alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
American Indoor Soccer League

The American Indoor Soccer League was a semi-professional indoor soccer league founded in 2002 and folded in 2008.

History 
Founded in 2002, the AISL's headquarters were in West Springfield, Massachusetts, but the media relations office was in Cleveland, Ohio. The 2005–06 season started with promise, starting with six teams, but the New Mexico Storm and Detroit-Windsor Border Stars decided not to play in the AISL just before the season got under way. In 2006, the league announced the membership of the Canton Crusaders, but the team's membership was revoked after the ownership was unable to fulfill its financial obligations.

In 2008 with the Cincinnati Excite going on hiatus, and the Massachusetts Twisters and Rockford Rampage moving to the National Indoor Soccer League, the 2008–09 campaign was canceled. On December 23, 2008, all news stories were dropped from the website.

Rules
Like many other indoor soccer leagues, the AISL also had their own variations on the generally-followed indoor soccer rules. Some of these variations were:
A point system that consisted of 1, 2, and 3 point goals, depending on how far away from the net the shot was taken.
No three lines rule.
One timeout per half per team.
 Similar to the MSL, a goalkeeper could "...not use his hands when team-mate passes the ball back. Only after a shot from the opposing team, can you pass back to the keepers hands inside your third line. ( Rebounds, etc...) No direct pass back to keeper outside the third of field to hands."
The clock did not stop unless the ball went out of play in the last two minutes of the fourth quarter.

Teams

Previous champions

Notable names 
Connally Edozien formerly of the Nigeria national football team's youth system and New England Revolution. Edozien has played in the USL with the Rochester Raging Rhinos and is on contract with the Carolina RailHawks FC.
Oscar Albuquerque current owner of the Rockford Thunder franchise played for Canada's 1980 Olympic qualifying team and in the National Professional Soccer League.
Dayton O'Brien formerly with the University of Memphis, O'Brien was drafted by the Columbus Crew in 2006. O'Brien signed with the Memphis Mojo for the 2006/2007 season.
Everson Maciel of the Western Mass Pioneers signed with the Massachusetts Twisters for the 2006/2007 season after good season in the USL Second Division earned Maciel a spot on the USL 2 All League Team.
Michael Todd of the New York Surf was selected by the Kansas City Wizards in the first round of the 2007 MLS Supplemental Draft.
Gary Flood of the New York Surf was also selected in the 2007 Supplemental but in the second round by the New England Revolution.

See also
Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL)

References

 
Defunct indoor soccer leagues in the United States
2002 establishments in the United States
2008 disestablishments in the United States
2002 in American soccer leagues
2003 in American soccer leagues
2004 in American soccer leagues
2005 in American soccer leagues
2006 in American soccer leagues
2007 in American soccer leagues
Oscar Dronjak

Oscar Fredrick Dronjak (born 20 January 1972) is a Swedish guitarist and founder of the power metal band HammerFall. Prior to the success of HammerFall, he also played and released albums with the death metal acts Ceremonial Oath and Crystal Age.

Biography
Dronjak was born in the Swedish town of Mölndal to a Serbian father from Belgrade and a Swedish mother. 
Dronjak's brother is Moderate politician Daniel Dronjak.

His first instrument was the recorder; he then played trombone for a few years until, at the age of fourteen, he settled on guitar. Soon after, he started his first band, called The Hippie Killers. In 1989 he started a death metal band called Desecrator, which was later renamed Ceremonial Oath. But just before they released their first album, he quit the band. The end of his career in Ceremonial Oath was the beginning of HammerFall. At first, Oscar's main priority was the death metal band Crystal Age. Thus, HammerFall was initially merely a side project, where he and some friends were just rehearsing some songs that he had written, one of them being "Steel Meets Steel". But soon, they recorded their first album, called Glory to the Brave. Throughout his career, Oscar has been using Jackson guitars, most notably the Jackson Rhoads, but also ESP Guitars and Washburn. Since 2014, he exclusively plays Sandberg Guitars, with the hammer guitar as a special attraction.

He also performed backing vocals for three In Flames albums: Lunar Strain (on the track "Lunar Strain), Subterranean (on the track "Stand Ablaze") and The Jester Race ("Dead Eternity").

In 2016 he performed for the HammerFall album Dominion, which is scheduled to be released by Napalm Records on 16 August 2019.

References

Swedish heavy metal musicians
1972 births
Living people
Swedish people of Serbian descent
Swedish heavy metal guitarists
Rhythm guitarists
21st-century guitarists
HammerFall members
Ceremonial Oath members
People from Mölndal
Illusions (Sadus album)

Illusions is the debut studio album of Sadus originally released in 1988. It was re-issued on CD by Roadrunner Records as Chemical Exposure in 1991, and again in 2006 with two bonus tracks.

Reissued by Displeased Records in 2007 with eight bonus tracks and a videoclip.

Track listing

2006 Reissue bonus tracks
 "Desolator" (Demo) - 3:50
Torture (Demo) - 2:43

2007 Reissue bonus tracks
 "Sadus Attack (demo)"
 "Torture (demo)"
 "Kill Team (demo)"
 "Desolator (demo)"
 "Fight or Die (demo)"
 "Twisted Face (demo)"
 "Number One (demo)"
 "Hands of Fate (demo)"
 "Certain Death (video clip)"

Credits
Darren Travis – guitar, vocals
Rob Moore – guitar
Steve Di Giorgio – bass
Jon Allen – drums

Charts

Monthly

References

1988 debut albums
Sadus albums
Roadrunner Records albums

Album artwork by Rickey-Lee Rogers
Emilio Castillo

Emilio Castillo (born September 24, 1950) is an American saxophone player and composer, best known as the founder of the band Tower of Power.

