alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Animalia (book)

Animalia is an illustrated children's book by Graeme Base. It was originally published in 1986, followed by a tenth anniversary edition in 1996, and a 25th anniversary edition in 2012. Over four million copies have been sold worldwide. A special numbered and signed anniversary edition was also published in 1996, with an embossed gold jacket.

Synopsis
Animalia is an alliterative alphabet book and contains twenty-six illustrations, one for each letter of the alphabet. Each illustration features an animal from the animal kingdom (A is for alligator and armadillo, B is for butterfly, etc.) along with a short poem utilizing the letter of the page for many of the words. The illustrations contain many other objects beginning with that letter that the reader can try to identify (however, there are not necessarily "a thousand things, or maybe more", as the author states). As an additional challenge, the author has hidden a picture of himself as a child in every picture.

Related products
Julia MacRae Books published an Animalia colouring book in 2008. H. N. Abrams also published a wall calendar colouring book version for children the same year.

H. N. Abrams published The Animalia Wall Frieze, a fold-out over 26 feet in length, in which the author created new riddles for each letter.

The Great American Puzzle Factory created a 300-piece jigsaw puzzle based on the book's cover.

Adaptations
A television series was also created, based on the book, which airs in Canada. The Australian Children's Television Foundation released a teaching resource DVD-ROM in 2011 to accompany the TV series with teaching aids for classroom use.

In 2010, The Base Factory and AppBooks released Animalia as an application for iPad and iPhone/iPod Touch.

Awards
Animalia won the Young Australian's Best Book Award in 1987 for Best Picture Story Book.

The Children's Book Council of Australia designated Animalia a 1987 Picture Book of the Year: Honour Book.

Kid's Own Australian Literature Awards named Animalia the 1988 Picture Book Winner.

References

External links

 Graeme Base's official website
 A Learning Time activity guide for Animalia created by The Little Big Book Club

1986 children's books
Alphabet books
Australian children's books
Children's books about animals
Picture books by Graeme Base
Puffin Books books
Puzzle books
Austin (disambiguation)

Austin is the capital of Texas in the United States.

Austin may also refer to:

Geographical locations

Australia
 Austin, Western Australia

Canada
 Austin, Manitoba
 Austin, Ontario
 Austin, Quebec
 Austin Island, Nunavut

France
 Saint-Austin, hamlet at la Neuville-Chant-d'Oisel, Normandy

United States
 Austin, Arkansas
 Austin, Colorado
 Austin Township, Macon County, Illinois
 Austin, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois
 Austin, Indiana
 Austin, Kentucky
 Austin, Minnesota
 Austin, Missouri
 Austin, Nevada
 Austin, Ohio
 Austin, Oregon
 Austin, Pennsylvania
 Austin, Texas
 Austin County, Texas (the city of Austin, Texas is located in Travis County)

Schools
 Austin College, Sherman, Texas
 University of Texas at Austin, flagship institution of the University of Texas System
 Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tennessee

Religion
 Augustine of Hippo
 An adjective for the Augustinians

Business
 American Austin Car Company, short-lived American automobile maker
 Austin Automobile Company, short-lived American automobile company
 Austin Motor Company, British car manufacturer
 Austin magazine, produced for the Austin Motor Company by in-house Nuffield Press
 Austin cookies and crackers, Keebler Company brand

Entertainment
 "Austin" (song), a single by Blake Shelton
 Austin (album), a 2023 studio album by Post Malone
 Austin, a kangaroo Beanie Baby produced by Ty, Inc.
 Austin the kangaroo from the children's television series The Backyardigans

Other uses
 Austin (building), a building designed by artist Ellsworth Kelly in Austin, Texas
 Austin (given name), a short form of Augustin, or Augustine, including fictional characters
 Austin (surname)
 USS Austin, three ships

See also
 All pages beginning with Austin
 August (disambiguation)
 Augustin (disambiguation)
 Augustine (disambiguation)
 Austin station (disambiguation)
 Austins (disambiguation)
 Austen (disambiguation)
 Justice Austin (disambiguation)
 Austinburg (disambiguation)
Ada

Ada may refer to:

Places

Africa
 Ada Foah, a town in Ghana
 Ada (Ghana parliament constituency)
 Ada, Osun, a town in Nigeria

Asia
 Ada, Urmia, a village in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
 Ada, Karaman, a village in Karaman Province, Turkey

Europe
 Ada, Bosnia and Herzegovina, a village
 Ada, Croatia, a village
 Ada, Serbia, a town and municipality
 Ada Ciganlija or Ada, a river island artificially turned into a peninsula in Belgrade, Serbia

United States 
 Ada, Alabama, an unincorporated community
 Ada County, Idaho
 Ada, Kansas, an unincorporated community
 Ada Township, Michigan
 Ada, Minnesota, a city
 Ada Township, Dickey County, North Dakota
 Ada, Ohio, a village
 Ada, Oklahoma, a city
 Ada, Oregon, an unincorporated community
 Ada Township, Perkins County, South Dakota
 Ada, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
 Ada, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community

Other
 Ada River (disambiguation), various rivers
 523 Ada, an asteroid

Film and television
 Ada TV, a   television channel in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
 Ada (1961 film), a 1961 film by Daniel Mann
Ada (2019 film), a short biopic about Ada Lovelace
 Ada... A Way of Life, a 2008 Bollywood musical by Tanvir Ahmed
 Ada (dog actor), a dog that played Colin on the sitcom Spaced
 Ada, one of the main characters in 1991 movie Armour of God II: Operation Condor

