alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
1618



Events 
 March 8 – Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion (he soon rejects the idea after some initial calculations were made but on May 15 confirms the discovery).
 May 23 – The Second Defenestration of Prague – Protestant noblemen throw three representatives of Ferdinand II out of a window. The event began the Thirty Years' War.
 July 20 – Pluto reached, according to sophisticated mathematical calculations, its second most recent aphelion. The next one occurred in 1866, and the following one will occur in 2113.
 August 29 – Johan van Oldenbarnevelt and Hugo Grotius are imprisoned by Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange
 October 29 – English adventurer, writer, and courtier Sir Walter Raleigh is beheaded for allegedly conspiring against James I of England.

 The margraves of Brandenburg is granted Polish approval to inherit Ducal Prussia.
 November 13, the Synod of Dordrecht has its first meeting.
 Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Mustafa I (1617-1623) to Osman II (1618-1622).
 The 3000 seat Teatro Farnese, the first permanent proscenium theatre, was built into the Great Hall of the Palazzo della Pilotta in Parma, Italy in 1618.
1622

1622 was a common year.

Events 
 January 1 – In the Gregorian calendar, January 1 is declared as the first day of the year, instead of March 25.
 February 8 – King James I of England disbands the English Parliament.
 March 22 – In the Jamestown massacre, Algonquian Native Americans kill 347 English settlers around Jamestown, Virginia (1/3 of the colony's population) and destroys the Henricus settlement.
 May 13 — the Eendracht, Dutch VOC sailing ship and the second recorded European ship to make landfall on Australian soil, is wrecked off the western coast of Ambon Island, Dutch East Indies.
 Étienne Brûlé is the first European to see Lake Superior.
 Portugal loses control of the island of Ormus, after 107 years.
 Albertus Magnus is beatified by the Roman Catholic Church.
 Spanish galleon Nuestra Señora de Atocha sinks off the Florida Keys, while carrying copper, silver, gold, tobacco, and indigo. (Wreck discovered 1985).
Levi Eshkol

Levi Eshkol (born Levi Shkolnik, October 25, 1895 – February 26, 1969) was the 3rd Prime Minister of Israel from 1963 until his death in 1969. He is buried in Mount Herzl in Jerusalem.

1895 births
1969 deaths
Burials at Mount Herzl
Members of the Knesset
Government ministers of Israel
Israeli political leaders
Jewish Israeli politicians
Mapai politicians
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Prime Ministers of Israel
Ukrainian Jews
1580



Events 
March 1 – Michel de Montaigne signs the preface to his most significant work, Essays. They are published later the same year.
June 11 – Juan de Garay founds Buenos Aires.
June 25 – Publication of the Book of Concord, a collection of Lutheran confessional documents.
July 12 – Publication of the Ostrog Bible, the first complete printed Bible in a Slavic language.
September 26 – Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe
1580-1764 First session of Jewish Waad (Sejm of 4 countries) in Lublin, Poland. 70 delegates of Jewish local kahals met to discuss taxations and other issues important to Jewish communities.
Portugal loses independence to Spain following the death without heirs of king Henry of Portugal. The Habsburg rule would last until 1640.
Yermak entered Siberia with a band of 1636 men. Russia begins the conquest of Siberia.
 Khorasan Wars were fought between Abbas the Great and his father king Mohammed Khodabandeh.
Sidney Sheldon

Sidney Sheldon (February 11, 1917 - January 30, 2007) was an American screenwriter and novelist. He wrote the screenplays for twenty-three motion pictures including Easter Parade and Annie Get Your Gun. He also created four long-running television series. He is also included in the Guinness Book of Records as, "The Most Translated Author".

Novels 
His novels include:
 The Naked Face (1970) 
 The Other Side of Midnight (1973) 
 A Stranger in the Mirror (1976) 
 Bloodline (1977) 
 Master Of The Game (1983)
 Windmills of the Gods (1987) 
 The Sands of Time (1988) 
 Memories of Midnight (1990) 
 The Doomsday Conspiracy (1991) 
 The Stars Shine Down (1992) 
 Nothing Lasts Forever (1994) 
 Morning, Noon and Night (1995) 
 The Best Laid Plans (1997) 
 Tell Me Your Dreams (1998) 
 The Sky is Falling (2001) 
 Are You Afraid of the Dark? (2004)
 If Tomorrow comes
 Rage of the Angels

Other websites 
 Sidney's Official Website
 Sidney on CNN

1917 births
2007 deaths

American screenwriters
writers from Chicago
Rugby World Cup

The Rugby World Cup is the most important tournament in the sport of rugby union. The first one was in 1987.  The cup happens every four years.  The competition is one of the biggest sporting events in the world (along with the FIFA World Cup and the Olympics).

There are only 20 spots available in a Rugby World Cup, so teams must compete for them in a qualifying competition. Teams that reached the knockout stages of the previous tournament automatically qualify for the next tournament.

The 2011 match was held in New Zealand, and the 2015 England. The 2019 competition will be held in Japan.

The current champions are South Africa.

Results by nation

Other websites 

 – official site
World Rugby

Rugby union
1996 U.S. campaign finance scandal

The 1996 United States campaign finance controversy was an alleged effort by the People's Republic of China to influence domestic United States politics during the 1996 federal elections. The Chinese government denied all accusations.  Twenty-two people were eventually convicted of fraud or for funneling Asian funds into the United States elections, and others fled U.S. jurisdiction. 