Background
In 1965, Emilio Castillo took to music after he and his brother Jack were caught stealing by his father who told him he could stay in his room until he thought of something to 'Keep him off the street'. Castillo  and his brother chose music. Emilio chose saxophone and Jack chose drums.

He took lessons in saxophone, piano, and guitar, and also took lessons in music theory from one-time Dave Brubeck bass player Norman Bates.  His first musical endeavor was in Extension Five which later became The Gotham City Crime Fighters due to the Batman craze at the time. He played both organ and sax. The group also consisted of his brother Jack on drums, Jody Lopez on guitar Frank “Rocco’ Houghton on bass (later going by the name of Francis Rocco Prestia), and Dave Genthner on vocals. In March, 1966 they released the song "Who Stole The Batmobile"

After seeing Bay Area soul band The Spyders, Castillo switched to saxophone and formed 'The Motowns' playing soul music covers.

After meeting baritone sax player Stephen "Doc" Kupka Castillo switched, on Kupka's suggestion, to performing original material and the band changed its name to 'Tower of Power'. The band recorded their first album, East Bay Grease, in 1970. Castillo has been with the band ever since, as leader and 2nd tenor saxophonist. He and Kupka are also responsible for writing many of the band's best-known songs.

Work with other artists
He contributed to the track "Shoo-Fly" which was on José Feliciano's For My Love...Mother Music, released in 1974.
Castillo and Stephen Kupka worked with Frankie B., producing both sides of the 1982 single "I'm A Midnight Mover" which was written by Bobby Womack and Wilson Pickett". He provided background vocals on "Who Do You Love" which was on Carlos Santana's 1983 album Havana Moon.
Along with Stephen Kupka, Castillo co-composed the music for the song "Que Nivel De Mujer" which appears on the Aries album by Luis Miguel, released in 1993. He also played tenor saxophone on the track.

References

External links
Emilio Castillo info on the Tower of Power website
Emilio Castillo NAMM Oral History Program Interview (2005)
AllMusic: Emilio Castillo
Discogs: Emilio Castillo

Living people
American funk saxophonists
American male saxophonists
Tower of Power members
1950 births
American musicians of Mexican descent
21st-century American saxophonists
21st-century American male musicians
Massachusetts Twisters

The Massachusetts Twisters were an American indoor soccer team that was based in West Springfield, Massachusetts, United States. Founded in 2001, the team played in the Arena Soccer League and every American Indoor Soccer League season and played one season in the National Indoor Soccer League.

The team played its home games at the Eastern States Coliseum. The team colors were black and red. Their head coach and owner was Paul LaPointe.

History
The Massachusetts Twisters were a part of the Arena Soccer League and one of the charter members of the American Indoor Soccer League and were owned Paul LaPointe, the original commissioner of the AISL. The Twister's home field in The Big E Coliseum.  The Massachusetts Twisters franchise was also directly affiliated with the Junior Twisters, who played in the Massachusetts Advanced Players League.

On March 31, 2007, having won the regular season in the AISL with 25 points, the Twisters hosted the AISL Championship against the Rockford Thunder, who had earned 23 points on the season. The Twisters prevailed 11–5 over the Thunder and claimed the league championship.

In 2007–08, the Twisters finished second in the AISL regular season standings with a 7–7 record.  This led to a championship game rematch with the Rockford team, now known as the Rampage, which finished with a 12-1 regular season record.  A few days before the championship game, the Twisters' coach resigned and several players quit the team, apparently because Twisters management had a dispute with the head coach, refused to pay for air travel for the team and required the players to drive to Rockford, Illinois instead.  This led to a farcical championship game in which the Rampage destroyed the Twisters by an 18–5 score.

The Twisters originally announced that they would go on hiatus for the 2008–09 season. However, they later announced that they will play in the new National Indoor Soccer League, replacing the Orlando Sharks.  In their first NISL game on November 15, 2008, the Twisters lost 34–11 to the Philadelphia KiXX. On December 27, 2008, the Rockford Rampage defeated the Twisters 43–0, marking the largest scoring differential in professional indoor soccer history.

The Twisters finished the season 1–17, with a point differential of -337, and the longest losing streak, 14 games. the Twisters also posted the lowest attended game in the National Indoor Soccer League, with 378 fans.

After the 2008–2009 season the Twisters left the National Indoor Soccer League and folded.

Year-by-year

^No playoffs were held, the league championship was decided based on regular season standings.

Head coaches

Arenas
Eastern States Coliseum

Soccer clubs in Massachusetts
West Springfield, Massachusetts
Indoor soccer clubs in the United States
Major Indoor Soccer League (2008–2014) teams
American Indoor Soccer League teams
Defunct indoor soccer clubs in the United States
Association football clubs established in 2003
2003 establishments in Massachusetts
2009 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Association football clubs disestablished in 2009
Walking to Babylon

Walking to Babylon is a 1998 novel by Kate Orman in the Virgin New Adventures series featuring the fictional archaeologist Bernice Summerfield (known as Benny).

The New Adventures were a spin-off from the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who, but after the publisher Virgin Books lost the license to do Doctor Who stories from the BBC, the New Adventures continued, centred on the character of Benny and further characters and settings created for the series. Walking to Babylon is the tenth Benny-led New Adventure.

