alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Invention

An invention is a new thing that someone has made. The computer was an invention when it was first made. We say when it was "invented". New things that are made or created are called inventions. Cars and plastics are inventions that everyone knows. Inventions are made by inventors. Many inventions are patented.

Ideas are also called inventions. Writers can invent characters, and then invent a story about them.

Inventing 
Over time, humans have invented objects which make life easier for themselves. Because of this, a quote "necessity is the mother of invention", was written. The quote means that a lack of something should inspire someone to create something to fill that empty space. However, not all people believe that this is true. They think that too much of something can lead to an invention.
Many inventions are just a variation of something that already exists.

Other websites 

 List of PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty) Important Inventions  (on the WIPO web site)

Basic English 850 words
Genocide

Genocide is the crime of killing many people who are all part of one ethnic or religious group, or some sort of similar group, and trying to destroy that group. Genocide is done usually by a group, such as a government, or military group, not by one person or a small number of people. Usually, the motivation for genocide is based on political reason.

The word genocide was made up by Raphael Lemkin, a Polish Jew, in 1944, from the words "genos" (Greek for family, tribe or race) and "-cide" (from the Latin "occidere", to kill). It was first used to the Nazi Holocaust, when many groups, including Jews and others, were killed.

Ustashe of Croatia are another example of genocidial horror. About a million of Serbs were killed during WWII in Ustashe death camps especially in Jasenovac. Another example of genocide was when about a million of the Tutsi group of people of Rwanda were killed along with Hutus who were against the genocide in 1994.

In 1933 Lemkin made a speech to the Legal Council of the League of Nations conference on international criminal law in Madrid, for which he prepared an essay on the Crime of Barbarity as a crime against international law. The purpose of the crime, which later evolved into the idea of genocide, was based mostly on the experience of Assyrians massacred in Iraq on 11 August 1933. The event in Iraq reminded him of earlier similar events of the Armenian Genocide during World War I.

Today, any genocide is prohibited by the Genocide Convention and actor or inciter of genocide is judged by the International Criminal Court.

Examples
Today most people see the following events as genocide. Note that the events listed are just examples.
Herero and Namaqua Genocide
Armenian Genocide
Holocaust
Nanking Massacre
Cambodian Genocide
Rwandan Genocide
Darfur conflict
Srebrenica massacre

References 

 
Ethnicity
Coast

The coast is where land meets the sea. 

The coast also means the land next to the sea, which can also be called the shore, or sea-shore. However, coast is not used to describe where rivers or lakes meet the land - it is only used to describe the sea meeting the land. 

If a house is near to the coast we say it is "on the coast". When we talk about a long part of the coast we call it "the coast-line". 
Sometimes, 'coast' can be part of a place name or the description of a large area. For instance, the East Coast of the United States describes the all of the Eastern side of the United States that is next to the Atlantic Ocean. 

In some countries like England or Australia the people sometimes use the word sea-side for the coast.

Coasts often have many living things living there and provide habitat for many animals and plants.

An example of a coast in Great Britain is the Holderness Coast near Bridlington. This is one of Europe's fast eroding coasts.

Related pages
Shore

Landforms
Ravi Shankar

Ravi Shankar (7 April 1920 – 11 December 2012) was one of India's most famous musicians. Shankar was one of the first to bring aspects of traditional Indian music into  Europe and United States|American culture in the 1960s. He was a major influence on George Harrison, who was a member of The Beatles. Shankar is famous for playing the sitar, an Indian stringed instrument. He performed until his death. In 2005 he played at The Proms. His daughters Norah Jones and Anoushka Shankar are also well-known musicians.

References

Indian musicians
1920 births
2012 deaths
Sentence

A sentence is a group of words that are joined together to mean something. A sentence is the basic unit of language. It expresses a complete thought. It does this by following the grammatical basic rules of syntax. For example: "Ram is walking".

A complete sentence has at least a subject and a main verb to state (declare) a complete thought. Short example: She walks. A subject is the noun (name) which is doing the main verb. The main verb is the activity that the subject is doing. 

In English and many other languages, the first word of a written sentence has a capital letter. At the end of the sentence there is a punctuation mark depending on whether it is a statement, a question, a command, a request or an exclamation.

Phrases and clauses 
A phrase or clause is part of a sentence.p773–777

This is an example of a sentence:
 The dog is happy.
In this sentence, 'The dog' is the subject, and 'is' is the verb.

This is an example of a phrase:
 The happy dog

There is no verb, so we do not know anything about what the happy dog is doing. Therefore, it is not a sentence.

A clause is a sentence within a sentence. Example:
 They milked the cows, and then they made cheese and butter. This sentence has two co-ordinate (~equal) clauses, linked by 'and'.p220 and indranil das

Types of sentence

 A simple sentence has only one clause, and one independent variable. The cat is sleeping.
 A compound sentence has two or more clauses. These clauses are joined with conjunctions, punctuation, or both. The dog is happy, but the cat is sad.
 A complex sentence has one clause with a relative clause. The dog, which is eating the bone, is happy.
 A complex-compound sentence (or compound-complex sentence) has many clauses, at least one of which is a relative clause: The dog, which is eating the bone, is happy, but the cat is sad.

