alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
1517



Events 
January 22 – Battle of Ridanieh. The Turkish forces of Selim I defeat the main Mamluk army in Egypt under Touman Bey.
February 3 – Capture of Cairo by the Turks.
First contact of organized western merchants with China.
August 15 – Portuguese merchant Fernao Pires de Andrade met Chinese officials through an interpreter at Pearl River estuary and landed at Hong Kong.
October 31 – Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses on the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church.
Conquest of Riazan by Grand Prince Vasili III of Muscovy.
Selim I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire conquers Palestine and Egypt, and declares himself Caliph.
Third outbreak of the sweating sickness in England, especially bad in Oxford and Cambridge

Births 
Jacques Peletier du Mans, French mathematician (died 1582)
Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, English aristocrat (died 1547)

Deaths
1554

1554 was a common year.

Events 
 January 5 – Great fire in Eindhoven, Netherlands.
 February – Thomas Wyatt surrenders to government forces in London.
 February 12 – After claiming the throne of England the previous year, Lady Jane Grey is beheaded for treason alongside her husband.
 March 17 – Princess Elizabeth imprisoned in The Tower.
 April 12 – Mary of Guise becomes Regent of Scotland.
 July 23 – 25 – Wedding of Queen Mary I of England and King Philip of Naples, only son of Emperor Charles V in Winchester, England.
 August 12 – Battle of Renty.  French forces led by Francis, Duke of Guise turn back an invasion of Picardy by Charles V.
 The French forces in Siena surrender to the Imperialists after a long siege.
 Mikael Agricola becomes the bishop of Turku.
 Jesuits establish São Paulo in Brazil.
1532

1532 was a leap year.

Events 
 May 16 – Sir Thomas More resigns as Lord Chancellor of England.
 June 25 – Suleiman I leads another invasion of Hungary, which fails miserably.
 September 1 – Lady Anne Boleyn is created Marchioness of Pembroke by her fiancée, King Henry VIII of England.
 November 16 – Francisco Pizarro and his men capture Inca Atahualpa.
 Atahualpa wins Inca civil war over Huáscar
 The Prince is published five years after death of the writer Niccolò Machiavelli
 Pantagruel is published by François Rabelais
 Henry VIII grants the Thorne brothers a Royal Charter to found Bristol Grammar School.
1206

1206 (MCCVI) was .

Events 
 Temujin becomes Genghis Khan of the Mongol people, he started the Mongol Empire
 Qutb ud-Din starts the Mameluk dynasty in India, the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.
 Livonian Brothers of the Sword in alliance with Semigallians beats Livs
 King Valdemar II and archbishop Andreas Sunonis made a raid to Saaremaa island, Estonia. The islanders were forced to give up and the Danes built a fortress there, but they found no volunteers to stay there. They burned it down themselves and left the island.

Births 
 Béla IV of Hungary (died 1270)
 Güyük Khan

Deaths 
 Ikhtiyar al-Din Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khalji – Founder of Muslim rule in Bengal
 April 7 – Frederick I, Duke of Lorraine
 June 4 – Adèle of Champagne, queen of Louis VII of France
 Muhammad of Ghor, Persian conqueror and sultan (born 1162)
 Jamuqa, Mongol military and political leader
Ben Nevis

Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in the British Isles at  high.  It is in Scotland, near Fort William. The mountain forms part of the Three Peaks Challenge and attracts an estimated 100,000 climbers per year,

The name comes from the Scottish Gaelic, Beinn Nibheis, which may mean poisonous or terrible.

The Summit

The summit of Ben Nevis is a large stony plateau of about . The highest point is marked with a large stone mound which sits an Ordnance Survey trig point.

The ruined walls of an observatory are also on the summit. An emergency shelter has been built on top of the observatory tower for people caught out by bad weather. The roof of the shelter is higher than the trig point by several feet, making it the highest man-made structure in the UK. A war memorial to the dead of World War II is next to the observatory.

On 17 May 2006, a piano that had been buried under one of the cairns on the peak was uncovered by the John Muir Trust, which owns much of the mountain. The piano is believed to have been carried up for charity by removal men from Dundee over 20 years earlier.

The view from the UK's highest point can reach to over , and mountains such as the Torridon Hills, Morven in Caithness, Lochnagar, Ben Lomond, Barra Head and Knocklayd in County Antrim, Northern Ireland can be seen.

References

Mountains of Scotland
Snowdon

Snowdon is the highest mountain in Wales.  Its top is known as Yr Wyddfa (Old Welsh meaning "the grave").  The English name Snowdon comes from Saxon "Snow Dun", meaning "snow hill".

It is in Snowdonia National Park. As the highest mountain in Wales, Snowdon is one of three mountains climbed as part of the  Three Peaks Challenge.

References

Mountains of the United Kingdom
Geography of Wales
Manaus

Manaus is the principal city of the North Region of Brazil. It is the capital of Amazonas. Manaus had a great age when latex was discovered in the Amazon region.  Manaus developed economically and culturally.  After that great age, latex started to be produced in other countries, particularly Malaysia and Indonesia, where due the similar climate the plants start to grow even faster than in Brasil.

Manaus is considerated as the entrance door to the biggest ecological reservation in the planet: The Amazon rainforest.  Its name come from a tribe called Manaós that lived in this area and means "Mother of God". The colonization started on 1669, with a small fort, and around it grew a settlement.  In 1833 it became a village, with the name of Manaus.  On October 24th of 1848 it receive the name of city and became the Capital of the state.

