alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Antonin Scalia

Antonin Gregory Scalia (March 11, 1936 – February 13, 2016) was a Conservative jurist on the Supreme Court of the United States. He was an Associate Justice. Scalia was put on the Court in 1986 by Ronald Reagan and was the longest-serving justice on the Court. Before becoming a justice, he was on the District of Columbia Court of Appeals and was a law professor. He was a Roman Catholic born to Italian American parents. He was the first Italian-American on the Court.

Early life
Scalia was born in Trenton, New Jersey, but grew up in Queens, New York. Scalia went to Georgetown University, the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, and Harvard Law School. He began his career in Cleveland, Ohio and traveled to Chicago, Illinois during his early life.

Supreme Court Justice
Scalia was noted for holding a conservative approach to the law. He also believed in originalism. This means he wanted the Constitution interpreted exactly as its framers had wanted it. Scalia and fellow judge Clarence Thomas often had the same viewpoints. He was friends with justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.

Death
Scalia died in his sleep on February 13, 2016 at a ranch in Shafter, Texas at the age of 79. His death left a split in the court with 4 conservatives and 4 liberals. President Barack Obama said he would choose Scalia's successor in "due time". President Obama, former Governor of Texas Rick Perry, Governor of Ohio John Kasich, former Presidents George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, Senators Ted Cruz, Marco Rubio, and Bernie Sanders, and Vice president Joe Biden all reacted to his death.

Replacement
On March 16, 2016, President Obama nominated Merrick Garland to replace Scalia. After Republicans refused to give Garland a confirmation hearing, his nomination expired in January 2017. On January 31, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Judge Neil Gorsuch to replace Scalia. Gorsuch was sworn into office on Monday, April 10, 2017, in two ceremonies.

Honors
In November 2018, Scalia received a posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Donald Trump.

References

Other websites

 Issue positions and quotes at OnTheIssues
 

Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
1936 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
United States Supreme Court justices
American Roman Catholics
People from Trenton, New Jersey
People from Queens
Politicians from Cleveland
Politicians from New York City
Politicians from New Jersey
Politicians from Chicago
Lawyers from Chicago
Lawyers from New Jersey
Lawyers from New York City
Lawyers from Cleveland
Anthony Kennedy

Anthony McLeod Kennedy (born July 23, 1936) is a former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was nominated by President Ronald Reagan on November 11, 1987, and took the oath of office on February 18, 1988, serving until July 31, 2018.

Kennedy became the most senior Associate Justice on the court following the death of Antonin Scalia in February 2016. Since the retirement of Sandra Day O'Connor in 2006, he has been the swing vote on many of the Court's 5–4 decisions. He has authored the majority ruling in many of these cases, including Lawrence v. Texas, Boumediene v. Bush, Citizens United v. FEC, and Obergefell v. Hodges.

On June 27, 2018, Kennedy announced his retirement from the Supreme Court, effective July 31.

Background
Kennedy was born in Sacramento, California, on July 23, 1936.  He went to Harvard University, Stanford University, and the London School of Economics.  He was a private lawyer, a professor, and in 1975, he was appointed by Gerald Ford to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.  In 1988, Ronald Reagan nominated him for the Supreme Court.  He became a member of the court on February 18, 1988. He has two sons and a daughter.

References

United States Supreme Court justices
1936 births
Living people
Writers from Sacramento, California
Businesspeople from California
Politicians from Sacramento, California
David Souter

David Hackett Souter (; born September 17, 1939) is a retired Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He served from October 1990 until his retirement in June 2009. Appointed by President George H. W. Bush to fill the seat left by William J. Brennan, Jr., Souter sat on both the Rehnquist and Roberts courts and came to vote reliably with the court's liberal members.

Pre-Supreme Court
He was the only Justice during his time on the Court with court experience outside of a federal appeals court. He served as a prosecutor (1966–1968), in the New Hampshire Attorney General's office (1968–1976), as the Attorney General of New Hampshire (1976–1978), as an Associate Justice of the Superior Court of New Hampshire (1978–1983), as an Associate Justice of the New Hampshire Supreme Court (1983–1990) and briefly as a Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (1990).

Retirement
Following Souter's retirement announcement in May 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Sonia Sotomayor as his replacement.

Related pages
Supreme Court of the United States

References

United States Supreme Court justices
Lawyers from Massachusetts
1939 births
Living people
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Politicians from Massachusetts
Politicians from New Hampshire
Lawyers from New Hampshire
Clarence Thomas

Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is the Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Thomas has been a Justice since 1991. He is the second African American to serve on the court, after Thurgood Marshall. During his confirmation process, Professor Anita Hill accused Thomas of sexual harassment. Regardless, Thomas was confirmed in October 1991.

Early life 
Clarence Thomas was born in Pin Point, Georgia.  His father left his family when he was only two years old. He did not meet his son Clarence again until Clarence was nine years old. This left his mother, Leola Anderson, to take care of the family.

Clarence and his brother were sent to live with his mother's parents in Savannah, Georgia. His grandfather wanted him to become a priest. Thomas was sent to St. John Vianney Minor Seminary, an all-white boarding school near Savannah. In 1968 he transferred to the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts. He gave up all ideas of becoming a priest after the death of Martin Luther King Jr.. Thomas then obtained a law degree at Yale University.

