alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
E. B. White

Elwyn Brooks White (July 11, 1899 – October 1, 1985) was an American writer.

He is most famous for his 1959 manual about how to write well in English, The Elements of Style (which was first written by William Strunk Jr. in 1918), and also for his three children's books Stuart Little (1945), Charlotte's Web (1952), and the Trumpet of the Swan (1970).

He also wrote for magazines and newspapers in the United States.

E.B. White won many awards, including a Pulitzer Prize.

E.B. White had 1 child named  Joel White

References 

1899 births
1985 deaths
Writers from New York (state)
Pulitzer Prize winners
People from Mount Vernon, New York
American children's writers
American journalists
American novelists
American poets
American screenwriters
Cornell University alumni
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Maine
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Raffles Institution

Raffles Institution is an independent educational institution in Singapore. The school provides secondary education for boys only from Year 1 to Year 4, and pre-university education for both boys and girls in Year 5 and Year 6. The school offers the Gifted-Education Programme and the Integrated Programme. The schools is known to have 96 President's Scholars. The school alumni include first prime minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew and the first president of Singapore, Yusof Ishak.

It was founded in 1823 as Singapore Institution by Sir Stamford Raffles, the founder of modern Singapore. It is the school with the longest history in Singapore. Its name was changed to "Raffles Institution" in 1868.

The current principal of Raffles Institution is Mr Frederick Yeo, who replaced Mr Chan Poh Meng when he left the school at the end of 2017.

History
Sir Stamford Raffles founded Raffles Institution on 5 June 1823, making it the school with the longest history in Singapore. Raffles Institution was along Bras Basah Road at first, where Raffles City is now. The school moved to Grange Road in 1973, and then moved to its current location at Bishan in 1990. The Grange Road campus is now the MOE Teacher's Network.

Other websites 
 School Website

References

Schools in Singapore
Baltic states

The Baltic states are three countries in Northern Europe to the east of the Baltic Sea and the south of the Gulf of Finland. They are, from north to south, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The languages that are spoken in these countries are different: while Lithuanians and Latvians speak Baltic languages (Latvian and Lithuanian), Estonians speak an Uralic language (Estonian).

By their culture and history, the Baltic countries are close to the Nordic countries. The biggest difference in the history was that the Baltic countries incorporated to the Soviet Union in 1940 (during the Second World War), but not the Nordic countries (with the exception of Karelia, a part of Finland which later joined the Russian SFSR). The three countries would become republics of the Soviet Union as the Estonian SSR, Latvian SSR, and Lithuanian SSR.

All three Baltic states had their freedom back in 1991, when the Soviet Union came to an end. However, the states all consider the Soviet occupation to be illegal, which has been supported by the United States, European Union, and United Nations. Today, the Baltic countries are some of the richest and most advanced countries which were part of the Soviet Union. They became members of the European Union and NATO in 2004, joined the Schengen Area in 2007, and became part of the eurozone by 2015.

Paganism was the religion of Baltic people before most of them took Christianity during the Middle Ages. Baltic paganism never died out and some people are still pagans.
Topography

Topography means the description of shape. The word comes from Greek:  "place" and   "(I) write". It is an important part of earth science.

When you talk of the topography of the land, you refer to the landscape features like valleys, hills and mountains, rivers and lakes, or the coastline. Everything that describes the form of the landscape, is part of the topography. Topographic maps show topography.

Related pages 
Cartography
Bornholm

Bornholm is a small, rocky island in the Baltic Sea. Bornholm is a Danish island.

The island is a popular holiday resort for Scandinavians, Germans and Poles. Many yachters come here in the summer.

At the end of World War II, the island was "liberated" by the Soviet red army, and held for several months after the German surrender. The island lies far east of the demarcation line between the allied forces in Europe. For some time the Soviet presence looked like an occupation. It was not until April 5th, 1946 that the island at last was free.
But then the Danish government took over and the island is today a Danish colony. But the struggle for a free island still goes on as it can be seen on this page Free Bornholm

Other websites

Islands of Denmark
Baltic Sea
Santa Monica, California

Santa Monica is a beach town in California. It is next to Los Angeles, California, US.

It was made a city in 1886. In 2020, there were 93,076 people living there.

It is famous for the Santa Monica Pier that has many fun rides.

Famous people from Santa Monica
Sandy Nelson (d. 2022)

References

Other websites

 
 Santa Monica Convention and Visitors Bureau
 Santa Monica Chamber of Commerce
 Santa Monica Little League
 Santa Monica Public Library
 
 
 A Weekend in Santa Monica – slideshow by The New York Times
Tiny Tim

Herbert Buckingham Khaury, better known as Tiny Tim (April 12, 1932 – November 30, 1996), was an American singer and musician. He became popular in the late 1960s due to his appearances on television, and songs played on ukulele with a falsetto voice. His most famous song was "Tiptoe Through the Tulips". His best-remembered television appearances were on Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In and The Tonight Show. His first wedding took place on The Tonight Show in 1969, at host Johnny Carson's suggestion.

Career
Tim was not just a performer, he was also an expert musicologist, who studied American music from the earliest days of the United States, and performed many historic songs in his act. Over time, he used his falsetto voice less, and performed most songs in his natural, baritone voice.

When his popularity as a pop star lessened, he performed in small nightclubs and other places, as he had earlier. During the 1980s, he toured with a circus, and appeared in a movie as a circus performer who turned to crime. In the 1990s, he recorded new music (including a Christmas album), and joined comedian Pat Paulsen in his latest mock campaign to become President of the United States, as Paulsen's running mate.