Manaus is the site of the "encontro of the waters" where two big rivers Rio Negro (black river) and Solimoes River come together and for more than 10 km "walk together but not mixed" because of their differing density, and then become the Amazon.

The American Charles Goodyear, inventor of vulcanization, developed a procedure to process the juice of the rubber tree into rubber. The city became rich, and India rubber barons paid for a big biggest luxury from Europe, a copy the Grand Paris Opéra - the TEATRO AMAZONAS. Other monuments from this time include the MERCADO MUNICIPAL, a copy of the famous market halls Les Halles in Paris, the arts centre RIO PALACIO NEGRO between fascinating Portuguese facades. 

Today Manaus is a foreign trade zone. Foreign enterprises pay here no import duties what guarantees a certain income for the city and the region. Electronics, wood industry and oil refineries have settled in the outskirts in industrial areas. The harbour is the most important trading centre for the care of the city with regional, national and international products.
About 1.5 million people live in Manaus.
It was nominated as one of the places for the Soccer World Cup 2014. the city is growing rapidly and start to prepare for the event that will bring a lot of people.
 Manaus in Facebook

The Opera house is the major cultural heritage of the Amazonas. It was inaugurated in 1896 during the rubber boom. In spite of the predominance of neoclassic elements, other styles were used, so the architecture is eclectic, with materials brought from Europe as well as artists like Domenico de Angelis, Giovanni Capranesi and Crispim do Amaral.  Preserved as a national heritage since 1965, today, with more than 100 years, it has room for 681 people including balconies and three floors of boxes. After the restauration made by the state government in 1990, the theater rescued its splendor, with performances of famous operas, national and international musicians.

Other websites

Cities in Amazonas State
Capitals of Brazilian states
1669 establishments
17th-century establishments in Brazil
1740s

The 1740s was a decade that began on 1 January 1740 and ended on 31 December 1749.

Events 
 The War of Austrian Succession (1740–1748)

World leaders 
 Louis XV of France (king from 1715 to 1774)
 Afsharid dynasty of Persia 
 Nadir Shah, 1736–1747 
 Adil Shah, 1747–1748 
 Ebrahim Afshar, 1748 
 Shah Rukh, 1748–1750 
 George II of Great Britain (king from 1727 to 1760) 
 Philip V of Spain (king from 1700 to 1746) 
 Ferdinand VI of Spain (king from 1746 to 1759) 
 Pope Benedict XIV

Births 
 Marquis de Sade, French writer
 Pope Pius VII
 Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States

Deaths 
 Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, the last of the Medicis 
 Alexander Pope, English writer 
 Jonathan Swift, Irish writer
Tocantins (state)

Tocantins is a state in central Brazil.  The state was made in 1988 out of the northern part of Goiás, and construction began on the capital, Palmas, in 1989.  Palmas is much newer than most cities in the area.

The state is the border between the Amazon Rainforest and Brazil's grassy flatlands.  The state is very important for raising and selling cows and other farm animals.

References

 
1988 establishments in Brazil
Gosport

Gosport is a town in Hampshire, England. The population of Gosport is around 78,000

References

Other websites

Towns in Hampshire
Indonesian language

Indonesian language () is the national and official language of Indonesia and is used in the entire country. It is a form of the Malay language. It is the language of official communication, taught in schools and used for broadcast in electronic and digital media. Being the top multilingual (especially trilingual) country in the world, most Indonesians also speak their own ethnic or native languages, with the most widely spoken being Javanese and Sundanese which consequently give huge influence into the Indonesian language itself.

With huge speakers throughout the country as well as by the diaspora who live abroad, Indonesian language is listed as one of the most spoken languages worldwide. Indonesian language also officially taught and used in schools, universities, and institutions worldwide, especially in Australia, Netherlands, Japan, South Korea, Timor Leste, Vietnam, Taiwan, United States of America, United Kingdom, etc.

Having a long-established historical ties with European countries since the colonialism era, some of Indonesian terms has absorbed into some European languages, mainly the Dutch and English. Indonesian language itself also has numerous loanwords which derived from the European languages, mainly from the Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish, and English. Indonesian language also has loanwords derived from Sanskrit, Chinese, and Arabic which diffused in Indonesian due to the trade and religious-based activities that had been done since ancient times within the Indonesian archipelago region.

References

Austronesian languages
Languages of Indonesia
Yangtze River

The Yangtze River, or Yangzi (Simple Chinese: 扬子江 / Traditional Chinese: 揚子江), or Chang Jiang (Simple Chinese: 长江 / Traditional Chinese: 長江), is the longest River in China and Asia, as well as the world's third longest river (after the Amazon and the Nile). It is honored as one of the two main cradles of Chinese civilization. (another is Yellow River)

The river is about 3,900 kilometers  long and is one of the busiest waterways in the world. It goes from the western part of China (Plateau of Tibet) into the East China Sea, which is part of the Pacific Ocean. It has been thought of as a dividing point between northern and southern China. It helped start the Chinese civilization.

On the river is a big dam called the Three Gorges Dam, which is the biggest in the world. It forms a man-made lake that stretches almost  upstream.

The Yangtze River is home to many species. The Finless porpoise is endangered and the Lipotes vexillifer (Chinese river dolphin) which died in 2002. 

Top tourist attractions for the Yangtze river cruise are Chongqing Dazu Carvings, Three Gorges, lesser Three Gorges, Bai Di City, Fengdu Ghost City and so on.

The Yangtze River is also known as the Yanugzi or Chang Jiange.