Career 
After Yale he returned to Missouri and worked for State Attorney General, John Danforth. in 1977 Danforth was elected to the U.S. Senate. Thomas became a corporate lawyer for the Monsanto Company. Two years later he became Danforth's legislative aide in Washington, D.C.. President Ronald Reagan offered Thomas a job as the assistant secretary for civil rights in the U.S. Department of Education. He then became the chairman of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Thomas was appointed to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in 1990 by President George H. W. Bush. In 1991, Thurgood Marshall retired from the Supreme Court. Bush nominated Thomas to replace him.

Supreme Court 
He had a hard time getting approved so that he could become a Supreme Court justice. This was partly because one of his former employees, Anita Hill, claimed that he sexually harassed her. Thomas said that was not true. The Senate confirmed his nomination by a vote of 52-48. All Republicans, except Bob Packwood of Oregon and James Jeffords of Vermont, voted for confirmation.

References

1948 births
Living people
African American lawyers
American Roman Catholics
Politicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
United States Supreme Court justices
Lawyers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Stephen Breyer

Stephen Gerald Breyer (; born August 15, 1938) is an American politician, academic and lawyer. He was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was appointed by President Bill Clinton in 1994. Breyer was generally associated with the more liberal side of the Court.

In January 2022, Breyer announced that he would be retiring from the Supreme Court at the end of the term. Breyer left the court on June 30, 2022 when his retirement became official. He was replaced by Ketanji Brown Jackson.

Background
Breyer is of Jewish descent. Breyer generally supported a liberal interpretation of the law; he is pro-choice and pro-civil liberties. Breyer had the second-longest tenure as the most junior justice on the bench.  Breyer was also the only justice to appear on a quiz show (Wait Wait Don't Tell Me). Before being a judge, he was a professor at Harvard Law School and a judge on the First Circuit Court of Appeals. Breyer is an Eagle Scout.

References

1938 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Harvard University alumni
Jewish American academics
Jewish judges
Politicians from San Francisco
Stanford University alumni
United States Supreme Court justices
Educators from San Francisco
Ruth Bader Ginsburg

Ruth Joan Bader Ginsburg (March 15, 1933 – September 18, 2020) was an American jurist. She was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1993 until her death. She was nominated by President Bill Clinton. She was known as a feminist icon and was nicknamed "The Notorious R.B.G.".

Ginsburg died on September 18, 2020 in Washington, D.C.

Supreme Court
Ginsburg was appointed by President Bill Clinton and took the oath of office on August 10, 1993. She was the second female justice (after Sandra Day O'Connor) and the first Jewish female justice. Ginsburg was considered a member of the more liberal side of the Supreme Court.

Ginsburg wrote notable majority opinions, including United States v. Virginia, Olmstead v. L.C., and Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.

She was known as "The Notorious R.B.G.", in reference to the rapper known as "The Notorious B.I.G.".

When John Paul Stevens retired in 2010, Ginsburg became the oldest justice on the court at age 77.

Health
Ginsburg had surgery for colon cancer in 1999 and for pancreatic cancer in 2009. On November 8, 2018, she was hospitalized after fracturing three ribs in a fall.

On August 24, 2019, it was revealed that Ginsburg underwent radiation treatment for pancreatic cancer over the summer. In July 2020, she announced that she had liver cancer.

On September 18, 2020, Ginsburg died from problems caused by metastatic pancreatic cancer in Washington, D.C. at the age of 87.

References

Other websites
 Issue positions and quotes at OnTheIssues
Voices on Antisemitism: Interview with Ruth Bader Ginsburg from the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum
 Ruth Bader Ginsburg, video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America
 
 Supreme Court Associate Justice Nomination Hearings on Ruth Bader Ginsburg in July 1993 United States Government Publishing Office
 Membership at the Council on Foreign Relations

1933 births
2020 deaths
American Jews
American judges
Columbia University alumni
Cornell University alumni
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Harvard University alumni
Jewish judges
Politicians from New York City
United States Supreme Court justices
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Cancer deaths in Washington, D.C.
Lawyers from New York City
John Roberts

John Glover Roberts, Jr. (born January 27, 1955) is the seventeenth and current Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Appointed by President George W. Bush, Roberts is generally considered a member of the more conservative wing of the court. However, since the retirement of Justice Anthony Kennedy, he has been seen as the moderate and tie-breaker in some major Supreme Court cases during the Presidency of Donald Trump.

Before joining the Supreme Court on September 29, 2005, Roberts was a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit for two years.

Roberts has been portrayed as a consistent advocate for conservative principles by analysts such as Jeffrey Toobin.

Roberts was first nominated by President George W. Bush to replace Sandra Day O'Connor as an Associate Justice, but Chief Justice William Rehnquist died before Roberts's confirmation so Bush nominated Roberts to replace Rehnquist instead. Roberts was confirmed by the full United States Senate on September 29 by a margin of 78–22.

References 

United States Supreme Court justices
Chief justices of the United States
American Roman Catholics
Politicians from Buffalo, New York
1955 births
Living people
Lawyers from New York (state)
Tacna Region

Tacna Region is the most southern region in Peru. The capital city is Tacna.

