alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Rufous-capped warbler

The rufous-capped warbler (Basileuterus rufifrons) is a New World warbler native from Mexico south to Guatemala, rarely occurring as far north as southeastern Arizona and south Texas. Birds in the southern part of the range are now split out as a separate species, as the chestnut-capped warbler (Basileuterus delattrii).

Rufous-capped warblers generally reach a length of about . They are plain-olive to olive-gray, with white underbellies, bright yellow chests and throats, and a distinctive facial pattern consisting of a rufous cap, a white eyebrow-line (or superciliary), a dark eye-line fading into a rufous cheek, and a white malar marking. The bill is rather stout for a warbler, the wings are round and stubby, and the tail is long, often raised at a high angle and flicked.

While rufous-capped warblers are generally birds of tropical shrubby highlands, North American sightings tend to be in oak woodland canyon bottoms, near running water, while the birds stay low in dense vegetation.

The courtship song of the rufous-capped warbler is a rapid, accelerating series of chipping notes (), somewhat reminiscent of the rufous-crowned sparrow, while the call note is a hard  or , often repeated. Like other New World warblers, this species does not actually warble. Male rufous‐capped warblers have complex songs with many syllable types shared both within and between males’ repertoires. The males also show seasonal, temporal and annual variation in their song use.

Rufous-capped warblers primarily feed on insects and spiders, foraging through dense brush and scanning close to the ground for movement. They are not generally known to flycatch from perches.

References

External links

 
 
 
 Rufous-capped warbler at Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan)
 

rufous-capped warbler
rufous-capped warbler
Birds of Central America
Birds of Colombia
rufous-capped warbler
MWD

MWD may refer to:

 Matte World Digital, an American visual effects company
 Measurement while drilling, a procedure used in oil well drilling
 Metropolitan Water District, a water wholesale supplier to local cities in Southern California, United States
 Military working dog, used in warfare
 Murakami-Wolf-Dublin, American animation studio
 Myawaddy TV, a Burmese military-owned network
 PAF Base M.M. Alam (IATA code), a Pakistan Air Force airbase located at Mianwali, Pakistan
Arzfeld

Arzfeld is a municipality in the district Bitburg-Prüm, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated in the Eifel, near the border with Luxembourg, approximately 20 km north-west of Bitburg and 25 km south-east of Sankt-Vith.

Arzfeld is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Arzfeld.

References

Bitburg-Prüm
Populated places in the Eifel
Shwenandaw Monastery

Shwenandaw Monastery (, ; lit. "Golden Palace Monastery") is a historic Buddhist monastery located near Mandalay Hill, Mandalay Region, Myanmar (formerly Burma).

Shwenandaw Monastery was built in 1878 by King Thibaw Min, who dismantled and relocated the apartment formerly occupied by his father, King Mindon Min, just before Mindon Min's death, at a cost of 120,000 rupees. Thibaw removed the building on 10 October 1878, believing it to be haunted by his father's spirit. The building reconstruction was finished in 31 Oct 1878, dedicated in memory of his father, on a plot adjoining Atumashi Monastery.It is said that King Thibaw used it for meditation, and the meditation couch he sat on can still be seen.

The building was originally part of the royal palace at Amarapura, before it was moved to Mandalay, where it formed the northern section of the Hmannan (Glass Palace) and part of the king's royal apartments. The building was heavily gilt with gold and adorned with glass mosaic work.

The monastery is known for its teak carvings of Buddhist myths, which adorn its walls and roofs. The monastery is built in the traditional Burmese architectural style. Shwenandaw Monastery is the single remaining major original structure of the original Royal Palace today.

Notes

Gallery

References

External links 

Monasteries in Myanmar
Buddhist temples in Mandalay
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1880
Thameslink (train operating company 1997–2006)

Thameslink was a train operating company in the United Kingdom owned by Govia that operated the Thameslink franchise between March 1997 and March 2006.

The franchise was originally due to end on 31 March 2004, however a two-year extension was awarded to Govia by the Strategic Rail Authority on 13 February 2004. In December 2005, the Department for Transport awarded the new franchise to FirstGroup; thus the services operated by Thameslink were transferred to First Capital Connect on 1 April 2006.

Services
Thameslink operated passenger services from Bedford via the Thameslink route to London Moorgate, Sutton, Wimbledon and Brighton.

Rolling stock
Thameslink inherited a fleet of 66 Class 319s from Network SouthEast.  

During 2002, Thameslink hired two Class 317s from West Anglia Great Northern for services to Moorgate. Thameslink received some extra Class 319s from Southern in 2004.  

Between September 2004 and May 2005, Class 317s were hired from West Anglia Great Northern to operate Bedford to St Pancras services while the Thameslink line was severed for six months for the new St Pancras station to be built.

Depots
Thameslink's fleet was originally maintained at Selhurst Depot under sub-contract by Connex South Central/Southern. With the Thameslink line to be severed for six months, Bedford Cauldwell depot was built in 2004. It progressively took over all work from Selhurst.

Demise

In April 2005, the Strategic Rail Authority announced the parties shortlisted to bid for the new Thameslink Great Northern franchise; Govia was not shortlisted. In December 2005, the Department for Transport awarded the new franchise to FirstGroup. Accordingly, the services that were operated by Thameslink were transferred to First Capital Connect on 1 April 2006. However, it was announced in May 2014 that Govia had reclaimed the Thameslink franchise, which started on 14 September 2014, thus ending the First Capital Connect franchise. Govia now operates Thameslink under Govia Thameslink Railway.

