alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Adam of Bremen

Adam of Bremen (; ; before 1050 – 12 October 1081/1085) was a German medieval chronicler. He lived and worked in the second half of the eleventh century. Adam is most famous for his chronicle Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum (Deeds of Bishops of the Hamburg Church). He was "one of the foremost historians and early ethnographers of the medieval period".

In his chronicle, he included a chapter mentioning the Norse outpost of Vinland, and was thus the first continental European to write about the New World.

Life
Little is known of his life other than hints from his own chronicles. He is believed to have come from Meissen, then its own margravate. The dates of his birth and death are uncertain, but he was probably born before 1050 and died on 12 October of an unknown year (possibly 1081, at the latest 1085). From his chronicles, it is apparent that he was familiar with a number of authors. The honorary name of Magister Adam shows that he had passed through all the stages of a higher education. It is probable that he was taught at the Magdeburger Domschule.

In 1066 or 1067, he was invited by Archbishop Adalbert von Hamburg-Bremen to join the Church of Bremen. Adam was accepted among the capitulars of Bremen, and by 1069 he appeared as director of the Bremen Cathedral's school. Soon thereafter he began to write the history of Bremen/Hamburg and of the northern lands in his Gesta.

His position and the missionary activity of the church of Bremen allowed him to gather information on the history and the geography of Northern Germany. A stay at the court of Sweyn II of Denmark gave him the opportunity to find information about the history and geography of Denmark and the other Scandinavian countries. Among other things he wrote about in Scandinavia were the sailing passages across Øresund such as today's Helsingør–Helsingborg ferry route.

References

Further reading 
Chłopacka Hanna: Adam Bremeński. In: Słownik Starożytności Słowiańskich. Vol. 1. 1961, p. 3-4.

External links 

 
 Adamus Bremensis: Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum (Lat.)
 

11th-century German historians
11th-century writers in Latin
11th-century births
1080s deaths
Year of birth unknown
Year of death uncertain
Chroniclers from the Holy Roman Empire
History of Bremen (city)
History of Hamburg
People from Meissen
History of Uppsala
Amalthea

Amalthea may refer to:
Amalthea (mythology), the foster-mother of Zeus in Greek mythology
Amalthea (moon), a moon of Jupiter
MV Amalthea, a cargo ship
113 Amalthea, a main-belt asteroid
Amalthea Cellars, a winery in New Jersey, United States
Cumaean Sibyl or Amalthea, a priestess presiding over the Apollonian oracle at Cumae, a Greek colony near Naples, Italy
Amalthea, a ship bombed by Anton Nilson in 1908
Lady Amalthea, a character in The Last Unicorn
Ananke (disambiguation)

Ananke is a deity in Greek mythology. Ananke may also refer to:

Ananke (moon), a moon of Jupiter
Ananke group, a group of satellites of Jupiter that follow similar orbits to Ananke
"Ananke", a short story by Stanisław Lem from Tales of Pirx the Pilot
Cosmopterix ananke, a moth of family Cosmopterigidae
Alph

Alph may refer to:
Alpheus River, a river on the Peloponnese
Alph River, a river in Antarctica
Alph Lake, a lake in Antarctica
Alph, a fictional river in the poem Kubla Khan by Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Alph, a character from Luminous Arc
Alph, a character from the game Pikmin 3

See also
ALF (disambiguation)
Alph Lyla, the in-house band of video game developer Capcom
Abano Terme

Abano Terme (known as Abano Bagni until 1924) is a town and comune in the Province of Padua, in the Veneto region, Italy, on the eastern slope of the Euganean Hills; it is  southwest by rail from Padua. Abano Terme's population is 19,062 (2001) (in 1901 it was 4,556).

The town's hot springs and mud baths are an important economic resource. The waters have a temperature of about .

History
The baths were known to the Romans as Aponi fons or Aquae Patavinae. A description of them is given in a letter to Theodoric, the king of the Ostrogoths, from Cassiodorus. Some remains of the ancient baths have been discovered (S. Mandruzzato, Trattato dei Bagni d'Abano, Padua, 1789).  An oracle of Geryon lay near, and the so-called sortes Praenestinae (C.I.L. i., Berlin, 1863; 1438–1454), small bronze cylinders inscribed, and used as oracles, were perhaps found here in the 16th century.

The baths were destroyed by the Lombards in the 6th century, but they were rebuilt and enlarged when Abano became an autonomous comune in the 12th century and, again, in the late 14th century. The city was under the Republic of Venice from 1405 to 1797.

Main sights
Abano Cathedral, or the cathedral (duomo) of St. Lawrence. The current edifice was erected in 1780 over a pre-existing church which was allegedly destroyed by Cangrande della Scala. The bell tower has parts from the 9th/10th and 14th centuries.
The Montirone Gallery, housing works of Il Moretto, Palma il Giovane, Guido Reni, Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo and others.
The Sanctuary of the Madonna della Salute or of Monteortone (built from 1428). It lies on the site where the Madonna appeared to Pietro Falco, healing his wounds. The church is on the Latin cross plan, with a nave and two aisles with three apses decorated by a frieze. It has with a Baroque portal (1667), a bell tower, presbytery frescoes portraying the Histories of St. Peter and Virgin by Jacopo da Montagnana (1495) and Palma il Giovane's altarpiece depicting Christ Crucifixed Between St. Augustine and St. Jerome.

Just outside the city is San Daniele Abbey (11th century).  from the city is also Praglia Abbey, founded in the 11th century by Benedictine monks and rebuilt in 1496–1550. The abbey church of the Assumption, with a marble portal from 1548, has a Renaissance style interior.

