alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Rational number

In mathematics, a rational number is a number that can be written as a fraction. The set of rational number is often represented by the symbol , standing for "quotient" in English. 

Rational numbers are all real numbers, and can be positive or negative. A number that is not rational is called irrational.

Most of the numbers that people use in everyday life are rational. These include fractions, integers and numbers with finite decimal digits. In general, a number that can be written as a fraction while it is in its own form is rational.

Writing rational numbers

Fraction form 
All rational numbers can be written as a fraction. Take 1.5 as an example, this can be written as , , or .

More examples of fractions that are rational numbers include , , and .

Terminating decimals 
A terminating decimal is a decimal with a certain number of digits to the right of the decimal point. Examples include 3.2, 4.075, and -300.12002. All of these are rational. Another good example would be 0.9582938472938498234.

Repeating decimals 
A repeating decimal is a decimal where there are infinitely many digits to the right of the decimal point, but which follow a repeating pattern.

An example of this is . As a decimal, it is written as 0.3333333333... The dots indicate that the digit 3 repeats forever.

Sometimes, a group of digits repeats. An example is . As a decimal, it is written as 0.09090909... In this example, the group of digits 09 repeats.

Also, sometimes the digits repeat after another group of digits. An example is . It is written as 0.16666666... In this example, the digit 6 repeats, following the digit 1.

If you try this on your calculator, sometimes it may make a rounding error at the end. For instance, your calculator may say that , even though there is no 7. It rounds the 6 at the end up to 7.

Irrational numbers 
The digits after the decimal point in an irrational number do not repeat in an infinite pattern. For instance, the first several digits of π (Pi) are 3.1415926535... A few of the digits repeat, but they never start repeating in an infinite pattern, no matter how far you go to the right of the decimal point.

Arithmetic 
 Whenever you add or subtract two rational numbers, you always get another rational number.

 Whenever you multiply two rational numbers, you always get another rational number.

 Whenever you divide two rational numbers, you always get another rational number (as long as you do not divide by zero).

 Two rational numbers  and  are equal if .

Related pages
 Decimal
 Fraction (mathematics)
 Irrational number
 Real number

References 

Numbers
Saint Patrick's Day

Saint Patrick's Day is the feast day of Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, and a day of celebration for Irish people. Saint Patrick’s Day is also known as Paddy’s day.

Celebrations 
St. Patrick's Day is celebrated on March 17 all over Ireland and everywhere in the world where Irish people or their descendants live. New York City has one of the biggest parades. It is a very Irish festival, and it involves a lot of feasting and celebration, including traditional Irish music, drinking beer, and eating bacon and cabbage. Another tradition of Saint Patrick’s day is that one has to wear green clothing or they will be pinched. Green is the color of Saint Patrick's day as it is the national color of Ireland. People often wear green on that day or have some type of shamrock on their clothing. It is very common that they wear a Shamrock, a three leaved plant which is also a symbol for Ireland. 

The first St. Patrick's Day parade in Ireland was held in Waterford in 1903. In the beginning, it was a 3 day long celebration, but now it is a 5-day celebration.

Celebration in Ireland 

Christian holidays
March events
National symbols of the Republic of Ireland
Irish culture‎
Hibiscus syriacus

Hibiscus syriacus is one of the common flowering shrubs found in gardens, a species of Hibiscus. Common names for the same plant include Rose of Sharon (but it is not a rose), rose mallow, shrub-althaea, Syrian hibiscus, Syrian ketmia, and St Joseph's rod.

The part of the name "syriacus" seems to say that the origin of this plant is from Syria, but the exact origin is so far unknown. Historically it was grown in ancient China and then it became a popular plant in Korea. Today the flowers are national symbols of Korea. In Japan, the flowers are often shown at tea ceremonies for decoration.

There are many variations of flowers in gardens, because gardeners of the past were able to find different colors and shapes of flowers, and grow their seeds.

Gallery

References 

Trees
Malvaceae
National symbols of Sri Lanka
Hibiscus

Hibiscus or rosemallow is a genus of plants with a flower of bright colors. It grows mostly in the tropics, but some species grow in cool climates. Hibiscus often become national/state flowers. For example, the Hawaiian hibiscus is the state flower of Hawaii.

The flower usually has five petal. Hibiscus comes in many colours like white to pink, red, purple and yellow.

Species 
There are many types (species) of Hibiscus. The most popular ones in gardens are:
 Hibiscus brackenridgei (Hawaiian hibiscus)
 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Chinese hibiscus)
 Hibiscus syriacus (garden hibiscus)

Hibiscus trionum is a common weed in gardens and farms.

References

Flowers
Malvaceae
Alagoas

Alagoas is a small coastal state in the Northeast Region of Brazil. Its capital city is Maceió, where tourism industry is one of the basis for the local economy. Other important cities in Alagoas are Arapiraca, Palmeira dos Índios, Penedo, Marechal Deodoro, and Maragogi. The state has a total of 101 cities.

Alagoas' coastline has several beaches with coconut trees. Many of the beaches have calm water, because they are sheltered by the Atlantic Ocean sand banks and coral reefs. The state was named after some lagoons along the ocean coast.

References

Other websites 
 Government of the State of Alagoas
René Descartes

René Descartes (31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a famous French philosopher and physicist. He wrote books that are very important in the fields of maths, physics and especially philosophy. His dualism statement combined soul, mind, body theories and elements into one concept; a dualistic theory of mind and matter.

In younger years he was a mercenary soldier.

