alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Arthur Conan Doyle

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a British doctor and author. He is well known because he wrote short stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes. He also wrote science fiction and historical stories. 

He became an  agnostic by the time he left school. He studied medicine at Edinburgh University from 1876 to 1881. He wrote short stories in his spare time. In 1882, he started working as a doctor in Southsea. He carried on writing short stories while he waited for patients. His first Sherlock Holmes story that was published was A Study in Scarlet.

Doyle's great gifts as a writer were story-telling and character. He created really memorable characters. Holmes' gift for deduction has been copied many times in fiction. The character was probably based on a doctor called Joseph Bell. Holmes himself and Watson were balanced by the evil genius Moriarty, one of the great villains in fiction.

After A Study in Scarlet came The Sign of the Four, The Valley of Fear and The Hound of the Baskervilles. The other Holmes stories were published in the Strand Magazine. They were later collected together in five volumes, starting with The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes.

Conan Doyle also wrote The Lost World, published in 1912. In it, Professor Challenger and his companions travel to find a large plateau in South America where dinosaurs still live.  

Their children were: Mary Louise, Arthur Alleyne Kingsley (with Louise), Jean Lena Annette, Denis Percy Stewart, and Adrian Malcolm (with Jean). Doyle's wife Louisa died in 1906. After the death of his son Kingsley just before the end of the First World War, and the deaths of his brother Innes, his two brothers-in-law and his two nephews shortly after the war, Doyle sank into depression. He found solace supporting spiritualism and its attempts to find proof of existence beyond the grave. He was a member of the renowned supernatural organisation The Ghost Club.

References

Other websites 
 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Literary Estate
 The Chronicles of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

1859 births
1930 deaths
Writers from Edinburgh
Knights of Grace of the Order of St John
 
Former Roman Catholics
Muslims

A Muslim is a person who believes in Islam, an Abrahamic monotheistic religion. Islam is a monotheistic religion from Abrahamic beginnings. Muslims believe the Quran is a book of the words that the God of Abraham (or Allah) gave to the Prophet Muhammad. Alongside the Qur'an, Muslims also believe in the previous revelations of God, such as the Tawrat (Torah), the Zabur (Psalms), the Injeel (Gospel), the Scrolls of Abraham, and the Scrolls of Moses. Muslims believe people will be rewarded for how they lived on the Day of Judgement. Muslim men are usually circumcised.

Muslims around the World 
Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity, with the Qur'an forming the basis of Islamic religious belief. Muslim conquests following Muhammad's death led to the creation of the Arab caliphates, occupying a vast geographical area. The Islamic conquests culminated in the Arab Empire being established across three continents (Asia, Africa, and Europe). Today, there are about 1.57 billion Muslims in the world, which is about 1 person in every 4 people. The Muslim population continues to grow.

References

Other websites

Ritual Prayer: Its Meaning and Manner – The Islamic Supreme Council of America.
Muhammad and the First Muslim Ummah – University of Chicago
 Islamophobia Today Newspaper  – An Islamophobia news clearing house
 Sammy Aziz Rahmatti, Understanding and Countering Islamophobia
WikiSaurus:Muslim
Ferrari

Ferrari S.p.A. is an Italian automobile company that makes fast luxurious automobiles. They are made in Italy and are very expensive. They usually cost $150,000 - $1,500,000.

Ferraris first car was the Ferrari 125 S.

Ferrari has a rich racing history and is a well known premium automobile brand. The fastest street Ferrari is the F50 GT1, which can go over 370 kph (about 222 mph).
The most powerful Ferrari is the FXX, which has about 800 horsepower. The FXX is a lighter, improved version of the F60 Enzo; it is Ferrari's most exclusive model. It is basically a race car that you can buy from Ferrari. The automobile is so extreme (completely flat tires, low ride height, and no roadcar safety features such as Airbags) that it cannot be driven on roads legally. Ferrari will keep it for you at their Factory in Maranello in Italy. You can go to Italy and drive it on their private race track, or have it transported to another race track around the world, the same as if you were driving for a racing team. Thirty have been built and all but two were sold to customers for $2,500,000 each. Ferrari gave one to seven-time Formula 1 World Champion Michael Schumacer, who had driven for Ferrari for ten years when he retired in 2006, having brought Ferrari much success. Ferrari made his FXX different by painting it black. The other twenty-nine are either red or white, with stripes painted in the other colour.

Other websites
 Official website
Fiat

Fiat (UK: /ˈfiːət, -æt/, US: /-ɑːt/, Italian: [ˈfiːat]; originally FIAT, Italian: Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino, lit. 'Italian Automobiles Factory, Turin') is a car company in Italy. It was founded in Turin in 1899. It also made some planes between 1920s and 1970s. Some of their cars by year: Fiat is currently owned by Stellantis.

History 
On 11 July 1899, Gianni Agnelli was part of the group of founding members of FIAT, Fabbrica Italiana di Automobili Torino. The first Fiat plant opened in 1900 with 35 staff making 24 cars. Known from the beginning for the talent and creativity of its engineering staff, by 1903 Fiat made a small profit and produced 135 cars; this grew to 1,149 cars by 1906. The company then went public selling shares via the Milan stock exchange.