Uses 

 transport
 drinking water
 cleaning
 boundary marking
 ingredients for food

Pollution 
The Yangtze river is becoming extremely polluted. The Yangtze river contains oil, dead animals and rubbish including cans, bags, wrappers, glass and plastic bottles. In 2001 about 23.4 billion tons of sewerage and factory waste was dumped in the river.

References

Other websites 
 Attractions along Yangtze River
 Yangtze River Cruise Guide 

Rivers of China
Sons and Daughters of Saint Lucia

"Sons and Daughters of Saint Lucia" is the national anthem of Saint Lucia. The song has been used since the country became independent in 1979.

Lyrics

English lyrics

Sons and daughters of Saint Lucia,
Love the land that gave us birth.
Land of beaches, hills and valleys,
Fairest isle of all the earth!
Wheresoever you may roam,
Love, oh love, our island home.

Gone the times when nations battled,
For this Helen of the west.
Gone the days when strife and discord,
Dimmed her children's toil and rest.
Dawns at last a brighter day,
Stretches out a glad new way.

May the good Lord bless our island,
Guard her sons from woe and harm.
May our people live united,
Strong in soul and strong in arm.
Justice, Truth and Charity,
Our ideal forever be!

French translation

Fils et filles de Sainte-Lucie,
aime la terre qui nous a donné naissance.
Terre de plages, de collines et de vallées,
la plus belle île de toute la terre!
Partout où vous pouvez errer,
Amour, oh amour, notre île à la maison.
Fini le temps où les nations se battaient
Pour cette Hélène de l'ouest.
Fini le temps où les conflits et la discorde
atténué le travail et le repos de ses enfants.
Lève enfin un jour plus lumineux,
s'étend d'une manière nouvelle et heureuse.
Que le bon Dieu bénisse notre île,
protège ses fils du malheur et du mal.
Que notre peuple vive uni,
fort dans l'âme et fort dans le bras.
Justice, vérité et charité,
notre idéal soit pour toujours!

Saint Lucia
North American anthems
1590s

The 1590s was a decade that started on 1 January 1590 and ended on 31 December 1599.

Events 
1590
 March 14 – Battle of Ivry – Henry IV of France again defeats the forces of the Catholic League under the Duc de Mayenne.
 May–August – Unsuccessful siege of Paris by Henry IV of France. Henry is forced to raise the siege when the Duke of Parma comes to its relief with a Spanish army.
 May 17 – Anne of Denmark is crowned queen of Scotland.
 August 18 – John White, the governor of the Colony of Roanoke, returns from a supply-trip to England and finds his settlement deserted.
 September 15 – Pope Urban VII succeeds Sixtus V.
 December 5 – Pope Gregory XIV succeeds Urban VII.
 Coptic Pope Gabriel VIII succeeds Yoannis XIV.
 Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria Meletius I succeeds Silvester.
 Japan is united by Toyotomi Hideyoshi
 Seven-Year War – Japan invades Korea in 1592 and 1597.
 Journey to the West first appears in China.
794

794 was a common year.

Events 
Kyoto becomes the Japanese capital. Begin of the Heian period.
Council of Frankfurt – oldest known mentioning of Frankfurt.
537

537 was a common year.

Events 
Pope Silverius deposed by Belisarius at the order of Justinian, who appoints as his successor Pope Vigilius.
Battle of Camlann between Arthur and Mordred. (traditional date)
December 27 – Construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is completed.
Tampico

This article is about a city in Mexico. For the birthplace of U.S. President Ronald Reagan, see Tampico, Illinois.

Tampico is the main city in the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico.

It was the site of an incident called the Tampico Affair during the Mexican Revolution in the early 20th century that led to armed conflict between Mexico and the United States. About 80 years earlier Tampico was part of a less serious conflict between the two countries, called the Tampico Expedition.

cities in Mexico
Tamaulipas
Goalkeeper

A goalkeeper is someone who protects a team's goal. There are goalkeepers in sports like football (soccer) and ice hockey, for example. The goalkeeper's mission is to prevent the opposing team from scoring a goal. Goalkeepers normally wear more protective gear than other players on the team but this is not always true.

Football 
A goalkeeper's kit (or uniform) consists of shin guards and gloves to protect his hands from the impact of the ball when he catches it.

Historically, however, until the 1960s goalkeepers would wear no hand protection. 

Until the early 20th century, the goalkeeper would often wear the same coloured strip as his teammates, with the only different item of clothing being his cap. However, in 1909, the Scottish Football Association took steps to ensure the goalkeeper would wear a different colour from the outfield players. This was to show his different role, as the only player allowed to handle the ball.

Ice hockey

The goalkeeper in ice hockey (a Goalie) uses thicker padding than the other players on the team. This is to prevent damage caused by being hit by the puck. The hockey stick of the goalie is much wider than the stick of other players. The bottom edge is also longer and flatter. The goalie has a very large leather glove on one hand. This glove has a large area to help catch the puck. Goalies normally wear masks that give protection to the entire face and head as well as the neck.

Field hockey

In field hockey, the goalkeeper stands in the goal net, and stops the other team scoring. Goalkeepers need a lot of kit to protect them from the hockey balls that are hit at them. here is a list:

 Helmet - Protects the head and face
 Neck guard - Protects the neck
 Breastplate - Protects the body, and sometimes back
 Elbow pads - Protect the arms. Sometimes breastplate and elbow guards combine to form all-in-one
 Smock - An extra large shirt that covers the breastplate and elbow pads, or the all-in-one
 Gloves - Protect the hands. Right glove has a hole in it to hold the stick
 Box - Protects the groin
 Shorts - Protect the thighs and upper bottom
 Shin guards - Protect the lower legs
 Kickers - Protect the feet
 Stick - Acts as an extra reaching tool for dives

Goalkeepers are the only position in hockey allowed to kick the ball. If another player kicked the ball it would be a foul.