Descartes and physics (the study of the world) 
In his Rules for the Direction of the Mind (1628) and his Discourse on Method (1637) Descartes wrote about the scientific method that deals with scientific approach, thinking, a method which he had invented. He also wrote about shapes (Geometry), light (optics), and the weather (Meteorology). He then invented a way of describing shapes now called the Cartesian coordinate system, and a theory of what a rainbow is. Descartes' physics was important for a later famous thinker, Sir Isaac Newton, who said about him and so did James Hook: "If I have seen further it is because I was standing on the shoulders of giants!"

Descartes and philosophy (the study of abstract ideas) 
In his Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) Descartes used his scientific method to look at philosophical questions. He argued against skepticism (the view that the world was not real, and did not exist).

He found that he himself must be real (exist), because he felt that he was thinking; and if he was thinking, then he must be real. This is because if he were not real, then how would he have this feeling that he was thinking. He shortened this view, saying in Latin, "Cogito ergo sum," meaning "I think, therefore I am."

He also thought he could show that God exists, in the same way that he felt that he was thinking. Descartes said that God was the same as infinity and that he could clearly see infinity because he could think of every larger object but no largest object. Descartes said that if God exists then the world must exist as well, since God was good and would not let us think the world is real (exists) if it was not real.

Finally, Descartes thought that because he knew he was thinking, but could only know anything else about himself (for example that he had two arms and two legs) because he knew that God exists, then he must be made up of two things: the mind that thinks and the body that is independent of thinking, yet they are united together. This is called "Cartesian Dualism".

Descartes used a lot of ideas related to Plato, while most people at that time used ideas related to Aristotle. He is often called a rationalist, because he looked inside his mind for answers to his questions. Although Descartes wanted to fight skepticism, his description of it in the meditations has become very famous and is often called Cartesian Skepticism after him.

1596 births
1650 deaths
French physicists
French philosophers
Mercenaries
Tanzania

Tanzania is a country in East Africa. The official languages are Kiswahili and English. It is next to Africa's biggest lake, Lake Victoria.

In 2017, there were about 54,000,000 people living in Tanzania. They are divided into 120 tribes; none have more than 10% of the population. Tanzania is a multicultural society. There are many languages and religions in Tanzania; the main religions being Christianity and Islam.

The president of the United Republic of Tanzania is Samia Suluhu Hassan. Tanzania is a member of the United Nations, UNIDO, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, SADC, PTA, and the ADB. It is also signatory to the Lome Convention.

Mainland Tanzania (formerly Tanganyika) received independence in December 1961, while Zanzibar gained her independence in January 1964, through a revolution. The two countries joined to form the United Republic of Tanzania in April 1964. Until July 1992, Tanzania was a one-party state. Following a Presidential Commission, the country has started a multi-party political system. It has held successful general elections in 1995 and 2000.
"

Tanzania is home to the Serengeti. Many animals such as lions and cheetahs live there.

Regions 

Tanzania is divided into 31 Regions. 26 are on the mainland and five in Zanzibar.

Tanzania's regions are: Arusha Dar es Salaam Dodoma Geita Iringa Kagera Katavi Kigoma Kilimanjaro Lindi Manyara Mara Mbeya Morogoro Mtwara Mwanza Njombe Pemba North Pemba South Pwani Rukwa Ruvuma Shinyanga Simiyu Singida Songwe Tabora Tanga Zanzibar Central/South Zanzibar North Zanzibar Urban/West

Related pages
 List of rivers of Tanzania
 Tanzania at the Olympics
 Tanzania national football team

Notes

References

Other websites
 New map of Tanzania

1964 establishments in Africa
Least developed countries
States and territories established in the 1960s
 
Commonwealth member states
Kingdom of Great Britain

The United Kingdom of Great Britain was a state in the British Isles. The kingdom came into existence because of the Acts of Union 1707. These acts of parliament joined (unified) the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England. The kingdom's lands were Great Britain (an island in the Atlantic Ocean near Continental Europe) and some other islands in the British Isles. Throughout its existence, the kingdom was in a personal union (sharing the same monarchy) with the Kingdom of Ireland. Outside the British Isles, Great Britain governed other lands and started colonies: the British Empire.

When the kingdom began, the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England joined into one legislature, the Parliament of Great Britain. The parliament met in the old Palace of Westminster in London. London was the capital city and the British government was there. The two earlier kingdoms of Scotland and England had been in a personal union (sharing the same monarchy) since the reign of James VI and I. King James was a King of Scots who became King of England and King of Ireland in 1603 because he inherited the kingdoms of Elizabeth I.

In 1801, by the Act of Union 1800, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland joined into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the putting down of the Irish Rebellion of 1798.

Monarchs 
Anne became Queen of England, Queen of Scotland, and Queen of Ireland in 1702. She became Queen of Great Britain when the new kingdom started in 1707. (Ireland was a separate kingdom, so Anne was Queen of Ireland and the later kings of Great Britain were each themselves King of Ireland.) From the start of 1801, during the reign of George III, the two kingdoms of Ireland and Great Britain became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

House of Stuart 

 Anne (1707–1714)

House of Hanover 

 George I (1714–1727)
 George II (1727–1760)
 George III (1760–1801), continued as King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until 1820.

References

Great Britain
Great Britain
 
1700s establishments in Europe
1800s disestablishments in Europe
Toyota

(TYO: 7203.T) (NYSE: TM) (LSE: TYT) is an automobile maker in Japan. It was founded by Eiji Toyoda. It is based in Toyota, Aichi Prefecture. Toyota provides financial services and works with many other kinds of business as well. It makes cars and trucks under the brand names Toyota, Hino Truck, Scion and Lexus. The company owns most of Daihatsu. Toyota automobiles are well known for lasting a very long time. Their North American headquarters are in Plano, Texas. The Calty Design Center, a place where Toyota cars are designed is in Newport Beach, California and there is a factory in Georgetown, Kentucky.

