alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Monkey gland sauce

Monkey gland sauce is a dark coloured, thick, sweet and tangy sauce from South Africa. It is typically served as a topping for grilled steaks or burgers, but is also used as a marinade, a dipping sauce for onion rings and chips, or on roasted potatoes. It has been featured as a restaurant item since the 1930s, becoming a South African restaurant and fast food staple condiment.

Ingredients 
The main components of monkey gland sauce are chutney and tomato sauce – which result in a sweet mixture. Then an addition of onions, vinegar, garlic and Worcestershire sauce, give it a savoury-sweet flavour.

Naming 

Despite its name, the sauce does not contain any monkey glands.

There are various theories on the origins of the sauce but the most likely is that it originated with French chefs at the old Carlton Hotel in Johannesburg. South African diners added sauces such as chutney, tomato sauce, and Worcester sauce to the French dishes before eating it. Thus, the disgruntled chefs combined all the condiments to create a sauce which they named monkey gland sauce. There was speculation at the time that monkey glands could slow down ageing.

A more outlandish theory is that it was named after Russian-born French scientist, Dr Serge Abrahamovitch Voronoff, who was a regular visitor at the Savoy Hotel in London. One of his medical experiments involved grafting monkey testicle tissue onto impotent men as a cure. The hotel renamed his favourite steak dish the "monkey gland steak" when he became famous. Then an ex-Savoy waiter brought it over to South Africa in the 1930s.

See also 
 Monkey Gland – cocktail
 List of dips
 List of sauces

Notes

References

 
 
 
 

Sauces
South African cuisine
Ansaldo A.300

The Ansaldo A.300 was an Italian general-purpose biplane aircraft built by the Ansaldo company (now part of FIAT) of Turin from 1920 to 1929.  It also served as a light bomber, transport, fighter and reconnaissance aircraft, and finally as an advanced trainer, with examples in service as late as 1940. 50 examples were also license-built in Poland at ZM E. Plage & T. Laśkiewicz, but were not a success due to poor quality.

Development
Based on Ansaldo's highly successful World War I Balilla and S.V.A scouts, the A.300 was a conventional single-engined two-bay open cockpit biplane of mixed metal and wood-and-fabric construction, powered usually by a water-cooled Fiat A.12bis V12 engine.  Most variants had two fixed Vickers guns and one mobile gun mounted in the rear cockpit. It first flew in 1919.

Early examples were two seaters, but the A.300/3 was a three-seater intended for reconnaissance use, of which around 90 were delivered.  The  most significant variant was the A.300/4, again mostly three-seaters, which started full production in 1923, just as Ansaldo was absorbed into FIAT.  This became the standard multi-role aircraft in the newly formed Regia Aeronautica and served in Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Corfu, Libya and Eritrea.

Operational history
The A.300 was one of the most numerous aircraft of its time, with the production run of the A.300/4 alone, at 700 units, exceeding the total production of any other type of the 1920s except the Breguet XIX and Potez 25.  Despite this, and possibly because it was Italian rather than French or British, it remains one of the least documented contemporary types, certainly the most obscure produced in anything like these numbers.

Variants
A.300/2initial production version
A.300/3three-seat version, also exported to Spain, Belgium, and Poland
A.300/4definitive production version with improved cooling
A.300/5prototype with Lorraine engine
A.300/6improved A.300/4, also in service
A.300C Four passenger airliner. Several built 1921-'26 and operated by the Belgian airline SNETA, French airlines SABENA and 1925 operated by the Romanian airlines SNNA, as regular flights with 5 aircraft.
A.300T Eight passenger airliner. At least one built 1921.
A.400prototype

Operators

Belgian Air Force

Corpo Aeronautico Militare

Polish Air Force

Soviet Air Force

Türk Hava Kurumu (THK)

Specifications (A.300/4)

Notes

Bibliography

 
 
 
 
  (p. 53 for 300/3, p. 55 for 300C)

Ansaldo A.300
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1910s Italian military reconnaissance aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1919
Juan Bautista Cabral

Juan Bautista Cabral (24 June 1789 – 3 February 1813) was an Argentine soldier, of Zambo origin, of the Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers who died in the Battle of San Lorenzo, while he was aiding then Colonel Don José de San Martín, whose horse had fallen to enemy fire. The action of Cabral in this first military confrontation of the Argentine War of Independence gave him lasting fame and a prominent place among Argentine patriots.

Biography
Little is known about the life of Cabral. It is estimated that he was born in the town which now bears his name in the city of Saladas, Corrientes. He joined the second squadron of the newly formed Granaderos Cavalry Regiment in 1812. According to Pastor Obligado, Cabral's diligence and leadership led to corporal's stripes in December of the same year, and to promotion to sergeant the next year. Contrary to this assertion, Bartolomé Mitre (in his Historia de San Martín y de la Emancipación Americana) states that he was a private ("soldado raso") on the date of the battle.

Regardless of his rank, his action took place right after the battle started. The royalist forces (loyal to the Spanish Crown) had sailed up the Paraná River from Montevideo and landed on San Lorenzo, Santa Fe. Enemy fire overturned San Martín's horse, trapping the colonel beneath it, while the royalists drew close charging with bayonets. Cabral dismounted and assisted San Martín. The exact details have been embellished to the point that it is impossible to say how much risk he took. Some versions have Cabral placing himself between the bayonets and San Martín, which is doubtful. In any event, Cabral was critically wounded, and he died in the refectory of the neighboring San Carlos Convent, which was used as a field hospital. On his deathbed he said "I die happy, General; we have beaten the enemy."

