alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Chowan River

The Chowan River (cho-WAHHN) is a blackwater river formed with the merging of Virginia's Blackwater and Nottoway rivers near the stateline between Virginia and North Carolina. According to the USGS a variant name is Choan River.

Flowing for approximately 50 miles (80 km) before ending in the Albemarle Sound on North Carolina's coast, the river drains about  of land in North Carolina and Virginia.  Flowing through mostly swamp land with occasional high ground, the Chowan River grows to nearly two miles wide (3 km) at its opening to the Albemarle Sound. The river offers excellent fishing for catfish and largemouth bass. While tidal, the variation in tide heights in the Chowan River are normally less than one foot (30 cm) between high and low tide. The average depth is 16 feet and the maximum depth is 40 feet around Holiday Island.

The Eden House bridge on US Route 17 marks the border between the Chowan River and Albemarle Sound.

Significant tributaries include Bonds Creek, the Meherrin River, Bennett's Creek (which connects the Chowan River with Merchant's Millpond State Park), and the Wiccacon River.

The river featured prominently in the Civil War in the region.  As part of the Union plan to destroy the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad, Union ships sailed up the Chowan river, bombarding small Confederate posts outside of Harrellsville, North Carolina (at Deep Creek, also known as Swain's Mill Creek) and outside of Cofield, North Carolina (at Petty's Shore, where an old bunker is still visible in the landscape).  By the time the ships reached Winton, North Carolina, the local troops had been alerted to the oncoming ships.  Hiding in the woods near the dock for an ambush, the Confederate battalion at Winton sent a slave girl down to the Union boats to tell them that the locals had fled in fear of a Union attack.  The ambush was foiled, however, when a Union soldier saw the gleam of the sun on a musket barrel in the woods.  The Union ships quickly pulled anchor, regrouped, and returned minutes later to burn Winton to the ground.  That same Union fleet would go on to land at Murfreesboro, North Carolina (via the Meherrin River) and march west to the railroad at Weldon.

The Chowan River is one of the three oldest surviving English place-names in the U.S.  Along with Roanoke Island and the Neuse River, it was named in 1584 by Captains Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe, sent to explore the region by Sir Walter Raleigh.  Their "Chowanook", or Chowanoke, name was shortened to Chowan.

See also
 South Atlantic-Gulf Water Resource Region

References

External links
 A story about the last family of Chowanoke Indians at  Marvin T. Jones' local web journal roanoke-chowan.com

Bodies of water of Chowan County, North Carolina
Bodies of water of Gates County, North Carolina
Bodies of water of Hertford County, North Carolina
Rivers of North Carolina
Tributaries of Albemarle Sound
Sanare, Venezuela

Sanare is a major city and the seat of government in the municipality of Andrés Eloy Blanco in Lara State, Venezuela. Andrés Eloy Blanco is further subdivided into three parishes: Pio Tamayo (in which Sanare is the main city), Yacambú, and La Quebrada Honda del Guache. Sanare was founded in 1620 by the friar Dominico Melchor Ponce de Leon following the orders of the governor Don Francisco de la Hoz Berrio [disputed statement].

Sanare experiences a sub-humid climate, with an average rainfall of 1,680 mm annually and an average yearly temperature of 68 °F. Sanare is situated at 1,357 m above the sea level.

Sanare has a population of 39,052 and a population density of 55.90 inhabitants/km2. Approximately 45.9% of the population is less than 15 years old.

The local economy is driven by agriculture. The most significant crop is coffee. Other crops include potatoes, black beans, corn, and strawberries. 

Cities in Lara (state)
Populated places established in 1620
1620 establishments in the Spanish Empire
No. 622 Squadron RAF

No. 622 Squadron RAF is a reserve aircrew squadron of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force. During World War II, it operated as a bomber squadron of the Royal Air Force. Post-war it served shortly as a transport squadron in the RAuxAF.

History

World War II
No. 622 Squadron was first formed at RAF Mildenhall in Suffolk on 10 August 1943, equipped with
Stirling Mk.III bombers, as part of 3 Group in Bomber Command.
It re-equipped with Lancaster Mk.III bombers in December, after briefly operating Lancaster Mk.Is that month. It operated in Bomber Command's Main Force as part of No 3 Group until April 1945 when it moved to humanitarian duties dropping food to the Dutch (Operation Manna), repatriating POWs (Operation Exodus) and ferrying troops home from Italy. The Squadron was disbanded at Mildenhall on 15 August 1945.

1950 to 1953
Unlike many of its contemporaries 622 Squadron was reformed post-war as a Royal Auxiliary Air Force transport squadron at RAF Blackbushe on 15 December 1950. It now operated Valettas and consisted of a nucleus of regular officers who would be supplemented by personnel drawn from locally-based air charter operator Airwork Ltd. This arrangement proved to be unsuccessful however, and the squadron was disbanded on 30 September 1953.

Current role
Originally formed as 1359 Flight RAF, it was attached to a Hercules OCU (Operational Conversion Unit), based at RAF Lyneham in Wiltshire in 1994 for a 3-year trial period. After the success of the trial, its role expanded over the years to provide aircrews to all air transport and air-to-air refuelling aircraft of the RAF. It moved to RAF Brize Norton in 2011. On 1 October 2012, in recognition of its continued work with the main squadrons, the flight was authorised by the Standing Committee of the Royal Air Force to be rebadged as 622 (Reserve Aircrew) Squadron.