Biology
 Ada (plant), a genus of orchids
 Adenosine deaminase, an enzyme involved in purine metabolism
 Ada (protein), an enzyme induced by treatment of bacterial cells

Computer science
 Ada (programming language), programming language based on Pascal
 Ada (computer virus)

Air travel
 Ada Air, a regional airline based in Tirana, Albania
 Francisco C. Ada Airport, Saipan Island, Northern Mariana Islands

Schools 
 Ada, the National College for Digital Skills, a further education college in Tottenham Hale, London
 Ada High School (Ohio)
 Ada Independent School District, Oklahoma

People
 Ada (name), a feminine given name and a surname, including a list of people and fictional characters
 Ada Lovelace (1815–1852), computer scientist sometimes regarded as the first computer programmer
 Ada of Caria (fl. 377 – 326 BCE), satrap of ancient Caria and adoptive mother of Alexander the Great

Other uses
 List of tropical storms named Ada
 Ada (food), a traditional Kerala delicacy
 Ada, the cryptocurrency of the Cardano blockchain platform
 Ada Bridge, Belgrade, Serbia
 , a cargo vessel built for the London and South Western Railway
 Ada (ship), a wooden ketch, wrecked near Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
 Ada class, a class of anti-submarine corvettes developed by Turkey
 Ada or Ardor: A Family Chronicle, novel by Vladimir Nabokov
 Dangme language, spoken in Ghana (ISO 639-2 and 639-3 code "ada")
 Ada Health GmbH, a symptom checker app

See also
 ADA (disambiguation)
 Ada regulon, an Escherichia coli adaptive response protein
 Adah (disambiguation)
 Adha (disambiguation)
 Ada'a, a woreda in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia
 Ade (disambiguation)
 USS Little Ada (1864), a steamer captured by the Union Navy during the American Civil War
Answer (law)

In law, an answer was originally a solemn assertion in opposition to someone or something, and thus generally any counter-statement or defense, a reply to a question or response, or objection, or a correct solution of a problem.

In the common law, an answer is the first pleading by a defendant, usually filed and served upon the plaintiff within a certain strict time limit after a civil complaint or criminal information or indictment has been served upon the defendant.  It may have been preceded by an optional "pre-answer" motion to dismiss or demurrer; if such a motion is unsuccessful, the defendant must file an answer to the complaint or risk an adverse default judgment.

In a criminal case, there is usually an arraignment or some other kind of appearance before the defendant comes to court.  The pleading in the criminal case, which is entered on the record in open court, is usually either guilty or not guilty. Generally speaking in private, civil cases there is no plea entered of guilt or innocence. There is only a judgment that grants money damages or some other kind of equitable remedy such as restitution or a permanent injunction. Criminal cases may lead to fines or other punishment, such as imprisonment.

The famous Latin Responsa Prudentium ("answers of the learned ones") were the accumulated views of many successive generations of Roman lawyers, a body of legal opinion which gradually became authoritative.

During debates of a contentious nature, deflection, colloquially known as 'changing the topic', has been widely observed, and is often seen as a failure to answer a question.

Notes

Common law
Legal documents
Argument (disambiguation)

In logic and philosophy, an argument is an attempt to persuade someone of something, or give evidence or reasons for accepting a particular conclusion.

Argument may also refer to:

Mathematics and computer science
Argument (complex analysis), a function which returns the polar angle of a complex number
Command-line argument, an item of information provided to a program when it is started
Parameter (computer programming), a piece of data provided as input to a subroutine
Argument principle, a theorem in complex analysis 
An argument of a function, also known as an independent variable

Language and rhetoric
Argument (literature), a brief summary, often in prose, of a poem or section of a poem or other work
Argument (linguistics), a phrase that appears in a syntactic relationship with the verb in a clause
Oral argument in the United States, a spoken presentation to a judge or appellate court by a lawyer (or parties when representing themselves) of the legal reasons why they should prevail
Closing argument, in law, the concluding statement of each party's counsel reiterating the important arguments in a court case

Other uses
Musical argument, a concept in the theory of musical form
Argument (ship), an Australian sloop wrecked in 1809
Das Argument, a German academic journal
Argument Clinic, a Monty Python sketch
A disagreement between two or more parties or the discussion of the disagreement
Argument (horse)

See also

The Argument (disambiguation)
argumentation
Asia Minor (disambiguation)

Asia Minor is an alternative name for Anatolia, the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey.

Asia Minor may also refer to:

 Asia Minor (album), an album by Jamaican-born jazz trumpeter Dizzy Reece
 "Asia Minor" (instrumental), a 1961 instrumental recording by Jimmy Wisner (operating under the name Kokomo)

See also
 Asia Major (disambiguation)
Transport in Angola

Transport in Angola comprises:

Roads

Railways 

There are three separate railway lines in Angola:
 Luanda Railway (CFL) (northern);
 Benguela Railway (CFB) (central), operated by the Lobito Atlantic Railway joint venture;
 Moçâmedes Railway (CFM) (southern);

Reconstruction of these three lines began in 2005 and they are now all operational. The Benguela Railway connects to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Waterways 
 1,300 km navigable (2008)
country comparison to the world: 36

Pipelines 
 gas 352 km; liquid petroleum gas 85 km; crude oil 1,065 km (2013)

In April 2012, the Zambian Development Agency (ZDA) and an Angolan company signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to build a multi-product pipeline from Lobito to Lusaka, Zambia, to deliver various refined products to Zambia.