Cars

Models by year

Years 1950s - 1980s 

 124
 125
 126
 127
 128
 130
 131
 132
 133
 500
 600
 850
 1100
 1300
 1400
 1800
 Dino
 Multipla
 Ritmo
 X1/9

Years 1980s - 2000 

 Argenta
 Barchetta
 Fiat Bravo/Brava
 Cinquecento
 Coupé
 Croma
 Duna
 Marea
 Panda
 Punto
 Regata
 Tempra
 Tipo
 Uno

Years 2000-2010 

 Albea
 Bravo (Nuova) (new)
 Croma (Nuova) (new)
 Fiorino
 Punto
 Grande Punto
 Idea
 Multipla
 Palio
 Panda (Nuova) (new)
 Scudo
 Sedici
 Seicento
 Siena
 Stilo
 Ulysse
 500 (Nuova) (new)
 500 (Pop) - 500 1.2 Pop, 500 Twinair Pop
 Doblò

Years 2010-present 
 Bravo (Nuova) (new) (2007-2016)
 Croma (Nuova) (new) (2005-2010)
 Fiorino
 Punto (2012-2018)
 Grande Punto (2005-2010)
 Punto Evo (2010-2012)
 Panda (Nuova) (new)
 Scudo (2007-2016, 2020-present)
 Sedici (2006-2011)
 Stilo
 Ulysse (2020-present)
 500 (Nuova)
 500 (Pop) - 500 1.2 Pop, 500 Twinair Pop
 500e (2020-present)
 Doblò

Aircraft

From 1920 to 1945  
 Fiat CR.42 Falco.
 Fiat G.50.

From 1945 to 2000 
 Fiat G.91.

References

1899 establishments in Europe

Italian automobile companies
Turin
1890s establishments in Italy
Daihatsu

The Daihatsu Motor Company Ltd. makes small cars and trucks. The company is part of the same manufacturing group that includes FAW Group Motor Ltd. The company was set up in 1907. Examples of their cars are the Daihatsu Charade, the Rocky Four Wheel Drive SUV and the Daihatsu Copen. Daihatsu cars and trucks are notable for their rugged construction and high level of finish. After a brief, unsuccessful attempt at the U.S. market toward the end of the 20th century, the company withdrew from the U.S. in 1999. The Subaru Sambar is also made by this company. 

Toyota
1907 establishments in Asia
1900s establishments in Japan
Hydrocarbon

A hydrocarbon is a type of chemical compound. It is made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms.
They can be found in crude oil and are separated by fractional distillation (which means they are separated into different groups). The hydrogen and carbon are bonded with non-polar covalent bonds. Because of its lack of polar covalent bonds, hydrocarbons cannot create hydrogen bonds with water and are hydrophobic.

Hydrocarbon "families" 
Hydrocarbons are grouped into "families" or "homologous series". There are five main families. The hydrocarbons in each family have a general formula and similar chemical properties, and similar trends in physical properties. This system was approved in 1892 by the International Congress of Chemists, meeting in Geneva.

Alkanes

Alkanes are the simplest hydrocarbons. Their general formula is CnH2n+2.

Alkenes

Alkenes are similar to alkanes. The main difference between them is that alkenes have a carbon to carbon double bond. The general formula for the alkenes is CnH2n.

Note that there is no "Methene". Methene is not possible as alkenes require a carbon-carbon double bond and methane only has one carbon atom.

Alkynes

Alkynes have a carbon to carbon triple bond. CnH2n-2 is their general formula.

"Methyne" does not exist because of methane's one carbon atom.

Cycloalkanes

Cycloalkanes are isomers of alkenes. They have the same general formula (CnH2n), the only difference is that they do not have a carbon to carbon double bond.

Note that the alkene Ethene does not have a cycloalkane as it can only form a straight line.

Alkadiene

Alkadienes have two carbon to carbon double bonds. Their general formula is CnH2n-2. They are isomers of Alkynes.

In a similar manner, there can also exist alkatriene (three carbon to carbon bonds) and other forms. The versatile nature of Carbon's chemistry allows for a nearly infinite number of configurations and compounds.

Aromatic hydrocarbons 

Aromatic hydrocarbons are aromatic organic molecules that form flat ring-shaped bonds. The most simplest of aromatic hydrocarbons are benzene and indole. They can have one ring, heterocyclic, like benzene or 2 rings, bicyclic like napthalene (primary ingredient in mothballs) or many rings, polycyclic like anthracene (red dye colourant).
Their general formula is CnH2n-6, where n is a number greater than or equal to 6.
Hunter S. Thompson

Hunter Stockton Thompson (July 18, 1937 – February 20, 2005) was an American writer.

He was known for a unique style of writing which he called Gonzo journalism, where the writer writes about himself trying to write about what was happening around him. 

He was born and raised in Louisville, Kentucky and spent most of his adult life on his ranch in Colorado. He committed suicide in Woody Creek, Colorado by shooting himself in the head. His main topic was the health of the American Dream.

Works 
His books include:

 Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas
 The Rum Diary
 Hell's Angels
 The Great Shark Hunt
 The Kingdom of Fear
 The Curse of Lono

References

Other websites 

1937 births
2005 deaths
American journalists
American novelists
Suicides by firearm in the United States
Writers from Louisville, Kentucky
Writers who committed suicide
Uncle John's Bathroom Reader

Uncle John's Bathroom Readers is the name of a series of books aimed at people who like to read while using the restroom. The books are full of trivia.

The books were first published in 1988.

