

1918 births
1990 deaths
20th-century American composers
American conductors
American movie score composers
Bisexual Jews
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Entertainers from Massachusetts
Grammy Award winners
Jewish American LGBT people
Jewish American musicians
Kennedy Center honorees
LGBT musicians
LGBT people from Massachusetts
People from Lawrence, Massachusetts
Tony Award winners
Afrikaans Language Monument

The Afrikaans Language Monument () is the only monument in the world dedicated to a language. It is on a hill overlooking the Teachers' Training College in Paarl, Western Cape Province, South Africa. Completed in 1975, it was built to celebrate the 100 years birthday of Afrikaans being declared as a different language from Dutch.

The monument is made of tapering structures of a convex and concave nature. They show the influences of different languages and cultures on Afrikaans itself. They are also a symbol of political developments in South Africa, as follows:
 Clear West - the European source of the language
 Magical Africa - the African influences on the language
 Bridge - between Europe and Africa
 Afrikaans - the language itself
 Republic - declared in 1961
 Malay language and culture

Inscriptions 
On a large inscription at the entrance, two quotes from important Afrikaans poets are written.

van Wyk Louw inscription 
  -- N.P. van Wyk Louw
 "Afrikaans is the language that connects Western Europe and Africa... It forms a bridge between the large, shining West and the magical Africa... And what great things may come from their union – that is maybe what lies ahead for Afrikaans to discover. But what we must never forget, is that this change of country and landscape sharpened, kneaded and knitted this newly-becoming language... And so Afrikaans became able to speak out from this new land... Our task lies in the use that we make and will make of this gleaming tool..."

Langenhoven inscription 
  -- C.J. Langenhoven
 "If we plant a row of poles down this hall now, ten poles, to represent the last ten years, and on each pole we make a mark at a height from the floor corresponding to the relative written use of Afrikaans in the respective year, and we draw a line, from the first here near the floor to the last over there against the loft, then the line would describe a rapidly rising arc, not only quickly rising, but rising in a quickly increasing manner. Let us now, in our imagination, extend the arc for the ten coming years from now. See you, sirs, where the point shall be, outside in the blue sky high over Bloemfontein, in the year 1924."

Dit Is Ons Erns 
The phrase "DIT IS ONS ERNS" ("we are earnest [about this]", or "this is our earnestness") is inscribed on the pathway leading up to the monument.

Monuments and memorials in South Africa
Afrikaans
Bob Saget

Robert Lane "Bob" Saget (May 17, 1956 – January 9, 2022) was an American comedian and actor. He was best known for his appearances on television as Danny Tanner on Full House and the original host of America's Funniest Home Videos. He was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2014 for a comedy album that he made.

Personal life
Robert Lane Saget was born on May 17, 1956, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Dolly and Benjamin Saget.  He attended Abington Senior High School in Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, before attending Temple University.
Saget married Sherri Kramer on May 16, 1982, and had three children with Kramer: Aubrey, Lara, and Jennifer.  The pair divorced on November 10, 1997.  He married Kelly Rizzo on October 30, 2018.

Death
On January 9, 2022, Saget was found dead at his hotel room in Orange County, Florida near Orlando at the age of 65. The cause of death was a subdural hematoma and a subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by head trauma after falling and hitting the back of his head.

References

American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American stand-up comedians
Actors from Philadelphia
1956 births
2022 deaths
Comedians from Philadelphia
American voice actors
American television presenters
American television directors
American television producers
Movie producers from Pennsylvania
Movie directors from Pennsylvania
Screenwriters from Pennsylvania
American television writers
Accidental deaths from falls in the United States
Deaths from head injury
Deaths from subdural hematoma
Deaths from subarachnoid hemorrhage
Phil Collins

Philip David Charles "Phil" Collins (born 30 January 1951) is a British drummer, songwriter, actor and singer. He was born in Chiswick, Hounslow, Middlesex. He was the drummer and singer of the band Genesis. He is very well known for his career away from the band, as a solo artist. His most well known album is No Jacket Required, which has sold over ten million copies in the United States. One of his most well known songs is "In the Air Tonight", which had a long running false rumour that it was about a drowning that Collins had witnessed. Collins starred in the movie Buster (1988). His daughter Lily Collins is a famous actress.

Collins won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song for "You'll Be in My Heart" for the 1999 movie Tarzan.