Personal life
Married three times, his last wife was a former fan, who met him when she made a documentary about his life and career. One of his later supporters was radio talk show host Howard Stern. Tiny Tim died in 1996, after suffering a heart attack during a performance.

singers from New York City
musicians from New York City
Deaths from myocardial infarction

1932 births
1996 deaths
Baritones
Kelvin

The Kelvin scale (symbol: K) is the SI unit of temperature. It is named in honour of the physicist William Thomson, the first Lord Kelvin (1824–1907).
0 degree Celsius = 273 kelvin

Definition 

The Kelvin scale is defined by a specific relationship between the pressure of a gas and the temperature. This says that "the pressure of the gas is directly proportional to the temperature in Kelvin". This means that Kelvin is an absolute temperature scale, and scientists use this scale more than any other.

The kelvin is a base SI unit of measurement, since 2018 defined by setting the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant k to 1.380649×10−23 J⋅K−1.

The temperature of the triple point of water is a hundredth of a degree Celsius above the freezing point, or 0.01 °C. The coldest possible temperature is called absolute zero and is equal to -273.15 degrees Celsius, or zero kelvin (0 K). By writing temperatures in kelvins one does not need to use negative numbers.

The absolute temperature scale was designed so that a change in temperature of 1 kelvin is equal to a change of 1 degree Celsius. This means that it is easy to convert a temperature from degrees Celsius to kelvin.
 To change a temperature in degrees Celsius into Kelvins you must add 273.15 units. For example, 0 degrees Celsius (0 °C), which is the temperature at which water freezes, is 273.15 kelvins (273.15 K).
 To change a temperature in Kelvins into degrees Celsius you must subtract 273.15 units. For example, 310 kelvins is 36.85 degrees Celsius, which is roughly the normal temperature of a human body.

It is important to notice that the name of this unit is simply kelvin (with a lowercase initial), not "degree Kelvin". In English, it undergoes normal plural inflection as kelvins. For example, the boiling point of liquid nitrogen is 77 kelvins.

In everyday use, the kelvin is most commonly used to measure very low or very high temperatures, such as the temperature of liquid nitrogen or the temperature of a light bulb filament.

References

Related pages
 Temperature
 Celsius

SI units
Units of temperature
Tourism

Tourism means people traveling for fun and adventure . It includes activities such as sightseeing and camping. People who travel for fun are called "tourists". Places where many tourists stay are sometimes called "resorts". Places that people go to for tourism are called tourist destinations.

There are many reasons why people travel for fun:
 Some people travel to learn about the history or culture of a city or country, or about the people who live there, or their ancestors.
 People from cold places sometimes like to relax in the sun. Many people from northern Europe or North America travel to warmer places and visit beaches.
 Some people travel to do an activity which they cannot do at home. There are many ski resorts in the Alps of Switzerland and Austria, and seaside resorts in Greece and other warm countries.
 People sometimes visit friends and family in another city or country.
 Finally, some people enjoy a change in scenery. City people go to forests or deserts,  and vice versa.

The tourism industry 

The tourism industry has different parts. Some of these are:

 Transport; such as airlines, railways, boats, and road transport.
 Places to stay; such as hotels, camping grounds or parks, youth hostels, and bed and breakfasts.
 Food and drink; such as restaurants, cafes and bars.
 Tour guides know a place well, guide tourists to interesting places, and tell them about the place.
Package tour operators can offer all these services to a group who will go together. This can be cheaper than paying for them separately.

Damage tourism can bring 
Tourism can bring damage to the local area, and/or the tourists. Litter, scuba-diving and deforestation are problems for popular places such as St. Lucia, Hawaii and others. Scuba-diving can damage coral reefs which are home to hundreds of species of sea animals. Tourism can change culture when people learn each other's ways, and certain local traditions are being put aside for tourists.

Related pages 
 Tourist attraction

Other websites 
 Wikivoyage has tourism information for the whole world.
 Tourism Abbreviations, smartdefine.org
Berkshire

Berkshire is a county in southeast England. It is west of London. Its county town is Reading. In the past, a town named Abingdon was the county town, but this town is not in Berkshire any more.

Berkshire is also known as the Royal County of Berkshire.

Cities, towns and villages
 Bracknell
 Datchet
 Caversham
 Hungerford
 Maidenhead
 Newbury
 Reading
 Slough
 Windsor, home of Windsor Castle, and which gives its name to the House of Windsor
 Wokingham

The towns below are not part of Berkshire now, but were in the past.
 Abingdon
 Didcot
 Wallingford
 Wantage
 Faringdon

 
Ceremonial counties of England
Buckinghamshire

Buckinghamshire (abbreviated Bucks) is a county in central England, near the south and London. The county town is named Aylesbury.

Cities, towns and villages 
Locations marked with a (*) are a part of the cerimonal county of Buckinghamshire, but are governed by the Borough of Milton Keynes.
 Amersham
 Aylesbury
 Beaconsfield
 Bletchley*
 Buckingham
 Chesham
 Eton*
 Fenny Stratford*
 High Wycombe
 Marlow
 Milton Keynes*
 Newport Pagnell*
 Olney*
 Princes Risborough
 Slough*
 Stony Stratford*
 Wendover
 Winslow
 Wolverton*

 
Ceremonial counties of England
Computer monitor

A computer monitor is an electronic device that shows pictures for computers. Monitors often look like smaller televisions. The main difference between a monitor and a television is that a monitor does not have a television tuner to change channels. Monitors often have higher display resolution than televisions. A high display resolution makes it easier to see smaller letters and fine graphics.

There are three types of computer displays:
 The CRT monitor. These are big and heavy and use a lot of desk space and electricity. It is the oldest technology used by monitors and is based on the cathode ray tube technology that was developed for television. Monitors are made with better parts which give a higher display resolution and picture sharpness than a television. This type of monitor is no longer popular.