Sentences have different purposes:
 A declarative sentence, or declaration, is the most common type of sentence. It tells something. It ends with a full stop . (The dog is happy.)
 An interrogative sentence, or question, asks something. It ends with a question mark ? (Are you happy?)
 An exclamatory sentence, or exclamation, says something out of the ordinary. It ends with an exclamation mark ! (That dog is the happiest dog I have ever seen!)
 An imperative sentence, or command, tells someone to do something. (Give the dog a bone.)

Basic English sentences 
Here are some sentences written in Basic English:

The sky is blue.

Today is Monday.

Tomorrow is Tuesday.

The baby is smiling.

Sheila is reading a book.

This is the road to take.

Read a book about the history of America.

There are beautiful flowers growing in the garden.

The cushions are new and I feel the comfort they give me.

They are playing in the grounds.

Related pages
 Phrase
 Punctuation
 Word

References 

TYpes of sentences worksheet
James Joyce

James Augustine Aloysius Joyce ()  (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish writer and poet of the modernist movement. He was from Dublin, Ireland. He wore an eyepatch, because of eye damage. He could not see well.

His books are written in a special style. At first he wrote in a way which describes very accurately how life is, in the short story collection called Dubliners.  In his next book, called A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, he started a new style.  It is called stream of consciousness, which is writing all the thoughts that a character has. His work influenced many other writers in the 20th century.

Some books that Joyce wrote are:
 Dubliners (1914)
 A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916)
 Ulysses (1922)
 Finnegans Wake (1939).

Early life 
James Joyce was the oldest of ten children. He went to a boarding school called Conglowes Wood College and later to Belvedere College.  (College here refers to secondary school not to university as it can in the U.S.) Conglowes was run by Jesuit priests.

When he was very young, his family was rich. Later his father lost most of their money so he had to change schools and go to Belvedere College, which was cheaper.

Family life 
Joyce met Nora Barnacle in 1904 and they began to have a long relationship until his death in 1941. The couple moved out of Dublin to Zürich in 1904, then to Trieste, Paris then back to Zürich. They married in 1931. They had a son and a daughter. Their daughter had a mental illness later in her life. Because he was smart, his parents wanted him to go to college. He studied modern languages at University College Dublin.

Joyce became a very famous writer after he published Ulysses.  He also began to have a lot of problems with his eyes and his family. But he completed his last book, Finnegans Wake by 1939. He died in Zurich.

References 

Irish novelists
Irish poets
 
Writers from Dublin
1882 births
1941 deaths
1351

1351 was a common year.

Events 
 May 1 – Zürich became a part of Switzerland.
1872

1872 was a leap year in the 19th century.

Events 
 Levi Strauss invents jeans.
 American department store Montgomery Ward opens for business.
 Huntington's disease is defined for the first time.
 University of Toledo founded in Toledo, Ohio

Births 
 January 6 – Alexander Scriabin, Russian composer (d. 1915)
 May 18 – Bertrand Russell, English philosopher and logician (d. 1970)
 July 4 – Calvin Coolidge, 30th President of the United States (d. 1933)
 June 6 – Alexandra Fyodorovna, Empress of Russia, wife of Nicholas II (d. 1918)
 July 16 – Roald Amundsen, Norwegian polar explorer (d. 1928)
 August 21 – Aubrey Beardsley, English artist (d. 1898)
 October 12 – Ralph Vaughan Williams, English composer (d. 1958)
 October 15 – Edith Bolling Wilson, American First Lady, wife of Woodrow Wilson (d. 1961)
 November 30 – John McCrae, Canadian poet and soldier in World War I
 December 28 – Pio Baroja, Spanish writer (d. 1956)

Deaths 
 January 21 – Franz Grillparzer, Austrian writer and poet (b. 1791)
 April 27 – Ion Heliade Rădulescu, Romanian writer and politician (b. 1802)
 June 4 – Johan Rudolf Thorbecke, Dutch politician (b. 1798)
 November 29 – Horace Greeley, American newspaper editor and politician (b. 1811)
 December 23 - George Catlin, American painter (b. 1796)

Date unknown
 Karolina Bock, Swedish dancer, actress and singer (b. 1792)
 Petros Duryan, Armenian poet (b. 1851)
Cartoonist

A cartoonist is a person who draws cartoons. Cartoons can be pictures on a printed page (also called comics or comic strips) or moving pictures on film (also called animation). Both kinds of cartoons can be found on the internet. Examples of some famous cartoonists are:

Walt Disney (Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck)
Terry Gilliam (Monty Python)
Tex Avery (Looney Tunes, Droopy)
Chuck Jones (Looney Tunes, How the Grinch Stole Christmas, Tom and Jerry)
Don Martin (MAD Magazine)
Bil Keane (Family Circus)
Jim Davis (Garfield, U.S. Acres)
Matt Groening (Life in Hell, The Simpsons, Futurama)
Robert Crumb (Fritz the Cat, Keep on Truckin')
Al Capp (Lil' Abner)
Hanna-Barbera (The Flintstones, Tom and Jerry, Scooby Doo)
Max and Dave Fleschier (Koko The Clown, Betty Boop, Popeye)
Gary Larson (Far Side)
Mike Judge (Beavis and Butthead, King of the Hill)
Chester Gould (Dick Tracy)
Jay Ward (Rocky and Bullwinkle, George of the Jungle)
Don Bluth (American Tail, The Land Before Time)
Bill Watterson (Calvin and Hobbes)
Ub Iwerks (Mickey Mouse)
Garry Trudeau (Doonsbury)
Aaron McGruder (The Boondocks)
Jack Kirby (Marvel Comics)
Charles Schulz (Peanuts)
Sergio Aragonés (MAD Magazine, Groo the Wanderer)
Dave Berg (MAD Magazine)
John Kricfalusi (The Ren and Stimpy Show, Ripping Friends)
Mort Walker (Beetle Bailey)
Scott Adams (Dilbert)
Carl Barks (Scrooge McDuck)
Peyo (The Smurfs)
Bob Clampett (Looney Tunes, Beany and Cecil)
Bob Kane (Batman, Coragous Cat and Minute Mouse, Cool McCool)
Todd McFarlane (Spawn)
Seth McFarlane (Family Guy, American Dad)
Charles Addams (The Addams Family, The New Yorker)
Friz Freling (Looney Tunes)