Orman had previously written several Doctor Who New Adventures, but this was her first for the post-Doctor Who series. As characterises her work, the novel mixes hard science fiction with strong characters. The book also contains some scenes of a sexual nature, reflecting Virgin's willingness to include more adult content than the BBC had allowed for the Doctor Who New Adventures.

The story features the People, an alien race were created in the Doctor Who New Adventure The Also People and subsequently appeared in many of the Bernice Summerfield New Adventures. The novel also indirectly refers to the Time Lords, a race from Doctor Who; this was to avoid any copyright disputes with the BBC.

The book opens by positing the conduct of a war between two super-powerful, time-travelling groups. A similar idea was being developed by fellow New Adventure author Lawrence Miles (which eventually saw its fullest exploration in his Faction Paradox stories), although Orman has said this was purely by coincidence. Miles has said his later New Adventure Dead Romance was in part inspired by his dislike of elements of Walking to Babylon.

Plot
Bernice Summerfield travels back in time to ancient Babylon to try to prevent the powerful race known only as the People from destroying the city with a singularity bomb.

Audio adaptation

In 1998, Walking to Babylon was adapted by Big Finish Productions into their third audio drama. The drama stars Lisa Bowerman as Bernice, but also features actor Elisabeth Sladen, better known for playing Sarah Jane Smith in the Doctor Who television series.

The adaptation was by Jac Rayner, who had also adapted the first release in the series, Oh No It Isn't!.

Cast
Bernice Summerfield — Lisa Bowerman
Ninan-ashtammu — Elisabeth Sladen
Jason Kane — Stephen Fewell
John Lafayette — Barnaby Edwards
WiRgo!xu — Nigel Fairs
!Ci!ci-tel — Anthony Keetch
The Drone — Steven Wickham
Miriam — Louise Morell
Babylonian Child — Alex Canini

Nigel Fairs, who performs in the audio adaptation by Big Finish, had previously worked on the Audio Visuals series of Doctor Who fan audio dramas.

External links

Walking to Babylon New Adventure
The Cloister Library - Walking to Babylon

1998 novels
1998 science fiction novels
Virgin New Adventures
Bernice Summerfield audio plays
Novels by Kate Orman
Novels about time travel
Tamalin (band)

Tamalin is a family-based band from west Belfast, Northern Ireland, who originally began playing Irish traditional music in the early 1980s under the name The McSherrys. Toward the end of the 1980s they were joined by long term friend Kevin Dorris on bouzouki and subsequently changed the name of the group to Tamalin.

In the early 1990s the band became close friends with legendary drummer and percussionist Dave Early who had settled in Belfast and was playing with Mary Black. When not touring with Mary, Dave worked closely with Tamalin playing concerts and experimenting in the studio. An album was shaping and in July 1997 Rhythm and Rhyme was released on the Grapevine label.

In October 1996 Dave Early died in a car accident outside Dublin and never saw the release of the band's debut album. John McSherry had a parallel career for many years, being a member of Donal Lunny's Coolfin as well as co-founding the band Lúnasa along with Michael McGoldrick.

In 2016 The McSherrys featured in Season 2 (episode 6) of the TG4 series ‘Ceol an Chlann’

Members
 Tiona McSherry: flute, vocals
 John McSherry: Uilleann pipes, whistles
 Joanne McSherry: fiddle
 Paul McSherry: guitar
 Kevin Dorris: bouzouki

Discography
 5th St Patricks day Celebration (1994)
 Rhythm and Rhyme (1997)

Compilations
Now and in time to be (1997)
The meeting of the waters: W. B. Yeats (1997)
Intuition (1997)
Forever Celtic (1997)
Celtic Heartbeat (1999)
Celtic Waves (2002)

References

Folk music groups from Northern Ireland
Musical groups from Belfast
Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India

Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India (1000-1800) is a book written by K. S. Lal published in 1973. The book attempts to assess the demographics of India between 1000 CE and 1500 CE.

Lal clarified he "claim no finality" regarding the estimates he provided in the book. He added that "any study of the population of the pre-census times can be based only on estimates, and estimates by their very nature tend to be tentative". He estimated that about 60 to 80 million people died in India between 1000 and 1525 as a result of the Islamic invasion of Indian subcontinent. He concluded that about 2 million people died during Mahmud of Ghazni's invasions of India alone.

The book's conclusions were disputed by several scholars. The book was praised by Koenraad Elst, and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.

Reviews
The book garnered mixed reviews. Stephen Neill, in his book A History of Christianity in India, regarded the book to contain "important sidelights". Professor Fritz Lehmann of University of British Columbia regarded the book as an "ambitious work" that contained a "mixture of half-truth and downright error."

Simon Digby disputed Lal's study of the demographic situation in medieval India in a 1975 review in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Digby argued that because the sources used by Lal were poor and because there were significant unknown variables, Lal's estimates were not credible. Digby compared Lal's book to other speculative work, concluding that such writing was an example of garbage in, garbage out.

Marxist historian Irfan Habib criticized the book in 1978 in The Indian Historical Review. He described Lal's starting population figure as "a figment of the imagination of one scholar resting on nothing more tangible than the imagination of another", and faulted Lal for unexplained or faulty assumptions in his other population estimates. K. S. Lal wrote a reply to Irfan Habib's criticism in 1979 in his book Bias in Indian Historiography (1979) and Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India (1999).

Koenraad Elst, a Hindutva sympathizer, referred to Lal's statistics in his book Negationism in India, remarking that "More research is needed before we can settle for a quantitatively accurate evaluation of Muslim rule in India, but at least we know for sure that the term crime against humanity is not exaggerated."