 The LCD monitor, the most common kind of flat panel display. It is a newer technology than CRT. LCD monitors use much less desk space, are lightweight and use less electricity than CRT. They have been used for many years in the screens of laptop and notebook computers. They also work as touch screens in tablet computers, mobile phones, and other handheld technologies.  
 An LED Monitor (short for Light Emitting Diode) or LED display is an LCD Monitor that uses light emitting diodes for backlighting. The first LCD Monitors used cold cathode fluorescent lamps instead of LEDs to illuminate the screen.
 In the early 21st century video projectors has fallen and they are now used in many places like movie theaters to show large images. These use various technologies to make the image including LCD - Liquid crystal display and DLP - Digital light processing which uses very small mirrors to direct the light.

References

Display technology
Diameter

In geometry, the diameter of a circle is a line from one side directly to the opposite side through the center. It can also be defined as the longest chord of a circle. The same explanations can be also used to describe the diameter in a sphere.

The letter d or the symbol ⌀ are often used as a symbol for the diameter. The diameter's length is often called the diameter itself.

The diameter's length is twice the radius, and therefore the relationship between the diameter's length and radius can be shown with the equations:

   and

Related pages 

 Circumference
 Pi

References 

Geometry
1921



Events 
 Albert Einstein receives the Nobel Prize in Physics.
 Irish Civil War (1921-1924)

Births

January 

 January 5 – Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (d. 2019)
 January 17 – Antonio Prohias Cuban-American cartoonist (d. 1998)
 January 19 – Patricia Highsmith, American writer (d. 1995)
 January 27 - Donna Reed, American actress (d. 1986)
 January 29 – Mustafa Ben Halim, 3rd Prime Minister of Libya (d. 2021)
 January 31 – Carol Channing, American actress and singer (d. 2019)

February 

 February 4 – Betty Friedan, American feminist, activist, and writer (d. 2006)
 February 4 – K. R. Narayanan, President of India (d. 2005)
 February 8 – Lana Turner, American actress (d. 1995)
 February 16 - Hua Guofeng, Chairman of the Communist Party of China (d. 2008)
 February 20 – Suharto, 2nd President of Indonesia (d. 2008)
 February 22 - Jean-Bédel Bokassa, 2nd President of the Central African Republic (d. 1996)

March 

 March 21 – Abdul Salam Arif, 2nd President of Iraq (d. 1966)
 March 24 – Vasily Smyslov, Russian chess player (d. 2010)
 March 25 – Nancy Kelly, American actress (d. 1995)

April 

 April 9 - Yitzhak Navon, 5th President of Israel (d. 2015)
 April 14 – Thomas Schelling, American economist (d. 2016)
 April 25 – Karel Appel, Belgian artist (d. 2006)

May 

 May 2 – Satyajit Ray, Indian movie maker (d. 1992)
 May 3 – Sugar Ray Robinson, American boxer (d. 1989)
 May 21 – Andrei Sakharov, Soviet physicist and activist (d. 1989)
 May 25 – Jack Steinberger, German-American physicist (d. 2020)

June 

 June 10 – Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, member of the British royal family, husband of Queen Elizabeth II (d. 2021)
 June 21 – Jane Russell, American actress (d. 2011)

July 

 July 6 – Nancy Reagan, First Lady of the United States (d. 2016)
 July 14 – Geoffrey Wilkinson, English chemist (d. 1996)
 July 18 – John Glenn, American astronaut and politician (d. 2016)
 July 24 – Giuseppe Di Stefano, Italian operatic tenor (d. 2008)

August 

 August 8 – Esther Williams, American swimmer and actress (d. 2013)

September 

 September 1 – Willem Frederik Hermans, Dutch writer (d. 1995)
 September 30 – Deborah Kerr, Scottish actress (d. 2007)
 September 30 – Sagramor de Scuvero Brandão, Brazilian actress, radio personality and councillor (d. 1995)

October 

 October 4 – Francisco Morales-Bermúdez, 112th Prime Minister and 51st President of Peru (d. 2022)
 October 19 – Gunnar Nordahl, Swedish footballer (d. 1995)

November 

 November 27 – Alexander Dubček, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (d. 1992)

December 

 December 26 – Steve Allen, American actor, comedian, composer, and writer (d. 2000)

Deaths

January

February

March 
 March 1 – King Nicholas I of Montenegro (b. 1841)

April

May

June

July 
 July 4 – Antoni Grabowski, early proponent of Esperanto (b. 1857)

August 
 August 2 – Enrico Caruso, Italian operatic tenor (b. 1873)
 August 16 – Peter I of Serbia (b. 1844)

September

October

November

December

Sports 
Kentucky Derby winner, Behave Yourself
1892



Births
 January 3 – J. R. R. Tolkien
 February 10 - Alan Hale Sr., American actor (d. 1950)
 July 23 – Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia
 Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, British Indian statesman and leader of the Punjab.

Art, music, theatre, and literature 
 December 17 – Tchaikovsky's The Nutcracker premieres in St Petersburg.
1904

1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events 
 January 4 – In Gonzales v. Williams, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that citizens of Puerto Rico are not aliens and could enter the United States freely.