Other websites 
Don Markstein's Toonopedia

 
Entertainment occupations
Game Boy Advance Video

Game Boy Advance Video is a format of cartridges for the Game Boy Advance. They work the same as normal cartridge but play television shows instead of games. They generally contain 45 minutes of TV, for example, a show from Nickelodeon or Cartoon Network. They were first made in early 2004, but gradually stopped being made shortly before there were no more Game Boy Advance games made in 2008, with the final game for it being Samurai Deeper KYO.

References

Other websites 
Nintendo customer service for GBA video
GBA-Video.com 

Game Boy
Pork

Pork is meat that comes from pigs. It is the most commonly consumed meat in the world Evidence of pig husbandry dates back to 5000 BC.

A simple meal to make which contains pork is afelia. Sausages, bacon and ham are the most common uses of pork in the United Kingdom, the United States, and other parts of the Western world. Pork is forbidden by the food taboos of kosher and halal.

References
Mike Farrell

Mike Farrell (born February 6, 1939) is an American actor, writer and producer. He played BJ Hunnicutt on the television series M*A*S*H. He played Michael "Mike" Hawks in the television movie Battered in 1978. He played Chicago real estate developer Lee Miglin in the limited crime series The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story.

Farrell was born in St. Paul, Minnesota. He was raised in Hollywood, California. He was part of the United States Marine Corps. Farrell was married to Judy Hayden from 1963 until they divorced in 1983. Then, he married Shelley Fabares in 1984. He has two children with Hayden.

Farrell is also an activist for various causes, including animal rights and world peace. He was Vice President of the Screen Actors Guild.

References

Other websites 
 

American movie actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American political activists
American human rights activists
Democrats (United States)
Actors from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Screenwriters from Los Angeles
Movie producers from Los Angeles
Movie directors from Los Angeles
Actors from Los Angeles
Writers from Saint Paul, Minnesota
1939 births
Living people
David Ogden Stiers

David Allen Ogden Stiers (October 31, 1942 – March 3, 2018) was an American actor, comedian, conductor, director, musician, singer and voice artist. He was most famous for his role as Charles Emerson Winchester III in M*A*S*H. He also provided the voices in several Disney animated movies. This included playing Cogsworth in Beauty and the Beast, John Radcliffe in Pocahontas, and Jumba Jookiba in the Lilo & Stitch franchise.

He also played the voice of Escher in the Myst V (End of Ages) video game.

Early life
Stiers was born in Peoria, Illinois on October 31, 1942. He attended Urbana High School at the same time as Roger Ebert. He went to Eugene, Oregon, where he graduated from North Eugene High School and attended the University of Oregon.

Personal life
Stiers was openly gay. He was a Democrat.

Death
On March 3, 2018, Stiers died at his home in Newport, Oregon of bladder cancer-related complications at the age of 75.

References

Other websites
 The Stiers Place Website  - David Ogden Stiers Fansite
 

1942 births
2018 deaths
Actors from Oregon
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American television directors
Cancer deaths in Oregon
Deaths from bladder cancer
Democrats (United States)
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT people from Illinois
Actors from Peoria, Illinois
Comedians from Oregon
Singers from Peoria, Illinois
Singers from Oregon
Beauty and the Beast

Beauty and the Beast is a French folk story. It tells the story of a merchant who is lost in the woods. He finds the palace of a beast who wants to kill him, and makes a deal with the beast, to have his daughter in exchange. The daughter goes to live in the Beast's castle; the two fall in love; and the beast turns into a prince.

The story has been published and revised in many versions, most notably Madame Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve's 1740 retelling and its revision in 1756 by Madame Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont.

It was the inspiration for many other stories, as well as a 1980s TV series starring Linda Hamilton and Ron Pearlman. Several movies have been based on it, most famously Jean Cocteau's 1946 version and the 1991 animated version by Disney, which was nominated for the Best Picture Academy Award and inspired a long-running Broadway musical.

Other websites 
  Beauty and the Beast, audio version 

Fairy tales
Wayne Rogers

William Wayne McMillan Rogers III (April 7, 1933 – December 31, 2015) was an American television and movie actor. He played the role of "Trapper" John McIntrye on the TV series M*A*S*H. (The role was played by Elliott Gould in the 1970 movie version and Pernell Roberts on the 1979-1986 TV show, Trapper John MD). He left the show in 1975 and was replaced by Mike Farrell as BJ Hunnicutt. He graduated from Princeton University with a degree in history and served in the Navy before becoming an actor. 

Since retiring from acting, Rogers works as an investor and appears on many financial news shows.

Rogers died from complications of pneumonia in Los Angeles, California on December 31, 2015 at the age of 82.

