alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Cabrillo Beach

Cabrillo Beach is a historic beach in San Pedro, California. 
Cabrillo has two separate beach areas.

Lifeguards 

Los Angeles City  and Los Angeles County Lifeguards are responsible for the beach and ocean safety in and around the Cabrillo Beach area.

Geography 
Cabrillo Beach is next to the Los Angeles Harbor and is only a short boat ride away from Catalina Island.

Water Sports  
Cabrillo Beach is a popular destination for those interested in water sports, such as windsurfing, kayaking and SCUBA diving. 
Cabrillo Beach is known by windsurfers as "Hurricane Gulch" because of its predictably strong winds.

Landmarks 

It is also home to a few famous landmarks, namely the 1.75 mile Los Angeles Breakwater which ends at the Angeles Gate Lighthouse, the recently restored Cabrillo Beach Bathhouse, and the Cabrillo Marine Aquarium. The Angels Gate Lighthouse is home to the annual Angel's Gate Lighthouse Swim competition, held by Lifeguards and San Pedro residents each summer.

Beaches of California
Geography of Los Angeles
Khartoum

Khartoum or Khartum ( ; ) is the capital city of Sudan. It is also Sudan's largest city. It is where the Blue Nile and main Nile come together. Its name means "elephant tusk". Two other cities nearby are Omdurman and Khartoum North.

Khartoum has a hot desert climate (BWh in the Koeppen climate classification).

Climate
Khartoum has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh). It is very dry in the winter. This is normal in the Saharo-Sahelian zone. The climate is very dry for most of the year. In eight months of the year, the average rainfall is less than  of rain.

In August, there is a little bit of rain. The most amount of rainfall in this month is about . The rainy season is usually windy. The average amount of rainfall is very low. There is only  of precipitation on average in a year. The highest temperatures usually are during two main parts of the year. The first is in the late dry season when the temperatures are usually above  from April to June. The second is in the early dry season. Here, the average highs are above  in September and October. Temperatures are usually colder in the night. The lowest average low temperature in the year in January is just above . Khartoum is one of the hottest major cities on Earth. It has an annual mean temperature of . In most months, the monthly average temperatures doesn't get below . This is usually not seen in any other majors cities with hot desert climates like Riyadh, Baghdad and Phoenix.

Demographics

Almost 250,000 Syrians lived in Khartoum in 2019, representing 5% of all of the people in the city. Most of the population are young men who have fled war in Syria. Sudan was the only country in the world to accept travelers that has a Syrian passport but didn't have a visa.

References

Related pages
2023 Sudan conflict
Konkani language

Konkani is a language from India. Konkani belongs to Indo-Aryan family of languages. It is the official language of Goa, a state in India. 

Some people from the part of India known as Konkan speak Konkani language. Konkan is on the west coast of India.

The name Konkani means "from the Konkan". The word Konkan means corner (kona) and piece/part of earth (kana). The name of the language comes from the place where it is spoken.

Writing systems
People write Konkani in many different scripts (writing systems or alphabets). People from different regions use different scripts. Hindu Konkani people from Goa and Maharashtra use Devanagari script. Konkani people from Karnataka use Kannada script. Christains in Goa use Roman script. Konkani Muslims use Arabic script. Konkani people from Kerala use Malayalam script. Devanagari is the official script.

References

Indo-Aryan languages
Languages of India
Trench

A trench is a long, narrow ditch.

Trench warfare has often been used in defense. Entrenched soldiers can be somewhat safe from enemy fire.  Trench warfare made World War I longer than expected.  The trench coat got its name from there.

Several kinds of trench exist:
 Utility trench has pipes, wires, or other infrastructure
 Road trench carries vehicles
 Military trench provides shelter for soldiers shooting at each other
 Oceanic trench: For example, the Mariana Trench
Rift valley
  Archaeological trench dug by archaeologists
Landforms
War
Trench coat

A trench coat (or trenchcoat) is a type of outdoor clothing. Trenchcoats are long coats made from stiff material, like heavy-duty cotton. They were invented for soldiers to wear in The First World War to keep them warm. Most trench coats also protect the wearer against rain.

As a fashion
In the 1950s, trench coats became a popular fashion item. In the 1980s and 1990s, trench coats were worn by punk rock musicians and gothic rock musicians. There have been many remodels of it.

Protective clothing
Trumpet

A trumpet is a brass instrument used mainly in Classical music and jazz music. The most common type of trumpet is a B♭ trumpet, meaning that if the player plays a C, it will sound like a B♭ in  concert pitch. The trumpet is played by blowing into the mouthpiece and making a "buzzing" sound. There are three keys called valves that the player can press to change the pitch.

History 

The trumpet has been around for about 3000 years. An early example of a brass instrument like a trumpet is called a shofar, which is still used in religious ceremonies. Eventually people started making trumpet-like instruments with wood (for example, the cornetto), and later, with brass. Modern bugles are similar to early metal trumpets.

Many years ago, when the use of instrumental music was growing, trumpets became very important. Trumpets were long and without valves. This meant a player had to control the pitch of the sound with only his mouth, which was very difficult. Everyone respected trumpet players because trumpets were just so difficult to play.

The chromatic trumpet was developed in the late 18th century. In the 19th century, good valves made it easier to play notes on the trumpet. Still, trumpet is a difficult instrument to master.

Music for trumpet 
Classical music is written for solo trumpet, and trumpets are included in orchestras. Trumpets play an important part in Jazz music, and other various popular genres. Sometimes, they also play short parts to emphasize sections in rock songs.

