alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Becker (TV series)

Becker was a 1998 American television series. It was a sitcom on the CBS network. It starred Ted Danson as Dr. John Becker, a very grumpy family doctor who is unhappy with his life in The Bronx, New York. Becker became famous for his witty responses and constant negative outlook on all situations. The show aired on Wednesdays, and was cancelled in January 2004.

Characters 

For the first four seasons, the main characters were:

 John Becker – Ted Danson

Becker, a Harvard Medical School graduate, runs a neighborhood medical practice. He is easily annoyed by things, and is a very angry person. He has been married and divorced twice.

 Margaret Wyborn – Hattie Winston

Becker's office manager, and one of the few people who can not get annoyed by Becker and his ways. Margaret is a motherly-like figure to Becker and Linda. She is married.

 Linda – Shawnee Smith

A muddle-headed girl whose surname is never revealed. She works at the doctor's office to establish independence from her wealthy parents.

 Regina "Reggie" Kostas – Terry Farrell

The owner and worker of a diner she inherited from her late father. Reggie is a former model and is unhappy being stuck running a diner.

 Jake Malinak – Alex Désert

Becker's best friend. Jake also works at the diner selling newspapers and miscellaneous items such as candy, magazines, cigarettes, gum, etc. Jake is blind following a car accident several years before.

 Bob – Saverio Guerra

Bob loiters at the diner and is Italian. He is an old high school classmate of Reggie's who is short, annoying, and refers to himself in the third person.

American sitcoms
1998 American television series debuts
CBS network shows
2004 American television series endings
English-language television programs
Ted Danson

Edward Bridge "Ted" Danson III (born December 29, 1947) is an American actor and producer. Danson was born in San Diego, California and raised in Flagstaff, Arizona. He is best known from his work on television. His roles include:

 Dr. John Becker in Becker
 Sam Malone in Cheers
 Jack Holden in Three Men and a Baby and Three Men and a Little Lady
 D.B. Russell in CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
 Michael in The Good Place

Ted Danson was nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series in 2018, 2019 and 2020 for playing Michael on The Good Place. The Good Place won a Peabody Award in 2019.

Other websites

References

1947 births
Living people
Actors from Arizona
Actors from San Diego, California
American movie actors
American movie producers
American television actors
American television producers
American voice actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
People from Flagstaff, Arizona
Digital camera

A digital camera is a camera that stores pictures in electronic memory instead of film. Because of this, a digital camera can hold many more pictures than a traditional film camera. A digital camera can sometimes hold hundreds or thousands of pictures. Many use a memory card to store them. Most digital cameras can use a USB cable that connects into a computer to send pictures that are in the camera to the computer.

Digital photography is a kind of photography where a digital camera is used to take photos. Digital cameras use an image sensor instead of photographic film. Very often, they also use a memory card to store the photos in a digital format. Most photography is digital, though some photographers still use the old film cameras. 

The majority of cameras are part of a mobile phone, called a "camera phone". They can send their pictures to other phones and other devices. Most camera phones do not make as good pictures as larger separate cameras do, especially where light is not bright.

Most digital cameras can serve as Video cameras. Some have a direct link to another computer where the data may be stored.

Data storage 
When you take a picture or a video, it is saved on a memory device. The memory device can be internal - flash memory inside the camera, or external - memory cards, microdrives and so on. The most used method for saving pictures and videos from a camera is a SD card.

The picture can be saved in a compressed file (JPEG, TIFF) or in an uncompressed, proprietary RAW file.  The compressed picture is lower quality but the RAW picture has to be processed with a special computer program.

A video is usually saved as an AVI, MPEG or MOV file format (it depends on the producer of the camera).

Most modern cameras also put Exif information in the picture file. This metadata information usually includes the date of taking the picture, the camera type, and its settings. Some cameras include GPS coordinates.

Gallery

Other websites 

Cameras
Electronics
Data input
Cheers

Cheers is a long-running American sitcom made by Charles-Burrows-Charles Productions in association with Paramount Television for NBC. The show premiered on September 30, 1982 and had its widely watched series finale on May 20, 1993, followed by a long and ongoing run in syndication. In eleven seasons, there were 270 episodes.

Format: Sitcom
Run time: approx. 0:30 (per episode)
Creators: James Burrows, Glen Charles, and Les Charles
Producers: David Angell

Characters and actors who portrayed them 

Sam Malone (Ted Danson)
Diane Chambers (Shelley Long)
Rebecca Howe (Kirstie Alley)
Coach Ernie Pantusso (Nicholas Colasanto)
Carla Tortelli (Rhea Perlman)
Cliff Calvin (John Ratzenberger)
Woody Boyd (Woody Harrelson)
Frasier Crane (Kelsey Grammer)
Lilith Sternin (Bebe Neuwirth)
Norm Peterson (George Wendt)

Setting

Cheers was set in a Boston bar.  This bar was where a group of friends would come to sit, drink alcohol, complain, and make practical jokes on a rival bar in town.

The show's main theme in its early seasons was the romance between Diane Chambers (Shelley Long) and ex-baseball pitcher and bar owner Sam Malone (Ted Danson). Long's departure from the show in 1987 shifted the emphasis to Sam's relationship with a new character, Rebecca Howe (Kirstie Alley). Diane returned for the finale.