People
 Pietro d'Abano (1316), Italian physician and philosopher
 Matteo Meneghello (born 1981), Italian racing driver

Twin towns
 Shibukawa, Japan
 Bad Füssing, Germany
 Lipik, Croatia
 Kamena Vourla, Greece

See also 
 Ex Oratorio del Montirone

References

Sources
L'Italia da scoprire, Giorgio Mondadori, 2006.

External links

 Abano.it Touristic informations web site

Cities and towns in Veneto
Spa towns in Italy
Abated

See also, Abatement.
Abated, an ancient technical term applied in masonry and metal work to those portions which are sunk beneath the surface, as in inscriptions where the ground is sunk round the letters so as to leave the letters or ornament in relief.

References

Construction
Masonry
Abati

Abati is a surname. It was used by an ancient noble family of Florence. 

Notable people with the surname include:

 Antonio Abati (died 1667), Italian poet
 Baldo Angelo Abati (sixteenth century), Italian naturalist
 Joaquín Abati (1865–1936), Spanish writer
 Joël Abati (born 1970), French handball player
 Megliore degli Abati (thirteenth century), Italian poet
 Niccolò dell'Abbate (1509 or 1512 – 1571), Italian painter
 Reuben Abati (born 1965), Nigerian newspaper columnist

Other uses
 The Abati people, a fictional ethnic group in H. Rider Haggard's adventure novel Queen Sheba's Ring
 Abati, Iran, village
 Marauna abati, species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae

References

Italian-language surnames
Aeclanum

Aeclanum (also spelled Aeculanum, , ) was an ancient town of Samnium, Southern Italy, about 25 km east-southeast of Beneventum, on the Via Appia. It lies in Passo di Mirabella, near the modern Mirabella Eclano.

It is now an archaeological park.

Location 

Aeclanum was on a promontory naturally defended, to some extent, by a steep slope on the south side down to the river Calore, while the north side lay open towards the crest of the ridge that where the Via Appia ran. This led through Lacus Ampsanctus to Aquilonia and Venusia. Two other routes to Apulia, the  and , diverged nearby, leading through Aequum Tuticum to Luceria and through Trivicum to Herdoniae respectively. The road from Aeclanum to Abellinum (modern Atripalda, near Avellino) may also follow an ancient line. 

Today there are ruins of the city walls, of an aqueduct, baths and an amphitheatre; nearly 400 inscriptions have also been discovered. Excavation has revealed a long history of pre-Roman settlement.

History 
Aeclanum was a town of the Hirpini, although it was never mentioned during the Samnite wars. Sulla captured it in 89 BC by setting on fire the wooden breastwork by which it was defended, and sacked it. It quickly recovered, new fortifications were erected, and it became a municipium. Hadrian, who repaired the Via Appia from Beneventum to this point, made it a  (colony).
 
With the Lombard invasion of Italy, in the 6th century AD, it was annexed to the Duchy of Benevento, but was captured and destroyed by Eastern Roman forces under Constans II in 663 and never recovered, being reduced to a small hamlet known as Quintodecimo, a name that referred to its distance of 15 Roman miles from Benevento.

Bishopric 
Aeclanum became a Christian episcopal see, whose best known bishop was Julian of Eclanum, who was consecrated by Pope Innocent I in about 417. He refused to sign the condemnation of Pelagianism issued by Pope Innocent's successor, Pope Zosimus, and carried on a war of writings against Augustine of Hippo. It has been thought that the diocese was united to that of Frequentium as early as the 5th century, but there is mention of Quintodecimo as a suffragan see of Benevento in 969 and 1058. From 1059 it was definitively united with Frequentium. No longer a residential bishopric, Aeclanum is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.

Gallery

References

External links

 Aeclanum (Cultural Property of Campania website)
 Aeclanum (Mirabella Eclano municipal website)

Roman sites of Campania
Samnite cities
Former populated places in Italy
Province of Avellino
Human remains (archaeological)
Archaeological sites in Campania
Roman towns and cities in Italy
Archaeological parks
Buildings and structures in Campania
Tourist attractions in Campania
Tourism in Italy
Osci
Ruins in Italy
Destroyed populated places
Coloniae (Roman)
Aedesius

Aedesius (, died 355 AD) was a Neoplatonist philosopher and mystic. He was born into a wealthy Cappadocian family, but he moved to Syria, where he was apprenticed to Iamblichos. None of his writings have survived, but there is an extant biography by Eunapius, a Greek sophist and historian of the 4th century who wrote a collection of biographies titled Lives of the Sophists. Aedesius's philosophical doctrine was a mixture between Platonism and eclecticism and, according to Eunapius, he differed from Iamblichus on certain points connected with theurgy and magic. 

The school of Syria was dispersed after Iamblichus' death, and Aedesius seems to have modified his doctrines out of fear of Constantine II, and took refuge in divination. An oracle in hexameter verse represented a pastoral life as his only retreat, but his disciples, perhaps calming his fears by a metaphorical interpretation, compelled him to resume his instructions. Aedesius then founded a school of philosophy at Pergamon, which emphasized theurgy and the revival of polytheism, and where he numbered among his pupils Eusebius of Myndus, Maximus of Ephesus, and the Roman emperor Julian. After the accession of the latter to the imperial purple he invited Aedesius to continue his instructions, but the declining strength of the sage being unequal to the task, two of his most learned disciples, Chrysanthius and the aforementioned Eusebius, were by his own desire appointed to supply his place. His co-teacher and perhaps consort at the Pergamon school was the female philosopher and mystic, Sosipatra.

