alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Gandalf

Gandalf is a Middle-earth wizard from the books The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.

Fictional biography
Gandalf the Grey wanted Bilbo Baggins to let him go an adventure with him and the Company of Thorin Oakenshield to take back Erebor from Smaug. Decades later, he would help Bilbo's nephew Frodo bring the One Ring back to the fires of Mount Doom.

Peter Jackson adaptations (2001–2003, 2012–2014)
In the Peter Jackson movie adaptations of both books, Gandalf was played by Ian McKellen. In The Hobbit movies, which were written as a prequel to The Lord of the Rings movies, he figures out that the Necromancer happens to be Sauron.

Reception
His notable quote "You shall not pass" is known for fantasy and literary fans.

Fictional characters introduced in 1937
Fictional characters with immortality
Characters in The Hobbit
The Lord of the Rings characters
Viggo Mortensen

Viggo Peter Mortensen, Jr. (born October 20, 1958, in New York City) is an American theater and movie actor, poet, musician, photographer and painter. He is best known for his role as Aragorn in Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings movie trilogy.

Movies 
Witness (1985)
G.I. Jane (1997)
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
Hidalgo (2004)
A History of Violence (2005)

Other websites

Satellite Award winners
1958 births
Living people
American movie actors
American photographers
American poets
Actors from New York City
Writers from New York City
Sean Astin

Sean Astin (born February 25, 1971 in Santa Monica, California, U.S.) is an American movie actor. Astin is also a director and Oscar nominated producer. He is the son of Patty Duke and John Astin.

Personal life 
Astin married Christine Harrell on July 11, 1992. They have three daughters, Alexandra (born November 27, 1996), Elizabeth (born August 6, 2002) and Isabella (born July 22, 2005), all with the same middle name of Louise.

Movies
The Goonies (1985)
Toy Soldiers (1991)
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)

References

Other websites 
Sean Astin's official home page

1971 births
Living people
American movie actors
Movie directors from California
Actors from Santa Monica, California
Ian Holm

Sir Ian Holm Cuthbert CBE (12 September 1931 – 19 June 2020), known professionally as Ian Holm was a  retired English actor. 

Ian Holm was born at Goodmayes Hospital in Goodmayes, Essex, He was son of James Harvey Cuthbert and his wife Jean Wilson (née Holm), The hospital was his father working there .

He married to four times, He had five children in his life. 

He died in a London hospital on 19 June 2020 from Parkinson's disease-related problems, at the age of 88.

Movies 
 Alien (1979)
 The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
 The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
 The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
 Ratatouille (2007)

References-

Other websites
Sir Ian Holm (inoffiziell) 

1931 births
2020 deaths
Actors from Essex
BAFTA Award winners
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Tony Award winning actors
Luigi Boccherini

Luigi Boccherini (born in Lucca, 19 February 1743; died Madrid, 28 May 1805) is an Italian cellist and composer. As a boy he showed great talent and was sent to Rome to study music. When he returned to Lucca he entered the theatre orchestra and the town band. He travelled a lot, visiting France, Spain, and Germany. In Berlin he was offered the job of chamber composer to the King of Prussia. He took the job, but had to promise only to work for the king, and no one else. When the king died he found himself without a job, so he went back to Madrid. There he found work at times, but a lot of the time he was very poor.

Boccherini is famous for his chamber music. He wrote more than 100 quintets for 2 violins, viola and 2 cellos. He also wrote 4 cello concertos.

Boccherini is sometimes nicknamed "Haydn’s wife" because his music sounds similar to that of Haydn. They may have known one another, but we cannot be sure.

1743 births
1805 deaths
Cellists
Classical era composers
18th-century Italian composers
People from Lucca
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court

[[File:Connecticut Yankee frontispiece by Beard.jpg|thumb|300px|An illustration of the Connecticut Yankees 1st edition.]]A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court''''' is a novel. It was written by Mark Twain. It was published in 1889. It is one of the first stories about time travel.

Story 
Hank Morgan is an American from late 19th-century Connecticut. He travels back in time to King Arthur's Camelot. He has a lot of knowledge of science and technology. He becomes very powerful. People call him "The Boss". He tries to improve medieval society according to the morals and technologies of his time. In the end, Merlin puts Hank in a magic sleep. Hank wakes in his own time.

Books by Mark Twain
1889 books
19th-century American novels
Juno (mythology)

Juno (), in Roman mythology, is the wife of Jupiter and the queen of the gods. Her father was Saturn.  She was later identified with the goddess Hera, the wife of Zeus in Greek mythology. She was the goddess of marriage and childbirth. She was called Juno Regina ("Queen"). She was the patron goddess of Rome and a protector of the state. With Jupiter and Minerva, she was part of the Capitoline triad of gods.

Juno, Roman goddess and Hera, Greek goddess, are the same person just believed to be different.

References 

Roman gods and goddesses
Excalibur

Excalibur is a legendary sword, in the mythology of Great Britain. It was owned by King Arthur. The sword and its name have become very widespread in popular culture, and are used in fiction and films. Excalibur is a symbol of divine kingship and great power.

History of the sword
The sword was obtained by the king with the advice of his wizard-adviser . But it was considered that there existed two Excalibur swords. The first was the one Merlin put into the stone and said that the throne will be taken by the one who will take the sword out of the stone.do it. The second Excalibur was the one to which Merlin took the King. The sword was located at a magical lake where the Lady of the Lake gave it to Arthur. The Excalibur was made by an elf. Later the sword was stolen by his sister and it was the time when the scabbard (sword coverage) was lost. In the battle of Camlann, Arthur was hurt, and he told Bedwyr (Griflet) to return the Excalibur to the lake.
  
