alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
1461



Events 
 February 2 – Battle of Mortimer's Cross – Yorkist troops led by Edward, Duke of York defeat Lancastrians under Owen Tudor and his son Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke in Wales.
 February 17 – Second Battle of St Albans – The Earl of Warwick's army is defeated by a Lancastrian force under Queen Margaret, who recovers control of her husband.
 March 4 – The Duke of York seizes London and proclaims himself King Edward IV of England
 March 29 – Battle of Towton – Edward IV defeats Queen Margaret to make good his claim to the English throne. Thought to be the bloodiest battle ever fought in England.
 Edward, Richard of York's son, crowned as Edward IV, King of England (reigns until 1483)
 August 15 – The Empire of Trebizond, the last major Romano-Greek outpost falls to the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II after a siege of 21 days.
 Louis XI of France succeeds Charles VII of France as king (reigns until 1483)
 Leonardo da Vinci and Sandro Botticelli become students of Verrocchio
 Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is founded by the Ottomans
 François Villon: Le Grand Testament
 Donatello: Judith and Holofernes
1467

1467 was a common year.

Events 
 October 29 – Battle of Brusthem: Charles the Bold defeats Liege
 Beginning of the Sengoku Period in Japan.
 Circa this year, polyalphabetic cipher invented by Leone Battista Alberti.
 Regent of Sweden Erik Axelsson Tott supports the re-election of deposed Charles VIII of Sweden to the throne.
 Pope Paul II arrested and tortured some of the abbreviators, among them was Filip Callimachus.
1478

1478 was a common year.

Events 
 February 18 – George, Duke of Clarence, convicted of treason against his older brother Edward IV of England, is privately executed in the Tower of London.
 April 26 – The Pazzi attack Lorenzo de' Medici and kill his brother Giuliano during High Mass in the Florence Cathedral.
 December 28 – Battle of Giornico – Swiss troops defeat the Milanese.
 Lorenzo de' Medici becomes sole ruler of Florence
 Grand Prince Ivan III of Moscow conquers Novgorod
 Vladislav II of Bohemia makes peace with Hungary
 Eskender succeeds his father Baeda Maryam as Emperor of Ethiopia at the age of six.
1613

Year 1613 (MDCXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar.

Events 
 January – Galileo observes Neptune, but mistakes it for a star and so is not credited with its discovery.
 February 7 – An Assembly of the Russian Empire elects Mikhail Romanov to be Tsar of Russia, and establishes the Romanov Dynasty.
 June 29 – Fire destroys London's Globe Theatre
 Francesco Andreini's L'Adamo is published.
 King James I of England successfully mediates the Peace of Knäred treaty between Denmark and Sweden.
 The New River was opened, to supply London with drinking water from Hertfordshire
 Adriaen Block's ship Tyger is destroyed by fire, forcing him and his crew to spend the winter on Manhattan
 James I of England comdemns duels in his proclamation Against Private Challenges and Combats
 Ottoman Empire invades Hungary
 Locust swarm destroys La Camarque, France
 Sultan Agung takes the throne of the kingdom of Mataram on Java.
 December 6 death of Anton Praetorius
1608

1608 was a leap year.

Events 
 March 18 – Sissinios formally crowned Emperor of Ethiopia
 May 14 – Protestant Union founded in Auhausen.
 July 3 – Quebec City founded by Samuel de Champlain.
 August 24 – The first official English representative to India lands at Surat.
 October 2 – Dutch lensmaker Hans Lippershey demonstrates the first telescope in the Dutch parliament
 Swedish troops enter Moscow
 First cheques come to use in Netherlands
 Quebec city is founded by Samuel De Champlain
1577



Events 
 March 17 – formation of the Cathay Company to send Martin Frobisher back to the New World for more gold
 May 28 – Publication of the Bergen Book, better known as the Solid Declaration of the Formula of Concord, one of the Lutheran confessional writings. The earlier version, known as the Torgau Book (1576), had been condensed into an Epitome; both documents are part of the 1580 Book of Concord.
 September 17 – Peace of Bergerac signed between Henry III of France and the Huguenots
 The church in San Pedro in the Atacama Desert in Chile was built.
 November – The Great Comet of 1577 passed by Earth.
1870s

The 1870s was the decade that began on January 1, 1870 and ended on December 31, 1879.

Events 
 The invention of the telephone (1876) by Alexander Graham Bell. 
 The light bulb was invented.
 The phonograph is invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison.
 Ludwig Boltzmann's statistical definition of thermodynamic entropy
 Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) results in the collapse of the Second French Empire and in the formation of both the French Third Republic and the German Empire
 Continuing expansion of the British Empire; beginning of the New Imperialism
 Bulgaria and Romania declare independence following the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
 In the United States, continuation of post-Civil War reconstruction until its conclusion under President Rutherford B. Hayes in 1877

World leaders 
 Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
 Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald (Canada)
 Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie (Canada)
 Tongzhi Emperor (China)
 Guangxu Emperor (China)
 Emperor Wilhelm I (German Empire)
 Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (German Empire)
 King Victor Emmanuel II (Italy)
 King Umberto I (Italy)
 Emperor Meiji (Japan)
 Pope Pius IX
 Pope Leo XIII
 Emperor Alexander II (Russia)
 King Alfonso XII (Spain)
 Queen Victoria (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli (United Kingdom)
 President Ulysses S. Grant (United States)
 President Rutherford B. Hayes (United States)
 Nasser-al-Din Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
1501



Events 
 Alexander becomes King of Poland.
 The Safavid kingdom was established in northern Iran.
 Martin Luther enters the University of Erfurt.
Jon Voight

Jon Voight (born December 29, 1938) is an American actor. Voight came to publicity in the late 1960s with his Academy Award–nominated performance as Joe Buck, a would-be gigolo, in Midnight Cowboy (1969). He has received an Academy Award for Best Actor, having received it for his role in the 1978 film Coming Home, in which he played a paraplegic Vietnam War veteran. In the 1970s, he became renowned as a Hollywood star. 