According to its website, the mission statement is as follows:

Aircraft operated

Squadron bases

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 622 Squadron entry at RAF's official site
 No. 622 Squadron RAF movement and equipment history
 Squadron histories and more for nos. 621–650 sqn on RAFWeb

Bomber squadrons of the Royal Air Force in World War II
622 Squadron
Squadrons of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force
Military units and formations established in 1943
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
Danny Clapton

Daniel Robert Clapton (22 July 1934 – 16 June 1986) was an English footballer.

Born in Stepney, London, Clapton first started out as an amateur with Leytonstone before joining Arsenal in August 1953. He made his debut in a 1–0 win over Chelsea on 25 December 1954, and by the end of the 1954-55 he was Arsenal's first choice right-winger, taking Arthur Milton's place. He became a near ever-present for Arsenal for the next four seasons (aside from 1957-58, where he was out injured for a third of the season), helping Arsenal to third place in 1958-59, their highest league position in six years.

Clapton was also called up for England, playing a solitary international match against Wales on 26 November 1958 at Villa Park, which finished 2-2. Arsenal played a friendly match later that day against Juventus at Highbury, and Clapton played in that match as well, alongside teammate Jack Kelsey, who earlier in the day had been in goal for Wales.

After Arsenal signed Jackie Henderson and Alan Skirton, Clapton had to be content with sharing the right wing position in 1959-60 and 1960-61. Arsenal then signed Johnny MacLeod in the summer of 1961, and Clapton lost his place in the side altogether (only playing five matches in 1961-62) and was sold to Luton Town in September 1962. In all he played 225 matches for Arsenal, scoring 27 goals.

Clapton's spell at Luton was uneventful; he later moved to Australia to play for Sydney side Corinthians. He returned to England in 1970 and later ran a pub in Hackney. His younger brother Denis was also a footballer, but never achieved the same success, making only five league appearances for Arsenal and Northampton Town. He died aged 51, in 1986.

References

1934 births
1986 deaths
English men's footballers
England men's international footballers
Men's association football wingers
Arsenal F.C. players
Luton Town F.C. players
English Football League players
English Football League representative players
Leytonstone F.C. players
Footballers from Stepney
No. 619 Squadron RAF

No. 619 Squadron RAF was a heavy bomber squadron of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War, flying Lancaster bombers from bases in Lincolnshire.

History

The squadron was formed out of elements of 97 Squadron at RAF Woodhall Spa in Lincolnshire on 18 April 1943, equipped with Lancaster Mk.III bombers, as part of 5 Group in Bomber Command. It also flew Lancaster Mk.I bombers. Their first mission was flown in the night of 11 June 1943, when 12 Lancasters were sent to bomb targets in Düsseldorf, and the last bombing mission was flown on 25 April 1945, when 6 Lancasters tried to bomb Obersalzberg. The last operational mission was flown a day later, when 2 Lancasters laid mines in the Oslo Fjord near Horten. After that mission the squadron ferried ex-prisoners of war back to the United Kingdom from Belgium (Operation Exodus).
The squadron operated out of various Lincolnshire stations, before being disbanded at RAF Skellingthorpe on 18 July 1945.

Members of the squadron were awarded 1 DSO, 76 DFCs and 37 DFMs. The squadron was mentioned 10 times in despatches.

Aircraft operated

Squadron bases

Notable people
 Charles Clarke: served as a bomb aimer, shot down in 1944, interned in Stalag Luft III, was a spotter and forger for the Great Escape, retired from RAF as an Air Commodore.
 Nick Knilans: American who served with the squadron from 1943 to 1944, later served with No. 617 Squadron RAF (the "Dambusters")

Commanding officers

See also
 List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

 No. 619 Squadron history
 No. 619 Squadron RAF movement and equipment history
 No. 619 Squadron bases
 Nos. 611 - 620 Squadron Histories

Bomber squadrons of the Royal Air Force in World War II
619 Squadron
Military units and formations established in 1943
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
Eirin Faldet

Eirin Faldet (born 5 January 1944 in Oslo) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party. She was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Hedmark in 1985, and has been re-elected on five occasions. She has served as Deputy President of the Storting since 2001. On the local level she was a member of Trysil municipal council from 1975 to 1978. Prior to entering politics she was a teacher and a social worker.

References

1944 births
Living people
Members of the Storting
Hedmark politicians
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Women members of the Storting
21st-century Norwegian politicians
21st-century Norwegian women politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians
20th-century Norwegian women politicians
Anything Goes (Harpers Bizarre album)

Anything Goes is an album by Harpers Bizarre, released in 1967.

Two bonus tracks were added to the 2001 CD issue of this title:  the 45 version of "Cotton Candy Sandman" by Kenny Rankin, and the theme to the TV series Malibu U by Don and Dick Addrisi.

The title track was used in the opening montage of the 1970 film The Boys in the Band.

Track listing
"(Intro) This Is Only the Beginning" (Ted Koehler, Harold Arlen)
"Anything Goes" (Cole Porter)
"Two Little Babes in the Wood" (Cole Porter)
"The Biggest Night of Her Life" (Randy Newman)
"Pocketful of Miracles" (Sammy Cahn, Jimmy Van Heusen)
"Snow" (Randy Newman)
"Chattanooga Choo Choo" (Mack Gordon, Harry Warren)
"Hey You in the Crowd" (Dick Scoppettone, Ted Templeman)
"Louisiana Man" (Doug Kershaw)
"Milord" (Georges Moustaki, Marguerite Monnot)
"Virginia City" (Dick Scoppettone, Ted Templeman)
"Jessie" (Mike Gordon, Jimmy Griffin)
"You Need a Change" (David Blue)
"High Coin" (Van Dyke Parks)

References

1967 albums
Harpers Bizarre albums
Albums produced by Lenny Waronker
Warner Records albums
No. 514 Squadron RAF

No. 514 Squadron RAF (514 Sqn) was a bomber squadron of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War.

