alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Arachnology

Arachnology is a science that studies arachnids. Examples of arachnids are spiders, scorpions, pseudoscorpions, and harvestmen. Ticks and mites are also arachnids but they sometimes are not included in arachnology. They are studied in acarology.

Branches of zoology
Bolivia

Bolivia , officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a country in South America.  It is land locked by Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Peru, and Chile.  Luis Alberto Arce Catacora became the president of Bolivia in November 2020.
The population of Bolivia is 11.51 million (2019).

Bolivia is named after Simón Bolívar. The main languages are Spanish and Quechua, but there are other languages too.

History 

Bolivia used to be a colony of Spain. The silver mines in Bolivia made most of Spain's money, and Spain used Bolivians as slaves to work in the mines.
After many wars, Simón Bolívar helped Bolivia to be an independent country.

Geography 

Bolivia is 424,135 mi² (1,098,581 km²). This means that Bolivia is the world's 28th-largest country (after Ethiopia). It is the same sort of size as Mauritania.

Bolivia is a landlocked nation, which means every border of Bolivia is a border with another country, and so it does not have a sea. It used to own some of the Pacific coast, but it lost it in 1879 in the War of the Pacific. The west of Bolivia is on the Andes mountain range. The highest mountain in Bolivia is called Nevado de Sajama and it is near the city of Oruro. Although this part of the country is very high with lots of mountains, there are also parts of Bolivia which are very flat, and parts of the country which are very near sea level. There is also a bit of Bolivia covered by the Amazon rainforest, and a big lake which is the highest lake in the world. This lake is called Lake Titicaca.

The major cities are La Paz, El Alto, Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Cochabamba.  For other places in Bolivia see List of cities in Bolivia.

Demographics 
The population of Bolivia is approximately 10,907,778 people. The ethnic composition of the country is like the following:
 62%: Native American.
 26%: Mestizo.
 10%: White.
 2%: Black

Economy 
Bolivia suffers from poverty. Over 65% of the population lives below the poverty line.

Divisions 
Bolivia is divided into nine departments.  The departments are divided into 112 provinces.  The provinces are divided into 339 municipalities and into native community lands.

Culture 

Bolivian culture has many Inca, Aymara and other native influences in religion, music and clothing. There is a big festival in Oruro, which is called "El carnaval de Oruro". People in Bolivia like playing football, and football, which is often played in the street. Zoos are also very popular, but they do not have much money.

National symbols 

The Cantuta (often spelled kantuta or qantuta) (Cantua buxifolia or Fuchsia buxifolia) is a flower found in the Yungas, and is the national flower of Bolivia along with the patujú (Heliconia rostrata) found in the tropical regions of Bolivia.

Related pages
 Bolivia at the Olympics
 Bolivia national football team
 List of rivers of Bolivia

References 

Notes

Other websites
 Bolivia map
 
 

Bolivia
Spanish-speaking countries
1825 establishments in South America
Massachusetts

Massachusetts is a state in the United States of America. Its official name is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Its capital and largest city is Boston. It is on the east coast of the United States. It is a part of New England. It is next to the Atlantic Ocean and the states of Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Vermont, and New Hampshire. The word Massachusetts comes from Native American language. It means "place with hills."

Massachusetts was one of the first places that European people lived when they came to America. It was one of the first American colonies. The Pilgrims from Plymouth, England came to America for religious freedom in 1620.

Massachusetts is home to some of the United States' most prestigious universities, such as Harvard University and MIT. Massachusetts is also one of the richest states in the United States. Its major cities are Boston, Worcester, Springfield, and Plymouth.

Massachusetts is also home to the 6 time Super Bowl winning New England Patriots.

Massachusetts was the place of many events which caused the American Revolution, such as the Boston Tea Party and the Battle of Lexington and Concord. It was also a center of the anti-slavery movement. Maine used to be part of Massachusetts, but split off in 1820.

Related pages
 Governor of Massachusetts
 List of counties in Massachusetts
 List of cities and towns in Massachusetts

References

 
1788 establishments in the United States
Tallahassee, Florida

Tallahassee is the capital city of the U.S. state of Florida. As of 2020 Tallahassee has a population of 196,169 people.

The name comes from the Apalachee Native American words: talwa meaning town, and ahassee meaning old.