One of the earliest names of King Arthur's sword was Caladfwlch. It is a Welsh word that comes from Calad-Bolg (Hard Lightning). Later it was changed to Caliburn by Geoffrey of Monmouth. And today we know it as Excalibur, due to French.

The legend of Excalibur is similar to the Irish hero, Cú Chulainn, who had a sword named Caladbolg; or to Norse Legend of Sigurd. All these swords were made by an elf. Sometimes he is named Wayland (Saxon myth); and Gofannon (Celtic myth).

Clarent is one of King Arthur's two mythic swords. The first is Excalibur, the sword of war, and the second Clarent, the sword of peace.  The Clarent sword is less known because it was used for peaceful acts, whereas the Excalibur was well known because it was used to defend Camelot. But by the legend the Clarent Sword play a very important role. It was stolen by the traitor Mordred, who later used it against Arthur and cut him to death.

In some versions of the story of Excalibur, it is said that the sword was forged in dragon fire, though it is not commonly told of.

Other websites 
 Medieval European Armor 

Arthurian legend
Mythological swords
Giovanni da Palestrina

Giovanni da Palestrina (born Palestrina, (c.1525 – February 2, 1594 in Rome) was a very important Italian composer of church music of his time.  He lived in the period called the Renaissance.  Most of his music was choral (written for choirs).  It is very polyphonic.  This means that the different voices (sopranos, altos, tenors or basses) are often singing different words and different parts of the tune at the same time.  Many composers since have studied the way that Palestrina wrote, because this is an excellent way to learn to write contrapuntal music.

Palestrina took his name from the town where he was born.  We are not sure of the exact date of his birth.  Any records of his birth were destroyed when the town burned in 1577.  He was probably a choirboy in Palestrina.  When he was grown up he got a job as organist and choir director at the Roman basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore.  He was not earning much money, but he married a lady who came from a very rich family, so he was comfortably off.  Pope Julius III heard about how good this young composer was.  He asked him to come and meet him.  He was given the job of master of the Capella Juliana, the choir that sang at the services in St Peter’s, Rome.  This was the top job in Italy and he was only 26.   Of course, Palestrina composed a mass in the pope’s honour.

Palestrina composed 93 masses (these are musical settings of the words of the communion service).  He also wrote motets and madrigals.  Palestrina and Lassus were the two greatest composers of the late Renaissance.

16th-century Italian composers
1525 births
1594 deaths
The Prince and the Pauper

[[Image:The Prince and the Pauper 1881 p20.jpg|thumb|200px|Tom Canty meets Prince Edward. An illustration in The Prince and the Paupers 1st edition.]]The Prince and the Pauper''''' is a book by Mark Twain. It was published in 1882. The story has been adapted to stage, television, and movies.

Story
The story takes place in England, in the year 1547 when the King has a glorious and much rejoiced birth of the son he awaited, Edward the fourth, after many sisters (Mary and Elizabeth)and still births. By chance, Prince Edward, son of King Henry VIII of England and Jane Seymor, and Tom Canty, a pauper (poor boy), find out that they look exactly the same, like identical twins. After they put on each other's clothes for fun, the prince is thrown out of the palace, while people think that Tom is the prince. Now both Edward and Tom have to live in a world where they are treated different and which they do not understand. 

Tom lives the life of a prince. On the streets of London, Edward is saved by the nobleman Miles Hendon. Edward travels with Miles around England. There Edward sees and has to live with the poverty and cruel treatment in the life of the poor people. 

Then King Henry VIII dies. People prepare to make Tom the next King. At the crowning ceremony, Edward arrives and says that he is the real Prince. In the end, Tom and Edward can clear everything up. Edward becomes King of England. Tom Canty becomes "The King's Ward", a position in which he can live comfortably for the rest of his life. Miles Hendon is made an Earl. King Edward's rule is very good to the common and poor people, because he has lived that way for a while and knows how hard it is. But Edward dies when he is still very young.

Related pages

Books by Mark Twain
1882 books
American children's books
American novels
Billy Boyd

Billy Boyd (born 28 August 1968, in Glasgow) is a Scottish actor. He is best known for playing Peregrin Took in the Lord of the Rings movie trilogy (2001–2003) and Barrett Bonden in  Peter Weir's movie Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003).

Talents 
As well as being an actor, he can sing, and play the guitar, bass, and drums. He wrote and sang a song in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King.
He worked as a book-binder for 6 years before becoming an actor. One of the books he bound was The Lord of the Rings.

He lives in a house in Lesmahagow with his girlfriend, Alison McKinnon. On 26 April 2006, he and McKinnon had their first child: Jack William Boyd.

Filmography
Stone of Destiny (2008)Ecstasy (2007) as WoodsyThe Flying Scotsman (2006) as MalkySave Angel Hope (2006) as VinceMidsummer Dream (2005) voice of PuckOn a Clear Day (2005) as DannyInstant Credit (2004) as FrankieSeed of Chucky (2004) as the voice of GlenThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) as Peregrin TookMaster and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003) as Barrett BondenThe Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002) as Peregrin TookSniper 470 (2002)  as the SniperThe Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) as Peregrin TookJulie and the Cadillacs (1999) as Jimmy CampbellUrban Ghost Story (1998) as the loan sharkThe Soldier's Leap'' (1998) as the postman

Other websites 

1968 births
Living people
Scottish movie actors
Scottish television actors
Scottish stage actors
Actors from Glasgow
John Rhys-Davies

John Rhys-Davies (born 5 May 1944, in Ammanford, Carmarthenshire, Wales) is a Welsh actor. Although he has played in many movies, Rhys-Davies is probably best known for his characters in two blockbuster movie series: Sallah in the Indiana Jones movies and the dwarf Gimli in the Lord of the Rings movie trilogy.

