alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
All's Well That Ends Well

All's Well That Ends Well is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a comedy. It was based on a story in Boccaccio's Decameron. The date All's Well was written is uncertain, but it was probably written between 1600 and 1603. It was probably first performed about 1602-1603, and probably first printed in the First Folio of 1623. The play is about Helena's love for the unresponsive Bertram.

References
 All's Well That Ends Well

Plays by William Shakespeare
1600s plays
Christ (title)

In Christianity, the Christ (; ) is a title for the savior and redeemer who would bring salvation to the Jewish people and mankind. Christ is the Greek translation of the Hebrew title Messiah (; anointed one), the figure promised by God to the Jewish people and mankind for the salvation of the world. Christians believe that Jesus of Nazareth is the Jewish Messiah called Christ of the Christian Old Testament and fulfilled the messianic prophecies of Christian tradition. Christ, used by Christians both as a name and as a title, is synonymous with Jesus.

Related pages
 Christology

References 

Christology
Christian Bale

Christian Charles Philip Bale (born 30 January 1974) is an English actor. He is from Haverfordwest in Pembrokeshire. Bale is best known for playing Batman in Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight Trilogy. He began in a movie of Steven Spielberg's Empire of the Sun. He also played in American Psycho and The Machinist. In 2010, Bale won an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award for his performance in The Fighter. He played Dick Cheney in the biopic movie Vice, and won another Golden Globe Award. He is married to Sandra Blažić since 2000 and they have two children together.

Christian Bale, versatile actor, excels in accents, physical changes, music, languages, precision, genre shifts, stunts, production, and voice acting.

Other websites

References 

English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
English voice actors
Actors who played Batman
1974 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Satellite Award winners
Saturn Award winners
Villeneuve-d'Ascq

Villeneuve-d'Ascq (which means New city of Ascq in French) is one of the main cities of the metropolis of Lille, in France. It is between Lille and Roubaix, at the crossroads of the principal freeways towards Paris, Ghent, Antwerp and Brussels,

Demography

Villeneuve-d'Ascq has more than 65,000 people and attracts 50,000 students.
The average age of people there is 29 years.

Geography

The city has about 10 km² of greenspace, lakes, forests and farmland.

History

The roots of the city go back to Celtic Gaul, and are anchored in two feudal mounds, a Gallo-Roman site and a Carolingian one.

Its site was selected in the 1960s to accommodate the new town of Lille-Est. It was made to channel the development of the agglomeration. The commune of Villeneuve-d'Ascq was created in 1970 by combining three communes (Ascq, Annapes and Flers). Its name reminds people at the same time the new city and the memory of Ascq, martyr city of April 1, 1944, date on which the Nazis killed 86 men.

Communes in Nord
Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh () () is a state in the Republic of India. It has a population of 75,727,000 people according to the census of 2001. The eastern boundary is a  coastline along the Bay of Bengal. Its latitude and longitude is 17.3660°N and 78.4760°E. The state has an area of . It is bigger than Burkina Faso but smaller than Ecuador. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the South Indian zone. It was divided into Andhra Pradesh and Telangana in 2014, because of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. According to this Act, both states will have the same capital city Hyderabad, for a period of 10 years. The present Chief Minister of the state is Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy of the YSR Party.

Andhra Pradesh has a gross domestic product (GDP) of 123,560 (in millions of US dollars). That makes it the third largest state in India in terms of GDP, after Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh. Most of this money comes from agriculture. Andhra Pradesh is sometimes called the "Rice Bowl of India", as a very large amount of rice or paddy is grown in the coastal plains of the state. Recently the state is also involved in newer businesses like biotechnology and information technology.

Provincial symbols of Andhra Pradesh

References
Alberto Vargas

Joaquin Alberto Vargas y Chávez (9 February 1896 – 30 December 1982), better known as Alberto Vargas, was a Peruvian-born painter, best known for his pin-up paintings of beautiful women. In the 1930s he became famous for movie posters. In the 1940s and 1950s he painted for Esquire Magazine and in the 1960s and 1970s for Playboy.

A painting of Alberto's, Varga Girl, was put on the Beatles - Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.  She is pictured in the upper right-hand corner (next to Richard Menkin, the man in the hat).

 Alberto Vargas, a history, family photos and gallery. 
 Vargas on "The Pin-Up Files"
  Alberto Vargas Biography 
 Artwork on the American Art Archives web site

Peruvian painters
1896 births
1982 deaths
George Lucas

George Walton Lucas Jr. (born May 14, 1944) is an American movie director, producer, and screenwriter most famous for the Star Wars and Indiana Jones movie series.

He also directed the movies THX 1138 (1971) and American Graffiti (1973). He made the Indiana Jones series with Steven Spielberg. He is also an innovator for what he has done with special effects, and has founded companies that make not only movies, but also things like video games, theme park rides, and TV shows.

Lucas founded the Pixar animation studio and later sold it to Steve Jobs in 1986 for $10 million.

Personal life
He has three children: Katie, Amanda and Jett Lucas (born 1993). Jett has had cameo appearances in Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith as Zett Jukassa. 

Lucas began dating Mellody Hobson, president of Ariel Investments and chair of DreamWorks Animation, in 2006. Lucas and Hobson announced their engagement in January 2013, and married on June 22, 2013 at Lucas's Skywalker Ranch in Marin County, California.