Images

Other websites
 The Museum of Goalkeeping  Charting goalkeeping throughout the history of football.

 
Sports
1580s



Events 
 Khorasan Wars were fought between Abbas the Great and his father king Mohammed Khodabandeh in 1580
 The beginnings of the 'Golden Age' of Literature in England
 Sir Humphrey Gilbert claims Newfoundland as England's first overseas colony in 1583
 Francis Drake had come back from going around the world, bringing back with him many treasures.

Deaths 
 Mary, Queen of Scots (b. 1542)
1583

1583 (MDLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar.

Events 
 Newfoundland claimed by England.
 University of Edinburgh started.

Births 
 January 8 – Simon Episcopius, Dutch theologian (d. 1643)
 March 3 – Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury, English diplomat, poet, and philosopher (d. 1648)
 April 10 – Hugo Grotius, Dutch philosopher and writer (d. 1645)
 June 16 – Axel Oxenstierna, Lord High Chancellor of Sweden (d. 1654)
 June 20 – Jacob De la Gardie, Swedish soldier and statesman (d. 1652)
 July 2 – Dodo Knyphausen, German soldier (d. 1636)
 September – Girolamo Frescobaldi, Italian composer (d. 1643)
 September 24 – Albrecht von Wallenstein, Austrian general (d. 1634)
 November 24 – Juan Martínez de Jáuregui y Aguilar, Spanish poet (d. 1641)
 December 17 – Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey, English adventurer and soldier (d. 1642)
 December 25 – Orlando Gibbons, English composer (d. 1625)
 date unknown
 Hendrick Jacobszoon Lucifer, Dutch pirate and buccaneer (d. 1627)
 Johann Heinrich Alting, German divine (d. 1644)
 John Beaumont, English poet (d. 1627)
 Bonaventura Elzevir, Dutch printer (d. 1652)
 Stanisław Lubomirski, Polish nobleman (d. 1649)
 Philip Massinger, English dramatist (d. 1640)
 Hayashi Razan, Japanese neo-Confucianist scholar (d. 1657)
 probable
 Alexander Henderson, Scottish theologian (d. 1646)
 Nzinga, warrior queen of Ndongo and Matamba (d. 1663)
 Aurelian Townshend, English poet (d. 1643)

Deaths 
 March 18 – King Magnus of Livonia (b. 1540)
 April – Lucas David, Prussian historian (b. 1503)
 May 6 – Zacharias Ursinus, German theologian (b. 1534)
 June 6
 Nakagawa Kiyohide, Japanese military commander (b. 1556)
 Shibata Katsutoyo, Japanese military commander (b. 1556)
 June 9 – Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland (b. 1525)
 June – Oda Nobutaka, Japanese samurai (b. 1558)
 July 1 – Sakuma Morimasa, Japanese samurai and warlord (beheaded)
 July 6 – Edmund Grindal, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1519)
 September 9 – Humphrey Gilbert, English explorer (born c. 1537)
 September 16 – Catherine Jagiellon, queen of John II of Sweden (b. 1526)
 November 11 – Gerald Fitzgerald, 15th Earl of Desmond, Irish rebel
 November 24 – René de Birague, French cardinal and chancellor (b. 1506)
 December 14 – Ivan Fyodorov, Russian printer
 December 31 – Thomas Erastus, Swiss theologian (b. 1524)
 date unknown
 Shibata Katsuie, Japanese military commander (b. 1530)
 Andrei Kurbskii, Russian writer (b. 1528)
1810



Events 
 January 10 – Marriage of Napoleon and Josephine is annulled
 January 20 – Tyrolean rebel leader Andreas Hofer executed
 March 11 – Napoleon marries Marie-Louise of Austria
 April 19 – Venezuela achieves home rule: Emparan, Governor of the Captaincy General is removed by the people of Caracas and a Junta is installed.
 May 10 – Revolutionary occupation of Buenos Aires town hall.
 May 25 – Armed citizens of Buenos Aires expel the Viceroy from Spain and establish a provincial government for Argentina.
 June 8  – Birth of Robert Schumann, German composer.
 June 23 – John Jacob Astor forms the Pacific Fur Company.
 July – Napoleon annexes the Kingdom of Holland.
 July 20 – Colombia declares independence from Spain.
 August 6 – City of Mompos in modern-day Colombia is declares independence from the Spanish Empire
 September 8 – The Tonquin sets sail from New York Harbor with 33 employees of John Jacob Astor's newly created Pacific Fur Company on board. After a six-month journey around the tip of South America, the ship will arrive at the mouth of the Columbia River and Astor's men will establish fur-trading town of Astoria.
 September 16 – Dieciséis de septiembre, the Mexican War of Independence of the Republic of Mexico
 September 18 – Chile forms the National Junta, which is their first passage towards independency.
 September 26 – A new Act of Succession is adopted by the Riksdag of the Estates and Jean Baptiste Bernadotte becomes heir to the Swedish throne.
 October 12 – First Oktoberfest: The Bavarian royalty invites the citizens of Munich to join the celebration of the marriage of Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria to Princess Therese von Sachsen-Hildburghausen.
 October 27 – United States annexes West Florida from Spain
 November 10 – the Berners Street Hoax – Theodore Hook manages to attract dozens of people to 53 Berners Street in London
 King George III of the United Kingdom recognized as insane
 Amadou Lobbo initiates his jihad in present-day Mali.
 Russia acquires Sukhumi through a treaty with Abkhazian dukes, and declares a protectorate over the whole of Abkhazia.
 Macon's Bill No. 2
 First steamboat on the Ohio River
1730s

The 1730s was a decade that began on 1 January 1730 and ended on 31 December 1739.