In late 1996, the Justice Department opened a task force to investigate allegations of illegal donations to the Clinton/Gore re-election campaign and to Clinton's legal defense fund. Ultimately, Justice Department prosecutors secured the conviction of several fund-raisers for various offenses. John Huang served 500 hours of community service and paid a $10,000 fine. Johnny Chung served 3000 hours of community service. Charlie Trie served four months of in-home detention. Maria Hsia served 90 days of home detention and paid a $5,300 fine. Indonesian billionaire James Riady was fined $8.6 million. Ernest Green served three months home detention. Michael Brown served 150 hours of community service and paid a $5000 fine. In all, the Justice Department task force secured criminal convictions against 22 people by 2001.

References 

1996 in the United States
1990s in China
1008

1008 (MVIII) was a common year when the Julian calendar was used. It was the eighth year of the 2nd millennium and the 11th century.

Events 
 Olof, king of Sweden, is baptized by saint Sigfrid.
 Bruno of Querfurt and others try to establish a mission among the Prussians.
 Oldest known mention of the city of Gundelfingen.
 Mohammed II succeeds Hisham II as Caliph of Cordoba.
 Unification of Georgia under king Bagrat III.
 King Æthelred II (the Unready) orders a new fleet of warships built, organized on a national scale. It is a huge undertaking, but is completed the following year.

Births 
 May 4 – King Henry I of France, French royal (died 1060)

References
1045



Events 
 Emperor Go-Reizei ascends the throne of Japan.
 Harold Godwinson becomes Earl of Wessex.
 Edward the Confessor marries Edith of Wessex.
 Edward the Confessor begins construction on Westminster Abbey.
 Pope Benedict IX sells the Papacy to Pope Gregory VI.
 Movable type printing is invented by Bi Sheng in China.

Births 
 Stephen I, Count of Blois (died 1102)

Deaths 
 June – Rainulf Drengot, Norman adventurer.
Kick

In hand-to-hand combat, in martial arts and sports, a kick is a blow with the foot, the knee or the leg. It is used in combat as an attack. Generally, the kicks are slower than the punches although stronger than the blows with hands.

The kicks are a fundamental part in many martial arts. The examples are: wushu, karate, kickboxing, tangsudo or taekwondo; whereas other arts do not use any kick, as it is in the case of judo or of boxing. Other martial arts can use kicks, although they limit them to attacks to the legs and to the lower parts of the body of the opponent.

There exists a great number of kicks, and a lot of them have typical names for each one. Frequently the same movement has different names in different martial arts. This is obvious especially when comparisons are done between western arts and oriental arts.

Example in kickboxing

Usual kicks 
 Front kick: hips facing the target. It is in "penetrating" form, in "pushing" form (Push kick, Pushing kick) or in "snapping" form (Front snap kick).
 Side kick or lateral kick: hips directed sideways to the target - It is in "penetrating" form.
 Semicircular kick: also roundhouse kick of 45 degrees. Kick of the category of the techniques named circular kicks. They are performed with the hips facing the target from a pendulum movement of the lower member all around of the hip (movement of closing of the thigh on the trunk) which can be combined a live extension of the knee. To the image of the roundhouse kicks, takes into consideration usually the side targets of the body.
 Roundhouse kick or circular kick: in low line or low kick , of middle height (level of the trunk) or middle kick and in high line (level of the head) or high kick.
 Hook kick: hips facing the target or directed sideways to the target.
 Back kick: hips with back towards the target.
 Sweeping: kick of sweeping only on the boxing shoe (or the foot). Main forms: spoon sweeping or hook sweeping. There exist the turning sweepings (type "roundhouse kick") and spinning (type spinning hook kick).

(1) The front kicks and side kicks, in "penetrating" form, on the lower member are entitled between the professionals especially for certain titles, but not in all the lands.

(2) There exist numerous hybrid kicks, such as the "side-front" que the "side kick" with the hips rather frontal what allows an instant connection of the techniques of fist much useful in active defense

Less practised kicks 
Category of the straight-legged kicks, called stick kick:
 Crescent kick: hips facing the target.
 Descending kick (hammer kick or axe kick): carried with the heel.

Spinning and jumping kicks 
 Spinning hook kick.
 Spinning side kick.
 Spinning back kick.
 Jumping front kick.
 Jumping roundhouse kick.
 Jumping side kick.
 Jumping back kick.
(*) Certain techniques can be spinning and jumping at the same time.

Other websites 
 www.kajukenbo.info (Kicking Philosophies and Techniques) 
 Kinematic analysis of crescent kick in taekwondo
 World amateur sport Kickboxing Organization (W.A.S.K.O. )  - & kickboxing
 various kick techniques

Basic English 850 words
Sports
1644



Events 
 February to August – Explorer Abel Tasman's second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia.
 April – A popular Chinese Uprising led by Li Zicheng enter and conquer Beijing, prompting Chongzhen, the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty, to commit suicide.
 June 6 – The invading Manchu army, with the help of Ming general Wu Sangui, captures Beijing, China. This marks the beginning of the Qing Dynasty (also known as the Manchu Dynasty), the last imperial dynasty of China.
 July 2 – Battle of Marston Moor, a crushing victory for the Parliamentary side of the English Civil War, ends Charles I's hold on the north of England.
 September 1 – Battle of Tippermuir, Montrose defeats Elcho's Covenanters, reviving Royalist cause in Scotland
 September 2 – Second Battle of Lostwithiel, the last major victory for Charles I and the Royalist side in the English Civil War.
 September 15 – Pope Innocent X is elected to the Papacy, in Rome.
 November 23 – Areopagitica by John Milton is published.
 December – Plague breaks out in Edinburgh.
Islam and clothing

Muslims have different dress codes for different contexts. Conservative ideas of hijab require people to dress modestly both for outside and religious contexts. Clothing for everyday wear, inside and outside the house is different, and very much depends on the family.