According to Mitre, the rank of sergeant was given him posthumously due to meritorious actions in the battle. Argentine history has made him a national hero, and there are many monuments erected in his honor. The  San Lorenzo march, by C. J. Benielli, is dedicated to him, and is taught in primary school. The famous Paraguayan composer and guitar virtuoso Agustin Barrios Mangoré composed a piece dedicated to the memory of him called Sargento Cabral. The Argentine Army's school for NCOs is named in his honour.

External links
  March of San Lorenzo in Spanish Wikisource
  Short biography

1789 births
1813 deaths
People from Corrientes Province
Afro-Argentine people
Argentine people of Guaraní descent
Argentine Army personnel
People of the Argentine War of Independence
Argentine military personnel killed in the Argentine War of Independence
Eric Rigler

Eric Rigler is an American player of the Uilleann pipes, Great Highland Bagpipes, and tin whistle. He performs as a solo artist and with the band Bad Haggis, and has been featured on a number of movie soundtracks. He has been described as "the most recorded bagpiper of all time". He has been playing all forms of bagpipes and tin whistles since he was a child, performing solo, with bagpipe bands and other musical groups.

He has been featured playing Great Highland bagpipes, Uilleann pipes and tin whistle on numerous movie soundtracks, including Titanic, Million Dollar Baby, Road to Perdition, Braveheart, Cinderella Man, Robots, Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me, The Prince of Egypt, and Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World. His music was frequently used on the NBC show Crossing Jordan, and his arrangement of an Irish tune was used as its opening theme during the first season. He was also featured on the USA Network in the 2006 Victoria's Secret fashion show, playing the bagpipes for the Highland romance sequence and for the AFI Lifetime Achievement celebration for Sean Connery.

Rigler played "Amazing Grace" at former President Ronald Reagan's funeral in 2004.

Rigler plays pipes and whistles in the Celtic world fusion band he formed, Bad Haggis, based in Southern California. He occasionally performs with Los Angeles-based rock band the Young Dubliners. Rigler wrote the tunes "The B-52" and "Walking the Plank", which are performed by the World Pipe Band Champion Field Marshal Montgomery Pipe Band of Northern Ireland, the Los Angeles Scottish Pipe Band, and other top level bagpipe bands throughout the world.

On February 12, 2013, San Bernardino County Sheriff's Detective Jeremiah MacKay was killed on duty near Big Bear, California in a firefight. Rigler played a special tribute at his funeral on February 21, 2013, along with 130 other bagpipers and drummers to honor the fallen officer. MacKay was the department's official bagpiper, who had performed at the funerals of other officers.

In 2016, Rigler performed on Dream Theater's song "The X Aspect," on their album The Astonishing, marking the first use of bagpipes in a Dream Theater recording.

References

External links
badhaggis.com The band's regularly updated homepage.
yahoo.com More information about the movie history of Eric Rigler and Bad Haggis
Eric Rigler at Rhapsody

American folk musicians
Living people
Musicians from California
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Great Highland bagpipe players
Tastee-Freez

Tastee-Freez is an American franchised fast-food restaurant specializing in soft serve ice cream. Its corporate headquarters is in Newport Beach, California, and it has stores in four states. The first Tastee-Freez was established in Keithsburg, Illinois.

History
Tastee-Freez was founded in 1950 in Joliet, Illinois, by Leo S. Moranz and Harry Axene (formerly of Dairy Queen). Moranz invented a soft serve pump and freezer which enabled the product, and their Harlee Manufacturing Company (a portmanteau of Harry and Leo) produced the machines which franchisees would buy and use in their respective locations. Originally stores focused on ice milk and other frozen dairy-based desserts. Expansion of the brand was rapid in the 1950s; in 1952, there were 315 locations, and by 1957 there were nearly 1,800 locations. The chain attempted to expand into England in the early 1960s where they began selling their products out of ice cream trucks. This business model was also attempted in the United States but proved so financially unsuccessful that Tastee-Freez filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy in late 1963. Herbert Molner, then an assistant of Moranz, bought the chain out of bankruptcy a year later. He began a renovation plan that included a withdrawal from England, closure of older stores in smaller towns, and revitalization of the menu to include fast food items such as hot dogs and hamburgers.

In 1982, Tastee-Freez was sold to the Denovo Corporation of Utica, Michigan, which also owned the Stewart's Restaurants and root beer, Dog n Suds Root beer and drive-ins and B&K Rootbeer drive ins, and Dairy Isle ice cream shops. In 1992, there were 340 locations.

By 2003, the Galardi Group became a franchisee of Tastee-Freez and made Tastee-Freez products available in its restaurants, Wienerschnitzel and Original Hamburger Stand. The Galardi Group was so pleased with the increased sales at its restaurant that it bought the Tastee-Freez company that year.

References

External links 

Fast-food chains of the United States
Restaurants established in 1950
Ice cream parlors in the United States
Restaurants in Orange County, California
Companies based in Newport Beach, California
Regional restaurant chains in the United States
1950 establishments in Illinois
Just a Little Girl

"Just a Little Girl" is the debut single of English singer-songwriter Amy Studt. Released on 1 July 2002, the single reached a peak of  14 on the UK Singles Chart. It is taken from her debut album, False Smiles, which was released a year later.