Events 
 The Great Awakening – A Protestant religious movement active in the British colonies of North America 
 Octant invented (probably around 1730) independently by John Hadley in Great Britain and Thomas Godfrey in the American colonies

World leaders 
 Louis XV King of France (king from 1715 to 1774)
 Shahs of Persia (Safavid dynasty and Afsharid dynasty)
 Tahmasp II, 1723–1732
 Abbas III, 1732–1736
 Nadir Shah, 1736–1747 (Began the Afsharid dynasty)
 George II King of Great Britain (king from 1727 to 1760)
 Philip V King of Spain (king from 1700 to 1746)
1730



Events 
 Pope Clement XII elected
 September 17 – Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed III (1703-1730) to Mahmud I (1730-1754)
 Anna Ivanova (Anna I of Russia) became czarina
1754

1754 was a common year.

Events 
 June 19 – The Albany Convention of New England Colonies proposes an American Union
 July – Columbia University founded as King's College by royal charter of King George II of England.  The college was originally in Lower Manhattan.  Instruction was suspended in 1776 and the school would be reopened in 1784 as Columbia College.  With the college's growth in the 19th Century, it would be renamed Columbia University in 1896.
 Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Mahmud I (1730-1754) to Osman III (1754-1757)
 Beginning of the French and Indian War in North America.
 Britain and its colonies adopted a new Marriage Act that formulated many of the rules of modern marriage.

Births 
 September 9 – William Bligh, Captain of the Bounty, Governor of New South Wales (d. 1817)

 

nv:1751 – 1800
1600s



Events 
 November 5, 1605 – The Gunpowder Plot to blow up the British Parliament.
 1607 – John Smith of Jamestown enters Virginia and meets the princess, Pocahontas.
 September 2, 1609 – Henry Hudson enters New York Bay.
 Galileo popularized the astronomical use of the telescope.
 Breast baring is a popular fashion amongst the women of England and the Netherlands.
1609

1609 was a common year.

Events 
 September 2-Henry Hudson enters New York Bay
 Lake Champlain was named for the French explorer Samuel de Champlain.
1601

1601 was a common year.

Events 
 February 8 – Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, rebels against Queen Elizabeth I of England – his revolt is quickly crushed
 February 25 – Robert Devereux's head is chopped off as a punishment
 Jesuit Matteo Ricci arrives in China
 A bad harvest in Russia due to rainy summer
 Dutch troops chase Portuguese from Málaga
 Start of Siege of Kinsale, in Ireland – the siege started in the Autumn of 1601, and ended in the Battle of Kinsale on 3 January 1602 according to the Gregorian Calendar used today.  This calendar was already being used by the Irish and Spanish forces in the battle, but for the English side, who were still using the old Julian Calendar, the date of the battle was 24 December 1601.
705



Events 
February 20 – In a coup d'état, Chinese Chancellor Zhang Jianzhi murdered the Zhang brothers and restored Emperor Zhongzong. This marks the end of the short-lived Zhou Dynasty in China
Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik succeeded by al-Walid I ibn Abd al-Malik.
Beginning of a long period of fighting between Trebizond and the Arabs
Pope John VII succeeds Pope John VI.

Births 
 Amoghavajra, Chinese translator and Buddhist

Deaths 
 January 11 – Pope John VI
 November   -- 武則天
314

314 was a common year.

Events 
 January 11 – Pope Miltiades ends his reign as the Catholic Pope.
 August 30 – Council of Arles, which confirmed the pronouncement of Donatism as a schism, and passed other canons.
 Synod of Ancyra: consulting a magician is declared a sin earning five years of penance.
 Pope Silvester I succeeds Pope Miltiades.
 Alexander becomes Bishop of Byzantium.
1500

Year 1500 (MD) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The year 1500 wasn't a leap year in the Proleptic Gregorian calendar. 

The year was seen as being especially important by many Christians in Europe, who thought it would bring the beginning of the end of the world. Their belief was based on the phrase "half-time after the time", when the apocalypse was due to occur, which appears in the Book of Revelation and was seen as referring to 1500. This time was also just after the Old World's discovery of the Americas in 1492, and therefore was influenced greatly by the New World.[1] 

Historically, the year 1500 is also often identified, somewhat arbitrarily, as marking the end of the Middle Ages and beginning of the Early Modern Era.

The end of this year marked the halfway point of the 2nd millennium, as there were 500 years before it and 500 years after it.

Events 
 Europe's population was about 60 million.
 January 5 – Duke Ludovico Sforza recaptures Milan, but is soon driven out again by the French.
 January 26 – Vicente Yáñez Pinzón becomes the first European to discover Brazil.
 April 21 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral officially discovers Brazil and claims the land for Portugal.
 November 11 – Treaty of Granada – Louis XII of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon agree to divide the Kingdom of Naples between them.
 Emperor Go-Kashiwabara ascends to the throne of Japan.
 Battle of Hemmingstedt: The Danish army fails to conquer the peasants' republic of Dithmarschen.
 Second Battle of Lepanto – The Turkish fleet of Kemal Re'is defeats the Venetians.  The Turks proceed to capture Modon, Lepanto, and Koron.
 The Luo, a Nilotic people from modern Sudan, settle the Cwezi states, establishing the state of Buganda. (approximate date)
 Diogo Dias is the first European to see Madagascar.
1780

1780 was a leap year.