Tallahassee was created as the capital of Florida during the territory's second legislative session. It was chosen as the midpoint between St. Augustine and Pensacola, which had been the capitals of the Spanish and British colonies of East Florida and West Florida, respectively. (At that time, very few people lived in the swamps of South Florida.) The first session of Florida's Legislative Council–as a territory of the United States–met on July 22, 1822 at Pensacola and members from St. Augustine traveled fifty-nine days by water to attend. The second session was in St. Augustine and required western delegates to travel perilously around the peninsula on a twenty-eight day trek. During this session, it was decided that future meetings should be held at a half-way point to reduce the distance. Two appointed commissioners selected Tallahassee, at that point an abandoned Apalachee settlement, as a halfway point. In 1824, the third legislative session met there in a crude log capitol. Also in 1824, Marquis de Lafayette, French hero of the American Revolution, returned for a grand tour of the United States.  The US Congress voted to give him $200,000 (the same amount he had given the colonies in 1778), US citizenship, and the Lafayette Land Grant,  of land that today includes large portions of Tallahassee. In 1845, a Greek revival masonry structure was erected as the Capitol building in time for statehood.

In 1977, a 23-story high-rise Capitol building designed by architect Edward Durell Stone was completed. It is now the third-tallest state capitol building in the United States. In 1978, the old capitol was scheduled for demolition, but the State Of Florida decided to keep the Old Capitol as a museum and point of interest.

The city is the location of two important universities, Florida State University and Florida A&M University.

Notes

References

 
County seats in Florida
State capitals in the United States
1824 establishments in Florida Territory
1227

Year 1227 (MCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Events
 March 19 – Pope Gregory IX succeeds Pope Honorius III as the 178th pope.

 August 18 – Genghis Khan
Tom Skerritt

Thomas Alderton Skerritt (born August 25, 1933) is an American actor. He was born in Detroit, Michigan. He is best known for his roles in the films M*A*S*H (1970), Alien (1979), and Top Gun (1986).

Other websites 
 

1933 births
Living people
American movie actors
Actors from Detroit
Trossingen

Trossingen is a town in South Germany (Baden-Württemberg). It is in a region called Baar, between the Swabian Alb and the Black Forest.

Trossingen is called a "music town". It has around 16,000 people who live there, there is the 'University of Music Trossingen', which is one of Baden-Württemberg's state conservatories, and there are other institutions specialized in musical education, like the 'Bundesakademie für musikalische Jugendbildung'  and the 'Hohner Konservatorium'. In 1857 the Matthias Hohner company was founded. Today, Hohner harmonicas and accordions are famous all over the world. Trossingen houses the German Harmonica Museum, too. Trossingen also has a historic railway: the Trossinger Eisenbahn. Several skeletons of the dinosaur Plateosaurus engelhardti were found in Trossingen during excavations in the early 20th century. The local museum Auberlehaus houses several of the original bones.

Distances 
 Stuttgart (capital of Baden-Württemberg): about .
 Berlin (capital of Germany): about .
 the Black forest: about .
 Switzerland: about .

References

Other websites 
 

Tuttlingen
The Smurfs

The Smurfs are fictional little blue beings created by Peyo, a Belgian cartoonist. They first appeared in 1958, and later in a cartoon television show created by Hanna-Barbera Productions in the 1980s. On September 12, 1981, they were featured on NBC on Saturday mornings as a cartoon series. The little blue creatures from Belgium became popular among all ages.

A feature movie called The Smurfs was released in 2011. The Smurfs 2 was a sequel released July 31, 2013.

Description 

The smurfs are very small.  In cartoons in which they appear with humans, they are small enough to stand on a human hand.

Most Smurfs are male. There are only 3 females in the village: Smurfette, Sassette Smurfling, and Nanny Smurf.

Most Smurfs wear white pants and white Phrygian caps. Papa Smurf, Grandpa Smurf, and some of the Smurflings dress differently. Grandpa Smurf wears yellow clothes and Papa Smurf wears red clothes. The Smurflings are Sassette, Snappy, Slouchy, and Nat. Sassette and Nat do not dress like the other Smurfs at all, while Slouchy and Nat do dress like the others. In some comics, the Smurfs dress differently in color or clothing.

Smurfs live in mushroom-shaped houses in a village in a forest.