Births 
 January 18 – Cary Grant, English actor (d. 1986)
 April 22 – Robert Oppenheimer, American physicist (d. 1967)
 May 11 – Salvador Dalí, Spanish artist (d. 1989)
 June 2 – Johnny Weissmuller, American swimmer and actor (d. 1984)
 June 17 – Ralph Bellamy, American actor and comedian (d. 1987)
 June 26 – Peter Lorre, Hungarian-born movie actor (d. 1964)
 August 12 – Tsarevich Alexei of Russia (d. 1918)

Deaths 
 May 1 – Antonín Dvořák, Czech composer (b. 1841)
 July 15 – Anton Chekhov, Russian writer (b. 1860)

 

nv:1901 – 1950
1642



Events 
On September 2, the Puritans force the London theatres to close, ending the era of English Renaissance drama.

Births 
 December 25 (OS) – Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist (d. 1727)

Deaths 
 January 8 – Galileo Galilei, Italian astronomer (b. 1564)
1745

1745 was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events
 June 4 – Frederick the Great destroys the Austrian army at the Battle of Hohenfriedberg.
 August 21 – Catherine the Great marries Peter III of Russia in Saint Petersburg.
 September 12 – Francis I is elected Holy Roman Emperor.

 January 4 – Benjamin Rush
1838



Events 
 January 10 – a fire destroys Lloyd's Coffee House and the Royal Exchange in London.
 April 30 – Nicaragua declares independence from the Central American Federation (See Nicaragua's early history)
 May – The People's Charter drawn up in the United Kingdom demanding universal suffrage.
 May 26 – USA: Trail of Tears – forced relocation of the Cherokee tribe, killing at least 8,000.
 1 August – Trinidad and Tobago: Slavery officially abolished
 7 September – The paddlesteamer Forfarshire foundered on the Farne Islands, UK, giving rise to the fame of Grace Darling, who rescued nine passengers.
 November 3 India: The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce is founded. This paper was later renamed to The Times of India in 1861
 November 5 – Central American Civil War begins with Honduras' separation from the Central American Federation.
 December – Beginning of Pastry War: Mexico invaded by French forces

Births 
 January 4 – General Tom Thumb, American circus performer and entertainer (d. 1883)
 January 6 – Max Bruch, German composer (d. 1920)
 January 16 – Franz Brentano, German philosopher and psychologist (d. 1917)
 February 6 – Henry Irving, English actor (d. 1905)
 February 10 – Gustav Oelwein, founder of Oelwein, Iowa (d. 1913)
 February 18 – Ernst Mach, Austrian physicist and philosopher
 March 3 – George William Hill, American astronomer
 April 3 – John Willis Menard, African-American politician
 April 8 – Ferdinand von Zeppelin, German inventor
 April 12 – John Shaw Billings, M.D., American military and medical leader
 April 16 – Martha McClellan Brown, American temperance movement leader
 May 10 – John Wilkes Booth, the man who killed United States President Abraham Lincoln.
 May 20 – Jules Méline, French statesman
 September 23 - Victoria Woodhull - the first woman to be up for candidate for the President of the United States.
 September 28 – Sai Baba of Shirdi, Indian national saint (d. 1918)

Deaths 
 January 3 – Prince Maximilian of Saxony
 January 5 – Anthony Van Egmond, rebel leader in Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837 {died in jail}
 February 21 – Silvestre de Sacy, linguist
 March 13 – Poul Martin Møller, philosopher
 April 9 – Piet Uys, Voortrekker leader (in battle)
 May 17 – Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, French diplomat
 July 19 – Christmas Evans, preacher
 August 17 – Lorenzo Da Ponte, librettist for Mozart
 August 21 – Adelbert von Chamisso, German writer
 September 1 – William Clark, American explorer
 October 1 – Charles Tennant, Scottish chemist and industrialist
 November 21 – Georges Mouton, count of Lobau, Marshal of France
Dominica

The Commonwealth of Dominica is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea. It is an English-speaking country. It is between the French-speaking territories of Guadeloupe and Martinique. The island is 751 km² (290 mi²) in area. Roseau is its capital. Portsmouth is another main town. Almost 70,000 people live on the island.

The currency of the island is the East Caribbean dollar.

The island's name comes from the Latin for Sunday, Dies Dominica. It is not the Spanish-speaking Dominican Republic in the Greater Antilles.

The country is nicknamed the Nature Island of the Caribbean.

Dominica is most famously depicted in Jean Rhys' classic prequel to Jane Eyre, Wide Sargasso Sea.

History
The indigenous Carib people lived in Dominca before it was found by Europeans. They called it Wai‘tu kubuli, which means "Tall is her body."

Christopher Columbus came to Dominica in 1493. In 1763, it became a territory of the United Kingdom from which its independence was received on 3 November 1978.

In August 1979, Hurricane David, wiped out its entire infrastructure. On 21 November 2004, the island was hit by its most destructive earthquake in history; Portsmouth and the northern area were deeply affected.

On 18 September 2018, Hurricane Maria, the most powerful storm to hit the island, severely damaged its infrastructure and cut off all its communications to the outside world. The Assessment Capacities Project estimates that the hurricane has caused $1.37 billion in losses across the island, which is equal to 226 percent of its 2016 GDP. As of April 12, there are 65 fatalities confirmed across the island, including 34 who are missing and presumed to be dead.

In 1980, Dame Eugenia Charles became its prime minister, the first female government leader in the West Indies.

Geography
Dominica is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea. It is the northernmost of the Windward Islands.

Dominica is largely covered by rainforest. It is home to the world's second-largest hot spring, Boiling Lake.

Morne Trois Pitons National Park is a tropical forest with scenic volcanic features. It was recognised as a World Heritage Site on 4 April 1995.