The show also created the character Frasier Crane. Frasier got his own show (Frasier) the season after Cheers ended.  Frasier's love interest Lilith Sternin appeared on both shows but Frasier and Lilith were no longer married in Frasier.

The producers, not wanting the show to be construed as promoting drinking, had Sam's character written as an ex-alcoholic. Most of the early episodes took place entirely within the confines of the bar. When the series became popular, some scenes were outside the bar.

The outer shots of the bar were actually the Bull and Finch pub, north of Boston Common, which has become a tourist attraction because of its association with the series. It is said to be the bar that the series creators saw and wanted to model the bar in their show after. It has now been renamed Cheers on Beacon Hill, though its interior is quite different from the TV bar.

Ratings 
It was nearly cancelled during its first season (in which it ranked dead last among 63 shows).  But it eventually became one of the most popular shows on TV because it had a top-ten rating during seven of its eleven seasons. The show earned 26 Emmy Awards out of a total of 111 nominations.

Other websites 

1982 television series debuts
1993 American television series endings
1980s American sitcoms
1990s American sitcoms
Boston in fiction
NBC network shows
Television series set in Massachusetts
Emmy Award winning programs
English-language television programs
Jackie Chan Adventures

Jackie Chan Adventures is an animated television series. Episodes were first broadcast on the WB television network, and later syndicated on other networks such as the Cartoon Network.  It features fictionalized Jackie Chan and his niece Jade on their adventures trying to stop evil.

Animated television series
Kids WB series
English-language television programs
2000 television series debuts
2005 television series endings
Stapler

A stapler is an office tool that is used to place thin items such as paper together. It uses a small piece of wire (a staple) to put them together. The ends of the staple are pointed and go into the paper. There is also a chain of stores called Staples, which sell office supplies.

When you press the stapler down, it will release a staple. The staple is pressed into the paper, and then bent. That way the pieces of paper get stuck together. 

Tools
Pixar

Pixar Animation Studios, or simply Pixar, is an American computer animation studio. It is known for its advanced CGI productions. It has been a partner of Disney for many years. In 2006, Disney bought the company.

Pixar started as a division of George Lucas' Lucasfilm in early 1979. In 1986, Apple Inc. founder Steve Jobs bought it for $10 million. He worked as a chairman and CEO until 2011.

The company has made a total of 28 movies and short films based on the characters, starting with Toy Story which was released on November 22, 1995, Toy Story 2 was premiered in 1999 and Toy Story 3 was made in 2010. The fourth film of the franchise is Toy Story 4 which released in 2019. The Toy Story franchise has globally become the highest-grossing animated films of all time and has also released several short films and several television series.

Movies

Released

Upcoming

Short movies 

 Adventures of André & Wally B.
 Luxo Jr.
 Red's Dream
 Tin Toy
 Knick-Knack
 Geri's Game
 For the Birds
 Mike's New Car
 Boundin'''
 Jack-Jack Attack One Man Band Lifted Mater and the Ghostlight Your Friend, the Rat Presto BURN-E Partly Cloudy Dug's Special Mission George & A.J. Day & Night La Luna The Legend of Mor'du The Blue Umbrella Party Central Lava Sanjay's Super Team Riley's First Date? PiperLou Bao 22 vs Earth Ciao AlbertoCars Toons

 Rescue Squad Mater Mater The Greater El Materdor Tokyo Mater
 Unidentified Flying Mater Monsters Truck Mater
 Heavy Metal Mater
 Moon Mater
 Mater Private Eye
 Air Mater
 Time Travel Mater

Toy Story Toons

 Hawaiian Vacation Small Fry Partysaurus Rex''

References

Other websites 
 The Official Site
Fibonacci

Fibonacci, also known as Leonardo Bonacci, Leonardo Fibonacci and Leonardo of Pisa, lived c. 11701250. He was an Italian mathematician. He was thought "the most talented Western mathematician of the Middle Ages".

Fibonacci popularized the Hindu–Arabic numeral system to the Western World. He did this in his composition in 1202 of Liber Abaci (Book of Calculation). He also introduced to Europe the sequence of Fibonacci numbers which he used as an example in Liber Abaci.

Fibonacci number sequence 

Fibonacci is best known for the list of numbers called the Fibonacci Sequence. The list never stops, but it starts this way:
 1,  1,  2,  3,  5,  8,  13,  21,  34,  55,  89, 144,  233,  
 377,  610,  987,  1597,  2584...

In this list, a person can find the next number by adding the last two numbers together.
 1 + 1 = 2
     1 + 2 = 3
         2 + 3 = 5
             3 + 5 = 8
                 5 + 8 = 13
                     8 + 13 = 21
                         13 + 21 = 34
                              21 + 34 = 55
                                   34 + 55 = 89
                                        55 + 89 = 144
                                             89 + 144 = 233
                                                  144 + 233 = 377
                                                        233 + 377 = 610
                                                              377 + 610 = 987
                                                                    610 + 987 = 1597
                                                                          987 + 1597 = 2584
                                                                          etc...