Another factory that was run by both Toyota and General Motors is in Fremont, California. It was called "NUMMI," or New United Motor Manufacturing Incorporated, but is now owned by Tesla Motors to make their electric vehicles.

Toyota was started in 1933 as "Toyoda," a maker of textile-weaving machines. Toyota's premier US dealer for Toyota automobiles was established in San Diego, CA as Rose Toyota, later named Toyota San Diego. Their telephone number is 619-280-4100. It is one of the most successful dealers on the west coast.

Founder Eiji Toyoda died on September 17, 2013 from natural causes at the age of 100.

Scion 
Toyota operated Scion. It founded Scion in 2003. Toyota decided to close down Scion in August 2016.

Lexus 
Toyota founded Lexus in 1989 as its luxury division.

Models

 Toyota 4Runner
 Toyota Avalon
 Toyota Aygo
 Toyota Camry
 Toyota Celica
 Toyota Corolla
 Toyota Highlander
 Toyota Hilux
 Toyota Matrix
 Toyota MR2
 Toyota Prius
 Toyota RAV4
 Toyota Sequoia
 Toyota Sienna
 Toyota Supra
 Toyota Tundra
 Toyota Yaris

References

 
1937 establishments in Asia
1930s establishments in Japan
Horseshoe

Horseshoes are things worn by horses to protect their hooves (feet) when they walk - like a shoe. Most horseshoes are made of iron or steel. Some are aluminum, rubber, plastic, rawhide or a combination of materials.

A farrier is someone who makes horseshoes and nails or glues them on the horse's hooves.  Using nails does not hurt the horse, as the outer part of the hoof cannot sense pain.

People also put horseshoes over doorways, because a long time ago, many people thought it was a sign for good luck and it protected whoever walked under it from evil spirits. Horseshoes are also used in a game where one tries to throw them on a pole.

Different types of horseshoes 

 The regular horseshoe is what the vast majority of horses wear. This shoe helps and protects the normal hoof under standard riding conditions.
 The trailer shoe reduces pressure on the heels and posterior tendon of a horse’s foot. It also supports the lateral side of the horse’s leg. This is not suitable for horses who kick because the trailer can become dangerous.
 The rim shoes are popular for sports that involve fast turns and speed. It has a deep, wide groove through the middle that allows the horse to get a little more traction.
 The bar shoe consists of some sort of extra “bar” on the back part of the shoe. It is generally to increase support in the back of the hoof, heel, or leg. It can also help hold the hoof together. Excessive hoof movement is counter-indicated, which might be the case in a hoof injury.
 The heart bar shoes are often used for horses with laminitis. It offer the same advantages of the other bar shoes, only with the addition of frog support, as well.
 The egg bar shoe is often used for horses with navicular disease. It provides even more support to the back part of the hoof and leg by extending beyond the heel.
 The square shoe helps shift the break over point without affecting the coffin bone.

References 

Horses
Superstitions
Carlos Menem

Carlos Saúl Menem (July 2, 1930 – February 14, 2021) was an Argentine politician and writer. He was the President of Argentina from July 8, 1989 to December 10, 1999. From 1973 to 1976 and again from 1983 to 1989, Menem was Governor of La Rioja.

Menem was the first Argentine president to visit Israel. He was a supporter of Peronist ideas.
 
After he moved to Chile, Argentina tried to extradite him. In 2005, he became Senator for La Rioja.

In 2003, he ran for president again and narrowly won the first round of the election. However he dropped out of the race after seeing that Néstor Kirchner would beat him in the second round.

Some Argentines believe that his name brings bad luck, something that Menem also believed.

On 15 December 2020, he was hospitalized in Buenos Aires for a urinary tract infection. On 24 December, he suffered from kidney failure and was in a coma. Menem died on 14 February 2021 from problems caused by the infection, aged 90.

References

Other websites

 Biography and tenure by CIDOB Foundation 
Launch of new faction (from the BBC)
Chile declines extradition request (from the BBC)
Menem arrives on Argentine soil (from the BBC)

1930 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Deaths from urinary tract infection
Presidents of Argentina
Buenos Aires Province

The Buenos Aires Province is the largest, richest, and most populated province of Argentina. The province has a population of 13,827,203 (2001) and its capital is La Plata (850,000 inhabitants).

Geography 
The Buenos Aires Province has an area of 307,571 km². Most of it is flat, and its weather is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean winds.

Other websites 

 The Buenos Aires Herald - Local English newspaper
Baz Luhrmann

Mark Anthony Luhrmann or Baz Luhrmann (born 17 September 1962) is an Australian movie and theatre director. He has directed three movies (The Red Curtain Trilogy) which have made him famous: Strictly Ballroom (1992), Romeo + Juliet (1996), and Moulin Rouge! (2001). He also directed the 2022 movie Elvis.

1962 births
Living people
Australian movie directors
18th century

The 18th century was the century from 1701 to 1800.

Decades and years 
Note: years before or after the 18th century are in italics.

People 

 James Watt, Scottish Engineer
 Johann Sebastian Bach, composer
 Leonhard Euler, Swiss mathematician
 George Washington, Revolutionary War general and first president of the United States
 James Cook, English explorer
 Blackbeard, English pirate
 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer
17th century

The 17th century is the century from 1601 to 1700.