Trumpet players 
Some famous classical trumpet players are Adolph Herseth, Sergei Nakariakov and Maurice Andre.

Some famous jazz trumpet players are Miles Davis, Louis Armstrong, Arturo Sandoval, Wynton Marsalis, Dizzy Gillespie, and Maynard Ferguson.

Other websites

Brass instruments
Jazz instruments
Microwave

A microwave is a high-frequency radio wave. They are broadly defined as having a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 1 meter, or narrowly between 3 mm and 300 mm. Microwaves have many uses including radar, radio astronomy, and to heat food in a microwave oven. Unlike longer radio waves, they do not bend around land obstacles but go in line of sight. Still, they are much used for communication because they can have a high bandwidth. Almost all spacecraft communicate by microwave radio.

When something moves, it almost always has a wave pattern to its movement - this can be seen in water most easily, in ripples and ocean waves. A very common type of wave in the universe is electromagnetic waves. Light is an example of an electromagnetic wave, and so is a microwave, for example the cosmic microwave background radiation. We can only see electromagnetic radiation in the visible light spectrum (which is why it's called the visible light spectrum), so microwaves are invisible.

Microwaves were among the first radio waves discovered, in the late 19th century, by Heinrich Rudolf Hertz.

Microwave Ovens 
Microwave ovens work because microwaves make polar molecules (molecules that act like tiny magnets) all face the same direction - to visualize it, imagine that the microwave oven is telling all of the molecules to face left, then right.  Heat is just the movement of molecules, so when the molecules do a great amount of moving, they are hot.  

Like other heat sources, microwave radiation can cause burns. They can go through skin and muscles. If vital organs are burned, the burns can kill. This is why a microwave oven does not work with the door open.

References

wave physics
Electromagnetic radiation
Microwave oven

A microwave oven (commonly called a microwave) is a machine that cooks food using microwaves, a type of radio wave. The idea was invented when a scientist who was experimenting with radio waves saw his chocolate bar, which was in his pocket, had melted. He then knew that radio waves could cook food and invented the microwave oven.

History 

In 1945, the heating effect of a high-power microwave beam was accidentally discovered by Percy Spencer, an American self-taught engineer from Howland, Maine. Hired by Raytheon at the time, he noticed that microwaves from an active radar set he was working on started to melt a chocolate bar he had in his pocket. First, Spencer deliberately cooked popcorn with a microwave oven. And the second time, he cooked an egg, which exploded in the face of one of the experimenters. 

To prove his finding, Spencer created a high-density electromagnetic field by feeding microwave power from a magnetron into a metal box from which it had no way to escape. When food was placed in the box with the microwave energy, the temperature of the food rose rapidly. On 8 October 1945, Raytheon filed a United States patent application for Spencer's microwave cooking process, and an oven that heated food using microwave energy from a magnetron was soon placed in a Boston restaurant for testing.

How it works 

The microwave oven uses a magnetron, which is a type of vacuum tube. This is similar to a radio transmitter. It makes very short radio waves which go into the food to a depth of about 2.5cm (one inch). This makes water molecules twist about 2.5 billion times a second. This heats up the molecules around it. As they heat up the heat goes to the inside of the food.  This process is called conduction. This also happens in a normal oven, but microwave energy goes deeper so that the food cooks much faster. In an ordinary oven, the energy stays mostly near the surface, so it takes more time.

The microwave oven also has a waveguide, turntable, and a timer switch. When we place the food inside the chamber and turn the timer switch on, it sends a signal to the magnetron to send microwaves, as well as to the turntable to start turning. The microwaves of microwave ovens can heat foods containing polar molecules, such as water, as polar molecules are prone to the vibration effect caused by the microwaves. To heat the food evenly the microwave's turntable spins the food around. 

Metals will cause sparks in microwaves, instead of heating. This is because metals like to give away electrons, so when the microwaves "push" at their magnet-like electrons, instead of turning, they just give the electrons away. A bunch of electrons running off of metal is called electricity, and we see it in the form of sparks.  Dry foods like ramen will sometimes burn and start fires in microwave ovens if water is not used with the food.

Related pages 

 Frozen dinner
 Induction heating

References

Other websites 
 Metamaterials for microwave shielding 

Wave physics
Cooking appliances
Home appliances
Commercial kitchen equipment
Microwave technology
Cobalt

Cobalt (chemical symbol Co) is a chemical element. It has an atomic number of 27 and an atomic mass of about 59. It is a metal.

Properties

Cobalt is a transition metal. It is shiny and conducts electricity. It is magnetic. It is a hard metal. It is moderately reactive. Iron is more reactive and copper is less reactive. It dissolves slowly in acids. This reaction makes hydrogen and a salt of cobalt. Cobalt is normally in its +2 oxidation state as an ion. Some chemical compounds contain cobalt ions in its +4 oxidation state. Cobalt(II) chloride is one of the most common cobalt compounds. Many cobalt compounds are blue or pink. One of them is black.

Chemical compounds
Cobalt comes in two oxidation states, +2 and +3. Most soluble cobalt compounds are red. They can also be green, blue, brown, and black.

Cobalt(II) compounds
Cobalt(II) chloride, red solid, most common cobalt compound
Cobalt(II) fluoride, used in dentistry, red solid
Cobalt(II) hydroxide, red or green-blue solid
Cobalt(II) oxide, black solid
Cobalt(II) sulfate, reddish solid, used in pigments

Mixed oxidation state
Cobalt(II,III) oxide, black solid, oxidizing agent

Cobalt(III) compounds
Cobalt(III) fluoride, brown solid, strong oxidizing agent
Cobalt(III) oxide, black solid

Occurrence and preparation
Cobalt is too reactive to occur as a pure element in the earth. It is found in certain minerals. It is found with copper and nickel deposits. Normally the three metals are bonded to arsenic and sulfur. The majority of cobalt mining is in central Africa. 