History 

Members of 514 Sqn were awarded 1 DSO, 84 DFCs, one Bar to the DFC and 26 DFMs.

514 Squadron was part of 3 Group, RAF Bomber Command. It operated between September 1943 and August 1945, initially from RAF Foulsham, and then, from December 1943 onward, from RAF Waterbeach in Cambridgeshire. 437 aircrew were killed flying with the Squadron.

Aircraft operated

Squadron bases

Reunions

From 1988 to 2012, the Squadron held an annual reunion in June at Waterbeach Barracks hosted by the Royal Engineers. A service of remembrance was held in the parish church, and the BBMF Lancaster made a flypast over the former RAF airfield.

In 2013, following the barracks' closure, a reunion was held in the village on 15 June with the Lancaster flypast over the Recreation Ground.

In 2015, a reunion was again held in Waterbeach Barracks in a new community building.

Museum
The 514 Squadron Association and the Army established a museum in Waterbeach Barracks in 1985. This museum closed in September 2012, as the barracks closed permanently in March 2013, although the contents have been saved. It expected that the new Waterbeach Military Heritage Museum will return to its building at the Barracks, and re-open in early summer 2016.

See also
List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons

References

Notes

Bibliography

 (available from the Museum)

External links

 514 Squadron RAF website - commemorates all who served in the Squadron
 514 Squadron Facebook page
 Squadron history, on RAF website 
 No. 514 Squadron RAF movement and equipment history
 The Wartime Memories Project - 514 Sqn
 Waterbeach Military Heritage Museum
 Squadron histories for nos. 500–520 squadron on RAFweb's Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation
 Former Air Gunner tells his story - William MacDonald
 Video about the last flight of 514 Squadron Lancaster A2-C, lost 28 July 1944

Bomber squadrons of the Royal Air Force in World War II
514 Squadron
Military units and formations established in 1943
Olema, California

Olema (Miwok: Olemaloke) is an unincorporated community in Marin County, California. It is located on Olema Creek  south-southeast of Point Reyes Station, at an elevation of 69 feet (21 m).

Olema is along State Route 1 at its intersection with Sir Francis Drake Boulevard, on the eastern edge of the Point Reyes Peninsula in the western part of Marin County. The name Olema comes from the Coast Miwok placename meaning "coyote valley".

Olema was once thought to be the epicenter of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake due to the huge fault rifts still visible via a nearby hiking path.  There are historical references to this in and around the town, including at shops and restaurants.  However, more recent evidence suggests that a location near Daly City is more likely the epicenter.

Olema was also the title subject of the late-1960s country-rock song, "Hippie from Olema", The Youngbloods' rejoinder to Merle Haggard's "Okie from Muskogee".

The Olema post office opened in 1859, closed in 1860, and re-opened in 1864.

Attractions

Olema has a few shops, two restaurants (Sir and Star and Due West), a lodge, and several bed and breakfasts. Nearby is a large campground and also a large retreat for the Vedanta Society (a branch of Hinduism). Also, the Bear Valley Visitor Center, a quarter-mile from town on Bear Valley Road, provides a standard starting point for a visit to the Point Reyes National Seashore. Inside the center are exhibits and books for sale. Outside are picnic tables, a Morgan horse ranch, and Kule Loklo, a reconstructed Miwok village.

Politics
In the state legislature, Olema is in the 3rd Senate District and in the 6th Assembly District.

Federally, Olema is in .

References

Unincorporated communities in California
Unincorporated communities in Marin County, California
West Marin
Corgan

Corgan may refer to:

People with the surname 
Billy Corgan (born 1967), American musician, singer-songwriter, and wrestling promoter
Jack Corgan (died 2000), American architect
Mike Corgan (1918–1989), American football player
Richard Corgan (born 1978), Welsh actor

Other uses 
Corgan (company), an American architecture firm
NGC 4027

NGC 4027 (also known as Arp 22) is a barred spiral galaxy approximately 83 million light-years away in the constellation Corvus.  It is also a peculiar galaxy because one of its spiral arms goes out more than the other.  This is probably due to a galactic collision in NGC 4027's past.

One supernova has been observed in NGC 4027: SN 1996W (type II, mag. 16).

Galaxy group information

NGC 4027 is part of the NGC 4038 Group, a group of galaxies that also contains the Antennae Galaxies (NGC 4038/NGC 4039).

See also 

 NGC 4618 - a similar one-armed spiral galaxy
 NGC 4625 - a similar one-armed spiral galaxy
 NGC 5713 - a similar one-armed spiral galaxy

References

External links 

 NGC 4027
 The spiral galaxy NGC 4027
 

Barred spiral galaxies
Peculiar galaxies
NGC 4027
Corvus (constellation)
4027
37773
022
UGCA objects
Skotterud

Skotterud is the administrative centre of Eidskog Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The village is located along the Norwegian National Road 2 and the Kongsvingerbanen railway line. Skotterud sits about  south of the town of Kongsvinger and about  northwest of the village of Magnor which sits just inside the border with Sweden.

The  village has a population (2021) of 1,360 and a population density of .

The village is located about  from Sweden, so there is some commercial and tourist traffic in the village. The local industry is heavily associated with forestry, including some sawmills and other timber-related businesses.