Regions of Peru
Tacna

Tacna is a city in Peru. It is the capital of Tacna Region.

Cities in Peru
Capitals of regions of Peru
Eva Braun

Eva Anna Paula Braun (6 February 1912 – 30 April 1945) was the longtime girlfriend of Adolf Hitler. She met him in Munich when she was 17 years old. They married the day before they committed suicide (killed themselves). Braun killed herself by using cyanide. Hitler used cyanide and at the same time shot himself. When she was married, she was known as Eva Anna Paula Hitler. She was born in Munich, Germany and died in Berlin, Germany at the age of 33. Her body was burned as well as Adolf Hitler.

References

1912 births
1945 deaths
German Roman Catholics
Hitler family
People from Munich
Suicides by poison
Suicides in Germany
Computer recycling

Computer recycling means taking things from old computers and using them in new computer things. The phrase is also used to mean that computers need to be thrown away in a special way, as they often have things that are bad for the environment or dangerous inside them that can cause problems if they are thrown away like usual waste (garbage).

Secure Recycling 
Sometimes people are worried that the information inside a computer will be stolen when the computer is thrown away. For example, if you have a product design on an old computer, somebody might copy your design. Big companies have a lot of computers, with a lot of private information on them. They will often pay other companies to remove all the information from a computer before it is thrown away. This usually involves physically destroying the drive. It is possible to non-destructively erase the data on a hard drive by overwriting the entire drive with random numbers. With this method, only the data is destroyed, not the drive itself. This allows the drive to be reused.

Computers
Electronics
Recycling
Nagasaki

is the capital city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan.

Nagasaki was founded by the Portuguese in the late 16th century.

It has been recognized as a core city since 1997.

History

Nagasaki was founded by the Portuguese in the late 16th century. During the Edo period, Nagasaki was the only port in which trade with other countries was permitted because of the national isolation policy (sakoku).

In the 1870s, Nagasaki became the capital city of the prefecture which evolved from the former province.

On August 9, 1945, Nagasaki was the second of two Japanese cities which were destroyed with an atomic bomb near the end of the Second World War.

Related pages
 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
 Hashima

References

Other websites 

 Nagasaki official website; 長崎市
 VISIT NAGASAKI Official Tourism Website for Nagasaki City
Akilattirattu Ammanai

Akilathirattu Ammanai (; from akilam (world) + thirattu (collection) + ammanai (ballad)), also called Thiru Edu (venerable book), is the main religious book of the Southern Indian Ayyavazhi, officially a branch of Hinduism. The title is shortened as Akilam. This is the largest Ammanai work.

History
According to the book, Hari Gopalan Citar wrote this book on the twenty-seventh day of the Tamil month of Karthikai (November/December) in the year 1016 ME (1841 CE). The author says that God woke him up during his sleep and ordered him to take the first words from what he said. Akilathirattu was recorded on palm leaves. Then in 1939 it was given printed form.

According to the author, the book is the story of God coming in this age, the Kali Yukam or Iron Age, to rule the world by transforming it into that of Dharma Yukam. This story of faith has woven together the historical facts about Ayya Vaikundar and his activities, with mixing of episodes from the Hindu Puranas (mythologies) and Itihasas (epics). It is presented as if Vishnu is telling the whole story to his consort Lakshmi.

Though the Citar Hari Gopalan wrote the book Akilam, as per him, he did not know any thing about the contents of the book. He woke up in the morning as usual and he did not know what he had written the day before.

As soon as Ayya Vaikundar attained Vaikundam, the tied-up palm leaf text, which was until then not opened. It was there the regulations of Ayyavazhi contains. As per the instructions found there in Akilam, Ayyavazhi was preached by the Citars far and wide.

Ayyavazhi
Hindu texts
1840s books
Ayya Vaikundar

Ayya Vaikundar () is a Manu (father, sovereign) avatar (the incarnation of a deity) of the Lord Narayana according to Akilattirattu Ammanai the holy book of the Ayyavazhi religion, officially a Tamil Hindu branch.

The physical human body of Ayya Vaikundar was born with the name Muthukutty. However, Muthukutty is referred to as Sampooranathevan, a deva (a deity), in the religious book Akilam. Ayya Vikundar is a combination of the spirit of Narayana, the soul of the Supreme God, Ekam (God beyond conciouseness) and the body of an ordinary human being (Muthukutty).

The Ekam as soul incarnated with the spirit of Narayana in the body of Muthukutty.

Ayyavazhi
1810 births
1851 deaths
Hindu saints
Pathi

The worship centers of Ayyavazhi are called Pathis. The activities of Vaikundar is historically jointed with this Pathis. There are five Pathis:

Swamithoppepathi
Ambalappathi
Muttappathi
Thamaraikulampathi
Pooppathi

Ayyavazhi
Planck mass

The Planck mass is a small unit of mass used in physics. It is derived using an equation involving Planck's constant, the speed of light in a vacuum, and the gravitational constant. It is approximately 21.76 μg, which is about the mass of a grain of rice.

The idea was to have a definition based only on fundamental universal constants.