Angola plans to build an oil refinery in Lobito in the coming years.

Ports and harbors 

The government plans to build a deep-water port at Barra do Dande, north of Luanda, in Bengo province near Caxito.

Merchant marine 
 total: 58
country comparison to the world: 115
 by type: cargo 13, oil tanker 8, other 37 (2008)

Airports 
 102 (2021)

Airports – with paved runways 
 total: 30
 over 3,047 m: 5
 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8
 1,524 to 2,437 m: 12
 914 to 1,523 m: 4
 under 914 m: 1 (2008)

Airports – with unpaved runways 
 total:  181 (2008)
 over 3,047 m: 2
 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
 1,524 to 2,437 m: 32
 914 to 1,523 m: 100
 under 914 m: 42 (2008)

Angolan Airlines 
 TAAG Angola Airlines
 Sonair
 Fly Angola

Heliports 
 total: 1 (2021)

International and domestic services are maintained by TAAG Angola Airlines, Aeroflot, British Airways, Brussels Airlines, Lufthansa, Air France, Cubana, Ethiopian Airlines, Emirates, Delta Air Lines, Royal Air Maroc, Iberia, Hainan Airlines, Kenya Airways, South African Airways, TAP Air Portugal and several regional carriers.  There are airstrips at Benguela, Cabinda, Huambo, Moçâmedes, and Catumbela.

References
Foreign relations of Angola

The foreign relations of Angola are based on Angola's strong support of U.S. foreign policy as the Angolan economy is dependent on U.S. foreign aid.
From 1975 to 1989, Angola was aligned with the Eastern bloc, in particular the Soviet Union, Libya, and Cuba. Since then, it has focused on improving relationships with Western countries, cultivating links with other Portuguese-speaking countries, and asserting its own national interests in Central Africa through military and diplomatic intervention. In 1993, it established formal diplomatic relations with the United States. It has entered the Southern African Development Community as a vehicle for improving ties with its largely Anglophone neighbors to the south. Zimbabwe and Namibia joined Angola in its military intervention in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where Angolan troops remain in support of the Joseph Kabila government. It also has intervened in the Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) in support of Denis Sassou-Nguesso in the civil war.

Since 1998, Angola has successfully worked with the United Nations Security Council to impose and carry out sanctions on UNITA. More recently, it has extended those efforts to controls on conflict diamonds, the primary source of revenue for UNITA during the Civil War that ended in 2002. At the same time, Angola has promoted the revival of the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries (CPLP) as a forum for cultural exchange and expanding ties with Portugal (its former ruler) and Brazil (which shares many cultural affinities with Angola) in particular. Angola is a member of the Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa (PMAESA).

Diplomatic relations 
List of countries with which Angola maintains diplomatic relations with:

Bilateral relations

Africa

Americas

Asia

Europe

See also 
 List of diplomatic missions in Angola
 List of diplomatic missions of Angola
 Visa requirements for Angolan citizens

References

External links
Algorithms (journal)

Algorithms is a monthly peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal of mathematics, covering design, analysis, and experiments on algorithms. The journal is published by MDPI and was established in 2008. The founding editor-in-chief was Kazuo Iwama (Kyoto University). From May 2014 to September 2019, the editor-in-chief was Henning Fernau (Universität Trier). The current editor-in-chief is Frank Werner (Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg).

Abstracting and indexing
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 2.3.
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

See also
Journals with similar scope include:
ACM Transactions on Algorithms
Algorithmica
Journal of Algorithms (Elsevier)

References

External links

Computer science journals
Open access journals
MDPI academic journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 2008
Mathematics journals
Monthly journals
Abstract (law)

In law, an abstract is a brief statement that contains the most important points of a long legal document or of several related legal papers.

Types of legislation 

The abstract of title, used in real estate transactions, is the more common form of abstract. An abstract of title lists all the owners of a piece of land, a house, or a building before it came into possession of the present owner. The abstract also records all deeds, wills, mortgages, and other documents that affect ownership of the property. An abstract describes a chain of transfers from owner to owner and any agreements by former owners that are binding on later owners.

Patent law
In the context of patent law and specifically in prior art searches, searching through abstracts is a common way to find relevant prior art document to question to novelty or inventive step (or non-obviousness in United States patent law) of an invention. Under United States patent law, the abstract may be called "Abstract of the Disclosure".

References

External links 
 , defining the requirements regarding the abstract in an international application filed under Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)
  and  (previously ), defining the abstract-related requirements in a European patent application

Legal research
Anthophyta

The anthophytes are a paraphyletic grouping of plant taxa bearing flower-like reproductive structures. The group, once thought to be a clade, contained the angiosperms - the extant flowering plants, such as roses and grasses - as well as the Gnetales and the extinct Bennettitales.

Detailed morphological and molecular studies have shown that the group is not actually monophyletic, with proposed floral homologies of the gnetophytes and the angiosperms having evolved in parallel.  This makes it easier to reconcile molecular clock data that suggests that the angiosperms diverged from the gymnosperms around 320-300 mya.