Music video
The music video was directed by Sophie Muller. It shows Studt in an old house with crucifixes on the wall, playing a piano while silhouettes of people are dancing on the dancefloor. She then gets up and dances herself when the first chorus kicks in. Then Studt is shown at a beach with a man and she is playing with him. He then looks away and she pushes him over. Finally she appears to be in a glass coffin like that of Snow White, and she falls down into the arms of another Amy, who throws her away and dances until the end of the song.

Track listings
UK CD single
 "Just a Little Girl"
 "Going out of My Mind"
 "Kick Me"
 "Just a Little Girl" (video)

UK cassette single
 "Just a Little Girl"
 "Going out of My Mind"

Charts

Release history

References

19 Recordings singles
2002 debut singles
2002 songs
Amy Studt songs
Music videos directed by Sophie Muller
Polydor Records singles
Songs written by Amy Studt
Universal Records singles
London Chamber of Commerce & Industry

The London Chamber of Commerce and Industry (LCCI) is London’s key hub for the city's business community. It supports its members’ businesses through a range of services, advocates on behalf of London’s business community in important forums of policy debate, and promotes ‘Global London’ as the best city for doing business, whether it's for trading, investing, learning, or finding new commercial partners.

It works to accelerate the growth of its members by providing support, facilitating new business connections, and leveraging its network to generate greater shared prosperity for London.

The Chamber has a range of interest groups designed to provide targeted support services to business communities, including: Asian Business Association (ABA), Black Business Association (BBA), and Business Owners Club.

LCCI introduced a free B2B digital networking app in 2021 to facilitate digital connections across the capital. On the LCCI Community App, users can chat with peers, join sector and common interest groups, and discover LCCI member product and services offers.

History
John Weskett ran a London chamber from 1782 to 1800, a larger chamber ran in 1823 and 1824, with support from MP and Bank of England director, William Haldimand, and other prominent people, and several other short-lived attempts were made until the current chamber was founded in 1882.

The LCC was a prominent supporter of calls for an Imperial Federation. In 1886 they funded a competition for the best essay "formulating a practical working plan of the federation and the mother-country". The prize was set at £50 and a size limit of 75 pages were set. 106 entries  were received and judged by a panel consisting of James Anthony Froude, Sir Rawson W. Rawson and Professor John Robert Seeley. The competition was won by William Henry Parr Greswell, a former professor of classical studies at Cape University. His essay was published by the  with those of the runners-up, J C. Fitzgerald, of Wellington, New Zealand, Philip Vernon Smith, an ecclesiastical barrister, W. J. Bradshaw of Melbourne, Australia and F. H. Turnock of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. A final essay by Reverend Dalton, a canon in Windsor was expanded and published later.

In 1903, the LCCI established its first arbitration scheme for the resolution of commercial disputes, called the London Chamber of Arbitration. In 2020, this was re-formed as the London Chamber of Arbitration and Mediation (LCAM).

References

External links
 

1881 establishments in England
1881 in London
Business organisations based in London
Chambers of commerce in the United Kingdom
City of London
Economy of London
Organizations established in 1881
Quinby

Quinby may refer to:

Places
Quinby, Virginia
Quinby, Kansas
Quinby, South Carolina
Ivory Quinby House, Illinois
Quinby Plantation, South Carolina

People
 Byron Quinby Jones (1888–1959), pioneer aviator and U.S. Army officer
 Charles Quinby (1899–1988), U.S. Olympic swimmer
 Edwin J. Quinby (1895–1981), publicist, inventor, historian, and activist
 Ephraim Quinby (1766–1850), founder of Warren, Ohio
 H. Anna Quinby (1871-1931), lawyer, editor, business manager, social reformer
 Henry B. Quinby (1846–1924), 52nd Governor of New Hampshire
 Isaac Ferdinand Quinby (1821–1891), American Civil War General
 Ivory Quinby (1817–1869), Mayor of Monmouth, Illinois, founding father of Monmouth College
 James M. Quinby (1804–1874), Mayor of Newark, New Jersey, 1851–1854
 James Moses Quinby (1804–1874), American businessman, 10th Mayor of Newark, New Jersey
 John Alonzo Quinby (c. 1819-?), 13th Mayor of San Jose, California
 Moses Quinby (1810–1875), early American beekeeper
 Moses Quinby (1786–1857), lawyer and subject of a well-known John Brewster, Jr. portrait
 William Quinby De Funiak or William Q De Funiak (1901–1981), American writer and academic
 William E. Quinby (1835–1908), newspaper publisher and U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands

Companies
J.M. Quinby & Co., early automobile and carriage manufacturer
Vega Company, originally named Quinby & Hall

See also
Quimby (disambiguation)
Quinby (automobile)
Jock Climie

Jock Climie is a Canadian retired Canadian Football League player who played the slotback position primarily with the Ottawa Rough Riders, and Montreal Alouettes. He is also a former sportscaster with Canadian sports television channel TSN as part of the CFL on TSN studio panel during the CFL season. Climie is currently a labour and employment lawyer at the Ottawa law firm of Emond Harnden.

College career
While attending Queen's University, Climie played university football for the Queen's Golden Gaels. His 1,091 receiving yards in 1988 was at the time the single-season record for Canadian university football; it has since been broken, first by Don Blair (University of Calgary), then by Andy Fantuz (University of Western Ontario); Fantuz played one more game during his college career. Climie was the OQIFC conference's nominee for outstanding national player in 1988. He was inducted into the Queen's Football Hall of Fame. He earned his law degree at Queen's by attending its winter academic sessions while playing CFL football in the summer and fall, taking six terms over six years to graduate.