Selected filmography
 The Game of Their Lives (2005)
 The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement (2004)
 The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
 The Medallion (2003)
 The Jungle Book 2 (2003) (voice)
 The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
 Sabretooth  (2002)
 The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
 Cats Don't Dance  (1997) (voice)
 Aladdin and the King of Thieves (1996) (voice)
 Glory Daze  (1996)
 The Great White Hype  (1996)
 Sliders (1995-1997)
 Quest for Glory IV: Shadows of Darkness   (1994)
 The High Crusade  (1994)
 Indiana Jones (1992)
 The Lost World (1992)
 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
 The Living Daylights (1987)
 King Solomon's Mines  (1985)
 Sahara  (1983)
 Victor/Victoria (1982)
 Ivanhoe (1982)
 Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
 I, Claudius (1976)

Other websites 

1944 births
Living people
Welsh Christians
Welsh movie actors
Welsh stage actors
Welsh television actors
Welsh voice actors
People from Carmarthenshire
Sean Bean

Sean Bean (born as Shaun Mark Bean on 17 April 1959) is an English actor. As an actor, he adopted the Irish/Scottish spelling "Sean" of his first name. He was born in Handsworth, Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire.

Movies

Film

Television

References

Other websites 

1959 births
Living people
Actors from Sheffield
Actors who played Bond villains
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Tripoli, Greece

Tripoli () is a city in Greece. It is in the center of the Peloponnese. It is built at an altitude of about 600 meters, at the bottom of Mainalo mountain. It had 28,876 people according to the 2001 census. Tripoli is the capital of Arcadia prefecture.

Transportation
Tripoli is connected to the capital city Athens by a motorway between Corinth-Tripoli-Kalamata, which is a part of the E65.

Known people from Tripoli
 Kostas Karyotakis (1896–1928)
 Semni Karusou (1900–1994)
 Yiannis Kouros (1956–)

Other websites 
 Official site

Cities in Greece
2006 FIFA World Cup

The 2006 FIFA World Cup was a football (soccer) sporting event that was held in Portugal from June 9 to July 9, 2006. 32 teams took part from many countries. Italy won the trophy after beating Portugal in the final on penalties. Portugal got second place at home.

Participants

Africa 
 			(ANG) • Squad
 		(CIV) • Squad
 			(GHA) • Squad
 			(TOG) • Squad
 		(TUN) • Squad

Asia 
 		(AUS) • Squad
 			(IRN) • Squad
 			(JPN) • Squad
 		(KOR) • Squad
 		(KSA) • Squad

Europe 
 		(CRO) • Squad
 		(CZE) • Squad
 		(ENG) • Squad
 			(FRA) • Squad
 		(GER) • Squad
 			(ITA) • Squad
 		(NED) • Squad
 			(POL) • Squad
 		(POR) • Squad
 	(SCG) • Squad
 			(ESP) • Squad
 			(SWE) • Squad
 		(SUI) • Squad
 		(UKR) • Squad

North and Central America 
 		(CRC) • Squad
 			(MEX) • Squad
 	(TRI) • Squad
 		(USA) • Squad

South America 
 		(ARG) • Squad
 			(BRA) • Squad
 		(ECU) • Squad
 		(PAR) • Squad

Group stage

Group A 

Schedule

Group B

Group C

Group D

Group E

Group F

Group G

Group H

Knockout stage

Round of 16

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Third place play-off

Final

References 

|-
|

FIFA World Cup tournaments
FIFA
2006 in Europe
2000s in Germany
International association football competitions hosted by Germany
June events
July 2006 events
Football in Berlin
Football in Munich
History of Berlin
21st century in Munich
2006 FIFA World Cup
Polynesia

Polynesia is a group of over 1,000 islands in the Pacific Ocean.

Triangle 
Polynesia is the islands in a triangle in the Pacific Ocean. The top of the triangle is Hawai'i, the bottom left is New Zealand and the bottom right is Easter Island. All the islands inside the triangle are Polynesia.

Islands 
 American Samoa (overseas United States territory)
 Anuta (in the Solomon Islands)
 Bellona Island (in the Solomon Islands)
 Cook Islands (self-governing state in free association with New Zealand)
 Easter Island (part of Chile, called Rapa Nui in Rapa Nui)
 Emae (in Vanuatu) 
 French Polynesia ("overseas country", a territory of France)
 Hawaii (a state of the United States)
 Kapingamarangi (in the Federated States of Micronesia)
 Mele (in Vanuatu)
 New Zealand (called Aotearoa in Māori, usually associated with Australasia) 
 Niue (self-governing state in free association with New Zealand)
 Nuguria (in Papua New Guinea)
 Nukumanu (in Papua New Guinea)
 Nukuoro (in the Federated States of Micronesia)
 Ontong Java (in the Solomon Islands) 
 Pileni (in the Solomon Islands)
 Rennell (in the Solomon Islands) 
 Rotuma (in Fiji)
 Samoa (independent nation)
 Sikaiana (in the Solomon Islands) 
 Swains Island (politically part of American Samoa) 
 Takuu (in Papua New Guinea) 
 Tikopia (in the Solomon Islands) 
 Tokelau (overseas dependency of New Zealand)
 Tonga (independent nation)
 Tuvalu (independent nation)
 Wallis and Futuna (overseas territory of France)
Viola

A viola ( ) is a musical instrument that is similar to the violin and cello.  The viola sounds lower than a violin, but higher than a cello.  It has four strings: the C, G, D, and A strings. The highest string is the A string. The viola is played with a bow in the right hand.  Playing with the bow is called arco.  Sometimes the strings may be plucked (pizzicato).

