Golden Gate Bridge

The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge that crosses over the San Francisco Bay, going from San Francisco to Marin County, in the U.S. state of California. It was opened for use in 1937. When the bridge was finished, its length of  made it the longest bridge in the world until 1964. It carries U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1. There is also a footpath for people and bicycles.

History 
Before the bridge, the only way to go north from San Francisco to Marin County was by ferryboat.  The trip by ferry took 20 minutes to complete. Before the bridge was built, San Francisco was the biggest American city still served mostly by ferries.  Some experts did not think that people could build a bridge because the water currents between Marin and San Francisco were very strong. Also, the water was very deep in the middle - 102 m - and there was a lot of wind and fog that could make building a bridge difficult.

In 1916, San Francisco's city engineer asked other engineers to offer ideas for a bridge. One man, Joseph Strauss, designed a very cheap bridge - only $17 million, but many thought it was ugly.  Local authorities asked him to change the design and to work with other experts.  He agreed.  He and other experts, especially architect Irving Morrow, designed the bridge again, this time as a suspension bridge.  A suspension bridge has tall towers that hold long cables, and the cables hold up or "suspend" the bridge.

The bridge is called the Golden Gate Bridge because it crosses the Golden Gate Strait, the area of water between the San Francisco peninsula and the Marin County peninsula.

In 1930, people in San Francisco and Marin County agreed that the local governments could sell bonds to the public to raise money for the bridge. The new bridge was going to cost $30.1 million.  But it was difficult for the governments to sell the bonds at the time because of the Wall Street Crash of 1929.  Finally, the Bank of America, which was based in San Francisco, agreed to buy all the bonds to help the local economy.

Construction 

Construction began on January 5, 1933 and was finished in April 1937.  Eleven men died during the construction, so the builders put a net under the bridge for the safety of the builders.  Nineteen men were saved by the net.

When they finished the bridge, they painted it with a reddish-orange sealant, a type of paint that protects the bridge from water and humidity.  People liked the color because it looked good with the bridge's surroundings and it was easy to see in the fog, so the bridge was officially painted with the color, called International Orange.

Today 
People can cross the bridge in cars or motorcycles any time.  During daylight hours, they can cross by bicycle or on foot. They can not cross the bridge on roller skates, skateboards, or mopeds.

People often jump off the bridge to commit suicide (kill themselves). They fall 75 meters and most of them die when they hit the water. Over 1700 people committed suicide by jumping off the bridge.

Tolling
When the bridge opened, drivers had to pay 50 cents to cross the bridge in either direction.  Today, when drivers go north on the bridge (leaving San Francisco) they do not have to pay, but starting on September 2, 2008, when going south (entering San Francisco), they have to pay $6 if they pay cash or $5 if they buy a Fastrak pass. On April 7, 2014, the tolls increased as part of the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway & Transportation District five-year toll and transit fare programs.

References

Buildings and structures completed in the 20th century
Buildings and structures in San Francisco
Seven Wonders of the Modern World
Steel bridges
Suspension bridges
Marin County, California
Landmarks in San Francisco
1937 establishments in the United States
1930s establishments in California
California Historical Landmarks
Bridges in the San Francisco Bay Area