Professional career
Following his outstanding college career, Climie was drafted fourth overall in the 1990 CFL Draft by the Toronto Argonauts. He dressed for the first two games of the season, but was then relegated to the practice roster. Soon after, he was signed by the Ottawa Rough Riders and would go on to play in 62 games for the franchise while also being named a CFL East All-Star in 1993. Climie re-signed with the Argonauts in 1995 and then signed with the newly reborn Montreal Alouettes in 1996. That year, he was again named a CFL East All-Star and he repeated the feat in 1997, while also being awarded the Lew Hayman Trophy as the top Canadian player in the CFL's East Division. Climie finished his career as an Alouette in 2001, having recorded 627 catches for 9619 yards and 56 touchdowns and finishing in the top 20 in receiving yardage at the time of his retirement.

Statistics

References

External links
Emond Harnden (law firm) Biography Page - Jock Climie
TSN Talent Page - Jock Climie (copy archived August 2012)

Living people
Canadian Football League announcers
Canadian football slotbacks
Canadian television sportscasters
Lawyers in Ontario
Black Canadian lawyers
Montreal Alouettes players
Ottawa Rough Riders players
Canadian football people from Toronto
Players of Canadian football from Ontario
Queen's University at Kingston alumni
Queen's Golden Gaels football players
Toronto Argonauts players
Queen's University Faculty of Law alumni
1968 births
Westcliff, Gauteng

Westcliff is a wealthy suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It has many old mansions, and views over the Northern Suburbs. It is the site of the Westcliff Hotel also known as the Four Seasons Hotel. With a total wealth of $235 billion, Johannesburg is Africa’s wealthiest city, and most of the wealth in Johannesburg is concentrated in just four suburbs: Sandhurst, Houghton, Hyde Park and Westcliff.

References

External links 
http://www.westcliff.co.za Westcliff Hotel

Johannesburg Region B
Maximin Alff

Reverend Maximin Alff, SS.CC., was born in Treves, Belgium, on 24 July 1866.  He made his profession in the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary on 6 July 1867.  He studied at the Catholic University of Leuven and was ordained to the presbyterate on 24 August 1890.  He was subsequently appointed as professor of theology at Miranda de Ebro in Spain, from 1892 until 1894.  He was then sent to the Vicariate Apostolic of the Hawaiian Islands, arriving in Honolulu on 25 October 1894.  He served as parochial vicar in Kona, Kaua'i, Hana and Wailuku.  In 1912, he was elected provincial superior.  He died on 1 January 1927 and was buried in the Honolulu Catholic Cemetery.

1866 births
1927 deaths
19th-century Belgian Roman Catholic priests
20th-century American Roman Catholic priests
Hawaii Catholic priests
Picpus Fathers
19th-century American Roman Catholic priests
The Marquis (comics)

The Marquis is an American independent comic book series written and illustrated by Guy Davis, released by Caliber Comics, Oni Press and Dark Horse Comics.

Publication history
The Marquis was originally published by Caliber Comics where the Les Preludes issue  appeared in 1997, followed by the rest of the Danse Macabre series from Oni Comics in 2000. This was followed by a one-shot and a two-issue miniseries in 2002–2003. Davis will be finishing the story he started at Dark Horse Comics, where he was working on B.P.R.D. from 2003 to 2011. He said:

The ultimate plan was to make The Marquis a five-volume series. The first volume, Inferno collects the trade paperbacks Danse Macabre and Intermezzo. Davis plans to release the rest as graphic novels, starting with The Marquis and the Midwife and then two more that finish the Marquis' story, followed by a final prequel volume. A one-shot prequel to Danse Macabre, titled The Marquis and the Coachman, was published in MySpace/Dark Horse Presents #22 (2009).

Plot
The Marquis takes place in Venisalle, a fictional land resembling France during the mid-18th century, complete with stratified society and Church dominance of everyday affairs. The story revolves around Vol de Galle, a former Inquisitor of The Faith who has the ability to see demons, many of which have infiltrated society disguised in human form. De Galle combats these entities with his sabre and a pair of specially built, anachronistic machine guns.

Reception
While ostensibly a horror-action comic, The Marquis analyses personal and religious issues through the conflicted character of de Galle, and has been received well by critics and comics professionals including Mike Mignola and Stan Sakai for both its content and Davis's detailed and disturbing artwork.

Collected editions
To date, two trade paperbacks have been released by Oni Press and one volume collecting all prior material published by Dark Horse.

Notes

References

External links
The Marquis series on the Oni Press site
Guy Davis' page on the series
The Marquis Inferno, Guy Davis' Marquis blog

Oni Press titles
Dark Horse Comics titles
Horror comics
Fantasy comics
2000 comics debuts
2002 comics endings
Comics set in the 18th century
Paul Powell (director)

Paul Mahlon Powell (September 6, 1881 – July 2, 1944) was an American journalist,  director, producer, screenwriter, and actor. Powell was most active during the silent film era and is best known for directing Mary Pickford in Pollyanna (1920).

Career
Born in Peoria, Illinois, Powell was one of six children of Charles Henry and Anna Clara Powell (née von Schoenheider). His father was a publisher who founded the Peoria Evening Star. Powell was educated in Peoria and later attended Bradley Polytechnic Institute. After graduation, he worked at his father's newspaper as a typesetter and editor before becoming a reporter.