This series is also interesting because the ratio of two adjacent numbers in the series approaches the golden ratio.

References 

1170s births
1250 deaths
Italian mathematicians
People from Pisa
Richard Stallman

Richard Stallman (born March 16, 1953) is the founder of the free software movement, the GNU project, and the Free Software Foundation. He is also a famous hacker. He created GNU Emacs, the GNU C Compiler, and the GNU Debugger. He is one of the main authors of the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or GPL), the most used free software license, which pioneered the concept of the copyleft.

Since the mid-1990s, he has spent most of his time as a political campaigner, talking about free software and campaigning against proprietary software, software idea patents and expansions of copyright law. The time that he still spends on programming is spent on GNU Emacs. He is currently supported by various fellowships and maintains a modest standard of living.

Other websites 
 Stallman.org – Richard Stallman's personal homepage
 Richard Stallman's blog
 

1953 births
Living people
American computer scientists
Scientists from New York City
American bloggers
National Hockey League

The National Hockey League or NHL, is the highest-level ice hockey league in the world. It has 32 teams - seven are from Canada and the other 25 are from the United States. The winner of the playoffs each year wins the Stanley Cup.

The NHL began in 1917. Some of the owners in the National Hockey Association had problems with owner Edward Livingstone, so they got rid of him by creating a new league. There were five teams in 1917:

 Montreal Canadiens
 Montreal Wanderers
 Ottawa Senators (later St. Louis Eagles; not related to the current Ottawa Senators)
 Quebec Bulldogs (later Hamilton Tigers)
 Toronto Arenas (later St. Patricks, then Maple Leafs)

They played 22 games a year. The Wanderers had to stop playing in the first year because their arena burned down. Over the years some teams died out, and others were created: the Boston Bruins, New York Americans, Montreal Maroons, Pittsburgh Pirates (later Philadelphia Quakers), New York Rangers, Chicago Black Hawks and Detroit Cougars (later Falcons, then Red Wings).

Some teams folded during the Great Depression, so by 1942 there were only six teams:

 Boston Bruins
 Chicago Blackhawks
 Detroit Red Wings
 Montreal Canadiens
 New York Rangers
 Toronto Maple Leafs

There were only these six teams for 25 years, so they became known as the "Original Six".

By the 1940s, they were playing 50 games a year, but this increased slowly to 80 games by the 1970s. In 1967, the league increased to 12 teams. By 1979 it had 21 teams, and today it has 32. Some of the teams that no longer exist are the Oakland Seals, Minnesota North Stars (now the Dallas Stars), Winnipeg Jets (now the Arizona Coyotes), Kansas City Scouts (which became the Colorado Rockies and are now the New Jersey Devils), Hartford Whalers (now the Carolina Hurricanes), Quebec Nordiques (now the Colorado Avalanche) and Atlanta Thrashers (now the current Winnipeg Jets).

Today they play 82 games a year, plus four rounds of playoffs. The players make a lot of money (many make over a million dollars a year). Because they could make so much money, many Europeans came over to North America to play in the NHL. Today almost all the world's best hockey players are in the NHL.

List of teams

Notes

 An asterisk (*) denotes a franchise move. See the respective team articles for more information.
 The Edmonton Oilers, Hartford Whalers (now Carolina Hurricanes), Quebec Nordiques (now Colorado Avalanche), and original Winnipeg Jets (now Arizona Coyotes) all joined the NHL in 1979 as part of the NHL–WHA merger.

Related pages
 History of the National Hockey League

References

Notes

Other websites 
 Official NHL website

National Hockey League
1917 establishments in North America
Isaac Asimov

Isaac Asimov ( – April 6, 1992) was a  writer of science fiction. He was also a biochemist with a PhD from Columbia University.

Life 
Asimov was born in Petrovichi, Smolensk Oblast, Russian SFSR to a Jewish family, on an unknown date between October 4, 1919 and January 2, 1920. Asimov celebrated his birthday on January 2. He was taken to the United States when he was three, and learned English and Yiddish as his native languages. He wrote many books. People know about Isaac Asimov because of his science fiction books and his science books for non-scientists.

Writing 
Asimov's most famous books were the Foundation series. He also wrote the Galactic Empire, the Robot Series, mystery, fantasy, and non-fiction books. He wrote the Norby series with his wife, Janet Asimov. He wrote or edited over 500 books and about 90,000 letters. Other subjects he wrote about were history, the Bible, literature, and sexuality.

Many of Asimov's early writings were short stories published in cheap science fiction and fantasy magazines. Years later, most of them were collected and republished as collections. Well-known collections include I, Robot, The Rest of the Robots, Earth is Room Enough and The Early Asimov.

Asimov's reading list 
Asimov made a list of 15 of his science fiction books, which he advised should be read in this order:
 I, Robot (1950). Alternatively, The Complete Robot (1982).
 Caves of Steel (1954).
 The Naked Sun (1957).
 The Robots of Dawn (1983).
 Robots and Empire (1985).
 The Currents of Space (1952).
 The Stars, Like Dust (1951).
 Pebble in the Sky (1950).
 Prelude to Foundation (1988).
 Forward the Foundation (1993).
 Foundation (1951).
 Foundation and Empire (1952).
 Second Foundation (1953).
 Foundation's Edge (1982).
 Foundation and Earth (1986).