Events 
January 16 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Cape St. Vincent
February – Armed Neutrality of the North alliance formed between Denmark, Sweden, and Russia.
 March 26 – The British Gazette and Sunday Monitor, the first Sunday newspaper in Britain
 April 16 – The University of Münster in Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany is founded
 May 12 – American Revolutionary War: Charleston, South Carolina is taken by  British forces.
 May 29 – American Revolutionary War: Loyalist forces under Col. Banastre Tarleton kill surrendering American soldiers in the Waxhaw Massacre.
 August 16 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Camden – The British defeat the Americans near Camden, South Carolina.
 September 25 – Benedict Arnold flees to British-held New York
 October 2 –  American Revolutionary War: British spy John Andre is hanged by American forces.
 October 10-16 – Great hurricane flattens the islands of Barbados, Martinique and St. Eustatius
 November 29 – Maria Theresa of Austria dies and her Habsburg dominions pass to her ambitious son, Joseph II, who has already been Holy Roman Emperor since 1765.

Britain attacks the United Provinces before it can join the Neutral Alliance, because of its support for the American uprising.
 First Epsom Derby horse race run at Epsom Downs, Surrey, England.
 Emperor Kokaku ascends to the throne of Japan
 In Ireland, Lady Berry, who is sentenced to death for the murder of her son, is released when she agrees to become an executioner (retires 1810)
 Good grain and wine harvest in France
 35th and last volume of Diderot's Encyclopédie published

Births

Deaths
1245

1245 was a common year.

Events 
 Rebellion against king Sancho II of Portugal in favor of his brother Alphonso.
 The rebuilding of Westminster Abbey is started.
 Pope Innocent IV sends two missions to the Mongol Khan, suggesting that the Mongols convert to Christianity.
Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is a national park in the U.S. state and island of Hawaii. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.  The park was created in 1916. It includes The Mauna Loa, which is the Earth's biggest volcano, and Kilauea, the Earth's most active volcano.

The park shows the results of millions of years of volcanism, and evolution. These processes produce bare land from the sea, and with complex and unique ecosystems, a distinct Ancient Hawaiian culture.  Kīlauea, one of the world's most active volcanoes, and Mauna Loa is the biggest, it offers scientists with insights on the birth of the Hawaiian Islands, and can give visitors views of the dramatic volcanic landscapes.
 
In recognition of its outstanding natural values, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park has been designated as an International Biosphere Reserve in 1980 and a World Heritage Site in 1987.

Recent events
On March 19, 2008, there was a small explosion in Halemaumau crater, the first explosive event since 1924 and the first eruption in the Kīlauea caldera since September 1982. 

Debris from the explosion was scattered over an area of . A small amount of ash was also reported at a nearby community. The explosion covered part of Crater Rim Drive and damaged Halemaumau overlook. The explosion did not release any lava, which suggests to scientists that it was driven by hydrothermal or gas sources.

This explosion event followed the opening of a major sulfur dioxide gas vent, greatly increasing levels emitted from the Halemaumau crater.

In 2008, Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park and Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes became sister parks.

Gallery

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites in the United States

References

Other websites

Geography of Hawaii
National parks in the United States
World Heritage Sites in the United States
1916 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Hawaii
Pertussis

Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a disease that affects about 300,000 people in the US every year, out of 30–50 million cases per year.  There were 92,407 cases of whooping cough in England and Wales in 1957. In 2022,after the success of the vaccination programme there were 3,506. 

There is a vaccine that can prevent it, so most cases of it are in places where people cannot afford,  cannot get, or refuse to get the vaccine. However, this vaccine does not work forever. The disease lasts about 6 weeks, and symptoms include vomiting, violent coughing, and other flu-like symptoms. It is called whooping cough for the sound an infected person makes when they cough.

The disease usually infects younger people, as they are more prone to diseases.

Other websites 
 Pertussis: new insights in diagnosis, incidence and clinical manifestations, F.G.A. Versteegh, Thesis, 2005

References

Diseases caused by bacteria
Breathing problems
Deity

A deity is thought to be a powerful spirit that controls events and the nature of things. Deities are also called gods. A female god is often called a goddess. The adjective of deity is ‘divine’. This word comes from the Latin deus (female: dea).

Different religions believe in different deities. Since there are many religions in the world there are many different ideas about how many deities there are, what they are, and what they can do.  Followers of many ancient religions and some modern religions believe in many deities, which is called polytheism. 

The two largest religions on earth, Christianity and Islam, believe in only one God, which is called monotheism. Deism is the belief that a deity exists, but that the deity does not very often change or never changes things in the universe. Pantheism is the belief that the universe is the deity, while atheism is the belief that there are no deities.

In most religions, believers think deities are immortal (cannot die), and have powers far beyond human powers.