References

Eidskog
Villages in Innlandet
Woodstock Theological Center

The Woodstock Theological Center (1973-2013) was an independent, nonprofit Catholic theological research institute in Washington, D.C.

History
Founded in 1973, the center took its name from  Woodstock College, a former Jesuit seminary located in Maryland. The center was an associate member of the Washington Theological Consortium. Until it closed, the center was housed at Georgetown University.

In February 2013, the center announced that it was scheduled to close on June 30, 2013, citing a lack of Jesuit staff as a reason. On July 1, 2013, the Board of Trustees announced the center would no longer be an independent ministry, but that the library would be maintained as the Woodstock Theological Library, a part of the Georgetown University Library.

References

External links 
 

Educational institutions established in 1974
Thomas de la Rue

Thomas de la Rue (24 March 1793 – 7 June 1866) was a printer from Guernsey who founded De La Rue plc, a printing company which is now the world's largest commercial security printer and papermaker.

Biography
Born on Le Bourg, Forest, Guernsey to Rachel Allez and Eleazar de la Rue. Thomas was the seventh of their nine children. Thomas de la Rue was apprenticed to a master-printer, Joseph Antoine Chevalier in Saint Peter Port in 1803.

He went into business with Tom Greenslade and together they launched the newspaper Le Publiciste. Having fallen out with Greenslade, Thomas de la Rue launched his own publication, Le Miroir politique, first published on 6 February 1813.

In 1816 he left Guernsey, for London, where he initially established a business making straw hats. Then in 1830 together with Samuel Cornish and William Rock he founded a business of "cardmakers, hot pressers and enamellers". in 1831, de la Rue was granted the right to print playing cards, making it the first company to do so; it printed its first pack the following year. Soon afterwards, Thomas hired Owen Jones, a well-known designer and architect.
By 1837 his wife, his two sons William Frederick and  Warren De la Rue and his eldest daughter were involved in the business. In 1855 Thomas was made a Chevalier (Knight) of the Legion of Honour. In 1858, he retired from De La Rue, handing over the management of the business to his sons.

Thomas de la Rue died in Kensington in 1866.

Family
He married Jane Warren (17 June 1789 – 22 September 1858) on 21 March 1816.
He had six daughters and two sons: Mary, Elizabeth, Georgiana, Louisa, Jane, Warren and William.

Memorials
The Guernsey Post Office has issued two sets of postage stamps commemorating his life and achievements, in 1971 and 1993.

There is a pub on The Pollet, Saint Peter Port, Guernsey, named after him.

In 1991 the States of Guernsey issued a £5 banknote with Thomas De La Rue on the reverse. A commemorative one-pound note was issued in July 2013, to mark 200 years since the first commercial venture of Thomas De La Rue. The note is in circulation alongside the standard one-pound note.

References

Further reading
 Houseman, Lorna, The House That Thomas Built: the Story of De La Rue, Chatto & Windus (1968) 
 Marr, L. James, Guernsey People, Phillimore (1984) 

Guernsey people
British printers
1793 births
1866 deaths
Anglo-Normans
1846 Chilean presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Chile in 1846. General Manuel Bulnes was the only candidate and elected unopposed.

Results

References

Presidential elections in Chile
Chile
1846 in Chile
Edward Silas Tobey

Edward Silas Tobey (1813 – March 29, 1891, in Brookline, MA) served as the postmaster at the  Boston Office, president of American Missionary Association and president of Boston Board of Trade. He was the Republican Party nominee in the 1861 Boston mayoral election.

References

External links
Obituary online

1813 births
1891 deaths
United Church of Christ
Massachusetts postmasters
American financial businesspeople
19th-century American businesspeople
Magnor

Magnor is a village in Eidskog Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The village is located  from the border with Sweden. The village lies along the Norwegian National Road 2 and the Kongsvingerbanen railway line. The municipal centre, Skotterud lies about  to the northwest of Magnor and the Swedish village of Charlottenberg lies about  to the southeast of Magnor.

The  village has a population (2021) of 918 and a population density of .

The village is known as a production site for glass, made at Magnor Glassverk (lit. Magnor Glass Works) and also for the production of aluminium, made at Hydro Extrusion Norway.

During the border wars in the middle of the 17th century, there were fortifications in the area. In 1914, the famous Peace Monument was built in Magnor. It was designed by the Swedish architect Lars Johan Lehming and funded by the Swedish Peace and Arbitration Society to celebrate the peaceful dissolution of the union between Sweden and Norway in 1905.

References

Eidskog
Villages in Innlandet
St. Mary's Railroad

The St. Marys Railroad  is a class III railroad operating in Georgia United States.

History
The St. Mary's and Kingsland Railroad, incorporated on October 24, 1906, was founded in 1865 by Captain Lemuel Johnson.  It received its charter from the state of Georgia, and its first two locomotives purchased were #207 and #308.

The SM&K eventually became the Atlantic, Waycross and Northern Railroad.  After the death of Johnson in 1918, the railroad was sold to the Southern Fertilizer and Chemical Company in Savannah, Georgia, with the sale being completed on January 24, 1918.  The AW&N was sold in 1939 to Gilman Paper Company-St. Marys Kraft Corporation and became the St. Marys Railroad. The SM purchased its first diesel locomotive #500 in 1945 which was nicknamed the "Goat."  Ten years later the railroad constructed a 4-mile spur to service the US Army's Kings Bay ammunition storage facility which is now the Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay.