Sources

Other websites 

1933 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Birmingham, Alabama
McLean Stevenson

McLean Stevenson (November 14, 1929 – February 15, 1996) was an American actor. He is best known for his role as Henry Blake on the TV show, M*A*S*H. He left the show in 1975 and his character was killed off.

Stevenson was born in Normal, Illinois.

His grandfather Adlai E. Stevenson was Vice-president of the United States to Grover Cleveland, and his second cousin, once removed Adlai Stevenson II was Governor of Illinois and unsuccessfully ran for President twice in the 1950s losing to Dwight D. Eisenhower both times.

Stevenson, while recovering from bladder cancer, died of a heart attack in Los Angeles, aged 68. Ironically, Roger Bowen, who played Henry Blake in the 1970 movie version of M*A*S*H, died the day after Stevenson did.

Other websites 

1929 births
1996 deaths
Deaths from bladder cancer
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American television presenters
Actors from Illinois
Golden Globe Award winning actors
People from Normal, Illinois
Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve

Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve (15 April 1793 – 23 November 1864 (Julian calendar: 11 November)) was a German-born Russian astronomer.  He was born in Altona (now an area of Hamburg), Germany, but later lived in Russia. He was an expert on double stars and one of the first astronomers to measure stellar parallax (closely related to the work by Friedrich Bessel).

While director of Dorpat Observatory (1817–39) he wrote Stellarum Duplicum et Multiplicum (1837), which proved that double stars are not exceptional and that star systems are governed by the laws of gravity. Struve added a lot to the study of galactic structure and also engaged in notable geodetic operations such as the triangulation of Livonia and the measurement of an arc of the meridian. In 1839 he became director of the new Pulkovo Observatory and was one of the first three astronomers who almost simultaneously obtained an approximate stellar parallax. (One of the others being Bessel)

In 1822 he published the first of many double-star catalogues, the identifying numbers of which are still used today. Struve's stars, however, are now often named in his honor (for example, Struve 2398), whereas the original catalogue prefix was the Greek letter sigma. In 1833 he moved to Russia to set up the Pulkovo Observatory near St. Petersburg, of which he was director until his retirement in 1862, when his son took over in the post. In total, Friedrich Struve produced 272 astronomical works and 18 children; his great-grandson Otto, by contrast, produced 907 works but zero children.

His son, Otto Wilhelm von Struve (1819–1905) succeeded him as director (1862–89) of the Pulkovo Observatory.

References

Other websites

1793 births
1864 deaths
Russian astronomers
Mario Party (series)

Mario Party is a series of video games made by Nintendo. The idea of each game is that Mario and his friends must travel across a game board and earn stars and coins. Each new game in the series contains new characters, playing boards, and mini-games. Every few turns, each character must participate in a mini-game. The winner generally gets 10 coins.

Titles in the series

Home console games

Handheld games

Playable characters
Mario
Luigi
Princess Peach
Yoshi
Wario
Donkey Kong
Princess Daisy
Waluigi
Toad
Boo
Koopa Kid
Toadette
Birdo
Dry Bones
Blooper
Hammer Bro
Shy Guy
Koopa
Kamek
Rosalina
Bowser Jr.
Spike
Diddy Kong
Bowser
Goomba
Monty Mole
Pom Pom

References
 

Mario Party games
Helsinki

Helsinki () is the capital city of Finland. Helsinki is the largest city in Finland. 604,380 (31.12.2012) people live in Helsinki, and 1,360,000 live in the Helsinki metropolitan area.

Helsinki is in the south of Finland, on the coast of the Gulf of Finland. The city is in the Uusimaa region. When one looks from Helsinki, Tallinn is on the opposite side of the sea, but it is too far away to see. A poetic name for Helsinki is "the daughter of the Baltic Sea".

History 
In 1550, Swedish king Gustav Vasa commanded people to build a new city and move there. His idea was to build a new place to trade, which would be more popular than Tallinn. The idea did not work well, and many people returned from Helsinki to their homes. Later Sweden built the fortress Suomenlinna in Helsinki. After Russia had taken Finland from Sweden in several wars, they started developing Helsinki. Helsinki became the capital of autonomous province of Finland. When Finland became independent in 1917, Helsinki stayed as the capital city.

Geography 
Helsinki spreads around several bays and over several islands. Some famous islands include Seurasaari, Lauttasaari and Korkeasaari - which is also the country's biggest zoo - as well as the fortress island of Suomenlinna (Sveaborg).

The metropolitan area of Greater Helsinki also includes two of Finland's biggest cities, Espoo to the west of Helsinki, and Vantaa to the north. These two cities, along with Helsinki itself and the small town of Kauniainen (which is in fact surrounded by Espoo), make up the Capital Region (Pääkaupunkiseutu in Finnish or Huvudstadsregionen in Swedish). There are other towns nearby that are part of Greater Helsinki, including Järvenpää, Kerava, Tuusula, Nurmijärvi, Sipoo, Kirkkonummi, Mäntsälä and Vihti. They have become popular places for Helsinki commuters to live.

Transport 
The public transportation network in Helsinki and its area consists of
many bus routes serving most of the region. They are operated by different companies under contract to HSL.
one metro line (with two branches) between Helsinki and its eastern suburbs. The line first opened in 1982 and was extended to Espoo in 2017.
eleven tram lines, located mostly in the city centre. A light rail line serving the northern suburbs has been planned and construction will begin in 2019.
several commuter trains between Helsinki and nearby cities. Some lines go as far as Lahti, Riihimäki and Karis.