George Lucas Cultural Arts Museum
A George Lucas Cultural Arts Museum was to be built in San Francisco, California, but after talks failed, Lucas decided not to build the museum in San Francisco. 

Soon afterwards, the Chicago Tribune reported that Lucas wanted to build the museum in Chicago, Illinois. Lucas said: "The city of Chicago has enthusiastically welcomed me and I consider Chicago to be my second home," Lucas said in a statement. "I look forward to working with community leaders to see if Chicago can become home to the Lucas Cultural Arts Museum. " The office of Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel confirmed that talks between the two were ongoing. A potential lakefront site on Museum Campus in Chicago was proposed in May 2014. On June 24, 2014, the Chicago Sun-Times reported that Chicago was selected as the location, pending approval of the Chicago Plan Commission. The commission approved the idea and the museum will be built in Chicago.

References

Other websites

1944 births
American cinematographers
American movie editors
American screenwriters
American television producers
American television writers
Living people
Movie directors from California
Movie producers from California
Businesspeople from California
American company founders
American billionaires
Writers from California
Telugu

Telugu  is a  language spoken in the southern part of India and the Peninsular part of Malaysia. It is the official language of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. It is one of the twenty-two scheduled languages of the Republic of India. Telugu is the second most spoken language in India and 15th largest spoken language in the world. As it is one of the oldest languages in the world, Government of India gave it the status of a Classical language.

With 56 letters [16 vowels and 36 consonants, 4 removed], Telugu has more letters in its alphabet than any other language. There were letters for sounds Al, Aluu, which were later removed from the alphabet. Every Telugu word ends with an vowel.

Achchullu  (vowels) 

అ ఆ ఇ ఈ ఉ ఊ ఋ ౠ ఎ ఏ ఐ ఒ ఓ ఔ అం అః

Halullu   (consonants) 

క ఖ గ ఘ ఙ 
చ ఛ జ ఝ ఞ
ట ఠ డ ఢ ణ
త థ ద ధ న
ప ఫ బ భ మ
య ర ల వ శ
ష స హ ళ క్ష ఱ

Ankelu  (Numbers) 
౧ ౨ ౩ ౪ ౫ ౬ ౭ ౮ ౯ ౧౦

References

Dravidian languages
Languages of India
PlayStation 3

The PlayStation 3 (PS3) is the third video game console made by Sony. It was released in Japan on November 11, 2006. It came out on November 17, 2006 in North America, and was released in Australia and Europe on 23 March 2007. It competed against the Microsoft Xbox 360 and Nintendo Wii consoles.

The PlayStation 3 is a console that can play Blu-ray discs. The PS3 was, according to Sony, the most powerful console at the time. However, many people that create computer games have recently stated that both the PS3 and Xbox 360 are about equal. An upside is that to access the online mode to play and interact with other people is free unlike the Xbox in which must be paid for.

When the PlayStation 3 was released, there were two different models. One had a 20 gigabyte (GB) hard drive and cost $399. The other had a 60 gigabyte hard drive and cost $599. Sony stopped making the 20 gigabyte console in North America after the 60 gigabyte version "sold ten times as many" as the 20 gigabyte version.

In July 2007, Sony announced that they would cut the price of the PS3 to $500 in the United States, though still more expensive than its competitors. Sony also released a version of the console with an 80 gigabyte hard drive around this time.

In October, a version of the PlayStation 3 with a 40 gigabyte hard drive was introduced. This model could not play PlayStation 2 games, but games made for the original PlayStation could still be played. The price of the 60 gigabyte model was also further reduced. A white version of the 40 gigabyte model was released in Japan in November.

Since 2011, the PS3 was sold in a new, slimmer, and more efficient model with a 160 GB or 320 GB of hard drive memory.

The PS3 was discontinued in New Zealand on September 29, 2015, in Europe and Australia on March 31, 2016, in North America on October 31, 2016, and in Japan on May 29, 2017, though third-party games are still being made for the system.

References

Sony
PlayStation
Sony consoles
Seventh generation consoles
PlayStation 2

The PlayStation 2 (PS2) is Sony's second video game console. It was released in March 2000. The one before this was PlayStation (or PS1). The next PlayStation is PlayStation 3 which was released in November 2006. The PlayStation 2 competed with the Dreamcast, the Nintendo GameCube and the Microsoft Xbox during its lifetime.

The controllers of the PlayStation 2 are similar to the Dual Analog controllers for the first PlayStation. Some games are online, such as Call of Duty World at War Final Fronts, and a few connect with the PlayStation Portable (or PSP). The PS2 is very successful and games were still made for it after the PlayStation 3 was made. The PlayStation 2 is the world's best-selling console. It has sold around 159 million units since its launch in March 2000, and is fully compatible with PlayStation (PS1) games. Sony announced that they had discontinued the PlayStation 2 in Japan on December 28, 2012 and worldwide on January 4, 2013. The last two games for the system were FIFA 14 and Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 (released only in Europe) in late 2013 (a week before the PlayStation 4's release date). Both these games also had PS3 and PS4 versions. Online functionalities had ended on March 31, 2016. Repair for the system had ended in Japan on September 7, 2018.

PSX
The PSX was released in 2003. It was a video recorder that allowed you to play PlayStation 2 games. It had a built-in hard drive (up to 250 GB). It did not sell well, because it cost too much money, so it was not released outside of Japan. Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas became the most sold game, with over 27.5 million copies sold.