Some more recent studies have used the word anthophyte to describe a hypothetical group which includes the angiosperms and a variety of extinct seed plant groups (with various suggestions including at least some of the following groups: glossopterids, corystosperms, Petriellales Pentoxylales, Bennettitales and Caytoniales), but not the Gnetales.

References

Historically recognized plant taxa
Apiales

The Apiales are an order of flowering plants. The families are those recognized in the APG III system. This is typical of the newer classifications, though there is some slight variation and in particular, the Torriceliaceae may also be divided.

Under this definition, well-known members include carrots, celery, parsley, and Hedera helix (English ivy).

The order Apiales is placed within the asterid group of eudicots as circumscribed by the APG III system. Within the asterids, Apiales belongs to an unranked group called the campanulids, and within the campanulids, it belongs to a clade known in phylogenetic nomenclature as Apiidae. In 2010, a subclade of Apiidae named Dipsapiidae was defined to consist of the three orders: Apiales, Paracryphiales, and Dipsacales.

Taxonomy
Under the Cronquist system, only the Apiaceae and Araliaceae were included here, and the restricted order was placed among the rosids rather than the asterids. The Pittosporaceae were placed within the Rosales, and many of the other forms within the family Cornaceae. Pennantia was in the family Icacinaceae. In the classification system of Dahlgren the families Apiaceae and Araliaceae were placed in the order Ariales, in the superorder Araliiflorae (also called Aralianae).

The present understanding of the Apiales is fairly recent and is based upon comparison of DNA sequences by phylogenetic methods. The circumscriptions of some of the families have changed. In 2009, one of the subfamilies of Araliaceae was shown to be polyphyletic.

Gynoecia
The largest and obviously closely related families of Apiales are Araliaceae, Myodocarpaceae and
Apiaceae, which resemble each other in the structure of their gynoecia. In this respect however, the Pittosporaceae is notably distinct from them.

Typical syncarpous gynoecia exhibit four vertical zones, determined by the extent of fusion of the carpels. In most plants the synascidiate (i.e. "united bottle-shaped") and symplicate zones are fertile and bear the ovules. Each of the first three families possess mainly bi- or multilocular ovaries in a gynoecium with a long synascidiate, but very short symplicate zone, where the ovules are inserted at their transition, the so-called cross-zone (or "Querzone").

In gynoecia of the Pittosporaceae, the symplicate is much longer than the synascidiate zone, and the ovules are arranged along the first. Members of the latter family consequently have unilocular ovaries with a single cavity between adjacent carpels.

References

 
Angiosperm orders
Taxa named by Takenoshin Nakai
Allocution

An allocution, or allocutus, is a formal statement made to the court by the defendant who has been found guilty prior to being sentenced. It is part of the criminal procedure in some jurisdictions using common law.

Concept 
An allocution allows the defendant to explain why the sentence should be lenient. In plea bargains, an allocution may be required of the defendant. The defendant explicitly admits specifically and in detail the actions and their reasons in exchange for a reduced sentence.

In principle, that removes any doubt as to the exact nature of the defendant's guilt in the matter.

The term "allocution" is used generally only in jurisdictions in the United States, but there are vaguely similar processes in other common law countries. In many other jurisdictions, it is for the defense lawyer to mitigate on their client's behalf, and the defendant rarely has the opportunity to speak.

Australia
In Australia, the term allocutus is used by the Clerk of Arraigns or another formal associate of the court. It is generally phrased as, "Prisoner at the Bar, you have been found Guilty by a jury of your peers of the offense of XYZ. Do you have anything to say as to why the sentence of this Court should not now be passed upon you?" The defense counsel will then make a plea in mitigation (also called submissions on penalty) in an attempt to mitigate the relative seriousness of the offense and heavily refer to and rely upon the defendant's previous good character and good works, if any.

The right to make a plea in mitigation is absolute. If a judge or magistrate refuses to hear such a plea or does not properly consider it, the sentence can be overturned on appeal.

United States
In most of the United States, defendants are allowed the opportunity to allocute before a sentence is passed. Some jurisdictions hold that as an absolute right. In its absence, a sentence but not the conviction may be overturned, resulting in the need for a new sentencing hearing. In the federal system, Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure 32(i)(4) provides that the court must "address the defendant personally in order to permit the defendant to speak or present any information to mitigate the sentence."

The federal public defender recommends that defendants speak in terms of how a lenient sentence will be sufficient but not greater than necessary to comply with the statutory directives set forth in .

See also
 Confession (law)

References

Criminal procedure
Evidence law
Asterism

Asterism may refer to:

 Asterism (astronomy), a pattern of stars
 Asterism (gemology), an optical phenomenon in gemstones
 Asterism (typography), (⁂) a moderately rare typographical symbol denoting a break in passages

See also
 
 
 Aster (disambiguation)
 Asterisk (disambiguation)
Altenberg

Altenberg (German for "old mountain" or "mountain of the old") may refer to:

Places

Austria
 Altenberg, a town in Sankt Andrä-Wördern, Tulln District
 Altenberg bei Linz, in Upper Austria
 Altenberg an der Rax, in Styria