Voight is a Republican who supports anti-communism.

Early life and family
His mother was of German ancestry; his father was of Slovak ancestry. Voight is the middle of three brothers: volcanologist Barry Voight was born in 1937; musician Chip Taylor was born in 1940.

Voight's son James Haven and daughter Angelina Jolie are actors.

References

Other websites

1938 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from New York (state)
BAFTA Award winning actors
Movie producers from New York (state)
Screenwriters from New York (state)
People from Yonkers, New York
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Republicans (United States)
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Anti-communists
Eugene McCarthy

Eugene Joseph "Gene" McCarthy (March 29, 1916 – December 10, 2005) was a United States senator from Minnesota.  He ran for President of the United States five times. He died from Parkinson's disease.

Other websites

Eugene J McCarthy Lectureship at Saint John's University
Eugene McCarthy (1916–2005): The Legacy of the Former Senator and Anti-War Presidential Candidate 
Eugene J. McCarthy, Senate Dove Who Jolted '68 Race, Dies at 89 — The New York Times
Minnesota senator shook world in '68  — Star Tribune of Minneapolis

1968 United States presidential candidates
1972 United States presidential candidates
1976 United States presidential candidates
1992 United States presidential candidates
United States senators from Minnesota
United States representatives from Minnesota
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
1916 births
2005 deaths
Arnold Schwarzenegger

Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-American former professional bodybuilder, actor, film producer, screenwriter, and director. He was the governor of the American state of California from 2003 to 2011. He currently lives in Los Angeles, California.

After serving in the army, Schwarzenegger moved to Munich, where he often slept in a gym because he did not have anywhere else to live.

Schwarzenegger then moved to the United States in 1968 and eventually became an actor. He has been in several big budget Hollywood movies including The Terminator series. He eventually stopped acting in order to run for governor of California in 2003. In 2003, Governor Gray Davis was removed as governor and Schwarzenegger was elected. His term ended in early January 2011, and he was replaced by Jerry Brown.

Before becoming an actor, Schwarzenegger was also a bodybuilder and had won both the Mr. Olympia and Mr. Universe titles over 7 consecutive times. Schwarzenegger has also set up his own official competition, Arnold Classic.

In 1971, Schwarzenegger's younger maternal half-brother Meinhard died in a car accident due to driving while drunk.

In 1986, Schwarzenegger married Maria Shriver, but they separated and divorced in 2011. They have 2 daughters, Katherine and Christina, and also 2 sons, Patrick and Christopher. Schwarzenegger also has a son with another woman. Some people think that Arnold had cheated on his wife but, such statements have not been proven.

In 2013, Schwarzenegger returned to acting with a role in the movie Escape Plan.

Film

Television

Commercials

Music videos

Soundtrack appearances

Video games

Related pages
 Reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine

References

Other websites 
 
 Schwarzenegger.com - official website
 Arnold Schwarzenegger Workout 
 Schwarzenegger bodybuilding 
 

1947 births
Living people
People from Styria
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Governors of California
Actors from Los Angeles
American television actors
American movie actors
American movie producers
Austrian movie actors
Austrian television actors
Austrian voice actors
Austrian stage actors
Kennedy family
American bodybuilders
WWE Hall of Fame
21st-century American politicians
Holy Spirit

In Judaism, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is God's divine force over the Universe or the creatures within it. In Nicene Christianity, God the Holy Spirit is the third person of the Trinity. In Islam, the Holy Spirit acts as an agent of divine communication. In the Baha’i Faith, the Holy Spirit is seen as the "go-between" God and man and "the outpouring grace of God and the effulgent rays that emanate from His Manifestation".

Further reading

References

Theology
Christian theology
Islamic theology
Judaism
1850s

The 1850s was the decade that began on January 1, 1850 and ended on December 31, 1859.

Events 
 Production of steel revolutionised by invention of the Bessemer process
 Benjamin Silliman fractionates petroleum by distillation for the first time
 First transatlantic telegraph cable laid
 First safety elevator installed by Elisha Otis
 Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species, putting forward the theory of evolution by natural selection
 Epidemiology begins when John Snow traces the source of an outbreak of cholera in London to a contaminated water pump.
 Discovery of Neandertal fossils in Neanderthal, Germany
 Solar flares discovered by Richard Christopher Carrington
 Crimean War (1854–1856) fought between Imperial Russia and an alliance consisting of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Second French Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire. The majority of the conflict takes place around Crimea, on the northern coasts of the Black Sea.
 The Indian Mutiny: revolt against the East India Company's British rule in India
 Dissolution of the Mughal Empire by the British.
 156 are killed in Paris in a failed assassination attempt on Napoleon III, Emperor of France
 Moldavia and Wallachia are unified and form Romania.
 Gideon T. Stewart attempts to create a Prohibition Party.

World leaders 
 Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
 Emperor Napoleon III (Second French Empire)
 King Frederick William IV (Germany)
 Pope Pius IX
 Queen Maria II (Portugal)
 King Peter V (Portugal)
 Emperor Nicholas I (Russia)
 Emperor Alexander II (Russia)
 Queen Isabella II (Spain)
 Queen Victoria, (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Lord John Russell (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Lord Aberdeen (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Lord Palmerston (United Kingdom)
 President Millard Fillmore (United States)
 President Franklin Pierce (United States)
 President James Buchanan (United States)
 Nasser-al-Din Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
1479

1479 was a common year.