References

Sony
PlayStation
Sony consoles
2000 establishments in the United States
2013 disestablishments
Sixth generation consoles
Sony

Sony is a technology company, based in Japan, which makes many electric products. Among its most popular products is the video game console PlayStation, which was followed by PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4 and now the PlayStation 5. They also sold the Walkman invented by Andreas Pavel - a small music audio cassette player that could fit in your pocket - they later made Walkman systems that could play CDs, MiniDiscs or MP3s instead of tapes, and they often could receive radio too.

The company also makes music players, televisions, headsets, mobile phones (Sony Ericsson) and computers (named Sony Vaio), and game players (PlayStation).

It owns the American movie studios, Columbia Pictures and TriStar Pictures, through Sony Pictures.

History 

Sony began its activity from a department store in Tokyo. At that time, 1946, the store was damaged by bombs. One engineer and one physicist invested a capital of about $1,600 to create a company which would include 20 employees. The name of the engineer was Masaru Ibuka and the name of the physicist was Akio Morita. People working in their new company repaired electrical equipment. Later they started creating their own products.

The company achieved success in 1954, when it received license that allowed producing transistors. Although transistors were already created in United States, they were not used in production of radios. Sony produced its first transistor radio in May of 1954.

From that period Sony started leading in the field of electronics. Its revolutionary devices included: Trinitron Color Television, created in 1968; color video cassette, produced in 1971 as well as the world's second home video system, created in 1975. Other revolutionary inventions of Sony include: 1979 – Walkman; 1981 – Electronic camera; 1982 – CD player; 1983 – Camcorder and the list continuous with many other devices. One of the most popular Sony products was Sony PlayStation, created in 1995. With its help Sony became the leader in videogames.

In 45 years Sony has grown from a small firm, employing 20 workers, to a multinational corporation, employing about 100,000 workers. The company created its American branch in 1960 and its UK branch in 1968. In recent years the company focused on leadership in software and hardware. Sony acquired, in 1988, CBS Records and formed Sony Music Entertainment. A year later the company bought Columbia Pictures to create Sony Pictures Entertainment.

Sony would later join forces with BMG to form "Sony BMG." BMG Music Publishing was sold to Universal in 2007. Sony bought all of BMG's record labels in 2008, ending the "BMG" name.

References

Other websites 
 Sony website

1946 establishments in Asia
 
1940s establishments in Japan
Conglomerate companies
Xbox (console)

The Xbox is a video game console (a machine that plays video games and DVDS). It was made by Microsoft from November 2001 to October 2005. A person plays the games with a controller. The controllers were very large in the beginning, but were made smaller later. The Xbox video game console can play music, DVDs, and games.  Microsoft discontinued the Xbox because they made the next version of the Xbox, the Xbox 360.  The Xbox was first discontinued in 2006 in Japan, later in 2007 in Europe, then in 2009 in the USA.

History 
In 1998, four engineers from Microsoft's DirectX team, Kevin Bachus, Seamus Blackley, Ted Hase and DirectX team leader Otto Berkes, took apart some Dell laptop computers to construct a prototype Microsoft Windows-based video game console. The team hoped to create a console to compete with Sony's upcoming PlayStation 2.

During development, the original DirectXbox name was shortened to Xbox. Microsoft's marketing department did not like the Xbox name, and suggested many alternatives.

Launch
Xbox was the first video game console by Microsoft. It was a very large video game console, and it had a cost of $299.99 in the United States. It was launched one year after the PlayStation 2 and at the same time as the Nintendo GameCube. Halo was the first very popular game for the Xbox.

Builds

Related pages 
 Xbox

References

Xbox
Sixth generation consoles
Fangame

Fangames are computer games created by fans based on popular video games. They are often made using C++, The Games Factory, Multimedia Fusion Express, and GameMaker. But now with free versions available of powerful game development tools available, some fangames are made in either Unity or Unreal Engine.

Other websites 
 The Click Wiki  - information about Multimedia Fusion, The Games Factory.

Types of video games
Wrocław

Wrocław (; , ; ) is the biggest city in Lower Silesian Voivodeship in the southwest part of Poland. The German name of the city is Breslau, and the Czech name is Vratislav. The Oder River goes through the city. There are also 4 other small rivers which connect with the Oder River in the territory of the city: Bystrzyca, Oława, Ślęza and Widawa. Before World War II there were 303 bridges in the city; now there are about 220. In Latin it is called "Vratislavia".

History 

Wrocław is over 1000 years old. It was originally a Slavic town. During the Middle Ages it became a German city, but before that Wrocław was a Czech city. It was called Breslau for a long time. During the Second World War the city was badly damaged.  About 70% of the buildings were damaged. Many of them were rebuilt. After the war, the city became Polish, and the German citizens were forced to leave. It has been called by its Polish name Wrocław ever since.

Johannes Brahms wrote his Academic Festival Overture to thank the University of Breslau in Wrocław. This was for an honorary doctorate he was awarded by the university.

Modern Wrocław 
Its population in 2004 was 638,000. There are 10 universities in the city. It is famous for its beautiful historical town square (Polish rynek) and cathedral (large church).

In 1997 the Oder River flooded, causing a lot of damage.