Germany
 Altenberg (Bergisches Land), an area in Odenthal, North Rhine-Westphalia
 Altenberg Abbey, Cistercian monastery in Altenberg (Bergisches Land)
 Altenberger Dom, sometimes called Altenberg Cathedral, the former church of this Cistercian monastery
 Altenberg (Hohenahr), hill in Hesse
 Altenberg (Limpurg Hills), highest summit in the Limpurg Hills
 Altenberg, Saxony, a town
 Altenberga, a municipality in the Saale-Holzfeld district, Thuringia
 Altenberg Abbey, Solms, a former Premonstratensian nunnery near Wetzlar in Hesse
 Zinkfabrik Altenberg, a former zinc factory, now a branch of the LVR Industrial Museum, Oberhausen, North Rhine-Westphalia
 Grube Altenberg, a show mine near Kreuztal, North Rhine-Westphalia

Other places
 Altenberg, the German name for Vieille Montagne (old mountain in French), a former zinc mine in Kelmis, Moresnet, Belgium
 Altenberg, a district in the city of Bern, Switzerland

Other uses
 Altenberg Lieder (Five Orchestral Songs), composed by Alban Berg in 1911/12
 Altenberg Publishing (1880–1934), a former Polish publishing house
 Altenberg Trio, a Viennese piano trio

People with the surname
 Alfred Altenberg (1878–1924), Polish bookseller and publisher
 Jakob Altenberg (1875–1944), Austrian businessman
 Lee Altenberg, theoretical biologist
 Peter Altenberg (1859–1919), nom de plume of Austrian writer and poet Richard Engländer

See also
 
 Altenburg (disambiguation)
Alfons Maria Jakob

Alfons Maria Jakob (2 July 1884 – 17 October 1931) was a German neurologist who worked in the field of neuropathology.

He was born in Aschaffenburg, Bavaria and educated in medicine at the universities of Munich, Berlin, and Strasbourg, where he received his doctorate in 1908. During the following year, he began clinical work under the psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin and did laboratory work with Franz Nissl and Alois Alzheimer in Munich.

In 1911, by way of an invitation from Wilhelm Weygandt, he relocated to Hamburg, where he worked with Theodor Kaes and eventually became head of the laboratory of anatomical pathology at the psychiatric State Hospital Hamburg-Friedrichsberg. Following the death of Kaes in 1913, Jakob succeeded him as prosector. During World War I he served as an army physician in Belgium, and afterwards returned to Hamburg. In 1919, he obtained his habilitation for neurology and in 1924 became a professor of neurology. Under Jakob's guidance the department grew rapidly. He made significant contributions to knowledge on concussion and secondary nerve degeneration and became a doyen of neuropathology.

Jakob was the author of five monographs and nearly 80 scientific papers. His neuropathological research contributed greatly to the delineation of several diseases, including multiple sclerosis and Friedreich's ataxia. He first recognised and described Alper's disease and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (named along with Munich neuropathologist Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt). He gained experience in neurosyphilis, having a 200-bed ward devoted entirely to that disorder. Jakob made a lecture tour of the United States (1924) and South America (1928), of which, he wrote a paper on the neuropathology of yellow fever.

He suffered from chronic osteomyelitis for the last seven years of his life. This eventually caused a retroperitoneal abscess and paralytic ileus from which he died following operation.

Associated eponym
 Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease: A very rare and incurable degenerative neurological disease. It is the most common form of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies caused by prions. Eponym introduced by Walther Spielmeyer in 1922.

Bibliography
 Die extrapyramidalen Erkrankungen. In: Monographien aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Neurologie und Psychiatry, Berlin, 1923
 Normale und pathologische Anatomie und Histologie des Grosshirns. Separate printing of Handbuch der Psychiatry. Leipzig, 1927–1928
 Das Kleinhirn. In: Handbuch der mikroskopischen Anatomie, Berlin, 1928
 Die Syphilis des Gehirns und seiner Häute. In: Oswald Bumke (edit.): Handbuch der Geisteskrankheiten, Berlin, 1930.

References 

People from Aschaffenburg
Academic staff of the University of Hamburg
German neurologists
German neuroscientists
1884 births
1931 deaths
Arne Kaijser

Arne Kaijser (born 1950) is a professor emeritus of history of technology at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, and a former president of the Society for the History of Technology.

Kaijser has published two books in Swedish: Stadens ljus. Etableringen av de första svenska gasverken and I fädrens spår. Den svenska infrastrukturens historiska utveckling och framtida utmaningar, and has co-edited several anthologies. Kaijser is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences since 2007 and also a member of the editorial board of two scientific journals: Journal of Urban Technology and Centaurus. Lately, he has been occupied with the history of Large Technical Systems.

References

External links 
 Homepage
 Extended homepage

1950 births
Living people
20th-century Swedish historians
Academic staff of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences
Historians of science
Historians of technology
Linköping University alumni
21st-century Swedish historians
American shot

"American shot" or "cowboy shot" is a translation of a phrase from French film criticism, , and refers to a medium-long ("knee") film shot of a group of characters, who are arranged so that all are visible to the camera. The usual arrangement is for the actors to stand in an irregular line from one side of the screen to the other, with the actors at the end coming forward a little and standing more in profile than the others. The purpose of the composition is to allow complex dialogue scenes to be played out without changes in camera position. In some literature, this is simply referred to as a 3/4 shot.

One of the other main reasons why French critics called it "American shot" was its frequent use in the western genre. This was because a shot that started at knee level would reveal the weapon of a cowboy, usually holstered at their waist. It is actually the closest the camera can get to an actor while keeping both their face and their holstered gun in frame.

The French critics thought it was characteristic of American films of the 1930s or 1940s; however, it was mostly characteristic of cheaper American movies, such as Charlie Chan mysteries where people collected in front of a fireplace or at the foot of the stairs in order to explain what happened a few minutes ago.