Helsinki Airport is located in Vantaa about 20 kilometers north of Helsinki city center. The airport offers both domestic flights within Finland and international flights to Europe, Asia and North America.

Helsinki offers several boat services to Tallinn and Stockholm every day, along with ferries to places including the island of Suomenlinna.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 City of Helsinki web site - English version 
 City portal of Helsinki - English version
 Finland Travel Community 
 WorldFlicks in Helsinki: Photos and interesting places on Google Maps 

 
Olympic cities
1550s establishments in Europe
16th-century establishments in Finland
1550 establishments
Wife

A wife is a married woman. "Married" means that the law says two people are legally "joined". During the marriage ceremony, the wife is called the bride.

In countries and times it has been different how many wives a man can have legally. In old times there were no limitations in some countries. In Christianity and Judaism a husband (a married man) can have one wife (monogamy). In Islam a husband can have up to four wives (polygamy).

There are some names for special kinds of wives. For example,
a queen is a wife of a king. 

A man whose wife is deceased is called a widower.

Related pages
 Marriage
 Husband
 Homemaker
 Divorce

Family
Marriage
Catherine Parr

Catherine Parr (alternatively Katherine or Kateryn)  (c. August 1512 – 5 September 1548) was Queen of England and of Ireland (1543–47). She was the last of the six wives of King Henry VIII.  She married him on 12 July 1543, and outlived him by one year.  She was also the most-married English queen, with four husbands. She was also the first woman to be queen of both England and Ireland.

Catherine had a close relationship with Henry's three children. She personally helped teach school for Elizabeth and Edward, both of whom became English monarchs. She helped get the Third Succession Act in 1543 passed. This placed Mary I and Elizabeth I, back into the line of succession to the British throne.

Henry died on 28 January 1547. Six months after Henry's death, she married her fourth and final husband, Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley. 

Catherine gave birth to her only child — a daughter, Mary Seymour. She was named after Catherine's stepdaughter Mary – on 30 August 1548. She died only six days later, on 5 September 1548, at Sudeley Castle in Gloucestershire, from what was probably childbed fever (sepsis). This was common at that time, because births did not happen in clean conditions. 

Many years later, in 1782, the coffin of Queen Catherine was found in the ruins of the Sudeley Castle chapel.

References

Further reading 
 
 
 
 

1512 births
1548 deaths
English Anglicans
English Roman Catholics
Former Roman Catholics
Kings and Queens consort of England
Royalty from London
Simon & Garfunkel

Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel were an American folk and rock music duo. They were two childhood friends, who became famous in the 1960s. Their songs, including "Mrs. Robinson", "So Long, Frank Lloyd Wright", "The Sound of Silence", and "Bridge Over Troubled Water", all composed by Simon, are still popular to this day.

Their free concert in New York City's Central Park in 1981 was the biggest concert ever, with 500,000 people (about the same number as Woodstock).

The band broke up in 1970.

Albums 
 Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M.
 Sounds of Silence
 Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme
 Bookends
 Bridge Over Troubled Water
 Greatest Hits
 The Concert in Central Park

Sources

Musical groups from New York City
American rock bands
Folk music groups
Madagascar

Madagascar is a large island nation in the Indian Ocean. It is off of the east coast of Africa. Twenty-two million people live there; its capital is Antananarivo. It is the world's fourth largest island.

The official languages are Malagasy and French.

Pre-human history 
About two hundred million years ago, Madagascar was a part of a huge supercontinent called Pangaea. When this broke up, Madagascar was attached to what is now India. Madagascar would later break away from India and became closer to Africa. 

The long history of separation from other continents has allowed plants and animals on the island to evolve in relative isolation. Many of its animals came from Africa, because the island is closer to Africa than to India. Many of these endemic Malagasy animals have died out since the arrival of humans, particularly the megafauna.

Despite this, and massive deforestation, Madagascar is still home to an incredible array of wildlife. Most of the wildlife is unique.

Environment 
Madagascar is home to many species that were not known about until around 1679 when Dutch explorers went there. They do not even exist elsewhere in Africa. They only exist in Madagascar. In fact, most of the mammals living in Madagascar do not live anywhere else in the world. 

Many species in Madagascar are in danger because much of the forest has been cut down. Forests are cut down so the land can grow crops such as coffee, which is an important export crop for Madagascar.

Economy 
Agriculture is a big part of the economy in Madagascar, including the growing of coffee and vanilla. Madagascar sells more vanilla than any other country in the world. Madagascar also makes money from tourism.

Provinces 

In 2004 Madagascar was divided into 22 regions.  It used to be divided into 6 provinces.

Human history 
People have probably lived in Madagascar for at least 2000 years.

France took over the city of Antananarivo in 1895, and added Madagascar as a colony two years later. Madagascar became independent from France, which meant it became its own country, on 26 June, 1960. Philibert Tsiranana became the first president of Madagascar (1960-72).

Related pages
List of rivers of Madagascar
Madagascar at the Olympics
Madagascar national football team

References

Other websites
Photos of Madagascar  

 
 
Gondwana
Least developed countries
1960 establishments in Africa
Board game

A board game is a game usually played with pieces on a board, or some area with marked spaces.  

