Basque language

Basque (Basque: ) is the language spoken by the Basque people in the Basque Country and its diaspora. Although most other Europeans speak Indo-European languages, Basque is a language isolate and is not related to them or to any other language in the world.

History and classification 
The ancestors of Basques are among the oldest residents of Europe, and their origins are unknown, as are the origins of the language. Many scholars have tried to link Basque to Etruscan, African languages, Caucasian languages and so on, but most see Basque as a language isolate. 
A connection with the Iberian language has given some hope, but it is unclear whether similarities are caused by genetic relations or mere vicinity.
It was spoken long before the Romans brought Latin to the Iberian Peninsula.

Geographic distribution 

Basque is spoken in an area that is smaller than what is known as the Basque Country (Basque: Euskal Herria). Basque was once spoken over a larger area, but Latin took over in some places.

Official status 
Historically, Latin or a Romance language has been official.

Today Basque holds co-official language status in the Basque regions of Spain: the full autonomous community of the Basque Country and some parts of Navarre. Basque has no official standing in the Northern Basque area of France, and French citizens are barred from using Basque in a French court of law.

Dialects 
There are six main Basque dialects, comprising Biscayan, Guipuzcoan, and High Navarrese (in Spain), and Low Navarrese, Labourdin, and Souletin (in France). The dialect boundaries are not, however, congruent with political boundaries. 
One of the first scientific studies of Basque dialects, in particular the auxiliary verb forms, was made by Louis-Lucien Bonaparte (a nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte).

Derived languages 
There is now a unified version called Batua ("unified" in Basque), which is the language taught in schools. Batua is based largely on the Gipuzkoa regional dialect.

Grammar 
Basque is an ergative-absolutive language. Its grammar is very complex, with many different cases for nouns.

The vowel system is the same as most Spanish-speakers and has five pure vowels, .

Vocabulary 
By contact with nearby peoples, Basque has borrowed words from Latin, Spanish, French, Gascon and others but accepted fewer than Indo-European languages. Some claim that many of its words come from Latin, but phonetic evolution has made many of them now appear as if they were native words, e.g. lore ("flower", from florem), errota ("mill", from rotam, "[mill] wheel"), gela ("room", from cellam).

Writing system 
Basque is written with the Latin alphabet. The universal special letter is ñ, which is pronounced like the n in onion, and ç and ü are also used. Basque does not use c, q, v, w, y except for loanwords and are not considered part of the alphabet. Also, x is pronounced as a sh, as in shine.

Sample phrases 

 Bai = Yes
 Ez = No
 Kaixo!, = Hello
 Agur!, Adio! = Goodbye!
 Ikusi arte = See you!
 Eskerrik asko! = Thank you! 
 Egun on = Good morning (literally: Good day)
 Egun on, bai = Standard reply to Egun on
 Arratsalde on = Good evening
 Gabon = Good night
 Mesedez = Please
 Barkatu = Excuse (me)
 Aizu! = Listen! (To get someone's attention, not very polite, to be used with friends)
 Kafe hutsa nahi nuke = Can I have a coffee?
 Kafe ebakia nahi nuke = Can I have a macchiato?
 Kafesnea nahi nuke = Can I have a café latte?
 Garagardoa nahi nuke = Can I have a beer?
 Komunak = Toilets 
 Komuna, non dago? = Where are the toilets?
 Non dago tren-geltokia? = Where is the train station?
 Non dago autobus-geltokia? = Where is the bus station?
 Ba al da hotelik hemen inguruan? = Where is the (nearest, only) hotel?
 Zorionak = Happy holidays (During Christmas and new year's), congratulations
 Ez dakit euskaraz= I do not speak Basque
 Ba al dakizu ingelesez?= Do you speak English?
 Nongoa zara? = Where are you from?
 Non dago...? = Where is...? 
 Badakizu euskaraz? = Do you speak Basque?
 Bai ote? = Really? 
 Topa! = Cheers!
 Hementxe! = Over / right here!
 Geldi!= Stop
 Lasai= Take it easy
 Ez dut nahi= I do not want

References

Other websites 

 Ethnologue report for Basque
 Center for Basque Studies at University of Nevada, Reno
 Concise course of Basque
 Basque Museum and Cultural Center
 FONATARI, all about the sounds of basque.

Grammar 
 University of the Basque Country: A Brief Grammar of Euskara, the Basque Language
 Basque Verb Tables 
 Larry Trask: A Linguistic Sketch of Basque 
 Larry Trask: Some Important Basque Words (And a Bit of Culture) 
 A proposal for Basque SAMPA