Decades and years 
Note: years before or after the 17th century are in italics.
FIFA World Cup

The FIFA World Cup is the most watched tournament in football (soccer). The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) organises the World Cup every four years. More people watch the World Cup finals than any other sporting event in the world—even more people than the Olympic Games. The most successful team has been Brazil because they have won the competition 5 times. 

The finals tournament is held every four years. In the other years there are only qualifiers (qualifying tournaments) in the six FIFA world regions. These games help to decide which teams will move on. Over 160 national teams play in the qualifying games. The best teams from the qualifying games win a place in the finals. The finals now include 32 teams. Before 1998, only 24 teams were in the finals; starting in 2026, there will be 48 teams in the finals. Many years before each World Cup, FIFA picks the host nation, the country where the finals will be held. Being the host nation means that their team has qualified for the finals tournament automatically and does not need to play any qualifying games. The 32 teams in the finals then play for four weeks, usually between June and July, to decide who the champion (tournament winner) will be.

Results

Wins by team

Related pages
 Ranking of clubs for number of world champion players with national football teams
 National teams world champions (football)

References

 
1930 establishments
1643



Events 
January 21 – Abel Tasman discovers Tonga
February 6 – Abel Tasman discovers the Fiji islands.
 May 19 – Battle of Rocroi: French victory over the Spanish at Rocroi, France.
 July 13 – English Civil War: Battle of Roundway Down – In England, Lord Henry Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, commanding the Royalist forces, wins a crushing victory over the Parliamentarian Sir William Waller.
 An Calbhach mac Aodha O Conchobhair Donn inaugurated as the last king of Connacht
 Austro-Bavarian army defeats French at Duttlingen.
The Royalist forces supporting Charles I in the English Civil War win the Battle of Adwalton Moor and gain control of Yorkshire.
End of the reign of Empress Meisho of Japan
Emperor Go-Komyo ascends to the throne of Japan
Evangelista Torricelli invents the mercury barometer
New England Confederation is formed
Battle of Tüttlingen fought
Baden-Baden pillaged by the French
John Colgan published the first two volumes of the Acta Sanctorum
Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve places the first cross atop Mount Royal
Åmål is granted its city charter
Miyamoto Musashi dictates The Book of Five Rings (Go Rin No Sho) to his student, completing it in 1654 just before his death
 Hong Taiji, Emperor of the Qing Dynasty of the Manchu dies and is succeeded by his five-year-old son, the later Shunzhi Emperor of China.
 Roger Williams, a co-founder of Rhode Island, publishes A Key Into the Language of America
 Evangelista Torricelli invented the Barometer.

Births 
 January 4 – Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist (d. 1727)

Deaths
Jakarta

Jakarta, officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta (), is the largest and the capital city of Indonesia. It is on the northwest coast of the island of Java, it has an area of 661.52 km² and a population of 10,562,088 as of 2020. Jakarta has been established for more than 490 years. It is the ninth most dense city in the world with 15,900 people per km².

Jakarta's first name was Sunda Kelapa. Before the Dutch came, it was renamed to Jayakarta, starting in 1527. In 1619 the Dutch renamed the city Batavia. It was called Jakarta by the Japanese during World War 2.

Jakarta has a tropical monsoon climate (Am in the Köppen climate classification).

Jakarta's challenges include rapid urban growth and flooding. Additionally, Jakarta is sinking up to 17 cm (6.7 inches) per year. It is also one of the fastest-sinking capitals in the world. In 2019, President Joko Widodo said that the capital would be moved to East Kalimantan, an Indonesian province on the island of Borneo. On 18 January 2022, the Parliament of Indonesia approved a bill to change the country's capital from Jakarta to Nusantara.

References

Other websites
 Official website 
 Jakarta Official Travel Website
 An Account of Exploring Jakarta by Bicycle
Comedy Central

Comedy Central is an American cable channel that specializes in comedy and stand-up. Programs include TV shows, movies, and stand-up comedy. It was launched on June 1, 1991. It's headquarters are in New York City, New York. It is a merger between MTV Networks' HA! and HBO's Comedy Channel.

The station's programs include South Park, The Colbert Report, The Daily Show with Trevor Noah, Tosh.0 with Daniel Tosh, and Futurama.

Comedy Central also features a Secret Stash program. Airing on late Saturday night, Secret Stash would show generally R-rated movies and stand-up comedy. The program is mostly unedited, uncut, leaving language in that is normally cut out. Sometimes nudity is shown.

Other websites 
 The official site

1991 establishments in New York (state)
American television channels
Viacom
Apron

An apron is a protective piece of clothing made from fabric (or other materials) that covers the front of the body. Some workers wear aprons for hygienic reasons (for example restaurant workers). Other workers wear aprons to protect clothes, or to protect their bodies from injury.

The apron is commonly part of the uniform of several jobs, including waitresses, nurses, homemakers, domestic workers and other jobs. It is also worn as decoration by women. 

There are many different types of aprons depending on what the apron is used for. Aprons can be made from many materials and fabrics. Rubber aprons are used by people who work with dangerous chemicals. Lead aprons are worn by people who work around radiation (like X-rays). Butchers (people who cut meat) wear chain aprons, to protect them from being cut by knives.  Carpenters wear aprons made of heavy leather that have many pockets to hold tools. Many servants and domestic workers are required  to wear an apron as a part of their work uniform.