In the early 1900s, Powell worked as a reporter for the Chicago Tribune and the Los Angeles Express. In 1910, he quit his job as a reporter to work in the film industry. The following year, he became the assistant of director and screenwriter Wilbert Melville. In 1914, D. W. Griffith hired Powell to be the director of Mutual Film Corporation films. Two years later, Griffith hired Powell to direct features for Triangle-Fine Arts Film Corporation. While working for Triangle-Fine Arts, Powell directed Mary Pickford in the film adaptation of the 1913 novel Pollyanna. The film was a tremendous success and grossed $1.1 million upon its release. Powell also supported a young Rudolph Valentino while working on films such as A Society Sensation and All Night, who later recalled "He was the first to say, 'Stick to it and you'll make a name for yourself.'" Valentino later became one of the silent era's most cherished stars.

Powell's final films in the late 1920s and 1930 were musical comedy shorts for Pathé Exchange.

Death
He died in Pasadena, California, on July 2, 1944. He was survived by his wife Valerie Smith (whom he married in 1903), and their daughter Janice. His remains are interred at the Great Mausoleum, Columbarium of Providence at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.

Selected filmography

 The Lily and the Rose (1915)
 The Stool Pigeon (1915)
 Hell-to-Pay Austin (1916)
 Betsy's Burglar (1917)
 A Girl of the Timber Claims (1917)
 All Night (1918)
 Common Property (1919)
 Pollyanna (1920)
 Sweet Lavender (1920)
 Eyes of the Heart (1920)
 Dangerous Lies (1921)
 The Mystery Road (1921)
 The Fog (1923)
 Her Market Value (1925)
 Let Women Alone (1925)
 North Star (1925)

References

External links

 

1881 births
1944 deaths
20th-century American male actors
Actors from Peoria, Illinois
Film producers from Illinois
American journalists for national newspapers
American male film actors
American male screenwriters
Bradley University alumni
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
Journalists from Illinois
Silent film directors
Film directors from Illinois
American male non-fiction writers
Screenwriters from Illinois
Silent film screenwriters
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
Camelback Bridge

The Camelback Bridge is a restored historic wooden bridge that arches over the Constitution Trail in Normal, Illinois.  It is on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. The bridge's main span is a wooden kingpost pony truss. The bridge is supported by Phoenix columns, a type of wrought iron column that was patented by the Phoenix Iron Company in 1862. It is one of only two bridges in Illinois using the columns.

History
The bridge was built by the Illinois Central Railroad around the 1880s to allow traffic on Virginia Avenue to pass over its railroad line. The Phoenix columns were likely salvaged from another Illinois Central bridge which crossed the Illinois River at LaSalle. When the railroad stopped using the tracks, the original form was no longer needed, and during the rehabilitation, the bridge was rebuilt to a lower height to allow easier access to vehicles.

References

External links

 Town of Normal Historic Preservation

Buildings and structures in Bloomington–Normal
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
National Register of Historic Places in McLean County, Illinois
Bridges completed in the 1880s
Wooden bridges in Illinois
Transportation buildings and structures in McLean County, Illinois
Normal, Illinois
Karl Wilhelm (conductor)

Karl Wilhelm, also Carl Wilhelm (5 September 1815, Schmalkalden – 26 August 1873, Schmalkalden) was a German choral director. He is best known as the composer of the music of the song “Die Wacht am Rhein.”

Biography
Wilhelm was born in Schmalkalden. He studied at Cassel under Louis Spohr, and then in Frankfurt am Main with Aloys Schmitt and A. André. From 1841 to 1864 he was the director of the Krefeld Liedertafel for which he composed numerous male choruses. In Krefeld in 1854 he set to words “Die Wacht am Rhein,” the poem Max Schneckenburger wrote in 1840. In recognition of the success and the national importance of this song, he received the title of “Royal Prussian Musical Director” in 1860, and four years later received a gold medal from Queen (later Empress) Augusta.

On 24 June 1871, he received a personal acknowledgement from Chancellor of the German Empire Otto von Bismarck. In the same year, he received an annual gift from the government of 3,000 marks, which was then more than four times a typical salary.

From 1865 on, Wilhelm worked as the director of the music society in Schmalkalden, where he died eight years later.

Notes

References

External links
 
 
 

1815 births
1873 deaths
German conductors (music)
German male conductors (music)
People from Schmalkalden
People from the Electorate of Hesse
19th-century German composers
19th-century conductors (music)
Monk of Malmesbury

A Monk of Malmesbury is the supposed author of a chronicle among the Cottonian manuscripts in the British Museum.

The authorship is uncertain, and the work in question is said by some to be only a copy of a chronicle written by Alfred of Beverley in the twelfth century, while others claim it is almost entirely based on that of Geoffrey of Monmouth. It is a very valuable compilation, describing English history from the invasion of the Saxons to the year 1129.

Because the manuscript bears the name Godridus de Malmesburg, it was originally believed that it was written by Godfrey of Malmesburg, a native of Jumièges, who became Abbot of Malmesbury in 1081. Godfrey was regarded as a man of literary tastes because he founded the abbey's library, but his authorship of the manuscript was disproved by the fact that his death took place in or before 1107, when Edulf became the abbot. Indeed, it is likely that the signature merely indicates ownership.

Notes

References

Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Roman Catholic monks
English chroniclers
12th-century English historians
Malmesbury
Under the Thumb

"Under the Thumb" is the third single from English singer Amy Studt's debut album, False Smiles (2003). Released on 29 September 2003, the song reached number 10 on the UK Singles Chart and number 36 in Ireland.