Events 
 January 20 – Ferdinand II becomes king of Aragon and rules together with his wife Isabella, queen of Castile over most of the Iberian peninsula. Together they take over Granada in 1492, ending 800 years of Moorish rule.
 January 25 – Treaty of Istanbul between Ottoman Empire and Republic of Venice, in which Venice agrees to give land to the Ottomans and pay them 10,000 ducats a year.
 August 7 – Battle of Guinegate – A French army sent to invade the Netherlands is defeated by Maximilian of Austria.
 September 4 – Treaty of Alcáçovas ends War of Castilian Succession.
 October 13 – Battle of Kenyérmező – The Hungarian army led by Pál Kinizsi and István Báthori defeats the Ottoman Turk army in Transsylvania, Hungary.
 Christopher Columbus, a sailor and trader in the Genoese community in Portugal, marries Felipa Perestrelo Moniz and receives as dowry her dead father's maps and papers charting the seas and winds around the Madeira Islands and other Portuguese island colonies.
1505



Events 
 March 5 – Papal dispensation issued for the marriage of Henry VIII of England and Catherine of Aragon
 Portuguese under Dom Lourenço d'Almeida reach Colombo, Sri Lanka and send envoys to King of Kotte.
 June 27 – Henry VIII of England repudiates his engagement to Catherine of Aragon, at his father's command
 King Alexander of Poland signed "Nihil novi" act – Poland became Nobles' Democracy
 Poland prohibits peasants from leaving their lands, establishing serfdom
 Christ's College, Cambridge founded.
 Vasili III succeeds Ivan III as Grand Prince of Muscovy.
 Idiosa III of Chardonnay murdered.
 Arabs reach Comoros.
 Judah Abravanel becomes personal physician to the viceroy of Naples.
Akihito

(known simply as Akihito) is the former emperor of Japan. He reigned from 1989 to 2019. He was the 125th emperor of his line according to Japan's traditional order of succession. He is head of the Imperial House of Japan. 

Akihito became emperor after the death of his father in 1989, who was Emperor Shōwa. The current emperor's official reign name is Heisei (establishing peace).

Abdication
The Japanese government announced in December 2017 that Akihito would abdicate on 30 April 2019. He then did so in a brief ceremony on that date.

What the emperor does
The emperor has many duties and responsibilities.  For example, he regularly
 takes part in affairs of according to the Constitution of Japan.
 attends various events and ceremonies held at the Imperial Palace.
 attends ceremonies in Tokyo.
 makes appearances at a variety of ceremonies in various parts in Japan
 visits welfare facilities.
 visits regions where disasters hit
 visits other countries
 helps transmit the traditional culture of Japan

As a personal interest, Akihito studies fish.

Television broadcast
Akihito directly addressed his subjects in a television broadcast after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.  This was the first time any emperor used television in this way.

Health
In July 2022, Akihito was diagnosed with heart failure.

Titles and styles

 23 December 1933 – 10 November 1952: His Imperial Highness The Prince Tsugu
 10 November 1952 – 7 January 1989: His Imperial Highness The Crown Prince of Japan
 7 January 1989 – 30 April 2019: His Majesty The Emperor of Japan
 1 May 2019 – present: His Majesty The Emperor Emeritus

Honors
 Order of the Chrysanthemum, Japan
 Order of the Rising Sun, Japan
 Order of the Sacred Treasure, Japan
 Order of Culture, Japan
 Order of the Garter, UK

Related pages
Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
Imperial Household Agency

References

Other websites

 Imperial Household Agency (English); (Japanese)
 "Do Not Lose Hope" Address to the Nation, 2011 transcript and audio mp3 and video
  KidsWebJapan,  "Emperor's Role"

1933 births
People from Tokyo
Living people
Emperors of Japan
Japanese imperial family
Crown Princes and Princesses of Japan
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
1133



Events 
 Geoffrey of Monmouth produces the Historia Regum Britanniae.
 Construction of the Durham Cathedral is completed in England.
 Construction of Exeter Cathedral begins in England.
 June 4 – Lothair III is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Innocent II.

Births 
 March 5 – Henry II of England (d. 1189

Sources
1265



Births 
 Dante 
 Emperor Fushimi

Deaths 
 Hulagu Khan
Aero Space Museum

There is also the San Diego Aerospace Museum.
The Aero Space Museum is an airplane museum in Calgary in Canada. The museum, founded in 1975, is near the Calgary Airport.

Some things at the museum are war-time airplanes: a Sopwith Triplane from World War I and an Avro Lancaster from World War II.
There are also peace-time airplanes made by Cessna and de Havilland, and a helicopter made by Sikorsky. The museum also has a large library of flying information available for people to read and look at.

Other websites 
 Aero Space Museum website

Aircraft museums
Calgary
Museums in Canada
1975 establishments in North America
1970s establishments in Canada
Canadian Museum of Flight

The Canadian Museum of Flight is an aircraft museum at the Langley Airport in Langley, British Columbia, Canada. The museum has about 20 peace-time and war-time motor airplanes, gliders, and helicopters to see, six of which can still fly.

Aircraft
List of aircraft displayed :

 Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck Mk.3B
 Beechcraft 3NMT Expeditor (C-45)
 Bowlus Bumblebee BB1
 Canadair (Lockheed) T-33AN Silver Star
 Canadair CT-114 Tutor (used by the Snowbirds)
 Canadian Quickie 1 (Homebuilt)
 Conair Firecat
 Douglas DC-3 "CF-PWH" "Spirit of the Skeena"
 de Havilland DH100 Vampire Mk3 
 de Havilland DH82C Tiger Moth (Flying condition)
 Fleet 16B Finch MkII  (Flying condition)
 Handley Page Hampden
 Lockheed CF-104D Starfighter
 North American Harvard Mk IIB (Flying condition)
 Mignet "Pou du Ciel"
 Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5a (7/8 Replica) (Flying condition)
 Sikorsky S-55
 Sopwith Camel (Duplicate)
 Struchen Ultralight Helicopter
 Waco AQC-6 (Flying condition)
 Waco INF (Flying condition)
 Westland Lysander Mk III

Other websites 
Canadian Museum of Flight
Canadian Museum of Flight website

References

Aircraft museums
Museums in Canada
Organizations based in British Columbia
Olympic Flight Museum

The Olympic Flight Museum is an aircraft museum at the Olympia Airport in Olympia, Washington, USA. The museum has more than 20 airplanes and helicopters to see, most of which can still fly.