Howard Hawks legitimized this style in his films, allowing characters to act, even when not talking, when most of the audience would not be paying attention. It became his trademark style.

References 

Cinematography
Analog signal

An analog signal is any continuous-time signal representing some other quantity, i.e., analogous to another quantity. For example, in an analog audio signal, the instantaneous signal voltage varies continuously with the pressure of the sound waves.

In contrast, a digital signal represents the original time-varying quantity as a sampled sequence of quantized values. Digital sampling imposes some bandwidth and dynamic range constraints on the representation and adds quantization error.

The term analog signal usually refers to electrical signals; however, mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, and other systems may also convey or be considered analog signals.

Representation
An analog signal uses some property of the medium to convey the signal's information. For example, an aneroid barometer uses rotary position as the signal to convey pressure information. In an electrical signal, the voltage, current, or frequency of the signal may be varied to represent the information.
   
Any information may be conveyed by an analog signal; such a signal may be a measured response to changes in a physical variable, such as sound, light, temperature, position, or pressure. The physical variable is converted to an analog signal by a transducer. For example, sound striking the diaphragm of a microphone induces corresponding fluctuations in the current produced by a coil in an electromagnetic microphone or the voltage produced by a condenser microphone. The voltage or the current is said to be an analog of the sound.

Noise

An analog signal is subject to electronic noise and distortion introduced by communication channels, recording and signal processing operations, which can progressively degrade the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). As the signal is transmitted, copied, or processed, the unavoidable noise introduced in the signal path will accumulate as a generation loss, progressively and irreversibly degrading the SNR, until in extreme cases, the signal can be overwhelmed. Noise can show up as hiss and intermodulation distortion in audio signals, or snow in video signals. Generation loss is irreversible as there is no reliable method to distinguish the noise from the signal.

Converting an analog signal to digital form introduces a low-level quantization noise into the signal due to finite resolution of digital systems. Once in digital form, the signal can be transmitted, stored, and processed without introducing additional noise or distortion using error detection and correction.

Noise accumulation in analog systems can be minimized by electromagnetic shielding, balanced lines, low-noise amplifiers and high-quality electrical components.

See also

 Amplifier
 Analog computer
 Analog device
 Analog signal processing
 Magnetic tape
 Preamplifier

References

Analog circuits
Electronic design
Television terminology
Video signal
Arecales

Arecales is an order of flowering plants. The order has been widely recognised only for the past few decades; until then, the accepted name for the order including these plants was Principes.

Taxonomy
The APG IV system of 2016 places Dasypogonaceae in this order, after studies showing Dasypogonaceae as sister to Arecaceae. However, this decision has been called into question.

Historical taxonomical systems 
The Cronquist system of 1981 assigned the order to the subclass Arecidae in the class Liliopsida (= monocotyledons).

The Thorne system (1992) and the Dahlgren system assigned the order to the superorder Areciflorae, also called Arecanae in the subclass Liliidae (= monocotyledons), with the single family Arecaceae.

The APG II system of 2003 recognised the order and placed it in the clade commelinids in the monocots and uses this circumscription:

 order Arecales
 family Arecaceae, alternative name Palmae

This was unchanged from the APG system of 1998, although it used the spelling "commelinoids" instead of commelinids.

Principes 
In plant taxonomy, Principes is a botanical name, meaning "the first". It was used in the Engler system for an order in the Monocotyledones and later in the Kubitzki system. This order included one family only, the Palmae (alternate name Arecaceae). As the rules for botanical nomenclature provide for the use of such descriptive botanical names above the rank of family it is quite allowed to use this name even today, but in practice most systems prefer the name Arecales.

Following this, Principes became the name of the journal of the International Palm Society, becoming Palms in 1999.

References

External links

 NCBI Taxonomy Browser

 
Angiosperm orders
Late Cretaceous plants
Extant Campanian first appearances

es:Arecales
Northern cavefish

The northern cavefish or northern blindfish (Amblyopsis spelaea) is found in caves through Kentucky and southern Indiana. It is under review for possible listing under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 in the United States as of 2023, and the IUCN lists the species as near threatened.

During a 2013 study of Amblyopsis spelaea, scientists found that the species was divided into two distinct evolutionary lineages: one north of the Ohio River, in Indiana, and one south of the river, in Kentucky.  The southern population retained the name A. spelaea and the northern was re-designated Amblyopsis hoosieri in a 2014 paper published in the journal ZooKeys. Neither species is found north of the White River, flowing east to west south of Bedford, Indiana.

References

 

Amblyopsidae
Cave fish
Cavefish, Northern
Fish of the United States
Fish described in 1842
Taxa named by James Ellsworth De Kay
Mammoth Cave National Park
Abatement

Abatement refers generally to a lessening, diminution, reduction, or moderation; specifically, it may refer to:

 421-a tax abatement, property tax exemption in the U.S. state of New York
 Abatement of debts and legacies, a common law doctrine of wills
 Abatement in pleading, a legal defense to civil and criminal actions
 Abatement (heraldry), a modification of the shield or coat of arms imposed by authority for misconduct
 Asbestos abatement, removal of asbestos from structures
 Bird abatement, driving or removing undesired birds from an area
 Dust abatement, the process of inhibiting the creation of excess soil dust
 Graffiti abatement, a joint effort between groups to eliminate graffiti
 Marginal abatement cost, the marginal cost of reducing pollution
 Noise abatement, strategies to reduce noise pollution or its impact
 Nuisance abatement, regulatory compliance methodology
 Tax abatement, temporary reduction or elimination of a tax

See also
 Abate (disambiguation)
Telecommunications in Antigua and Barbuda

Telecommunications in Antigua and Barbuda are via media in the telecommunications industry.