Music video
The video tells the story of a young woman who has got her boyfriend (Iddo Goldberg) on a 'short leash'. In the beginning she is seen carrying shopping walking along a country road. She goes into her cottage and her boyfriend is tied up to a chair. At various stages in the video she is seen doing things for him like feeding him and washing his hair. There are newspaper articles around the house with their pictures in and they are on the TV, which makes out they are missing. The police come knocking on the door but think no-one is there and leave. Then Amy starts destroying her room, and in the end she lets her boyfriend leave the house, and she locks the door behind her.

Track listings
UK and Australian CD single
 "Under the Thumb" – 3:44
 "False Smiles" – 3:52
 "Rose" – 4:27
 "Under the Thumb" (video)

UK cassette single
 "Under the Thumb" – 3:44
 "False Smiles" – 3:52
 "Rose" – 4:27

Charts

Release history

References

External links
 "Under the Thumb" music video

Amy Studt songs
19 Recordings singles
2003 singles
2003 songs
Polydor Records singles
Songs written by Amy Studt
Songs written by David Eriksen
Songs written by Karen Poole
LaFayette L. Patterson

LaFayette Lee Patterson (August 23, 1888 – March 3, 1987) was a United States representative from Alabama. He served three terms in the U. S. Congress, from 1928 to 1933.

Born near Delta in Clay County, Alabama, Patterson attended rural schools. He worked in agriculture and as a teacher in the rural schools. He graduated from Jacksonville State Teachers College in 1922, from Birmingham-Southern College in 1924, and from Stanford University in 1927. From 1924 to 1926 he was the superintendent of education for Tallapoosa County, Alabama.

Patterson was elected as a Democrat to the 70th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of William B. Bowling. He was reelected to the two succeeding Congresses and served from November 6, 1928, to March 3, 1933. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1932.

Patterson moved to Gadsden, Alabama, in 1931. He worked as a field representative for the Agricultural Adjustment Administration from 1933 to 1943, as a special assistant to the War Food Administration from 1943 to 1945, and as a special adviser to the Secretary of Agriculture from 1945 to 1947. He remained active in his political party's affairs, serving as a liaison officer for the Democratic National Committee in 1948 and as a delegate-at-large to the 1952 Democratic National Convention.

From 1948 to 1951 he was an assistant professor of history at his alma mater, Jacksonville State College. He moved to Raleigh, North Carolina, in 1952 where he worked in the travel business. He returned to Alabama in 1965, living in Montgomery, and resumed his profession as a teacher. Patterson died in Birmingham on March 3, 1987, at age 98. He was buried at Bethlehem Cemetery in New Site, Alabama.

References

External links 
 

1888 births
1987 deaths
People from Clay County, Alabama
Stanford University alumni
Jacksonville State University alumni
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama
20th-century American politicians
Gesäuse National Park

The Gesäuse National Park is a national park in the Austrian state of Styria. Located in the mountainous Upper Styrian region, it covers large parts of the Gesäuse range within the Ennstal Alps and the steep water gap of the Enns river between Admont and Hieflau. The area also covers parts of the municipal areas of Johnsbach, Weng, Landl, and Sankt Gallen.

The national park currently covers , with another  planned. It was established on 26 October 2002.

The highest mountain is Hochtor at .

External links

 

National parks of Austria
Protected areas established in 2002
Ennstal Alps
Geography of Styria
Tourist attractions in Styria
2002 establishments in Austria
Protected areas of the Alps
Jason Garfield

Jason Garfield (born August 9, 1974) is a juggler and entertainer from Norfolk, Connecticut, United States. He is the founder and president of the World Juggling Federation (WJF).

Sport Juggling, TV & Event Production
Jason Garfield has been producing events since 2004, eleven of which in Las Vegas, and several across the country and one in the U.K. Jason learned to juggle at age 11 in 1986 and quickly established himself as one of the best and most controversial jugglers of his time.

Disappointed with the opportunities for competitive jugglers, Jason formed the World Juggling Federation in 2003 and produced his first sport juggling convention at the Riviera Hotel in December of 2004 where he also produced seven sport juggling competition programs for ESPN.

10 years later Jason founded SkillCon, hosting 20+ unique skill events. Jason, the World Juggling Federation, the Moxie Games, and SkillCon return to downtown Las Vegas in 2019 at the Plaza Hotel and Container Park.

Appearance on Cheap Seats
Garfield was featured on ESPN Classic's show Cheap Seats where he was humorously depicted as a psychotic egomaniac who talked to the props he used while performing and proceeded to blame them for mistakes made during the act, a character he deliberately portrayed to add entertainment value to the program.

Awards
Jason has received the following juggling awards:
 Juniors Championship Winner at the International Jugglers' Association (IJA) Summer Festival in 1988.
 Numbers Championship Winner (Individual Balls and Rings) at the IJA Summer Festival in 1990.
 Individuals Winner at the IJA Summer Festival in 1998.
 Numbers Competition Winner (Solo Balls, Clubs and Rings) at the IJA Summer Festival in 2000.
 Numbers Competition Winner (Solo Rings) at the IJA Summer Festival in 2001.
 Individuals Winner at the IJA Summer Festival in 2002.

See also
List of jugglers

References

External links
JasonGarfield.com - Jason Garfield's personal page
Videos - Numerous videos of Jason juggling

1974 births
Jugglers
Living people
People from Norfolk, Connecticut
American entertainers
Grattis världen

Grattis världen ("Congratulations the World") is a television program in which Filip Hammar & Fredrik Wikingsson travel around the world to exotic countries and try unusual and often quite adventurous things. The general plot is quite similar to High Chaparall as Filip and Fredrik interview eccentric people they meet along the way.