It is found as a byproduct (left over substance) when copper and nickel are produced. It is made by reaction with the sludge from copper and nickel processing.

Uses

Cobalt is used in some types of steel. It hardens the steel.  It is also used to make very strong tough alloys.  These alloys are known as superalloys.  Some cobalt compounds are used in the lithium-ion battery.  Cobalt compounds were used as an artificial food coloring until 1971.  It was discovered that it has harmful effects.  It is used to make glass blue.  It is also used as a catalyst, and in some medicines, and for ink, pigments, dyes, and varnishes.

The human body needs small amounts of cobalt for certain vitamins. Cobalt compounds are used to stop cyanide from poisoning the body.

Safety
People need cobalt compounds in small amounts, but cobalt is toxic in large quantities. Sometimes cobalt compounds were added to beer, and people that drank it were poisoned. It can cause skin irritation when touched.

References 

Transition metals
Canidae

Canidae is a family of carnivorous and omnivorous mammals of the order Carnivora. Animals that belong to the family Canidae are called canids. The family Canidae is divided into two tribes: Vulpini ("true foxes"), and Canini ("true dogs").
Canids of the tribe Vulpini (foxes) are called "vulpines". Canids of the tribe Canini (wolves, dogs, coyotes and others) are called "canines". Some people call all these canids, including Vulpini, "canines", but this is wrong.

Examples of canids are dogs, wolves, foxes, coyotes, and jackals.

Taxonomy 
 Tribe Vulpini, True foxes
 Genus Vulpes
 Indian Fox, Vulpes bengalensis
 Blanford's Fox, Vulpes cana
 Cape fox, Vulpes chama
 Corsac fox, Vulpes corsac
 Tibetan fox, Vulpes ferrilata
 Pale fox, Vulpes pallida
 Rüppell's Fox, Vulpes rueppelli
 Swift fox, Vulpes velox
 Kit fox, Vulpes macrotis
 Red Fox, Vulpes vulpes
 Fennec, Vulpes zerda
 Genus Alopex
 Arctic Fox, Alopex lagopus
 Genus Urocyon
 Gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus
 Island fox, Urocyon littoralis
 Genus Otocyon
 Bat-eared fox, Otocyon megalotis
 Tribe Canini, True dogs
 Genus Dusicyon
 Falkland Island Fox, Dusicyon australis†
 Genus Pseudalopex
 Culpeo, Pseudalopex culpaeus
 South American Grey fox, Pseudalopex griseus
 Darwin's fox, Pseudalopex fulvipes
 Pampas fox, Pseudalopex gymnocercus
 Sechura fox, Pseudalopex sechurae
 Hoary fox, Pseudalopex vetulus
 Genus Atelocynus
 Short-eared dog, Atelocynus microtis
 Genus Cerdocyon
 Crab-eating fox, Cerdocyon thous
 Genus Speothos
 Bush dog, Speothos venaticus
 Genus Chrysocyon
 Maned wolf, Chrysocyon brachyurus
 Genus Nyctereutes
 Raccoon Dog (Tanuki), Nyctereutes procyonoides
 Genus Cuon
 Dhole, Cuon alpinus
 Genus Lycaon
 African wild dog, Lycaon pictus
 Genus Canis
 Grey Wolf, Canis lupus
 domestic dogs, Canis lupus familiaris
 Red Wolf, Canis rufus
 Coyote, Canis latrans
 Golden Jackal, Canis aureus
 Black-backed jackal, Canis mesomelas
 Side-striped jackal, Canis adustus
 Ethiopian wolf, Canis simensis
 Eastern wolf, Canis lycaon

Gallery

Other websites 

 canids.org
Fox

A fox is a small mammalian carnivore. They hunt and eat live prey, mostly rabbits and rodents (squirrels and mice). They may also eat grasshoppers, birds' eggs, and even fruit and berries. Sometimes they eat carrion. Foxes are the smallest members of the dog family Canidae.

Twelve species belong to the Vulpes genus of monophyletic "true foxes". There are about another 25 living or extinct species which are sometimes called foxes.

The fox has pointed ears, narrow snout, and a bushy tail.

Foxes are swift and agile runners which live in family groups. A female fox is called a vixen, and a male is called a dog. Foxes' tails are multi-purpose organs. Their bushy tail helps them keep warm while they are sleeping in cold weather. It is also part of the animal's food store for wintertime. Foxes' plump, bushy tail is easily seen, and is used for sending signals to its family members. The tail is also used for balance while running.

Foxes are found on all continents (except Antarctica), mostly living in forest, shrubland, and desert regions. They were not native to Australia, but were introduced in some way. The most common fox species is the red fox. In the United Kingdom, it was a common sport for people to hunt foxes with horses and dogs. This is now banned.

"Most agricultural damage is caused by rabbits, and this can be considerable. Yet in lowland areas, rabbits comprise 45 to 70 per cent of the diet of foxes... One study estimated that, over its lifetime, each fox was worth between £150 and £900 in increased revenue to farmers... A strong argument against killing foxes".

True foxes 
The informal term 'true fox' refers to members of the Vulpes genus.