Other websites 
Olympic Flight Museum website

Aircraft museums
Museums in Washington
Olympia, Washington
San Diego Aerospace Museum

San Diego Aerospace Museum is an aircraft and space exploration museum in San Diego, California, USA.  It contains many original and copies of old aircraft and spacecraft, including:

A Lockheed A-12 Oxcart
A Ford Trimotor
A Supermarine Spitfire Mk.XVI
A North American P-51 Mustang
The Apollo 9 command module "Gumdrop"
A SPAD VII.c.1
A Nieuport 28
A Curtiss JN4 Jenny
A Curtiss P-40 Warhawk
A North American F-86 Sabre
A Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 Fagot
A Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 Fresco
A McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II
A Bell AH-1 Cobra
A PBY-5A Catalina

Other websites 
San Diego Aerospace Museum website

Museums in California
Aircraft museums
Buildings and structures in San Diego, California
Pearson Air Museum

The Pearson Air Museum is an airplane museum at Pearson Field Airport in Vancouver, Washington, USA. The museum and Pearson Field, and the Fort Vancouver National Historic Site, are all part of the Vancouver National Historic Reserve.

Planes shown 
The Pearson Air Museum shows different kinds of unusual, special, and historic airplanes. For example, an experimental and one-of-a-kind aircraft known as the "flying pickle" originally based at Watts Airport (or Bernard's Airport), is shown at the Pearson. Alley reports on this special airplane based at Watts Airport in 1929, that was an experimental one-of-a-kind model.  In this aircraft the pilot sits in an open air compartment, behind a roomy enclosed passenger cabin.

References

Other websites 
Pearson Air Museum website 

Aircraft museums
Museums in Washington
Newfoundland and Labrador

Newfoundland and Labrador () is a province on the East Coast of Canada, and is the farthest east of all Canadian provinces and territories. The capital of Newfoundland and Labrador is St. John's. In 2016, 519,716 people lived in Newfoundland and Labrador.

Newfoundland is an island, while Labrador is within the mainland of Canada and on a border with Quebec.

History
The province of Newfoundland and Labrador was originally called Newfoundland and joined Canada in 1949, becoming the newest province of Canada, after being a colony of the United Kingdom. Until an agreement was reached in 1927, Quebec also claimed Labrador. 

In 2001, the name of Newfoundland changed to its new official name, Newfoundland and Labrador, while the postal code abbreviation changed from NF to NL.  The island of Newfoundland, and part of Labrador, are in a time zone that is a half hour off from any other part of North America.

References

 
1949 establishments in Canada
Greenfinch

The greenfinch (Chloris chloris), also known as the European greenfinch, is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae.

This bird is widespread throughout Europe, north Africa and southwest Asia. It is mainly resident, but some northernmost populations migrate further south. The Greenfinch has also been introduced into both Australia and New Zealand.

Woodland edges, farmland hedges and gardens with relatively thick vegetation are favoured for breeding. It nests in trees or bushes, laying 38 eggs. This species can form large flocks outside the breeding season, sometimes mixing with other finches and buntings. They feed largely on seeds, but also take berries.

Images

Finches
St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador

St. John's is the capital of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is also the largest city in the province, with 108,860 people living there and 205,955 people in the St. John's Metropolitan Area.

Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) has two campuses in St. John's and College of the North Atlantic (CNA) also has two (and a third in Seal Cove, within the St. John's Metropolitan Area).  MUN and CNA are the only two public higher education institutions in Newfoundland. Given this, there are many students living in St. John's to pursue studies.

Close to St. John's is Cape Spear, the easternmost point in North America.

St. John's is home to the Newfoundland Growlers who play in the ECHL. St. John's is also home to the St. John's Edge who play in the NBL

Media 
 St. John's Stations
 CBNT-DT CBC
 CJON-DT NTV

References
Nest

A nest is a place where animals build to hold their eggs or provide a place to raise their babies. They are most typical of birds, but many other vertebrates do make nests.

Nests can be made of organic materials such as twigs, grass, and leaves. They may be a simple depression in the ground, or a hole in a rock, tree, or building. Nests can be found in all types of habitat.

Other 

 
 Bird nest
 Habitat

Ethology
Egg (biology)

An egg results from fertilization of an ovum. The egg is a container for the zygote. It protects the zygote, and feeds the embryo. 

The animal embryo develops until it can survive on its own, at which point the egg hatches. Most vertebrates, arthropods and molluscs lay eggs outside the mother's body. They are always in some kind of container, a shell or covering. 

Reptiles, birds and monotremes lay cleidoic eggs:  bird eggs are an example. These are a special kind of egg with a good supply of food and water. They have an outside covering which lets through gases so that carbon dioxide can get out, and oxygen can get in.

Fish, amphibia, insects and arachnids lay simpler eggs in greater numbers, but with much less protection and nourishment.

Live birth 
Some animals, mostly mammals, keep the zygote inside their body where the embryo grows until it is ready to be born. These are also cleidoic eggs, but all the development is done inside the mother's body, as with humans. 

Most mammals, and a number of marine reptiles, give live birth. Also, there are some invertebrates, such as scorpions, where the eggs develops inside the mother. They also give birth to live young.

Largest egg 
The ostrich has the largest eggs of all living animals. Eggs, mostly bird eggs, are often eaten as food. The shell of an egg is a hard calcareous (CaCO3) material. The shell of an ostrich egg can support the weight of a fully grown human.