See also
 Thameslink (route)

References

External links
 
 Internet archive of official site as at 30 March 2005

 
 
 
 

Defunct train operating companies
Go-Ahead Group companies
Keolis
Railway companies established in 1997
Railway companies disestablished in 2006
Railway operators in London
Rail transport in Bedfordshire
Thameslink
1997 establishments in England
2006 disestablishments in England
British companies established in 1997
Bitburg-Land

Bitburg-Land is a former Verbandsgemeinde (municipal association) in the district Bitburg-Prüm, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It was situated around the town Bitburg, which was the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde, but not a part of it. On 1 July 2014 it merged into the new Verbandsgemeinde Bitburger Land.

Bitburg-Land consisted of the following Ortsgemeinden ("local municipalities"):

References 

Former Verbandsgemeinden in Rhineland-Palatinate
Den Bommel

Den Bommel is a village in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Goeree-Overflakkee, and lies about 14 km south of Spijkenisse.

History 
The village was first mentioned in 1473 as Bommele, and refers to a form of peat. It was originally the name of a shoal which was diked between 1476 and 1477 by order of Mary of Burgundy. Den Bommel became an independent parish in 1642.

The Dutch Reformed church is an aisleless church built between 1646 and 1647. The ridge turret was added in 1759. The grist mill De Bommelaer was built in 1735. The windmill had become derelict and started to deteriorate by 1951. Between 1969 and 1971, it was restored and returned to active service.

Den Bommel was home to 620 people in 1840. In 1944, the sluice from 1722 was blown up by the Germans causing the destruction of the town hall. Den Bommel was flooded during the North Sea flood of 1953 and was later extended further east. It was an independent municipality until 1966 when it was merged into Oostflakkee. In 2013, it became part of the municipality of Goeree-Overflakkee.

In 1964, a grog statue was revealed for Sir Olivier B. Bommel. It had started to deteriorate and in 1995, the Society of Gentlemen of Good Standing was founded to construct a bronze statue of their role model. The new statue was revealed in 1997.

Gallery

References

Former municipalities of South Holland
Populated places in South Holland
Goeree-Overflakkee
Hayrack

A hayrack () is a freestanding vertical drying rack found chiefly in Slovenia. Hayracks are permanent structures, primarily made of wood, upon which fodder for animals is dried, although their use is not limited to drying hay. Other food stuffs such as field maize are dried on them as well. Although it is a practical structure, a hayrack is often artistically designed and handcrafted and is regarded by Slovenes as a distinctive form of vernacular architecture that marks Slovene identity.

Distribution
The hayrack can be found throughout Slovenia except in the Prekmurje region, eastern Styria and the Slovenian Littoral. Similar structures can also be found in Friuli in Italy and in the East Tyrol region of Austria. In German, it is called  or .

Names and typology
Slovenian names for the hayrack include kozolec and kazuc (colloquial, usually referring to a single straight-line hayrack), stog (commonly found in Upper Carniola and especially in the area around Studor in the Bohinj region), and toplar. Both kozolec and kozuc are probably diminutive forms of kozel 'goat', referring to a branching structure used for holding and drying hay or grain (cf. the similarly motivated German Sägebock and U.S. English sawbuck). The word stog also refers to a haystack and is derived from Common Slavic stogъ 'stack, heap'. The word toplar (or doplar) is borrowed from Austrian German Doppler, referring to a double structure in general.

Specific varieties of hayrack include:
Single straight-line hayrack (enojni stegnjeni kozolec)
Single straight-line hayrack with catslide roof (stegnjeni kozolec s plaščem)
Double straight-line hayrack (dvojni stegnjeni kozolec)
Roofed double hayrack (dvojni vezani kozolec)
Roofed double hayrack with one strut (dvojni vezani kozolec v eno drevo)
Roofed double hayrack with two struts (dvojni vezani kozolec v dve drevesi, toplar)
Roofed double hayrack with extension (toplar z repom)
Roofed double hayrack with shed (kozolec s hišo)
Split-level double hayrack (kozolec na kozla, kozolec na psa)

Open-air museum
From 2010 until 2013, the Municipality of Šentrupert in southeastern Slovenia built the first ever open-air museum "Land of Hayracks" (slovene: Dežela kozolcev) in the southern part of Šentrupert, its administrative centre. The collection includes 19 hay drying devices, which includes 17 hayracks, with the oldest from 1795, and presents all types of hayracks. The museum also serves as a venue for events. The main organiser of the project was Rupert Gole, the mayor of Šentrupert. Over 650 hayracks have been counted in the Mirna Valley, where the settlement lies. The largest of them and in the entire country is the Simončič Hayrack.

Gallery

References

Further reading
 Čop, Jaka; Cevc, Tone: Slovenski kozolec = Slovene Hay-rack, Žirovnica 1993, Agens  (Slovene, English)

External links

 kozolec.si - Various types of hayracks.

 
Architecture in Slovenia
Slovenian folklore
NGC 1850

NGC 1850 is a double cluster and a super star cluster in the Dorado constellation, located in the northwest part of the bar of the Large Magellanic Cloud, at a distance of  from the Sun. It was discovered by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop in 1826.