When people see the viola, sometimes they think it is a violin.  This is because the viola is only a little larger than a violin, and like the violin, the viola is held on the player's left shoulder.  It is also because the sound of the viola is only five notes lower than the sound of the violin. The biggest difference between the viola and the violin is the sound. The viola's lowest string is the "C" string and its highest string is the "A" string. So, to see whether a violin-like instrument is a violin or viola, one will need to pluck the thinnest string. The violin's lowest string is the "G" string and its highest string is the "E" string.  Even though the viola and violin can play many of the same notes, they each have a special sound quality.  Sometimes people describe the viola's sound as more "dark", "earthy", or "mellow" than the violin's sound.

The person that makes and repairs violas is called a luthier.The Viola is also known as the Cinderella of the orchestra, due to it being unfairly neglected when it comes to popularity to the public and choice of famous classical music. Lionel Tertis and William Primrose were the two famous violists that helped the viola become more respected in general and as a solo instrument.

People who write music often use the viola for harmony notes. It is one of the instruments in a string quartet, along with two violins and a cello. The viola is found in chamber ensembles of string instruments only, and also in full symphony orchestras where strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion instruments play together. The viola can also be a solo instrument, but is mostly used in an orchestra. The viola comes in many sizes. The sizes are measured in inches, such as a 14-inch viola. The size of the viola is measured from the bottom to the neck of it (its body's length).

String instruments
Windsor, Berkshire

Windsor is a town in Berkshire, England. It is near the River Thames. The official residence of the British monarch, Windsor Castle, is located in Windsor.

Windsor, Berkshire
Windsor Castle

Windsor Castle is a castle in Windsor, Berkshire, England. It is the largest inhabited castle in the world. Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom lived there for part of the year. The castle was built in the 11th century by William the Conqueror as a motte-and-bailey castle for the protection of England; it has been expanded and rebuilt many times. It was a military headquarters during the English Civil War. In 1992, there was a fire at the castle.

Windsor Castle is near the River Thames.

Castles in England
Royal residences in the United Kingdom
Windsor, Berkshire
11th-century buildings and structures
Buildings and structures in Berkshire
Peugeot 206

The Peugeot 206 is a car made by the French company Peugeot from 1998 to 2013 in Europe with production ongoing in some markets.  The car came in 3 or 5-door hatchback models with a hard-top convertible version added in 2000 and an estate version added in 2002, in 2006 it was replaced by the 207 but the 206 stayed as a budget model, in 2009 a heavily facelifted version called the 206+ arrived although this wasn't sold in the UK.

Engines 
 1.1 44 kW (60 hp)
 1.4 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.4 16V 65 kW (88 hp)
 1.6 65 kW (88 hp)
 1.6 16V 80 kW (109 hp)
 2.0 GTI 100 kW (136 hp)
 2.0 RC 130 kW (177 hp)
 1.4 HDi 50 kW (68 hp)
 1.6 HDi 80 kW (109 hp)
 1.9 D 51 kW (69 hp)
 2.0 HDi 66 kW (90 hp)

206
Front wheel drive vehicles
206
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
2020s automobiles
Trojan Horse

The Trojan Horse is a large wooden horse from the Trojan War in Greek mythology. In the Trojan War, the Greeks were fighting against the city of Troy.  The war started when Helen, the queen of Sparta, was kidnapped by Paris, prince of Troy.  The Greeks waged war on Troy to win Helen of Troy back.   

The Greeks could not enter the city or win the war. Because of this, Odysseus, one of the Grecian leaders, thought of a way to trick the Trojans.  The Greeks built a large wooden horse out of a ship and left it outside the gates of the city as a present for the Trojans, then sailed away. The Greek ships hid behind a nearby land mass. The Trojans took the horse and put it inside their city, thinking it was a victory gift from the Greeks.  The Trojans had a festival to celebrate their victory. Odysseus chose a horse so that Athena (goddess of wisdom and strength) would grant them good luck after the battle. After the Trojan victory festival ended, the Greeks, who were hiding inside the horse, came out. They opened the city gates to let the other Greeks enter Troy. The Greeks easily overpowered the unsuspecting Trojans and took control of the city. Because of the Trojan Horse, the Greeks won the Trojan War. 

Today the word "Trojan horse" is used for things that are similar to that story: something that looks good, but in truth has another purpose, usually bad. An example for this is a type of computer virus called a Trojan horse.

Other websites 
 Trojan horse -Citizendium 

Greek mythology
Tesco

Tesco is a multinational retailer owned by Tesco PLC from the United Kingdom. It was started by Jack Cohen in 1919 who opened the first Tesco grocery store in 1931 near London, England. His business grew very quickly and there were 100 Tesco stores by 1939. At first, Tesco only sold food in its stores, but in the 1990s it began to sell other things like mobile phones, DVDs and videos, clothing, and books. It now also operates petrol stations, banks, and is an Internet service provider in the UK since 2012.

There are different brands of Tesco stores, which are all different sizes. They go from small convenience stores to large hypermarkets. With more than 3,000 stores in the UK alone, it is one of the biggest retailers in the country. Tesco's website was also one of the first to let people buy things from the Internet. 