Characters
 Smurfette, one of the female Smurfs
 Papa Smurf, the village leader
 Brainy Smurf, an intellectual show-off
 Vanity Smurf, is a narcissist. He has a flower in his hat. He often holds a hand mirror, staring into his own reflection.  In the Hanna-Barbera cartoon series, Vanity speaks in a feminine voice.
 Grouchy Smurf, is a grouch
 Handy Smurf, is a mechanic and inventor.
 Hefty Smurf, strong Smurf
 Sassette Smurfling, the only female Smurfling
 Greedy Smurf, the village's baker
 Natural Smurf or Nat Smurfling, can communicate with animals.
 Grandpa Smurf, the former "Papa Smurf"
 Nanny Smurf, the oldest female Smurf
 Tailor Smurf, makes clothes
 Gustey a brave smurf
 Gargamel, a human, and the enemy of the Smurfs. Gargamel is an evil wizard who is absolutely obsessed with the Smurfs. His main goal changes. Sometimes he wants to catch Smurfs to eat them. Most of the time he tries to capture them for use in a potion to make gold. Sometimes it is simply getting revenge.
 Azrael, is Gargamel's cat and chases Smurfs.
 Scruple, is Gargamel's assistant who failed wizard school. He was introduced later in the series.

References

Other websites
 Muckno Mania festival breaks world record
Istanbul

Istanbul, formerly known as Constantinople, is a mega city that sits in both Europe and Asia, divided by the Bosporus. Although it is the largest city of Turkey, it is not the capital. It is the largest city in Europe by population. It is also the 3rd largest European city in size. It was the capital city of the old Ottoman Empire until 1923. The city has been known since ancient times by the older names Byzantium and Constantinople (; , Konstantinoúpolis). Being a seaport, Istanbul is the main trade center of Turkey.

Part of Istanbul is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Istanbul faces the Golden Horn and the Bosporus strait. The Bosphorus connects the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara, and separates Europe and Asia. The city is actually in both Europe and Asia. One-third of the people live on the Asian side. Its population is between 11 and 15 million people, making it one of the largest cities in Europe. Many people migrate to Istanbul every year.

Its original name was Byzantion in the Greek language, known as Byzantium in the Latin language. Byzantium was originally settled as a colony by Greeks from Megara in 667 BC and named after their king, Byzas. In 196 AD, Byzantium was damaged by the Romans, then rebuilt by the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus. Constantine the Great thought this city was in a nice location, and in 330, moved the capital of the Empire from Rome to there, as New Rome (Latin: Nova Roma; , Nea Rómi), renaming the city Constantinople, after his name.

When the Roman Empire was later divided into two, the East Roman Empire was known as the Byzantine Empire, and its capital was in Constantinople, where Hagia Sophia had been built. Although it was captured by Crusaders for a time, it continued as one of the political, cultural, religious, and economic centers of Europe until it finally fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.

Istanbul became the capital of the Ottoman Empire in 1453. After the Ottoman Empire ended, the Republic of Turkey was started with its capital at Ankara. Later in 1930, Constantinople was renamed Istanbul.

The Romanlar (Turkish Gypsys) have lived in Istanbul since 1054 at Sulukule, well known for their Music and Dance style. After 1453, by order of Mehmed II, Roma was settled in Istanbul from other parts of the Ottoman Empire. In some cases, they live in several Mahallas (quarters) together with Turks in Istanbul in the European and Asian parts of this city.

Notes

References

Other websites 

 Audioguide Seslirehber Istanbul Turkey
 Extensive information on Architect Sinan's works in Istanbul 

 
World Heritage Sites in Turkey
Gregg Allman

Gregg Allman (December 8, 1947 – May 27, 2017) was an American rock musician. He was a member of the Allman Brothers Band with his brother, Duane Allman, which popularized Southern Rock in the 1970s. He married Cher, a well-known pop singer and actress after she divorced Sonny Bono in 1974. They had a son, Elijah Blue Allman, before divorcing in 1979. Until recently, he had continued to perform with his band Gregg Allman and Friends and last resided in Georgia with his family.

Death 
Following a series of health problems,  Allman died at his home in Savannah, Georgia, on May 27, 2017 due to complications of liver cancer. He was 69.

References

Other websites 
Official Website

1947 births
2017 deaths
American guitarists
Musicians from Nashville, Tennessee
Southern rock musicians
American rock musicians
Blues musicians
American gospel musicians
Allman Brothers Band

The Allman Brothers Band were an American southern rock band in the 1970s. It originally formed in 1969 with Duane Allman (slide guitar), Gregg Allman (vocals, organ), Dickey Betts (guitar), Berry Oakley (bass guitar), Butch Trucks (drums) and Jai Johanny "Jaimoe" Johanson (drums).

In 1971, soon after their first album went gold, Duane and Berry were killed in separate motorcycle accidents in the group's hometown of Macon, Georgia. The group still released  more albums and songs, most notably Ramblin' Man and Jessica, which were their biggest hits.  Rolling Stone ranked them 52nd on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time in 2004. The band is still touring as of 2008.