This is an unusual cluster system because the main distribution of stars is like a globular cluster, but unlike the globular clusters of the Milky Way it is composed of young stars. The only similar object in the Milky Way is Westerlund 1. The main cluster has the appearance of a globular cluster with an age of  Myr. The second is a more loosely distributed sub-cluster with an age of  Myr, located at an angular separation of  to the west of the main cluster. There are indications of interactions between the two, with the larger component being irregular and showing a tail toward the northwest.

The main cluster is around 100 million years old, with a tidal radius of 10 light years and an overall radius of 16 light years. It has an estimated mass of 42,000 times the mass of the Sun. The stellar component is split into two main sequence populations, with about a quarter of the stars in a blue (hotter) group and the rest in a redder (cooler) population. The cluster is embedded in an ionization region designated Henize 103.

The much younger subcluster, often designated NGC 1850A, contains a number of young, massive O/B-type stars that are on or near the main sequence, distributed up to  from the central clump. Seven subcluster members have masses of , and two of those are . Lower mass members up to  are still on the pre-main-sequence stage. The age distribution of the subcluster members indicate star formation has been active almost constantly since its formation. The eastern side of the cluster is more obscured and has fewer OB stars.

In November 2021, astronomers using MUSE on the Very Large Telescope reported the discovery of a stellar-mass black hole in NGC 1850 by viewing its influence on the motion of a star in close proximity, the first direct dynamical detection of a black hole in a young massive cluster.

Gallery

References

External links 
 

Globular clusters
Open clusters
Large Magellanic Cloud
Dorado
1850
Ooltgensplaat

Ooltgensplaat is a village in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Goeree-Overflakkee, and lies about 17 km south of Spijkenisse.

History 
The village was first mentioned in 1554 as Oitkensplate, and means "shoal of Oltken (person)". Ooltgensplaat developed after the Het Oudeland polder was created between 1481 and 1483. The village has a harbour canal to the Volkerak. Ooltgensplaats became strategically important during the Eighty Years' War because it controlled the access to the Volkerak.

The Dutch Reformed church is an aisleless L-shaped church which was built in 1847 as a replacement of the 16th century church. The former town hall is a building in mannerist style built between 1617 and 1618. It was restored between 1938 and 1939, and many of the alterations from 1839 were undone.

Fort Prins Hendrik was built as Fort Duquesne by the French. It is a square fortress surrounded by a moat with bastions on the corners. L-shaped barracks were added between 1880 and 1883. The fortress was decommissioned in 1928. In 1969, it was used as a holiday resort. The company went bankrupt in 2014, and in 2018, the fort and surrounding area was bought by the municipality.

Ooltgensplaat was home to 1,583 people in 1840. It was a separate municipality until 1966, when it became part of Oostflakkee. In 2013, it became part of the municipality of Goeree-Overflakkee.

Gallery

References

Former municipalities of South Holland
Populated places in South Holland
Goeree-Overflakkee
Mark Guthrie

Mark Andrew Guthrie (born September 22, 1965) is a former Major League Baseball relief pitcher who played for several teams between 1989 and 2003, and was a member of the 1991 World Series Champion Minnesota Twins.

Career
After graduating from Venice High School, Guthrie attended LSU where he led the team in ERA in 1985 and was all SEC first team in 1986. After the 1986 season, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Harwich Mariners of the Cape Cod Baseball League.

He was selected by the Twins in the 7th round of the 1987 amateur entry draft and played in Minnesota from 1989 to 1995. On November 6, 1996, he signed as a free agent with the Los Angeles Dodgers, where he played until the close of 1998. Following his membership with the Dodgers, Guthrie was a player for the Boston Red Sox, Chicago Cubs, Oakland Athletics, Toronto Blue Jays and the New York Mets. Throughout his entire professional career (1989–2003) Guthrie earned over $15 million. As a member of the Chicago Cubs in 2003, Guthrie took the loss in Game 1 of the 2003 National League Championship Series surrendering an 11th inning home run to the Marlins Mike Lowell.

Personal
His son, Dalton Guthrie, played college baseball at the University of Florida, was drafted in the sixth round of the 2017 MLB Draft by the Philadelphia Phillies, made his major league debut in 2022 with the Phillies, and in 2023 was traded to the San Francisco Giants.

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball players from Buffalo, New York
Boston Red Sox players
Chicago Cubs players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Louisiana State University alumni
Major League Baseball pitchers
Minnesota Twins players
New York Mets players
Oakland Athletics players
Orlando Twins players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
Portland Beavers players
Tampa Bay Devil Rays players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Visalia Oaks players
Harwich Mariners players
Irrel

Irrel is a municipality in the district Bitburg-Prüm, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated in the Eifel, near the border with Luxembourg, at the confluence of the rivers Prüm and Nims. It is located approximately 15 km south-west of Bitburg and 5 km north-east of Echternach.

Irrel was the seat of the former Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Irrel. Since 1 July 2014 it is part of the Verbandsgemeinde Südeifel.

Sights 
 Devil's Gorge

References

Bitburg-Prüm
Middlewich Town F.C.

Middlewich Town Football Club is a football club based in the Cheshire town of Middlewich. They currently play in the .