Discography

Solo albums
 Face Value (1981)
 Hello, I Must Be Going! (1982)
 No Jacket Required (1985)
 ...But Seriously (1989)
 Both Sides (1993)
 Dance into the Light (1996)
 Testify (2002)
 Going Back (2010)

Health 
Collins suffered an injury in 2009. The surgery to correct the injury to his neck went wrong. Due to this, he has not been able to play drums. He has to use a cane while walking. He has to be seated in a chair when performing on stage.

References

Other websites

 
 Phil Collins at Atlantic Records
 

1951 births
Living people
 
English rock drummers
Actors from London
Actors from Middlesex
English movie actors
English rock singers
English television actors
English voice actors
Genesis members
Musicians from London
Progressive rock singers
Musicians from Middlesex
People from Chiswick
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Golden Globe Award winners
Atlantic Records artists
Badfinger

Badfinger was a British rock group. They were first called The Iveys, but renamed themselves after a song title, "Badfinger Boogie", the original title of "With a Little Help From My Friends". The band's members were Peter Ham, Tom Evans, Mike Gibbins and Joey Molland. Badfinger recorded for Apple Records, which was a record label started by The Beatles, Warner Brothers, Elektra Records, and Radio Records.

Their first hit record was "Come And Get It", which was written by Paul McCartney. It appeared in a movie, The Magic Christian. The band followed McCartney's demo closely to make the record. The finished record sounded like a Beatles song. Later they made records that sounded different, and showed the band's own style. Todd Rundgren was the producer of some of their recordings.

Badfinger's other hit records included "No Matter What", "Day After Day", and "Baby Blue". Later they left Apple Records and recorded for Warner Bros. Ham and Evans were the band's main songwriters. One of their songs, "Without You", was recorded by the band, but was not a hit. A later cover version by singer Harry Nilsson became an international hit, and was the first of many such versions. Many recording artists have sung "Without You", including Mariah Carey.

In 1970 Badfinger made an agreement with an American businessman called Stan Polley who promised to help them earn more money. But instead of helping them, Polley kept their money away from them in an account and refused to tell them how to get it out. He also behaved dishonestly toward Warner Bros. Because of his dishonesty, the band's sixth album was removed from shops after being available for only seven weeks, and Warner Bros. refused to release their seventh album. As a result, the band did not earn any money for their hard work, which made Pete Ham feel very depressed. Feeling that he could not be a good husband or father without any money, Ham committed suicide by hanging himself in 1975.

Evans and Molland decided they still wanted to work together. Mike Gibbins, the drummer, wanted to as well, but could not. They found two more musicians to take the place of Ham and Gibbins, and recorded a new album called "Airwaves". They had only one very small hit, but continued to tour. They released another record called "Say No More". This record had cover art by artist Peter Max.

Tom Evans had problems like Ham's, and killed himself (eight years after Ham) in the same way.

References

Musical groups established in 1969
1960s establishments in England
20th-century establishments in Wales
Musical groups disestablished in 1975
1970s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1980s disestablishments in England
Musical groups established in 1978
1978 establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s establishments in England
Musical groups disestablished in 1984
1984 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1960s British music groups
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
British rock bands
1975 disestablishments in Europe
United Nations Security Council

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of six main parts of the United Nations. The Security Council deals with maintaining peace and security between nations.

Membership 
There are 15 members of the UNSC but only five are permanent members. They are:
 China
 France
 Russia
 United Kingdom
 United States

The ten temporary seats are held for two years with member states (countries) voted in by the United Nations General Assembly on a regional basis. The Presidency of the Security Council (i.e. the leadership) is rotated alphabetically each month. Currently, the members are:

Powers 
If a country has behaved in a way seen as bad, the member countries of UNSC can make a ruling, known as a United Nations Security Council Resolution. All five of the permanent member countries must either agree to this ruling or at least not vote against it; if any of them do, it is said to have been "vetoed" and does not come into effect. This Resolution may call for UN members to take certain actions to punish the country, called "sanctions". 

An example is that the UNSC had long banned all imports of nuclear fuel to Iran as they felt Iran was going to make nuclear weapons. These sanctions resulted in rules which made it much harder for Iran to do business with people in the rest of the world. These actions made life harder in Iran, both for its government and regular people as well. Most people think that is why Iran was willing to promise to change how it used nuclear material in order to end these rules. The Permanent Members of the Security Council worked together in ending this problem; Germany has also conferenced with the permanent UN Security Council members about this issue. 

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is the most powerful part of the United Nations. The Security Council deals with maintaining peace and security between nations. For members of the UN to engage in war or major military activity against another country or a large armed group outside of their own country they are supposed to have the agreement of the Security Council to do so but recent history shows that this rule is often not closely followed by everyone. All members of the UN retain the right to "self-defense"; they can engage in actions to defend their people and land whenever this becomes necessary but are then expected to refer the matter to the Security Council as soon as they can.