Numbers 1–5 are 'Robot' books; 6–8 are 'Galacticos Empire' books; 9–15 are Foundation series books.

Asimov's novels have influenced science fiction on television and movie. Especially his 'Three Laws of Robotics' is a lasting contribution to our thinking.

 A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
 A robot must obey any orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
 A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.

Beliefs 
Although ethnically a Jew, Asimov was an atheist:
"I am an atheist, out and out. It took me quite a long time to say it. I've been an atheist for years and years, but somehow ... it was better to say one was a humanist or an agnostic".

Death 
When he had heart surgery in 1983, he received blood infected with HIV. He developed AIDS, and died of the effects of the medical condition in 1992. His widow did not speak of this until years later.

Related pages 
 Arthur C. Clarke

Notes

References 

1919 births
1920 births
1992 deaths
American atheists
American biochemists
Columbia University alumni
Deaths from AIDS
Jewish American writers
Writers from New York City
Scientists from New York (state)
1936



Births 
January 2 – Roger Miller, American singer (d. 1992)
January 28 – Alan Alda, American actor
March 9 – Mickey Gilley, American singer, Nightclub owner
March 26 - Giora Feidman, Israeli clarinetist
May 7 – Tony O'Reilly, Irish billionaire
May 16 - Edmond Classen, Dutch actor (d. 2014)
May 17 – Dennis Hopper, American actor (d. 2010)
June 2 – Sally Kellerman, American actress
July 10 - Lois Lilienstein, Canadian singer and musician (Sharon, Lois & Bram) (d. 2015)
December 22 – Wojciech Frykowski, Polish actor (d. 1969)
September 21 – Yury Luzhkov, Mayor of Moscow
October 10 – Gerhard Ertl, German physicist, Nobel prize winner (chemistry)

Deaths 
January 16 - Albert Fish (executed by electrocution)
January 18 – Rudyard Kipling, British writer
March 9 – Sri Yukteswar Giri, Indian guru.

Events 
January 15 – The first building to be completely covered in glass is completed in Toledo, Ohio, for the Owens-Illinois Glass Company.
January 16 – Serial killer Albert Fish executed in Sing Sing
January 20 – Death of George V of the United Kingdom. His son Edward VIII succeedes him as King of the United Kingdom, King of Ireland and Emperor of India.
January 24 – Albert Serraut's government begins in France.
January 31 – The Green Hornet radio show debuts.
February 4 – Radium E. becomes the first radioactive element to be made synthetically.
February 6 – The 1936 Winter Olympic Games opens in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
February 10-15 – Italian troops defeat Abyssinian army in Enderta
From February 14, 1936, to March 1, 1945, AG Weser launched a total of 162 U-boats.
February 19 – Manuel Aznar's government begins in Spain
February 26 – 1400 Japanese soldiers invade government offices in Tokyo. They demand arrest of general Kazushige Ugaki and that general Sadao Araki made head of the Kwantung Army and death of the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal, the minister of Finance and Inspector General of Military Education
February 29 – Emperor Hirohito orders Japanese army to arrest 123 conspirators in Tokyo government offices – 19 of them are executed in July.
December 11 – King Edward VIII gives up his throne to marry the woman he loves.
Summer-The central and southern United States are hit by a major heat wave.

Movies released 
After the Thin Man

Hit songs
 "The Way You Look Tonight" – by Dorothy Fields and Jerome Kern, from the movie Swing Time, won the Academy Award for the best song.

Nobel Prizes
 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Henry Hallett Dale, and Otto Loewi.
1962

1962 (MCMLXII) was .

Events 
 March 16 – Walter Cronkite becomes lead anchor on the CBS Evening News.
 June 11-12 – Three prisoners escape from Alcatraz.
 August 6 – Jamaica becomes separate from the United Kingdom.
 August 16 – The Beatles fire drummer Pete Best and replace him with Ringo Starr.
 October 16 – The Cuban Missile Crisis begins.
 Johnny Carson becomes host of The Tonight Show.