Books

 Uncle John's Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Second Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Third Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Fourth Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Fifth Bathroom Reader (Forms - along with 6 and 7 - Uncle John's Legendary Lost Bathrom Reader)
 Uncle John's Sixth Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Seventh Bathroom Reader
 The Best of Uncle John's Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Ultimate Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Giant 10th Anniversary Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Great Big Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Absolutely Absorbing Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's All-Purpose Extra-Strength Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Supremely Satisying Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Ahh-Inspiring Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Unstoppable Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Slightly Irregular Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Fast-Acting Long-Lasting Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Curiously Compelling Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Triumphant 20th Anniversary Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Unsinkable Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Endlessly Engrossing Bathroom Reader

Kid's Bathroom Readers

Uncle John's Bathroom Reader for Kids Only
Uncle John's Electrifying Bathroom Reader for Kids Only
Uncle John's Top Secret Bathroom Reader for Kids Only

Other books 

There are several other books in the series, aside from the "Classics" and the "For Kids Only." Over 3 million of the books have been sold in total.

Common columns

"Court Transquips"
"Famous for 15 Minutes"
"Strange Lawsuits"
"Urban Legends"

Series of books
Non-fiction books
American literature
Catalonia

Catalonia (; : ) is a Spanish autonomous community. It is south of the eastern Pyrenees, and has a northern border with France.
 
Catalonia is made up of four provinces: Barcelona, Tarragona, Girona () and Lleida (). It has a population of over seven million people. Catalonia has three official languages: Catalan, Spanish and Occitan. The last is spoken in a small region of northern Catalonia that borders France and is known in Occitan as Val d'Aran.

The capital of Catalonia is Barcelona, on the Mediterranean Coast. Between Costa del Garraf and Costa del Maresme, Barcelona very popular in summer for tourists, foreign or national.

The Catalan people have autonomy within Spain and so they have their own local government and their own police and some control over their own community. In September 2005, the Catalan Parliament decided to call Catalonia a 'nation' in the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia, which was approved in 2006. According to the Spanish Constitution, Spain is a group of historical nationalities and regions, but that declaration has no judicial status since it only appears in the preamble to the constitution.

On 27 October 2017, Catalonia declared independence from Spain after a vote in Parliament, but that was not recognised by the international community. The Spanish Senate voted in favour of direct rule. It removed the Catalan government and called a snap regional election. The Spanish Supreme Court imprisoned seven former ministers of the Catalan government on charges of rebellion and misuse of public funds. Several others—including then-President Carles Puigdemont—fled to other European countries.

Catalonia is one of Southern Europe's most prosperous regions. Industrialization, especially in the textile industry, began  earlier and took place faster than in other Spanish territories. The region is also greener than Southern Spain as it gets more rain, and it has different kinds of crops grown. Catalonia, especially the northern part, is much less hot than the rest of Spain.

References

Notes
Civil engineering

Civil engineering is the term for the work of designing and building infrastructure. It usually means large structures, like bridges, dams, buildings, roads and tunnels.  It also covers complicated networks such as water, irrigation and sewerage networks, and the construction of houses and homes.  Civil engineers can be involved in all stages in the life of infrastructure, from planning and construction to maintenance and demolition.  Civil engineering often overlaps with architecture.

Civil engineering has many different areas or disciplines.  Some important areas are geotechnical, structures, environmental, construction management, hydrology, transportation, and materials. It is important for civil engineers to have an understanding of all these disciplines as projects often involve many of them at the same time.

Civil engineers are responsible for lots of the things that are required for a society to function properly. Safe water supplies, sewage treatment, roads, railways and buildings are all part of civil engineering.

To work in civil engineering requires training. Construction workers will train at a center and 'on the job' (training while doing the job), sometimes with apprenticeship. 

To be a professional in civil engineering requires studying at a university or college. Civil engineers often study subjects like structures, materials, physics and calculus.

The profession of civil engineering is represented by professional bodies in various countries. In the UK the Institution of Civil Engineers promotes civil engineering as a discipline and supports engineers throughout their careers. The American Society of Civil Engineers performs a similar task in the USA. 

Professional engineers often choose to become Chartered Engineers. Chartership shows employers and clients that they are both qualified and experienced in their jobs. Civil engineers usually have to write a big essay and take an interview with a panel of experienced engineers to gain chartership.

Related pages 
 Geotechnical engineering
 Military engineering
 National Academy of Engineering
 Structural engineering

Other websites 
 List of Civil Engineering Words

References 

construction
Civil engineering
Comparison

A comparison is an evaluation of similarities and differences.

Comparison (computer programming)
Comparison (grammar)
Comparative
Three degrees of comparison

Basic English 850 words
Kitchen

The kitchen is the room in the house where food is cooked. Sometimes, people eat in their kitchens, too. Hotels, schools, and places where people work often have kitchens as well. A person who works in a kitchen in one of these places may be a kitchen worker or a chef (depending on where he/she cooks). An outdoor kitchen at a campsite might be placed near a well, water pump, or water tap, and it might provide tables for food preparation.

References

Rooms
Software engineering

Software engineering is a field of engineering, for designing and writing programs for computers or other electronic devices.  A software engineer, or programmer, writes software and compiles the software to make instructions the computer can follow. 

Good quality software is easier to fix and add new features. Good documentation and good design are parts of good software. Becoming a software engineer requires experience and practice writing code. Software engineering may be very difficult work.   The software release life cycle includes getting the requirements, planning, writing, documenting and testing the software before it is released. When it is released, it is given to other people to use, who are called the "end users". Good software should be user friendly, which means it is easy to use.