Physical quantity
Units of mass
Bay City, Michigan

The American city of Bay City is a small city in the state of Michigan, United States. In the 2000 census it had more than 35,000 people living in it.

Although small, Bay City is one of the largest port cities on Lake Huron, one of the North American Great Lakes. It is part of a triangle of small cities in Central Michigan. The other two cities are Saginaw, Michigan, and Midland, Michigan.

Bay City was the birthplace in 1958 of Madonna Ciccone, a well-known American singer. The Scottish Pop group Bay City Rollers are said to have gotten their name from the city as well.

Other websites 

 City of Bay City, Michigan

Cities in Michigan
County seats in Michigan
Zirconium

Zirconium is a chemical elemental metal. It is a greyish-white in color. It is atomic number 40 on the periodic table. Its symbol is Zr. And it is in the family of four (4). Zirconium alloys are used as cladding for nuclear fuel rods.

Related pages
Zircon

Transition metals
Yttrium

Yttrium is a chemical elemental metal with an atomic number of 39, a chemical symbol of Y, and an atomic weight of 88.905(abridged). It is classified as a transition metal. It is atomic number 39 which means it has 39 protons in an atom. It is silvery-white, solid at room temperature, and tends to form crystals. In chunk form, it is unreactive in air, but powdered yttrium may burn at 400 degrees Celsius. It has several uses, which include lasers, TV's, and metallurgy. It is a transition metal, and along with terbium, erbium, and ytterbium, is one of the four elements to be named after the town of Ytterby in Sweden, all of which are rare earth elements.

Transition metals
Windows 98

Windows 98 is an operating system for computers. Released on June 25, 1998 by Microsoft, it is the successor of Windows 95. It came before Windows Me. Support for Windows 98 ended on July 11, 2006.

Windows 98 was seen by many as a small upgrade to Windows 95, rather than a rebuilt version of Windows. The biggest changes were:
 Internet Explorer (a web browser) was made part of the GUI (what the user sees) and the file manager. This had already happened in the last versions of Windows 95 that were released. This is called 'web integration'.
Larger disk partitions (separations) were allowed.
New tools were added to help make the computer run the way a user wants it to. System Configuration Utility is a tool that lets users turn off programs they do not need to use the computer. Disk Cleanup let users delete old files the computer made.
Some add-ons that were made for Windows 95 were included with Windows 98, such as the changes to the shell from Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95.

Because Microsoft made Internet Explorer such an important part of Windows 98, the company was taken to court by the United States government. This was because they felt it was unfair to other companies who made web browsers.

It is not supported anymore, but many people still use it on older computers that will not run Windows XP or later versions of Windows.

Press demonstration
Before the release of Windows 98, there was a press demonstration at Comdex in April 1998. Microsoft CEO Bill Gates was highlighting the operating system's ease of use and enhanced support for Plug and Play (PnP). When presentation assistant Chris Capossela plugged a scanner in and attempted to install it, Windows 98 displayed a Blue Screen of Death. Gates remarked after applause and cheering from the audience, "That must be why we're not shipping Windows 98 yet." Video footage of this event became a popular Internet phenomenon.

Second Edition 
Windows 98 Second Edition (SE)  was released in 1999. This was an official upgrade to Windows 98 which allowed people to use more types of computer hardware, like monitors and printers, and also let more than one machine on a network use the same Internet connection.

References

Other websites
Windows 98 Homepage. Microsoft. Retrieved on April 22, 2006.
HPC:Factor Windows 98 / 98SE Patches & Updates Guide
A discussion board at MSFN  containing links to unofficial upgrades and patches for this system.
Windows 98 System Requirements
GUIdebook: Windows 98 Gallery  - A website dedicated to preserving and showcasing Graphical User Interfaces
Windows 98/98SE UpgradePack - Accumulative patch for recent Windows 98 updates 
BBC News: BBC News: Microsoft shuts down Windows 98
PC World: The shut down of Windows 98 is a cause for concern 
Daylight Saving Time (DST) Fix  
Windows 98 Generic USB Mass Storage Device Drivers - enables Windows98 to support most modern USB flash drives.

Microsoft operating systems
1096

Year 1096 (MXCVI) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Bernhard becomes Bishop of Brandenburg
 First documented teaching at the University of Oxford
 Beginning of the People's Crusade, the German Crusade, and the First Crusade
 Vital I Michele is Doge of Venice
 Peter I, King of Aragon, conquers Huesca
 Phayao, now a province of Thailand, is founded as a kingdom
1098

Year 1098 (MXCVIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 December 12 – massacre of Ma'arrat al-Numan where Crusaders resort to cannibalism.
 First Crusade: end of the siege of Antioch.
 Cîteaux Abbey founded.

Births 
 September 16 – Hildegard of Bingen, German mystic writer, and composer (d. 1179)

Deaths 
 January 3 – Walkelin, first Norman bishop of Winchester
 August 1 – Adhemar of Le Puy, papal legate
 December 1 – Domnall Ua hÉnna, Pre-Reformation Bishop of Killaloe
 Baldwin II, Count of Hainaut
 Hugh of Montgomery, 2. Earl of Shrewsbury
Republic of the Congo

The Republic of the Congo is a country in Africa. Its capital city is Brazzaville. The country was a former colony of France; it became independent on 15 August 1960.
The north of the country has very large areas of rainforest, but in the south are many farms which grow cashcrops like bananas, peanuts.