Most board games use pieces that may be moved, placed, or traded depending on the rules of the game. These pieces may be money, chips, pawns, or other objects. Board games may often involve some random chance with dice or cards.  There are many board games with a long history in some cultures.  Examples of these games are  chess, checkers, backgammon, parqués, and go. There are also a great number of popular board games that have been created more recently, in the past hundred years. Among these games are Scrabble and Monopoly. 

Chess, and most versions of checkers, are played on a 8x8 square board with 32 white squares and 32 black squares. International checkers is played on a 10x10 square board.

Older than chess, but not by much, is tafl (pronounced 'tabl'), later called "hneftafl". This is an old Norse board game with just two types of pieces. Its pieces, when found in Britain, have often been wrongly ascribed to chess. In chess, of course, the board is different, and there are six kinds of pieces.

References

Other websites

Information about thousands of different board games
Aerosmith

Aerosmith is an American rock band, formed in 1970 in Boston, Massachusetts. They have released many popular songs, including "Walk This Way" and "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing". They have their own Guitar Hero video game called Guitar Hero: Aerosmith. Their lead singer is Steven Tyler.

List of albums

Studio albums 
 1973 - Aerosmith
 1974 - Get Your Wings
 1975 - Toys in the Attic
 1976 - Rocks
 1977 - Draw the Line
 1979 - Night in the Ruts
 1982 - Rock in a Hard Place
 1985 - Done with Mirrors
 1987 - Permanent Vacation
 1989 - Pump
 1993 - Get a Grip
 1997 - Nine Lives
 2001 - Just Push Play
 2012 - Music from Another Dimension!

Compilation and live albums 
 1980 - Aerosmith's Greatest Hits
 1994 - Big Ones
 1998 - A Little South of Sanity (Live)

References

Other websites 
 Aerosmith's official YouTube channel

1970 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Massachusetts
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
 
American rock bands
Musical groups established in 1970
Musical groups from Boston
Brighton

Brighton is a city on the south coast of England. It was called "Brighthelmstone". It is in the county of East Sussex. In 2000, it joined Hove to become the city of Brighton & Hove. Historically, Brighton forms the main part of the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation, with 474,485 inhabitants (2011 census). This is England's 12th largest conurbation, and the mostly densely populated area outside London.

History 
From the 1730s, Brighton entered its second phase of development—one which brought a rapid improvement in its fortunes. The fad for bathing in seawater as a cure for illnesses was encouraged. From the 1760s it was a boarding point for boats travelling to France. Road transport to London was improved when the main road via Crawley was turnpiked in 1770. Spas and indoor baths were opened by physicians.

From 1780, development of Georgian terraced houses started. The fishing village developed to the fashionable resort of Brighton. Growth of the town was encouraged by the patronage of the Prince Regent (later King George IV) after his first visit in 1783. He spent much of his leisure time in the town, and had the Royal Pavilion built during the early part of his Regency.

The arrival of the London and Brighton Railway in 1841 brought Brighton within the reach of day-trippers from London. Some major attractions such as the West Pier and the Brighton Palace Pier were built for the growing number of tourists. The population grew from around 7,000 in 1801 to more than 120,000 by 1901.

In 1984, a Provisional Irish Republican Army bombing killed five people.

Modern-day Brighton is a centre for education, sports, and recreation. It has two universities: University of Sussex and the University of Brighton. It also has 54 other schools. 

In 2003, the universities of Sussex and Brighton formed a medical school, known as Brighton and Sussex Medical School. Brighton has a thriving LGBT community and every year in the first weekend in  August Pride festivities are held.

Notable people  

 Dora Bryan - English actress
 Henry Thrale - English politician. Lived in West Street. His good friend, Samuel Johnson, often stayed at his home.
 Laurence Olivier - lived in the city for many years
 Martha Gunn - famous Brighton dipper and favourite of George IV
 Nick Cave - Australian musician,  been living in the city since the 1980s
 Rudyard Kipling - classical books author

References
Rainbow

A rainbow is an arc of colour in the sky that can be seen when the sun shines through falling rain. The pattern of colours, called a spectrum, starts with red on the outside and changes through orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet on the inside. Sometimes a second, larger, dimmer rainbow is seen.

A rainbow is created when white light is bent (refracted) while entering a droplet of water, split into separate colours, and reflected back. A rainbow is actually round like a circle. On the ground, the bottom part is hidden, but in the sky, like from a flying airplane, it can be seen as a circle around the point opposite the Sun. 

Rainbows often appear after storms, and are popular symbols for peace in many cultures.

Cause 

The rainbow effect can be seen when there are water drops in the air and the sun is giving light at the back of the observer at a low distance up or angle.
Rainbows always appear opposite the Sun: they form circles around the shadow of your head (which is the point opposite the Sun).

While sunlight is white, all white light is actually a blend of many different colours. Water and other materials bend the different colours at different angles, some more strongly than others. This is called dispersion. By splitting up white light into its separate colours, rainbows appear colourful even though the source of light hitting them is white.

The rainbow displays with the deepest effect in our minds take place when:
 Half of the sky is still dark with draining clouds; and
 The observer is at a place with clear sky above.
Another common place to see the rainbow effect is near waterfalls. Parts of rainbows can be seen some of the time:
 at the edges of clouds lit from the back; or
 as upright bands of spectrum in far away rain even if it does not fall on the earth.

An unnatural rainbow effect can also be made by spraying drops of water into the air on a sunny day.