Steps in creating software
Software engineering can broadly be split into the following steps:
 Requirements say what the software should do.
 Software design is usually done on paper. It says what the different parts of the software are, and how they talk to each other.
 After the design phase is done, each component (part) of the software is coded.  Code is what tells the computer exactly what to do at each step.
 Testing is done to see if the components meet the requirements and that the system as a whole meet the requirements.
 Part or all of this process can be repeated if software bugs are found or new requirements are needed.

Tools used in creating software
Software engineers use many tools and practices in making software.  Some of the most common are:
 Flowcharts
 UML diagram
 Debugging tools
 Compiler
 Text editor, usually part of an IDE - Integrated Development Environment
 Database

Related pages 
 Software development

Other websites 

The British Computer Society
The Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Computer Degrees and Careers 
Software engineering -Citizendium

Notes

Software
Engineering disciplines
Computer science
Student

A student is a person who goes to school to learn something. Students can be children, teenagers, or adults who are going to school, but it may also be other people who are learning, such as in college or university. A younger student is often called a pupil. Usually, students will learn from a teacher or a lecturer if at university. They also do much reading. A student can also be a person studying for a specific profession.

Subjects
Students in school learn subjects. There are many subjects in school like:
Math
Science
Social Studies
Writing
Reading
Language

Related pages 
 Education
 Study

Learning
People
Suburb

A suburb is an area of a town or city, a little away from Downtown, where there are fewer big buildings and mainly houses, schools and shops. Such places are called suburban areas or suburban districts. Sometimes, the suburbs cover a very large area. The suburbs are part of the metropolitan area and may be legally part of the main city.

Since the Industrial revolution, urbanization has spread very quickly and far. Transport in the form of trams, buses, trains and cars allows commuting from distant homes to work in the inner city. This led to the growth of suburbs as residential areas. Housing commonly includes Detached houses and semi-detached houses and flats. Houses are built farther apart than in the inner city and there is often space for gardens and parks.

As cities grow outwards, they begin to take over the surrounding countryside. Authorities have created Green belts on the undeveloped land around a city to prevent urban sprawl and to prevent the towns and cities merging into one. They also encourage development within the town, and protect the countryside. The need for new houses, particularly large detached and semi-detached houses in pleasant surroundings, means that some areas of green belt land have been built on and others are threatened. That's because it is cheaper to build on empty land than to redevelop brownfield sites in older parts of the town or city.

Related pages 
 Suburbanisation - how suburbs are created

Urban geography
Types of settlements
Skyscraper

A skyscraper is a very tall high-rise building, usually more than 152 metres (500 feet) in height.  Most skyscrapers are built in urban areas such as cities, and they are very common in the central business district (also called downtown) areas of many large cities including New York City, Chicago, London, Paris, Sydney, Beijing, Berlin, Toronto, Moscow, Hong Kong and Tokyo. Skyscrapers  are common in downtown districts where it's more economical to build up instead of out.

History 
Originally, the word skyscraper meant a tall sail on a sailing ship. Over time, the word's meaning has changed, and today it means a tall building. Until the nineteenth century, buildings taller than six stories tall were not common. Tall buildings made of weak materials would fall down. In addition, people did not like walking up many steps and running water could only be brought up to fifty feet (15m) high.

Better technology helped make skyscrapers more common. Stronger building materials such as steel and reinforced concrete were developed, so stronger buildings could be made. Water pumps brought water up to heights above fifty feet.

The first building to be considered a skyscraper, the Home Insurance Building, was built in Chicago, Illinois in the United States, and was designed by William LeBaron Jenney. The building, ten stories high, was built from 1884 to 1885. It was destroyed in 1931 because they wanted to build another building in its previous place.

In the same year the Home Insurance Building was destroyed, one of the oldest and most famous skyscrapers, the Empire State Building, opened in New York City. Later in the 20th century, people started building skyscrapers in cities that did not have many tall buildings in the past. In 1973, the then-called Sears Tower in Chicago was finished and became the world's tallest building until the late 1990s. It took the record from the World Trade Center in New York City, which opened in 1970 but was destroyed in the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Many taller buildings have been built since then, including Taipei 101 in Taipei. This building was the world's tallest from 2004 until 2008, when the Burj Khalifa in Dubai opened. Burj Khalifa is at this time the tallest building and man-made structure ever made, but the Jeddah Tower in Jeddah, which is still being built, will be even taller.

Related pages
List of tallest structures in the world
List of tallest buildings in Australia
List of tallest buildings in Thailand
List of tallest buildings in the United States
Urbanization
Integer

In mathematics, integers are whole numbers (natural numbers, their negatives and zero). Integers can also be shown on a number line like this:

In particular, zero or 0 is an integer that is neither positive nor negative. An integer is a whole number with no fractional or decimal part.

Integers have no smallest or largest value because for any given integer, there is always a larger and smaller integer. Any integer is either greater than or smaller than any other integer. Consecutive integers are integers that come after each other (as in ).

The sum, difference and product of integers is always an integer.(for example, (12 + 2345 × (67 - 8)) × 9 is an integer). An integer divided by an integer is sometimes not an integer (for example, 1 ÷ 2 = 0.5).

 or  is the name of the set of integers, and  is the set of positive integers. (, +, 0) is an abelian group.

The number of integers is infinite. The cardinal number of  is . The ordinal number of  is .

To sum up, an integer is a whole number that has no decimals.

In programming                                                                                                                             

In some programming languages, like C, there are types called "int" or "integer."