Clothes for men
Muslim men often wear thobes as well as kufi hats.

Clothes for women

Islam says that women should dress in a very special way. This dress code applies to women and adolescent girls, but not to children. Usually, women who travel to Muslim countries should also wear such dress.

Abaya - long flowing outer garment worn over all other clothing.
Jilbab - garment that may be worn like a dress, usually with trousers underneath.
Dupatta - a South Asian long rectangular scarf usually worn over the shoulders in front of the neck, or however you prefer. Women will sometimes use a dupatta over their head for a hijab.
Scarf or veil - the head covering worn by some Muslim women. Some Muslims maintain that the practice (of women covering the head) is not mandated in Islam.  The headscarf is a square folded into a triangle or simply a triangle, but also can be a rectangular shape. To wear- bring the two corners together and pin/knot/wrap at the neck.
Niqab - a veil worn to cover the face. A niqab can be made to leave only the eyes uncovered, only the eyes and forehead uncovered, or to leave the forehead, eyes, and nose uncovered, covering only the mouth.
Burka - a long, loose piece of clothing covering the whole body from head to feet, worn in public by some women in Muslim countries.

References

Islamic dress
Social issues
Pepin the Short

Pepin the Short or Pippin (714 – September 24, 768), often known as Pepin the Younger or Pepin III, was King of the Franks from 751 to 768.

Pepin was the son of Charles Martel and Chrotrud (690 - 720), and was born in Jupille, Belgium.

In 740 Pepin married Bertrada of Laon. She was the daughter of Caribert of Laon. They had two sons and a daughter who lived long enough to become adults:

 Charlemagne
 Carloman
 Gisela

Pepin died at Saint Denis and is buried in the basilica with his wife, Bertrada of Laon. His sons, Charlemagne and Carloman, were each King of half the Kingdom of the Franks after him.

714 births
768 deaths

Frankish rulers
Chris Martin

Christopher Anthony John "Chris" Martin (born 2 March 1977) is an English singer, songwriter and musician for the band Coldplay. He also plays the guitar. He was born in Whitestone, Exeter, Devon, England. He married Gwyneth Paltrow in 2003. They have two children, a daughter, Apple (born 2004) and a son, Moses (born 2006). The couple separated in 2014. 

His band members are called Jonny Buckland (lead guitarist), Guy Berryman (bass guitarist) and Will Champion (drummer).  They met while studying at University College London. In January 1998, they formed the rock band Coldplay. They were influenced by the Scottish rock band Travis.  U2 was another important influence on Martin both musically and politically. 

Chris Martin does not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol. PETA said he was the World's Sexiest Vegetarian in 2005.

Filmography

Television

Movies

Solo discography
See Coldplay for his work with the band.

References

1977 births
British anti–Iraq War activists
Coldplay members
English pianists
English rock guitarists
English rock singers
Living people
Musicians from Devon
Joseph Fiennes

Joseph Alberic Fiennes is an English actor. He was born on 27 May 1970 in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England. His parents were Jennifer Lash and Mark Fiennes. Joseph is the youngest of six children.  His brothers and sisters are Ralph Fiennes, Sophie Fiennes, Martha Fiennes, Magnus Fiennes and his twin brother, Jacob Fiennes. He is best known for acting in the movie Shakespeare in Love.

Other websites 
 

1970 births
Living people
Actors from Wiltshire
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
People from Salisbury
1179



Births 
 April 4 — Farid-ud-din Ganj Shakar

Events 
 Third Council of the Lateran condemned Waldensians and Cathars as heretics, institutes a reformation of clerical life, and creates the first "ghettos" for Jews
 Afonso I is recognized as the true King of Portugal by Pope Alexander III, bringing Portugal the protection of the Catholic Church against the Castilian monarchy
 Philip II is crowned King of France
 Aberdeen is chartered by William the Lion
 Westminster School founded by the monks of Westminster Abbey (by papal command)
 Drigung Kagyu school of Kagyu Buddhism was founded.

1179
Wikibooks

Wikibooks (previously called Wikimedia Free Textbook Project and Wikimedia-Textbooks) is a collection of free books. It is one of many projects that are run by the Wikimedia Foundation. It is a wiki, which makes it possible for anyone to edit.

Some books are original, but others have started as text copied from other sources of free-content textbooks found on the Internet.

The CC-BY-SA license covers all the content that is in Wikibooks.

In February 2010, the Simple English Wikibooks was closed and locked.

Wikijunior 
Wikijunior is a subproject of Wikibooks that has books for children. The project consists of both a magazine and a website and is currently being developed in English, Danish, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Japanese, and Spanish. It is funded by a grant from the Beck Foundation.

Pages in Wikijunior will have the Wikijunior: prefix in front of the page's name.