References

355 deaths
4th-century Romans
4th-century Greek philosophers
Neoplatonists
Year of birth missing
Aegadian Islands

The Aegadian Islands  (; , ; ) are a group of five small mountainous islands in the Mediterranean Sea off the northwest coast of Sicily, Italy, near the cities of Trapani and Marsala, with a total area of .

The island of Favignana (Aegusa), the largest, lies  southwest of Trapani; Levanzo (Phorbantia) lies  west; and Marettimo, the ancient Hiera Nesos,  west of Trapani, is now reckoned as a part of the group. There are also two minor islands, Formica and Maraone, lying between Levanzo and Sicily. For administrative purposes the archipelago constitutes the comune of Favignana in the Province of Trapani.

The overall population in 2017 was 4,292. Winter frost is unknown and rainfall is low. The main occupation of the islanders is fishing, and the largest tuna fishery in Sicily is there.

History

There is evidence of Neolithic and even Paleolithic paintings in caves on Levanzo, and to a lesser extent on Favignana.

The islands were the scene of the battle of the Aegates of 241 BC, in which the Carthaginian fleet was defeated by the Roman fleet led by Lutatius Catulus; the engagement ended the First Punic War. After the end of Western Roman power in the first millennium AD, the islands, to the extent that they were governed at all, were part of territories of Goths, Vandals, Saracens, before the Normans fortified Favignana in 1081.

The islands belonged to the Pallavicini-Rusconi family of Genoa until 1874, when the Florio family of Palermo bought them.

Island views

See also
Isolotto Formica Lighthouse

References

External links

 

 
Archipelagoes of Italy
Aegospotami

Aegospotami (, Aigos Potamoi) or Aegospotamos (i.e. Goat Streams) is the ancient Greek name for a small river issuing into the Hellespont (Modern Turkish Çanakkale Boğazı), northeast of Sestos.

At its mouth was the scene of the decisive battle in 405 BC in which Lysander destroyed the Athenian fleet, ending the Peloponnesian War. The ancient Greek township of the same name, whose existence is attested by coins of the 5th and 4th centuries, and the river itself were located in ancient Thrace in the Chersonese.

According to ancient sources including Pliny the Elder and Aristotle, in 467 BC a large meteorite landed near Aegospotami. It was described as brown in colour and the size of a wagon load. A comet, tentatively identified as Halley's Comet, was reported at the time the meteorite landed. This is possibly the first European record of Halley's comet.

Aegospotami is located on the Dardanelles, northeast of the modern Turkish town of Sütlüce, Gelibolu.

References

Greek colonies in the Thracian Chersonese
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey
Rivers of Turkey
Former populated places in Turkey
Landforms of Çanakkale Province
History of Çanakkale Province
 (+)
Populated places in ancient Thrace
Aelian

Aelian or Aelianus may refer to:

 Aelianus Tacticus, Greek military writer of the 2nd century, who lived in Rome
 Casperius Aelianus, Praetorian Prefect, executed by Trajan
 Claudius Aelianus, Roman writer, teacher and historian of the 3rd century, who wrote in Greek
 Lucius Aelianus, one of the thirty tyrants under the Roman empire
 Aelianus Meccius, ancient Greek physician, tutor of Galen
 Tiberius Plautius Silvanus Aelianus, adopted nephew of Plautia Urgulanilla, first wife of Claudius; consul 45 and 74 AD
 Aelianus (rebel), leader of the Bagaudae peasant rebels
 Aelianus (comes), leader of the Roman defensive forces at the Siege of Amida in 359.
Aelianus Tacticus

Aelianus Tacticus (; fl. 2nd century AD), also known as Aelian (), was a Greek military writer who lived in Rome.

Work
Aelian's military treatise in fifty-three chapters on the tactics of the Greeks, titled On Tactical Arrays of the Greeks (), is dedicated to the emperor Hadrian, though this is probably a mistake for Trajan, and the date 106 has been assigned to it. It is a handbook of Greek, i.e. Macedonian, drill and tactics as practiced by the Hellenistic successors of Alexander the Great. The author claims to have consulted all the best authorities, the most important of which was a lost treatise on the subject by Polybius. Perhaps the chief value of Aelian's work lies in his critical account of preceding works on the art of war, and in the fullness of his technical details in matters of drill.

Aelian also gives a brief account of the constitution of a Roman army at that time. The work arose, he says, from a conversation he had with the emperor Nerva at Frontinus's house at Formiae. He promises a work on Naval Tactics also; but this, if it was written, is lost.

Critics of the 18th century — Guichard Folard and the Prince de Ligne — were unanimous in thinking Aelian greatly inferior to Arrian, but Aelian exercised a great influence both on his immediate successors, the Byzantines, and later on the Arabs, (who translated the text for their own use). The author of the Strategikon ascribed to the emperor Maurice selectively used Aelian's work as a conceptional model, especially its preface. Emperor Leo VI the Wise incorporated much of Aelian's text in his own Taktika. The Arabic version of Aelian was made about 1350. It was first translated into Latin by Theodore Gaza, published at Rome in 1487. The Greek editio princeps was edited by Francesco Robortello and published at Venice in 1552.

In spite of its academic nature, the copious details to be found in the treatise rendered it of the highest value to the army organisers of the 16th century, who were engaged in fashioning a regular military system out of the semi-feudal systems of previous generations. The Macedonian phalanx of Aelian had many points of resemblance to the solid masses of pikemen and the squadrons of cavalry of the Spanish and Dutch systems, and the translations made in the 16th century formed the groundwork of numerous books on drill and tactics.