The company that owns Tesco is called Tesco plc (public limited company) and is listed on the London Stock Exchange. It has opened stores in other countries within Europe and Asia. Countries with Tesco stores include Ireland, Hungary, Malaysia, and Thailand. Today, Tesco is the third-largest retailer in the world when measured by profit and the fifth-largest by revenue.

Other website

 
 Corporate website
Tesco Payslipview

Supermarkets of the United Kingdom
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
1919 establishments in the United Kingdom
Fiat Panda

The Fiat Panda is a small car made by Fiat from 1980 to the present day. The first generation launched in 1980 and launched in the UK a year later. A 4x4 model appeared in 1983. A major facelift arrived in 1986 and another one took place in 1991. In 1995, the Panda was axed from the UK with other European markets following shortly after, remaining on sale in Italy right up to 2003. Normally it is bought by small families or young adults because the car is quite cheap and also the tax is not very high. The second generation of 2003 was made in Poland and was the European Car Of The Year in 2004. It received some small updates during it run and was produced until the end of 2012. It entered its third and current generation in 2011 with production moving back to Italy.  

Panda
Front wheel drive vehicles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Fiat Croma

Fiat Croma is the name of two different large cars made by Fiat. The first was made between 1985 and 1996, and the design of it was changed in 1991. The second generation has been built between 2005 and 2010. Both have five seats and four doors.

Croma
Front wheel drive vehicles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Fiat Ulysse

The Fiat Ulysse was a large car with seven seats made by Fiat in two generations between 1994 and 2010. It is the only Eurovan in the PSA/Fiat joint vesture to have retained the same name in the second generation.

First generation (1994−2002)

Engines 
 1.8 73 kW (99 hp)
 2.0 89 kW (121 hp)
 2.0 16V 97 kW (132 hp) and 100 kW (136 hp)
 2.0 Turbo 108 kW (147 hp)
 1.9 TD 66 kW (90 hp)
 2.0 JTD 80 kW (109 hp)
 2.1 TD 80 kW (109 hp)

Second generation (2002−2010)

Engines 
 2.0 16V 100 kW (136 hp)
 3.0 V6 152 kW (207 hp)
 2.0 JTD 80 kW (109 hp), 88 kW (120 hp) and 100 kW (136 hp)
 2.2 JTD 94 kW (128 hp) and 125 kW (170 hp)

Ulysse
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Front wheel drive vehicles
Fiat Punto

The Fiat Punto is a car produced by Fiat in three generations since 1993. Production of the first generation Punto was 3.429 million units, second generation 2.96 million units, and third generation 2.67 million units.

First generation Type 176 (1993–1999)

Models

Engines

Petrol engines 
 1.1 8V 40 kW (55 hp)
 1.2 8V 44 kW (60 hp) and 55 kW (73 hp)
 1.2 16V 63 kW (85 hp)
 1.4 8V Turbo 96 kW (130 hp) and 98 kW (133 hp)
 1.6 8V 65 kW (88 hp)

Diesel engines 
 1.7 D 42 kW (57 hp)
 1.9 TD 47 kW (63 hp) and 51 kW (70 hp)

Second generation Type 188 (1999–2011)

Models

Engines

Petrol engines 
 1.2 8V 44 kW (60 hp)
 1.2 16V 59 kW (80 hp)
 1.4 16V 77 kW (95 hp)
 1.8 16V 96 kW (131 hp)

Diesel engines 
 1.3 Multijet 16V 51 kW (69 hp)
 1.9 D 8V 44 kW (60 hp)
 1.9 JTD 8V 59 kW (80 hp) and 63 kW (86 hp)
 1.9 Multijet 8V 74 kW (101 hp)

BiPower engines 
 1.2 Natural Power 8V CNG 51 kW (69 hp)

Third generation Type 199 (2005–2018)

Models

Engines

Petrol engines 
 1.2 8V 48 kW (65 hp)
 1.4 8V 57 kW (78 hp)
 1.4 StarJet 16V 70 kW (95 hp)
 1.4 MultiAir 16V 77 kW (105 hp)
 1.4 T-Jet 16V 88 kW (120 hp)
 1.4 MultiAir Turbo 16V 99 kW (135 hp)

Diesel engines 
 1.3 Multijet 16V 55 kW (75 hp) and 66 kW (90 hp)
 1.3 Multijet II 16V 55 kW (75 hp) and 70 kW (95 hp)
 1.6 Multijet 16V 88 kW (120 hp)
 1.9 Multijet 8V 88 kW (120 hp) and 96 kW (130 hp)

BiPower engines 
 1.4 Natural Power 8V CNG 51-57 kW (69-78 hp)
 1.4 8V LPG 57 kW (78 hp)

References

Other websites 
fiatpunto.com
The Punto Van 
Grande Punto EuroNCAP results
The Punto Power fan site 
The Punto Sports Forum fan site
The Punto MK2 & MK2B Forum fan site 
PuntoUK: a UK based Punto fan site 
Grande-Punto.de - The German Community
FiatPunto.com.pl - The Polish Fiat Punto fan Forum

Punto
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Volkswagen Polo

The Volkswagen Polo is a small car made by the German company Volkswagen since 1975. The first generation was made from 1975 to 1981 with a facelift in 1979. The second generation was made between 1981 and 1994 and was facelifted in 1990. The third generation was made from late 1994 to early 2002 with a facelift in early 2000. The fourth generation launched in early 2002 and featured distinctive twin round headlamps, they were dropped when it was facelifted in mid-2005. The fifth generation arrived in 2009 and was facelifted in mid-2014. The sixth generation launched in late 2017 and now only comes as a 5-door hatchback. In the fall of 2020, the Polo was visually redesigned with the switch to the 2021 model year. Since then, the vehicle has been supplied with the new Volkswagen logo and Polo lettering on the tailgate, which was once on the lower left , has now been positioned in a new font in the middle under the VW logo. Technically, there has been an update to the "Modular Infotainment Kit 3" (MIB3).