Other websites 
Wikibooks Main page
Wikibooks in English

Wikimedia
Wikis
Websites established in 2004
Charles IX of France

Charles IX of France (June 27, 1550 – May 30, 1574) was a King of France and a member of the House of Valois.

Birth 
Charles was born in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, on June 27, 1550. His parents were Henry II of France and Catherine of Medici.

Marriage 
Charles was married to Elizabeth of Austria on November 26, 1570. They had one child, Mary Elizabeth of France (October 27, 1572 – April 9, 1578), who died young.

Death 
Charles died in Vincennes, France, on May 30, 1574. He is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica. The next King was Henry III of France.

1550 births
1574 deaths

Kings and Queens of France
House of Valois
Henry III of France

Henry III of France (September 19, 1551 – August 2, 1589) was a King of France and a member of the House of Valois. He was also a King of Poland.

Birth 
Henry was born in Fontainbleau, France, on September 19, 1551. His parents were Henry II of France and Catherine de Medici. He was Catherine de Medici's favourite son.

Marriage 
Henry was married to Louise of Lorraine on February 13, 1575. They had no children.

Death 
Henry died in Saint-Cloud, France, on August 2, 1589, after being stabbed with a knife. He is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica. Henry was the last King of the Valois Dynasty. The next King was Henry IV of France, who was a member of the Bourbon Dynasty.

1551 births
1589 deaths

Kings and Queens of France
House of Valois
LGBT royalty
16th-century French people
981

981 was a common year.

Births 
Princess Theodora, later Empress of the Eastern Roman Empire.
997

997 was a common year beginning on Friday.

Deaths 
 April 23 – Saint Adalbert of Prague (martyred)
999

The year 999 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Deaths 
February 7 – Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia
February 18 – Pope Gregory V
December 16 – Saint Adelaide of Italy (b. 931)
Maredudd ab Owain king of Deheubarth and Powys
1015

1015 was a common year.

Events 
 August: King Cnut the Great of Denmark launches an invasion of Mercia and Northumbria in England.
 Berserkers are banned in Norway.
 Olav Haraldsson becomes king of Norway.
 Sviatopolk succeeds Vladimir as prince of Kiev.

References
418

418 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

Events
 Theodoric I becomes king of the Visigoths.
 December 28 – Pope Boniface I succeeds Zosimus as the 42nd pope.
 Eulalius is elected antipope of Rome.

Deaths 

December 26 – Pope Zosimus
1660



Events 
 Expulsion of the Carib indigenous people from Martinique by French occupying forces.
 Hopkins School is founded. (exact date uncertain)
 January 1 – colonel George Monck with his regiment crosses from Scotland to England at the village of Coldstream and begins advance towards London in support of English Restoration. Samuel Pepys began his diary.
 February 2 – George Monck and his regiment arrive in London
 February 23 – Charles XI becomes king of Sweden.
 February 27 – John Thurloe reinstated as England's secretary of State for a short time
 March 16 – The Long Parliament disbands
May 8 – The Parliament of England declares Prince Charles Stuart King Charles II of England
 May 15 – John Thurloe arrested for high treason after English Restoration
May 23 – King Charles II of England reaches the shores of his Kingdom. On May 29 he arrives in London and assumes the throne, marking the beginning of the English Restoration
 May 25 – Charles II of England crowned
 June 29 – John Thurloe released
 November 28 – At Gresham College, 12 men, including Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, and Sir Robert Moray meet after a lecture by Wren and decide to found "a College for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematicall Experimentall Learning" (later known as the Royal Society).
 Theaters opened again in England – Margaret Hughes debuts as the first female actor as Desdemona in Othello
Blaise Pascal's The Provincial Letters, a defense of the Jansenist Antoine Arnauld, was ordered shredded and burned by King Louis XIV of France.
 Sweden recovers its southern provinces from Denmark.

Births 
 April 16 - Hans Sloane, Irish physician
 May 2 - Alessandro Scarlatti, Italian composer
 May 28 - George I of Great Britain, King of Great Britain and ruler of Hanover in North Germany.
 November 12 - Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro.
 November 28 - Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria, mother of Philip V of Spain

Deaths
 June 6 - Diego Velázquez, Spanish painter
 July 8 - Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester
 November 4 - Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange
Constance of Arles

Constance of Arles (c. 986 – 28 July 1032), also known as Constance of Provence, was queen of France as the third spouse of King Robert II of France, They were married in 1003 after Robert had divorced his second wife, Bertha. She was buried in the Saint Denis Basilica with Robert II of France.

They had several children:
Henry I of France
Adela of France - is the mother of Matilda of Flanders, who was the wife of William I of England
Robert I of Burgundy
Eudes of France
Constance of France, married to Count Manasses of Dammartin

Kings and Queens consort of France

986 births
1032 deaths
People from Arles
Matilda of Boulogne

Queen Matilda of Boulogne (1105 – May 3, 1152) was the wife of Stephen of England. She also became the Countess of Boulogne when her father died in 1125.

Matilda was born in Boulogne, France. She was the daughter of Eustace III of Boulogne and Mary of Scotland. Matilda's mother, Mary, was the daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland and Saint Margaret of Scotland.

Matilda married Stephen I of England in 1125. They were deeply in love until two of their children died Baldwin and Matilda.

Matilda died at Hedingham Castle, Essex, England. She was buried in Faversham Abbey.