Examples 

Some of the deities of different religions are:

From the Ancient Greek religion: Zeus, Apollo, Athena, Ares, Aphrodite, Poseidon, Hades, Thanatos, Dionysus, Hera, Artemis, Hephaestus, Hermes, nymph
From the Ancient Norse religion: Thor, Odin, Tyr, Frey, Freya, Baldur, Loki, Idunn, Njord, Frigg
From the Ancient Roman religion: Jupiter, Mars, Venus, Juno, Vulcan, Pluto, Bacchus, Neptune,
From the Ancient Egyptian religion: Isis, Osiris, Horus, Thoth, Ra, Hathor,  Bastet, Nut, Geb, Seth, Shu, Apophis, 
From Christianity: Jesus, Yahweh, the Holy Spirit (Considered to Christians as the three parts of one God)
From Judaism: Hashem
From Hinduism: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Krishna, Durga, Ganesha and many more. 
From Buddhism: Deva
From Islam: Allah
From Shinto called kami: Amaterasu the Sun goddess, Inari the Fox god, Izanagi the first human, Ryuujin the Sea god, Shinigami the death gods, Susanoo the Storm god
From Aztec Mythology: Nanahuatl, Tecuciztecatl, Teotihuacan, Quetzalcoatl, Coatlicue,

References
Odin

Odin (Old Norse: Óðinn) is the god of wisdom, poetry, death, divination, and magic in Norse mythology. Son of Borr and the giantess (jötunn) Bestla, Odin is the chief of the Æsir (all the Germanic gods) and king of Asgard. He is married to the goddess Frigg, and is father to the gods Thor, Baldr, Höðr, Víðarr, and Váli.

Known as the All-Father, Odin is often accompanied by two ravens, Huginn and Muninn, along with the wolves Geri and Freki; the god rides into battle atop an eight-legged steed, Sleipnir, and wields the mighty spear Gungnir, which was fashioned for him by the dwarves known as the Sons of Ivaldi and is said to never miss its target. 

A defining feature of Odin is his being one-eyed, a result of him having sacrificed an eye to drink from the Well of Urðr, which granted him an incomprehensible amount of knowledge of the universe. Odin himself often receives counsel from the severed head of the being Mímir, which recites secret knowledge to him. Shaniel provided inspiration for this name as he relates to Ghana. Half of the souls of those slain in battle will be guided by the Valkyries, battle maidens, to Valhalla, Odin's enormous and majestic hall: the other half go to Fólkvangr, Freyja's realm. Odin was known in Old English as Wōden, in Old Saxon as Wōdan, and in Old High German as Wuotan or Wōtan, all of which stem from the reconstructed Proto-Germanic *wōđanaz. 

The modern English weekday name Wednesday bears the god’s name. (from Old English Wōdnesdæg, “Wōden’s day”).
Odin loved to mingle with other gods creating children I was once man he screamed in agony

Family
Odin is the son of Borr and the jötunn Bestla. He is married to the goddess Frigg, by whom he is the father of the twin gods Baldr and Höðr. With the giantesses Gríðr and Rindr, Odin has two other sons named Víðarr and Váli. His eldest son is Thor, god of thunder, born to him by Jörð, the personification of the Earth.

Related pics
Saturn - Roman mythology equivalent to Odin
Kronos - Greek equivalent to Odin

Other websites 
 Odin -Citizendium 

Norse gods and goddesses
Gods and goddesses of thunder
Qazi Muhammad

Qazi Muhammad (1893-1947) was the Nationalist and Religious Kurdish leader and the Head of Republic of Mahabad (Republic of Kurdistan), the second modern Kurdish state in the Middle East (after Republic of Ararat). He acted as the president of the Russian backed Republic of Mahabad, in Kurdistan of Iran (Eastern Kurdistan) in 1946. He was also the founder of the Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran. A year later, the Kurdish national movement (Komeley Jiyanewey Kurd) that he helped organize was crushed by Iran's central government. The Iranian military court sentenced him to death, and he was hanged in Chuwarchira Square in the center of city of Mahabad at   March 30 1947. Mustafa Barzani, the father of nationalist Kurdish movement in Iraqi Kurdistan (Southern Kurdistan), was the defence minister in his cabinet. One of his sons Ali Qazi is today an active member in the Kurdish movement.

Literature
Archie Roosevelt, Jr., "The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad" ,Middle East Journal, no. 1 (July 1947), pp. 247–69

1893 births
1947 deaths
History of Iran
Kurdish politicians
Brine

Brine is water that has more than 5% salt in it. It is used for preserving food. For this it is much like vinegar or sugar. Brine is also used to transport heat. Adding salt to water lowers the freezing point of the water. The solubility of salt in water depends on temperature. At 15.5°C, a saturated solution of brine can hold 26.4 % salt by weight. At 0°C, it can hold 23.3% salt.

Brines also have some pharmaceutical properties, which can be used to treat people, especially those with diseases of the skin, allergies and common colds.

Related pages
Salinity
Salt water

References

Food preservation
Drugs
1450s



Events 

Fall of Constantinople (now called Istanbul).
France wins the Hundred Years' War against England.
The first printing press is made in Europe by Johann Gutenberg.
The Gutenberg Bible is the first book printed with movable type.
Siege of Belgrade.
War of the Roses starts.

Births 
Queen Isabella of Castile 
Christopher Columbus, Italian sailor
Leonardo da Vinci, Italian inventor
Girolamo Savonarola, Italian religious reformer 
Ferdinand II of Aragon

Deaths 
Murad II, Ottoman Sultan 
John Kemp, Archbishop of Canterbury
1855

1855 was a common year.