Births 
 January 7 – Abigail Johnson, American businesswoman
 January 17 – Jim Carrey, Canadian actor and comedian
 February 6 – Axl Rose, American singer (Guns N' Roses)
 February 7 – Eddie Izzard, British actor and comedian
 February 10 – Cliff Burton, American bassist and songwriter (d. 1986)
 February 11 – Sheryl Crow, American singer
 February 22 – Steve Irwin, Australian animal expert and television personality (The Crocodile Hunter) (d. 2006)
 February 27 – Adam Baldwin, American actor
 March 2 – Jon Bon Jovi, American singer, songwriter, and actor
 March 4 – Lolo Ferrari, French actress (d. 2000)
 March 7 – Taylor Dayne, American singer
 March 21 – Rosie O'Donnell, American comedian, actress and talk show host
 March 25 – Marcia Cross, American actress
 April 23 – Hillel Slovak, American musician (Red Hot Chili Peppers) (d. 1988)
 May 17 – Alan Johnston, British journalist
 May 18 – Nanne Grönvall, Swedish singer
 June 3 – Susannah Constantine, English television presenter
 June 8 - Nick Rhodes, English keyboardist (Duran Duran)
 June 10 – Maxi Priest, English singer
 June 11 – Jack Irons, American musician (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
 June 19 – Paula Abdul, dancer and singer; American Idol judge
 July 3 – Tom Cruise, American actor
 July 31 – Wesley Snipes, American actor
 August 20 – James Marsters, American actor
 August 30 – Alexander Litvinenko, British citizen and ex-KGB (d. 2006)
 September 17 – Baz Luhrmann, Australian movie director
 October 2 – Jeff Bennett, American actor
 October 16 – Flea, American musician (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
 October 17 – Mike Judge, American animator and producer
 October 19 – Evander Holyfield, American boxer
 November 1 – Anthony Kiedis, American singer (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
 November 11 – Demi Moore, American actress
 November 19 – Jodie Foster, American actress and director
 December 9 – Felicity Huffman, American actress
 December 22 
 Andres Cantor, Argentine/American sportscaster
 Ralph Fiennes, English actor

Deaths

January

February

March

April 
 April 10 – Stuart Sutcliffe, English musician (The Beatles) (b. 1940)

May

June

July 
 July 11 – Polly Adler, Russian writer (b. 1900)

August 
 August 5 – Marilyn Monroe, American actress (b. 1926)
 August 9 – Hermann Hesse, German writer (b. 1877)

September

October

November 
 November 7- Eleanor Roosevelt, First Lady of the United States, wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt (b. 1884)
 November 18 – Niels Bohr, Danish physicist (b. 1885)

December
1937



Events 
 American Ballet Theatre founded
 January 1 – Anastasio Somoza becomes President of Nicaragua
 January 11 – The first issue of Look magazine goes on sale in the United States.
 January 19 – Howard Hughes sets a new air record by flying from Los Angeles to New York City in 7 hours, 28 minutes and 25 seconds.
 January 23 – In Moscow, 17 leading Communists go on trial accused of participating in a plot led by Leon Trotsky to overthrow Joseph Stalin's regime and assassinate its leaders.
 January 31 – Ohio River floods
 January 31 – 31 people executed in the Soviet Union for "Trotskyism"
 March 18 – 300 students and teachers die after an exploson is a caused by a gas leak at the New London school in Texas.
 May 7 – the German zeppelin (airship) LZ 129 Hindenburg catches fire, while trying to land in New Jersey.
 October - Dominican Republic dictator Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina orders the execution of the Haitian population living within its borderlands with Haiti, resulting in the Parsley Massacre.

Births 
January 8 - Shirley Bassey, Welsh singer
January 30 - Vanessa Redgrave, English actress
February 21 - King Harald V of Norway
March 20 – Jerry Reed, American musician (d. 2008)
April 6 – Billy Dee Williams, American actor
April 28 - Saddam Hussein, Iraqi leader (d. 2006)
July 18 – Hunter S. Thompson, American writer and journalist (d. 2005)
December 21 – Jane Fonda, American actress
December 30 - Gordon Banks, English footballer
December 31 - Anthony Hopkins, Welsh actor

Hit songs
 "Sweet Leilani" – by Harry Owens, from the movie Waikiki Wedding, won the Academy Award for the best song.
Bedfordshire

Bedfordshire is a county of England. Its county town is Bedford. It borders Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire, Buckinghamshire (with the Borough of Milton Keynes) and Hertfordshire. The highest elevation point is 243 m (797 ft) on Dunstable Downs in the Chilterns. The county motto is "Constant Be", which is taken from the hymn To Be A Pilgrim by John Bunyan.

SSSIs 
There are forty Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) in Bedfordshire, designated by Natural England. Thirty-five are listed for their biological interest, and five for their geological interest.

Three of the sites are also National nature reserves, twelve are in the Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and eleven are managed wholly or partly by the Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire.

References

 
Ceremonial counties of England
The Ugly Duckling

"The Ugly Duckling" () is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen. Andersen lavished great care on this story, spending a year perfecting it. It was first published in 1844 with "The Angel", "The Sweethearts", and "The Nightingale" in New Fairy Tales. The critics liked these stories. Andersen considered the story "a reflection of my own life." The moral of the tale: "it does not matter if you were born in a duck yard if you have lain in a swan's egg." The tale has been adapted to various media such as animated movies.

Story 
A mother duck hatches six pretty little ducklings. A seventh bird is hatched. He is homely. The other ducks abuse him. He runs away. He is given a home by an old woman. Her cat and hen do not like him. He runs away again. Winter comes and a kind farmer gives him a home. The little bird almost dies. Spring comes. The "ugly duckling" has grown into a beautiful swan. The other swans welcome him as their own. They bow to him. He is happy for the first time in his life.

Notes

References
 Wullschlager, Jackie. 2000. Hans Christian Andersen. Knopf.

Fairy tales
Works by Hans Christian Andersen
General relativity

General relativity is a theory of space and time. The theory was published by Albert Einstein in 1915. 