Nobel Prize winners from Wrocław 
10 people from Wrocław have won the Nobel Prize.  They are:
 Theodor Mommsen (1902)
 Philipp Lenard (1905)
 Eduard Buchner (1907)
 Paul Ehrlich (1908)
 Gerhart Hauptmann (1912)
 Fritz Haber (1918)
 Friedrich Bergius (1931)
 Otto Stern (1943)
 Max Born (1954)
 Reinhard Selten (1994)

Notes

References

Other websites 

 Wrocław-Life.com portal
 Virtual Wrocław 
 Municipal website
 Hotels in Wroclaw 
 Airport of Wroclaw
1906

1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events 
 April 18 – An earthquake in San Francisco, California kills at least three thousand people.
 Camillo Golgi, Italian doctor, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Santiago Ramón y Cajal
 Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spanish doctor, won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Camillo Golgi

Births 
 January 11 – Albert Hofmann, Swiss scientist, invented LSD
 January 14 - William Bendix, American actor (d. 1964)
 March 6 – Lou Costello, American actor and comedian (d. 1959)
 April 13 – Samuel Beckett, Irish writer (d. 1989)
 April 28 – Kurt Gödel, Austrian-American mathematician (d. 1978)
 July 14 – William H. Tunner, American World War II general (d. 1983)
 August 27 – Ed Gein, American serial killer (d. 1984)
 September 25 – José Figueres Ferrer, President of Costa Rica (d. 1990)
   September 25   – Dmitri Shostakovich, Soviet composer (d. 1975)
 October 30 – Alexander Gode, German-American linguist and translator (d. 1970)
 November 14 – Louise Brooks, American actress and dancer (d. 1985)
 December 19 – Leonid Brezhnev, leader of the Soviet Union (d. 1982)

Hit songs 
 "Anchors Aweigh"

Movies Released 
 Humorous Phases of Funny Faces, the first animated movie
 The Story of the Kelly Gang, the first feature-length movie
Lou Albano

Louis Vincent Albano (July 29, 1933 – October 14, 2009) was a very famous American professional wrestler in the 1980s. Albano is best known as Captain Lou Albano. He also appeared in Cyndi Lauper's music video "Girls Just Want to Have Fun" and played Mario on The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!, based on the series of video games.

References 

1933 births
2009 deaths
American professional wrestlers
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Former WWE wrestlers
Entertainers from Rome
WWE Hall of Fame
Lip synching

Lip synching is when a person moves his or her lips at the same time as a recorded sound or with another person.  Some artists lip sync a live performance because they are not as confident and want to avoid hitting possible bad notes.

Lip syncing by singers can be controversial to fans attending concert performances who expect to view a live performance.

The word synch is short for synchronize, meaning to do something at the same time.

Music industry
Faith Evans

Faith Evans (born June 10, 1973 in Lakeland, Florida) is an American R&B singer. She grew up in Newark New Jersey. Her first husband, The Notorious B.I.G., died in a drive-by shooting in 1997 . She has been arrested for cocaine and marijuana. Evans' album R&B Divas was nominated for Best R&B Album at the 2014 Grammy Awards.

Discography

Studio albums
 Faith (1995)
 Keep the Faith (1998)
 Faithfully (2001)
 The First Lady (2005) A Faithful Christmas (2005)
 Something About Faith (2010)
 Incomparable (2014)

Collaboration albums
 The King & I'' (with The Notorious B.I.G.) (2017)

References 

1973 births
Living people
Singers from Florida
Singers from Newark, New Jersey
Barry Switzer

Barry Switzer (born October 5, 1937 in Crossett, Arkansas, USA) was an American football coach. He coached both professional and college football for 32 years. Switzer is one of only three head coaches to win both a college football national championship and a Super Bowl. He has one of the highest winning percentages in the history of college football.
 
After high school, Switzer went to the University of Arkansas. He played football there from 1956 to 1960. After graduation, Switzer join the US Army for a short time. After the Army, he returned to the University of Arkansas to work as an assistant coach. 

After the 1966 season, Switzer became an assistant coach at the University of Oklahoma. He became head coach there in 1973. During his first two years as head coach, Oklahoma did not lose any games and won the national championship two time. They won the championship a third time in 1985. Switzer left Oklahoma in 1989. His record there was 157 wins, 29 losses and 4 ties.

In 1994, Switzer became the coach for the Dallas Cowboys. He led them to a win in Super Bowl XXX during the 1995 season. Switzer retired from coaching after the following season.

In 2001, Switzer was elected into the College Football Hall of Fame. On September 9, 2007, he began working with the FOX television network on its NFL pre-game show.

References 

1937 births
Living people
American football coaches
Sportspeople from Arkansas
National Football League coaches
College football coaches
Constant

A constant is something that does not change. Constants (numbers) are used in maths and computer programming.

An important fact to remember in calculus is that the derivative of a constant is always zero.

Related pages
Variable

Mathematics
Computer science
Isabelle of Hainaut

Isabelle of Hainaut (5 April, 1170 - 15 March, 1190) was a Queen of France. She was born in Lille on 5 April 1170. Her father was Baldwin V of Hainaut and her mother was Margaret I of Flanders. She married Philip II of France in 1180.

1170 births
1190 deaths
Kings and Queens consort of France
People from Lille
Fragaria

is the Latin name used in science for the genus of about 20 species of strawberries, plants in the rose family that grow small sweet red fruit. The most well-known and most grown of these species is the strawberry Fragaria× ananassa. The other species are informally known as the wildstrawberries.