The first significant reference to the influence of Aelian in the 16th century is a letter to Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange from his cousin William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg on December 8, 1594. The letter is influential in supporting the thesis of the early-modern Military Revolution. In the letter, William Louis discusses the use of ranks by soldiers of Imperial Rome as discussed in Aelian's Tactica. Aelian was discussing the use of the counter march in the context of the Roman sword gladius and spear pilum. William Louis in a 'crucial leap' realised that the same technique could work for men with firearms.

References

Sources

Roman-era Greeks
2nd-century writers
Ancient Macedonian army
Ancient Greek military writers
2nd-century Greek people
Abatement of debts and legacies

Abatement of debts and legacies is a common law doctrine of wills that holds that when the equitable assets of a deceased person are not sufficient to satisfy fully all the creditors, their debts must abate proportionately, and they must accept a dividend.

Also, in the case of legacies when the funds or assets out of which they are payable are not sufficient to pay them in full, the legacies abate in proportion, unless there is a priority given specially to any particular legacy. Annuities are also subject to the same rule as general legacies.

The order of abatement is usually:
 Intestate property
 The residuary of the estate
 General Devises—i.e., cash gifts
 Demonstrative Devises—i.e., cash gifts from a specific account, stocks, bonds, securities, etc.
 Specific Devises—i.e., specified items of personal property, real property, etc.
Non-probate property—i.e., life insurance policies—do not abate.

Definitions
A specific devise, is a specific gift in a will to a specific person other than an amount of money. For example, if James's will states that he is leaving his $500,000 yacht to his brother Mike, the yacht would be a specific devise.

A general devise, is a monetary gift to a specific person to be satisfied out of the overall estate. For example, if James's will states that he is leaving $500,000 to his son Sam then the money would be a general devise.

A demonstrative devise, is money given from a particular account. For example, "$10,000 to be paid from the sale of my GM stock."

A residual devise is one left to a devisee after all specific and general devices have been made. For example, James's will might say: "I give all the rest, residue and remainder of my estate to my daughter Lilly." Lilly would be the residual devisee and entitled to James's residuary estate.

References

Common law
Wills and trusts
Affinity

Affinity may refer to:

Commerce, finance and law 
 Affinity (law), kinship by marriage
 Affinity analysis, a market research and business management technique 
 Affinity Credit Union, a Saskatchewan-based credit union
 Affinity Equity Partners, an Asian private equity firm
 Affinity fraud, a type of scam targeting a specific demographic
 Affinity marketing, a method of extending market reach by forming partnerships and cross-selling relationships

Religion and belief 
 Affinity (canon law), a kinship arising from the sexual intercourse of a man and a woman
 Affinity (Christian organisation), network of conservative evangelical churches and Christian agencies
 Affinity group, a private, non-commercial and non-governmental organisation formed around a shared interest or goal

Science and technology 
 Affinity, the UK's first road-legal solar car, built by Cambridge University Eco Racing
 Affinity (mathematics), an affine transformation preserving collinearity
 Affinity (pharmacology), a characterisation of protein-ligand binding strength
 Affinity (sociology), a shared interest and commitment between persons in groups and/or willingness to associate
 Affinity (taxonomy), a suggestion of common descent or type
 Affinity chromatography, method of separating a biomolecule from a mixture
 Affinity electrophoresis, general name for many analytical methods used in biochemistry and biotechnology
 Affinity laws, laws used in hydraulics to express relationships between variables involved in fan or pump performance
 Binding affinity, a measure of the interaction of ligands with their binding sites
 Chemical affinity, used to describe or characterise elements' or compounds' readiness to form bonds
 Electron affinity, energy released on formation of anions
 Processor affinity, a computing term for the assignment of a task to a given core of a multicore CPU
 Serif Europe's Affinity series of programs
 Affinity Designer, a vector illustration editor
 Affinity Photo, a raster graphics editor
 Affinity Publisher, a desktop publishing application

Media-related

Music
 Affinity (band), a jazz/rock band
 Affinity (Affinity album)
 Affinity (Bill Evans album)
 Affinity (Haken album)
 Affinity (Oscar Peterson album)
 Affinity (EP), a 2013 EP by the English band Press to Meco
 Johnny Alegre A, a jazz collective based in Manila

Other media
 Affinity (novel), a 1999 novel by Sarah Waters
 Affinity (film), a 2008 feature film based on the novel

 "Affinity" (Stargate SG-1), an episode from season 8 of the TV sci-fi spin-off series Stargate SG-1
 Elective Affinities, a novel by Goethe

Other uses
 Affinity (medieval), late medieval retainers of a monarch in "bastard feudalism"
 Affinity, West Virginia

See also 
 Affine (disambiguation)
 Affine transformation, a type of transformation applied to a geometry
 Refining, also known as "affining"
 Afinidad (disambiguation)
Abd ar-Rahman II

Abd ar-Rahman II () (792–852) was the fourth Umayyad Emir of Córdoba in al-Andalus from 822 until his death. A vigorous and effective frontier warrior, he was also well known as a patron of the arts.

Abd ar-Rahman was born in Toledo, the son of Emir al-Hakam I. In his youth he took part in the so-called "massacre of the ditch", when 72 nobles and hundreds of their attendants were massacred at a banquet by order of al-Hakam.

He succeeded his father as Emir of Córdoba in 822 and for 20 years engaged in nearly continuous warfare against Alfonso II of Asturias, whose southward advance he halted. In 825, he had a new city, Murcia, built, and proceeded to settle it with Arab loyalists to ensure stability. In 835, he confronted rebellious citizens of Mérida by having a large internal fortress built. In 837, he suppressed a revolt of Christians and Jews in Toledo with similar measures. He issued a decree by which the Christians were forbidden to seek martyrdom, and he had a Christian synod held to forbid martyrdom.