The SM was merged into the Gilman Paper Company on January 11, 1999, and operated initially under the Gilman name.  The Gilman Paper Company separated the railroad by establishing a limited liability corporation operating under the name of Saint Marys Railroad, LLC. On December 17, 1999, the paper plant and railroad were purchased by the Durango Paper Company (changing its name in 2000 to the Durango-Georgia Company) and the railroad was renamed the Durango Railroad. All federal reporting requirements for the railroad were filed under that name.  The company declined to change its reporting marks however, thus the locomotives and rolling stock continued to use the St. Marys Railroad name.

The Durango Paper Company closed its doors in 2002 after two industrial accidents at the plant resulted in nearly $200,000 in fines from OSHA.  All employees of the paper plant lost their jobs, putting the future of the railroad in doubt.  The railroad continues to operate and the St. Marys Railroad right-of-way and assets remain intact. The railroad has always maintained its own locomotives and cars with a fully equipped shop facility in St. Marys.

In January 2007, the St. Marys Railroad, LLC was purchased by the Birmingham, Alabama-based Boatright Companies. The railroad continues to be fully operational with no change in its reporting marks.

Current

Currently the St. Marys Railroad leases two locomotives; ex-NS 2379 (MP15DC, built as SOU 2379) and ex-NS 2389 (MP15DC, ex-SOU 2389). Annually, St. Marys Railroad moves approximately 1100 carloads of freight and 2000 railcars placed in and out of storage.

Interchanges
The only connection to other railroads along the 11 mile route is to the First Coast Railroad at Kingsland.

See also
Georgia Coastal Railway

References

External links

St. Marys RR Official Website
St. Marys Railroad (RailGA)

Georgia (U.S. state) railroads
Regional railroads in the United States
Challenge

Challenge may refer to:

 Voter challenging or caging, a method of challenging the registration status of voters
 Euphemism for disability
 Peremptory challenge, a dismissal of potential jurors from jury duty

Law
A procedure or action
The act of appealing a ruling or decision of a court or administrative agency

Places

Geography
Challenge, California, an unincorporated community
Challenge-Brownsville, California, a census-designated place in Yuba County, California, United States

Structures
Challenge Stadium, former name of Perth Superdrome, a sports complex in Perth, Australia

Books and publications
 Challenge (anarchist periodical), American anarchist weekly tabloid, 1938–1939
 Challenge (Communist journal), British Young Communist League magazine, and also the name of the newspaper of the communist Progressive Labor Party (USA)
 Challenge (game magazine), a role-playing game magazine
 Challenge (economics magazine), a magazine covering economic affairs
 Challenge (Bulldog Drummond), a Bulldog Drummond novel by H. C. McNeile
 Challenges (magazine), a French language weekly business magazine
 Challenge (1923), a novel by Vita Sackville-West

Film and TV

Film
Challenge (1984 film), an Indian Telugu-language film by A. Kodandarami Reddy
Challenge (2009 film), an Indian Bengali-language film
Challenge 2, its 2012 sequel
Challenges (film), a 2011 Sri Lankan film
Challenge (2012 film), an Indian Tamil-language film
Challenge (2017 film), an Indian film
The Challenge (2023 film), Russian film shot aboard the ISS

Television
Challenge (TV channel), a British television channel
The Challenge (TV series)
Food Network Challenge, competitive cooking television series

Games
Challenge (Scrabble), an element of the word game

Music
Challenge (album), a 1969 album by Yuya Uchida & The Flowers
The Challenge (album), a 1968 Hampton Hawes recording
Challenge Records (disambiguation), multiple record labels

Transportation
 Challenge (cycle and car), an early British manufacturer of cycles and cars
 Challenge 67, a yacht
 MS Challenge, a ferry

Sports
Challenge (competition), when a challenger requests to compete against a champion with the title at stake
Challenge match, a type of exhibition game not part of a wider tournament or series
Coach's challenge (disambiguation), when a coach requests the officials review a play or call

Tourist plane contests
 Challenge International de Tourisme 1929
 International Touring Competition 1930
 Challenge International de Tourisme 1932
 Challenge International de Tourisme 1934

Brands
 Challenge (company), a New Zealand petroleum brand
 Challenge, an electronics company in the United Kingdom owned by Argos (retailer)

Other
 Internet challenge, Internet memes in the form of challenges
 Challenge (literature), an attempt to remove or restrict access to literary materials
 Challenge coin
 SGI Challenge, a family of server computers from Silicon Graphics
 Challenge Girls Club, associated with ECyD

See also
 Challenge Cup (disambiguation)
 Challenge–response authentication in computer security, a component of client authentication in some systems
 The Challenge (disambiguation)
 Challenger (disambiguation)
Ørje

Ørje is the administrative centre of Marker municipality, Norway, not far from the Swedish border. Its population (2013) is 3872

Ørje  was founded in the 1880s around a timber-processing mill.  Engebret Soot had built the first Norwegian canal locks at Ørje in the years 1857-1860 (:no:Ørje sluser). The total lift of the locks are 10 meters (30 feet) divided on 3 steps. The locks are situated between the lakes "Rødenessjøen" and "Øymarksjøen" as a part of the Halden Canal Waterway System.

In the decades following  World War II, Ørje developed substantial industry and commerce. Today,  the service sector, including tourism have partly replaced manufacture and agriculture/forestry as the most important economic sectors. Ørje is known for its canal museum (Haldenvassdragets Kanalmuseum) and steamboat club, military fortifications from 1905 and locks.