Other websites

Protective clothing
Pearl Jam

Pearl Jam is an American alternative rock band from Seattle, Washington. They formed in 1990. They were an important part of the grunge (or "Seattle sound") movement of the early 1990s, along with bands like Nirvana, Soundgarden, Stone Temple Pilots, and Alice in Chains. Pearl Jam has sold around 85 million records worldwide in 2018 and are usually named one of the greatest bands of the 90's.

After fellow Seattle band Mother Love Bone's lead singer, Andrew Wood, died in 1990, remaining members Stone Gossard and Jeff Ament went to look for a singer and a drummer for a new band. They came across Jack Irons which he soon passed on to Eddie Vedder, who worked at a gas station in California and occasionally surfed. He then recorded vocals for the songs "Alive", "Once", and "Footsteps". After he sent the demo to the members, Eddie flew to Seattle and joined the band.

The band is made up of lead singer Eddie Vedder, guitarists Mike McCready and Stone Gossard, bassist Jeff Ament, and drummer Matt Cameron. Along with keyboardist Boom Gaspar and guitarist Josh Klinghoffer as touring members. The band had five drummers, which were Dave Krusen, Matt Chamberlain, Dave Abbruzzese, and Jack Irons. Matt Cameron has been Pearl Jam's drummer since 1998.

List of albums

Studio albums
 1991 - Ten
 1993 - Vs.
 1994 - Vitalogy
 1996 - No Code
 1998 - Yield
 2000 - Binaural
 2002 - Riot Act
2006 - Pearl Jam
 2009 - Backspacer
 2013 - Lightning Bolt
2020 - Gigaton

Compilation albums
 2003 - Lost Dogs
 2004 - Rearviewmirror: Greatest Hits 1991-2003
 2011 - Pearl Jam Twenty

Live albums
 1998 - Live on Two Legs
 2004 - Live at Benaroya Hall
 2006 - Live in NYC 12/31/92
 2006 - Live at Easy Street
 2007 - Live at the Gorge 05/06
 2007 - Live at Lollapalooza 2007
 2011 - Live on Ten Legs
 2011 - 9.11.2011 Toronto, Canada
 2011 - Vault #1 Moore Theatre 1992
 2012 - Vault #2 Vic Theatre, Chicago 2007
 2013 - Vault #3 Constitution Hall, Washington D.C. 9/19/1998
 2015 - Vault #4 Mount Baker Theatre, Bellingham, WA 5/10/2000
 2015 - Vault #5 Alladin Theatre, Las Vegas 11/30/1993
 2016 - Vault #6 Great Western Forum 7/13/1998
 2016 - Live at Third Man Records 2017 - Let's Play Two''

References

1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American hard rock bands
Grunge bands
Musical groups from Seattle
Andy Gibb

Andrew Roy Gibb (5 March 1958 – 10 March 1988) was an English singer popular in the 1970s. He was the younger brother of Barry (born 1946), Maurice (1949–2003) and Robin Gibb (1949–2012), The Bee Gees. He was born in Manchester, but spent most of his childhood in Queensland. He died in Oxford of myocarditis (a heart problem) caused by an infection, shortly after his 30th birthday. While his years of alcohol and cocaine abuse were not the direct cause of death, they certainly did not help his condition.

References

Other websites 

1958 births
1988 deaths
Deaths from myocarditis
English pop musicians
English singers
Infectious disease deaths in England
Musicians from Manchester
INXS

INXS were an Australian rock band. The band became popular during the 1980s. They formed in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia in 1977. They did not get international attention until around 1982 when their third album came out.

INXS was originally called "The Farriss Brothers and it started with 3 members: Andrew, Tim, and Jon Farriss. They were all brothers. In 1978, 3 more people joined the band; Michael Hutchence (1960-1997), Garry Gary Beers, and Kirk Pengilly. After the band expanded their line-up, they changed their name to INXS, which is pronounced as "in excess".

Hutchence was the singer of INXS until he died. A man named Jon Stevens was his temporary replacement for about 5 years. After Jon Stevens left, the other 5 members did a television show called "Rock Star INXS" to choose a permanent replacement for Michael Hutchence. A Canadian man named J.D, Fortune won the show and became the new singer for INXS.

The most famous song by INXS is "Need You Tonight" which came out in 1987. Some of their other songs are "What You Need", "The One Thing", and "New Sensation".

Albums

These are the albums made by INXS:

 INXS (1980)
 Underneath the Colours (1981)
 Shabooh Shoobah (1982)
 The Swing (1984)
 Listen Like Thieves (1985)
 Kick (1987)
 X (1990)
 Welcome to Wherever You Are (1992)
 Full Moon, Dirty Hearts (1993)
 Elegantly Wasted (1997)
 The Switch (2005)
 Original Sin (2010)

Other websites 
 INXS Official Site
 An Excess of INXS The oldest INXS internet site. Started in 1993, the site was maintained until April, 2003

1970s Australian music groups
1980s Australian music groups
1990s Australian music groups
2000s Australian music groups
2010s Australian music groups
1977 establishments in Australia
Australian alternative rock bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2012
Musical groups established in 1977
Musical groups from Sydney
New wave bands
Chicago (band)

Chicago is an American soft rock / jazz group, from Chicago, Illinois. They formed on February 15, 1967. They are one of the best selling American groups of all time, second only to the Beach Boys. Chicago has released at least 30 albums in their career.