In 839 or 840, he sent an embassy under al-Ghazal to Constantinople to sign a pact with the Byzantine Empire against the Abbasids. Another embassy that was sent an may have either went to Ireland or Denmark, likely encouraging trade in fur and slaves.

In 844, Abd ar-Rahman repulsed an assault by Vikings who had disembarked in Cádiz, conquered Seville (with the exception of its citadel) and attacked Córdoba itself. Where Abderrahman || defeated the Vikings by letting them into the city and surrounded with best of his army to slaughter them to the end. Thereafter he constructed a fleet and naval arsenal at Seville to repel future raids.

He responded to William of Septimania's requests of assistance in his struggle against Charles the Bald who had claimed lands William considered to be his.

Abd ar-Rahman was famous for his public building program in Córdoba. He made additions to the Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba. A vigorous and effective frontier warrior, he was also well known as a patron of the arts. He was also involved in the execution of the "Martyrs of Córdoba", and was a patron of the great composer Ziryab. He died in 852 in Córdoba

References

Emirs of Córdoba
792 births
852 deaths
People from Toledo, Spain
9th-century monarchs in Europe
8th-century Arab people
9th-century Arab people
Abd al-Rahman IV

Abd ar-Rahman IV Mortada () was the Caliph of Córdoba in the Umayyad dynasty in Al-Andalus, succeeding Sulayman ibn al-Hakam, in 1018. That same year, he was murdered at Cadiz while fleeing from a battle in which he had been deserted by the very supporters which had brought him into power. His brief reign was similar to that of Abd ar-Rahman V Mostadir.

References

|-

Umayyad caliphs of Córdoba
1018 deaths
11th-century caliphs of Córdoba
Year of birth unknown
Abd al-Rahman V

Abd ar-Rahman V () was an Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.

In the agony of the Umayyad dynasty in the Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia), two princes of the house were proclaimed Caliph of Córdoba for a very short time, Abd-ar-Rahman IV Mortada (1017), and Abd-ar-Rahman V Mostadir (1023–1024). Both were the mere puppets of factions, who deserted them at once. Abd-ar-Rahman IV was murdered the same year he was proclaimed at Cadiz, in flight from a battle in which he had been deserted by his supporters. Abd-ar-Rahman V was proclaimed caliph in December 1023 at Córdoba, and murdered in January 1024 by a mob of unemployed workmen, headed by one of his own cousins.

References 

1001 births
1024 deaths
Umayyad caliphs of Córdoba
11th-century caliphs of Córdoba
Abdera, Spain

 

Abdera was an ancient Carthaginian and Roman port on a hill above the modern Adra on the southeastern Mediterranean coast of Spain. It was located between Malaca (now Málaga) and Carthago Nova (now Cartagena) in the district inhabited by the Bastuli.

Name
Abdera shares its name with a city in Thrace and another in North Africa. Its coins bore the inscription  (). The first element in the name appears to be the Punic word for "servant" or "slave"; the second element seems shared by the Phoenician names for Gadir (now Cadiz) and Cythera but of unclear meaning.

It appears in Greek sources as tà Ábdēra () and Aúdēra (), Ábdara (), and tò Ábdēron ().

History
Abdera was founded in the 8th century BCE as a Phoenician colony. It became a Carthaginian trading station and, after a period of decline, became one of the more important towns in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica. Tiberius seems to have made the place a Roman colony.

Coins
The most ancient coins bear its name with the head of Melqart and a tuna. Coins from the time of Tiberius show the town's main temple with two erect tunas as its columns. Early Roman coins were bilingual with Latin inscriptions on one side stating the name of the emperor and the town and with Punic text on the other side simply stating the name of the town.

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography
 .

Further reading
 

Phoenician colonies in Spain
Former populated places in Spain
Archaeological sites in Andalusia
Roman sites in Spain
Antidiarrhoeal

An anti-diarrhoeal drug (or anti-diarrheal drug in American English) is any medication which provides symptomatic relief for diarrhoea.

Types
 Electrolyte solutions, while not true antidiarrhoeals, are used to replace lost fluids and salts in acute cases.
 Bulking agents like methylcellulose, guar gum or plant fibre (bran, sterculia, isabgol, etc.) are used for diarrhoea in functional bowel disease and to control ileostomy output.
 Absorbents absorb toxic substances that cause infective diarrhoea, methylcellulose is an absorbent.
 Anti-inflammatory compounds such as bismuth subsalicylate.
 Anticholinergics reduce intestinal movement and are effective against both diarrhoea and accompanying cramping. 
 Opioids' classical use besides pain relief is as an anti-diarrhoeal drug. Opioids have agonist actions on the intestinal opioid receptors, which when activated cause constipation. Drugs such as morphine or codeine can be used to relieve diarrhoea this way. A notable opioid for the purpose of relief of diarrhoea is loperamide which is only an agonist of the μ opioid receptors in the large intestine and does not have opioid affects in the central nervous system as it doesn't cross the blood–brain barrier in significant amounts. This enables loperamide to be used to the same benefit as other opioid drugs but without the CNS side effects or potential for abuse.
Octreotide (somatostatin analogue) may be used in hospitalized patients to treat secretory diarrhea.

See also
 ATC code A07 Antidiarrheals, intestinal anti-inflammatory/anti-infective agents

References
Áed mac Cináeda

Áed mac Cináeda (Modern Scottish Gaelic: Aodh mac Choinnich; ; Anglicized: Hugh; died 878) was a son of Cináed mac Ailpín. He became king of the Picts in 877, when he succeeded his brother Constantín mac Cináeda. He was nicknamed Áed of the White Flowers, the wing-footed () or the white-foot ().