Ørje has also become well-known due to a pedestrian crossing sign installed at Storgata 59 by the Swedish artists' collective Kreativiteket.  The sign is based on a character from Monty Python's "Ministry of Silly Walks" sketch, and instructs pedestrians to cross the street in a silly manner.

See also
Ørje Fortress

References

Villages in Østfold
Marker, Norway
Skjønhaug

Skjønhaug is a village in the municipality of Trøgstad, Norway. Its official population, as of 2005, was 1,817.

Villages in Østfold
Trøgstad
Hamnås

Havnås is a village in the municipality of Trøgstad, Norway. Its population (2005) is 213.

Villages in Østfold
Xishui County, Hubei

Xishui County () is a county of eastern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. The county extends over an area of  and is under the administration of Huanggang City.

History
Xishui was a center of revolutionary activity during the Chinese Civil War. In 1922, an underground group was formed to try to undermine the Kuomintang. Between 1926 and 1949, thousands of locals lost their lives in the struggle.

Famous persons whose ancestral home was Xishui County:
Wen Yiduo ( Chinese: 聞一多), famous writer of China.
Yang Jisheng (historian) ( Chinese traditional: 楊繼繩), the author of Tomb: Great famine of China: 1959-1962( Chinese name: 
< 墓碑:中國1959-1962年三年大饑荒> )
Xu Fuguan, a Chinese historian and philosopher, notable for Confucian studies

Geography

Administrative divisions
Xishui County administers:

Climate

Natural Resources
Xishui county has large proven reserves of ore, including magnetite, vanadium, copper, pyrite, yellow sand, granite, potassium, quartz, green jade, and gold.

Economy
The very first agricultural cooperative in Hubei province was established at Xishui in 1952, as impoverished peasants pooled their land and cattle to create one large farm. In the first year, the commune increased its production by one third. The commune also expanded fresh-water fish and lotus root cultivation, and began planting two crops of rice per year. In 1956, the Xishui cooperative was recognized as an exemplary “national production growth model.” A major flood-control and irrigation reservoir was completed in 1961 and it began generating electricity the following year. This again became a national model for other villages to follow.

Yangtze Flooding
Xishui is subject to flooding from the Yangtze River. In 1996, the main dike wall shielding the village from the Yangtze broke in several places, endangering the entire county. Emergency support personnel from Qichun County and Wuxue City were required to help deal with the emergency. Since then, the dike was widened and raised in height.

References

Xishui Government websites (Chinese)

Counties of Hubei
Huanggang
Institutionalism in political parties

Party institutionalism is an approach that sees political parties as having some capacities for adaptation, but also sees them as being "prisoners of their own history as an institution". Aspects of the ideology that a party had when it was founded, persists even though the conditions and the party-base in society have changed. Scholars of this approach claim that the party's history determines how the party adapts to modern day challenges.

The left–right is still central in order to understand a party's policy, but the core of these theories is to compare the party's beliefs and values today with the ones at their founding. In analyzing a party's ideological orientation we must begin by analyzing the very origin of the party.

One framework within this tradition is offered by Klaus von Beyme who identifies nine party-groups, or "familles spirituelles", that can be found in European liberal democracies today:

 Liberal and Radical parties
 Conservative parties
 Socialist and Social Democratic parties
 Christian Democratic parties
 Communist parties
 Agrarian parties
 Regional and ethnic parties
 Right-wing extremist parties
 Ecology movement

Von Beyme claims that at the time of their founding these parties reflected the needs to defend a particular kind of interests, but recognized that not every European party could be fitted into this schema. He has been criticized of being tempted to try to fit too many parties into this schema, when in reality there is not grounds for doing so. It needs to be said as well that quite many of the European parties classified into the categories above are regarded as having more or less lost contact with their original "famille spirituelle".

Consequently one can wonder what, eg, the British Conservatives today have in common with their founding fathers hundreds of years ago, taking into account New Right ideas and certain aspects of liberalism applied by the party. Likewise the Norwegian Social Democratic party is widely held to have moved away drastically from its inception as a socialist party in 1889. Today this party has assumed more of a centralist role (regarding for instance issues like state ownership as well as abandoning their corporatist ties with the Norwegian Trade Association).

One might ask what the point is of classifying the parties into these categories when they do not fit. The answer would be that one should look at the broad picture, and use von Beyme’s tool to make sense of certain tendencies in European politics.
However, it would also be important to recognize the fact that western European societies have changed tremendously in course of the last decades regarding a number of issues. Therefore, by identifying these factors one might also broaden the understanding of the generally changing patterns of party ideology in Europe today, compared to the 1950s.

References

Institutionalism
Political parties
Political science theories
Trømborg

Trømborg is a small village in the municipality of Eidsberg, Norway. Its population (2019) is 263. Footballer Rune Buer Johansen began his career here.

References

Villages in Østfold
The Secret Life of Harpers Bizarre

The Secret Life of Harpers Bizarre is an album by Harpers Bizarre, released in September 1968.

Two bonus tracks were added to the 2001 Sundazed CD reissue of this title.  They had previously been the two sides of a single:  "Both Sides Now" by Joni Mitchell and "Small Talk" by Garry Bonner and Alan Gordon.