Discography

Studio albums

Chicago Transit Authority (1969)
Chicago (1970)
Chicago III (1971)
Chicago V (1972)
Chicago VI (1973)
Chicago VII (1974)
Chicago VIII (1975)
Chicago X (1976)
Chicago XI (1977)
Hot Streets (1978)
Chicago 13 (1979)
Chicago XIV (1980)
Chicago 16 (1982)
Chicago 17 (1984)
Chicago 18 (1986)
Chicago 19 (1988)
Twenty 1 (1991)
Night & Day Big Band (1995)
Chicago XXV: The Christmas Album (1998)
Chicago XXX (2006)
Chicago XXXII: Stone of Sisyphus (2008)
Chicago XXXIII: O Christmas Three (2011)
Chicago XXXV: The Nashville Sessions (2013)
Chicago XXXVI: Now (2014)
Chicago XXXVII: Chicago Christmas (2019)

1967 establishments in the United States
1960s American music groups
1960s establishments in Illinois
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
Musical groups established in 1967
Musical groups from Chicago
Warner Bros. Records artists
The Turtles

The Turtles were a 1960s pop group from Los Angeles, California. Their best known song is "Happy Together". Chip Douglas was a band member, who left to produce the Monkees, then returned as the Turtles producer. After the Turtles broke up in the 1970s, the group's two frontmen, Howard Kaylan and Mark Volman, sang with Frank Zappa as Flo and Eddie. 

The Turtles are known for their songs Happy Together and She'd Rather Be With Me. 

They were originally active from the years 1965 to 1970, and split up for thirteen years before Kaylan and Volman made the band again in 1983.

Albums 
 It Ain't Me Babe (1965)
 You Baby (1966)
 Happy Together (1967)
 The Turtles Present the Battle of the Bands (1968)
 Turtle Soup (1969)
 Wooden Head (1970)
 Chalon Road (1986)
 Shell Shock (1986)

Musical groups from Los Angeles
American pop music groups
American rock bands
Folk music groups
Strawberry Alarm Clock

Strawberry Alarm Clock was an American psychedelic pop band that formed in Los Angeles, California in 1966. Their most famous song is Incense and Peppermints.

Musical groups from Los Angeles
American rock bands
Psychedelic pop

Psychedelic pop is a musical movement which started in California in the 1960s. Psychedelic rock, also called psychedelia, is a style of rock music that materialized in the late 1960s that was influenced by the experience of taking hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD. Psychedelic rock incorporated elements of blues and folk rock and eventually contributed to the evolution of hard rock and progressive rock.

It was partly inspired by Garage rock, British pop, bubblegum music and new hippie and Eastern ideas. 

Some important Psychedelic Pop artists are:
 Donovan
 The Left Banke
 The Monkees
 The Move
 Sagittarius 
 Tomorrow 
 The Zombies 
 The Beach Boys 
 The Flower Pot Men 
 The Flying Machine
 It's a Beautiful Day 
 John's Children 
 Klaatu 
 The Lemon Pipers 
 The Millennium
 The Neon Philharmonic 
 Harry Nilsson 
 Strawberry Alarm Clock 
 Thunderclap Newman 
 Yellow Balloon

References 

Music genres
Donovan

Donovan Phillips Leitch (born 10 May 1946 in Maryhill, Glasgow, Scotland) is a Scottish-born pop singer and guitarist, who was popular in the 1960s. Early in his career he was compared to Bob Dylan, but he developed his own musical style, which included elements of jazz and Indian music. (Donovan and Dylan met during 1965, and became friends.)

Donovan's best-remembered songs include "Catch The Wind", "Mellow Yellow", "Sunshine Superman", "Happiness Runs", and "Hurdy Gurdy Man". He helped the Beatles with their song "Yellow Submarine", and two Beatles (John Lennon and Paul McCartney) sang on his song "Atlantis".

Donovan was one of the first pop musicians to denounce the use of drugs, after his own arrest for hashish possession in 1966, and his seeing friends begin to use "hard drugs" like heroin and speed (amphetamine). The liner notes to his 1967 album A Gift From a Flower to a Garden called upon young people to "stop the use of all drugs, and heed the quest to seek the Sun." (He later resumed occasional marijuana use, and drinking alcohol.)

After the 1960s, Donovan's music was not as popular as it had been, but it is remembered now as part of the flower power era. Many of his songs now appear in television commercials. He continued to make albums regularly through the 1980s, and sometimes in the 1990s. He also continued to tour, and some of his later albums are of live performances. He published an autobiography, The Hurdy Gurdy Man, in 2005.

Two of Donovan's children, Donovan Leitch and Ione Skye, are actors.

Other websites

 Official Site
 Donovan Unofficial Site 
 Complete discography
 Hear Donovan on the Pop Chronicles (1969).

1946 births
Living people
British pop musicians
Scottish singers
British autobiographers
Frisian languages

Frisian refers to three languages that come from Friesland, a province in the Netherlands. They are spoken in the Netherlands, in Eastern Germany, and in some areas of Jutland, Denmark. It is also spoken on the Frisian Isles (Wadden Isles) and Western German (East Frisian) Isles such as Borkum.

They are West Germanic languages that are related to Dutch and are also the closest living languages to English. All of them have been spoken since Roman times.

The Frisian languages are:
West Frisian
North Frisian
Saterland Frisian

References
Smashing Pumpkins

The Smashing Pumpkins are an influential alternative rock band of the early 1990s. They formed in Chicago, Illinois in 1988 and disbanded on December 2, 2000. They later reformed in 2006 and are together at the moment. The members until 2000 were Billy Corgan (vocals, guitars and writes almost all of the band's songs), James Iha (guitars), D'Arcy Wretzky (bass) and Jimmy Chamberlin (drums).