Notes                                                                                                                                                                          

Number theory
Hollywood

Hollywood is a district in Los Angeles, California. It is very famous around the world as a place where movies and television series are made. It has many different attractions such as the Hollywood Walk of Fame and the famous Hollywood Sign. Many tourists come to Hollywood to see all of these things. Because of the importance of Hollywood in the movie industry of the United States, the whole industry is often called "Hollywood", even though not all movies are made in Hollywood. This use of the word "Hollywood" is called metonymy..

Many historic Hollywood theatres are used as venues and concert stages to premiere major theatrical releases and host the Academy Awards. It is a popular destination for nightlife and tourism and home to the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The Hollywood Walk of Fame was created in 1958 and the first star was placed in 1960. It is a sidewalk along the Hollywood Boulevard and the USA. There are more than 2000 five-points stars on the walk featuring the names of artists working in the entertainment industry.

The first movie to be made entirely in Hollywood was the 17-minute short In Old California. It was directed by D. W. Griffith. It was released in 1910.

On the mountain overlooking Hollywood, there is a sign that is made of very big letters, spelling out its name. It's called the "Hollywood sign". The huge Hollywood sign was built in 1923.

Related pages
 Bollywood

Other websites

 
 Hollywood Photos 

Movie industry
Neighborhoods of Los Angeles
Sherwood Forest

Sherwood Forest is an ancient woodland near Nottingham, England. It is famous as the home of the mythical outlaw, Robin Hood and his men (and Maid Marian). Legend claims that they lived near the Major Oak. Its branches are now supported by props.

Other websites 

Forests of England
Nottinghamshire
Luanda

Luanda is the capital and the largest city of Angola. Its former name was Loanda. It is a main seaport of the country on the Atlantic Ocean. In 1995, about 3 million people lived there.

It is a center of manufacturing, but very destroyed because of a long civil war.

It was founded by Portuguese in 1575 as São Paulo de Luanda and has been the administrative center of Angola since 1627 (except for 1640–1648). When Angola got independence in 1975, it became the capital of Angola.

References

Cities in Angola
National capitals in Africa
1575 establishments
Luanda Province
1820



Events 
 Venus de Milo discovered.
 Hans Christian Ørsted discovers the relationship between electricity and magnetism.

Births 
 March 22 – John Brown, English cricketer (died 1893)
 May 12 – Florence Nightingale, Italian-born English nurse (died 1910)
 date unknown
 Anne Bronte, English novelist (died 1849)
 King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (died 1873)
 Joseph Whitaker, English publisher (died 1896)

Deaths 
George III of the United Kingdom (b. 1738)
Daniel Boone (b. 1734)

Books 
 The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. by Washington Irving
Cannibalism

Cannibalism is where a member of a species eats the flesh of another member of that species. It is also called anthropophagy when humans do it. Anthropologists are not sure how widespread it was, but it did happen in some societies.

The word 'cannibalism' comes from the Island Carib people of the Lesser Antilles. They got a long-standing reputation as cannibals when their legends were recorded in the 17th century. Some controversy exists over the accuracy of these legends.

Cannibalism was widespread in the past among humans in many parts of the world, continuing into the 19th century in some isolated South Pacific cultures, and to the present day in parts of tropical Africa. Cannibalism was certainly practiced in New Guinea and in parts of the Solomon Islands, and flesh markets existed in some parts of Melanesia. Fiji was once known as the 'Cannibal Isles'. Cannibalism has been well documented around the world, from Fiji to the Amazon Basin to the Congo Basin to the Māori in New Zealand.

References

Other websites 
 The cannibalism paradigm: assessing contact period ethnohistorical discourse, by James Q. Jacobs.  A critical, academic review of Mesoamerican cannibalism claims.
 BBC article about German cannibalism case
 Harry J. Brown, 'Hans Staden among the Tupinambas.'
 Lyrics and English translation of Mein Teil, the Rammstein song about the Meiwes incident
Frida Kahlo

Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo y Calderón  (6 July 1907 – 13 July 1954), usually known as Frida Kahlo, was a Mexican painter. She was known for her surreal and very personal works. She was married to Diego Rivera, also a well-known painter.

She was born in Coyoacán, Mexico. She had polio that left her disabled when she was 6 years old and some think that she may have had spina bifida (a birth defect affecting the development of part of the spine) as well. She studied medicine and was going to become a doctor. Because of a traffic accident in a tram at age 18 which badly injured her, she had periods of severe pain for the rest of her life. After this accident, Kahlo no longer continued her medical studies but took up painting. She used ideas about things that had happened to her. Her paintings are often shocking in the way they show pain and the harsh lives of women, especially her feelings about not being able to have children. Fifty-five of her 143 paintings are self-portraits. She was also influenced by native Mexican culture, shown in bright colors, with a mixture of realism and symbolism. Her paintings attracted the attention of the artist Diego Rivera, whom she later married. She was openly bisexual and was a communist. She died of a pulmonary embolism caused by bronchopneumonia in Coyoacán.    

Kahlo's work is sometimes called "surrealist", and although she organized art shows several times with European surrealists, she herself did not like that label. Her attention to female themes, and the honesty in her painting them, made her something of a feminist cult figure in the last decades of the 20th century. Some of her work is seen at the Frida Kahlo Museum, found in her birthplace and home in suburban Mexico City.