There are 12 species of Vulpus. They are:
 Bengal fox, Vulpes bengalensis
 Blanford's fox, Vulpes cana
 Cape fox, Vulpes chama
 Corsac fox, Vulpes corsac
 Tibetan sand fox, Vulpes ferrilata
 Arctic fox, Vulpes lagopus
 Kit fox, Vulpes macrotis
 Pale fox, Vulpes pallida
 Rüppell's fox, Vulpes rueppellii
 Swift fox, Vulpes velox
 Red fox, Vulpes vulpes (includes silver fox)
 Fennec fox, Vulpes zerda

The arctic fox is included in this genus as Vulpes lagopus. There is genetic evidence that shows it is probably a true fox.

Some species of true fox are extinct. Fossils have been found of:
 Vulpes hassini
 Vulpes praeglacialis Kormos
 Vulpes riffautae

References

Related pages 
The Fox and the Grapes

Foxes
Food pyramid

A food pyramid is a chart that can be used to see how many servings of each food should be eaten each day. It is for having good health.

Grains give carbohydrates and some vitamins and minerals. Vegetables and fruits give a lot of vitamins, some minerals, and few fats, but fruits often have more calories and sugar. Dairy products (like milk, cheese, yogurt, etc.) have protein, some fat, and a lot of calcium, an element that helps build strong bones. Meat have protein, some fat, and B vitamins. Fats, oils, and sweets give calories, fats, and sugars but not a lot of nutrition.

Criticisms 
The food pyramid has been criticized for recommending huge amounts of grains as that is a lot of carbohydrates.

Related pages
Healthy diet

References

Nutrition
Torso

The torso also known as the trunk, is the part of the human body where the limbs are attached. Some people also call it the trunk. It is made of chest, back, and abdomen.

Related pages
Bodybuilding
Trapezius muscle
Age of Mythology

Age of Mythology is a real-time strategy computer game made by Ensemble Studios. The game has an expansion to it named Age of Mythology: The Titans. Age of Mythology is a spinoff of the Age of Empires game series.

Other websites 
Official Site 
Age of Mythology at HeavenGames.com

2002 video games
Real-time strategy video games
Cambridge, Massachusetts

Cambridge is a city in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, just outside of Boston.

It is the home of Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

Wikimania
The second Wikimania was hosted in this city in 2006.

 
County seats in Massachusetts
1630 establishments in Massachusetts
1280s



Events 
 1282 – March – Dafydd ap Gruffydd, brother to Prince of Wales Llywelyn the Last, attacks an English castle; his brother feels compelled to support him despite poor preparation for war, quickly leading to the final English conquest of Wales by King Edward I of England.
 1286 – Prussians settled in exile in Serbia stage a famous uprising.
 1288 – June 5 – John I of Brabant defeats the duchy of Guelders in the Battle of Worringen — one of the largest battles in Europe of the Middle Ages — thus winning possession of the duchy of Limburg. The battle also liberates the city of Cologne from rule by the Archbishopric of Cologne; it had previously been one of the major ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire.
 1288 – August 8 – Pope Nicholas IV proclaims a crusade against King Ladislaus IV of Hungary, who had lost credibility by favoring his semi-pagan Cuman subjects and in general refusing to conform to the social standards of western Europe.
1087



Events 
 May 9 – The remains of Saint Nicholas were brought to Bari.
 September 9 – William II becomes king of England
 End of the formal reign of Emperor Shirakawa, but not of his cloistered rule
 Emperor Horikawa ascends to the throne of Japan
1672



Events 
March 15 – Charles II of England issues the Royal Declaration of Indulgence.
May 2 – John Maitland becomes Duke of Lauderdale and Earl of March.
 June 12 – French forces under king Louis XIV cross the Rhine to Netherlands
June 28 – William III of Orange appointed Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht.
August 20 – Johan de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland is slaughtered by a mob in The Hague.
England, France, Münster and Cologne invade the United Provinces, therefore this name is known as ´het rampjaar´ (the disaster year) in the Netherlands.

Births 
May 1 – Joseph Addison, writer and essayist
1684

1684 was a leap year that started on Saturday when using the Gregorian calendar.

Events 

 July 24 – René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle sails from France, again, with a large expedition designed to establish a French colony on the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the Mississippi River.
  October 7 – Japanese Chief Minister Hotta Masatoshi is assassinated, leaving Shogun Tsunayoshi without any adequate advisors, leading him to issue impractical edicts and create hardships for the Japanese people.
 December 10 – Isaac Newton's derivation of Kepler's laws from his theory of gravity, contained in the paper De motu corporum in gyrum, is read to the Royal Society by Edmund Halley.

Undated 
 France under Louis XIV makes Truce of Ratisbon separately with the Holy Roman Empire (Habsburg) and Spain.
 Pope Innocent XI forms a Holy League with the Habsburg Empire, Venice and Poland to liberate Europe from the Ottoman Turkish rule.
 The Japanese poet Saikaku composes 23,500 verses in 24 hours at the Sumiyoshi Shrine at Osaka; the scribes cannot keep pace with his dictation and just count the verses.
 The British East India Company receives Chinese permission to build a trading station at Canton. Tea sells in Europe for less than a shilling a pound, but the import duty of 5 shillings makes it too expensive for most English people to afford.
 Smuggled tea is drunk much more than legally imported tea.
 England has its coldest winter in living memory; the River Thames and the sea as far as 2 miles out from land freezes over.
 John Bunyan writes The Pilgrim's Progress Part 2.
 The Chipperfield's Circus dynasty begins when James Chipperfield introduces performing animals to England at the River Thames frost fairs on the Thames in London.