1105 births
1152 deaths
Kings and Queens consort of England
Marie of Boulogne

Marie of Boulogne was the Countess of Boulogne from 1159 until 1170.

Marie was the daughter of Stephen of England and Matilda of Boulogne.  She was placed in a convent when she was young so that she could become a nun.  When her brother, William of Blois, died, she became the heir of the Count of Boulogne.  She had to leave the convent and was married to Matthew of Alsace.  Marie and Matthew ruled Boulogne together, but their marriage was not happy and they got a divorce in 1170.  

After Marie died, Matthew continued to be the Count of Boulogne until 1173.  After this Marie and Matthew's daughter, Ida of Boulogne, became Countess of Boulogne.  Marie and Matthew's other daughter, Maud of Boulogne, became the wife of Henry I of Brabant.

French nobility
Earls and countesses
Marie of France

Marie of France was the eldest daughter of Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine. In 1164 she was married to Henry I of Champagne. Their children included:
Henry II of Champagne
Theobald III of Champagne

French royalty
Alix of France

Alix of France (July/August 1150 - 1197/1198) was the youngest daughter of Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine.  She was married to Theobald V of Blois in 1164.  Their children included:
Louis I of Blois
Margaret of Blois

French royalty

1151 births
1190s deaths
Margaret of Blois

Margaret of Blois was Countess of Blois from 1218 until 1230.  She was the daughter of Theobald V of Blois and Alix of France.  Her mother was the daughter of Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine.  

Margaret was married to Otto I of Burgundy.

Earls and countesses
French nobility
1230 deaths
Feta cheese

Feta cheese (, feminine gender; pronounced ), or simply Feta is a kind of cheese. Usually it is made from the milk of sheep or goats. Feta cheese originally is from the Greek mainland, or from Lesbos in the Aegean Sea.

It is an ingredient in a Greek Salad.

Other cheese (which is usually not from Greece and is usually made from cow milk) must not be called Feta from 2007. The European Court said so in its decisions  C-465/02 and  C-466/02 (from October 25, 2005).

This ruling is only valid for the European Union, and other countries in Europe. Several member state of the WTO still think that the term "feta" is generic.  European Member states wanted to ddefend this protected designation  of origin at the WTO talks in Doha.

History 
What is now called feta cheese was known to Ancient Greeks. Homer must have known about it. There were several references to the cheese in the Odyssey. According to the myth, the cyclops Polyphemos was the first cheese manufacturer. He carried the milk in animal-skin bags. He had collected the milk from his sheep. He was very surprised to see that days later the milk had become solid. When Polyphemus tried to eat it, it tasted well. He also found that as such a solid, it would go bad later than with milk.

The name Feta has an Italian origin. It is derived from fetta (slice), and dates back to the 17th century. Very likely this referred to the method of cutting the cheese in slices to put it in barrels.

References

Other websites 
 Feta registered as Protected Designation of Origin
 http://www.feta.gr on feta's history, production and conservation methods, plus dozens of recipes with feta

Cheeses
Greek food
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band

Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band is an album released by the Beatles. It was the eighth Beatles album released in the United Kingdom. It was released on 1 June 1967. It was at the top of music charts in the UK for twenty-seven weeks. It has many well-known songs, such as "When I'm Sixty-Four" and "A Day in the Life", which John Lennon and Paul McCartney worked on together. For a while before this album came out, The Beatles had been trying new things when they made records, but this album made a much bigger change in the way they sounded.

The album title was used later for a 1978 Universal Pictures movie. Peter Frampton and the Bee Gees played Sgt. Pepper's band, while Billy Preston was the Sergeant. George Burns played Mr. Kite (the mayor), Steve Martin (in his first film) played Maxwell Edison, and Aerosmith was the Future Villain Band. It consistently holds the top spot on critics' lists of the greatest albums of all time.

Songs on the album

Sources

The Beatles albums
1967 albums
Concept albums
Rock albums
Grammy Award-winning albums
Winter Palace

The Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, Russia, is one of the greatest and largest palaces. From 1732 to 1917, it was the official residence of the Russian Tsars. It was built on the shores of the Neva River between 1754 and 1762.

Tsar Nicholas I, in the 19th century, was  responsible for the palace's present appearance and layout. He made many changes to the interior of the palace, and was responsible for its complete rebuilding after the fire of 1837.

On 30 October 1917, the palace was declared to be part of the Hermitage Museum. Today, the palace, as part one of the world's most famous museums, attracts an annual 3.5 million visitors.

Gallery

References 

Palaces in Russia
Buildings and structures in Saint Petersburg
Standing's day gecko

The Standing's day gecko (Phelsuma standingi Methuen & Hewitt, 1913) is a  type of gecko. It is diurnal, which means that it sleeps during the night and is awake during the day. It lives in southwest Madagascar and usually is found on trees. Standing's day gecko eats insects and nectar (a type of drink created by flowers).

Lizards
Reptiles of Africa
Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles VI (1 October 1685 – 20 October 1740) was Holy Roman Emperor from 12 October 1711 to 20 October 1740. He was emperor after his elder brother, Joseph I. His daughter, Maria Theresia of Austria, inherited the throne after he died.

1685 births
1740 deaths
Holy Roman Emperors
Habsburg Dynasty
Counts and countesses of Flanders
Archdukes and Archduchesses of Austria
18th century in Germany‎
Pierre Trudeau

Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau  (October 18, 1919 in Montreal, Canada – September 28, 2000 in Montreal, Canada) was the 15th Canadian Prime Minister during the 1970s (1968 - 1979), and then again from 1980 - 1984. He is thought by many Canadian citizens today as having been the greatest Canadian Prime Minister ever. His son is the 23rd and current Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.