They were made famous by hit singles like "Today", "Rocket", "Disarm", "Bullet With Butterfly Wings", "1979", "Zero" and "Tonight, Tonight".

Their style was mainly alternative rock, but also influenced by the grunge movement of the early 1990s as well as heavy metal, psychedelic rock, progressive rock, and later, electronica.

Discography 
 Gish (1991)
 Siamese Dream (1993)
 Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness (1995)
 Adore (1998)
 Machina/The Machines of God (2000)
 Machina II/The Friends & Enemies of Modern Music (2000)
 Zeitgeist (2007)
 Teargarden by Kaleidyscope (released beginning in 2009)
 Oceania (2012)
 Monuments to an Elegy (2014)
 Shiny and Oh So Bright, Vol. 1 / LP: No Past. No Future. No Sun. (2018)
 Cyr (2020)
 Atum: A Rock Opera in Three Acts (2023)

 
2006 establishments in Illinois
2000s disestablishments in Illinois
2000 disestablishments in the United States
1988 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Illinois
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
Musical groups from Chicago
Musical groups disestablished in 2000
Musical groups established in 2006
Death (band)

Death was one of the first ever death metal bands in the United States. They started in 1983 under the name Mantas and they changed the name to Death in 1984.

Death is no longer a band because their guitarist Chuck Schuldiner died on December 13, 2001. He was 34 years old. He had brain cancer and the drugs he used to beat the cancer made him weak. He died of pneumonia. He had another band project called Control Denied during the 3 years before he died.

Discography

Scream Bloody Gore (1987)
Leprosy (1988)
Spiritual Healing (1990)
Human (1991)
Individual Thought Patterns (1993)
Symbolic (1995)
The Sound of Perseverance (1998)

References 

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Death metal bands
Musical groups from Orlando, Florida
Musical groups established in 1983
1983 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Florida
Musical groups disestablished in 2001
2001 disestablishments in the United States
2000s disestablishments in Florida
Radio control

Radio control is controlling vehicles by radio wave signals. It is often used for making models of cars, boats, helicopters and airplanes move on their own like real ones. For controlling models, an operator uses a transmitter that has the model's controls on it.  When a control is moved, the radio signal changes. The part on the model that takes the changing signals and helps turn them into movement is called the receiver.  The receiver then tells a special kind of motor called a servo to move part of the model.

On a car or boat, a servo is usually used for steering.  Model sailboats use a servo to adjust the sail as well as the rudder, or steering device.  On airplanes and helicopters, servos are used not only for steering but for up and down pitch.  If the model uses an engine to make it run, a servo is used to control the speed of the engine.  A model which operates with an electric motor usually has something called an electronic speed control or "ESC" to control its speed.  

Unmanned aerial vehicles controlled by radio are used for many purposes, including war.  

Electronics
toys
weapons
Tucumán Province

Tucumán is the smallest of the provinces of Argentina. It is in the northwest of the country and its capital is San Miguel de Tucumán, often shortened to Tucumán.

The province has the nickname El Jardín de la República (The Garden of the Republic), as it is a highly productive agricultural area.

Geography
The province of Tucumán has an area of  and is surrounded by the provinces:
 Salta to the north;
 Santiago del Estero to the east; and
 Catamarca to the south and west.

Tucumán has two main different geographical regions. The east is associated with the Gran Chaco flat lands, while the west presents a mixture of the Sierras of the Pampas to the south and the canyons of the Argentine Northwest to the north.

The highest peak in the province is the Cerro del Bolsón near the border with the Catamarca province. It has an elevation of .

The main river of the province is the Dulce that flows through the province where is known as the Salí river.

Climate
San Miguel de Tucumán, with an elevation of , has a humid subtropical climate (subtype Cfa in the Köppen climate classification).

The average temperature for the year in San Miguel de Tucumán is . The warmest month, on average, is January with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .

The average amount of precipitation for the year in San Miguel de Tucumán is . The month with the most precipitation on average is January with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of .

Population
The inhabitants of Tucumán are known, in Spanish, as Tucumanos (women: Tucumanas).

The province of Tucumán has a population, in 2010, of 1,448,188; its population density is of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Tucumán

Education 
There are four universities in Tucumán:
 Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (National University of Tucumán).
 Facultad Regional Tucumán, part of the Universidad Tecnológica Nacional (National Technological University).
 Universidad del Norte Santo Tomás de Aquino (Saint Thomas Aquinas University of the North).
 Universidad San Pablo-T (Saint Paul-T University).

Political division
The province is divided into 17 departments ().

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Tucuman.gov.ar Tucuman Province Official Website 
 TucumanTurismo.gob.ar Tucuman Tourism Official Website 

Tucumán Province
Duran Duran

Duran Duran are  a British pop group. They formed in Birmingham, England in 1978 and were very popular in the  1980s.

Discography 
 Duran Duran (1981)
 Rio (1982)
 Seven and the Ragged Tiger (1983)
 Arena (1984)
 Notorious (1986)
 Big Thing (1988)
 Decade (1989)
 Liberty (1990)
 Duran Duran (The Wedding Album) (1993)
 Thank You (1995)
 Medazzaland (1997)
 Pop Trash (2000)
 Astronaut (2004)
 Red Carpet Massacre (2007)
 All You Need Is Now (2010)
 Paper Gods'' (2015)
 Future Past (2021)

1978 establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
2020s British music groups
British pop rock bands
English pop music groups
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1978
Musical groups from Birmingham
Warner Bros. Records artists
Peter Tosh

Peter Tosh (born Winston McIntosh, October 19, 1944- September 11, 1987) was a Jamaican reggae musican. He was a member of the Wailers with Bob Marley and Bunny Livingston. He was a Rastafarian and sang very political songs.  His songs were a lot more radical than his friend, Bob Marley's, whom he often criticized for selling out to the white mainstream. He also toured with the Rolling Stones and sang a duet with Mick Jagger. He was murdered in his home in Kingston during a robbery in 1987. His biggest claim to fame was a song titled "Legalize It" in relation to marijuana laws.