Related pages 
 Ovum
 Cleidoic egg

Biological reproduction
Developmental biology
Javan tiger

The Javan tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica) is 1 of 3 extinct subspecies of tigers. It lived on the island of Java in Indonesia. It became extinct in the 1970s-1990s. The last known sighting of one was in 1972. 

It was small when compared with the subspecies from the Asian mainland. However, it was larger than the Bali tiger and around the size of the Sumatran tiger. It had numerous long, thin stripes.

Related pages
Bali tiger
Caspian tiger

Tigers
Mammals of Asia
1518



Events 
 A plague of tropical fire ants devastates crops on Hispaniola.
1528



Events 
June 19 – Battle of Landriano – A French army in Italy under Marshal St. Pol is decisively defeated.
November 6 – Shipwrecked Spanish conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca becomes the first known European to set foot on Texas.
Andrea Doria revolts against the French and establishes the independence of Genoa.
Montenegro gains autonomy under Turk power.
Maya people drive Spanish Conquistadors out of Yucatán.
Spain takes direct control of Acapulco.
Bubonic plague breaks out in England.
Fourth major outbreak of the sweating sickness in England. This time the disease also spreads to northern Europe
St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle completed.
Chateau Fontainebleau in France begun.
Cardinal Wolsey founds a college at Ipswich.
Michelangelo (Michelangelo Buonarroti) begins work on fortifications of Florence.
Baldassare Castiglione publishes The Book of the Courtier.
1529

1529 was a common year.

Events 
 April 22 – Treaty of Saragossa divides the eastern hemisphere between Spain and Portugal, stipulating that the dividing line should lie 297.5 leagues or 17° east of the Moluccas.
 March 7 or 9 – At the Battle of Shimbra Kure, Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, with 200 men armed with matchlocks, defeats the army of Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia.
 May 10 – The Turkish army under Suleiman I leaves Constantinople to once again invade Hungary.
 August 5 – Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor sign the Treaty of Cambrai
 September 8 – Recapture of Buda by the invading Turkish forces.
 September 8 – The city of Maracaibo in Venezuela is founded by Ambrosius Ehinger.
 September 23 – Vienna is besieged by Turkish forces.
 October 15 – With the season growing late, Suleiman abandons the siege.
 Emperor Charles V and Francis I of France sign the Treaty of Cambrai, or the "Ladies' Peace". Francis abandons his claims in Italy, but is allowed to retain Burgundy.
 Thomas Wolsey, Archbishop of York, fails to bring about the divorce and annulment Henry VIII had sought and is forced to resign.
 Aylesbury is granted the county town of Buckinghamshire in England by King Henry VIII.
 Stephen Báthory becomes governor of Transylvania.
 Boromrajathira IV succeeds Rama Thibodi II as king of Ayutthaya.
 Fluorine is first described by Georg Agricola.
 Giorgio Vasari visits Rome.
 Pietro Bembo becomes historiographer of Venice.
 Heinrich Bullinger becomes pastor of Bremgarten.
 Diet of Speyer takes place.
Abacus

An abacus is an old tool used for arithmetic. It is still used in some parts of the world, and it is well suited for use in shops and street markets. Sometimes blind people use an abacus, because they can feel the numbers easily. The most common abacuses work by moving beads on rods.

Abacuses can do addition, subtraction, multiplication, division. They can be used to find the square root of whole numbers. Expert abacus users can sometimes do math faster than basic calculators.

There is a common Chinese abacus. This abacus is split into two kinds of basic rows, the top is for the "5"s, and the bottom is for the "ones". There are one or two beads in the top rows, and four or five beads in the bottom ones. For example, 8 is one bead on top and 3 below, because 5 + 3 = 8. Every column represents a different digit.

Etymology
The use of the word abacus dates from before 1387 AD, when the word was got from Latin to describe a sandboard abacus. The Latin word came from ancient Greek  (abax) which means something without base, or (improperly) any piece of rectangular board or plank.

Both abacuses' and abaci are used as plurals. The user of an abacus is called an abacist (soft or hard 'c').

Japan 
There is a Japanese version of the abacus called the 'soroban'. It works in essentially the same way.

Other websites

General and historical articles 
 Abacus Photos and Images 
 Abacus
 Roman abacus

Tutorials 

 Manual de uso del Abaco Japonés Soroban 
 Min Multimedia
 Suan Pan 
 Abacus: Mystery of the Bead - an Abacus Manual

Abacus curiosities 
 Abacus in various number systems 
 Java applet of Chinese, Japanese and Russian abaci 
 An atomic-scale abacus

References 

Arithmetics
Mathematical tools
1573



Events

Births 
 January 10 – Simon Marius, German astronomer (died 1624)
 April 17 – Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria (died 1651)
April 26 – Marie de' Medici, queen of Henry IV of France (d. 1642)
 July 15 – Inigo Jones, English architect (died 1652)
 July 25 – Christoph Scheiner, German astronomer and Jesuit (died 1650)
 September 28 – Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, Italian artist (died 1610)
 October 6 – Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, English patron of the theater (died 1624)
 October 7 – William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1645)
 Ambrosius Bosschaert, Dutch painter (died 1621)
 Pietro Carrera, Sicilian chess player, priest and painter (died 1647)
 Robert Catesby, English leader of the Gunpowder Plot (died 1605)
 Odoardo Farnese, Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in Italy (died 1626)
 Ukita Hideie, Japanese daimyo (died 1655)
 Richard Johnson, English romance writer (died 1659)
 Johannes Junius, Burgomeister of Bamberg (died 1628)
 John Kendrick, English merchant (died 1624)
 Oeyo, wife of Tokugawa Hidetada
 Juan Pujol, Catalan composer and organist (died 1626)
 Charles de Valois, Duke of Angoulême, natural son of Charles IX of France (died 1650)

Deaths
1606

1606 was a common year.