Track listing
"Look to the Rainbow" (E.Y. Harburg, Burton Lane)
"Battle of New Orleans" (Jimmy Driftwood)
"When I Was a Cowboy" (Sylvia Fricker, Ian Tyson)
"Interlude"
"Sentimental Journey" (Les Brown, Bud Green, Ben Homer)
"Las Mananitas" (Traditional)
Medley: "Bye, Bye, Bye" (Ted Templeman, Dick Scoppettone) / "Vine Street" (Randy Newman)
"Me, Japanese Boy" (Burt Bacharach, Hal David)
"Interlude"
"I'll Build a Stairway to Paradise" (Buddy DeSylva, George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin)
"Green Apple Tree" (Dick Scoppettone, Ted Templeman)
"Sit Down, You're Rocking the Boat" (Frank Loesser)
"Interlude"
"I Love You, Mama" (Ron Elliott)
"Funny How Love Can Be" (Leon Bowman)
"Mad" (Dick Scoppettone, Ted Templeman)
"Look to the Rainbow" (E.Y. Harburg, Burton Lane)
"The Drifter" (Roger Nichols, Paul Williams)
"Reprise"

References

1968 albums
Harpers Bizarre albums
Albums produced by Lenny Waronker
Warner Records albums
Karlshus

Karlshus village is the administrative centre of the Råde municipality, Norway. Its population is 1,952, with 1,073 residents per km2 (2008). Karlshus is located near Moss Airport, Rygge, with European route E6 passing through it, and is served by Råde Station on the Østfold Line.

References

Villages in Østfold
Råde
1906 Chilean presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Chile in 1906. Conducted through a system of electors, they resulted in the election of Pedro Montt as President.

Results

References

Presidential elections in Chile
1906 in Chile
Chile
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results
Love at Absolute Zero

Love at Absolute Zero is the debut album by the indie pop band My Favorite, released on Double Agent in 1999. The subject matter included the end of new wave, the new millennium, and growing up in suburban Long Island, New York.

Critical reception
AllMusic wrote that the album "translates palpable pre-millennial tension into neon-lit synthesizer drama—recalling the heyday of the new wave with none of the irony which sinks like-minded retro-futurists from Romania to the Rentals." Trouser Press called it "an excellent debut, nostalgic but forward-looking at the same time."

Track listing
 Absolute Zero
 Absolute Beginners Again
 17 Berlin
 The Truth About Lake Ronkonkama
 Let's Stay Alive
 Go Kid Go
 Modulate
 Party Crashers
 Between Cafes
 The Informers
 Working Class Jacket
 You Belong With Us

References

1999 albums
My Favorite albums
Friedrich Materna

Friedrich Materna (21 June 1885 – 11 November 1946) was a general in the Bundesheer (Austrian Federal Army) in the 1930s and the German Wehrmacht during the World War II.

He became a general-major in the Austrian army in 1935, and he was also a part of the Bundesministerium für Landesverteidigung (Federal Ministry of Defence), in which he acted as Head of the Training Department.

After the Anschluss he was incorporated into the Wehrmacht, where from 1938 to 1940, he commanded the 45. Infanterie-Division. Between 1940 and 1942, he commanded the XX Armeekorps, and from 1942 to 1943, the Military District XVII.

Between 1943 and 1944, he was held in reserve, and, in 1944, he retired from the Army.

He died in 1946.

Awards
 Iron Cross (1939) 2nd and 1st Class
 German Cross in Gold (15 December 1942)
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 5 August 1940 as Generalleutnant and commander of the 45. Infanterie-Division

References

Further reading

External links
Friedrich Materna @ Lexikon der Wehrmacht

German Army generals of World War II
Generals of Infantry (Wehrmacht)
Moravian-German people
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
1885 births
1946 deaths
Austrian generals
People from Bruntál District
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Austrian military personnel of World War II
Austro-Hungarian Army officers
Kirkebygden

Kirkebygden is the administrative centre of Våler municipality, Østfold, Norway. Its population as of 2005 was 738.

Villages in Østfold
Våk

Våk is a village in the municipality of Våler, Østfold, Norway. Its population (2005) is 1,021.

References

Villages in Østfold
Svinndal

Svinndal is a village and parish in the municipality of Våler, Østfold, Norway. The population of the village (2009) is 353. Svinndal shares its coat-of-arms with Våler.

Svinndal church (Svinndal kirke) was constructed in mixed Gothic and Swiss style during 1856. The church  was built of wood based upon an architectural design  by  Chr. H. Grosch. It replaced a prior church that burned down in 1854. The church is located on  Fylkesvei 115 (Fv 115) which runs between Bjørkelangen in Aurskog-Høland and Rødsundet in Våler. The parish is associated with the Vestre Borgesyssel deanery of the Diocese of Borg.

References

Villages in Østfold
Bedford/St. Martin's

Bedford/St. Martin's is an American publishing company specializing in humanities college  textbooks. Bedford/St. Martin's is part of the Bedford, Freeman, and Worth Publishing group owned by the Macmillan Publishers, which is in turn owned by the Stuttgart-based Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group. Its offices are located in Boston and New York. The company was founded in 1981 by Charles Christensen and Joan Feinberg as Bedford Books, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Among others works, Bedford/St. Martin's has published The Bedford Handbook and A Writer's Reference by Diana Hacker, Patterns for College Writing, The Bedford Reader, The American Promise, Ways of the World and Writer's Help.

In 2013, Bedford/St. Martin's made a deal with Coursera to offer instructional materials.

References

External links 
 
 BSM History

Academic publishing companies

Book publishing companies based in New York (state)
Publishing companies based in New York City
Companies based in Boston
Publishing companies established in 1981
1981 establishments in the United States
Holtzbrinck Publishing Group
Harpers Bizarre 4

Harpers Bizarre 4 is an album by Harpers Bizarre, released in 1969. Ry Cooder contributes on slide guitar.