Roshni Sengupta writes that this book endeared K.S. Lal to the RSS, who used it to portray Muslims as "destructive barbarians, foreigners and immoral degenerates." Saeed Rid and Mohammad Hassan also write that the RSS regard the book's claims as a "gospel truth".

See also
 Demographics of India
 Census of India
 Muslim population growth

References

Further reading
 K. S. Lal. (1979) "Bias in Indian Historiography" (edited by Dr. Devahuti)
 K. S. Lal. 1999. Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India

1973 non-fiction books
History books about India
Ole Kristian Ruud

Ole Kristian Ruud (born 2 October 1958) is a Norwegian conductor.

Ruud was born in Lillestrøm. He studied clarinet with Richard Kjelstrup at the Norwegian Academy of Music.  He studied conducting at the Sibelius Academy and made his debut in Oslo with the National theater.  Ruud was principal conductor of the Trondheim Symphony Orchestra from 1987-1995 and of the Norrköping Symphony Orchestra from 1996-1999. In 1999, he became one of the Stavanger Symphony Orchestra's artistic directors, specializing in Norwegian repertoire. He has been professor of conducting at the Norwegian Academy of Music since 1999.

In 1992, he was awarded the Grieg Prize, and in 1993 conducted Edvard Grieg's complete incidental music to Peer Gynt with the Philharmonia Orchestra in London's Royal Festival Hall.  In 2005, he completed recording the complete orchestral works of Grieg with the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra, for BIS records.

Selected recordings

 Hector Berlioz, Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale, op.15 H 80B, "La Voie Triomphale": Staff Band of the Norwegian Armed Forces, conducted by Ole Kristian Ruud 2012

External links
 BIS Records biography

1958 births
Living people
Norwegian conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Academic staff of the Norwegian Academy of Music
21st-century conductors (music)
21st-century Norwegian male musicians
Musicians from Lillestrøm
UPJ

UPJ may refer to:
Union of Progressive Jews in Germany
University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown
Upjohn, stock ticker symbol
Ureteropelvic junction (also "ureteral pelvic junction")
Stokes relations

In physical optics, the Stokes relations, named after Sir George Gabriel Stokes, describe the relative phase of light reflected at a boundary between materials of different refractive indices. They also relate the transmission and reflection coefficients for the interaction. Their derivation  relies on a time-reversal argument, so they only work when there is no absorption in the system.

A reflection of the incoming field (E) is transmitted at the dielectric boundary to give rE and tE (where r and t are the amplitude reflection and transmission coefficients, respectively). Since there is no absorption this system is reversible, as shown in the second picture (where the direction of the beams has been reversed). If this reversed process were actually taking place, there will be parts of the incoming fields (rE and tE) that are themselves transmitted and reflected at the boundary. In the third picture, this is shown by the coefficients r and t (for reflection and transmission of the reversed fields). Everything must interfere so that the second and third pictures agree; beam x has amplitude E and beam y has amplitude 0, providing Stokes relations.

The most interesting result here is that r=-r’. Thus, whatever phase is associated with reflection on one side of the interface, it is 180 degrees different on the other side of the interface. For example, if r has a phase of 0, r’ has a phase of 180 degrees.

Explicit values for the transmission and reflection coefficients are provided by the Fresnel equations

References

Optics
Jackie Searl

John E. Searl (July 7, 1921 – April 29, 1991) was an American actor. He portrayed bratty kids in several films, and often had only small roles, such as "Robin Figg" in 1934's Strictly Dynamite.

Early years
His name is sometimes written as Jackie Searle, and by 1960, he was billed as Jack Searl. As a child actor, he began performing on a local Los Angeles radio station at the age of three.

Searl served four years in the U.S. Army, primarily as a radio instructor, during World War II.

Career

His first movie role was in Daughters of Desire (1929), followed by Tom Sawyer (1930) with Jackie Coogan and Mitzi Green, and Huckleberry Finn in 1931.

Notable films in which he appeared include Skippy, High Gear, Peck's Bad Boy, Great Expectations, and Little Lord Fauntleroy. In the 1940s, he had some supporting character roles before disappearing for nearly a decade. In the early 1960s, Searl enjoyed a flurry of activity as a supporting villain on television.  For example, he appeared in the Perry Mason episode "The Case of the Traveling Treasure," first aired on CBS on November 4, 1961. Credited as Jack Searl, he appeared in 1962 as Slick - Henchman on the TV western Lawman in the episode titled "The Tarnished Badge" and in 1965 as Henden in the episode "Much A Glue About Nothing" of the situation comedy The Cara Williams Show.

Partial filmography

References

Bibliography
 Holmstrom, John. The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995, Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, pp. 98–99.
 Dye, David. Child and Youth Actors: Filmography of Their Entire Careers, 1914-1985. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 1988, pp. 210–211.
 Best, Marc. Those Endearing Young Charms: Child Performers of the Screen. South Brunswick and New York: Barnes & Co., 1971, pp. 230–234.
 Willson, Dixie. Little Hollywood Stars. Akron, OH, e New York: Saalfield Pub. Co., 1935.

External links
 

1921 births
1991 deaths
American male film actors
American male silent film actors
American male television actors
American male child actors
Male actors from Los Angeles
Military personnel from California
20th-century American male actors
United States Army personnel of World War II
The Pathway

The Pathway is the second album by Officium Triste, released on Displeased Records in 2001.