Births 
 February 12 – John Winthrop, the Younger, Governor of Connecticut (died 1676)
 March 3 – Edmund Waller, English poet (died 1687)
 May 23 – Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz, Spanish writer (d. 1682)
 May 25 – Saint Charles Garnier, Jesuit missionary (died 1649)
 June 6 – Pierre Corneille, French writer (died 1684)
 June 16 – Arthur Chichester, 1st Earl of Donegall, Irish soldier (died 1675)
 June 19 – James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, Scottish statesman (died 1649)
 July 15 – Rembrandt, Dutch painter (died 1669)
 September 22 – Li Zicheng, Chinese rebel (died 1645)
 November 12 – Jeanne Mance, French settler in Montreal (died 1673)
 Richard Busby, English clergyman (died 1695)
 Leonard Calvert, governor of Baltimore (died 1647)
 Edmund Castell, English orientalist (died 1685)
 William Davenant, English poet and playwright (died 1668)
 Henry Pierrepont, 1st Marquess of Dorchester (died 1680)
 Giovanni Francesco Grimaldi, Italian architect and painter (died 1680)
 Thomas Harrison, English puritan soldier and Fifth Monarchist (died 1660)
 Thomas Herbert, English traveller and historian (died 1682)
 John Robartes, 1st Earl of Radnor (died 1685)
 Pierre du Ryer, French dramatist (died 1658)
 Joachim von Sandrart, German art-historian and painter (died 1688)
 Tokugawa Tadanaga, Japanese nobleman (died 1633)
 Thomas Washbourne, English clergyman and poet (died 1687)
Accordion

An accordion is a musical instrument that has keys similar to a piano, but is small enough for a person to hold. It makes sounds using air pushed and pulled through reeds using a bellows. The accordion can also have buttons instead of keys. The 6-plus-6-system with three rows has the same fingering in all twelve scales.

The accordion was first patented in 1829 in Austria by Cyrill Demain.

It was invented in Germany by Friedrich Buschmann in 1822. Since then, the instrument has made a significant impact on the world of modern and classical music. The accordion is similar to a portable piano. It is a wind instrument, comprising two reed organs that are connected by folding bellows.Sep 4, 2020.

Related pages
 Bandoneon

References

Keyboard instruments
499 BC



Events
 Aristagoras, acting on behalf of the Persian Empire, leads a failed attack on the rebellious island of Naxos.
 Aristagoras instigates the Ionic Revolt, beginning the Persian Wars between Greece and Persia.
 Sardis destroyed by Athenian and Ionian troops.

499 BC
1781

The year 1781 is .

Events 
 March 13 – Uranus.
 End of the American Revolutionary War

Births 
 January 26 – Achim von Arnim, German writer (d. 1831)
 January 30 – Adelbert von Chamisso, German writer (d. 1838)
 February 17 – Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec, French physician and inventor (d. 1826)
 March 4 – Rebecca Gratz, American educator and philanthropist (d. 1869)
 March 13 – Karl Friedrich Schinkel, German architect and painter (d. 1841)
 June 9–  George Stephenson, English engineer (d. 1848)
 June 21 – Siméon-Denis Poisson, French mathematician and physicist (d. 1840)
 July 6 – Thomas Stamford Raffles, English founder of Singapore (d. 1826)
  July 6   – John D. Sloat, American naval officer (d. 1867)
 July 27 – Mauro Giuliani, Italian composer (d. 1828)
 September 3 – Eugène de Beauharnais, French nobleman, son of Napoleon's wife Josephine (d. 1824)
September 6 – Anton Diabelli, Austrian music publisher, editor, and composer (d. 1858)
October 1 – James Lawrence, U.S. Navy officer (d. 1813)
November 6 – Lucy Aikin, English writer (d. 1864)
November 20 – Karl Friedrich Eichhorn, German jurist (d. 1854)
November 29 – Andrés Bello, Venezuelan poet, lawmaked, teacher, philosopher and sociologist (d. 1865)
November 30 – Alexander Berry, Scottish adventurer and Australian pioneer (d. 1873)
 December 11 – Sir David Brewster, Scottish physicist (d. 1868)
William Williams of Wern, minister (d. 1840)
1566



Events

Births 
 March 8 – Carlo Gesualdo, Italian composer and murderer (died 1613)
 May 26 – Mehmed III, Ottoman Emperor (died 1603)
 June 19 – King James VI of Scotland/James I of England and Ireland (died 1625)
June 20 (O.S.) – King Sigismund III of Poland (d. 1632)
 August 12 – Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain (d. 1633)
 September 1 – Edward Alleyn, English actor (died 1626)
 September 18 – King Sigismund III of Poland/Sigismund I of Sweden (died 1632)
 October 13 – Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, Irish politician (died 1643)
 November 10 – Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, English politician (died 1601)
 December 11 – (baptised) – Manuel Cardoso, Portuguese composer (died 1650)
 December 20 – Edward Wightman, English Baptist martyr (died 1612)
 Pietro Cerone, Italian music theorist (died 1625)
 Giovanni Baglione, Italian painter and historian of art (died 1643)
 Jan Jesenius, Slovak physician (died 1621)
 Michal Sedziwój, Polish alchemist (died 1636)
 James Sempill, Scottish theologian (died 1626)