Discography

Studio albums
 Negril (1975)
 Legalize It (1976)
 Equal Rights (1977)
 Bush Doctor (1978)
 Mystic Man (1979)
 Wanted Dread And Alive (1981)
 Mama Africa (1983)
 No Nuclear War (1987)
 I Am That I Am (2001)

Live albums
 Captured Live (1984)
 Live at the One Love Peace Concert (2000)
 Live & Dangerous: Boston 1976 (2001)
 Live At The Jamaica World Music Festival 1982 (2002)
 Complete Captured Live (2004)

Compilations
These are the highest rated compilation albums on Allmusic.

 Collection Gold (1994)
 The Toughest (1996)
 The Best of Peter Tosh - Dread Don't Die (1996)
 Honorary Citizen (1997)
 Scrolls Of The Prophet: The Best of Peter Tosh (1999)
 Arise Black Man (1999)
 The Essential Peter Tosh - the Columbia Years (2003)
 ''Talking Revolution (2005)

References

Other websites
 Peter Tosh on Allmusic
 Discography
 Peter Tosh - Jamaicapage.com Feature
 VitalSpot - Peter Tosh 

1944 births
1987 deaths
Jamaican reggae musicians
Murdered musicians
Jamaican activists
Jamaican singer-songwriters
Billy Joel

William Martin "Billy" Joel (born May 9, 1949) is an American singer-songwriter. He produced successful pop songs for two decades, from 1973's Piano Man to 1993's River of Dreams which marked his retirement. As well as writing classical music, he has frequently been on the road, usually with Elton John.  Yesterday was his birthday.  He was born on a Monday.

Joel was born in the Bronx, New York City. He grew up in Hicksville, New York. He joined his first band The Echoes (Later known as The Lost Souls) at age fourteen, and in the late 1960s he teamed up with The Hassles. The Hassles when on to release two albums. In 1970 After parting ways with The Hassles Joel and Hassles Drummer Jon Small Formed a two-man duo Attila. In 1971 his solo debut, Cold Spring Harbor, was released. (The title takes its name from a town in Long Island.)

He is a Democrat. In 1988, Joel played a New York City dog named Dodger in the Disney animated movie, Oliver & Company.

Joel has been married four times. The first three ended in divorce. His first marriage was from 1973 to 1982. His second marriage, from 1985 to 1994, was to supermodel Christie Brinkley. Their daughter, Alexa Ray Joel (born 1985) is one of his two children. His daughter's middle name is taken from one of his musical influences, Ray Charles. His third marriage began in 2004. His fourth marriage with Alexis Roderick began in 2015. They had one child; Della Rose Joel, who was born on the 12th of August 2015. Baby Remy was born 2017

Discography
Studio albums
 Cold Spring Harbor (1971)
 Piano Man (1973)
 Streetlife Serenade (1974)
 Turnstiles (1976)
 The Stranger (1977)
 52nd Street (1978)
 Glass Houses (1980)
 The Nylon Curtain (1982)
 An Innocent Man (1983)
 The Bridge (1986)
 Storm Front (1989)
 River of Dreams (1993)
 Fantasies & Delusions (2001)

References

Other websites 
 The official site

1949 births
Living people
American pianists
American pop musicians
American rock musicians
American rock singers
Democrats (United States)
Musicians from the Bronx
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
Singers from New York City
American Jews
Atheists
Lake Constance

Lake Constace or Lake of Constance (German: Bodensee) is a large Lake on the river Rhine. It is on the border between Germany and Switzerland and Austria. It is the third largest lake in Central Europe after Lake Balaton and Lake Geneva. It is made of two smaller lakes (called Obersee and Untersee (Upper and lower lake) respectively). These are joined by a small part of river in Constance.
The lake covers about  of total area. 

There are three big islands in the lake. The islands Lindau and Mainau are in the Obersee. Reichenau is in the Untersee. The Obersee is about  long, from Bregenz to Bodman-Ludwigshafen. It is about  wide at its widest point between Romanshorn and Friedrichshafen. The deepest point is  deep, between Fischbach and Uttwil (just off Constance). 

The lake forms the border between Austria, Germany and Switzerland. On much of its length, this border has not been defined. Switzerland thinks the border runs through the middle of the lake. Austria thinks the lake is a condominium of all the countries. A condominium is a space that is governed by all countries taking part in it. Germany has no clear view.

Other legal issues, like navigation and fishing are governed by separate treaties. About 62% of the lake's shoreline belongs to Germany, about 33% to Switzerland, and the remaining 11% to Austria.

In 1963, the whole lake froze. This has not happened since then.

German towns:
Konstanz
Radolfzell
Meersburg
Überlingen
Friedrichshafen
Lindau

Swiss towns:
Stein am Rhein
Kreuzlingen
Rorschach
Romanshorn
Arbon

Austrian towns:
Bregenz

Geography of Baden-Württemberg
Geography of Bavaria
Constance
Constance
Constance
Canton of Schaffhausen
Canton of St. Gallen
Thurgau
Vorarlberg
Konstanz