History
Middlewich has had a town football club since at least 1912, with Middlewich Athletic playing at Seddon Street since 1912. Middlewich Athletic were mid-Cheshire league champions five times between 1952 and 1975. In 1998 Middlewich Town was formed by combining Middlewich Athletic with the Middlewich Town Youth teams, so that the club now has junior squads ranging from under 8s to under 16s, a reserve team and a first XI. Since the name change Middlewich have been runners up in the mid-Cheshire league three times, and won the league once.

Honours
Mid-Cheshire League/Cheshire League Division One
Champions 1961–62, 1964–65, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1974–75, 2003–04, 2005–06, 2006–07
Runners-up 1955–56, 1965–66, 1973–74, 1999–2000, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2007–08, 2008–09
Mid-Cheshire League Division Two
Runners-up 1992–93

Records
FA Amateur Cup
Second Round 1973–74
FA Trophy
First Qualifying Round 1976–77, 1977–78, 1978–79
FA Vase
Fifth Round 1974–75, 1980–81

Former players
1. Players that have played/managed in the Football League or any foreign equivalent to this level (i.e. fully professional league).
2. Players with full international caps.
3. Players that hold a club record or have captained the club.
 Hughie Reed

References

External links

Football clubs in Cheshire
Middlewich
North West Counties Football League clubs
Association football clubs established in 1998
1998 establishments in England
Football clubs in England
Cheshire Association Football League
Cheshire County League clubs
Inescutcheon

In heraldry, an inescutcheon is a smaller escutcheon that is placed within or superimposed over the main shield of a coat of arms, similar to a charge. This may be used in the following cases:

 as a simple mobile charge, for example as borne by the French family of Abbeville, illustrated below; these may also bear other charges upon them, as shown in the arms of the Swedish Collegium of Arms;
 in pretence (as a mark of a hereditary claim, usually by right of marriage), bearing assumed arms over one's own hereditary arms;
 in territorial claim, bearing a monarch's hereditary arms en surtout over the territorial arms of his domains.

Inescutcheons as mobile charges 

Inescutcheons may appear in personal and civic armory as simple mobile charges, for example the arms of the House of Mortimer, the Clan Hay or the noble French family of Abbeville. These mobile charges are of a particular tincture but do not necessarily bear further charges and may appear anywhere on the main escutcheon, their placement being specified in the blazon, if in doubt.

Inescutcheons may also be charged with other mobile charges, such as in the arms of the Swedish Collegium of Arms (Right) which bears the three crowns of Sweden, each upon its own escutcheon upon the field of the main shield. These inescutcheons serve as a basis for including other charges that do not serve as an augmentation or hereditary claim. In this case, the inescutcheons azure allow the three crowns of Sweden to be placed upon a field, thus not only remaining clearly visible but also conforming to the rule of tincture.

Inescutcheon of pretence 

Inescutcheons may also be used to bear another's arms in "pretence".

In English heraldry the husband of a heraldic heiress, the sole daughter and heiress of an armigerous man (i.e. a lady without any brothers), rather than impaling his wife's paternal arms as is usual, must place her paternal arms in an escutcheon of pretence in the centre of his own shield as a claim ("pretence") to be the new head of his wife's family, now extinct in the male line. In the next generation the arms are quartered by the son.

Use by monarchs and states 
A monarch's personal or hereditary arms may be borne on an inescutcheon en surtout over the territorial arms of his/her domains, as in the arms of Spain, the coats of arms of the Danish royal family members, the greater coat of arms of Sweden, or the arms of Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England (1653–1659). The early Georgian kings of England bore an inescutcheon of the royal arms of Hanover on the arms of the Stuart monarchs of Great Britain, whose territories they now ruled.

Notes

References

Works cited
 

Heraldry
Shields
Bob Blauner

Robert "Bob" Blauner (May 18, 1929 – October 20, 2016)  was an American sociologist, college professor and author. He introduced the theory of internal colonialism.

Biography
He was born in Chicago, Illinois.
Bob spent his high school years at Sullivan High School in Chicago.  He was the editor of the school paper, the Sentinel. He was also the valedictorian of his high school class. He was interested in sports and was an avid tennis player.  His friends in high school included LeRoy Wollins who went on to be active in Veterans for Peace and earned his living importing Russian language materials. Another friend was Charles Garvin who taught social work at the University of Michigan and Daniel Joseph who was a distinguished professor at the University of Minnesota.
Blauner's sociological writings and teachings on class, race, and men are rooted in his years as a factory worker. He took that employment after his return from France where he lived during the so-called McCarthy period. 
His formal studies led to a B.A. from the University of Chicago in 1948, followed by an M.A. in 1950; he earned his Ph.D. from U.C. Berkeley in 1962. His dissertation at Berkeley, which later became his first book Alienation and Freedom was supervised by William Kornhauser, Seymour Martin Lipset, and Philip Selznick. His master's thesis was on the sociological significance of first names. 

He began teaching at San Francisco State University, the University of Chicago, and from 1963 on he taught at Berkeley. His first wife was his high school classmate Virginia Bauer.  He had a sister Sonia. His mother was a librarian and his father was a lawyer. His wife at the time of his death was Karina Epperlein who was a noted maker of documentary films, often portraying oppressed people such as incarcerated mothers.

The well-known "Blauner Hypothesis" states that minority groups created by colonization, because it is forced on them, experience a greater degree of racism and discrimination than those created by voluntary immigration. 