Deaths
1714



Events 
 George I becomes king of Great Britain

Births 
 January 1 – Kristijonas Donelaitis, Lithuanian poet (d. 1780)
 January 6 – Percivall Pott, English surgeon (d. 1788)
 January 26 – Jean-Baptiste Pigalle, French sculptor (d. 1785)
 February 2 – Gottfried August Homilius, German composer (d. 1785)
 February 22 – Louis-Georges de Bréquigny, French historian (d. 1795)
 February 25 – René Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou, Chancellor of France (d. 1792)
 February 25 – Hyde Parker, British admiral (d. 1782)
 February 26 – James Hervey, English clergyman and writer (d. 1758)
 March 8 – Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, German composer (d. 1788)
 March 27 – Francesco Antonio Zaccaria, Italian theologian and historian (d. 1795)
 April 14 – Adam Gib, Scottish religious leader (d. 1788)
 June 6 – King Joseph I of Portugal (d. 1777)
 June 17 – Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, German philosopher (d. 1762)
 June 17 – César-François Cassini de Thury, French astronomer (d. 1784)
 July 2 – Christoph Willibald Gluck, German composer (d. 1787)
 July 16 – Marc René, marquis de Montalembert, French military engineer and writer (d. 1800)
 August 1 – Richard Wilson, Welsh painter (d. 1782)
 August 14 – Claude Joseph Vernet, French painter (d. 1789)
 August 28 – Anthony Ulrich II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1774)
 September 10 – Niccolò Jommelli, Italian composer (d. 1774)
 September 19 – Charles Humphreys, American delegate to the Continental Congress (d. 1786)
 October 13 – Pieter Burmann the Younger, Dutch philologist (d. 1778)
 October 16 – Giovanni Arduino, Italian geologist (d. 1795)
 November 13 – William Shenstone, English poet (d. 1763)
 November 25 – Yoriyuki Arima, Japanese mathematician (d. 1783)
 December 16 – George Whitefield, English-born Methodist leader (d. 1770)
 December 19 – John Winthrop, American astronomer (d. 1779)
 December 21 – John Bradstreet, Canadian-born soldier (d. 1774)

Deaths
Georg Agricola

Georg or Georgius Agricola (1494-1555) was a German scholar and scientist. He was one of the first people to study mining and minerals (stones and gems), that is the father of mineralogy.

German scientists
1494 births
1555 deaths
Mineralogists
1440

Year 1440 (MCDXL) was a leap year which started on a Sunday in the Julian calendar. It was the first year of the 1440s decade.

Events 
 February 21 – The Prussian Confederation is formed.
 September – Gilles de Rais, an early known serial killer, is arrested and taking into custody on orders from the Bishop of Nantes.

Births 
 January 22 – Ivan III of Russia (d. 1505)
 February 10 – Henry of York, elder brother of Edward IV of England and Richard III of England (died 1441)
 February 22 – King Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary (died 1457)
 Pedrarias Dávila, Spanish colonial administrator (died 1531)
 Kabir, Indian mystic (died 1518)
 Jorge Manrique, Spanish poet (died 1479)

Deaths 
 September 30 – Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn (born c.1362)
 October 26 – Gilles de Rais, Marshal of France (born 1405)
1457



Events

Births 
 January 28 – Henry VII of England
 February 2 – Peter Martyr d'Anghiera

Deaths 
 March 14 – Jingtai Emperor of China (born 1428)
 May 22 – Saint Rita of Cascia, Italian saint (born 1381)
 August 1 – Lorenzo Valla, Italian humanist
 November 23 – King Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary (born 1440)
 Andrea del Castagno, Italian painter
 Peter II, Duke of Brittany (born 1418)
 László Hunyadi, Hungarian statesman and warrior (born 1433)
 Babur Ibn-Baysunkur, ruler of Khurasan (born 1422)
1428

1428 was a leap year.

Births 
 May 3 – Pedro González de Mendoza, Spanish cardinal and statesman (died 1495)
 September 21 – Jingtai Emperor of China (died 1457)
 Donato Acciaiuoli, Italian scholar (died 1478)
 Abulkhair Khan, Uzbek leader (died 1468)
 Didrik Pining, German explorer (approximate date)
 Leonor of Viseu, Princess and later Queen of Portugal (died 1525)
 Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, English kingmaker (died 1471)
1525



Events

Births

Deaths 
 February 24 – Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet, French soldier
 February 26 – Cuauhtémoc, last Aztec ruler (tortured to death)
 May 5 – Frederick III, Elector of Saxony (born 1463)
 May 27 – Thomas Muentzer, German pastor and rebel leader (born 1489)
 July 22 – Richard Wingfield, English diplomat
 December 30 – Jakob Fugger, German banker (born 1459)
 Jean Lemaire de Belges, Walloon poet and historian (born 1473)
 Huayna Capac, emperor of the Inca (born 1493)
 Franciabigio, Florentine painter (born 1482)
 Jacques de la Palice, French nobleman and military officer
 Richard de la Pole, last Yorkist claimant to the English throne (killed in battle)
 Nicholas Storch, weaver and reformer
 Leonor of Viseu, queen of João II of Portugal
1489



Births 
 April 15 – Sinan, Turkish architect (died 1588)
 June 4 – Antoine, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1544)
 July 2 – Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1556)
 August 10 – Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck, German statesman and reformer (died 1553)
 November 28 – Margaret Tudor, queen of James IV of Scotland) (died 1541)
 August – Antonio da Correggio, Italian painter (died 1534)
 William Farel, French evangelist (died 1565)
 Francesco Ferruccio, Florentine captain (died 1530)
 Juan de Grijalva, Spanish conquistador (died 1527)
 Thomas Muentzer, German pastor and rebel leader (died 1525)
 Hosokawa Sumimoto, Japanese warlord (died 1520)
 Tsukahara Bokuden, Japanese swordsman (died 1571)
1494



Events

Births 
 February 2 – Bona Sforza, queen of Sigismund I of Poland (died 1557)
 April 20 – Johannes Agricola, German Protestant reformer (died 1566)
 May 24 – Pontormo, Italian painter (d. 1557)
 September 5 – Hans Sachs, German Meistersinger (died 1576)
 September 12 – King Francis I of France (died 1547)
 November 6 – Suleiman the Magnificent, Ottoman Sultan (died 1566)
 Purandara Dasa, Indian poet and composer (died 1564)
 Saito Dosan, Japanese warlord (died 1556)
 John Sutton, 3rd Baron Dudley (died 1554)
 Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda, Spanish philosopher and theologian (died 1573)
 Ambrosius Holbein, German painter (died 1519)
 Lucas van Leyden, Dutch engraver and painter (died 1533)
 Alonso Alvarez de Pineda, Spanish explorer and cartographer (died 1519)
 Hans Tausen, Danish religious reformer (died 1561)
 Qiu Ying, Chinese painter (died 1552)

Deaths
Amiga CD32

The Amiga CD32 was a game console made by Commodore International release in 1993. It was based around the Amiga A1200 Computer. 