Name is a Latin word for the group of "strawberry-like" plants, formed by putting  ("strawberry") together with the ending , which here means something close to the English "-like".

History
People have eaten different kinds of wild strawberries for thousands of years. In Europe, people usually grew the woodland strawberry. Dutch people learned how to eat them through most of the year by planting their seeds at different times, letting them harvest for nine months of the year. The Alpine strawberry became popular around the 1650s because it was a little bigger and could grow in places with less strong sunlight, like the British islands in the late fall. Today's bigger "garden" strawberry was first made around Brest in Brittany (northwest France) in the 1750s. It was made by joining the Virginia strawberry from eastern North America to the European Hautbois and the Chilean strawberry from western South America.

Kinds
The species of the genus  are:

 Strawberry or garden strawberry ()
 Woodland strawberry ()
 Alpine strawberry ()
 Virginia strawberry ()
 Chilean strawberry ('')

Fruit

The real fruit of the strawberries are the achenes, which people usually think of as the little seeds around the outside of the larger red "fruit". What people think is the "fruit" is really the swollen stems between these fruit. This kind of fruit, where different ovaries grow into a single larger fruit, is called an "aggregate fruit".

References

Strawberries
1859

1859 was a common year.

Events 
 The Suez Canal begins to be built in Egypt.
 January 24 - Wallachia and Moldavia are united under Alexander John Cuza under the name Romania (see December 1 1918 for the final unification, Transylvania and other regions are still missing at that time).

Deaths 
 Date unknown – Mahmud Bayazidi, Kurdish polymath
John Brown
Paul Simon

Paul Simon (born October 13, 1941) is an American musician and songwriter. He is of Jewish descent and became famous as a member of Simon and Garfunkel, with his friend, Art Garfunkel. He wrote their songs. The two went their separate ways in the early 1970s and since then Simon has become a successful solo artist.

Paul Simon had his first success in 1958 when his song "Hey Schoolgirl" got to Number 49 on the US charts. He was performing with his friend Art Garfunkel in an act called "Tom and Jerry". His next success was in 1965 with "Sounds of Silence" which went to Number 1. This was also performed with Garfunkel under the name "Simon and Garfunkel.

Some of Simon's most famous songs include "Slip Sliding Away", "American Tune", "Late in the Evening", "Still Crazy After All These Years", "Me and Julio Down By the School Yard" and "50 Ways to Leave Your Lover". His 1986 album Graceland is very well-known. He is still producing music. His newest album is called Surprise.

Simon has received three honorary doctorates in music, including one from Yale University and one from Berklee College of Music. In 2006, Time said that he was one of the 100 people who shape our world.

Discography
 Paul Simon (WEA), 1972
 There Goes Rhymin' Simon, (WEA), 1973
 Still Crazy After All These Years, (WEA), 1975
 One-Trick Pony, (Warner Bros.), 1980
 Hearts and Bones, (Warner Bros.), 1983
 Graceland, (Warner Bros.), 1986
 Rhythm of the Saints, (Warner Bros) 1990
 Songs from the Capeman, (Warner Bros.), 1997
 You're the One, (Warner Bros), 2000
 Surprise, (Warner Bros), 2006
 So Beautiful or So What, 2011
 Stranger to Stranger, 2016
 In the Blue Light]], 2018
 Seven Psalms, 2023

References

1941 births
Living people
20th-century American musicians
American pop singers
Jewish American musicians
Kennedy Center honorees
Shirley Jones

Shirley Jones (b. March 31, 1934) is an American and singer and actress. She appeared in movie musicals, singing a leading role in movies such as Oklahoma!, The Music Man, and Carousel. 

Jones had a supporting role in the movie Elmer Gantry, starring actor Burt Lancaster. She is also famous for her role as Shirley Partridge on the television series The Partridge Family.

Personal life
She was married to Jack Cassidy, from 1956 to 1975, and had three sons with him, Shaun, Patrick, and Ryan. Her stepson is David Cassidy who co-starred with her on The Partridge Family. After she divorced Cassidy she married Marty Ingels on November 13, 1977. Their marriage would last until Ingels' death in October 2015.

Other websites 
 http://www.shirleyjones.com 
 

1934 births
Living people
American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Pennsylvania
Singers from Pennsylvania
Warner Bros. Records artists
DeForest Kelley

Jackson DeForest Kelley (January 20, 1920 – June 11, 1999) was an American actor.

Roles 
Kelley is most famous for his role as Dr. Leonard McCoy of the USS Enterprise in the television series Star Trek and the six movies that followed.

Also known as well as an older Admiral Dr. Leonard McCoy, Star Fleet Surgeon General Emeritus, in the Star Trek: The Next Generation television pilot, "Encounter at Farpoint".

Other websites 
 
 

1920 births
1999 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Atlanta
Deaths from stomach cancer
Scott Bakula

Scott Bakula (October 9, 1954) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles on the television shows, Quantum Leap and Star Trek: Enterprise.

Other websites

Shenandoah at Ford's Theatre. 
Scott Bakula 2000 Interview  on Sidewalks Entertainment

American television actors
Actors from St. Louis, Missouri
1954 births
Living people
Forestry

Forestry means working to take care of forests.  Someone who has a job looking after forests is called a forester.
 