Performance artist Pål Hollender, of Swedish Survivor fame, worked on the show as a producer and is seen on camera in several episodes. Some argue he was hired in an effort to promote the show.

The Song The Passenger by Iggy Pop is used as the theme song for the show (though in a cover version by Lars Bygdén).

Episode overview
Season 1:

Kanal 5 (Swedish TV channel) original programming
Swedish reality television series
Octavia the Elder

Octavia the Elder (before 69 BC – after 29 BC) was the daughter of the Roman governor and senator Gaius Octavius by his first wife, Ancharia. She was the elder half-sister to Octavia the Younger and Roman Emperor Augustus.

Biography

Early life 
Octavia was born to Ancharia and Octavius likely some time before 69 BC.

Marriage and issue 

Octavia the Elder was married to Sextus Appuleius (I). They had a son, who was also named Sextus Appuleius, he served as ordinary consul in 29 BC with his half-uncle, Augustus. It is postulated that they had a second son, Marcus Appuleius, the consul of 20 BC. Through Sextus Appuleius, the consul, she had a grandson named Sextus Appuleius, consul in AD 14, and a granddaughter Appuleia Varilla. Octavia the Elder's last known descendants were her great-grandson, also named Sextus Appuleius, through her grandson and Fabia Numantina.

Research 
Plutarch was only aware of one daughter of Gaius Octavius and confused Octavia the Elder with Octavia the Younger.

Octavia's existence as wife of Appuleius was first discovered due to a dedication from when her husband was proconsul of Asia.

Cultural depictions 
Octavia and her husband, as well as their two sons, may be depicted on the Ara Pacis.

See also 
 List of Roman women
 Women in ancient Rome

Notes

References

Sources 
 Herzog-Hauser, Gertrud: (Octavia 95). In: Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, vol. XVII 2, col. 1858–1859.
 Suetonius; Life of Augustus
 Syme, Ronald; Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford University Press, 1989). ,

Further reading 
 

1st-century BC births
Year of death unknown
1st-century BC Roman women
1st-century BC Romans
Octavii Rufi
Family of Augustus
James Stewart, Duke of Ross

James Stewart, Duke of Ross (March 1476 – January 1504) was a Scottish prince, and the second son of King James III of Scotland and his wife, Margaret of Denmark. James was heir presumptive to his brother until his death, and was Archbishop of St Andrews and Lord Chancellor of Scotland.

Life
He was made Marquess of Ormond at his baptism. He was created Earl of Ross in 1481 after that title was forfeited to the crown by John, Lord of the Isles.

Of his father's three sons, James of Ross was the favourite. James III even tried to marry him to Edward IV's daughter, Catherine of York. This increasing preference shown to James of Ross was a factor in the rebellion of his elder brother (the future James IV) against their father; and later, as king, James IV was suspicious of his brother's loyalty.

Nonetheless, when the elder James succeeded to the crown in 1488, he raised James of Ross's title to Duke of Ross, aged 12.

Around May 1497, his brother the King nominated James of Ross (then 21 years old) to be Archbishop of St Andrews. King James thought that would keep James of Ross from rebelling against him. Also, James of Ross was a minor, and so the revenues of the archbishopric would be controlled by King James.

James of Ross also became Lord Chancellor of Scotland in 1502.

Name
He was one of three brothers, his two brothers being King James IV of Scotland and John Stewart, Earl of Mar.  It may seem surprising that there were two brothers both called James, but in late medieval Scotland it was not uncommon to have two brothers, or occasionally even three, with the same Christian name.

Arms
The arms of James of Ross were: Quarterly 1st and 4th: Royal Arms of Scotland, 2nd: Gules, three lions rampant argent (Ross) 3rd: Or, three piles gules (Brechin)

References

James
Lord chancellors of Scotland
Court of James IV of Scotland
Abbots of Arbroath
Abbots of Dunfermline
Archbishops of St Andrews
James
James Stewart
Earls of Ross
Peers created by James III
15th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Scotland
16th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Scotland
Chancellors of the University of St Andrews
1476 births
1504 deaths
101
Sons of kings
I Keep Forgettin'

"I Keep Forgettin" is a song by Chuck Jackson, written by Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller, and Gilbert Garfield. It appears on his second studio album Any Day Now. It peaked at No. 55 on the Billboard Top 100 and remained on the chart for 7 weeks. It did not chart on the R&B chart. This single is often cited as one of the most innovative yet least commercial singles written and produced by Leiber-Stoller.

In 1982, Michael McDonald released a song titled "I Keep Forgettin' (Every Time You're Near)". The song's similarity to Jackson's "I Keep Forgettin'" resulted in Leiber and Stoller being given a songwriting credit.

Track listing
"I Keep Forgettin'" (Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller, Garfield) – 2:43
"Who's Gonna Pick Up the Pieces" (Florence Green, Van McCoy) – 2:47

Chart performance

Cover versions
 The Artwoods recorded a version of the song for their 1966 album Art Gallery.
 Checkmates, Ltd. featuring lead singer Sonny Charles recorded a version for their 1969 album Love Is All We Have to Give produced by Phil Spector.  They released it as a single in 1970, but it did not chart.
 Procol Harum recorded a version of the song. It appeared on the album Procol's Ninth, released in 1975 and produced by Leiber/Stoller.
 Roger Chapman recorded a live version for his 1979 album Live in Hamburg.
 Ringo Starr recorded a version of the song for his 1983 album Old Wave.
 David Bowie recorded a version of the song for his 1984 album Tonight.
 Joe Cocker recorded a version of the song for his 2004 album Heart & Soul.