Different versions 

1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Volkswagen Fox

The Volkswagen Fox is a car made by the German company Volkswagen. It has four seats, four wheels and two doors. The car is similar in size to the Ford Ka.

2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Fox
Proton Savvy

The Proton Savvy is a small car made by the Malaysian company Proton Holding. It has 5 seats and 5 doors.

References 

Automobiles Toyota
SEAT W MOTORI Renault Suzuki
Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi savvy
Peugeot 107

The Peugeot 107 is a car made by the French company Peugeot. It has been made in the Czech Republic since 2005. It has four seats. The car can have two or four doors. The car is related to the Toyota Aygo and the Citroën C1. In 2009, Peugeot made new versions of the car that looked different. They did this again in 2012. It stopped being made in 2014. This is because Peugeot started making the Peugeot 108.

Engines 
 1.0 50 kW (68 hp)
 1.4 HDi 40 kW (54 hp)

107
Front wheel drive vehicles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
107
Toyota Aygo

The Toyota Aygo is a car made by the Japanese company Toyota in the Czech Republic since 2005. It has four seats and either two or four doors. The car has a 1-litre petrol or 1,4-litre diesel engine. The car is similar to the Peugeot 107 and Citroën C1. It entered its second generation in 2014.

Engines 
 1.0 VVT-i 50 kW (68 hp)
 1.4 D4-D 40 kW (54 hp)

Aygo
Front wheel drive vehicles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Airbus A380

The Airbus A380 (also called "Super-jumbo-jet") is a four-engined, double-decked airliner manufactured by Airbus.  It is the world's biggest passenger airplane, larger than the Boeing 747 Jumbo Jet.  However, the six-engine Antonov An-225 super-freighter was even bigger. 

The Airbus A380 can carry up to 850 passengers (but it usually carries about 525), and weighs over 550 tonnes. It has four Rolls-Royce Trent 900 engines or four Engine Alliance GP7000 engines.  The companies General Electric and Pratt & Whitney make alliance engines. The last A380 was produced in 2021 and delivered to Emirates.

Orders 

Hundreds of A380-800 airplanes have been ordered by 20 airlines.  One has been ordered by a Saudi Arabian Prince, Al-Walid bin Talal and 10 by a company called ILFC (who gives other airlines airplanes for rent).

Emirates Airlines (an airline from the United Arab Emirates) has the most A380 aircraft, because they have ordered 123 aircraft.    Singapore Airlines took delivery of the first A380, which flew to Sydney in Australia on October 25, 2007.  Singapore Airlines has 19 A380s.

Other airlines which ordered the A380 are: 

 Qantas (from Australia, currently operating 12)
 Air France (formerly operated 10)
 China Southern Airlines 
 Lufthansa (the German airline, which has 8) 
 Kingfisher Airlines (from India) 
 Korean Air (from South Korea) 
 Thai Airways 
 Malaysia Airlines 
 British Airways 
 Qatar Airways 
 Etihad Airways (from the United Arab Emirates) 
 Virgin Atlantic (from the United Kingdom) 
 Air Austral (France).

More than 200 A380 have been delivered, including 15 in 2017 and 12 in 2018.

Freighter Version
Airbus was going to make a version of the A380 to carry cargo instead of people.  This would look almost the same as the normal passenger version, but with no windows and much bigger doors.  Some cargo companies ordered the plane, like FedEx and UPS.  Because Airbus took too long to make the A380 freight version, those orders were canceled.  Because Airbus has not gotten any orders for the plane anymore, they decided to not make the freighter version for a while and focus on making the passenger version of the A380.

Incidents
The Airbus A380 had 1 incident, with no deaths.
 On 4 November 2010, Qantas Flight 32 was flying from Singapore Changi Airport when the number 2 engine failed, causing some damage to the plane, and forcing it to return to Singapore.  Nobody was injured, but debris from the airplane fell onto the island of Batam, in Indonesia.  Investigations found that the Rolls-Royce Trent 900 engine leaked oil, causing an explosion.  Other Trent 900 engines had similar problems and many engines had to be replaced and the FAA issued that all Airbus A380s currently in service are required to go under mandatory inspections before takeoff to prevent future engine problems.

References

Other websites 

Airbus A380 website 
Proper A380 website 

Airbus aircraft
Paris (Trojan prince)

Paris is a personality in Greek mythology. He is an important person in the Trojan War, and Homer's Iliad. Paris was the son of King Priam of Troy and his wife Hecuba. Because it was prophesied that he would bring the end and destruction of Troy, he was left to die in the wilderness, but was found by another man, who took him as a son and named him Paris.

Three goddesses, Hera, Aphrodite, and Athena, had a beauty contest with a prize of the golden Apple of Discord of Eris (goddess). Paris was the judge and they all bribed him. Hera offered him power, Athena offered him wisdom, and Aphrodite promised him the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen. 

The problem was that Helen was already married to Menelaus, the brother of Agamemnon. Paris took Helen home with him to Troy. This caused the Trojan War. 

During the war, Paris killed Achilles by shooting his heel with a poisoned arrow. 

Late in the war, Paris was killed by Philoctetes.