In his studies, Blauner contrasts the assimilation experiences of Cubans, Puerto Ricans, and Mexican-Americans.

His work was funded by major groups such as the National Institute of Mental Health, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Social Science Research Council. He died in North Berkeley, Berkeley, California on October 20, 2016, at the age of 87.

Bibliography
 Alienation and Freedom: The Factory Worker and His Industry (1964).
 Racial Oppression in America (1972). 
 Black Lives, White Lives: Three Decades of Race Relations in America (1989).
 Our Mothers' Spirits: Great Writers on the Death of Mothers and the Grief of Men, editor (1997).
 Resisting McCarthyism: To Sign or Not to Sign California’s Loyalty Oath (2009).
 Colonized and Immigrant Minorities

See also
Policy alienation
Social alienation

Sources

 "Robert Blauner." World of Sociology. Gale Group, 2001.

1929 births
2016 deaths
American sociologists
University of Chicago alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of California, Berkeley faculty
American non-fiction writers
Speed of Life (David Bowie song)

"Speed of Life" is the first instrumental by David Bowie. It is the opening track for his album Low from 1977.

"Speed of Life" introduces the Low album, and, coupled with the instrumental "A New Career in a New Town", provides a front bookend for the A-side of the album. The track makes several immediate implications about the content of the album, with its heavy use of synthesizers as both effects and instruments, with the presence of Dennis Davis' drums and the overlaid harmonizer creating a distinctly different mix than any previous Bowie album.

The song includes the refrain from Here Comes That Rainy Day Feeling Again.

Lyrics were originally planned for this song, but Bowie abandoned the idea after several attempts, deciding that the piece stood better on its own.

Live versions

 Performances from the Isolar II Tour have been released on Stage (1978) and Welcome to the Blackout (2018). The song was also performed during the 2002 tour, in which Bowie played the Low album in its entirety on selected dates.

Other releases
 It was released as the B-side of the single "Be My Wife" in June 1977.
 It also appeared in the Sound + Vision box set.
 It was released as a picture disc in the RCA Life Time picture disc set.

Production credits

 Producers:
 Tony Visconti
 Musicians:
 David Bowie: ARP synthesizer, Chamberlin
 Carlos Alomar: Guitar
 George Murray: Bass
 Dennis Davis: Drums
 Roy Young: Piano

Cover versions
 ST-37 – Only Bowie (1995)
 Insect Surfers – Ziggy Played Surf Guitar (Various Artists Compilation) (2011)
 Shearwater – as part of a live performance of the entire Berlin Trilogy for WNYC (2018)

Sources
Greatorex, Johnathan. "Just a Mortal With Potential." Teenage Wildlife. Nov. 1996. 6 Mar. 2006 <http://www.teenagewildlife.com/Interact/fc/misc/JG/index.html>.
Griffin, Roger. "Low." Bowie Golden Years. Jan. 2005. 6 Mar. 2006 <http://www.bowiegoldenyears.com/low.html>.
Wilcken, Hugo, Low, Continuum International Publishing Group Inc, 2005,

References

David Bowie songs
1977 songs
Songs written by David Bowie
Rock instrumentals
Song recordings produced by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by Tony Visconti
The Madness of King George (book)

The Madness of King George: The Ingenious Insanity of Our Most "Misunderestimated" President is a political satire book written by Michael K. Smith and illustrated by Matt Wuerker. It was published in 2004 by Common Courage Press in Canada. Alternating between text and cartoons, it takes a critical look at George W. Bush's life and first term as president of the United States, portraying it all as a rush to war in Iraq.

2004 non-fiction books
American political books
Books about the 2003 invasion of Iraq
Books about George W. Bush
American non-fiction books
PDFtk

PDFtk (short for PDF Toolkit) is a toolkit for manipulating Portable Document Format (PDF) documents. It runs on Linux, Windows and MacOS. It comes in three versions: PDFtk Server (open-source command-line tool), PDFtk Free (freeware) and PDFtk Pro (proprietary paid). It is able to concatenate, shuffle, split and rotate PDF files. It can also show and update metadata. Both CLI and GUI versions of PDFTK are available.

Java implementation 
pdftk-java is a port of PDFtk into Java which is developed by Marc Vinyals and GPL licensed. The initial release was on December 30, 2017.

See also
List of PDF software

References

External links

PDF Chain, a GUI for Linux (GPL)
An older GUI, working under Windows and most Linux distributions (GPL)
PDFTK4ALL, a GUI for Windows (GPL), last release 0.2.1.0 beta from February 25, 2009 including a copy of PDFTK 1.41
PDFTK Builder, a GUI for Windows (GPL), last release 3.10.0 from July 13, 2018

Free PDF software
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Kyllburg

Kyllburg () is a town in the Waldeifel region in the district of Bitburg-Prüm, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated in the Eifel mountains, on the river Kyll, approximately 10 km north-east of Bitburg.

Kyllburg was the seat of the former Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Kyllburg. Since 1 July 2014 it is part of the Verbandsgemeinde Bitburger Land.

References

Bitburg-Prüm
Ķengarags

Ķengarags is a neighborhood in the city of Riga, Latvia. It is located in the southern part of the city. Ķengarags borders the Daugava River to the west, the Riga-Moscow railway line to the east, Rumbula to the south, and Krasta Residential Neighborhood to the north.