Geography
Congo is in the central-western part of sub-Saharan Africa.  It is along the Equator.  To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is also bordered by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest. It has a short Atlantic coast.
 
The capital, Brazzaville, is on the Congo River, directly across from Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Departments

The Republic of the Congo is divided into 12 Departments. Departments are divided into communes and/or districts.

The districts are:

Related pages
Congo at the Olympics
List of rivers of the Republic of the Congo

Books about the Republic of the Congo 
 Maria Petringa, Brazza, A Life for Africa (2006)

References

 
Congo, Republic of
1960 establishments in Africa
Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu () is a state in the South of Indian Union. The capital of this state is Madras. Other large cities in Tamil Nadu include Coimbatore, Tiruchirapalli, Salem, Madurai, Tirunelveli, Thanjavur and Thoothukudi. Tamil is the language spoken in Tamil Nadu. It is surrounded by the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Indian Ocean to the south. A small part of Tamil Nadu borders the Arabian Sea to the west. It borders the Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. The Tamilians are very proud of their language and heritage. In traditional Indian geography, it is part of the South Indian zone.

The current chief minister of the state is M. K. Stalin. He is the leader of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), a political party. The leader of the opposition is Edappadi K. Palaniswami. He belongs to the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIDMK), another political party. These two Dravidian parties have been in power alternately in Tamil Nadu since 1967.

The eastern and western tips of the state are defined by the Point Calimere and Mudumalai wildlife sanctuaries while the southernmost tip is Kanyakumari (also called Cape Comorin) at the tip of the Indian peninsula. Tamil Nadu is the 11th largest state in India, with an area of 129,996 km2 and over 62 million people. The major river is Kaveri, which meets the needs of agriculture. Other important rivers include south Pennar, Palar, Vaigai, Tamira bharani, Manimuthar, Noyyal and Bhavani. Tamil Nadu, a South Indian state, is famed for its Dravidian-style Hindu temples. The three ancient Tamil empires of Chera, Chola, and Pandya were of ancient origins. In Tamil Nadu, the Neolithic period had its advent around 2500 BCE.

Districts of Tamil Nadu

Provincial symbols of Tamil Nadu

Other websites
Duck

Ducks are birds in the family Anatidae. Ducks are closely related to swans and geese, which are in the same family. 

Ducks are not a monophyletic group. They are a 'form taxon'. Swans and geese are in the same family but are not called ducks. The main difference is that ducks have shorter necks, and are smaller. 

Other swimming and diving birds, like grebes and loons, are not ducks. A baby duck is called a duckling, and a male duck is called a drake. Most ducks are aquatic birds. They can be found in both saltwater and fresh water. 

The subfamily Anatinae ("dabbling ducks") feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging. 

Ducks lay eggs once a year and are omnivorous, eating aquatic plants and tiny animals.  Along the edge of the beak there is a comb-like structure called a pecten. This strains the water squirting from the side of the beak and traps any food. The pecten is also used to preen feathers. Diving ducks dive deep to get their food.

Many ducks are migratory. This means that they spend the summer months in a different place than the winter months. Ducks show a cosmopolitan distribution, meaning they can be found all over the world, except for Antarctica. Some duck species live on the South Georgia and Auckland Islands, which are subantarctic. Many species have established themselves on remote islands, such as Kerguelen or Hawaii. 

Ducks are sometimes kept as pets. They are often kept by groups of people on public ponds for their beauty and calming nature. People commonly feed ducks in ponds stale bread, thinking that the ducks will like to have something to eat. However, bread is not healthy for ducks and can kill them. In nature, ducks eat grasses, aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small molluscs.

In poultry 

Some ducks are bred and kept by humans. They are not wild ducks. They are kept to provide food (meat and eggs), or to use their feathers for pillows and other items in the house. Especially in Asia, many people like to eat duck.

Duck meat is high in fat, which helps the bird float in the water.

The eggs from ducks are thought to have a richer taste than chicken eggs.

Related pages
 Waterfowl
The Ugly Duckling

References

Other websites
Nightwish

Nightwish is a symphonic metal band from Finland. They formed in July 1996 and played acoustic mood music. The band's keyboardist and composer Tuomas Holopainen had the idea of forming a band. He asked Tarja Turunen to sing and Emppu Vuorinen to play guitar.

At the beginning of 1997, the band started playing stronger music. Jukka Nevalainen joined the band to play the drums. Vuorinen used an electric guitar instead of an acoustic guitar. In May 1997, Nightwish signed a contract (binding agreement) with Spinefarm Records and they released their first album 'Angels Fall First'.

In 1998, Sami Vänskä joined the band to play bass guitar. The same year Nightwish released 'Oceanborn', which was quite different to
'Angels Fall First'.

In May 2000 they released 'Wishmaster', which was similar to 'Oceanborn'. They also entered the contest to be Finland's representatives for the Eurovision Song Contest, with the song 'Sleepwalker'. They won the phone vote but the judges disagreed so they came second.