Births 
 January 1 – Arnold Drakenborch, Dutch classical scholar (died 1748)
 January 14 – Jean-Baptiste van Loo, French painter (died 1745)
 February 24 – Matthias Braun, Czech sculptor (died 1738)
 March 15 – Francesco Durante, Italian composer (died 1755)
 March 19 – Jean Astruc, French physician and scholar (died 1766)
 April 15 – Catherine I of Russia (died 1727)
 June 22 – Francesco Manfredini, Italian composer (died 1762)
 September 18 – Johann Gottfried Walther, German music theorist, organist, and composer (died 1748)
 October 10 – Antoine Watteau, French painter (died 1721)
 October 26 – Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin, Prussian field marshal (died 1757)
 December 3 – Ludvig Holberg, Norwegian historian and writer (died 1754)

Deaths 
 April 1 – Roger Williams, English theologian and colonist (born 1603)
 April 5 – Lord William Brouncker, English mathematician (born 1602)
 May 4 – John Nevison, English highwayman (born 1639)
 May 12 – Edme Mariotte, French physicist and priest (born c.1620)
 July 2 – John Rogers, American President of Harvard University (born 1630)
 July 6 – Peter Gunning, English royalist churchman (born 1614)
 August 8 – George Booth, 1st Baron Delamer (born 1622)
 October 1 – Pierre Corneille, French playwright (born 1606)
 October 11 – James Tuchet, 3rd Earl of Castlehaven (born 1617)
1713

1713 was a common year.

Events 
 First Orrery built by George Graham

Births 
 May 25 - John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1792)
 September 23 - King Ferdinand VI of Spain (d. 1759)
 October 13 - Allan Ramsay, Scottish painter (d. 1784)
 November 24 - Junipero Serra, Spanish Franciscan missionary (d. 1784)

Deaths 
 January 8 - Arcangelo Corelli, Italian composer (b. 1653)
 February 25 - King Friedrich I of Prussia (b. 1657)
 August 9 - Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany
1743

1743 was a common year.

Events 
 February 14 – Henry Pelham becomes British Prime Minister
 February 21 – The premiere in London of George Frideric Handel's oratorio, Samson.
September 13 – Treaty of Worms (1743) – a treaty between Great Britain, Austria and Sardinia
 Battle of Dettingen
Coyote

The coyote (Canis latrans) is a canid. It is also called the prairie wolf, brush wolf or American jackal.

The word "coyote" comes from the Náhuatl (Aztec) word cóyotl.

Appearance 
Coyotes are smaller than wolves. The color of the coyote's fur is a grayish brown to yellowish gray on the upper parts, while the throat and underside are a more white color. The forelegs, sides of the head, muzzle and feet are reddish brown. The ears of the coyote are long and pointed.

Range 
Coyotes live mostly in North America and some areas of Central America but they are very adaptable and can live in almost any environment. They live in prairies, but also in cities, swamps, grasslands, forests and mountains. They normally live in dens about 6 feet wide and four feet tall.

Life 
The coyote is an omnivore and eats fruits, grasses, vegetables, rabbits, mice, shrews and voles. They also eat insects, worms, rats, fish, birds, deer, snakes, and lizards. In the city, coyotes find food easily. They dig up plants in gardens and eat food out of garbage cans.

Sometimes, they join small packs (groups), but normally hunt alone. Coyotes live in dens. They dig a tunnel under the ground and then dig out a larger area at the end of the tunnel where they sleep and have their babies or pups. They can have six pups at a time. Often a coyote den will have two entrances, with one that is hidden. Sometimes they dig more than one den, so they can move if an enemy finds the den.

Coyotes have a few enemies. Their predators are wolves, bears and, cougars, but there are not many wolves left in North America compared to the number of coyotes. The biggest enemies of the coyote are humans. Coyotes rarely attack people, but sometimes eat small pets such as cats.

Mythology 
The coyote is a character of many myths from Native American peoples. The coyote is often portrayed as a joker, and stories are told to explain things he does. The Pima regard him as the offspring of the moon. Coyote is always male with an overwhelming reference to his large penis which requires a pack to carry it in. He is a lustful creature with desire for Changing Bear Maiden and by attempting to have sex with women by becoming a baby. Coyote also has incestuous relations with his mother-in-law and daughter. He is credited for removing the teeth of vagina dentata or by moving the genitals to the correct location on the body in order to make sex pleasurable. Coyote has an appetite for menstrual blood and relates to Lakota girls' puberty rite.

Coyote is often responsible for the finality of death and introduces work and suffering. The Apache believe he created Europeans. The Zuni believe he created pubic hair. The Pomo say he stole the sun and made the world dark. 

Coyote is curious and goes along with the crowd. He is a trickster, culture hero, and a feared shape-shifter.

References

Canids
Mammals of North America
Vole

A vole is a small mouse-like mammal. It is a rodent from a subfamily called the Arvicolinae. They live in woodlands and grasslands.

There are about 155 species of voles. There are species in Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America. The closest relatives of voles are the lemmings and muskrats, which are in the same subfamily.

Adult voles, depending on the species, are 7.5 to 17.5 centimetres (three to seven inches) long. They eat seeds, grass or other plants, and insects.

Many animals hunt voles, for example owls, hawks, coyotes, foxes, weasels, cats and snakes.

The average life of the smaller vole species is three to six months. These voles rarely live longer than 12 months. Larger species, such as the European water vole Arvicola, live longer. They usually die during their second winter. As many as 88% of voles die during the first month of life.

References 

rodents
Isthmus

An isthmus is a narrow strip of land, with water on either side, that connects two bigger landmasses. For example, the Isthmus of Panama connects the continents of The Americas. Separating two water bodies and joining two land bodies, an isthmus is the opposite of a strait.