References

Other websites
 UNSC website

Security Council
High jump

The high jump is a track and field athletics event. Without the aid of any devices, athletes jump over a horizontal bar placed at measured heights. The high jump was first practised in England in the 19th century. It became an Olympic sport in 1896 for men and in 1928 for women. The rules that were made in 1865 still exist today. Thus, every athlete has three attempts on every height. The athletes are allowed to touch the bar but they must not knock it down.

The women's world record of 2.09 metres is held by Stefka Kostadinova. It was set in 1987. There is a technique called the Fosbury flop and scissor kick.

Related pages
Long jump
Pole vault
Triple jump

References

Events in athletics
The Bronx

The Bronx is the northern part of New York City, United States. It is the only borough of New York City not on an island. The name came from Bronck's Farms, owned by a settler called Jonas Bronck. The Bronx was once the southern part of Westchester County, but is now one of the five boroughs of New York City as well as a county in New York State called Bronx County. The Bronx River flows south out of Yonkers and Mount Vernon, New York, through the middle of The Bronx, and into Long Island Sound.

Two places to visit in The Bronx are the Bronx Zoo and the Yankee Stadium, where the New York Yankees baseball team plays.

Related pages 

 South Bronx

References

Other websites 
 
 
 I Love The Bronx
 The Bronx Zoo
 The New York Botanical Garden
 Wave Hill: New York Public Garden and Cultural Center
 Arthur Avenue (Little Italy)

County seats in New York (state)
 
1898 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in New York (state)
Bob Denver

Bob Denver (January 9, 1935 – September 2, 2005) was an American actor. He was best known for his roles as Gilligan on the 1960s television series Gilligan's Island and  Maynard G. Krebs on the earlier Many Loves of Dobie Gillis. He appeared on many other shows including The Good Guys, Dusty's Trail, and Far-Out Space Nuts, but these could not match his success as Gilligan. In 1998, he was arrested for marijuana possession and in 2005, he underwent heart surgery. After that he learned he had cancer. Before he became an actor, Denver worked as a mailman and a high school teacher.

American television actors
Actors from New York (state)
1935 births
2005 deaths
Cancer deaths in North Carolina
1100

Note that 1100 is the last year of the 11th century. 1101 is the first year of the 12th century. It was an exceptional common year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar, which did not happen to be used, but was a leap year starting on Sunday on that Julian calendar.

Events 
 August 5 – Henry I crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey

Births 
 May 23 – Emperor Qinzong of China (d. 1161)
 Mary and Eliza Chulkhurst, English conjoined twins (died 1134)
 Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1148)

Deaths 
 August 2 – William II of England
Monk

A monk is a man  who devoted part or all of his life to a religion. The word comes from Ancient Greek, and can be translated as solitary. In Greek, the word can apply to women, but in modern English it is mainly used for men. The word nun is usually used for female monastics. Monks practice asceticism. They either live alone, or together with other monks who share the same ideals. Monks can be found in different religions, most often in Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Jainism and Taoism.

The monks who live on their own are usually called  hermits, those living with other monks do so in monasteries. Nuns living together do so in a convent.

Some laws monks might choose to obey:
 Poverty: the monk cannot own anything.
 Chastity: the monk cannot have sex or a sexual relationship and cannot start a family or get married.
 Solitude: the monk should always be alone. Some monks choose to not follow this law.
 Silence: the monk shall not speak unless it is necessary.
 Generosity: the monk should always help other people.
 Stillness: the monk cannot travel far unless it is necessary. Sometimes this means that the monk must be cloistered which means that they must not leave their monastery (especially Warsa period). Sometimes they can be allowed to leave, but must not go very far.
 Duty: The monk must do some things every day. For example, the monk must pray or meditate and must do some work.

 
Religious occupations
Dream Theater

Dream Theater (often called DT for short) is a progressive metal and progressive rock band formed in the mid-1980s in the United States.