The film I Love You, Alice B. Toklas featured music from Harpers Bizarre.

Two bonus tracks were added to the 2001 Sundazed CD reissue of this title:  "Poly High" by Harry Nilsson and "If We Ever Needed the Lord Before" by Thomas A. Dorsey.

Track listing
"Soft Soundin' Music" (Dick Scoppettone, Ted Templeman)
"Knock on Wood" (Steve Cropper, Eddie Floyd)
"Witchi Tai to" (Jim Pepper)
"Hard to Handle" (Alvertis Isbell, Allen Jones, Otis Redding)
"When the Band Begins to Play" (Scoppettone, Templeman)
"Something Better" (Gerry Goffin, Barry Mann)
"Blackbird" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney)
"I Love You, Alice B. Toklas" (Elmer Bernstein, Paul Mazursky, Larry Tucker)
"There's No Time Like Today" (Scoppettone, Templeman)
"All Through the Night" (John Petersen, Scoppettone, Templeman)
"Cotton Candy Sandman (Sandman's Coming)" (Kenny Rankin)
"Leaving on a Jet Plane" (John Denver)

2001 Remaster Bonus Tracks
"Poly High" (Harry Nilsson)
"If We Ever Needed the Lord Before" (traditional, Thomas A. Dorsey)

References

1969 albums
Harpers Bizarre albums
Albums produced by Lenny Waronker
Warner Records albums
Afrikaner Volksfront

The Afrikaner Volksfront (AVF; ) was a separatist umbrella organisation uniting a number of right-wing Afrikaner organisations in South Africa in the early 1990s.

History  
The AVF was formed by General Constand Viljoen and three other generals from the South African Defence Force (SADF), and launched on 7 May 1993. The other three generals were Major General Tienie Groenewald, a former chief of military intelligence, Lieutenant General Koos Bischoff, former chief of operations of the SADF, and Lieutenant General Cobus Visser, a former head of investigations of the South African Police.  The AVF President was Dr Ferdi Hartzenberg, leader of the Conservative Party, and the chief secretary was Colonel Piet Botha.

The AVF existed as an umbrella group for right wing groups rather than a party in itself. Other groups involved included the Boerestaat Party, the Herstigte Nasionale Party, and the Oranjewerkers. The AVF aimed to disrupt the 1994 elections.

The AVF established a Volksrepubliek werkkomitee ("People's Republic working committee") to gather information and put the ideal of Afrikaner self-determination into practice. In September 1993 this committee recommended a Volkstaat solution incorporating Pretoria, parts of the Transvaal, and northern Kimberley and Northern Natal, which would exist as a state with the right to secede from a federal South Africa; in November 1994 a new proposal was suggested for a smaller state with just autonomy.  The negotiations held with the ANC displeased hardliners within the AVF, with Hartzenberg demanding nothing less than an independent Afrikaner homeland.  After negotiations failed Viljoen's position in the AVF was undermined by the hardliners; Viljoen left and subsequently formed the Freedom Front. The AVF rejected the interim constitution of South Africa which was passed in November 1993.

In 1994 the AVF sought to have the Boers recognised as an indigenous people by the United Nations but were unsuccessful after 82 other indigenous peoples signed a petition against the AVF's participation. The AVF also participated in the 1994 Bophuthatswana crisis in which several members of the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging were killed.

The AVF was disbanded in November 1996.

References

External links
First Report of the Volk's Republic Works Committee of the Afrikaner Volksfront

1993 establishments in South Africa
1996 disestablishments in South Africa
Afrikaner nationalism
Boer nationalism
Defunct political parties in South Africa
Far-right politics in South Africa
Nationalist parties in South Africa
Organisations associated with apartheid
Political parties disestablished in 1996
Political parties established in 1993
Political party alliances in South Africa
Arinnu

According to the annals of Shalmaneser I, discovered at Assur, an ancient Assyrian city on the Tigris and traditional capital of Assyria, near the modern city of Al-Shirqat in Iraq, he conquered eight countries in the northwest in his first year and destroyed the fortress of Arinnu, the dust of which he brought to Assur.

Ancient Assyrian cities
Eugen Beyer

Eugen Beyer (18 February 1882 in Pohrlitz (Moravia) – 25 July 1940 in Salzburg) was an Austrian Feldmarschalleutnant in the 1930s and Wehrmacht General of the Infantry during the early years of the Second World War.

From 1935 to 1938, Beyer was commander of the Bundesheer's 6th Division (stationed in Innsbruck). After the Anschluss he was incorporated into the Wehrmacht where he was given command of XVIII Corps, a post he held until shortly before his death. He was the most senior Austrian officer to transfer to the German Army.

Promotions

Decorations & awards
 Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
 Military Jubilee Cross 1848-1908
 Military Merit Cross, 3rd class with war decoration and swords (Austria-Hungary)
 Order of the Iron Crown, 3rd class with war decoration and swords (Austria)
 Silver Military Merit Medal ("Signum Laudis") with swords (Austria-Hungary)
 Bronze Military Merit Medal ("Signum Laudis") with swords (Austria-Hungary)
 Austrian War Commemorative Medal with Swords
 Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918
 Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria

References 

1882 births
1940 deaths
People from Pohořelice
People from the Margraviate of Moravia
Moravian-German people
Austro-Hungarian Army officers
Austrian lieutenant field marshals
German Army generals of World War II
Generals of Infantry (Wehrmacht)
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
Recipients of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
Deaths from cancer in Nazi Germany
Austrian people of Moravian-German descent
Austrian military personnel of World War II