Related pages
 List of Mexican painters

References 

1907 births
1954 deaths
Bisexual people
Communists
Deaths from pulmonary embolism
Deaths from bronchopneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in Mexico
LGBT artists
Mexican painters
People with disabilities
1932



Events 
 January 9 – Sakuradamon Incident: Korean nationalist Lee Bong-chang tries to assassinate Emperor Hirohito of Japan and fails.
 February 4 - The 1932 Winter Olympics open in Lake Placid, New York.
 August 6 - The first Venice Film Festival happens.
 October 30 - A hurricane forms. It hits Cuba in November.
 November 2 - The Emu War begins.
 November 18 - The United States has a presidential election.
 Unknown - Joseph Stalin starts the Holodomor.

Births 
 January 19 – Richard Lester
 February 8 – John Williams
 February 12 – Johnny Cash (d. 2003)
 February 22 – Ted Kennedy (d. 2009)
 March 2 – Gun Hägglund, Swedish television star
 March 4 – Ryszard Kapuściński, Polish journalist (d. 2007)
   March 4   – Frank Wells, American businessman, president of the Walt Disney Company (d. 1994)
 April 27 – Casey Kasem, American radio show host, voice actor (d. 2014)
 July 2 – Dave Thomas, founder of the fast food chain Wendy's (d. 2002)
 August 2 – Peter O'Toole (d. 2013)
 September 25 – Adolfo Suárez (d. 2014)
 October 20 – William Christopher
 November 13 – Richard Mulligan
 November 29 – Jacques Chirac (d. 2019)
 December 5 - Little Richard, American rock and roll pianist (d. 2020)
 December 14 – Charlie Rich

Nobel Prizes 
 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Charles Scott Sherrington,  (1857 –  1952) and Edgar Douglas Adrian (1889 — 1977).

 

nv:1901 – 1950
Graham Chapman

Graham Chapman (8 January 1941 – 4 October 1989) was a British actor, comedian and writer. He was most famous as a member of Monty Python. He was openly gay and was in a long-term relationship with writer David Sherlock. Chapman was born in Leicester. He studied medicine at Emmanuel College, Cambridge. He died of oropharyngeal cancer in Maidstone, Kent.

References

1941 births
1989 deaths
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from oropharyngeal cancer
Disease-related deaths in Kent
English comedians
English movie actors
English physicians
English screenwriters
English television actors
English television writers
Entertainers from Leicestershire
Gay men
Monty Python
Writers from Leicester
Michael Palin

Sir Michael Edward Palin KCMG CBE (born 5 May 1943) is an English actor, comedian and writer.

Palin was born in Broomhill, Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire. He studied modern history at Brasenose College, Oxford.

He became famous as a member of Monty Python in the 1970s. Afterwards he had his own television series, Ripping Yarns, and also appeared in many movies, such as A Fish Called Wanda. Over the last 20 years, he has become very well known as a television travel broadcaster ("Around The World in 80 Days", etc.).

Other websites 

1943 births
Living people
Actors from Sheffield
Alumni of the University of Oxford
BAFTA Award winners
British television writers
Comedians from Yorkshire
English movie actors
English television actors
English television presenters
English voice actors
Monty Python
Television personalities from Yorkshire
Writers from Sheffield
Terry Jones

Terence Graham Parry Jones (1 February 1942 – 21 January 2020) was a Welsh actor, comedian, director, historian, poet, presenter and writer. He was a member of Monty Python.

Jones was born on 1 February 1942 in Colwyn Bay, Denbighshire, Wales. He was married to Alison Telfer, and later to Anna Söderström.

In September 2016 it was announced that Jones had been diagnosed with primary progressive aphasia, a rare form of dementia that impairs the ability to speak and communicate, and that he was no longer able to give interviews. On 21 January 2020, Jones died from problems caused by the disease, at his home in North London, aged 77.

References

Other websites

1942 births
2020 deaths
Welsh historians
British screenwriters
Monty Python
Welsh movie actors
Welsh television actors
New York (state)

The State of New York, often called just New York, or New York State to distinguish it from the city of New York, is a state of the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies, which were the first thirteen states to make up the US. New York is in the northeastern United States, bordered by Lake Ontario and Canada on the north, Lake Erie and Canada on the west, Pennsylvania on the west and south, Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut on the east, and New Jersey on the south in the eastern parts of the state. 

New York was originally New Netherland, started by the Dutch Empire in the early 17th century.  Late in the century, it surrendered to an English fleet during the Anglo-Dutch Wars and became part of the British Empire. About half the Dutch colony was given to neighboring English colonies. The Battle of Long Island, Battle of Saratoga, and other important battles of the American Revolution were fought in New York and it joined the new United States. The slave trade brought many black people into the state, where they were forced to work for white colonists.

The United States Census Bureau says that, as of 2020, New York had the fourth most people (population) in the United States, after California, Texas, and Florida. New York's estimated population is 20,000,000.

Cities
The biggest city in New York is also called New York, located in the south-eastern part of the state and built on the Hudson River; it is by far the biggest city in the U.S.. Part of New York City is on Long Island, a large island in the Atlantic Ocean, and another part of it is on Staten Island, which is to the southwest of Manhattan, the central business district. Most people living in New York state live in the New York metropolitan area, one of the world's biggest metropolitan areas, which also includes part of eastern New Jersey.