Band members

Current members 
 James LaBrie (vocals)
 John Myung (electric basses)
 John Petrucci (guitar)
 Jordan Rudess (keyboards)
 Mike Portnoy (drums)

Previous members 
 Chris Collins (vocals)
 Charlie Dominici (vocals)
 Kevin Moore (keyboards)
 Derek Sherinian (keyboards)
 Mike Mangini (drums)

Biography 
The band was founded by John Myung, John Petrucci and Mike Portnoy.  Myung and Petrucci are the only original members that are still in the band today. They changed their singer twice in the late 1980s when Chris Collins was replaced by Charlie Dominici in 1987. Dominici left the band only three years later, in 1990, and James LaBrie joined and stayed until today. Dream Theater's keyboardist also changed three times. Kevin Moore played with the band from 1985 until 1995 when he left and Derek Sherinian took his position until 1999. Jordan Rudess is Dream Theater's Keyboardist now. He is known for his excellent technique and compositional skills.  In September 2010, drummer Mike Portnoy left Dream Theater, and was replaced by Mike Mangini.

Influences 
The members of Dream Theater are known for having excellent playing technique of their instruments, and for their songwriting. Their music is very complex and the songs are often long, their longest being Six Degrees of Inner Turbulence at 42 minutes in length.

Their songs contain a lot of instrumental sections, in which no vocals are heard and only the instruments play (these parts are called "instrumental passages") and also many solos. Another feature of their music is that during each song, the speed often changes, and occasionally style changes too.

They once said that other bands have trouble making long songs. They said they have trouble making "short" songs. Most of Dream Theater's music is very difficult to play because of the high speed it has to be played with and the complex rhythm.

Discography

Studio albums
When Dream and Day Unite (1989)
Images and Words (1992)
Awake (1994)
Falling into Infinity (1997)
Metropolis Pt. 2: Scenes from a Memory (1999)
Six Degrees Of Inner Turbulence (2002)
Train of Thought (2003)
Octavarium (2005)
Systematic Chaos (2007)
Black Clouds & Silver Linings (2009)
A Dramatic Turn of Events (2011)
Dream Theater (2013)
The Astonishing (2016)
Distance Over Time (2019)
A View from the Top of the World (2021)

Other websites 
 Dream Theater's official website

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Progressive metal bands
Musical groups from New York (state)
Warner Bros. Records artists
Atlantic Records artists
Triangle

A triangle is a shape, or a part of two dimensional space. It has three straight sides and three vertices. The three angles of a triangle always add up to 180° (180 degrees). It is the polygon with the least possible number of sides. A triangle with vertices A, B, C is written as . The study of geometry related to triangles is called trigonometry. Modern computers usually use triangles to make more complex graphic images or shapes.

Types of triangles 

Triangles can be grouped according to how many of their sides are equal:
 if all the three sides of a triangle have the same length, then it is an equilateral triangle.
 if a triangle has two sides with the same length, then it is an isosceles triangle.
 if all the three sides of a triangle have different lengths, then we have a scalene triangle.
Triangles can also be grouped by their angles:

 if a triangle has a right angle, that is, if one of the angles of that triangle measures 90° (90 degrees), then it is a right triangle. The opposite side to the right angle is the hypotenuse.
 if a triangle has an obtuse angle, that is, if one of the angles of that triangle is larger than 90°, then it is an obtuse triangle.
 if a triangle has only acute angles, that is, if all the angles of that triangle are less than 90°, then it is an acute triangle.

Area 

The area of a triangle is equal to base times height times one half.

Related pages
 Law of sines
 Pythagorean theorem
 Sierpinski triangle
 Reuleaux triangle

References 

Polygons
Eivør Pálsdóttir

Eivør Pálsdóttir (born 21 July 1983 in Syðrugøta, Faroe Islands) is a Faroese singer and composer. She sings in Faroese, but also in English, Icelandic, Swedish and Danish. 

Eivør Pálsdóttir is one of the most well-known singers from the Faroe Islands.

"Krakan", her second solo album, won the nomination for an Icelandic Music Award in three categories. Eivor won Best Singer and Best Performer in Iceland in 2003.

Discography
 Eivør Pálsdóttir (SHD 50, tutl 2000)
 Clickhaze EP (HJF 91, tutl 2002)
 Yggdrasil (HJF 88, tutl 2002)
 Krákan (12T001, 12 tónar 2003)
 Eivør (12T010, 12 tónar 2004)
 Trøllabundin (together with the Big band of Danmarks Radio 2005)
 Human Child (R 60117-2, RecArt Music 2007)
 Mannabarn (R 60116-2, RecArt Music 2007, Faroese version of Human Child)
 Eivör Live (SHD125, tutl 2009)
 Undo your mind EP (Copenhagen Records 2010)
 Larva (SHD 130 tutl 2010)

References

Other websites
 Eivor.com Official Website

1983 births
Living people
Danish singers
Danish composers
Faroese people