Colours of the rainbow 
Main article: ROYGBIV

The rainbow has no definite number of physical colours, but seven are traditionally listed. Below is a commonly used list of seven colors in the order seen in a rainbow. Computer screens cannot show them precisely but can make colors that look similar. (Each color shows the number codes used to tell a computer how to display the color.)  
 Red (Hex: #FF0000) (RGB: 255, 0, 0) 
 Orange (color wheel Orange) (Hex: #FF7F00) (RGB: 255, 127, 0) 
 Yellow (web color) (Hex: #FFFF00) (RGB: 255, 255, 0) 
 Green (X11) (Electric Green) (HTML/CSS “Lime”) (Color wheel green) (Hex: #00FF00) (RGB: 0, 255, 0) 
 Blue (web color) (Hex: #1555E3) (RGB: 0, 0, 255) 
 Indigo (Hex: #2E2B5F) (RGB: 46, 43, 95)
 Violet (Electric Violet) (Hex: #8B00FF) (RGB: 139, 0, 255)

Gray rainbow colours 

 Red-gray (Hex: #965656) (RGB: 150, 86, 86)
 Orange-gray (Hex: #997857) (RGB: 153, 120, 87)
 Yellow-gray (Hex: #A1A15A) (RGB: 161, 161, 90)
 Green-gray (Hex: #6CA66C) (RGB: 108, 166, 108)
 Blue-gray (Hex: #506D8A) (RGB: 80, 109, 138)
 Violet-gray
(Hex: #755496) (RGB: 117, 84, 150)

Optics
Weather
Colors
Color
Central Intelligence Agency

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is part of the US federal government and is located at the George Bush Center for Intelligence in Langley, Virginia. The agency was formed in 1947 after World War II. Many of the people who started the CIA had been in the Office of Strategic Services, the main American spy agency during the war. General John K. Singlaub was one of the people who created the CIA.   

The United States has a history in intelligence services dating back to its origins. During the American Revolution, George Washington and other Founding Fathers of the United States such as Benjamin Franklin, Robert Morris, and Patrick Henry used espionage banana     

The Director of the Central Intelligence Agency has been Gina Haspel since April 26, 2018.   

The CIA is made up of four groups, which do different things. Its goal is to protect the US people. Many people feel that the CIA does more bad than good. Others  people that the CIA does good by finding out secret information about enemies of the United States. Others think those secrets should remain secret. American law makes it illegal for the CIA and other agencies to kill foreign leaders. 

In 1992, Saddam Hussein tried to kill US President George H.W. Bush, who used to be director of the CIA, during a visit to Kuwait. The assassination plot failed. In revenge, President Bill Clinton ordered cruise missiles to be fired at the building of the Iraqi equivalent to the CIA. That occurred at night and so only the cleaners were killed, not those who had planned the assassination.

CIA has many clandestine, or secret, operations. Some CIA employees have been killed during their work. Their names are on a CIA memorial with a star for them, but some of the names are still secret. The number of stars is deliberately inaccurate. 

The CIA also uses open sources to gather information. Analysts read foreign newspapers and watch foreign news broadcasts to learn information, which can be pieced together to make a conclusion.

The CIA used to report to the President. After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, a reorganization made the CIA and other intelligence agencies report to a Director of National Intelligence.

The CIA has been featured in many television and film productions, including the American television show "The Agency," the American television mini-series "The Company," the film "Spy Game" that stars Robert Redford and Brad Pitt, "Night Flight to Moscow" that stars Yul Brenner, "Scorpio" that stars Burt Lancaster, "Clear and Present Danger" that stars Harrison Ford; "Ice Station Zebra," and several James Bond films that featured the CIA agent Felix Leiter.

References

Other websites 
 Central Intelligence Agency website
Thomas Dolby

Thomas Dolby (born Thomas Morgan Robertson; 14 October 1958) is a British musican and computer designer. He is probably most famous for his 1982 hit, "She Blinded me with Science".

He married actress Kathleen Beller in 1988. The couple have three children together.

Discography

Singles

A Track did not chart in North America until 1983, after the success of "She Blinded Me With Science".

Albums

Studio albums

EPs

References

English musicians
Living people
1958 births
New wave musicians
Warner Bros. Records artists
New wave singers
Synth-pop singers
Seismic retrofit

Seismic retrofitting is the modification of buildings that already exist to make them resistant to earthquakes. Seismic retrofitting techniques can be applied to other kinds of natural disasters such as tornadoes and strong winds from thunderstorms.

Seismic retrofit performance objectives 
Main levels of retrofitted building structure performance  objectives may vary, namely:
 To protect human lives.
 To protect a structure from total failure. 
 To preserve a structure's functionality after a strong earthquake. 
 To make a structure, practically, unaffected by any earthquake.

References 

Earthquake engineering
Company (disambiguation)

The word company has several meanings:

 company, the people who own or manage a business
 - in the military, a company is usually three groups called platoons along with the people who support them
 - in the navy, a ship's company is everyone on a certain ship.