Landforms
Rodent

Rodents (from Latin rodere, "to gnaw"), are mammals of the order Rodentia, which are characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws.

Description 

Rodents comprise about 40% of all mammal species. They are native to all major land masses except for New Zealand, Antarctica, and several oceanic islands, though they have subsequently been introduced to most of these land masses by human activity.

Rodent species 

Rodent is the naming term of all members of Rodentia order of mammals and can be identified by their teeth. Their incisors (upper and lower) grow throughout their lives. Gnawing on hard material keeps the teeth worn down and sharp. Lagomorphs such as rabbits and hares are often mistaken for rodents. These animals have an additional pair of upper incisors that rodents lack, a very successful number of mammals that form the order Rodentia. 

They have no more than 2 incisors. These keep growing, and must be kept worn down by gnawing (eroding teeth by grinding them on something hard); this is the origin of the name, from the Latin rodere, "to gnaw", and dent, "tooth".

Most rodents are small. Examples of commonly known rodents are mice, rats, chipmunks, and squirrels. Some other small rodents sometimes kept as pets are Guinea pigs, hamsters, and gerbils.
Examples of larger rodents are porcupines, beavers, and the largest living rodent, the capybara, which can grow to between 105 and 135 cm (40-55 in) in length, and weigh 35 to 65 kg (75-140 lbs).

Almost half of all mammal species are rodents. More examples of rodents are voles, prairie dogs, groundhogs, and chinchillas.

Rabbits, hares, and pikas are sometimes called rodents, because they also have teeth that keep growing. But in 1912 biologists decided to put them in a new, separate order, Lagomorpha, because they have two extra incisors in their upper jaw.

Shrews are sometimes called rodents, because they look like mice, but that is not correct. They are in the order Insectivora.

Taxonomy 
There are more families than these. The list includes the more common families.

 Order Rodentia
 Suborder Anumaluromorpha
 Family Anomaluridae
 Family Pedetidae
 Suborder Castorimorpha
 Family Castoridae (Beavers)
 Family Geomyoidea (Pocket gophers, Kangaroo rats and mice)
 Suborder Hystricomorpha
 Family Ctenodactylidae
 Family Hystricidae
 Family Myocastoridae
 Family Caviidae
 Family Chinchillidae
 Family Cuniculidae
Suborder Sciuromorpha
Family Aplodontiidae: mountain beaver
Family Gliridae (also Myoxidae, Muscardinidae): dormice
Family Sciuridae: squirrels, including chipmunks, prairie dogs, & marmots
 Suborder Myomorpha
 Superfamily Muroidea
 Superfamily Dipodoidea
 Family Dipodidae

Related pages 
 Josephoartigasia

Other websites 

 UCMP Berkeley: Introduction to the Rodentia
https://www.utep.edu/leb/pleistnm/taxaMamm/lagomorpha.htm
Computer number format

A computer number format is the way that computers and calculators represent numbers. Most computers use a system of binary which is composed of ones and zeros.

Other systems in use are the octal (0,1-7) or the hexadecimal (0,1-9,A,B,C,D,E,F) systems.

So we can use codes, which the computer understands only, as well as other number systems.

computer science
1550

1550 was a common year.

Events 
 January 6 – Spanish Captain Hernando de Santana founds the city of Valledupar in what is now Colombian territory.
 February 7 – Julius III becomes Pope.
 The first book in Slovenian, Abecedarium, written by Protestant reformer Primoz Trubar, is printed in Tübingen, Germany.
 Nostradamus' first almanac is written.
 Helsinki, the capital of Finland, is founded by Gustav Vasa.
Columbus, Georgia

Columbus is the third largest city, in the U.S. state of Georgia. Coca-Cola and RC Cola (Royal Crown Cola) were first made here. It is south of Atlanta. It is about one hour and thirty minutes to two hours away from Atlanta.

References

 
County seats in Georgia
Carthage

Carthage was an ancient city-state in what is now Tunisia.  It began as a Phoenician colony. At the height of its power, Carthage was the most important power in the Mediterranean and controlled parts of Spain, as well as Sicily, North Africa, and Sardinia. 

The Roman Republic destroyed Carthage during the Punic Wars of the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. In later centuries, Rome started a colony in the same place that became an important city of Africa Province. Eventually, the Vandals conquered the city and used it to attack Rome.

Punic Wars 
Carthage was a rival in the western Mediterranean for the Roman Republic, which wanted to take over the whole region. Carthage was a large obstacle and so in 264 BC, the Romans responded to a plea for help by some rebels in Messina and landed an army in Sicily. That started the First Punic War. The Romans then invaded the Carthaginian areas in Sicily, and the Carthaginian generals could not stop them. Even at sea, the Romans copied the Carthaginian bireme ships, with two oars on each side, and won several major victories on the sea. However, the Romans had not been a sea power, which the Carthaginians had been.  

Finally, a general, Hamilcar Barca, took up to defend the Carthaginians and replaced of the older and less energetic Hanno. Hamilcar immediately realized the futility of meeting the superior Roman army in open battle and so he decided to use hit-and-run raids to wear down the Romans. That tactic was slightly more effective against the slow heavily-armored roman troops. Eventually, however, the Romans took Lilybaeum, the Carthaginians' main stronghold in Sicily. That ended Carthage's power in Sicily and ended the First Punic War. 