Administrative divisions
Dominica is divided into 10 parishes, given below with their 2011 Census populations:
 Saint Andrew Parish (9,471)
 Saint David Parish (6,043)
 Saint George Parish (21,241)
 Saint John Parish (6,561)
 Saint Joseph Parish (5,637)
 Saint Luke Parish (1,668)
 Saint Mark Parish (1,834)
 Saint Patrick Parish (7,622)
 Saint Paul Parish (9,786)
 Saint Peter Parish (1,430)

Sports
Cricket is a popular sport on the island. Dominica competes in test cricket as part of the West Indies cricket team.

Netball, basketball, rugby, tennis and association football are gaining popularity as well.

Gallery

Related pages
Dominica at the Olympics
Dominica national football team
List of rivers of Dominica

References

Other websites 
 Dominica in the News 
 SaKaFete 
 Official Tourism Website 
 World Creole Music Festival 
 

Caribbean Community
 
1978 establishments in North America
Commonwealth member states
404

404 was a leap year starting on Friday.

Events 
 January 1 – Last gladiator competition in Rome.
 Atticus of Constantinople becomes Patriarch of Constantinople.
 Honorius moves the capital of the Western Roman Empire to Ravenna.
 Saint Telemachus matyrdom.
1438



Events 
 Pachacuti who would later create Tahuantinsuyu, or Inca Empire became the ruler of Cusco
 January 1 – Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of Hungary
 March 18 – Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of Germany
 Eric of Pomerania, King of Sweden, Denmark and Norway loses direct control of Sweden. Karl Knutsson Bonde is elected Regent of Sweden.

Births 
 Adolf, Duke of Gelderland
 William Beaumont, 2nd Viscount Beamont
 Giovanni Michele Alberto da Carrara
 Sönam Choklang, 2nd Panchen Lama
 Henrique Esteves da Veiga de Nápoles
 Husayn Bayqarah
 John III of Egmont
 Manduulun Khan
 Louis II, Landgrave of Lower Hesse
 Louis de Bourbon, Bishop of Liège
 Ludovico II, Marquess of Saluzzo
 Marguerite de Bourbon
 Pachacuti
 Peter II, Duke of Bourbon
 Philip II, Duke of Savoy
 Reginald Ely
 Anne Woodville

Deaths 
 Humphrey FitzAlan, 15th Earl of Arundel
 Bagrationi, wife of John IV of Trebizond
 Barsbay
 Richard, Count of Étampes
 Alexander Lindsay, 2nd Earl of Crawford
 Edward of Portugal
 Ernest, Duke of Bavaria
 Dorothy Garai
 Conrad Justinger
 Adai Khan
 James II, Count of La Marche
 Thomas Mapilton
 Marie of Valois, Prioress of Poissy
 Johannes Nider
 Olaus Laurentii
 Giordano Orsini
 Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama
 Peter, infans of Aragón
 Jacopo della Quercia
 Ulrich of Richenthal
 Matilda of Savoy
 Shams al-Din 'Ali ibn Qutb al-Din
 Anne of Gloucester
 Simon Sydenham
1651

1651 was a common year.

Events 
 January 1 – Charles II crowned King of Scotland in Scone. This is his first crowning.
 June 28 – June 30: The biggest battle of the 17th century, the Battle of Beresteczko, between Poles and Ukrainians is won by the Poles.
 September 3 –  English Civil War: Battle of Worcester – Charles II of England is defeated in the last main battle of the war.
Playing card

Playing cards is the name for the 52 cards used in card games like poker, bridge, blackjack, solitaire and other games.

There are 52 basic cards in a deck (not including the jokers). These cards have a suit and a number (called the value or rank). There are 4 suits and 13 ranks in each suit. Decks may include a wide variety of regional and national patterns, and different deck sizes.  The English pattern of cards is so widespread that it is often also known as the International or Anglo-American pattern.

Suits 

Usual signs: spades (♠), hearts (♥), diamonds (♦), clubs (♣).

In some countries different suit signs may be used. In central Europe, there are cards with the suit signs of acorns, leaves, hearts, and bells. In Spain, Italy and Latin America, there are playing cards with the suits of clubs, swords, cups, and coins and Aces

Values 
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Jack or Knave (J), Queen (Q), King (K), Ace (A).

Number of cards
For many games, the Jokers are removed from the deck, making the total number of cards in the deck 52. Sometimes the deck is reduced to 40, 36, or 32 cards for playing certain games, like belote, sheepshead or euchre.

Tarot cards 

There are various types of tarot cards. Tarots are commonly used for fortune-telling, although they can also be used for playing games.  Conversely, people have also used standard playing cards for fortune-telling.

History 

Playing cards have been found in 9th century China, Tang dynasty.

Playing cards first entered Europe in the early 14th century, probably from Egypt. The suits were very similar to the tarot suits of Swords, Staves, Cups and Coins. These designs are  still used in traditional Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese card decks.

The first documentary evidence is from Vitoria-Gasteiz (now Spain) in 1334, in which the Knights of the Band are forbidden to play cards. The next record is from Catalonia in 1371.
Wide use of playing cards in Europe can be traced from 1377 onwards.

Manufacture 
The method of making cards has stayed the same for over a century. Cards are two thin pieces of paper stuck together with black paste. Both outer sides are printed. Inside is the design of the card face, the outer is the design for the pack as a whole. The black paste is essential to prevent sight of the face coming through when light shines on the face side. The use of the paste is the reason cards are sometimes called "pasteboards".

One or two packs at a time are printed on large sheets of paper, already pasted. The individual cards are stamped out by a machine which acts like a cookie-cutter. It cuts 36,000 cards per hour. A tiny fraction of a second later the edges of the cards are squashed extra-thin. This is not obvious to the naked eye, but the effect is that the cards slide easily past each other during shuffling.

Printed paper cards hold about 97.5% of the world market. Plastic cards do exist: they were first invented in the 1930s. They last longer than papercards, but have only 2.5% of the market.