The larger part of New York, north and northwest of the metropolitan area, is called "Upstate New York". Cities in this part of New York include Buffalo, the state's second largest city, Rochester, Syracuse, and the state capital of Albany. These places became cities because of the Erie Canal. Between 1788 and 1797, the Legislature moved the state capital around between Albany, Kingston, Poughkeepsie, and New York City. Albany became the permanent capital from 1797.

Related pages
 List of counties in New York
 List of places in New York

References

 
1788 establishments in the United States
Rolling Stone

Rolling Stone is an American popular culture magazine. It mainly features articles about music, as well as sports, movies, and celebrities. It also features movie and album reviews, "greatest of all time" lists, and political editorials and commentary. 

It was founded in 1967 in San Francisco, California.

Some of the magazine's famous staffers include Hunter S. Thompson, Peter Travers, Ralph Steadman, PJ O'Rourke, Cameron Crowe (whose experience for the magazine lead him to create the movie, Almost Famous), and Annie Leibowitz. The music magazine is also supported in various ways by musicians such as Marc Engelhard and vice versa.

References 

1967 establishments in the United States
American magazines
Music magazines
Ralph Steadman

Ralph Idris Steadman (born 15 May 1936) is a British cartoonist and illustrator. He is best known for his artwork for the books and articles of Hunter S. Thompson.

Personal life
Steadman was born in Salford, Manchester, and brought up in Towyn, North Wales. He went to Ysgol Emrys Ap Iwan (high school), Abergele, East Ham Technical College and the London College of Printing during the 1970s. There, he did freelance work for Punch, Private Eye, the Daily Telegraph, The New York Times and Rolling Stone.

Steadman lives with his wife in Kent, England.

References

Other websites 

British Cartoon Archive, University of Kent has a database with over 100 cartoons by Ralph Steadman 
Interview with Ralph Steadman by Laurie Taylor in New Humanist magazine
 Interview with Ralph Steadman by Jake McGee in Kotori Magazine

Steadman, Ralph
British illustrators
1949 births
Living people
People from Manchester
Mickey Mouse

Mickey Mouse is an American cartoon character created in 1928 at Walt Disney Animation Studios.  The character serves as the mascot of The Walt Disney Company.

He is the Walt Disney company's mascot. He is the main character in Fantasia. Mickey Mouse also has television shows with other characters including Donald Duck, Goofy, Minnie Mouse, and Pluto. Minnie Mouse is his girlfriend. His birthday is November 18, 1928. This is the same day as Minnie Mouse.

Filmography
Black and White
 Plane Crazy
 The Gallopin' Gaucho
 Steamboat Willie
 The Barn Dance
 The Opry House
 When the Cat's Away
 The Barnyard Battle
 The Plowboy
 The Karnival Kid
 Mickey's Follies
 Mickey's Choo-Choo
 The Jazz Fool
 Jungle Rhythm
 The Haunted House
 Wild Waves
 Fiddling Around
 The Barnyard Concert
 The Cactus Kid
 The Fire Fighters
 The Shindig
 The Chain Gang
 The Gorilla Mystery
 The Picnic
 Pioneer Days
 The Birthday Party
 Traffic Troubles
 The Castaway
 The Moose Hunt
 The Delivery Boy
 Mickey Steps Out
 Blue Rhythm
 Fishin' Around
 The Barnyard Broadcast
 The Beach Party
 Mickey Cuts Up
 Mickey's Orphans
 The Duck Hunt
 The Grocery Boy
 The Mad Dog
 Barnyard Olympics
 Mickey's Revue
 Musical Farmer
 Mickey in Arabia
 Mickey's Nightmare
 Trader Mickey
 The Whoopee Party
 Touchdown Mickey
 The Wayward Canary
 Parade of the Award Nominees
 The Klondike Kid
 Mickey's Good Deed
 Building a Building
 The Mad Doctor
 Mickey's Pal Pluto
 Mickey's Mellerdrammer
 Ye Olden Days
 The Mail Pilot
 Mickey's Mechanical Man
 Mickey's Gala Premier
 Puppy Love
 The Steeple-Chase
 The Pet Store
 Giantland
 Shanghaied
 Camping Out
 Playful Pluto
 Gulliver Mickey
 Mickey's Steam-Roller
 Orphan's Benefit (Black and White Version)
 Mickey Plays Papa
 The Dognapper
 Two-Gun Mickey
 Mickey's Man Friday
 Mickey's Service Station
 Mickey's Kangaroo
Color
 The Band Concert
 Mickey's Garden
 Mickey's Fire Brigade
 Pluto's Judgement Day
 On Ice
 Mickey's Polo Team
 Orphans' Picnic
 Mickey's Grand Opera
 Thru the Mirror
 Mickey's Rival
 Moving Day
 Alpine Climbers
 Mickey's Circus
 Donald and Pluto
 Mickey's Elephant
 The Worm Turns
 Magician Mickey
 Moose Hunters
 Mickey's Amateurs
 Hawaiian Holiday
 Clock Cleaners
 Lonesome Ghosts
 Boat Builders
 Mickey's Trailer
 The Whalers
 Mickey's Parrot
 Brave Little Tailor
 Society Dog Show
 Mickey's Surprise Party
 The Pointer
 Tugboat Mickey
 Pluto's Dream House
 Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip
 The Little Whirlwind
 The Nifty Nineties
 Orphan's Benefit (Color Version)
 A Gentleman's Gentleman
 Canine Caddy
 Lend a Paw
 Mickey's Birthday Party
 Symphony Hour
 Pluto and the Armadillo
 Squatter's Rights
 Mickey's Delayed Date
 Mickey Down Under
 Mickey and the Seal
 R'Coon Dawg
 Pluto's Party
 Pluto's Christmas Tree
 The Simple Things

Pets
Mickey Mouse has a pet; a dog named Pluto. Pluto has 5 puppies with Minnie's dog Fifi.