Forests are very important for the world today. Much of the water cycle and carbon cycle goes through forests. Many of them are disappearing because people destroy them for firewood or to make farms. A forester makes sure the forest and all the animals that live there are healthy.  Foresters also make sure the forest is in good condition for people to use.  They makes sure that forests are not destroyed by wildfires before they are ready to use for timber production (cutting down trees to use the wood). 

Forests are important for recreation (letting people enjoy them).  They are very important today because humans produce a lot of carbon dioxide and the trees in forests help to turn this back into oxygen, which we breathe to live. Foresters also help the government figure out what to do about artificial forestry. Many universities offer forestry courses. Forestry students also study zoology, botany and ecology.

Natural sciences
800s BC



Events
The poet, Homer is thought to have lived.
Dido, Queen of Carthage is thought to have lived.
 804 BC - The empire of Assyria takes over the city of Damascus. 
 804 BC - The Egyptian ruler Pedubastis I dies.
 Ancient Italian society develops.
 Olmec people start to build pyramids.
Robert Englund

Robert Englund (born June 6, 1949 in Glendale, California) is an American actor. He is most famous for playing Freddy Krueger in the A Nightmare on Elm Street movies.

References

Other websites

Robert Englund's official website

Robert Englund interview with the Horror Asylum 
Robert Englund interview by Ladyghost 
Robert Englund interview by AOL Canada 
Robert Englund interview with The Phantom Zone 

1949 births
Living people
American movie actors
A Nightmare on Elm Street
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Glendale, California
Margaret of Valois

Margaret of Valois (May 14, 1553 – May 27, 1615) was a Princess of France and a member of the house of Valois.

Her father was Henry II of France and her mother was Catherine of Medici. She was also the sister of Francis II of France, Charles IX of France and Henry III of France. Margaret was then married to Henry IV of France.

The author Alexandre Dumas, père wrote a book about Margaret called Queen Margot.

1553 births
1615 deaths
House of Valois
French princesses
Queen Margot

Queen Margot is a book written in 1845 by Alexandre Dumas, père.  It is a story about Margaret of Valois and Henry IV of France.  The same writer wrote many other books including The Man in the Iron Mask, The Count of Monte Cristo and The Three Musketeers.

1840s books
Historical novels
Books by Alexandre Dumas, père
Henrietta Maria of France

Henrietta Maria of France (November 25, 1609 - September 10, 1669) was the youngest daughter of Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici. She was born in the Louvre Palace in Paris on November 25, 1609. She was a Roman Catholic.

Henrietta Maria married Charles I and became the Queen of England.

Issue

1609 births
1669 deaths
People from Paris
Kings and Queens consort of England
House of Stuart
House of Bourbon
Kings and Queens consort of Scotland
Burials at the Basilica of St Denis
French Roman Catholics
Madonna

Madonna can mean:

 Mary, mother of Jesus, called "The Madonna".
 Madonna (entertainer) - American singer, actress, and writer.
 Madona, a city in Latvia.
Tortilla

A tortilla is a flat bread used in Mexican cuisine. They are used in burritos, enchiladas, and mainly as a wrap called taco. They are normally made of maize (corn), but can also be made of wheat or potatoes.

In Spanish cuisine, tortillas are very different; they are closer to an omelette based on potatoes, usually mixed with other ingredients like onions, pork sausages or other vegetables; they can be baked or cooked in a frying pan. Also many Latin-American countries call omelettes tortillas, and the ingredients can be different in every country, using their local ingredients and by choice of the chef.
In Armenian cuisine a tortilla is known as lavash which is a type of flat bread.

Mexican food
Flatbreads
Bit

Bit can have different meanings:
A digit in binary notation, either 0 or 1. This is like a light switch; either there is light or there is not.
A unit of measurement for the amount of data. This will be a multiple of 1 bit; only integers are allowed. 
As a unit of measurement for information. In this context, 1 bit is the amount of information that is present in the selection of two equally probable options. In this meaning, real values as multiples are possible. 
A small amount of anything either literal or theoretical.

Basic English 850 words
EastEnders

EastEnders is a British drama season TV soap opera in the United Kingdom. It has been running since February 1985, and has had over 5700 episodes. The programme is a rival of Coronation Street and Emmerdale. It is shown on BBC One.

The programme is in a pretend area of East London, called Walford. It is filmed in Elstree, a village in Borehamwood. Like Coronation Street, most action is around a local pub. The pub in EastEnders is called The Queen Vic.

There are many story lines, including drug abuse, rape, racism, domestic violence, murder, kidnapping, prostitution, theft, senile dementia, arson, and runaway children.

Arguments between members of one family, or between different families, are often in the storyline.

It has won six BAFTA awards.

Characters

References

Other websites
BBC EastEnders website

1985 television series debuts
1980s British drama television series
1980s soap operas
1990s British drama television series
1990s soap operas
2000s British drama television series
2000s soap operas
2010s British drama television series
2010s soap operas
BBC television dramas
British soap operas
 
Television series set in London
English-language television programs
William II of England

William II of England (c. September 1 1056–2 August 1100) was King of England from 1087 until 1100. He was the second son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders. He was a harsh ruler and was not very liked. He did not have a wife or any children. He died on 2 August 1100 in the New Forest when he was shot by an arrow while hunting with his brother-in-law, Walter Tirel (Tryyel) and other friends.