The other band members asked Tarja to leave the group in 2005 after their "End of an Era" tour. Tuomas wrote an open letter to her, stating the reasons why she had to leave. He then put the letter on the official website. In 2007, Swedish singer Anette Olzon became the new singer, and Nightwish released a single, 'Amaranth'. A few months later, they released the album 'Dark Passion Play'.

Discography

Albums
Angels Fall First (1997)
Oceanborn (1998)
Wishmaster (2000)
Over the Hills and Far Away EP (2001)
Century Child (2002)
Once (2004)
Dark Passion Play (2007)
Imaginaerum (2011) 
Endless Forms Most Beautiful (2015)
Human. :II: Nature. (2020)

Singles
The Carpenter (1997)
Sacrament of Wilderness (1998)
Walking in the Air (1999)
Sleeping Sun (Four Ballads of the Eclipse) (1999)
Deep Silent Complete (2000)
Ever Dream (2002)
Bless the Child (2002)
Nemo (2004)
Wish I Had an Angel (2004)
Kuolema tekee taiteilijan (2004)
The Siren (2005)
Eva (2007)
Amaranth (2007)
Erämaan Viimeinen (2007)
Bye Bye Beautiful (2008)
The Islander (2008)
Storytime (2011)
The Crow, the Owl and the Dove (2012)
Élan (2015)
Endless Forms Most Beautiful (2015)
Alpenglow (2015) (promo)
My Walden (2016) (12)
Noise (2020)
Harvest (2020)

References

Finnish heavy metal bands
Symphonic metal bands
Power metal bands
Alternative metal bands
Gothic metal bands
Roadrunner Records
Door

A door is a hard, flat object a person can open and close so that person can go into a room or other place. It is found in houses and other buildings. Doors are also found in cars and cages.

The reasons for a door are:
 for people, animals, and objects to go through; some doors are for emergencies only (emergency exit)
 to keep cold or hot air outside (or inside, such as the door on a refrigerator)
 so that people cannot see or hear what happens on the other side (privacy and stopping noise)
 so that people do not fall out of the car or other vehicle
 so a person can decide who to let in—many doors have a lock

Types of doors 

A revolving door is a group of doors that turn in a circle as a person pushes one. The person can go through, but wind and rain cannot get in.

A blind door is a fake door that is really part of the wall. People use them to make a room look nice.

An up-and-over door is often used in garages. Instead of hinges, it rolls up on rails so that it stays above the opening.

A fire door is a door that does not let fire go through. They are usually made of heavy steel.

A doggie door is a small door for dogs or other small pets. They are usually on the bottom of people-sized doors.
 

Basic English 850 words
Doors
1540s

The 1540s was a decade that started on 1 January 1540 and ended on 31 December 1549.

Events 
 Hernando de Soto is the first European to see the Mississippi River. 
 Ivan IV of Muscovy becomes the first Tsar of Russia. 
 Edward VI succeeds his father Henry VIII as King of England. 
 Wars between Protestants and Catholics in Europe.
 Japan opens up to Europeans.

Births 
 El Greco, Greek-born artist 
 Mary, Queen of Scots
 Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish writer

Deaths 
 Martin Luther, reformer
 Hernando de Soto, Spanish explorer
 Henry VIII, King of England
 Hernán Cortés, Spanish explorer
 Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin, Mexican Catholic saint
Tsar

Tsar is a title for the supreme ruler in several countries.

In Bulgaria, the title was used in 913–1422 and again in 1908–1946. The last tsar to rule Bulgaria was Boris III, who replaced Ferdinand I of Bulgaria 1918.

In Serbia, the title was used in 1346—1371. The last tsar to rule Serbia was Stephen Uroš V.

In the Russian Empire, the title was used from 1546 until 1721. Starting in 1721, the title of Russian emperors was imperator, but the word tsar remained in common use until the Russian Revolution in 1917. The last tsar to rule Russia was Nicholas II, who replaced Alexander III in 1894. The system of government used during the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire was called Tsarist autocracy, also known as Tsarism.

Tsar is also spelled tzar, czar, and csar. It is the Eastern European word for caesar. It can be translated to emperor.

Royalty and nobility
1550s

The 1550s was a decade that started on 1 January 1550 and ended on 31 December 1559.

Events 
 Helsinki founded in Finland.
 Rule of Bloody Mary, or Mary I of England from 1553 to 1558.
 São Paulo founded in Brazil. 
 Religious wars continue in Europe.
 Russia breaks peace with Sweden by attacking Finland. 
 The Shaanxi Earthquake, the deadliest earthquake in history.

Births 
 Sarsa Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia
 King Sebastian of Portugal
 Nurhaci, Chinese founder of the Qing Dynasty

Deaths 
 Tabinshwehti, King of Burma
 Edward VI, King of England 
 Ignatius of Loyola, Spanish founder of the Jesuit priests
1840

1840 was a leap year.

Events 
 The Great Natchez Tornado: A massive tornado hits Natchez, Mississippi. Before it was over, 317 people had died and 209 were injured.