During the Second Punic War, Hannibal Barca led the Carthaginian Army through Spain, southern Gaul and across the Alps into Italy in 218 BC. There, he clashed with and stunningly defeated the Romans in three major battles: the Battle of the River Trebia, the Battle of Lake Trasmine, and the Battle of Cannae. He failed, however, to take Rome and eventually had to retreat to Carthage, where he was defeated by Scipio Africanis at the Battle of Zama.

The Romans destroyed Carthage in 146 BC during the Third Punic War. The Carthaginians who survived, numbering about 50,000, were mostly sold into slavery.

References 

Phoenician colonies
Carthage
1102



Events 
 Valencia is captured by the Almoravids.
 Henry I of England orders the tomb of Edward the Confessor opened; the body is found undecayed.
 Henry I of England takes possession of Arundel Castle.
 The Hohenbaden castle is built in Baden-Baden, Germany.
 Boleslav III becomes king of Poland.
 coronation of Coloman of Hungary in the town of Biograd, adding the Croatian duchies of Slavonia and Dalmatia to the crown of Hungary.
 Crusaders capture Caesarea Palaestina.
 Crusaders defeat an Egyptian invasion of the Kingdom of Jerusalem near Ascalon.
 Dagobert of Pisa is briefly deposed as Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem (and restored later in the year).
 Raymond IV of Toulouse begins to besiege Tripoli, and takes the nominal title of count of Tripoli.
 Raymond IV of Toulouse is imprisoned by Tancred, regent of the Principality of Antioch.
1569



Events 
January 11-May 6 – First recorded lottery in England performed nonstop at the west door of the St. Paul's Cathedral. Each share costs 10 shillings and proceeds are used to repair the harbors and for other public works
March 13 – Battle of Jarnac – Royalist troops under Marshal Gaspard de Tavannes surprise and defeat the Huguenots under the Prince of Condé, who is captured and murdered. A substantial proportion of the Huguenot army manages to escape under Gaspard de Coligny.
June 10 – German Protestant troops reinforce Coligny near Limoges
July – September – Huguenot forces under Coligny and 15 year-old Prince Henry of Navarre besiege Poitiers
August 24 – Battle of Orthez – Huguenot forces under Gabriel de Montgomery defeat Royalist forces under General Terride in French Navarre. Catholics surrender under the condition that their lives would be spared. Huguenots agreed, but then massacred the Catholics anyway.
September – A Royalist army under the Duc d'Anjou and Marshal Tavannes forces Coligny to abandon the siege of Poitiers
October 3 – Battle of Moncountour – The Royalist forces of Tavannaes and Anjou defeat Coligny's Huguenots.
 Gerardus Mercator devises the Mercator projection
 Assemblies of 3 Lithuanian provinces, Volhynia, Ukraine and Podlasie vote to be incorporated into Poland.
 Poland and Lithuania are united in the Union of Lublin. They form Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1302

1302 was a common year.

Events 
 June 12 – beginning of Rakvere town, Estonia
 July 11 – Battle of the Golden Spurs (Guldensporenslag in Dutch), major victory of Flanders over the French.
 September 24 – Charles II of Naples makes peace with Frederick III of Sicily under the Treaty of Caltabellotta – the War of Sicilian Vespers ends

 Roger de Flor starts the Catalan Company with soldiers (Almogavars) jobless after the Treaty of Caltabellotta
 Spain occupies the harbor of Algiers
 Jicin, Bohemia is chartered as a city
 Pope Boniface VIII stops the activities of the Franciscans
 Boniface VIII publishes the bull Unam Sanctam
 First meeting of the French States-General
 Dante Alighieri is sent away (exiled) from Florence by the Black Guelphs, as is Petrarch's father (see Guelphs and Ghibellines)
 Robert I of Scotland makes peace with Edward I of England
Brockton, Massachusetts

Brockton is a town in Plymouth County in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. It and the town of Plymouth are the county seats of Plymouth County.

Brockton is also called the city of champions because world boxing champs Rocky Marciano and Marvin Hagler came from there.

References 

Cities in Massachusetts
County seats in Massachusetts
1222

1222 was a common year.

Events 
 Foundation of the University of Padua
 Completion of the Cistercian convent in Alcobaca, Portugal
 Eric XI becomes King of Sweden
 Premysl Ottokar I reunites Bohemia and Moravia
 John III Ducas Vatatzes becomes Byzantine emperor (in the Empire of Nicaea)
 Alexander of Hales enters the Franciscan order
 April 17 – Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, opens a council at Osney

Births 
 February 16 – Nichiren, Japanese founder of Nichiren Buddhism (d. 1282)
 August 4 – Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, English soldier (d. 1262)
 Andrei II of Russia, Grand Prince of Vladimir (d. 1264)

Deaths 
 March 10 – Johan Sverkersson, king of Sweden since 1216 (b. 1201)
 June 23 – Constance of Aragon (b. 1179)
 August 2 – Count Raymond VI of Toulouse (b. 1156)
 August 12 – Ladislaus Jindrich of Bohemia
 Theodore I Lascaris, founder of the Byzantine Empire of Nicaea
Duke Kahanamoku

Duke Kahanamoku (August 24, 1890 – January 22, 1968), was a Hawaiian athlete who is called the inventor of modern surfing. He was also on the United States Olympic team as a swimmer, and won several silver and gold medals.

Contrary to some misinformation on the internet, Duke is not known as the Big Kahuna. He himself rejected that term, because he knew its meaning. The Big Kahuna is a character in the Gidget story, which is based on a portrayal of Tube Steak Tracy, a famous surfer of the '40s & '50s in Malibu.