Discography
Studio albums
 The Allman Brothers Band (1969)
 Idlewild South (1970)
 At Fillmore East (1971)
 Eat a Peach (1972)
 Brothers and Sisters (1973) 
 Win, Lose or Draw (1975)
 Enlightened Pogues (1979)
 Reach for the Sky (1980)
 Brothers of the Road (1981)
 Seven Turns (1990)
 Shades of Two Worlds (1991)
 Where it All Begins (1994)
 Peakin' at the Beacon (2000)
 Hittin' the Note (2003)

References

Other websites
 Official Allman Brothers' website
 The Allman Brothers Band  at RollingStone.com

American rock bands
Blues bands
Musical groups from Florida
Musicians from Jacksonville, Florida
Southern rock bands
Musical groups established in 1969
1969 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Florida
1976 disestablishments in the United States
20th-century disestablishments in Florida
Musical groups established in 1978
1978 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Florida
Musical groups disestablished in 1982
1982 disestablishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 1989
1989 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Florida
John Frost Bridge

The John Frost Bridge is a bridge in Arnhem. It was bombed after Operation Market Garden in September 1944. It was later rebuilt. Some parts of the bridge are still the same as they were in 1944.

Bridges in Europe
Buildings and structures in the Netherlands
Transport in the Netherlands
Arnhem
Vengaboys

The Vengaboys are a Dutch pop music group. The group is made up of DJ Danski and DJ Delmondo. They toured Spanish beach parties in a bus. The group formed in 1992. They added four dancers in 1995-1996 and toured through Europe. Their first song was Up & Down.  It was released in March 1997. The group is popular across Europe and have had some popularity in the United States. Their music is Eurodance.

Other websites 

1990s Dutch music groups
2000s Dutch music groups
2010s music groups
Dance music groups
Musical groups established in 1997
Pop music groups
Guan Yu

Guan Yu (160 – 219) was a Chinese general. He helped his sworn brother Liu Bei to fight the dynasty of Wei, which had seized the throne from the last Han emperor. He was also the sworn brother of Zhang Fei, another warrior of Liu Bei.

The Three Brothers conquered the Southwest of China and founded a Dynasty named Shu Han because Liu Bei claimed to be the rightful heir of the Han Dynasty. They also battled with Eastern Wu, another Chinese dynasty at the time, and during one of the battles, Guan Yu was captured by the Wu general Lü Meng and executed, along with his son Guan Ping.

In later centuries, Guan Yu became a Chinese deity and was given the name Guan Gong, meaning "Lord Guan."

160 births
219 deaths
Three Kingdoms generals
Chinese gods and goddesses
Subsistence farming

Subsistence farming is the kind of farming done by farmers who have small plots, or little water, or otherwise grow enough only for themselves. Literally, subsistence agriculture means no extra food is produced to sell or trade. This means farming doesn't give them money to buy things. However, today most subsistence farmers also do trade to some degree. From time to time they may need money to buy essential things to keep going.

Subsistence farming may also mean shifting farming or nomadic herding (see nomadic people).

Examples:
 A family has only one cow to give milk only for that family. 
 A farmer grows only enough wheat to make bread for his or her family.

References 

Agriculture

Simple living
River Clyde

The River Clyde (, ) is a river in Scotland. It  flows through Glasgow before opening up into the Firth of Clyde.

References

Other websites 

 River Clyde: Source to Firth Panorama Project 
   The Clyde-built ships data base - lists over 22,000 ships built on the Clyde 
 Clyde Waterfront regeneration
 Clyde Waterfront Heritage 
 Glasgow Digital Library: Glimpses of old Glasgow
 In Glasgow Photo Gallery of pictures of the River Clyde 
 Clydebank Restoration Trust

Rivers of Scotland
Glasgow
Argyroxiphium

Argyroxiphium is a small genus of plants in the sunflower family, Asteraceae.  Its members are known by the common names of silversword or greensword due to their long, narrow leaves and the silvery hairs on some species.

The Silversword plant grows only at high elevations on the Island of Maui in Hawaii.

The silversword is a noticeable, round-shaped rosette plant with rigid (swordlike), succulent leaves densely covered by silver hairs. When a plant flowers at the end of its life, it produces a spectacular flowering stalk 0.5-2.0 m (1.6-6.4 ft) tall, typically with hundreds of maroon sunflowerlike flower heads. This plant receives more attention from visitors to Haleakala National Park than any other plant or animal because of its striking appearance and restricted distribution.