The central idea of general relativity is that space and time are two aspects of spacetime. In general relativity, gravity has no such force as Newton put forward. According to Einstein it is a curvature that warps not only space, but also time. (Time dilation)

Idea
A central idea in general relativity is the "principle of equivalence". An example is that two people, one in an elevator on the surface of the Earth, and the other in an elevator in outer space but accelerating upwards at the  will each observe the same behavior of an object they drop from their hands. The object will accelerate to the floor at 9.8 m/s2 in either case.

This makes it it impossible for either to distinguish whether or not they are at rest in a gravitational field.  Other versions of this type of "thought experiment" were used to show that light would curve in an accelerating frame of reference.

The force pulling the Earth towards the Sun is about the same as a second force. This second force is called the centrifugal force. The centrifugal force exists because the Earth moves sideways. This sideways motion makes the distance between the Earth and Sun increase. Since the Earth is being pulled towards the sun and moving away at the same time, it stays at about the same distance. This is also how the Moon orbits the earth. In this second case, Earth is the ball and the Moon is the object. 

The Sun and other objects with mass curve four dimensional spacetime fabric.

Predictions
General relativity has predicted many things which were later seen. These include:
 As light gets closer to the Sun, it bends towards the sun twice as much as classical physics predicts (the system used before general relativity). This was seen in an experiment by Arthur Eddington in 1919. When scientists saw his experiment, they started to take general relativity seriously.
 The perihelion of the planet Mercury rotates along its orbit more than is expected under Newtonian physics. General relativity accounts for the difference between what is seen and what is expected without it.
Redshift from gravity. When light moves away from an object with gravity (moving away from the center of the valley), it is stretched into longer wavelengths. This was confirmed by the Pound-Rebka experiment.
 The Shapiro delay. Light appears to slow down when it passes close to a massive object. This was first seen in the 1960s by space probes headed towards the planet Venus.
 Gravitational waves. They were first observed on 14 September 2015.

Related pages
 Special Theory of Relativity

References

Other websites 

Basic physics ideas
Relativity
Albert Einstein
Rutland

Rutland is the smallest county of England. It is surrounded by the counties of Leicestershire, Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire.

The main towns of Rutland are Oakham and Uppingham.

In the mid-1970s, it was the inspiration for Eric Idle's TV show, Rutland Weekend Television.

 
Ceremonial counties of England
Unitary authorities
Adlai Stevenson I

Adlai Ewing Stevenson (October 23, 1835 – June 14, 1914) was an American politician. He was vice president of the United States under Grover Cleveland, and ran for President and several other political offices, but lost. He was also first assistant Postmaster General and a member of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois, as well. His grandson of the same name also was a notable politician and writer. Another grandson, McLean Stevenson was an actor. His other grandson was Illinois Senator Adlai Stevenson III.

1835 births
1914 deaths
Politicians from Kentucky
United States representatives from Illinois
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
19th-century American politicians
Grover Cleveland
The Carpenters

The Carpenters were an American musical duo. The members were Richard Carpenter and his sister Karen. Starting in 1969, the duo had many popular songs including "We've Only Just Begun", "Close to You", "Sing", "Rainy Days and Mondays", "Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft" and others. They continued until Karen's death in 1983 of bulimia in Downey, California. They sold over 100 million albums.

Albums 
 Offering/Ticket to Ride (1969)
 Close to You (1970)
 Carpenters (1971)
 A Song for You (1972)
 Now & Then (1973)
 Horizon (1975)
 A Kind of Hush (1976)
 Passage (1977)
 Christmas Portrait (1978)
 Made in America (1981)

Posthumous releases 
 Voice of the Heart (1983)
 An Old-Fashioned Christmas (1984)
 Lovelines (1989)
 As Time Goes By (2004)

Other websites
Official site

1969 establishments in the United States
1960s American music groups
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups

American pop music groups
American rock bands
Musical duos
Musical groups disestablished in 1983
Musical groups established in 1969
Musical groups from Los Angeles
People from Downey, California
1983 disestablishments in the United States
1960s establishments in California
1980s disestablishments in California
Jerry Reed

Jerry Reed (March 20, 1937 – September 1, 2008) was an American country music singer and actor.  Best known for his songs "Amos Moses", "When You're Hot You're Hot" and "Eastbound and Down", he also acted in several movies including Smokey and the Bandit and The Waterboy. He was born in Atlanta, Georgia. He died in Nashville, Tennessee due to complications from emphysema.

Related pages
List of country musicians from Georgia (U.S. state)

Other websites 

1937 births
2008 deaths
American movie actors
Country musicians from Georgia (U.S state)
Actors from Atlanta
Singers from Atlanta
Bee Gees

The Bee Gees were a British–Australian pop group. For most of its history, the band consisted of three brothers all of whom were born on the Isle of Man, a British Crown dependency. The  brothers, Barry Gibb (born 1 September 1946), and twins Maurice Gibb (22 December 1949 – 12 January 2003) and Robin Gibb (22 December 1949 – 20 May 2012), started singing at a young age when living in Manchester. In the late 1960s, the band briefly expanded to include Australian born Vince Melouney and Colin Petersen. When the band reformed after splitting in 1969, Australian born Geoff Bridgford briefly became a member. The Bee Gees existed for almost 40 years They are most famous for their album, Saturday Night Fever, the soundtrack for the movie of the same name. They stopped performing after Maurice died. The two other brothers reunited as a duo in 2009. In 2012 Robin died. They had a younger brother, Andy Gibb (1958–1988), who was also a singer.