As Prime Minister 
He had many challenges during the 1970s, including the October Crisis, and in 1980 held the country together by defeating the referendum on Quebec sovereignty (the province of Quebec wanted to leave Canada and become its own country), and keeping Quebec a member of the Canadian state. Another popular event associated with Pierre Trudeau is Trudeaumania, which referred to how much he was liked by the Canadian people. As a relatively young man, he was very close to the youth of the time, as well as funny, and he appealed to everyone by being so understanding and just like a normal person. This kind of Prime Minister had never been seen before, and it made people feel like he was a good, friendly person.

Retirement and death 

Trudeau retired from being the Prime Minister in 1984, after which he did not speak to the public very much. He died of prostate cancer and Parkinson's disease in Montreal on September 28, 2000. After he died, his son, Justin Trudeau, spoke at his funeral, which was shown all over the country. He said je t'aime (French for "I love you") and cried on his father's coffin. After this moving eulogy (a speech at a funeral about the dead person), many Canadian people thought Justin would have a future in politics; Justin is the 23 Prime Minister of Canada, elected in 2015. 

1919 births
2000 deaths
Cancer deaths in Quebec
Deaths from prostate cancer
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Companions of Honour
Order of Canada
People from Montreal
Privy Councillors (Canada)
Leaders of the Opposition (Canada)
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Canadian King's Counsel
Jennifer Lopez

Jennifer Lynn Affleck (née Lopez) (born July 24, 1969) is an American singer, actress, dancer, fashion designer, businesswoman and television personality. She's most known for her performances in Selena, Maid in Manhattan, Out of Sight (co-starring George Clooney), Monster-in-Law, The Cell, and An Unfinished Life (with Robert Redford and Morgan Freeman). She also was a judge for the talent reality series American Idol in 2011 and from 2014 until the show's series finale in 2016.

She began her career as a "Fly Girl" dancer on the 1990s TV series, In Living Color.  Her first album On the 6 was released in 1999. It contains the hit singles "If You Had My Love", "No Me Ames", "Waiting for Tonight", "Feelin' So Good" and "Let's Get Loud". She released J.Lo in 2001, her most successful album to date. J to tha L-O!: The Remixes and This Is Me... Then were released in 2002.  The album Brave was released in 2007, followed by Love? in 2011. She has released one greatest hits album, Dance Again... The Hits, in 2012.  Her most recent album is A.K.A., which was released in 2014.

She has many records, including record for having a movie and album (The Wedding Planner, and J.Lo) both #1 on the same week.

Personal life 
Lopez' first three marriages ended in divorce.

From February 1997 until January 1998 Lopez was married to Ojani Noa.

From September 2001 until June 2002 she was married to Cris Judd.

On June 5, 2004, she married Marc Anthony and they have twins, a boy, Maximillian David and a girl, Emme Maribel Muñiz (born on February 22, 2008) via c-section. The couple separated in July 2011 and divorced in June 2014.

From 2011 to 2016, she dated backup dancer Casper Smart.

From 2017 to 2021, Lopez has been in a relationship with former MLB star Alex Rodriguez. They were engaged in March 2019. They split in 2021. 

After dating from 2002 to 2004, Lopez reconciled with and began dating actor Ben Affleck in April 2021. She publicly confirmed their relationship on her 52nd birthday later that July.  Affleck and Lopez were married in Las Vegas at the Little White Wedding Chapel on July 16, 2022.

Discography 

Studio albums
 1999: On the 6
 2001: J.Lo
 2002: This Is Me... Then
 2005: Rebirth
 2007: Como Ama una Mujer (Spanish language album)
 2007: Brave
 2011: Love?
 2014: A.K.A.
 2023: This Is Me... Now

Compilation albums
 2012: Dance Again... the Hits

Remix albums
 2002: J to tha L-O!: The Remixes

Soundtrack albums
 2022: Marry Me

DVDs

 2000: Feelin' So Good
 2003: Let's Get Loud
 2003: The Reel Me
 2007: Como Ama una Mujer

Number-one singles

Filmography

Movies

Television

References 

Actors from the Bronx
American dancers
American R&B musicians
American pop musicians
American performers of Latin music
American hip hop musicians
American dance musicians
American movie actors
American pop singers
American R&B singers
American television actors
Businesspeople from New York City
 
Latin singers
Musicians from the Bronx
Singers from New York City
1969 births
Living people
Anne of Brittany

Anne of Brittany (January 25, 1477 - January 9, 1514) was a Duchess of Brittany.

Birth 

Anne was the daughter of Francis II of Brittany and Margaret of Foix. She was born in Nantes (then in Brittany, now officially outside that Région) on January 25, 1477.

Marriage and children 

Anne was married to Charles VIII of France on December 6, 1491. They had four children, but all of them died young.

After Charles died, Anne married Louis XII of France on January 8, 1499. They had two daughters:
 Claude of France (1499 - 1524), who married Francis I of France
 Renee of France (1510 - 1575)

Death 

Anne died in the Chateau of Blois on January 9, 1514.