References

Other websites 
Card game rules 
Rules for Belote, a French card game
Emperor

An emperor (female equivalent: empress) is a male who rules an empire. The word is taken from the Latin language Imperator. Often it is capitalized.

A woman who comes to power in an empire is called an empress. The wife of an emperor is also called an empress. An emperor or empress is often a hereditary monarch and comes to power when one of his parents, or relatives, dies. In some countries, people elected a new emperor from candidates. 

The only emperor in the world today is the Emperor of Japan (tennō), but he lacks political power. The true leaders of Japan are the Diet and Prime Minister because the country is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy.

The English word comes from Latin, the language of the old Roman Empire. At first, an imperator was a powerful general (army leader) but, after Augustus, it was only used by their most powerful rulers. There have been many countries in history whose leaders are called "emperors" in English. The leaders of the Byzantine Empire (basileus, Autokrator) in Greece, the Holy Roman Empire (imperator, Kaiser) in Austria and Germany, Russian Empire, Serbia , and Bulgaria (tsar), and the Ottoman Empire (sultan, padishah, khagan, kaysar) in Turkey all said they were just new parts of the old Roman Empire. 

The leaders of other countries who said they ruled the whole world or called themselves "King of Kings" are frequently also called emperors in English. For example, the old rulers of China (Huangdi), Iran (Shah), and Ethiopia (Negusa negast) are all known as emperors in English. There have also been emperors of France, Brazil , and Mexico, and the rulers of the United Kingdom called themselves the Emperors and empresses of India for a while.

Countries ruled by Emperor 

 China (221 BC – 1911, 1915–1916)
 Ethiopia (1137– 1975)
 Japan (The only empire that currently exists)
 Roman Empire (27 BC – 476)
 Byzantine Empire (395–1453)
 Latin Empire (1204–1261)
 Empire of Nicaea (1204–1261)
 Empire of Trebizond (1204–1461)
 Empire of Thessalonica (1224–1246)
 Western Roman Empire (395–476)
 Carolingian Empire (800–843)
 Holy Roman Empire (962–1806)
 Russian Empire (1721–1917)
 Empire of Vietnam (1802–1945)
 French Empire (1804–1814, 1815, 1852–1870)
 Haitian Empire (1804–1806, 1849–1859)
 Austrian Empire (1804–1867)
 Brazilian Empire (1822–1889)
 German Empire (1871–1918)
 Mexican Empire (1821–1823, 1864–1867)
 Indian Empire (1858–1947)
 Mughal Empire (1526–1858)
 Korean Empire (1897–1910)
 Empire of Manchukuo (1934–1945)
 Central African Empire (1976–1979)
 Inca Empire (1438–1533)

Related pages
King
Czar
Kaiser
Sultan
Leader
Palmdale, California

Palmdale is the largest city in the desert area of California. It is a suburb of Los Angeles. It has a population of 169,450 and is the 6th largest city in Los Angeles County.

Even though Palmdale is in Los Angeles County, it is not connected to the larger Los Angeles population area. It is separated from it by a mountain range called the San Gabriel Mountains that are over 40 miles wide and almost 2 miles high overall. It is in Antelope Valley.

Palmdale is the home of several airplanes used by NASA and the Air Force, giving it the nickname of "the aerospace capital of America."

Palmdale Airport does not have any passenger air service.

The city's demographics is primarily Mexican and white.

History
The indigenous Kitanemuk were the first to settle in the area.

In 1886, when land in the Antelope Valley sold for 50 cents an acre, a group of 50 Swiss and German families migrated from the Midwest and settled in what is now known as Palmdale. They named their new community “Palmenthal” because they had mistaken the native Joshua trees for palm trees.

The high desert community of Palmdale has rich agricultural roots and a unique aviation history.

The City of Palmdale celebrated its 50th anniversary of incorporation on Aug. 24, 2012. It has consistently been one of the fastest-growing cities in California and in the country. Since 1980, Palmdale’s population has soared from 12,277 to 158,605. Despite its growth, Palmdale continues to cherish the small-town values of a family-oriented community while enjoying all of the conveniences of its booming retail and commercial sectors.

In 1772 Captain Pedro Fages, a Spanish soldier in pursuit of deserting sailors, crossed the southern part of the Antelope Valley into Leona Valley.

After the Shoshone Indians left the valley, immigrants from Spain and Mexico established large cattle ranches there.

Sister cities
 Poncitlán, Jalisco, Mexico

References

Other websites 
 Palmdale City Website
 Palmdale Airport Website

Cities in California
Settlements in Los Angeles County, California
Fresno, California

Fresno is the largest inland city in U.S. state of California. It has a population of 542,107 people (as of 2020). If the surrounding suburbs are included, it has a population near 1 million. It is the county seat of Fresno County, in the Central Valley.

Fresno is the closest major city to Yosemite National Park. Fresno has a major airport called Fresno Yosemite International Airport that has many flights by many airlines everyday. It was the first airport to use the new security systems made after the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Fresno has a semi-arid climate (Bsh in the Koeppen climate classification).

References

Cities in the Central Valley of California
County seats in California
 
1872 establishments in California
Astrophysics

Astrophysics is the study of how stars, planets and other things in the Universe work, and how we can learn about them. Astrophysicists use physics to explain what astronomers find and see.

Astrophysics is also the study of how the Universe started and how it is changing with time. This part of astrophysics is called cosmology.

History 

For a long time bodies in the sky seemed to be unchanging spheres moving in a circle. But on Earth growth and decay happened, and natural motion was in a straight line. Therefore, people thought the celestial region was made of a fundamentally different kind of matter from that found on Earth.