Mickey's friends
 Minnie Mouse (Girlfriend)
 Donald Duck (Best friend)
 Goofy (2nd Best friend)
 Pluto (Pet)
 Daisy Duck (Friend)

Related pages
 Walt Disney Pictures
 List of Disney movies

Sources

Fictional mice and rats
Kingdom Hearts characters
Mickey Mouse universe characters
1928 births
Frank Zappa

Frank Vincent Zappa (December 21, 1940 - December 4, 1993) was an American musician and composer. He was known for his strange style of music, which was often weird and funny. He made various types of music and many albums. Zappa worked with many other musicans, most notably his 1960s group The Mothers of Invention and his friend and blues singer Captain Beefheart.  Some people think he is the best composer in popular music or even any non-classical music.

Zappa was born in Baltimore, Maryland, but spent most of his life in Southern California. He grew up in Baltimore, in Florida, and in Monterey, Claremont and El Cajon, California. His mother was of French and Italian descent; his father was an immigrant from Sicily. Zappa had four children with his wife Gail. They gave them all very unusual names: Moon Unit, Dweezil, Ahmet, and Diva.

Zappa was openly against drugs, Televangelism, and censoring music. He often tried to see what he could get away with.

Zappa died from prostate cancer in Los Angeles, California.

Other websites 
Zappa.com
Zappanale

Notes

Actors from Baltimore
Actors from California
Actors from Florida
20th-century American musicians
American jazz musicians
American rock guitarists
American songwriters
American television actors
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from prostate cancer
Multi-instrumentalists
Musicians from California
Musicians from Florida
Musicians from Maryland
1940 births
1993 deaths
Tasmania

Tasmania (Palawa Kani: lutruwita)  is a large island off the southern coast of mainland Australia. It is a state of Australia. Its capital and the largest city is Hobart. The island was joined to the mainland until the end of the most recent ice age about 10,000 years ago.

Tasmania has wonderful natural history, and is the most forested part of Australia. It has the country's largest areas of temperate rainforest. One of its many unique trees is the Leatherwood (Eucryphia lucida). This is a common tree in wet forests, and there are four related species on the mainland.

Tasmania is the home of rare animals such as eastern quolls and Tasmanian devils. It was the last home of the thylacine, which became extinct in 1936.

Brief account 
Tasmania is a state of Australia. Unlike the other states, it is an island. The Bass Strait separates it from the Australian mainland. 

Australian aboriginals are the native people of Tasmania. Abel Janszoon Tasman landed on the island in 1642. He called it "Van Diemen's Land". It was later called Tasmania. Much later, people came from Europe, mostly from the British Empire, to live on the island.

Cities and towns 
Tasmania has four cities: capital city Hobart, Launceston, Devonport and Burnie.

Population 
Tasmania is the smallest state in Australia. It also has the smallest population. The total population of Tasmania is just over 500,000 (September 2014).

History 
For an history of Tasmania, see Van Diemen's Land.

Darwin Crater 

Darwin Crater is a suspected meteorite impact crater in Western Tasmania about  south of Queenstown. 

It is just in the Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park. The crater is a rimless circular flat-floored depression,  in diameter, in mountainous and heavily forested terrain. It is East of the West Coast Range and the former North Mount Lyell Railway formation.

Places to visit 
Tasmania has some of the most popular tourist attractions in the world. They range from old country towns to up to date cities. 
Some popular tourist places are:
 Coles Bay
 Port Arthur
 Huonville
 Richmond
 Queenstown
 Strahan
 Hagley
 Hobart

Famous Tasmanians 
 Errol Flynn, actor, best known for his role in the 1930s as Robin Hood
 Ricky Ponting, former Australian Cricket Captain
 Peter Crumpton, author
 David Boon, cricket player
 Don Kay, composer
 Madison Courto, musician
 Princess Mary Donaldson of Denmark
 Allanah Hill, fashion designer
 Simon Baker, actor

References

 
Australasia
Gondwana
Islands of Australia
Canadian (disambiguation)

Canadian may refer to:

 Something of, from, or related to Canada, a country
Canadians are people identified with the country of Canada.

Canadian may also refer to:

Language

Canadian English
Canadian French

Geography
Canadian County, Oklahoma, United States
Canadian River, United States, the largest tributary of the Arkansas River, in the southwestern United States
Canadian Shield, a large craton in eastern and central Canada and adjacent portions of the United States
Canadian, Texas, United States, a city in Hemphill County

Buildings
First Canadian Place, Canada's tallest skyscraper

People and organizations
Petey Williams (nickname: Canadian Destroyer), a Canadian professional wrestler
Jason Reso (nickname: Canadian Rage or Christian Cage), a Canadian professional wrestler
Canadian Airlines, a defunct airline of Canada

Taxonomy
Canadian elderberry
Conyza canadensis (Canadian horseweed; also Canadian fleabane), a common species of Conyza, native throughout most of North America and Central America
Canadian honeysuckle, an arching shrub

Other uses
Canadian Club, a brand of whisky produced by Hiram Walker & Sons in Windsor, Ontario
Montreal Canadiens, an NHL hockey team based in Montreal

Related pages