1477 births
1514 deaths

Brittany
Dukes and Duchesses of Brittany
People from Nantes
Ritual

A ritual (or a rite) is a set of actions people do. In a ritual, the actions are important because every action stands for something. Each ritual of a type is done in a certain way.  Danger might be involved in carrying out the ritual. When the ritual has been performed successfully, it is often followed by a celebration.

Rituals can mark a personal change. For example, a rite of passage may show that a child has reached the age of majority. All societies seem to have had them.

A religious rite is a religious ceremony. Many rituals have a religious significance and are part of the religion or traditions of a community. The rite signals that those who take part are members of the religion, or believers in the religion. The rite may signal status, qualification, prayer and commitment to the god or to the belief.

A rite need not be to a religion as understood in the present day. Fervent support of a sports team, or kissing the ring of an organised crime lord, or a military enrollment is equally a rite, because it has consequences for the behaviour of the person, and for their beliefs.

A ritual can also be linked to obsessive compulsive disorder, when a person believes that performing the ritual again and again is necessary.

References

Related pages 
 Mass (liturgy)
 Ceremony
Ceremonies
Maria Theresa of Austria

Maria Theresa of Austria (13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female sovereign of the Habsburg Dynasty. She reigned as the de facto Empress Regnant of the Holy Roman Empire and Queen of Germany. She was also queen of Hungary and Bohemia, archduchess of Austria, and held many other titles.  

During her rule she changed the royal palace outside Vienna (the Austrian capital) to look much like Versailles. Vienna itself became an important center for the arts, especially music. Maria Theresa added support to her absolute power by tightening her hold on the government. She also improved conditions for the peasants. She is generally known to history as the Empress Maria Theresa.

Biography 

Maria Theresa was born in Vienna, Austria, on 13 May 1717. Her parents were Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Her father had made the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, a decree which allowed a female ruler despite the Salic law prohibition.   

Maria Theresa married Duke Francis Stephan I of Lorraine for love. They had sixteen children:
 Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (1737–1740)
 Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (1738–1789)
 Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria (1740–1741)
 Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II (1741–1790)
 Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria, Duchess of Teschen (1742–1798)
 Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (1743–1808)
 Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria (1745–1761)
 Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria (1746–1804)
 Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II (1747–1792)
 Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria (stillborn 1748)
 Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria (1750–1762)
 Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria (1751–1767)
 Queen Maria Carolina of Austria of Naples and Sicily (1752–1814)
 Queen Marie Antoinette of France and Navarre, born Maria Antonia (1755–1793)
 Archduke Maximilian Francis of Austria (1756–1801) 

Maria Theresa died in Vienna, Austria, on 29 November 1780.

1717 births
1780 deaths

Archdukes and Archduchesses of Austria
Holy Roman Empresses consort
Habsburg Dynasty
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
House of Lorraine
Grand Duchesses of Tuscany
Grand Dukes of Luxembourg
Aristocracy

Aristocracy is a kind of government that puts power in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class. In Ancient Greek, the word aristocracy means the rule of the best, but it has come to be linked with rule by Nobility. A member of the aristocracy is an aristocrat.

There are different kinds of aristocracy with different ways the government is set up.  In history, most aristocracies are hereditary.  Members of the ruling group have passed on power to their eldest surviving Child. In most cases, this was their  son.  Daughters were often excluded from this. Aristocracy can be combined with other kinds of government. There were small groups of people that run a country. The people were called aristocrats and often had titles such as duke, duchess, baron and baroness.

Some good examples of this are the Spartiates in Sparta, the eupatridae in Athens, the patricians or Optimates in Rome to name a few

Various forms of government

Consistent with aristocracy 
 monarchy - (inherited rule by a single individual) The monarch and his or her relatives are usually the aristocracy. Also, the monarch has the power to make anyone he or she chooses part of the ruling group. Sometimes the current monarch is replaced by another aristocrat and their family.
 autocracy - (all power in one person) Aristocracies in an autocratic society tend to be very small, usually only the autocrat's family or close friends.
 plutocracy - (rule by the wealthy) The aristocracy is usually made up of the richest people. Sometimes it is not enough just to be rich, you must also be from a special family or ethnic group.
 oligarchy - (rule by the few)  All aristocracies are also oligarchies.

Not aristocracies 
 Meritocracy - (rule by those who most deserve to rule) The rulers are people who have special credentials or those who went to a particular school or passed a special examination. It is possible to lose your place in the ruling group because someone with better skills replaced you.
 Technocracy- rule by experts
 Democracy - (rule by the people) There are usually not official groups of aristocrats in a democracy. However, rich and famous people sometimes informally form a group of people who get special treatment.

References 

Forms of government
Social classes
Poseidon

Poseidon () is the god of the sea, earthquakes, storms and horses in ancient Greek religion and myth. He was one of the Twelve Olympians. His parents were Kronos and Rhea. He was the older brother of Zeus yet not by much.

Poseidon was generally regarded as an ill-tempered being. His mood was a reflection of the state of his realm. He was thought to conjure up violent storms at sea when angered. While he was married to the goddess Amphitrite, one of the Nereids, like his brother Zeus, Poseidon had a number of affairs with other goddesses and mortal woman, siring such heroes as Theseus and Bellerophon. Lord of the waters, Poseidon was both patron and protector of both sailors and seafarers, who would pray to him for safe passage across the sea. Poseidon was often regarded as the “Father of Horses,” as they were thought to be his creations. He was additionally the chief deity and patron of the city of Corinth, whereupon the Isthmian Games were held every other four years in his honor. Otherwise known as the Earth-Shaker (), Poseidon was thought to be the cause of such disasters, striking the Earth with his trident (a three-pronged spear) whenever he was particularly enraged. The god's symbol was his trident and the bull, horse and dolphin were his sacred animals. The god Neptune is his Roman equivalent. Neptune was a more war-like figure.