During the 16th and 17th century, natural philosophers such as Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Galileo, Descartes, and Newton, began to maintain that the celestial and terrestrial regions were made of similar material and were subject to the same natural laws.

When they were able to work out how the planets moved, the science of astrophysics was born. Sir Isaac Newton realized that the same rules of mechanics that he had found on the surface of the Earth also could be used to predict how the planets moved. He said, "As above, so below". By this, he meant that we can study how things work on this planet to find out how things work in space.

Later scientists looked at the light from stars using spectroscopy.  They were able to work out what they were made of, and how they changed with time.

Types of astrophysics 

There are two main types of astrophysics:

Observational astrophysics. Observational astrophysicists use telescopes to study the Universe, but astrophysicists study the physics of what they see to explain the Universe.
Radio astronomy
Optical astronomy
Infrared astronomy
Ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma ray astronomy using space telescopes
Theoretical astrophysics uses information from astronomers, theories and mathematics to explain how the Universe works. Cosmology is a type of theoretical astrophysics. Problems investigated include: 
Solar System: its formation and evolution
Star formation and evolution
Galaxy formation and evolution
large-scale structure of matter in the universe 
Origin of cosmic rays 
General relativity 
Evolution of the universe
Hydrodynamics is used for mathematically modelling how gases behave. Strong magnetic fields found around many bodies can drastically change how these gases behave, affecting things from star formation to the flows of gases around compact stars.

An example 
Cecilia Helena Payne (later Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin) published her doctoral dissertation at Radcliffe College in 1925. She had discovered that hydrogen and helium were the main content of stars. More than that, the spectral classes relate to the temperature of stars. Despite Eddington's suggestion, her discovery was so unexpected that her dissertation readers told her to modify the conclusion before publication. Later research confirmed her discovery. <3

Related pages
 Astronomy
 Celestial mechanics
 Quasar

References
Ohio

Ohio (nicknamed The Buckeye State) is one of the 50 states in the United States. Its capital is Columbus. Columbus is also the largest city in Ohio.

Other large cities in Ohio are Cleveland, Cincinnati, Dayton, Akron, Toledo, and Youngstown.

Some famous people from Ohio include golfer Jack Nicklaus, Wilbur and Orville Wright, astronauts John Glenn and Neil Armstrong, authors Sherwood Anderson and Toni Morrison, and actors Clark Gable and Katie Holmes. There have also been seven American presidents from Ohio: Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford Hayes, James Garfield, Benjamin Harrison, William McKinley, William Howard Taft, Warren G. Harding.

Ohio is important in elections because it is a swing state. Candidates often campaign a lot there and prior to 2020, the last time they voted for the losing candidate was 1960. Also, no Republican has ever won the presidency without carrying this state. Ohio has both farmland and cities, and there is a lot of discrimination against black people. It is a part of the Midwest. Ohio is the 8th most populated state in the United States of America.

Geography 
Ohio borders Pennsylvania, Michigan, Indiana, Kentucky, and West Virginia, and it shares a water border with Ontario, Canada. Western Ohio is mostly flat farmland, with some hills. Southern and Southeastern Ohio is near the Appalachian Mountains, and is the most mountainous part of the state. Most of this area is covered by forests. This part of Ohio is home to the Ohio River, the Wayne National Forest, and the Hocking Hills, which has waterfalls and canyons.

Central Ohio is mostly rolling hills, and is home to Columbus. Northeast Ohio is dominated by the Lake Erie coast and has a mix of cities and countryside.

Economy 
For many years, industry and manufacturing was the biggest part of Ohio's economy. Youngstown was a big steel producer, as was Cleveland. Other manufacturing - including the car industry - was a major factor across the state. Since the 1970s, industry has shrank in Ohio, but it is still a big part of the local economy. Today, other businesses are more prominent. Cleveland is one of the biggest hubs for Healthcare, and its main hospital, the famous Cleveland Clinic, is the largest employer in the region. Banking is also a major business, and foods and retail are too. Cincinnati plays host to the headquarters of Fifth Third Bank, Cintas, Kroger, Luxottica, Procter & Gamble and Macy's, whereas, Columbus hosts the headquarters of LBrands, JPMorgan Chase, Huntington Bank, Rogue Fitness, Wendy's, Big Lots, Cardinal Health and Nationwide Insurance. In addition The J.M. Smucker Company and Key Bank are also based in Ohio.

Related pages
 List of cities in Ohio
 List of counties in Ohio

References 

 
1803 establishments in the United States
1894



Events 
 Outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War
 June 30 – Tower Bridge in London opened.

Births 
 February 10 - Harold Macmillan, British Prime Minister 
 April 17 – Nikita Krushchev, Soviet leader
 March 20 – Ky Ebright, American Olympic rowing coach (d. 1979)
 July 26 – Aldous Huxley, English writer
 November 27 - Katherine Milhous, American illustrator and writer (d. 1977)

Deaths 
  1 January  – Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
 1 November - Alexander III of Russia Czar of Russia father of Czar Nicholas II
587


Year 587 (DLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 587 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Deaths 
 Saint David
1191

1191 (MCXCI) was .

Events 
 May 12 – Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
 September 7 – Third Crusade: Battle of Arsuf – Richard I of England fights against Saladin at Arsuf. Result of battle is inconclusive.
 The monks of Glastonbury Abbey announce that they have found the burial sites of King Arthur and his Queen Guinevere.
 The city of Berne was founded by the duke Berthold V of Zähringen

Births 
 February 8 – Yaroslav II of Russia (d. 1246)

Deaths 
 March 27 – Pope Clement III
 Shahab-ud-din Suhrawardi the Sufi saint and mystic was executed.