References

1962 songs
1962 singles
1970 singles
Songs written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller
Chuck Jackson songs
Checkmates, Ltd. songs
David Bowie songs
Ringo Starr songs
A&M Records singles
Wand Records singles
B.C. Bill

B.C. Bill is a 2D action video game published by Imagine Software in 1984. It was released for the Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, TRS-80 Color Computer, Dragon 32/64 and BBC Micro.

Gameplay
The player controls the eponymous B.C. Bill, a caveman, and must gather wives and enough food to feed his growing family, while avoiding predatory dinosaurs. Bill is armed with a club, which he uses to stun cavewomen and to kill a variety of roaming creatures. Smaller creatures may be dragged back to the cave as food, whereas larger dinosaurs will eat potential wives and food, and will kill Bill on contact. Bill can die from a broken heart if too many wives leave the cave, and from starvation if he is unable to provide enough food to feed himself and his family.

The seasons change, which affect the number and variety of food animals and also act as an internal gameplay timer: in spring, every wife who has food will produce a child, while in autumn any wife with no food will die and any child with no food will leave home.

Development
B.C. Bill was developed in the UK by Creative Technology Group, and was published in the UK by Imagine Software in 1984 and in Spain by ABC Soft. Versions of the game were developed and released for the Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, TRS-80, Dragon 32/64 and BBC Micro home computers.

The game was the last title published by Imagine, which was wound up in July 1984 due to unpaid debts of £10,000. Prior to the company's collapse Beau Jolly acquired the rights to market Imagine's games, so after the company's demise Beau Jolly took over marketing and distribution of B.C. Bill.

Reception

The game received generally favourable reviews at release, with reviewers variously praising its graphics, sound and playability. Looking back at the game in 2010, however, Retro Gamer described it as "an exceedingly poor game".

While reviewers praised the gameplay, the game has been criticised by both contemporary and modern reviewers for its sexist subject matter, as a core element of gameplay involves the protagonist clubbing women and then dragging them by the hair into his cave to become his wife. Your Sinclair's (then Your Spectrum) Ron Smith speculated that this might have been deliberate on the part of Imagine, and Imagine's Tim Best appeared to confirm this, saying that he expected the "Greenham Common women" to take up residence outside Imagine's Liverpool offices.

References

External links

1984 video games
Action games
BBC Micro and Acorn Electron games
Commodore 64 games
Dragon 32 games
Imagine Software games
Prehistoric people in popular culture
Single-player video games
TRS-80 Color Computer games
Video games about dinosaurs
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games scored by Fred Gray
Video games set in prehistory
ZX Spectrum games
Michelle Sweeney

Michelle Sweeney is a Canadian actress and soul singer. Originally from Cleveland, Ohio, she moved to Montreal, Quebec in the 1980s to perform with the Montreal Jubilation Gospel Choir, and has remained based in Montreal since.

In addition to performing jazz, soul and blues music, she appeared alongside Ranee Lee and Anthony Sherwood in a 1986 production of Ain't Misbehavin'. She formed her own group, Michelle Sweeney's Good News Singers, in 1987, and released her first recorded single, "Our Love", that year. In 1988, she appeared on Quebec television alongside Céline Dion and Johanne Blouin, performing a medley of "Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In" from the musical Hair with "Quand on arrive en ville" from the musical Starmania, which saw Sweeney widely labelled as the star performer of the show.

In 1989 she starred in a production of the jazz review Eubie!, and the following year she appeared as a tour guide in the docufiction film The Company of Strangers. She has also had selected other film and television roles throughout her career, most notably in a regular role as school principal Mrs. Morton in the Canadian teen comedy series Student Bodies from 1997 to 2000.

In 1998 she appeared in a production of the HIV/AIDS-themed musical Elegies for Angels, Punks and Raging Queens.

In 2000, Sweeney won the Martin Luther King Jr. Achievement Award for her career achievements.

In 2020 Sweeney premiered her own original one-woman show Her Songs, My Story, in which she blends performances of the music of Aretha Franklin with personal reminiscences of her own life, including the revelation that she suffered for many years as a victim of domestic abuse in her prior marriage.

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Canadian film actresses
Canadian television actresses
Canadian musical theatre actresses
Canadian jazz singers
Canadian blues singers
Canadian gospel singers
Canadian rhythm and blues singers
Canadian soul singers
Canadian women jazz singers
20th-century Black Canadian women singers
Black Canadian actresses
Actresses from Montreal
Anglophone Quebec people
Singers from Montreal
People from Cleveland
American emigrants to Canada
21st-century Black Canadian women singers
Banquette

A banquette is a small footpath or elevated step along the inside of a rampart or parapet of a fortification.  Musketeers atop it were able to view the counterscarp, or fire on enemies in the moat. A typical size is a foot and a half (approximately half a metre) high, and almost three feet (approximately 90 cm) wide.

See also
 List of established military terms

References
 

Castle architecture
Kivisuo

Kivisuo is a village in the municipality of Joutsa in middle-Finland.

It is located about 10 kilometers east from Leivonmäki. The village has a population of about 60 inhabitants.

References 

Kivisuo kansallispuistokylä - Official homepages of Kivisuo (in Finnish)

Villages in Finland
Joutsa