Births 
 January 3– Father Damien, priest
 January 18 – Edmund Barton, 1st Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1920)
 May 7 – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Russian composer
 Kuroda Kiyotaka, Prime Minister of Japan

Deaths 
 May 27 – Niccolò Paganini, Italian violinist and composer
Engelbert Dollfuss

Engelbert Dollfuss (German: Dollfuß) (October 4, 1892 – July 25, 1934) was the Chancellor of Austria from 1932 until 1933. He led the country as a dictator from early 1933 until 1934.

He studied law in Vienna, and Economics in Berlin. During World War I, he served in the Alps and briefly became a Prisoner of War in 1918. 

He became Chancellor on May 20, 1932 as head of a right-wing coalition government. He wanted to solve the problems caused by the Depression. He had problems finding majorities in parliament. The measures he liked to take to deal with inflation were not well liked. In March 1933, he suspended the Austrian parliament. He then governed by decree. 

With Adolf Hitler as Chancellor in Germany, Dollfuss feared that the influence of the NSDAP would grow. This would then lead to a growth in popularity for its Austrian counterpart. Because of this, he banned the NSDAP in June 1933. He also banned the SDAPÖ in February 1934. 

In September 1933 he formed an umbrella grouping to support the regime, the Vaterländische Front (Fatherland Front) and merged the Christian Social Party with the para-military Heimwehr (Home Guard), a Nationalist paramilitary group. The regime which was put into power by him and remained in power until 1938 is often called Austrofascism. The form of state he employed was called the Ständestaat.

On July 25, 1934, eight Austrian Nazis entered the Chancellery building and shot and killed Dollfuss in an attempted coup, as a prelude to Anschluss. The Nazis surrendered and were executed. Kurt Schuschnigg became the new dictator of Austria.

References

Other websites 
 Video: Dollfuß holds a speech in Burgenland 1933 (mpeg, 6,1 kb)

 

1892 births
1934 deaths
Chancellors of Austria
Government ministers of Austria
Murders by firearm
Language isolate

A language isolate is a language that is not known to be related to any other language.

Many languages are related to other languages by coming from an older language, and both are still similar. Languages that are related are language families. Most languages are known to belong to a language family. However, some are not known to be related to other languages and are called language isolates.

Some spoken language isolates are Basque, Zuni, Burushaski, Ainu and Mapudungun. Some extinct language isolates are Sumerian, Elamite and Urartian.

Language isolates
Ancestor

An ancestor is a person (or another organism or thing) from whom (or which) another is descended. Usually, it refers to a person far in the past, rather than the parents or grandparents in the close family. A very similar word is forebear. A female ancestor may be called an ancestress. The line of ancestors from which an organism descends is referred to as its ancestry. 

A second meaning relates to evolution. There, it is used of a species or group of species of animals or plants from which others have evolved. In a similar way, the word ancestor can be used for an early prototype or forerunner of a later device. 

In law an ancestor can mean the person from whom an estate is lawfully obtained. No blood relationship is necessarily implied. More commonly, however, it is the person from whom an estate is obtained based on law and blood. 

Two people have a genetic relationship if one is the ancestor of the other, or if they share a common ancestor. Each of someone's ancestors will have contributed to their DNA. In evolution, species that have evolved from the same ancestor are said to be of common descent. However, this concept of ancestry does not apply to some bacteria and other organisms capable of horizontal gene transfer. DNA testing is used in determining ancestry. This can be for paternity testing, to determine the parents of a child for legal purposes. DNA is also used to better understand the ancestry and history of all humans over the last 50,000 years. This was one of the benefits of the Human genome project.

In some cultures ancestors may have relatively little importance. Many today have no knowledge of their own great-great-grandparents. China is an example of a culture that in general has a deep respect for ancestors. Korea is an example of a culture that engages in ancestor worship where ancestors are revered. But genealogy (the study of one's ancestors) is growing in popularity and includes both amateur and professional genealogists.

Related pages

 Ethnicity
 Kinship
 Generation
 Human Genome Project

References

Family
River dolphin

River dolphins are five species of dolphin which live in fresh water rivers and estuaries. Three species live in fresh water rivers. The La Plata Dolphin lives in salt water estuaries and the ocean.

South Asian river dolphins (two sub-species)
Ganges river dolphin, Platanista gangetica gangetica – Lives in Nepal, Republic of India and Bangladesh
 Indus river dolphin, Platanista indicus minor – Lives in Pakistan; National mammal of Pakistan.
South American river dolphins (three species)
 Amazon river dolphin (or Boto), Inia geoffrensis – Largest of river dolphins, lives in Peru and Brazil.
Araguaia river dolphin, Inia araguaiaensis  – Recently discovered in the river basin in Brazil after which it is named. Identified as a separate species by genetic sequence analysis.
 La Plata dolphin (or Franciscana), Pontoporia blainvillei – Lives in Argentina.
 Chinese river dolphin (or Baiji), Lipotes vexillifer – Lives in the Yangtze River in China (one of the most endangered of all dolphins and whales). Recent counts have come up with 17 remaining individuals. Scientists now want to raise some dolphins in a lake.