Miscellaneous 
This is the year the popular game for Xbox 360, Assassin's Creed, is set.
1539



Events 
 May 30 – In Florida, Hernando de Soto lands at Tampa Bay with 600 soldiers with the goal to find gold.
 Hernando de Soto introduces Pigs into North America
 May – 6 Articles Statute of English Parliament, important in the English Reformation"
 September 4 – Henry VIII contracts to marry Anne of Cleves
 Lutheranism is forcefully introduced to Iceland, despite the opposition of Bishop Jon Aresson.
 The town of Shuya was founded

Births 
 November 1 – Pierre Pithou, French lawyer and scholar (died 1596)
 December 5 – Fausto Paolo Sozzini, theologian (died 1604)
 Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva, Portuguese Jewish explorer (died 1590)
 Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (died 1603)
 Catherine Grey, Countess of Hertford (died 1568)
 Hasegawa Tohaku, Japanese painter (died 1610)
 Ikeda Katsumasa, Japanese military commander (died 1578)
 Laurence Tomson, Calvinist (died 1608)

Deaths 
 February 6 – John III, Duke of Cleves, born 3 August 1491
 March 12 – Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, diplomat, politician, and father of Anne Boleyn (born 1477)
 May 7 – Guru Nanak, founder of Sikhism (born 1469)
 May 7 – Ottaviano Petrucci, Italian printer (born 1466)
 July 5 – St. Anthony Maria Zaccaria, founder of the Barnabite Order (born 1502)
 September 8 – John Stokesley, English prelate (born 1475)
 James Beaton, Scottish church leader
 Vannoccio Biringuccio, Italian metallurgist (born 1480)
 Hugh Cook Faringdon, Abbot of Reading
 George, Duke of Saxony (born 1471)
 Symeon Iwanowicz Trubczewski, governor of Kostroma
 Isabella d'Este, "First Lady of the Renaissance" (born 1474)
1431



Events 
 February 21 – The trial of Joan of Arc
 March 3 – Eugenius IV becomes Pope
 May 30 – In Rouen, France, 19-year old Joan of Arc is burned at the stake.
 Foundation of University of Poitiers
 Battle of Inverlochy
1574

1574 was a common year.

Events 
 April 14 – Battle of Mookerheyde:  Spanish forces under Sancho de Avila defeat the rebel forces of Louis of Nassau.  Louis is killed.
 May 30 – On the death of King Charles IX of France, he is succeeded by his brother King Henry of Poland, who becomes King Henry III.  His mother, Catherine of Medici, acts as Regent until Henry arrives from Poland.
 October 3 – The city of Leiden, besieged by the Spanish, is relieved by a Sea Beggar fleet under Louis Boisot.
 Murad III succeeds Selim II as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
Wombat

A wombat is a marsupial in the family Vombatidae. It lives in the Australian eucalypt forests. There are two genera with three living wombat species; the common wombat and the hairy-nosed wombats.

It is a medium-sized animal that makes a burrow by digging holes in the ground. Wombats are usually around a metre (40 in) long when they are fully grown.  It is a kind of animal known as a marsupial because it has a pouch on its belly that holds its young, although it faces back instead of forward like most marsupials.  Having the pouch face backwards prevents dirt from building up in the pouch and hitting the offspring in the face when digging.  When its young are born they spend some time growing in their mother's pouch before going into the world.  Wombats are herbivores. They eat plants, roots, and grasses.  They are nocturnal which means they sleep in the day and come out at night. Some wombats have thick brown fur and very small ears. They can weigh from 20 to 35 kilograms (45 to 80 lb). They can live up to 7 years.

Wombats are commonly known and recognised by their waste products. They are the only known mammals that excrete feces in cubic shape. This lets people easily know when wombat habitats are nearby. It also tells simply what the wombat may have eaten by examining the feces thoroughly.

Taxonomy
 Family Vombatidae: Wombats
 Common wombat (Vombatus ursinus) 
 Southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) 
 Northern hairy-nosed wombat or yaminon (Lasiorhinus krefftii)

References

Other websites 

Wombania's Wombat Information Index
Russell The Wombat's Burrow 

Diprotodonts
Marsupials of Australia
N.C. Wyeth

Newell Convers Wyeth (October 22, 1882 – October 19, 1945) was an American painter and book illustrator. He was born in Needham, Massachusetts. He was known for his illustrations for such books as Robin Hood, Robinson Crusoe, The Yearling, The Last of the Mohicans, and King Arthur. His daughters Henriette and Carolyn, his son, Andrew and grandson Jamie Wyeth were also painters. Wyeth's son Nathaniel was an inventor. 

Wyeth was born in Needham, Massachusetts. He died in an accident at a railway crossing in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania.

Other websites 
 Virtual tour of N.C. Wyeth's studio 
 Robinson Crusoe text with illustrations by N.C. Wyeth 
 N.C. Wyeth Biography 

1882 births
1945 deaths
Accidental deaths in Pennsylvania
American illustrators
American painters
People from Massachusetts
Turkey (bird)

Turkeys are birds in the genus Meleagris. They are like a chicken but much bigger. Wild turkeys live in forests in North America and Central America. In the United States, people traditionally eat turkey on the holiday of Thanksgiving.

This genus has two species:
 Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)
 Ocellated turkey (Meleagris ocellata)

Naming
When people from Europe first saw turkeys in the Americas they thought the birds were a type of guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). This bird had been brought to central Europe from the country of Turkey. The name of that country stuck as the name of the bird. 

The confusion with the name is also seen in the scientific name: meleagris is Greek for guinea-fowl.

References

Other websites

Turkeys
Birds of North America
Poultry