Sources
The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba says of Áed: "Edus [Áed] held the same [i.e., the kingdom] for one year. The shortness of his reign has bequeathed nothing memorable to history. He was slain in the civitas of Nrurim." Nrurim is unidentified.

The Annals of Ulster say that, in 878, "Áed mac Cináeda, king of the Picts, was killed by his associates." Tradition, reported by George Chalmers in his Caledonia (1807), and by the New Statistical Account (1834–1845), has it that the early-historic mound of the Cunninghillock by Inverurie is the burial place of Áed. This is based on reading Nrurim as Inruriu.

A longer account is interpolated in Andrew of Wyntoun's Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland. This says that Áed reigned one year and was killed by his successor Giric in Strathallan and other king lists have the same report.

It is uncertain which, if any, of the Prophecy of Berchán'''s kings should be taken to be Áed. William Forbes Skene presumed that the following verses referred to Áed:129. Another king will take [sovereignty]; small is the profit that he does not divide. Alas for Scotland thenceforward. His name will be the Furious.130. He will be but a short time over Scotland. The will be no [word uncertain] unplundered. Alas for Scotland, through the youth; alas for their books, alas for their bequests.131. He will be nine years in the kingdom. I shall tell you—it will be a tale of truth—he dies without bell, with communion, at evening, in a fatal pass.

Áed's son, Constantín mac Áeda, became king in 900.

See also
Kingdom of Alba

References

Sources
 Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500–1286, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. 
 Anderson, Marjorie Ogilvie, Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland. Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh, revised edition 1980. 
 Duncan, A. A. M., The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2002. 
 Smyth, Alfred P., Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–1000.'' E.J. Arnold, London, 1984 (reprinted Edinburgh UP).

External links

 The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba (CKA)
 Friends of Grampian Stones - history of Inverurie
 Second Statistical Account [vol. XII (County of Aberdeen), p. 681]
 Aed at the official website of the British monarchy

878 deaths
9th-century Scottish monarchs
Burials at Iona Abbey
House of Alpin
Year of birth unknown
Gaels
Abencerrages

The Abencerrages or Abencerrajes (from the Arabic for "Saddler's Son") were a family or faction that is said to have held a prominent position in the Kingdom of Granada in the 15th century.

The name appears to have been derived from Yussuf ben-Serragh, the head of the tribe in the time of Muhammed VII, Sultan of Granada (1370–1408), who did that sovereign good service in his struggles to retain the crown of which he was three times deprived.

Little is known of the family with certainty. The Chambers Biographical Dictionary records that they arrived in Spain in the 8th century but the name is familiar from the romance by Ginés Pérez de Hita, Guerras civiles de Granada, which celebrates the feuds of the Abencerrages and the rival family of the Benedin (Arabic banu Edin), and the cruel treatment to which the former were subjected. J. P. de Florian's Gonsalve de Cordoue and Chateaubriand's Le dernier des Abencerrages are adaptations of Pérez de Hita's story.

The story is told that one of the Abencerrages, having fallen in love with a lady of the royal family, was caught in the act of climbing up to her window. The assassinations were ordered by Ibrahim Benedin, who had a feud with the family. He was enraged and shut up the whole family in one of the halls of the Alhambra, and gave orders to kill them all. The apartment where this is said to have taken place is one of the most beautiful courts of the Alhambra, and is still called the Hall of the Abencerrages.

Washington Irving in Tales of the Alhambra (1832) disagrees, saying the massacre was a fiction, but that a number of Abencerrages were killed in one of the battles at the time.  Nonetheless, many poems and plays, the novella The Abencerraje and two operas (Les Abencérages, by Luigi Cherubini, and L'esule di Granata, by Giacomo Meyerbeer) mention the legend.

Notes

External links 

The Abencerrages–Part 17 of Washington Irving's Tales of the Alhambra

Nasrid dynasty
Abercarn

Abercarn is a town and community in Caerphilly county borough, Wales. It is 10 miles (16 km) northwest of Newport on the A467 between Cwmcarn and Newbridge, within the historic boundaries of Monmouthshire.

History
An estate at Abercarn was owned by the ironmaster Richard Crawshay; in 1808, it passed to his son-in-law, the industrialist and politician Benjamin Hall.

The district was traditionally associated with the coal mining collieries, ironworks and tinplate works of the South Wales coalfield and South Wales Valleys, although all have now closed; the town, which lies in the middle portion of the Ebbw valley, being situated on the south-eastern flank of the once great mining region of Glamorgan and Monmouthshire.

On 11 September 1878, an underground explosion at the Prince of Wales Colliery killed 268 coal miners.

Local government
The area was part of the ancient Monmouthshire parish of Mynyddislwyn until the late 19th century. In 1892 a local board of health and local government district of Abercarn was formed. This became Abercarn urban district in 1894, governed by an urban district council of twelve members. Under the Local Government Act 1972 the urban district was abolished in 1974, becoming part of the borough of Islwyn, Gwent. Further local government organisation in 1996 placed the area in the county borough of Caerphilly. The former urban district corresponds to the three communities of Abercarn, Crumlin and Newbridge.

Sport
Abercarn is home to Abercarn Rugby Club which is a member of the Welsh Rugby Union, and to Abercarn United Football Club which plays in division one of the Gwent County League.

Transport

Bus 
The town is served by Stagecoach South Wales services including:

 X15 (from Newport to Brynmawr)
 151 gold (from Newport to Blackwood Interchange)

Rail 
The town is lies between Newbridge railway station and Crosskeys railway station, with the latter is slightly the closer of the two. Both are approximately a four-minute drive or thirty minute walk away. The town was formerly served by Abercarn railway station, which closed to passengers in April 1962.