History

Ķengarags was the location of a Sword Brothers fort, built in 1208. Knights settled in Ķengarags even before Riga was founded. The name Ķengarags dates back to the late 16th century and is a combination of two words – Ķenga, a name of a farmer who lived in the area, and rags, the Latvian word for horn. (The Daugava River makes a horn shaped turn in the Ķengarags area.)

Present
Ķengarags consists of three neighborhoods, known as Ķengarags, Ķengarags-2, and Ķengarags-3 from the north (center of Riga) to the south (outskirts) respectively.  Each of these parts of Ķengarags consists of both residential and commercial areas.  The main streets of Ķengarags are Lokomotīves iela and Maskavas iela bordering Ķengarags on the east and west respectively.
There are several public transport links with central Riga in Ķengarags. The train stations on the railway line within Ķengarags are Jāņavārti, Daugmale and Šķirotava stations. The PV train service uses the Riga-Moscow railway. From Riga Central Train Station by train it takes about 15 minutes.  An alternative would be the route 7 tram which follows Maskavas iela and terminates at the Dole supermarket. 
 
The most commonly used method of Ķengarags residents to get to city center is the route 15 trolleybus, which runs through residential neighborhoods and terminates at the southern tip of Ķengarags on Višķu iela.

The residential areas of Ķengarags consist of private houses and apartment buildings, consisting of 4, 5, 9, and 12-story buildings.  Most apartments have cable television which was installed in the last years of the Soviet period.  Most other Riga neighborhoods receive their television programs through on-roof antennas.  The residents of Ķengarags also benefit from the proximity of the Daugava river which is within walking distance for many people.

External links
apkaimes.lv

Neighbourhoods in Riga
NGC 2080

NGC 2080, also known as the Ghost Head Nebula, is a star-forming region and emission nebula to the south of the 30 Doradus (Tarantula) nebula, in the southern constellation Dorado. It belongs to the Large Magellanic Cloud, a satellite galaxy to the Milky Way, which is at a distance of 168,000 light years. NGC 2080 was discovered by John Frederick William Herschel in 1834. The Ghost Head Nebula has a diameter of 50 light-years and is named for the two distinct white patches it possesses, called the "eyes of the ghost". The western patch, called A1, has a bubble in the center which was created by the young, massive star it contains. The eastern patch, called A2, has several young stars in a newly formed cluster, but they are still obscured by their originating dust cloud. Because neither dust cloud has dissipated due to the stellar radiation, astronomers have deduced that both sets of stars formed within the past 10,000 years. These stars together have begun to create a bubble in the nebula with their outpourings of material, called stellar wind.

The presence of stars also greatly influences the color of the nebula. The western portion of the nebula has a dominant oxygen emission line because of a powerful star on the nebula's outskirts; this colors it green. The rest of the nebula's outskirts have a red hue due to the ionization of hydrogen. Because both hydrogen and oxygen are ionized in the central region, it appears pale yellow; when hydrogen is energized enough to emit a second wavelength of light, it appears blue, as in the area surrounding A1 and A2.

NGC 2080 should not be confused with the Ghost Nebula (Sh2-136) or the Little Ghost Nebula (NGC 6369).

See also 
 List of NGC objects (2001–3000)

References

External links

 
 SEDS
  Hubble Sends Season's Greetings from the Cosmos to Earth – Hubble Space Telescope news release
 
 Release on NGC 2080 at ESA/Hubble

2080
Dorado
Diffuse nebulae
Large Magellanic Cloud
Tarantula Nebula
Discoveries by John Herschel
Neuerburg

Neuerburg () is a city in the district of Bitburg-Prüm, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

It is situated in the Eifel, near the border with Luxembourg, approximately 20 km north-west of Bitburg and 20 km north-east of Diekirch.

Neuerburg was formerly the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") of Neuerburg, and since 1 July 2014 has been the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde Südeifel.

References

Bitburg-Prüm
Day spa

A day spa is a business that provides a variety of services for the purpose of improving health, beauty, and relaxation through personal care treatments such as massages and facials.  The number of day spas in the US almost doubled in the two years from 2002 to 2004, to 8,734, according to the International Spa Association, and by 2020 there were 21,560 spas across the United States, according to Statista.

Differences from beauty salon and destination spa
A day spa is different from a beauty salon, in that it contains facilities such as a sauna, pool, steam room, or whirlpool that guests may use in addition to their treatment.

A day spa is also different from a destination spa, as no overnight accommodation is provided.  In contrast, a destination spa offers similar services integrated into packages that may include diet, exercise programs, instruction on wellness, life coaching, yoga, tai chi, and accommodations in which participants reside for the duration of their stay. It may also function as a day spa, if it allows day access to patrons who are not guests of the resort.

Medspa

A medspa, also known as a medical spa, is a spa that provides the client with medical spa services. Medspas specialize in non-surgical aesthetic services, including laser hair removal and medical-grade skin therapies. The three most popular procedures at medspas, according to the American Med Spa Association, are: neuromodulators (to soften facial muscle activity and reduce wrinkles, such as Botox), hyaluronic acid fillers (temporary skin fillers, such as Juvederm & Restylane), and microneedling (to help with skin tightening and the removal of acne scars). Body shaping and contouring account for a 19% share of the global medical spa market, according to one industry report.