Track listing
  "Roses on My Grave" – 6:35  
  "Pathway (Of Broken Glass)" – 6:17  
  "Foul Play" – 4:43  
  "Camouflage" – 4:27  
  "Divinity" – 6:31  
  "Deep Down" – 7:27  
  "This Is Goodbye" – 5:56

Personnel
 Pim Blankenstein – vocals
 Johan Kwakernaak – rhythm guitar
 Martin Kwakernaak – drums, keyboards
 Gerard de Jong – lead guitar
 Lawrence Meyer – bass guitar

Officium Triste albums
2001 albums
Ne Vivam

Ne Vivam is the debut album by the Dutch doom metal band Officium Triste. It was released in 1997 by Teutonic Existence.

Track listing
  "Frozen Tears"   – 6:07  
  "Lonesome"   – 7:23  
  "A Journey through Lowlands Green"   – 5:13  
  "One with the Sea"   – 9:23  
  "Dreams of Sorrow"   – 5:33  
  "Stardust"   – 5:05  
  "Psyche Nullification"   – 8:04  
  "The Happy Forest"   – 4:32

References 

Officium Triste albums
1997 debut albums
Tolú

Tolú is a small town in Sucre Department, northern Colombia on the Caribbean coast. The municipality has an area of 500 km². It is named after the Tolú, one the pre-Columbian indigenous people of the North Colombia lowlands.

The municipality of Tolú borders to the North with San Onofre, to the East with Toluviejo, to the South with Coveñas, Palmito and Sincelejo.

Notable people 
 Héctor Rojas Herazo (1920–2002), novelist, poet and painter

See also
Toluene

References

External links
 Gobernacion de Sucre - Tolú
 ToluCaribe.com - Recreación, Historia y Cultura de Tolú.

Port cities in the Caribbean
Municipalities of Sucre Department
Signals Research and Development Establishment


The Signals Research and Development Establishment (SRDE) was a British government military research establishment, based in Christchurch, Dorset from 1943 until it merged with the Royal Radar Establishment (RRE) in Malvern, Worcestershire to form the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment (RSRE) in 1976. Its focus was military communications (signals).

History
The establishment had its origins in the Royal Engineers Wireless Telegraphy Experimental Section founded at Aldershot in the very early part of the twentieth century. It moved to Woolwich, initially into the former Royal Dockyard (at that time a military stores depot) where it formed part of the Inspectorate of Royal Engineers Stores, before moving on to Woolwich Common.

In 1914 it was operating out of a van at Woolwich, but in 1916 it settled into its own premises, becoming the Signals Experimental Establishment. The establishment was renamed SRDE at the start of the Second World War; it moved briefly to Horsham before settling in Christchurch in 1943 after the radar teams left to Malvern. The Woolwich buildings then became part of the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment.

In the 1960s and 1970s SRDE was involved in the development of military communications satellites. It participated in the U.S. Interim Defense Communication Satellite Program (IDCSP), and a trans-Atlantic link to a U.S. station was first established on 18 June 1966. It also led the development of the British Skynet 1 and 2 military communications satellites, the first of which launched 22 November 1969, and performed their initial in-orbit testing. Skynet 1A was the first military satellite in geostationary orbit.

In 1976, under the Director of John Mills, SRDE merged with the Royal Radar Establishment (RRE) and the Services Electronic Research Laboratory (SERL) to form the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment (RSRE), headquartered in Malvern, Worcestershire. SRDE remained in Christchurch until 1980, when it moved to a RSRE facility at RAF Defford near Malvern.

Topics of research
 Satellite communications
 Battlefield communications
 Optical fibres
 Image intensifiers for night vision equipment
 Mine detectors (including non-metallic mines)

References

External links
 Information site - archived in 2019

1948 establishments in England
1980 disestablishments in England
History of Dorset
History of telecommunications in the United Kingdom
Military communications of the United Kingdom
Military history of Dorset
Military research establishments of the United Kingdom
Science and technology in Dorset
Space programme of the United Kingdom
Military installations established in 1948
Military installations closed in 1980
Linales

Linales is a botanical name of an order of flowering plants. The Cronquist system used this name for an order placed in subclass Rosidae with the following circumscription in 1981:

 order Linales
 family Erythroxylaceae
 family Humiriaceae
 family Ixonanthaceae
 family Hugoniaceae
 family Linaceae

The APG II system assigns the plants involved to the order Malpighiales.

References

Historically recognized angiosperm orders
Superconducting coherence length

In superconductivity, the superconducting coherence length, usually denoted as  (Greek lowercase xi), is the characteristic exponent of the variations of the density of superconducting component.

The superconducting coherence length is one of two parameters in the Ginzburg–Landau theory of superconductivity. It is given by:

where  is a constant in the Ginzburg–Landau equation for  with the form .

In Landau mean-field theory, at temperatures  near the superconducting critical temperature , . Up to a factor  of , it is equivalent to the characteristic exponent describing a recovery of the order parameter away from a perturbation in the theory of the second order phase transitions.

In some special limiting cases, for example in the  weak-coupling BCS theory of isotropic s-wave superconductor it is related to characteristic Cooper pair size:

where  is the reduced Planck constant,  is the mass of a Cooper pair (twice the electron mass),  is the Fermi velocity, and  is the superconducting energy gap. The superconducting coherence length is a measure of the size of a Cooper pair (distance between the two electrons) and is of the order of  cm. The electron near or at the Fermi surface moving through the lattice of a metal produces behind itself an attractive potential of range of the order of  cm, the lattice distance being of order  cm. For a very authoritative explanation based on physical intuition see the CERN article by V.F. Weisskopf.