Military 
Following the formation of the Territorial Force in 1908, the Abercarn Territorial Cadet Company was formed within the wider Army Cadet Force.  Following its formation the company was assigned to the 2nd Battalion, Monmouthshire Regiment.  In 1912 the company was affiliated with the new formed 1st Cadet Battalion, The Monmouthshire Regiment.

Notable people
The surgeon Sir Clement Price Thomas (1893–1973) was born in Abercarn. He was famous for his 1951 operation on King George VI.

Education

Abercarn Primary School 
 Ysgol Gymraeg Cwm Gwyddon (Welsh Medium Education School)

References

Towns in Caerphilly County Borough
Local Government Districts created by the Local Government Act 1858
Communities in Caerphilly County Borough
Aberration

An aberration is something that deviates from the normal way.

Aberration may also refer to:

Biology and medicine 
Form (zoology) or aberration, a rare mutant butterfly or moth wing pattern
Cardiac aberrancy, aberration in the shape of the EKG signal
Chromosome aberration, abnormal number or structure of chromosomes

Entertainment
Aberration, a DLC for the video game Ark: Survival Evolved
Aberration (film), a 1997 horror film
Aberration (EP), by Neurosis, 1989
Aberrations, or abbies, human-like creatures in the American TV series Wayward Pines

Optics and physics
Astronomical aberration, phenomenon wherein objects appear to move about their true positions in the sky
Chromatic aberration, failure of a lens to focus all colors on the same point
Defocus aberration, in which an image is out of focus
Optical aberration, an imperfection in image formation by an optical system
Relativistic aberration, the distortion of light at high velocities
Spherical aberration, which occurs when light rays pass through a spherical lens near the edge

See also
Aberrant, a superhero role-playing game by White Wolf Game Studio
Aberrancy (geometry), the non-circularity of a curve
Abomination (Bible), a term used in Bible
Freak (disambiguation)
Arthur William à Beckett

Arthur William à Beckett (25 October 1844 – 14 January 1909) was an English journalist and intellectual.

Biography
He was a younger son of Gilbert Abbott à Beckett and Mary Anne à Beckett, brother of Gilbert Arthur à Beckett and educated at Felsted School. Besides fulfilling other journalistic engagements, Beckett was on the staff of Punch from 1874 to 1902, edited the Sunday Times 1891–1895, and the Naval and Military Magazine in 1896.

He gave an account of his father and his own reminiscences in  The à Becketts of Punch (1903). A childhood friend (and distant relative) of W. S. Gilbert, Beckett briefly feuded with Gilbert in 1869, but the two patched up the friendship, and Gilbert even later collaborated on projects with Beckett's brother.

He was married to Suzanne Frances Winslow, daughter of the noted psychiatrist Forbes Benignus Winslow. He is buried in the churchyard at St Mary Magdalen, Mortlake.

Works
He published:
 Comic Guide to the Royal Academy, with his brother Gilbert (1863–64)
 Fallen Amongst Thieves (1869)
 Our Holiday in the Highlands (1874)
 The Shadow Witness and The Doom of Saint Quirec, with Francis Burnand (1875–76)
 The Ghost of Greystone Grange (1877)
 The Mystery of Mostyn Manor (1878)
 Traded Out; Hard Luck; Stone Broke; Papers from Pump Handle Court, by a Briefless Barrister (1884)
 Modern Arabian Nights (1885)
 The Member for Wrottenborough (1895)
 Greenroom Recollections (1896)
 The Modern Adam (1899)
 London at the End of the Century (1900)
With F. C. Burnand he co-authored:
 The Doom of St. Querec (1875)
 The Shadow Witness (1876)

He wrote for the theatre two three-act comedies:
L.S.D. (Royalty Theatre, 1872);
About Town (Court Theatre, 1873, it ran for over 150 nights);
and
On Strike (Court Theatre, 1873, a domestic drama in one act) ;
Faded Flowers (The Haymarket);
Long Ago (Royalty Theatre, 1882);
From Father to Son (Liverpool, 1881, a dramatised version of his novel Fallen among Thieves written in 3 acts in cooperation with J. Palgrave Simpson).

Notes

References

External links 

 
 
 

 
 

1844 births
1909 deaths
English male journalists
English humorists
Burials at St Mary Magdalen Roman Catholic Church Mortlake
Arthur J. Stone

Arthur J. Stone (1847–1938), a leading American silversmith, was born, trained and worked in Sheffield, England, and Edinburgh, Scotland, before travelling to the United States in 1884. He was one of the last silversmiths in America to train apprentices to carry out designs in hand-wrought silver. In 1901, Stone set up a workshop in Gardner, Massachusetts which operated under his name until its sale in 1937 to Henry Heywood. Heywood was a Gardner businessman, who renamed it The Stone Silver Shop, and later, Stone Associates. Heywood died in 1945. His sons Henry, Jr. and Jerome ran Stone Associates until 1957.

One of the silversmiths in Arthur Stone's shop was George Porter Blanchard, father of silversmith Porter Blanchard.

References

External links

Work examples and makers' marks
Samples of his work
Samples of his work
Article on Stone silver
Notes on his career and a picture of him at work

1847 births
1938 deaths
Artists from Sheffield
American silversmiths
British emigrants to the United States
Au file format

The Au file format is a simple audio file format introduced by Sun Microsystems. The format was common on NeXT systems and on early Web pages. Originally it was headerless, being simply 8-bit μ-law-encoded data at an 8000 Hz sample rate. Hardware from other vendors often used sample rates as high as 8192 Hz, often integer multiples of video clock signal frequencies. Newer files have a header that consists of six unsigned 32-bit words, an optional information chunk which is always of non-zero size, and then the data (in big-endian format).