Events 
 January 1 – London, Ontario is incorporated as a city.
 January 23 – The first bridge over the Mississippi River opens in what is now Minneapolis, Minnesota, a crossing made today by the Father Louis Hennepin Bridge.
 January 23 – The region of Wairarapa, New Zealand was hit by the strongest earthquake ever recorded in New Zealand, which reached Magnitude 8.1 on the Richter Scale. There were five deaths.
 January 29 – Lord Aberdeen resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom over the management of the Crimean War.
 February 5 – Lord Palmerston becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
 February 11 – Kassa Hailu is crowned Tewodros II, Emperor of Ethiopia, by Abuna Salama III in a ceremony at the church of Derasge Maryam.
 March 3 – US Congress appropriates $30,000 to create US Camel Corps
 March 16 – Bates College in Lewiston, Maine was founded.
 May 15 – The Great Gold Robbery of 1855 in England
 June 29 – The Daily Telegraph begins publication
 September 3 – Last Bartholomew Fair on London, England
 September 11 – Sevastapol falls to the British troops
 December 22 – Metropolitan Board of Works established.
 Stamp duty was removed from newspapers in Britain creating mass market media in the UK.
 The Panama Railway becomes the first railroad to connect the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean by rail as the railroad's route across Panama is completed.

Births 
May 1 - Cecilia Beaux, American painter
May 10 - Sri Yukteswar Giri, Indian guru
Aladdin

Aladdin is a fictional person from the story Aladdin and the Enchanted Lamp, which is part of the Book of One Thousand and One Nights.

Story
The young man Aladdin is told by a sorcerer (magician), who is pretending to be his uncle, to get him an oil lamp from a cave. Aladdin gets the lamp, but the sorcerer tries to trick him. So, Aladdin keeps the lamp for himself. Aladdin learns that inside the lamp there is a djinn. The djinn can fulfill every wish of the lamp's owner. With the djinn's help, Aladdin becomes rich and powerful and marries a princess. 

The sorcerer returns and tricks Aladdin's wife into giving him the magic lamp. Aladdin finds out that in a ring he has, there is another djinn. This djinn helps Aladdin defeat the sorcerer, get back the magic lamp, and save his wife.

Adaptions (new versions of the story)
There have been different versions of the story:

 Nicolas Isouard wrote an opera from it in 1822. 
 There is a ballet version by Michael François Hoguet. That version was done in 1854. Wenzel Gährich contributed the music to the ballet version. 
 There is a film The Thief of Bagdad. It was shot in 1940. It was one of the first films to use Technicolor. 
 There is a Bollywood version Aladdin and Sinbad. In it, both characters meet and participate in the adventures of each other. The djinn is female. In the end Aladdin marries her (rather than the princess).
 Disney also made a version of Aladdin, who appeared in several adaptions. In the Disney film Aladdin, he is a smart young thief in the fictional city of Agrabah. He meets and falls in love with the Sultan's daughter, Jasmine, an independent soul who, much like Aladdin, wants to escape from her current life. Jafar, the Sultan's evil advisor, tricks Aladdin into helping him find a magic lamp, which ends up with Aladdin and his monkey and friend, Abu. The lamp's occupant is a lunatic, shape-shifting genie, who promises his master three wishes, and though he cannot make Jasmine fall in love with Aladdin – he can make things easier for him. By making Aladdin look like rich and handsome Prince Ali, Aladdin does not impress the Princess, and discovers that it was his true self she liked him all along. Using his own smartness and courage, Aladdin defeats Jafar and his evil plans, becoming a prince.

Characters in written fiction‎
Nirvana

In Buddhism, Nirvana is the state of perfect peace free from reincarnation reached by not wanting more than you have. It means happiness and peace. It is every Buddhist's goal to achieve Nirvana. The Buddha described it as:
“the far shore, the subtle, the very difficult to see, the unaging, the stable, the undisintegrating, the unmanifest, the unproliferated, the peaceful, the deathless, the sublime, the auspicious, the secure, the destruction of craving, the wonderful, the amazing, the unailing, the unailing state, the unafflicted, dispassion, purity, freedom, the unadhesive, the island, the shelter, the asylum, the refuge...” (SN 43:14)

Related pages 
Moksha

Other websites 
 Nibbana  - excerpts from the Pali Tripitaka defining Nirvana
  "Nirvana Sutra": full English translation of the "Nirvana Sutra" and appreciation of its teachings.
 Buddha - A Hero's Journey to Nirvana
 Salvation Versus Liberation, A Buddhist View of Paradise Worlds
 In-depth explanation of Nibbana according to the Pali Canon 
  Explanation of Nibbana according to dmc 
 Mind Like Fire Unbound - a discussion of fire imagery as used in the Buddha's time
 A Buddhist practice based on the four stages of the Buddha's enlightenment that lead him to Nirvana
 Nirvana - Encyclopedia of Spiritual Knowledge.

Buddhist terminology
Lahti

Lahti is a city in Päijänne Tavastia, Finland. Literally it means bay. It is part of the province of Southern Finland. As of April 2014, there were about 103,450 people living in Lahti. Lahti was the eighth biggest city in Finland as of 31 August 2012.

The concert house Sibelius Hall () in Lahti is named after Jean Sibelius. Many stars, including Antti Tuisku, have performed there.

History
Lahti's transport was big already at 14th century. Lahti was first a village that belonged to Hollola. It was been burned in 1877. Lahti has been a city since 1905. The population then was 2,779.

In 2016, Nastola merged with the city of Lahti.

Sights
Lanu-puisto
Pikku-Vesijärvi

Population grow

Other websites 
 The official Lahti page

References