Using third party devices, it is possible to upgrade the CD32 with keyboard, floppy drive, hard drive, RAM and mouse, turning it into the equivalent of an Amiga 1200 personal computer.

In the Christmas period of 1993, the CD32 accounted for 38% of all CD-ROM drive sales in the UK, exceeding sales of the Mega-CD; however, it was soon overshadowed by CD-ROM based games consoles from other companies, and was discontinued as Commodore went into bankruptcy in 1994.

175 known game discs were released for the Amiga CD32 

Commodore video game consoles
GX4000

The GX4000 was a console made by Amstrad in 1990. At first, it was successful. But it did not continue its early success. The GX4000 games could be used with other Amstrad computers. Only 40 games were made for it. Soon it disappeared into the mist of history. These days it is very rare to see one that is still in working condition.

Video game consoles

de:Amstrad GX4000
ApeXtreme

ApeXtreme is a console created by Apex Digital Inc. It was released January 9, 2004.

It can do many things, like play computer games, DVDs, CDs, VCDs and use the Internet.

What it can do:
 games
 videos
 pictures
 slide shows
 music
 DVD
 VCD
 CD
 MP3
 Internet radio

Video game consoles
1617

1617 (MDCXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar.

Events

January–June 
 February 27 – The Treaty of Stolbovo ends the Ingrian War between Sweden and Russia. Sweden gains Ingria and Kexholm.

July–December 
 November 17 – A naval battle between the Sicilians and Venetians ends inconclusively.
 November 22 – Mustafa I succeeds Ahmed I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.

Date unknown 
 At least seven women are sentenced to death by burning for witchcraft at the Finspång witch trial in Sweden.
 Giambattista Andreini's play The Penitent Magdalene is published in Mantua.
1623



Deaths 
February 8 – Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter, English politician (b. 1546)
March 19 – Uesugi Kagekatsu, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1556)
June 16 – Christian, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Wolfenbüttel, German Protestant military leader (b. 1599)
July 4 – William Byrd, English composer
July 8 – Pope Gregory XV (b. 1554)
October 21 – William Waad, English statesman and diplomat (b. 1546)
November 9 – William Camden, English historian (b. 1551)
November 11 – Philippe de Mornay, French writer (b. 1549)
November 12 – Josaphat Kuncevyc, Lithuanian archbishop
Andrea Andreani, Italian engraver (b. 1540)
1556



Events 
 January 23 – Most devastating recorded earthquake in Shaanxi, China. Over 850,000 deaths.

Births 
 January 8 – Uesugi Kagekatsu, Japanese samurai and warlord (died 1623)
February 21 – Sethus Calvisius, German calendar reformer (d. 1615)
 March 7 – Guillaume du Vair, French statesman and philosopher (died 1621)
 June 6 – Edward la Zouche, 11th Baron Zouche (died 1625)
 November 15 – Jacques-Davy Duperron, French cardinal (died 1618)
 Henry Briggs, English mathematician (died 1630)
 Margaret Clitherow, English Catholic martyr (died 1586)
 Shibata Katsutoyo, Japanese military commander (died 1583)
 Nakagawa Kiyohide, Japanese military commander (died 1583)
 Ahmad Baba al Massufi, Sudanese writer and political leader
 James Melville, Scottish divine and reformer (died 1614)
 Maria of Nassau, second daughter of William the Silent (died 1616)

Deaths
1625



Events

Births

Deaths 
January 7 – Ruggiero Giovannelli, Italian composer
March 7 – Johann Bayer, German astronomer (b. 1572)
March 25 – Giambattista Marini, Italian poet (b. 1569)
March 27 – King James I of England and Ireland/James VI of Scotland (b. 1566)
March 29 – Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas, Spanish historian (b. 1549)
April 23 – Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange (b. 1567)
April 27 – Mori Terumoto, Japanese warrior (b. 1553)
June 1 – Honoré d'Urfé, French writer (b. 1568)
June 5 – Orlando Gibbons, English composer and organist (b. 1583)
August – John Fletcher, English writer (b. 1579)
September 20 – Heinrich Meibom, German historian and poet (b. 1555)
September 26 – Thomas Dempster, Scottish historian (d. 1579)
October 22 – Kikkawa Hiroie, Japanese politician (b. 1561)
December 9 – Ubbo Emmius, Dutch historian and geographer (b. 1547)
Robert Cushman, Plymouth Colony settler
1561

1561 was a common year.

Births
 January 6 – Thomas Fincke, Danish mathematician and physicist (died 1656)
 January 22 – Sir Francis Bacon, English philosopher, scientist, and statesman (died 1626)
 July 11 – Luís de Góngora y Argote, Spanish poet (died 1627)
 August 20 – Jacopo Peri, Italian composer (died 1633)
 August 24 – Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk (died 1626)
 August 25 – Philippe van Lansberge, Dutch astronomer (died 1632)
 September 29 – Adriaan van Roomen, Belgian mathematician (died 1615)
December 7 – Kikkawa Hiroie, Japanese politician (d. 1625)
 December 9 – Edwin Sandys, English founder of the colony of Virginia (died 1629)
 Jacopo Corsi, Italian composer (died 1602)
 John Harington, English writer (died 1612)
 Samuel Harsnett, Archbishop of York (died 1631)