The ratio , where  is the London penetration depth, is known as the Ginzburg–Landau parameter. Type-I superconductors are those with , and type-II superconductors are those with .

In strong-coupling, anisotropic and multi-component theories these expressions are modified.

References

Superconductivity
Reactivity–selectivity principle

In chemistry the reactivity–selectivity principle or RSP states that a more reactive chemical compound or reactive intermediate is less selective in chemical reactions. In this context selectivity represents the ratio of reaction rates.

This principle was generally accepted until the 1970s when too many exceptions started to appear. The principle is now considered obsolete.

A classic example of perceived RSP found in older organic chemistry textbooks concerns the free radical halogenation of simple alkanes. Whereas the relatively unreactive bromine reacts with 2-methylbutane predominantly to 2-bromo-2-methylbutane, the reaction with much more reactive chlorine results in a mixture of all four regioisomers.

Another example of RSP can be found in the selectivity of the reaction of certain carbocations with azides and water. The very stable triphenylmethyl carbocation derived from solvolysis of the corresponding triphenylmethyl chloride reacts 100 times faster with the azide anion than with water. When the carbocation is the very reactive tertiary adamantane carbocation (as judged from diminished rate of solvolysis) this difference is only a factor of 10.

Constant or inverse relationships are just as frequent. For example, a group of 3- and 4-substituted pyridines in their reactivity quantified by their pKa show the same selectivity in their reactions with a group of alkylating reagents.

The reason for the early success of RSP was that the experiments involved very reactive intermediates with reactivities close to kinetic diffusion control and as a result the more reactive intermediate appeared to react slower with the faster substrate.

General relationships between reactivity and selectivity in chemical reactions can successfully be explained by Hammond's postulate.

When reactivity-selectivity relationships do exist they signify different reaction modes. In one study  the reactivity of two different free radical species (A, sulfur, B carbon) towards addition to simple alkenes such as acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate and acrylamide was examined.

The sulfur radical was found to be more reactive (6*108 vs. 1*107 M−1.s−1) and less selective (selectivity ratio 76 vs 1200) than the carbon radical. In this case, the effect can be explained by extending the Bell–Evans–Polanyi principle with a factor  accounting for transfer of charge from the reactants to the transition state of the reaction which can be calculated in silico:

with  the activation energy and  the reaction enthalpy change. With the electrophilic sulfur radical the charge transfer is largest with electron-rich alkenes such as acrylonitrile but the resulting reduction in activation energy (β is negative) is offset by a reduced enthalpy. With the nucleophilic carbon radical on the other hand both enthalpy and polar effects have the same direction thus extending the activation energy range.

References

External links
 IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology (Gold Book): Reactivity–selectivity principle

Obsolete theories in chemistry
Physical chemistry
New Holland, Lincolnshire

New Holland is a village, civil parish and port on the Humber estuary in North Lincolnshire, England. In 2001 it had a population of 955, increasing marginally to 970 at the 2011 census.

History
New Holland was established in the early 19th-century. It was initially the site of a small ferry site, but this grew in size over the early decades of the century. The Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway company established the Lincoln Castle Hotel (then as the "Yarborough Arms") and the terraced houses in Manchester Square.

In 1870-1872 John Marius Wilson described the village in his Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales:
HOLLAND (NEW), a sea port village in Barrow-upon-Humber parish, Lincoln; on the river Humber, and on the Grimsby and Sheffield Junction railway, opposite Hull, 4 miles E by N of Barton-upon-Humber. It has a station on the railway, a post office under Hull, a steamferry to Hull, a coast guard station, a national school, and a Wesleyan chapel; and the school-room is used as a chapel of ease. The pop[ulation] in 1851, was 401, and was then rapidly increasing.

Ferry

New Holland is the former embarkation point for the London & North Eastern Railway's ferry service to Victoria Pier, Kingston upon Hull. The service was operational from 1820 to 1981, when the Humber Bridge opened.  There were three LNER built paddle steamers used on the route: the PS Tattershall Castle, now a London pub and restaurant moored at the Embankment, the Lincoln Castle which served a similar purpose at Grimsby until 2006, and has since been scrapped, and the PS Wingfield Castle, which returned to Hartlepool where it was built, and where it is now a museum ship.

Port

The port of New Holland handles mostly bulk cargo in two locations: first, the small tidal dock, built about 1848 with the coming of the railway, and second, New Holland Pier, the former terminal for the ferry to Hull.

The tidal dock is almost entirely used for the import of timber from Scandinavia, Russia and the Baltic states, particularly the ports of Hamina (Finland), Kalmar (Sweden), St.Petersburg (Russia), Tallinn (Estonia) and Riga (Latvia). Occasional imports of steel products come from the near continent. The tidal dock generally only accommodates one vessel at a time.

New Holland Pier, with berths for three ships, is capable of accommodating larger vessels through its location in the deeper part of the channel. Since the early 1980s it has been used for the import and export of bulk cargo between the UK and parts of Scandinavia and Europe, the Black Sea and North Africa.

The village and port is served by New Holland railway station, which opened in 1981, replacing separate stations at  and  which both opened in 1848.