Basic English 850 words
1890



Births 
 March 3 – Norman Bethune
 May 19 - Ho Chi Minh leader of Viet Nam
 August 24 – Duke Kahanamoku, American athlete
 October 14 – Dwight D. Eisenhower
 December 5 – Fritz Lang, Austrian movie director

Deaths
 April 11 – Joseph Merrick, English man who was known as the 'Elephant Man'

Events
 January 15 – Premiere of Tchaikovsky's ballet The Sleeping Beauty

Unknown date
The Pennsylvania School for the Deaf is built in the city of Philadelphia.
Rio de Janeiro

Rio de Janeiro is the second largest city in Brazil. It is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro. Until April 21, 1960 it was the capital city of Brazil. According to the 2000 Census, the city had 5,473,909 people, and an area of over 1,000 km2.  In 2008 Eduardo Paes became Mayor. The city was started in 1565.

Copacabana Beach, Ipanema Beach, Sugar Loaf Mountain (in Portuguese, Pão de Açúcar), the statue of Christ the Redeemer (in Portuguese, Cristo Redentor), a harbor on Guanabara Bay, and Tom Jobim Airport are in Rio de Janeiro. It has much commerce and many industries, especially textiles, food, chemicals, and metallurgy. Most of these industries are in the northern and western suburbs of the city. Rio de Janeiro also has a small rural area, near the suburb of Campo Grande, where fruits and vegetables are grown.

Other cities near Rio de Janeiro, like Duque de Caxias, Nova Iguaçu, Queimados and São Gonçalo, that form the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro, also have a lot of industries and population.

The city is 420 kilometers (about 261 miles) away from São Paulo, the biggest city in South America. The cities of Rio and São Paulo are linked by the Presidente Dutra Highway (also known as Via Dutra). The region crossed by the Presidente Dutra Highway has been an important industrial zone since the 1950s.

In the city of Rio de Janeiro lies Tijuca National Park, created in 1961. This park contains some 33 km2, between the northern and the southern parts of the city. The district (in Portuguese, bairro) of Santa Tereza can be reached by taking an electric tram (in Portuguese, bonde) from central Rio de Janeiro (near Largo da Carioca subway station), crossing over the Arcos da Lapa, an aqueduct built during the colonial period to provide water to the city.

The city hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 2016.

Sister cities 
Warsaw, Poland

References

Other websites 
 Virtual photo tour through Rio de Janeiro and neighbourhood with www.riodejaneirophotoguide.com 
 Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro's City Hall. Includes statistical information about the city, about Carnival, and municipal laws. 
 Rio de Janeiro at Wikivoyage

Capital of Brazil
Former national capitals
 
Capitals of Brazilian states
1565 establishments
16th-century establishments in Brazil
1560s establishments in South America
Pillow

A pillow is a soft cushion that a person puts under their head when they are sleeping in a bed. 

A pillow is made from two pieces of cloth that are sewn together and stuffed with a soft material, such as feathers, duck down, or synthetic batting (man made soft stuffing). Pillows are usually rectangular. Pillows are covered with a fabric sheet called a pillowcase. The pillowcase protects the pillow from getting dirty.

The word pillow comes from Middle English pilwe, from Old English pyle (akin to Old High German pfuliwi) and from Latin pulvinus. The word pillow was first known to be used before the 12th century.

History 
There is no clear inventor of the pillow. Millions of years ago, animals learned to use pillows. An early example is monkeys resting their heads on their arm. Many animals, including birds, use wood and stone nests as pillows. Many domesticated animals have also learned to make use of human-made pillows and cushions. They also rest on members of their own and other species for the same reason.

Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt 
In ancient Mesopotamia, people slept on stone pillows. Pillows were a status symbol. Early pillows were rectangular and had grooves shaped for the head. Pillows showed the wealth of a person — the more a person owned the wealthier they were.

Anicent Egyptians used pillows as a solution to back, neck and shoulder pain. They also prevented insects from crawling in their hair, mouth or nose at night. Anicent Egyptian pillows were made out of wood and stone and looked like stands. These pillows were mostly used for the deceased.

References 

Home
Whaler

A whaler is a person who hunts whales, or the boat they use.
They hunt whales for their oil, made from their fat, called blubber, and the meat. Today, there is a treaty which bans the hunt of some whale species. Most countries signed the treaty. A few countries still hunt whales for research purposes. Among those countries are Norway, Iceland and Japan.

Related pages
 Whaling

Boats
Crayon

A crayon (or wax pastel) is a stick of pigmented wax used for writing or drawing. Wax crayons differ from pastels, in which the pigment is mixed with a dry binder such as gum arabic, and from oil pastels, where the binder is a mixture of wax and oil.

Crayons are available in a range of prices, and are easy to work with. They are less messy than most paints and markers, blunt (removing the risk of sharp points present when using a pencil or pen), typically non-toxic, and available in a wide variety of colors. These characteristics make them particularly good instruments for teaching small children to draw in addition to being used widely by student and professional artists.

Other websites

Art
Writing tools
Self-defence

Self-defence means fighting off something or another person to protect yourself and maybe others. Ways of self-defence include martial arts or using a weapon. Sometimes, self-defense can cause serious harm to the other person. In most nations, you cannot be prosecuted for this harm. In the United States, an act of self-defence can only count as self-defence if the victim is in a situation that can cause them serious injury or death. In international law all persons have the right to self-defence.

Defence of others 
The law of self-defence is the same when you protect others. Generally, you must have a good reason or belief that you needed to defend yourself in self-defence. However, in many places, if the court decides that the defence may have been too extreme, the person may face criminal and civil charges.

References

Other websites 
 No Nonsense Self Defense - Reliable information for dangerous situations Articles by Marc MacYoung

Survival skills