Group history
The Gibb brothers were born on the Isle of Man, then lived in Manchester, England, before moving to Australia in 1958. It was in Australia that the Bee Gees' band was formed. In January 1967, the Gibb brothers returned to England where their band the Bee Gees started to become internationally famous. In 1967, Colin Petersen and Vince Melouney joined the band but by the end the decade both had left and the brothers themselves had briefly gone their separate ways, only to reform in 1970. Between 1970 and 1972, Geoff Bridgford was a member of the Bee Gees. In 1975, the brothers relocated to the United States.

Other websites
Hear the Bee Gees on the Pop Chronicles

1958 establishments in Australia
1950s music groups
1960s music groups
1970s music groups
1980s music groups
1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Australian pop music groups
Disco groups
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups disestablished in 2012
Musical groups established in 1958
Musical groups from Queensland
Pop music groups
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees
Rock bands
Soul bands
2010s disestablishments in Australia
Warner Bros. Records artists
Improverts

The Improverts are an improvised comedy group based in Edinburgh, Scotland. They are a part of the Edinburgh University Theatre Company. Their home is the Bedlam Theatre. It has been their home since they were created 18 years ago. The group is similar to Who's Line is it Anyway?, Comedy Store Players, and Keith Johnstone in that they use short improvised games. 

They have taken part in the Edinburgh Fringe Festival almost every year since they were formed. Also they have played every Friday night during the school year (as their main audience is Edinburgh University students). 

Because they are always in Bedlam Theatre, the theatre technicians improvise the sounds, music and lights along with the scenes the performers are doing. The sounds can be loud and annoying at times. The technicians show off their very big iTunes library of songs and sound effects. British 80's children's programmes' themes  are a favourite of theirs.

Past players have gone on to many different things. They have created an improv group in London, joined the Stand Players' "Who's Lunch is it anyway" free improv show at Edinburgh's The Stand comedy venue and become successful stand up comedians. Some have starred in British sitcoms, television dramas, movies and popular children's programmes

Other websites 
Official website : - Reviews/extra gig information and a list of past players and crew

Comedy
Scottish entertainers
Organisations based in Edinburgh
1946



Events 
 January 10 – First meeting of the United Nations.
 August 16 - Muslim League began "Direct Action Day" Riot That killed 10,000 people from Kolkata.
 December 19 - The First Indochina War begins.

Date unknown 
 AIESEC starts.

Births 
 January 3 - John Paul Jones, English bass guitarist (Led Zeppelin)
 January 19 – Dolly Parton, American country singer
 January 22 – Malcolm McLaren, music manager
 March 8 - Randy Meisner, American singer-songwriter and musician (Eagles)
 March 12 – Frank Welker, American actor
 May 10- Donovan, Scottish musician
 July 6 – George W. Bush, American politician, 43rd President of the United States
 July 15 - Linda Ronstadt, American singer
 August 1 - Chris Tulloch, English filmmaker
 August 19 – Bill Clinton, American politician 42nd President of the United States
 August 23 - Keith Moon, English drummer (The Who) (d. 1978)
 September 1 – Barry Gibb, Singer/Songwriter (Bee Gees)
 September 5 — Freddie Mercury, British Singer/Songwriter (Queen) (d. 1991; AIDS)
 October 29 - Peter Green, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (Fleetwood Mac) (d. 2020)
 November 4 – Laura Bush, 45th First Lady of the United States
 November 6 - Fred Penner, Canadian children’s musician
 November 24 - Ted Bundy, English serial killer (d. 1989; executed)
 November 26 - Mark L. Lester, American film director
 November 28 - Joe Dante, American film director
 December 16 - Benny Andersson, Swedish pianist (ABBA)
 December 28 – Edgar Winter, Albino pop musician (The Edgar Winter Group)
 December 30 – Patti Smith, American singer and poet

Deaths 
 August 13 – H.G. Wells
 December 25 – WC Fields
Sergio Aragonés

Sergio Aragonés Domenech (; born September 6, 1937) is a popular cartoonist. He was born in Spain and grew up in Mexico. He is most famous for his cartoons for MAD Magazine and the comic book Groo the Wanderer.

References 

Mexican cartoonists
1937 births
Living people
Lisa Bonet

Lisa Bonet (born Lisa Michelle Bonet; November 16, 1967), also known as Lilakoi Moon, is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Denise Huxtable on television series, The Cosby Show and A Different World. She was also married to singer Lenny Kravitz from 1987 to 1993. She is of African American and Ashkenazi Jewish (from Belarus, Moldova, Poland and Russia) descent.