References

Other websites

1056 births
1100 deaths
House of Normandy
People buried in Winchester Cathedral
11th century in England
Mary I of England

Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), also known as Mary Tudor, was  Queen regnant of England and Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death. She was the oldest daughter of Henry VIII, and the only child of Catherine of Aragon who survived childhood.

Mary succeeded her short-lived half-brother, Edward VI, to the English throne. She was the fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Mary is remembered for briefly re-making England a Roman Catholic country.

Mary had more than 280 disagreeing religious people burned at the stake, which are recorded in John Foxe's Book of Martyrs.  Due to this, many called her "Bloody Mary".   Her half sister on her fathers side, Elizabeth I, came to the throne after Mary's death. Elizabeth made England Protestant again and persecuted Catholics who were viewed as "traitor".

Life 
Mary Tudor was born on 18 February 1516, in the Palace of Placentia in Greenwich. Unlike the other children of Catherine, she lived to be an adult. Her godfather was the famous Cardinal Thomas Wolsey.

Although she was not the heir Henry VIII was looking forward to, she was loved by her parents. When she was about 11, Henry decided to divorce Mary's mother, Catherine of Aragon, so he could marry Anne Boleyn.

After Anne Boleyn had a daughter, Henry VlII distrusted Mary and thought that her behavior came from her mother. So he purposefully separated Mary and Catherine of Aragon. He also banished them both from court and he removed Mary from the order of succession. Mary had to become one of her servants. After Anne Boleyn was killed by the King, Mary's half-sister also became a servant. A month later, Henry VIII married Jane Seymour. Queen Jane gave birth to Edward, Prince of Wales. 12 days later, Queen Jane died.

Mary lost a faithful friend and also her pride. She had acknowledged her parents' marriage as invalid and herself an illegitimate daughter. The rest of Mary's life with Henry VIII gave her a quick succession of stepmothers. Henry VIII died soon after marrying his last wife, Catherine Parr.

Henry had decided that the young prince was to succeed him. If he had no heirs then his older half-sister, Mary, was to be Queen.

If Mary did not produce a child, then Mary's half-sister, Elizabeth, was to be Queen. After Elizabeth and her heirs, would come Henry's sister Mary Tudor's side of the family.
 
Edward succeeded to the throne as King of England and Ireland. Edward began to show signs of a coughing disease.

Edward did not want Mary to succeed him. Edward went ahead with a plan to let his Protestant cousin Lady Jane Grey become Queen after he died. Lady Jane Grey was only queen of England for nine days. Mary executed her and married Philip II of Spain.

Mary had two phantom pregnancies (or false pregnancies), but had no child. The phantom pregnancies were cancer in her liver.  After Mary died Elizabeth succeeded to the throne, becoming the new Queen Elizabeth I of England.

References 

1516 births
1558 deaths
House of Tudor
Counts and countesses of Flanders
Kings and Queens of England
Kings and Queens consort of Spain
English Roman Catholics
16th century in England
Edward VI of England

Edward VI (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) was King of England and Ireland, from 28 January 1547, until his death on 6 July 1553.

Edward was the son of Henry VIII of England and Jane Seymour. His mother died 12 days after his birth. He became king at the age of 9 when his father died. Although he had two older sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, Edward was the next in line for the throne because he was male. Because he was such a young king, the country was governed by nobles. He had two advisors (or regents). The first was his uncle, Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, who became Lord Protector. For the first two-and-a-half years of Edward's reign, Lord Somerset advised and guided the young king. Somerset was then replaced by John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland.

Edward was the first Protestant king of England. Although his father, Henry VIII, had broken the Church of England away from the Roman Catholic Church, he had not changed much else. Most of the major changes to the Church of England happened during Edward's reign. They were led by Somerset, Northumberland and Archbishop Thomas Cranmer. Also during his reign, England tried to take over Scotland. After a good start, it ended in defeat. His reign also saw economic problems and unrest.

He died when he was  years old, probably from tuberculosis. Before he died, Edward named his cousin, Lady Jane Grey, as his heir and excluded his half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth. He was trying to prevent Mary, a Catholic, from returning the country to Catholicism. However, Mary overthrew Jane less than two weeks later and became the queen. Mary undid the reforms of Edward's reign, but Elizabeth restored them in 1559.

Religious changes 
Laws were passed to make churches more plain. Catholic churches were rich in decorations and colour. Now under Edward, stained glass windows and icons were removed from churches; the furniture within churches became very basic and plain.

The actual services became more plain and the common person could now understand what was being said at services – now called Holy Communion – were in English rather than Latin. Archbishop Thomas Cranmer wrote the Book of Common Prayer also in English. Priests did not have to dress in the bright clothing associated with the Catholic Church and under Edward. They were also allowed to marry. The king remained as Head of the Church.

All of these changes were a major break from the traditions of the Catholic Church. In parts of Germany and Switzerland, religious groups had also broken away in protest against the wealth and corruption of the Catholic Church. They became known as Protestant, and England under Edward, became a Protestant country with an independent Church of England.

Edward had never been a healthy boy and his health failed in 1553. After the nine-day reign of Lady Jane Grey, his Catholic half-sister Mary became queen of England and the country went through another period of religious changes.