References 

Paris
Helen of Troy

In Greek mythology, Helen, also known as Helen of Troy (Ancient Greek: Ἑλένη, Helénē), was said to have been the most beautiful woman in the world. The queen of Sparta, Helen was married to Menelaus, but later eloped with Prince Paris of Troy (most often depicted as being kidnapped) and taken to Troy, resulting in the Trojan War as the Achaeans set out to bring her back to Sparta. She was believed to be the daughter of Zeus and Leda, the wife of King Tyndareos of Sparta, and was the sister of twins Castor and Pollux, and Clytemnestra.

Other websites 

Helen
RSA algorithm

RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) is an algorithm used by modern computers to encrypt and decrypt messages. It is an asymmetric cryptographic algorithm. Asymmetric means that there are two different keys. This is also called public key cryptography, because one of the keys can be given to anyone. RSA uses a public key and private key. The public key can be known to everyone- it is used to encrypt messages. Messages encrypted using the public key can only be decrypted with the private key. The private key needs to be kept secret. Calculating the private key from the public key is very difficult.

Other websites
 The Original RSA Patent as filed with the U.S. Patent Office by Rivest; Ronald L. (Belmont, MA), Shamir; Adi (Cambridge, MA), Adleman; Leonard M. (Arlington, MA), December 14, 1977, .
 PKCS #1: RSA Cryptography Standard (RSA Laboratories website)
 The PKCS #1 standard "provides recommendations for the implementation of public-key cryptography based on the RSA algorithm, covering the following aspects: cryptographic primitives; encryption schemes; signature schemes with appendix; ASN.1 syntax for representing keys and for identifying the schemes".
 
 Thorough walk through of RSA
 Prime Number Hide-And-Seek: How the RSA Cipher Works
 Onur Aciicmez, Cetin Kaya Koc, Jean-Pierre Seifert: On the Power of Simple Branch Prediction Analysis
 A New Vulnerability In RSA Cryptography, CAcert NEWS Blog
 Example of an RSA implementation with PKCS#1 padding (GPL source code) 
 Kocher's article about timing attacks
 An animated explanation of RSA with its mathematical background by CrypTool 
 An interactive walkthrough going through all stages to make small example RSA keys 
 Hacking Secret Ciphers with Python, Chapter 24, Public Key Cryptography and the RSA Cipher
 
 How RSA Key used for Encryption in real world
 Prime Numbers, Factorization, and their Relationship with Encryption

Cryptography
Algorithms
Hector

Hector (, Hektōr) was a Trojan prince and one of the central figures of the Iliad. The first-born son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba, Hector was the heir apparent to the throne and the greatest of Troy's warriors in the defense of the city. Hector fought against a various number of the Greeks through the course of the Trojan War, including Protesilaus and Ajax. He was married to Andromache, with whom he had a son, Astyanax, whom the Trojans called Scamandrios. 

Hector is eventually killed by Achilles (Book XXII of The Iliad).

Related pages 
624 Hektor

Other websites

People in Greek mythology
Hecuba

Hecuba (also Hekuba or Hekabe) was a person in Greek mythology. She was the wife of King Priam of Troy.

Her children with Priam were: Sons: Hector, Paris, Deiphobos, Helenos, Pammon, Polites, Antiphus, Hipponous, Polydoros. And daughters: Ilione, Creusa, Laodice, Polyxena, and Kassandra.

After the Trojan War she became a slave of Odysseus.

People in Greek mythology
Slaves
Achilles

Achilles (Ancient Greek: Ἀχιλλεύς, Akhilleus) was a hero of the Trojan War and is the central character of Homer's Iliad. The son of the mortal hero Peleus and the Nereid Thetis, he is the leader of the Myrmidons, and is described as the greatest of all the Achaean warriors.  The Iliad, which is set in the ninth year of the Trojan War, starts with a quarrel between Achilles and Agamemnon, the commander of the Greek forces.

Achilles' most notable feat during the Trojan War was his slaying the Trojan prince Hector outside the gates of Troy, as revenge against Hector for killing his lover, Patroclus.p53   While Achilles' death is not presented in the Iliad (as the poem ends with Hector's funeral), other sources concur that he was killed near the end of the war by Paris, who shot him in the heel with an arrow.

Legend 
Later stories depict Achilles as being invulnerable in all of his body except for his heel, as that is where his mother Thetis held him when she dipped him in the River Styx as an infant.  As such, the term "Achilles' heel" has come to mean a point of fatal weakness.  Because of that, his heel was still vulnerable.  However, the Iliad does not say this.

According to the legend, Achilles was killed by Paris, who shot his heel with a poisoned arrow. Achilles was shot many times by the arrows of Paris but the only arrow found on his body was through his heel.

References 

People in Greek mythology
Classical Greek literature
Nymph

A nymph is a kind of female nature entity/spirit in Greek mythology. They are often companions of Greek gods and goddesses. Nymphs can be divided into different kinds, such as:
 Dryads (trees)
 Naiads (fresh water)
 Oreads (mountains)
 the Okeanids, the daughters of Okeanos, and the Nereids, the daughters of Nereus (seas)
 the Pleiades (stars)

Other websites
Romantic music

Romantic music is music written in the 19th century.  This was the period called the “Romantic period” by musicians.  In literature and some other arts the “Romantic period” is often said to begin and finish earlier: around mid 18th to mid 19th century. 

In the Classical period artists liked to see clear forms.  18th century architecture nearly always shows a lot of symmetry.  The gardens of the palace at Versailles are a good example of this with their very tidy patterns of straight paths, circular ponds and neatly clipped hedges.

In music the Classical composers such as Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert liked to compose music which had a clear plan like sonata form.

In the Romantic period artists thought that feeling and passions were more important than formal plans.  This can be seen in the gardens designed by Capability Brown, e.g. in at Blenheim Palace, Oxford.  The gardens are made to blend into nature.