References

Other websites 

1967 births
Living people
American movie actors
Bonet,Lisa
Actors from San Francisco
African American actors
Jewish American actors
Tobacco

Tobacco is a product prepared from the leaves of the tobacco plant by curing them. The plant is part of the genus Nicotiana and of the Solanaceae (nightshade) family. It is used as a drug, mostly by smoking, but also by using snuff or chewing tobacco. People use cigarettes, cigars, and pipe to smoke tobacco. Tobacco contains the chemical nicotine, which causes pleasure as a stimulant drug. It also causes addiction — after people start using nicotine, it is difficult to stop. Tobacco use can cause diseases, such as many types of cancer.

History

Native Americans used tobacco before Europeans arrived in the Americas.  The earliest know use of tobacco comes  from  nicotine residue from a  pipe in the Southeastern United States.  It is Radiocarbon dated  at  1685-1530 BC.  Europeans in the Americas learned to smoke and brought it back to Europe, where it became very popular. At that time tobacco was usually smoked in a pipe.

The Europeans who moved to America started to farm tobacco so that they could sell it in Europe. This became one of the main causes of the African slave trade. In 1610 a European man called John Rolfe arrived in the American state of Virginia and set up a tobacco farm which made him very rich. Rolfe was the first  non-native farmer to use nicotiana tabacum, which is the type of tobacco most commonly smoked today. He also married Pocahontas, a Native American woman who became famous when she went to live in London.

In the 17th and 18th centuries tobacco made farmers very rich and towns quickly grew in the states of Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. In 1883 one third of United States tax money came from tobacco.

In 1864 the first American tobacco factory opened to produce 20 million cigarettes annually. By 1964 the cigarette contained over 500 added chemicals. Today tobacco manufacturers are still not required by law to list the 500+ ingredients.

Tobacco and health

Tobacco users (especially smokers) and people around them (with passive smoking) risk many very serious and often deadly illnesses, such as cancer, strokes, heart disease, and lung disease. The United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention describes tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature (early) death worldwide". There are over 4800 chemicals in tobacco, including arsenic. Sixty-four of them are known to cause cancer. Smoking can also make men lose erections, and make their penises a bit smaller.

Countries that grow tobacco

References

Smoking
Carcinogens
 
Solanaceae
Rocky Mountains

The Rocky Mountains (often called The Rockies) are a range of mountains in the western United States and Canada. They stretch from the northernmost part of British Columbia, in western Canada, to New Mexico, in the southwestern United States. Part of the mountain range in Colorado is a national park, called Rocky Mountain National Park. The Rocky Mountains are more than 3,000 miles long (4,800 kilometers). 
The highest point in the Rocky Mountains is Mt. Elbert. Mt. Elbert is 14,433 ft tall (4,401m).

The Rocky Mountains are relatively new, formed from 55 million to 80 million years ago (mya) during the Laramide orogeny. North America began to move westwards as Pangaea broke up. A number of tectonic plates began to slide under the North American plate. The angle of subduction was shallow, resulting in a broad belt of mountains running down western North America. Since then, further tectonic activity and erosion by glaciers has sculpted the Rockies into dramatic peaks and valleys. 

The rocks in the Rocky Mountains were formed long before the mountains were raised. The oldest rock is Precambrian metamorphic rock that forms the core of the North American continent. There is also Precambrian sedimentary argillite, dating back to 1.7 billion years ago. During the Paleozoic, western North America lay underneath a shallow sea, which deposited many kilometers of limestone and dolomite.

In the southern Rocky Mountains, near present-day Colorado, these ancestral rocks were disturbed by mountain building about 300 mya, during the Pennsylvanian. This mountain building produced the ancestral Rocky Mountains. They consisted largely of Precambrian metamorphic rock forced upward through layers of the limestone. The limestone had been laid down in a shallow sea. The mountains eroded throughout the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic, leaving extensive deposits of sedimentary rock.

References 

Mountain ranges of the United States
Western United States
Mountains of Canada
Brooklyn

Brooklyn is one of the five boroughs of New York City. It also covers the same area as Kings County. Brooklyn is New York City's second largest borough in land area (after Queens). 
As of 2020, about 2.7 million people live there. This is more than in any of the other four boroughs.

Brooklyn is the west end of Long Island.  The East River separates it from Manhattan in the north. Brooklyn's only land boundary is with Queens in the east.  Jamaica Bay separates Brooklyn from Rockaway in the south.  The Narrows separates Brooklyn from Staten Island in the west. 

Coney Island is the south end of Brooklyn.  The Brooklyn Museum is near the middle of Brooklyn, near Prospect Park.

History 
Brooklyn is named after a Dutch town called "Breukelen". Dutch people were the first people from Europe to live in the area. When they got there, there were already some Native American people living there called the Lenape. The Dutch started the town in 1634 as part of the colony of New Netherland.

During the 19th century Brooklyn expanded and filled Kings County. It remained a separate city before the people there voted to join New York City in 1898. Today, many parts of Brooklyn are home to people who are mostly from one culture or ethnicity. Other parts are mixed.

The Brooklyn Bridge is old and famous. It goes over the East River and connects Downtown Brooklyn to Lower Manhattan. The longest bridge in New York, the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in Bay Ridge connects Brooklyn to Staten Island.

References

County seats in New York (state)
 
1634 establishments in North America
1630s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
17th-century establishments in New York