They are operated by licensed medical professionals, but generally look and feel like a boutique personal service.  In 2010, there were 1,600 medspas in the US generating $1.1 billion in revenue ($700,000 per medspa on average); by 2018, there were over 5,000 medspas generating $7–8 billion in revenue ($1.4 million per medspa on average). The 2018 profit margin for medspas was 29%. The number was expected to grow to over 10,000 medspas by 2023. As of April 2022, the United States accounted for 37.7% of the global medspa market, which was projected in one study reported by CNBC to reach $25.9 billion by 2026.

Treatments

Treatments that may be provided include body massage, hair, foot massage, facials, waxing, microdermabrasion, body treatments, manicures, pedicures, and aromatherapy.

See also
Spa

References

Further reading
Carol Clinton, MD & Sara Shikhman, Esq. (2022), Medspa Confidential, , 

 
Therapy
Balneotherapy
Bathing
LPHC No.3 R.H. Smyth

Londonderry Port and Harbour Commissioners (LPHC) No. 3 R H Smyth is a preserved Irish steam locomotive.

Built by Avonside Engineering Company of Bristol, England works No. 2021 in 1928.  A fairly typical  built to the  Irish broad gauge, it led a rather uneventful life shunting the dual gauge (5 ft 3 in and 3 ft) docks in Derry on the west bank of the River Foyle in Northern Ireland.  It was equipped with a single off-centre buffer and coupling at each end for shunting  gauge stock, in addition to conventional buffers and drawhooks for 5 ft 3 in gauge.  After withdrawal, it was bought privately in 1968 before being sold for £1 to the Railway Preservation Society of Ireland at Whitehead in 1972.  The engine then acquired the nickname 'Harvey' in honour of showjumper Harvey Smith.

In 2000, 30 years after the end of mainline steam in Northern Ireland, No. 3 achieved something of a celebrity status when it was hired by Henry Boot Ltd to help engineering work on the relaying of the Bleach Green Junction - Antrim railway line.  This was followed in 2005 by another contract assisting the relaying of the Carrickfergus - Whitehead railway line.

During 2006, the locomotive was placed on loan to the Downpatrick and County Down Railway In 2013 it was returned to Whitehead where it awaits Overhaul.

References

External links 
 LONDONDERRY PORT & HARBOUR COMMISSIONERS 0-6-0ST No.3 "R.H. Smyth"

0-6-0ST locomotives
Individual locomotives of Ireland
Steam locomotives of Ireland
Steam locomotives of Northern Ireland
Avonside locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1928
5 ft 3 in gauge locomotives
Alpo (pet food)

Alpo is an American brand of dog food marketed and manufactured by the Nestlé Purina PetCare subsidiary of Nestlé. The brand is offered as a canned or packaged soft food, as well as in dry kibbles.

History
Alpo, an abbreviation of Allen Products, was founded in 1936 by Robert F. Hunsicker in Allentown, Pennsylvania. The original factory was located in a small building at the southwest corner of New and Cedar streets.

In 1964, the Allen Products Company was acquired by Liggett & Myers Tobacco Company.  In 1980, the Liggett & Myers Tobacco Company was acquired by Grand Metropolitan; and, in 1986, Grand Metropolitan sold the Liggett Group, but retained Alpo Petfoods, Inc. In 1995, Nestlé SA acquired Alpo Petfoods, Inc. from Grand Metropolitan. In January 2001, Nestlé SA announced the merger of Nestlé Friskies with Ralston Purina to form the Nestlé Purina PetCare Company.

Marketing
For many years, the brand's main television commercial spokesman was Lorne Greene, who created the concept of eating one's own dog food by claiming that Alpo is so good he feeds it to his own dogs. Ed McMahon also had a long association with the product on television, and Garfield was a "spokescat" for the brand in the 1990s. Alpo was the sponsor of the debut broadcast of the long-running television news magazine 60 Minutes, on September 24, 1968.

Alpo is also known for its marketing campaigns that target the owners of "real dogs", making light of consumers who pamper their dogs.

References

External links 

Press Release on recall from Purina.com
Alpo TV ad with Ed McMahon
Alpo TV ad with Lorne Greene

Dog food brands
Nestlé brands
Ralston Purina products
Products introduced in 1936
Nieuwe-Tonge

Nieuwe-Tonge is a village in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Goeree-Overflakkee, and lies about 13 km south of Hellevoetsluis.

History 
The village was first mentioned in 1480 or 1481 as "Nova ecclesia in Grijsoert". The current name means "new headland". Nieuwe (new) has been added to distinguish from Oude-Tonge. Nieuwe-Tonge developed shortly after a dike was built around the Het Noordland polder in 1461. It used to have a harbour, but it was relocated to Battenoord in 1504.

The Dutch Reformed is a single aisled cruciform church built around 1500. The choir was damaged by fire in 1723. The church was restored between 1965 and 1969 and a baluster was added to the tower. The grist mill d'Oranjeboom was in 1768. It was in service until 1960. Between 1969 and 1971, it was restored and return to active service.

Nieuwe-Tonge was home to 1,121 people in 1840. The village was severely affected by the North Sea flood of 1953. Nieuwe-Tonge was a separate municipality until 1966, when it became part of Middelharnis. In 2013, it became part of the municipality of Goeree-Overflakkee.

The  is a small zoo. It was founded in 1995, and is a non-commercial zoo run by volunteers. Originally, it specialised in birds. Since 2018, it is officially a zoo.