Although the format now supports many audio encoding formats, it remains associated with the μ-law logarithmic encoding. This encoding was native to the SPARCstation 1 hardware, where SunOS exposed the encoding to application programs through the /dev/audio device file interface. This encoding and interface became a de facto standard for Unix sound.

New format
All fields are stored in big-endian format, including the sample data.

The type of encoding depends on the value of the "encoding" field (word 3 of the header). Formats 2 through 7 are uncompressed linear PCM, therefore technically lossless (although not necessarily free of quantization error, especially in 8-bit form). Formats 1 and 27 are μ-law and A-law, respectively, both companding logarithmic representations of PCM, and arguably lossy as they pack what would otherwise be almost 16 bits of dynamic range into 8 bits of encoded data, even though this is achieved by an altered dynamic response and no data is actually "thrown away". Formats 23 through 26 are ADPCM, which is an early form of lossy compression, usually but not always with 4 bits of encoded data per audio sample (for 4:1 efficiency with 16-bit input, or 2:1 with 8-bit; equivalent to e.g. encoding CD quality MP3 at a 352kbit rate using a low quality encoder). Several of the others (number 8 through 22) are DSP commands or data, designed to be processed by the NeXT Music Kit software.

Note: PCM formats are encoded as signed data (as opposed to unsigned).

The current format supports only a single audio data segment per file. The variable-length annotation field is currently ignored by most audio applications.

References

External links 
Oracle man pages: audio(7i) - generic audio device interface (for information on the /dev/audio interface)

Computer file formats
Digital container formats
Audio codecs
Abhorrers

Abhorrers, the name given in 1679 to the persons who expressed their abhorrence at the action of those who had signed petitions urging King Charles II of England to assemble Parliament.

Feeling against Catholics, and especially against James, Duke of York, was running strongly; the Exclusion Bill had been passed by the House of Commons, and the popularity of James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, was very great.

To prevent this bill from passing into law, Charles had dissolved the parliament in July 1679, and in the following October had prorogued its successor, which became known as the Exclusion Bill Parliament, without allowing it to meet.  He was then deluged with petitions urging him to call it together. This agitation was opposed by Sir George Jeffreys and Francis Wythens, who presented addresses expressing abhorrence of the Petitioners, and thus initiated the movement of the abhorrers, who supported the action of the king. "The frolic went all over England," says Roger North; and the addresses of the Abhorrers which reached the king from all parts of the country formed a counterblast to those of the Petitioners. It is said that the terms Whig and Tory were first applied to English political parties as consequence of this dispute.

References

1679 in England
Stuart England
Political history of England
Abila

Abila, also spelled Abyla, may refer to:

Places
 Abila in the Decapolis, ancient city in the Levant
 Abila Lysaniou, capital of ancient Abilene, northwest of present-day Damascus, Syria
 Abila (Peraea), archaeological site in Jordan
 Abila, Latin name of Ávila, Spain
 Abyla, Roman colony in the province of Mauretania Tingitana
 Mount Abila, mountain in Ceuta, autonomous city of Spain, in Africa

Other
 Abila (grasshopper), a genus of grasshoppers

See also
 Abela, a surname
 Abilene (biblical)
Antianginal

An antianginal is a drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris, a symptom of ischaemic heart disease.

Examples
Drugs used are nitrates, beta blockers, or calcium channel blockers.

Nitrates

Nitrates cause vasodilation of the venous capacitance vessels by stimulating the endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). Used to relieve both exertional and vasospastic angina by allowing venous pooling, reducing the pressure in the ventricles and so reducing wall tension and oxygen requirements in, the heart. Short-acting nitrates are used to abort angina attacks that have occurred, while longer-acting nitrates are used in the prophylactic management of the condition.

Agents include glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), pentaerythritol tetranitrate, isosorbide dinitrate and isosorbide mononitrate.

Beta blockers
Beta blockers are used in the prophylaxis of exertional angina by reducing the myocardial oxygen demand below the level that would provoke an angina attack.

They are contraindicated in variant angina and can precipitate heart failure. They are also contraindicated in severe asthmatics due to bronchoconstriction, and should be used cautiously in diabetics as they can mask symptoms of hypoglycemia.

Agents include either cardioselectives such as acebutolol or metoprolol, or non-cardioselectives such as oxprenolol or sotalol.

Calcium channel blockers
Calcium ion (Ca++) antagonists (Calcium channel blockers) are used in the treatment of chronic stable angina, and most effectively in the treatment of variant angina (directly preventing coronary artery vasospasm). They are not used in the treatment of unstable angina .

In vitro, they dilate the coronary and peripheral arteries and have negative inotropic and chronotropic effects - decreasing afterload, improving myocardial efficiency, reducing heart rate and improving coronary blood flow.
In vivo, the vasodilation and hypotension trigger the baroreceptor reflex. Therefore, the net effect is the interplay of direct and reflex actions.

 Class I agents have the most potent negative inotropic effect and may cause heart failure.
 Class II agents do not depress conduction or contractility.
 Class III agent has negligible inotropic effect and causes almost no reflex tachycardia.

Examples include Class I agents (e.g., verapamil), Class II agents (e.g., amlodipine, nifedipine), or the Class III agent diltiazem.

Nifedipine is more a potent vasodilator and more effective in angina. It is in the class of dihydropyridines and does not affect refractory period on SA node conduction.

References