References

Villages in the Borough of North Lincolnshire
Ports and harbours of Lincolnshire
Civil parishes in Lincolnshire
Ports and harbours of the Humber
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
19th-century establishments in England
Pseudis paradoxa

Pseudis paradoxa, known as the paradoxical frog or shrinking frog, is a species of hylid frog from South America. Its name refers to the very large—up to  long—tadpole (the world's longest), which in turn "shrinks" during metamorphosis into an ordinary-sized frog, only about a quarter or third of its former length. Although the recordholder was a tadpole in Amapá that belonged to this species, others in the genus Pseudis also have large tadpoles and ordinary-sized adults.

Distribution and habitat
The species inhabits ponds, lakes, lagoons and similar waters from the Amazon and the Guianas, to Venezuela and Trinidad, with a disjunct distribution in the Magdalena River watershed in Colombia and adjacent far western Venezuela. More southerly populations from the Pantanal region to northeastern Argentina have been recognized as a subspecies, but are now often considered a full species, P. platensis, although the validity of this split is questionable.

Appearance and behavior

The adult frogs of P. paradoxa have a snout–to–vent length of  and are green to brown coloured with dark green, olive or dark brownish stripes or mottling; the pattern and hue varies significantly.

The female of P. paradoxa lay eggs among water plants; the eggs develop into tadpoles. They always reach a large size, but there are noticeable local variations in the final size of the tadpoles, with those in large temporary waters with plenty of food and few aquatic predators growing larger than those in smaller waters with less food or waters with more aquatic predators.

The tadpoles feed mostly on algae. The adult frogs, which are active both day and night and always in or near water, eat insects (such as flies, beetles, true bugs, plantsuckers, butterflies, moths and dragonflies) and other invertebrates (such as crabs), and small frogs. When threatened, the frog uses its strong toes with an extra joint to stir up the muddy bottom and hide. The frog also uses this mechanism to find food on the bottom of lakes and ponds.

Potential use in medicine
In March 2008, scientists working from the Universities of Ulster and United Arab Emirates released findings of a study on pseudin-2, a skin compound which protects the paradoxical frog from infection. This work found that a synthetic version of this compound was able to stimulate the secretion of insulin in pancreatic cells under laboratory conditions without toxicity to the cells. As such, this synthetic medicine could be used in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes.

References

External links
 
 

Amphibians of Bolivia
Amphibians of Brazil
Amphibians of Colombia
Amphibians of French Guiana
Amphibians of Guyana
Amphibians of Peru
Amphibians of Suriname
Amphibians of Trinidad and Tobago
Amphibians of Venezuela
Amphibians described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
paradoxa
Glasgow smile

A Glasgow smile (also known as a Chelsea smile, or a Glasgow grin, smiley, Huyton, A buck 50 or Cheshire grin) is a wound caused by making a cut from the corners of a victim's mouth up to the ears, leaving a scar in the shape of a smile. Following this incision, the victim is usually kicked in the stomach or genitals, causing them to scream and thus tearing their face apart wider. The act is usually performed with a utility knife or a piece of broken glass, leaving a scar which causes the victim to appear to be smiling broadly. 

The practice is said to have originated in Glasgow, Scotland, in the 1920s and 30s.

See also 

 Colombian necktie
 Dueling scar
 Glasgow kiss/Glaswegian kiss
 Glasgow razor gangs
 
 Joker (The Dark Knight)
 Kuchisake-onna ("Slit-Mouthed Woman")
 Slashing (crime)

References 

Gangs
Gangs in the United Kingdom
History of Glasgow
Youth culture in the United Kingdom
Torture
Skin conditions resulting from physical factors
Scarring
SSZ

SSZ may refer to:

 The IATA airport code for Santos Air Base in Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
 Spaceship Zero
 Sulfasalazine
 Hyundai Separated Sound Zone
 Serbian Party Oathkeepers (Srpska stranka Zavetnici)
Taxi Doll

Taxi Doll is an American pop, electronica, and dance musical group from Los Angeles, California. Taxi Doll took their name from seeing the bobble-head dolls perched on top on the rear dash of taxicabs. The group consists of European vocalist Dhana Taprogge, leopardist Gregg "G-dub" Allen, drummer Jason Graham, guitarist Matt Emmer, and bassist Brian Hendrix.

The group was formed in 2004 and called their type of music "Rocktronica", which was inspired by the influences of Blondie, Garbage, The Chemical Brothers, and other rock-electronic acts. The group's first single, "Waiting", became a major hit in both the clubs and at Dance radio in the United States, where it reached at number 3 on Billboard's Hot Dance Airplay chart's May 27, 2006 issue. "Look at What You Get" is on the soundtrack of Forza Motorsport 2, the Microsoft Xbox 360 game.  The group's music was also found on the big screen in the 2006 feature film Firewall.

Taxi Doll were signed by Universal Records. Their first LP album, Here and Now, released globally on February 23, 2009.

External links
 http://www.taxidoll.com  – Taxi Doll's Official website

American dance music groups
Electronic music groups from California
War Party (1988 film)

War Party (released in the Philippines as Toy Soldiers Too) is a 1988 film directed by Franc Roddam and starring Billy Wirth and Kevin Dillon. Set in present-day Montana, it explores the tension and mistrust that can characterize interactions between Native Americans and White Americans.

Plot
A group of re-enactors attempt to stage a 100th-anniversary battle between US Cavalry and Blackfeet Indians. Racial hostilities and a real gun lead to some all too real casualties, and three young Blackfeet men are caught in the middle. The film follows their flight for freedom in the face of an angry community which has mistakenly blamed them for the violence.