Telephone
Telephones – main lines in use: 37,500 (2006)
country comparison to the world: 168

Telephones – mobile cellular: 110,200 (2006) (APUA PCS, Cable & Wireless, Digicel)
country comparison to the world: 177

Telephone system:
domestic: good automatic telephone system
international: 3 fiber optic submarine cables (2 to Saint Kitts and 1 to Guadeloupe); satellite earth station – 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio
Radio broadcast stations: AM 4, FM 6, shortwave 0 (2002)

Radios: 36,000 (1997)

Television
Television broadcast stations: 2 (1997) (including ABS-TV)

Televisions: 31,000 (1997)

Internet
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): Cable & Wireless, Antigua Computer Technologies (ACT), Antigua Public Utilities Authority (APUA INET)

Internet hosts: 2,215 (2008)
country comparison to the world: 140

Internet users: 60,000 (2007)
country comparison to the world: 158

Country codes: AG

Demographics

See also
Antigua and Barbuda
History of telecommunication
List of telecommunications terminology
Outline of telecommunication

References

External links
 Antigua and Barbuda, SubmarineCableMap.com

 
Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua
Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force

The Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force (ABDF) is the armed forces of Antigua and Barbuda. The ABDF has responsibility for several different roles: internal security, prevention of drug smuggling, the protection and support of fishing rights, prevention of marine pollution, search and rescue, ceremonial duties, assistance to government programs, provision of relief during natural disasters, assistance in the maintenance of essential services, and support of the police in maintaining law and order.

The ABDF is one of the world's smallest militaries, consisting of 245 personnel. It is much better equipped for fulfilling its civil roles, as opposed to providing a deterrence against would-be aggressors or in defending the nation during a war.

Organisation

The ABDF consists of five major units:
Regiment – comprises four line companies and is the infantry unit and fighting arm of the defence force.
Service and Support Unit – provides administrative, logistic and engineer support to the rest of the defence force.
Coast Guard – the maritime element of the defence force, and is divided into four units:
Commanding Officer's Office
Engineer Unit
Administration Unit
Flotilla – the flotilla is the operational part of the Coast Guard, and consists of the following water-craft:
1 Swiftships Shipbuilders 19.81-metre Commercial Cruiser-class patrol boat (P-01 Liberta), in service since 1984
1 SeaArk Boats Dauntless-class patrol boat (P-02 Palmetto), in service since 1995
1 Point-class cutter (P-03 Hermitage), transferred from the U.S. Coast Guard in 1998
1 Defender 380X-class all-weather interceptor (D-8), date of acquisition unknown
2 Boston Whaler 8.23-metre launches (071 and 072), in service since 1988
1 Zodiac Marine & Pool 8.23-metre Hurricane-type rigid-hulled inflatable boat in service since 1998
Air Wing
Cadet Corps

Former deployments
 In 1983, fourteen men of the Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force were deployed to Grenada during the Operation Urgent Fury.
 In 1990, twelve soldiers were sent to Trinidad and Tobago after a failed coup attempt by a radical group against the constitutionally elected government headed by Prime Minister A.N.R. Robinson.
 In 1995, members of the Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force were deployed in Haiti as a part of Operation Uphold Democracy.

Future deployments 

 In 2024, Multinational Security Support Mission in Haiti

Alliances
 – Mercian Regiment

See also 
 Regional Security System

References

External links
Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force official website 
Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force on Facebook
Article on the ABDF by Dr Dion Phillips

 
National security of Antigua and Barbuda
Military units and formations established in 1981
America's National Game

America's National Game is a book by Albert Spalding, published in 1911, that details the early history of the sport of baseball. It is one of the defining books in the early formative years of modern baseball.

Much of the story is told first-hand; since the 1850s, Spalding had been involved in the game, first as a pitcher and later a manager and club owner. Later he branched out to become a leading manufacturer of sporting goods.

In addition to his personal recollections, he had access to the records of Henry Chadwick, the game's first statistician and archivist. Much of his early history of the game is considered to be reliable. Spalding was, however, said to aggrandize his role in the major moments in baseball's history. Early editions of the book include quality full-page photo-plates of important players.

See also
History of baseball

References

1911 non-fiction books
Baseball books
APL

APL is an abbreviation, acronym, or initialism that may refer to:

Science and technology 
132524 APL, an asteroid
Abductor pollicis longus muscle, in the human hand
Acute promyelocytic leukemia, a subtype of acute myelogenous leukemia
Applied Physics Letters, a physics journal
Nampula Airport (IATA airport code: APL), in Mozambique

Computers
 .apl, the file extension of the Monkey's Audio metadata file
 AMD Performance Library, renamed Framewave, a computer compiler library
 APL (programming language), an array-based programming language
 APL (codepage), the character set for programming in APL
 Address Prefix List, a DNS record type
 Address programming language, an early high-level programming language developed in the Soviet Union
 Advanced Physical Layer, an extension of Ethernet 10BASE-T1L for field devices
 Alexa Presentation Language, a language for developing Amazon Alexa skills