1537 births
1553 deaths
House of Tudor
Kings and Queens of England
16th century in England
Richard I of England

Richard I of England (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was the King of England from 1189 to 1199. He was also Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine and Gascony, Lord of Cyprus, and Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes, and was overlord of Brittany at various times
.
He is sometimes called Richard the Lionheart or Richard coeur de lion which means the same thing in French. Richard was the son of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. As the third son, he was not expected to inherit the throne, and he was a replacement child. At the age of 11, he became Duke of Aquitaine.

Later, Richard was one of the leaders of the Third Crusade against Saladin. During his journey, he conquered Sicily and Cyprus. He fought in the Siege of Acre_ and the Battle of Arsuf. In the end, the crusade never succeeded: Richard was never able to win back Jerusalem from the Muslims. He decided to return home to England. 

On his way back from the crusade, Richard was captured by Duke Leopold of Austria. The English people had to pay a huge ransom to set him free.  He was considered a brave and noble king, but he spent only six months of his eleven-year reign in England. He died after being shot with a crossbow while besieging a castle in Limousin. 

King Richard’s remains were buried in different places. His body was buried at Fontevraud Abbey near Saumur in France, with his father and mother. His internal organs were buried at Châlus, (at The Château de Châlus-Chabrol), near Limoges in central France. His heart was buried in the Notre Dame Cathedral at Rouen. 

King Richard’s heart was found in 1838 and was examined by scientists in 2012. They did tests for poisons, because one medieval story claimed Richard had died from a poisoned arrow. They found no evidence to support this idea. Richard probably died from gangrene or septicaemia from the arrow wound.

Richard was succeeded by his younger brother, John.

Legacy
King Richard I of England left an indelible imprint on the imagination extending to the present, in large part because of his military exploits and his popular image tended to be dominated by the positive qualities of chivalry and military competence. Contemporaries considered Richard as both a king and a knight famed for personal martial prowess, this was apparently the first instance of such a combination. He was known as a valiant, competent military leader and individual fighter who was courageous and generous. Victorian England admired King Richard I as a crusader and a man of God, erecting a heroic statue of him outside the Westminster Palace. 

King Richard I of England was seen as a pious hero by his subjects, he remains one of the few kings of England remembered by his epithet, rather than regnal number and he is an enduring iconic figure both in England and in France.

Photo gallery

References

1157 births
1199 deaths
12th century in England
Dukes and Duchesses of Aquitaine
House of Plantagenet
Jane Seymour

Jane Seymour (c.1508 – 24 October 1537) was the third wife of King Henry VIII of England and queen consort from 1536 until 1537. She was the mother of Edward VI of England, who died at the age of 15. Edward was the only male child of King Henry VIII to survive infancy.

Biography 
Jane Seymour was the child of John Seymour and Margaret Wentworth. She was not educated as much as King Henry's wives before her, for example, Catherine of Aragon or Anne Boleyn. She could read and write a little, but was much better at needlework and managing the house. These were considered much more necessary for women. Jane's needlework was said to be beautiful and complex. Some of her work was kept till 1652, where it is recorded to have been given to the Seymour family. After her death, it was noted that Henry was an "enthusiastic embroiderer". 

She was a lady-in-waiting to Catherine of Aragon, the first wife of Henry VIII. When Henry divorced his first wife and married Anne Boleyn, Jane continued to be a lady-in-waiting. Henry VIII noticed Jane at court and had already fallen in love with her by the time Anne Boleyn was executed. He became engaged to Jane on the day after the execution, and they were married ten days later, on May 30, 1536. When Jane became queen, she ran the royal court in a strict and formal way, and her only close friends were Anne Stanhope and Elizabeth Seymour. 

In early 1537, Jane became pregnant and developed a craving for quail. In October 1537, she gave birth to the son that Henry VIII wanted so much. They named him Edward, and he was later to be King Edward VI of England. Soon, Jane became very ill with fever, and she died on October 24, 1537. Jane never had a coronation, and was married to Henry for only a year and a half before she died (May 30, 1536-October 24, 1537). Henry had loved Jane the most of all his wives, because she was the one who gave him a son. Even though he was married another three times after Jane's death, he always grieved for her. Before Henry died, he asked to be buried next to Jane.

References 

1508 births
1537 deaths
House of Tudor
Kings and Queens consort of England
Elizabeth of York

Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466-11 February 1503) married King Henry VII of England in 1486. This marriage united the House of Plantagenet and the House of Lancaster, the two sides of the Wars of the Roses. She was the mother of King Henry VIII. When she was only 17, her father died of pneumonia.

1466 births
1503 deaths
House of Tudor
Kings and Queens consort of England
House of York
Gregory Peck

Eldred Gregory Peck (April 5, 1916 – June 12, 2003) was an American actor who was born in La Jolla, California. 

One of 20th Century Fox's most popular movie stars from the 1940s to the 1950s, Peck continued to play important roles well into the 1980s. His most famous role was that of Atticus Finch in the 1954 movie To Kill a Mockingbird, for which he won his Academy Award.

President Lyndon Johnson awarded Peck the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969 for his lifetime humanitarian efforts. In 1991, the American Film Institute named Peck among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, ranking at number 12.

References

Other websites 

Actors from San Diego, California
American movie actors
American movie producers
Deaths from bronchopneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in Los Angeles
1916 births
2003 deaths