Cast
Billy Wirth as Sonny Crowkiller
Kevin Dillon as Skitty Harris
Tim Sampson as Warren Cutfoot
Jimmie Ray Weeks as Jay Stivic
Kevyn Major Howard as Calvin Morrisey
Jerry Hardin as The Sheriff
Tantoo Cardinal as Sonny's Mother
Bill McKinney as The Mayor
Guy Boyd as Major Crawford, National Guard
R.D. Call as Posse Member #1
William Frankfather as The Governor
M. Emmet Walsh as Colin Ditweiler
Dennis Banks as Ben Crowkiller / Dead Crow Wolf
Saginaw Grant as Freddie Man Wolf
Rodney A. Grant as The Crow

Production
Filming largely took place on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation in Montana. A few scenes were filmed in Glacier National Park, in the town of Cut Bank, Montana and in the town of Choteau, MT.

Release
The film was released in the United States on September 15, 1988. In the Philippines, the film was released as Toy Soldiers Too on July 3, 1992, connecting the film to the unrelated 1991 film Toy Soldiers.

References

External links

1988 films
1988 drama films
Blackfoot in popular culture
Films about Native Americans
Films set in Montana
Films shot in Montana
Films directed by Franc Roddam
1980s English-language films
Lee and Virginia Graver Arboretum

The Lee and Virginia Graver Arboretum (63 acres) is an arboretum owned by Muhlenberg College and located at 1581 Bushkill Center Road, Bath, Pennsylvania. The arboretum is open daily without charge.

The arboretum was established more than 40 years ago by Dr. Lee and Virginia Graver, who cultivated wildflowers, ferns, rhododendrons, and native and rare trees, including more than 150 conifer species. The Gravers donated their property to Muhlenberg College in 1994.

Principal plant collections of the Lee and Virginia Graver Arboretum include:

 Conifers - Abies, Cedrus, Chamaecyparis, Cupressus, Juniperus, Larix, Metasequoia, Picea, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Sequoiadendron, Taxodium, Thuja, Tsuga, and others.
 Wetland Plants - obligate (Alisma subcordatum, Bidens cernua, Brasenia schreberi, Chelone glabra, Cicuta maculata, Gentianopsis crinita, Juncus effusus, Leersia oryzoides, Ludwigia palustris, Lycopus americanus, Micranthes pensylvanica, Myosotis scorpioides, Persicaria hydropiper, Persicaria sagittata, Potamogeton sp., Sagittaria latifolia, Symplocarpus foetidus, Taxodium distichum, Typha latifolia; and  facultative (Amelanchier arborea, Arisaema triphyllum, Betula alleghaniensis, Bidens comosa, Boehmeria cylindrica, Carex sp., Carpinus caroliniana, Echinocystis lobata, Eleocharis sp., Eupatorium perfoliatum, Eutrochium maculatum, Hamamelis virginiana, Impatiens capensis, Larix laricina, Lindera benzoin, Onoclea sensibilis, Osmundastrum cinnamomeum, Osmunda claytoniana, Ranunculus sp., Pilea pumila, Sambucus canadensis, Smilax herbacea, Thuja occidentalis, Toxicodendron radicans, Veratrum viride, and Zizia aurea).

See also 
 List of botanical gardens in the United States

External links 

 Graver Arboretum

Graver Arboretum
Graver Arboretum
Ghosts of Loss

Ghosts of Loss is the second studio album by Swallow the Sun, released on August 24, 2005. Compared with their debut, this album has more influences of gothic metal. Some of its themes are greatly influenced by the 1990-91 TV serial Twin Peaks.

Track listing
All songs written by Juha Raivio.

Personnel
Mikko Kotamäki - vocals 
Markus Jämsen - guitar 
Juha Raivio - guitar 
Aleksi Munter - keyboards 
Matti Honkonen - bass guitar 
Pasi Pasanen - drums

Production 
 Recorded, engineered & mixed by Sami Kokko.
 Mastered by Minerva Pappi.

Chart positions

Cultural references 
The album contains multiple references to the TV series Twin Peaks. Laura Palmer is the girl around whose murder the series revolves. Guitarist Juha Raivio said in an interview, "The song got nothing to do with real Laura Palmer or Twin Peaks, but the feeling is there and everybody knows what kind of girl Laura really was. So, no love song here." The Giant is a character from the second season.

References 

Swallow the Sun albums
2005 albums
The Morning Never Came

The Morning Never Came is the debut studio album by Finnish metal band Swallow the Sun, released on November 15, 2003.  Tracks 1, 3, 4 and 7 are all re-recorded versions from the band's first demo, Out of This Gloomy Light. The album was later released in the United States on February 22, 2005, via Olympic Recordings.

Track listing

U.S. & limited double vinyl edition bonus track

Personnel

Swallow the Sun
Mikko Kotamäki – vocals 
Markus Jämsen – lead guitar 
Juha Raivio – rhythm guitar; songwriting (1–8)
Matti Honkonen – bass guitar 
Aleksi Munter – keyboards 
Pasi Pasanen – drums

Additional personnel 
Flavia Lester – spoken word (5)
Petteri Kivimäki – photography
fo2003 – logo
Tuomo Lehtonen – album cover and layout
 Sami Kokko – recording, engineering and mixing (Sam's Workshop)
 Minerva Pappi – mastering at Finnvox Studios
Albert Witchfinder – guest vocals (9)

Arrangements (9)
Candlemass
Johan Längqvist
Christian Weberyd
Klas Bergwall
Leif Edling – songwriting
Mats Björkman
Mats Ekström

References

Swallow the Sun albums
2003 debut albums