Software licences
 Adaptive Public License, an Open Source license from the University of Victoria, Canada
 AROS Public License, a license of AROS Research Operating System
 Arphic Public License, a free font license

Organizations
APL (shipping company), a Singapore-based container and shipping company
Aden Protectorate Levies, a militia force for local defense of the Aden Protectorate
Advanced Production and Loading, a Norwegian marine engineering company formed in 1993
Afghanistan Premier League, an Afghan Twenty20 cricket league
Afghan Premier League, a men's football league in Afghanistan 
American Patriot League, a proposed American football spring league
American Premiere League, a Twenty20 cricket league in the US
American President Lines, a container transportation and shipping company
American Protective League, a World War I-era pro-war organization
Applied Physics Laboratory, at Johns Hopkins University
Applied Physics Laboratory at the University of Washington
Association of Pension Lawyers, UK
Aurora Public Library (disambiguation)
Australian Professional Leagues, an Australian soccer governing body
Irish Anti-Partition League, a Northern Ireland political organisation

Other uses
apl.de.ap (born 1974), pseudonym of Allan Pineda Lindo, Filipino-American musician
 Auxiliary Personal Living, a US Navy hull classification for barracks craft; see
Antisymmetric relation

In mathematics, a binary relation  on a set  is antisymmetric if there is no pair of distinct elements of  each of which is related by  to the other. More formally,  is antisymmetric precisely if for all 

or equivalently,

The definition of antisymmetry says nothing about whether  actually holds or not for any . An antisymmetric relation  on a set  may be reflexive (that is,  for all ), irreflexive (that is,  for no ), or neither reflexive nor irreflexive. A relation is asymmetric if and only if it is both antisymmetric and irreflexive.

Examples 

The divisibility relation on the natural numbers is an important example of an antisymmetric relation. In this context, antisymmetry means that the only way each of two numbers can be divisible by the other is if the two are, in fact, the same number; equivalently, if  and  are distinct and  is a factor of  then  cannot be a factor of   For example, 12 is divisible by 4, but 4 is not divisible by 12.

The usual order relation  on the real numbers is antisymmetric: if for two real numbers  and  both inequalities  and  hold, then  and  must be equal. Similarly, the subset order  on the subsets of any given set is antisymmetric: given two sets  and  if every element in  also is in  and every element in  is also in  then  and  must contain all the same elements and therefore be equal:

A real-life example of a relation that is typically antisymmetric is "paid the restaurant bill of" (understood as restricted to a given occasion). Typically, some people pay their own bills, while others pay for their spouses or friends. As long as no two people pay each other's bills, the relation is antisymmetric.

Properties 

Partial and total orders are antisymmetric by definition. A relation can be both symmetric and antisymmetric (in this case, it must be coreflexive), and there are relations which are neither symmetric nor antisymmetric (for example, the "preys on" relation on biological species).

Antisymmetry is different from asymmetry: a relation is asymmetric if and only if it is antisymmetric and irreflexive.

See also 

 
 Symmetry in mathematics

References 

 
 
 nLab antisymmetric relation

Binary relations
Athene (disambiguation)

Athene or Athena is the shrewd companion of heroes and the goddess of heroic endeavour in Greek mythology.

Athene may also refer to:
881 Athene, a main-belt asteroid
Athene (bird), a genus of small owls
Athene (Cynuria), a town in ancient Cynuria, Greece
Athene Glacier, a glacier in Antarctica
HMS Athene, an aircraft transport
USS Athene (AKA-22), an Artemis-class attack cargo ship
Bachir Boumaaza or Athene (born  1980), Belgian YouTube personality and social activist
Athene (research center), stylized as ATHENE, an IT security research institute in Darmstadt, Germany
Athene, an insurance company acquired by Apollo Global Management

People with the given name
Athene Seyler (1889–1990), English actress
Athene Donald (born 1953), British physicist

See also
Altena (disambiguation)
Atena (disambiguation)
Athen (disambiguation)
Athena (disambiguation)
Athens (disambiguation)
Atomic

Atomic may refer to:

 Of or relating to the atom, the smallest particle of a chemical element that retains its chemical properties
 Atomic physics, the study of the atom
 Atomic Age, also known as the "Atomic Era"
 Atomic scale, distances comparable to the dimensions of an atom
 Atom (order theory), in mathematics
 Atomic (cocktail), a champagne cocktail
 Atomic (magazine), an Australian computing and technology magazine
 Atomic Skis, an Austrian ski producer

Music 
 Atomic (band), a Norwegian jazz quintet
 Atomic (Lit album), 2001
 Atomic (Mogwai album), 2016
 Atomic, an album by Rockets, 1982
 Atomic (EP), by , 2013
 "Atomic" (song), by Blondie, 1979
 "Atomic", a song by Tiger Army from Tiger Army III: Ghost Tigers Rise

See also 

 
 
 Atom (disambiguation)
 Atomicity (database systems)
 Nuclear (disambiguation)
 Atomism, philosophy about the basic building blocks of reality
 Atomic City (disambiguation)
 Atomic formula, a formula without subformulas
 Atomic number, the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom
 Atomic chess, a chess variant
 Atomic coffee machine, a 1950s stovetop coffee machine
 Atomic operation, in computer science
 Atomic TV, a channel launched in 1997 in Poland
 Nuclear power
 Nuclear weapon