In music the Romantic composers may still use plans like sonata form, but feelings and passions are important.  They often write what is called programme music which means: music that describes something or tells a story.  Beethoven’s Sixth Symphony is called the “Pastoral” which means that it is about the countryside.  Although Beethoven is usually called a composer of the Classical period he is also an early Romantic.  Later composers such as Felix Mendelssohn wrote pieces like Hebrides Overture which describes the sea coming into Fingal’s Cave in the Inner Hebrides Islands in Scotland.  Hector Berlioz (1803-1869) wrote a lot of music which tells a story.  His Symphonie Fantastique is about an artist madly in love.  Berlioz’s whole way of life was wild and romantic.  He fell in love with an actress he saw on stage playing the part of Juliet in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet and he actually married her!  Other composers who wrote a lot of programme music include Franz Liszt (1811-1886) and Richard Strauss (1864-1949).  Strauss always wrote in a late-Romantic style even although he lived well into the 20th century.

The Romantic period was also the period of Nationalism.  "Nationalism" means being proud of one's country.  In the 19th century  a lot of European countries as we know them were being formed.  In music a lot of composers were writing music which was typical of their country.  They often did this by using folk music.  Antonín Dvořák (1841-1904) and Bedřich Smetana (1824-1884) wrote music which sounds very Czech. Pyotr Tchaikovsky (1840-1893)  wrote music with Russian folk songs in them. Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) used German folk songs in his symphonies, and Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872-1958) collected English folk songs and put them in his music.  One of those pieces was a Fantasy on the famous tune Greensleeves.

Periods in music history
Nereid

In Greek mythology, the Nereids ( Nereides) are sea nymphs, the fifty daughters of Nereus, the Old Man of the Sea, and the Okeanid Doris. 

Among them are:
Thetis - Wife of Peleus and mother of Achilles, she was often considered the leader of the Nereids. 
Amphitrite - Wife of Poseidon and queen of the sea. 
Galatea
Thoosa - mother of the Cyclops Polyphemus. 
Dione (mythology)

Nymphs
Gods and goddesses of water
Romanticism

Romanticism (or Romantic movement) is a movement, or style of art, literature and music in the late 18th and early 19th century in Europe. 

The movement said that feelings, imagination, nature, human life, freedom of expression, individualism and old folk traditions, such as legends and fairy tales, were important. It was a reaction to the aristocratic social and political ideas of the Age of Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution. 

It was also a reaction against turning nature into a mere science. 

The movement showed most strongly in arts like music, and literature. However, it also had an important influence on historiography, education, and natural history.

Examples

United Kingdom 
Romanticism in Britain was notable as the country was an early adopter of industrialization and science, and included such figures as:
 William Wordsworth
 Samuel Taylor Coleridge
 Lord Byron
 Shelley
 William Blake
 Robert Burns
 Walter Scott
J. M. W. Turner

Germany 
During the same period as Britain, there was a notable romantistic movement in Germany. Important motifs in German Romanticism are traveling, nature, and Germanic myths. Involved were such figures as:
Goethe as a younger man.
Hegel
Schiller
Beethoven
The Brothers Grimm

Related pages
 Romance (love)
 Romantic music

References

Other websites 
 The Romantic Poets
 Dictionary of the History of Ideas , Romanticism
 Romantic Circles Electronic editions, histories, and scholarly articles related to the Romantic era
 Dictionary of the History of Ideas , Romanticism in Political Thought
 Romanticism in the "History of Art" 
Romanticism in the Art History Archive

Art movements
Cultural history
19th-century books
Philosophical movements and positions
Seveso disaster

The Seveso disaster was a chemical accident on 10 July 1976, at the small Italian town of Meda, 20 km from Milan in Lombardy. There was an leak at a chemical factory which released a lot of the toxic poison dioxin, TCDD, into the air. The cloud of poison gas covered an area 6 km long and 1 km wide. It was named after the municipality of Seveso.  It resulted in the highest known exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in residential populations  There were many studies and new regulations after the accident. The European Union directive covering the protection against such accidents is known as Seveso-II-directive today. 

The company where the accident happened was called Icmesa. It was owned by Givaudan, who is  owned by Roche. Icmesa produced Trichlorophenol, which is used to produce the disinfectant Hexachlorophene. The company was located in four communes; one of them Seveso. 

None of the 20,000 people who lived in Seveso died, but the poison killed 3,000 farm animals and pets. Another 70,000 animals had to be killed to stop the dioxin from getting into the food chain.

Long term problems
Thirty years after the accident, scientists reported that babies born in the area affected by the dioxin were six times more likely to have thyroid problems. The affected people, now in their forties, are being studied to see if it stopped them growing properly, or reduced intellectual development (IQ).

References

1976 in Europe
1970s crimes in Europe
1970s disasters in Europe
1970s in Italy

Disasters in Italy
July 1976 events
Province of Monza and Brianza
Junichiro Koizumi

Junichiro Koizumi (born 8 January 1942) is the former Prime Minister of Japan. He stepped down in 2006.

Early life 
Born in Yokosuka, Kanagawa on 8 January, 1942, Koizumi was taught at Yokosuka High School and Keio University, where he studied economics. He went to University College London before returning to Japan in August 1969 when his father died.

Yasukuni Shrine and Junichiro 
While he was prime minister of Japan, he made China and South Korea very angry by continuing to visit the Yasukuni Shrine. He was succeeded by Shinzo Abe.

Prime Ministers of Japan
Alumni of University College London
1942 births
Living people
Politicians from Kanagawa Prefecture
Keio University alumni