Differences between marine and river dolphins 
Both river dolphins and marine dolphins belong to a group of mammals called cetaceans. The snout of a river dolphin measures about 58 centimeters (2 ft) long, approximately four times as long as that of most marine dolphins. They use their long snout to search for fish on the muddy bottom of the river. River dolphins have smaller eyes than marine dolphins, and their vision is poorly developed because they live in dark, muddy water. River dolphins are less active than marine dolphins because they do not need to search so widely to find fish. Marine dolphins work in pods (packs) because when they find a shoal of fish then they work together to make the most of their find. River dolphins work mostly as individuals or small groups.

Taxonomy 
The following is the taxonomy of river dolphins, or how dolphins are classified:

River dolphin classification 
 Superfamily Platanistoidea
 Family Platanistidae
 South Asian river dolphin Platanista gangetica (two subspecies)
 Ganges river dolphin P. g. gangetica
 Indus dolphin P. g. minor
 Family Iniidae
 Amazon river dolphin (or Boto) Inia geoffrensis
 Family Lipotidae
 Chinese river dolphin (or Baiji) Lipotes vexillifer
 Family Pontoporiidae
 La Plata dolphin (or Franciscana) Pontoporia blainvillei

References

Other sources 
River-Dolphins-and-their-habitat
Estuary

An estuary is where a river meets the sea. There, saltwater mixes with freshwater. The river becomes wider and wider and flows slowly to the ocean.

Bays, marshes, swamps, and inlets can all have estuaries. A view of an estuary from the air is usually an interesting sight: many estuaries meander (curve and bend) to find their way to the sea. Estuaries come in all sizes and shapes, each according to its location and climate. Where rivers meet the sea and fresh water mixes with salt water, the mixture is called brackish water.

Some estuaries are very large. They may be large ocean bays that have more than one river flowing into them.  For example, Chesapeake Bay is a large estuary, and several different rivers meet the Atlantic Ocean there.
In simple terms it is where a river meets with a large body of water only with ((one)) outlet and not  many like a ((delta)).

Habitat 
Estuaries are usually filled with shallow waters, and sunlight reaches all levels of the water. Marsh grasses, algae, and other kinds of plants live in estuaries and provide food for a variety of fish, crabs, oysters, and shrimp. Estuaries are especially important since they act as nurseries for many different types of young fish and other animals before they head out toward the open ocean. Many sea birds also nest in estuaries.

The United States government has a program to study and protect the natural environment in many different estuaries, called the National Estuarine Research Reserve System. One reason that the natural environment in so many estuaries is in danger is because they are also good places for people to live and build cities. Unfortunately, many of world's largest cities are at or near estuaries.

References 

Bodies of water
Ecosystems
A Streetcar Named Desire (1951 movie)

A Streetcar Named Desire is a 1951 movie. It is based on the 1947 play by Tennessee Williams. The movie stars Marlon Brando and Vivien Leigh.

Other websites 

1951 drama movies
1950s American drama movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Multilingual movies
Movies directed by Elia Kazan
American plays
1947 works
Tetrahedron

A tetrahedron or triangular pyramid is a polyhedron (a three-dimensional shape). It has four corners and six edges. All four of its faces are equilateral triangles. Every two edges meet on one of those corners forming a sixty-degree angle.

Formulas for a regular tetrahedron 

A regular tetrahedron is a tetrahedron whose edges are the same length. If the length of an edge is a:

Other properties 
A regular tetrahedron's faces are all the same, and so are all its edges, as well as its corners. This makes it a regular polyhedron. It is also convex (its faces do not go through one another), which makes it a Platonic solid.

The dual of regular tetrahedron is another regular tetrahedron. This is called being self-dual.

References

Platonic solids
Leo Tolstoy

Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (9 September 1828  20 November 1910) was a Russian novelist and anarchist, famous for writing the books War and Peace and Anna Karenina, and many other works. He was a Christian and believed in non-violence and practiced simple living. His work The Kingdom of God is within you has influenced people like Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King.

Early life
Tolstoy was born at Yasnaya Polyana, the family estate in the region of Tula, Russia and he married Sofia Andreevna Bers.

Death
Tolstoy died in 1910, at the age of 82. He died of pneumonia.

Life and career 
When he was young his parents died, so he and his siblings were brought up by relatives. At the age of 16, he began studying law and oriental languages. Unfortunately, he left University in the middle of his studies and spent much of his time in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. Later on in his life, he joined the Army with his brother after running up some heavy gambling debts. It was at that time that he started writing.

His conversion from a wealthy society author to the non-violent and spiritual anarchist of his later days was notable. It was caused by his experience in the army as well as two trips around Europe in 1857 and 1860–61. Others who followed a similar path were Alexander Herzen, Mikhail Bakunin and Peter Kropotkin. During his 1857 visit, Tolstoy saw a public execution in Paris, an experience which marked the rest of his life.

After Anna Karenina, Tolstoy concentrated on Christian themes, and his later novels such as The Death of Ivan Ilyich (1886) and What Is to Be Done? (1886) develop a radical Christian philosophy which led to his excommunication from the Russian Orthodox Church in 1901. 

After shaping both his political and literary development in Europe, he returned to Russia and founded 13 schools for Russia's peasant children.

Related pages 
List of Russian-language novelists
List of Russian novelists

References 

1828 births
1910 deaths
Anarchists
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in Russia
Russian Christians
Russian novelists