References

Other websites

1890 births
1968 deaths
American Olympic gold medalists
American surfers
Sportspeople from Hawaii
Pentomino

A pentomino is a 2D shape made out of 5 side-by-side equal-sized squares. They can be found in the books Chasing Vermeer and The Wright 3. It was created by Solomon W. Golomb.

These are the 12 pentominos:

Other websites
 All about pentominoes 

Shapes
Team

A team is a group of people who have a certain task to complete. In order to meet their target, the members of the group must work well with each other.

Successful team - a group of people who tend to meet their target despite barriers. The group members cooperate with each other and take other members' ideas into consideration.

Unsuccessful team - a group of people who have a very difficult time when attempting to complete a certain task. This may be because the members of the group think of only themselves and create an uncomfortable environment for other members of the team.

Relationships
Hirohito

Hirohito (29 April 1901 – 7 January 1989) was the 124th emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from 25 December 1926, until his death on 7 January 1989. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Akihito. In Japan, reigning emperors are known simply as "the Emperor" and he is now referred to primarily by his posthumous name, .

The name "Shōwa" was given to Hirohito after he died. Emperors of Japan are normally renamed in this way; and people started using the new name in 1990.  During his long reign, many people outside Japan call him Emperor Hirohito, or just Hirohito.

Events of Shōwa's life
Prince Hirohito was named regent for his father in 1921.  he became emperor after his father's death.

World War II 
Hirohito was the emperor of Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War  which became World War 2 (1931 to 1945). Though he was supposed to be an absolute monarch (an emperor who can make all the laws and rules), most of the power in the Japanese Government during this time was held by Japan's Prime Minister Hideki Tōjō and the military. Hirohito's role in WW2 is controversial.

Constitutional monarch
After Japan's defeat in the war, the role of emperor changed.  The emperor became a symbol of the state.

Hirohito was the first emperor to travel outside Japan.  He visited Europe in 1971 and he traveled to the United States in 1975.

After his death

Emperor Showa died of small intestine cancer and  was succeeded by his son, Prince Akihito.

The state funeral for the late emperor was an international event. World leaders attending the funeral included U.S. President George H. W. Bush, French President François Mitterrand, and the Duke of Edinburgh.

Emperor Shōwa is buried in the Imperial Mausoleum in Hachiōji, along with Emperor Taishō.

Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Hirohito, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 900+ works in 1,500 publications in 15 languages and 31,000 library holdings .

 1967 – A Review of the Hydroids of the Family Clathrozonidae with Description of a New Genus and Species from Japan.
 1969 – Some hydroids from the Amakusa Islands.
 1971 – Additional notes on Clathrozoon wilsoni Spencer.
 1974 – Some hydrozoans of the Bonin Islands
 1977 – Five hydroid species from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea.
 1983 – Hydroids from Izu Oshima and Nijima.
 1984 – A new hydroid Hydractinia bayeri n. sp. (family Hydractiniidae) from the Bay of Panama.
 1988 – The hydroids of Sagami Bay collected by His Majesty the Emperor of Japan.
 1995 – The hydroids of Sagami Bay II.

Honors
 Order of the Chrysanthemum, Japan
 Order of the Rising Sun, Japan
 Order of the Sacred Treasure, Japan
 Order of the Garter (KG), UK
 Fellow of the Royal Society, UK

Notes

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Shōwa period

References 

Notes

Further reading
 Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ; OCLC 247018161

Other websites 

Deaths from small intestine cancer
Cancer deaths in Japan
Emperors of Japan
Fascists
War criminals
1901 births
1989 deaths
People from Tokyo
North Holland

North Holland is a province (area with a local government) of the Netherlands. It is in the northwest. The capital is called Haarlem. Other cities in the province are Amsterdam, Hilversum, Alkmaar, Zaandam, and Hoorn. About 2,888,000 people are living in North Holland (2021).

Other websites
Bacon

Bacon is a type of meat that comes from pigs. It is taken from the sides, back, or belly of the pig. It is often cut in thin slices, unlike other cured or smoked pork products. It is usually fried or grilled. It can also be microwaved.

In the U.S., back bacon and smoked ham is sometimes called Canadian bacon.

Bacon has lots of fat. Because bacon comes from pigs, people of some religions will not eat it. In some cultures and religions (such as Islam and Judaism), eating pork may be considered "unclean." Because of this, other varieties of bacon are also made out of turkey or chicken instead. Turkey bacon and chicken bacon usually contain half of the fat of pork-based bacon.

Cuts

The type of bacon is different depending on the primal cut of pork it is made of.

 Side bacon, sometimes called "streaky bacon", comes from the pork belly. It has long layers of fat and muscle running next to the rind. This is the most common form of bacon in the United States.
Pancetta is an Italian type of side bacon, sold smoked or unsmoked (aqua). It is generally rolled into cylinders after it is cured. Pancetta is known for having a strong flavour.
 Back bacon is made of meat from the loin in the middle of the back of the pig. It is a leaner cut, with less fat than side bacon. Most bacon in the United Kingdom and Ireland is back bacon.
 Collar bacon is taken from the back of a pig near the head.
 Cottage bacon is made from the lean meat from a boneless pork shoulder. It is typically tied into an oval shape.
 Jowl bacon is cured and smoked pork cheeks.

The inclusion of skin with a cut of bacon is called the 'bacon rind'.

History 
Salted pork belly first appeared in China. In Middle English the term bacon or bacoun meant pork in general.  Before the Industrial Revolution, bacon was mostly made on local farms and in home kitchens. The world's first bacon processing plant was opened in Wiltshire in the 1770s.

References

Pork
Breakfast foods