Related pages

 Neptune (god) – Roman version of Poseidon
Percy Jackson – Fictional Child of Poseidon

Twelve Olympians
Gods and goddesses of water
Message passing

In computer science, a message is a bit of data, which is sent by a sender, to a recipient. This is usually done by copying the data around. In an event-driven model, the recipient will then act in a certain way to the message.

Computer science
Handball

(For the different sport of the same name played with two, three or four players, see.)

Handball (also known as team handball, field handball or Olympic handball) is a team sport similar to football (soccer). Two teams of 7 players each (six players and a goalkeeper) pass and bounce a ball using the hands, trying to throw it into the goal of the other team. Games are an hour of playing time, divided into 30-minute halves, with 15 minutes break at halftime. The size of the court is a little bigger than a basketball court, 40 meters by 20 meters, which is the same court as indoor soccer. It has a six-meter line which no one but the goalie is allowed to have possession of the ball and touching the ground. If this happens, a foul is called and the player committing the foul gets ejected, (sitting out of the game for two minutes, five minutes, or the rest of the game). There are seven players total on a handball team, six players and a goalie. Most historians agree that handball predates soccer, (football) but that is not for certain

References

"Team handball." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2012
Twelve Olympians

The Twelve Olympians are the most important gods of Greek mythology, who lived atop Mount Olympus (Mytikas peek 2917.727 m). Seventeen gods have been said to have been Olympians, but there were never more than twelve at the same time. 

Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Athena, Apollo, and Artemis are always considered to be Olympians. Hestia, Dionysus, and Hades are the gods who have sometimes been Olympians. Thus, it is theorised that Hestia gave up her place to Dionysus because she wanted to live amongst humans however no records of this actually exist

The Olympians became the most important gods when Zeus and his brothers and sisters won a war against the Titans. Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Hestia, and Hades are all brothers and sisters. All the other gods are Zeus's children and have different mothers.

Gods who are Olympians 
 Zeus is the most important god. He is the ruler of Mount Olympus and is the god of the weather. "If you were to chain the heavens and attempt to drag me down, with the power of you all, you could not. If I were to attempt to drag you down, it would be an easy matter."
 Poseidon is the god of the oceans. He is the next most important god to Zeus along with Hades.
 Hera is Zeus' wife. She is the goddess of marriage.
 Ares is the god of war and violence.
 Artemis is the goddess of hunting and animals.
 Hephaestus is the god of fire and forging.
 Apollo is the god of light, dance, music, medicine, archery, and poems.
 Hermes is the messenger of the gods. He is also the god of travelers, thieves and shepherds.
 Hestia is the goddess of the home and family.
 Demeter is the goddess of the earth, wheat, flowers and plants.
 Aphrodite is the goddess of love and beauty.
 Athena is the goddess of wisdom, the arts, industry, justice and skill.

References
Hermes

Hermes is the messenger of the gods. He is the god of travellers and shepherds in Greek mythology. He is one of the Twelve Olympians, and is often shown with his caduceus. 

Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia. He was born on Mount Cyllene. The story of his birth was told in the Homeric Hymn, which means Hymn to Hermes. It said that Maia was a nymph.

Hermes was very clever and on his first day invented the lyre, by using the shell of a tortoise. He carries a golden sword. One of the myths about Hermes is that he once stole his brother's oxen, and burned them as a sacrifice.

Children 
 Tyche was a daughter with Aphrodite.
 Hermaphroditus was a son with Aphrodite.

Related pages
 Turms - Etruscan mythology version of Hermes
 Mercury - Roman mythology version of Hermes

Other websites

Twelve Olympians
Maia

Maia is the goddess of the fields in Greek mythology. She is the oldest of the Pleiades.  She is also the most beautiful and the shyest. 

The Pleiades were the seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione. Maia and her sisters were all born on Mount Cyllene, which is in Arcadia.  

Maia was the mother of Hermes by Zeus, who is another god. She gave birth to Hermes in a cave in Arcadia. After Maia gave birth to Hermes she wrapped him in blankets and then went to sleep. When she woke up, Hermes had crawled away to Thessaly and had invented the lyre and stole some of Apollo's cattle.

Maia also looked after Arkas when Hera had turned his mother, Kallisto, into a bear.

Related pages
Pleiades (mythology)

Nymphs
Pleiades (mythology)

The Pleiades are seven nymphs in Greek mythology, and companions of Artemis. They were the seven daughters of Atlas and the nymph Pleione.  They were all born on Mount Cyllene, which is in Arcadia.

The Pleiades
Maia, who was the eldest.  She was the mother of Hermes by Zeus.  
Elektra, who was the mother of Dardanus and Iasion by Zeus.
Taygete, who was the mother of Lacedaemon by Zeus.
Alkyone, who was the mother of Hyrieus by Poseidon.
Kelaino, who was mother of Lycus and Eurypylus by Poseidon. 
Asterope (also called Sterope), who was mother of Oenomaus by Ares. 
Merope, who was youngest, and married Sisyphus.

Nymphs