Gallery

References

Former municipalities of South Holland
Populated places in South Holland
Goeree-Overflakkee
Stad aan 't Haringvliet

City on 't Herringfleet is a village in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Goeree-Overflakkee, and lies about 12 km southeast of Hellevoetsluis. The name means City on the Herringfleet. From 1812 to 1817 it was part of the municipality of Den Bommel, then it was a separate municipality until 1966 when it was merged with Middelharnis. Last one has made part of the new municipality of Goeree-Overflakkee since 2013.

In 2001, the village of City on 't Herringfleet had 1,068 inhabitants. The built-up area of the village was 0.23 km2, and contained 425 residences. The slightly larger statistical area "City on 't Herringfleet" has a population of around 1,340. On 1 January 2009 the village had 1,399 inhabitants.

Because of its location on the water, it is very suitable for aquatic sports. The street "Voorstraat" is painted by the Dutch painter Rien Poortvliet for his book Langs het tuinpad van mijn vaderen. This street also has the former town hall that ceased to be used as such in 1966 when the municipality Stad aan 't Haringvliet was merged. Other attractions are the Dutch Reformed church, the former doctors' house from 1876 and the windmill De Korenaar from 1746, which is still working.

Other places in the neighbourhood are:
Nieuwe-Tonge
Den Bommel
Middelharnis
Sommelsdijk

Gallery

References

Former municipalities of South Holland
Populated places in South Holland
Goeree-Overflakkee
Sodium layer

The sodium layer is a layer of neutral atoms of sodium within Earth's mesosphere. This layer usually lies within an altitude range of  above sea level and has a depth of about . The sodium comes from the ablation of meteors. Atmospheric sodium below this layer is normally chemically bound in compounds such as sodium oxide, while the sodium atoms above the layer tend to be ionized.

The density varies with season; the average column density (the number of atoms per unit area above any point on the earth's surface) is roughly 4 billion sodium atoms/cm2.  For a typical thickness of 5 km this corresponds to volume density of roughly 8000 sodium atoms/cm3.

Atoms of sodium in this layer can become excited due to sunlight, solar wind, or other causes.  Once excited, these atoms radiate very efficiently around 589 nm, which is in the yellow portion of the spectrum. These radiation bands are known as the sodium D lines. The resulting radiation is one of the sources of air glow.

Astronomers have found the sodium layer to be useful for creating an artificial laser guide star in the upper atmosphere. The star is used by adaptive optics to compensate for movements in the atmosphere. As a result, optical telescopes can perform much closer to their theoretical limit of resolution.

The sodium layer was first discovered in 1929 by American astronomer Vesto Slipher. In 1939 the British-American geophysicist Sydney Chapman proposed a reaction-cycle theory to explain the night-glow phenomenon.

External links
 Metallic vapor layers

References

Atmosphere
Astronomical imaging
Aci Castello

Aci Castello () is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Catania in Sicily, Italy. The city is located  north of Catania on the Mediterranean coast. The primary economic sectors are agriculture and industry (in Catania). The city is neighbored by Aci Catena, Acireale, Catania, San Gregorio di Catania and Valverde.

History

The town of Aci Castello developed around the castle, which was built in 1076 by the Normans upon the foundations of a 7th-century Byzantine fortification. In 1169, Aci Castello started to expand after an eruption of Mount Etna made the towns in its vicinity uninhabitable. The castle later became the property of the bishops of Catania.

In 1296, Roger of Lauria, admiral of the Aragonese fleet during the War of the Sicilian Vespers, was granted the fief of Aci and its castle as a reward for his faithful service to King Frederick III of Sicily. When relations between the two men soured and di Lauria transferred his loyalties to the Angevins, the castle was besieged and captured by King Frederick and di Lauria stripped of his fiefs. In 1320, the castle and Aci were taken from Roger's descendant, Margaret of Lauria and given to Blasco II de Alagona. Whilst the latter was away defending Palermo from the attacking Angevins, Bertrando di Balzo sacked Aci in his absence.

Main sights

 The Norman Castle, built from 1076 to 1081. It now serves as a museum.
 The borough Aci Trezza with a beach
 Church of St. Joseph (18th century)
 Greek Necropolis

Sports
Sporting Club Pallanuoto Acicastello

References
Cambridge-Narrows

Cambridge-Narrows is a former village in Queens County, New Brunswick, Canada. It held village status prior to 2023 and is now part of the village of Arcadia.

The village straddled Washedemoak Lake, a widening of the Canaan River, several kilometres upstream of the Saint John River.  Cambridge-Narrows has 3 main arteries, Route 695, Route 715, and Route 710

History

The Cambridge-Narrows consisted of two separate settlements on either side of the river, Cambridge and The Narrows, which were merged under one municipal government in 1966.

On 1 January 2023, Cambridge-Narrows amalgamated with the village of Gagetown and all or part of five local service districts to form the new village of Arcadia. The community's name remains in official use.

Demographics 
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Cambridge-Narrows had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Notable people

Bordering communities
Hampton
Big Cove
McDonald Corner
Jemseg
Hatfield Point
Springfield, Kings County

References

External links
 Village of Cambridge Narrows

Communities in Queens County, New Brunswick
Former villages in New Brunswick
Populated places disestablished in New Brunswick in 2023