The strikingly beautiful Haleakala silversword has always aroused the curiosity of human visitors to Haleakala Volcano. In pre-park days, plants were often removed by travelers to Haleakala Volcano as proof that the party had reached the summit, a practice that eventually seriously affected the silversword population. Browsing by feral goats and domestic cattle was also a significant factor in the silversword decline, but it was not a species preferred by these animals. By the 1920s, silversword numbers were so depleted that the Maui Chamber of Commerce sent a petition to Washington, DC, requesting that a serious effort be made to save the species (Loope and Crivellone 1986).

References

Asteraceae
Mr. Pacman

Mr. Pacman is an American pop music band from Colorado. They use sounds from old video games to create their music. Mr. Pacman has recorded 2 CDs & made 4 music videos.

Other websites
 http://myspace.com/mrpacman/ - official website

American pop music groups
Electronic music bands
Musical groups from Denver
Musical groups established in 2001
2001 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Colorado
Music video

A music video or music clip is a short movie that represents a song on a television screen. Most music videos feature the artist who recorded the song singing or lip-syncing it on screen. TV network channels that are famous for playing music videos are MTV, VH1, BET, and CMT.

In most countries in East Asia, music videos are called PVs. PV stands for "Promotional Video."

Music media
Movies
Sumo

is a Japanese full-contact sport.

In sumo, a wrestler (rikishi) attempts to force another wrestler out of a circular ring (the dohyō) 4.55 metres in diameter. Also, the rikishi try to use their skill to force an opponent to touch the ground with anything other than the soles of his feet.

Sumo tournaments (basho) take place in Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya and Fukuoka. There are a total of 6 major professional tournaments (known as honbasho) per year, in January, March, May, July, September and November.

A tournament normally lasts for 15 days and features matches from different divisions. The top 5 ranks are known as the "Top division", also called the Makuuchi (幕内) or Makunouchi (幕の内). It is fixed in size and always contains 42 rikishi.

The ranks included in the top division are yokozuna, ozeki, sekiwake, komusubi and maegashira.

Rikishi
Sumo wrestlers (rikishi) are ranked into a hierarchy based on win-loss statistics in competitive tournaments.

Grand champions
Those who have earned the highest rank are grand champions (yokuzuna).
 Akashi, 16th century
 Maruyama, (1712-1749)
 Tanikaze (Kajinosuke, 1750-1795)
 Onagawa (1758-1805)
 Ao no Matsu (1791-1851)
...
 Chiyonofuji Mitsugu (b. 1955)
 Takanosato (b. 1952)
 Futahaguro Koji (b. 1963)
 Hokuto-umi, (b. 1963)
 Onokuni (b. 1962)
 Asahifuji (b. 1960)
 Akebono (b. 1970)

For a full list of those rikishi who have held the title of Yokozuna, see List of yokozuna.

Foreign-born competitors
Sumo has changed in modern times. Foreign-born wrestlers are part of the sport. For example, Konishiki and Akebono are Hawaiian-born athletes who earned places for themselves.

In 2008, Kotooshu from Bulgaria won a championship. In that same year, two top wrestlers, Asashoryu and Hakuho, were Mongolian. Hakuho won the Nagoya tournament with no losses, 15-0.

References

Sport in Japan
Wrestling
List of districts of Germany

Germany is divided into 402 administrative districts. These consist of 295 rural districts (Landkreise), listed fully here, and 107 urban districts (Kreisfreie Städte / Stadtkreise) - cities which constitute a district in their own right.

References 

Districts of Germany
Districts
Bremen (state)

Bremen is the smallest and least populous state  in Germany.  It is a city-state with an area of . Bremen has a population of around 664,000 people.

The official name is "Freie Hansestadt Bremen".  This is because Bremen used to be in the Hanseatic League which was a group of cities which did a lot of trading.  Many goods were sent from the port of Bremen or bought from the port from other countries.  "Free" means it was independent of the local dukes and princes.

Bremen has two major cities, these cities are Bremen and Bremerhaven. The local football club is named Werder Bremen.

References

Other websites
Magdeburg

Magdeburg (;  ) is the capital of the state of Saxony-Anhalt, in Germany. The city covers an area of . About 236,000 people live there (2016).

A demonstration of air pressure (called the Magdeburg spheres) was done here by Otto von Guericke in 1656. Also, the 18th century composer Georg Philipp Telemann was born here.

References

Other websites 
 Official page 
 Magdeburg water cross

 
Urban districts of Saxony-Anhalt
Romance languages

The Romance languages (also sometimes called Romanic languages) are a language family in the Indo-European languages. They started from Vulgar Latin (in Latin, "vulgar" is the word for "common" and so "Vulgar Latin" means "Common Latin"). The most spoken Romance languages are Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian and Romanian.

They are called "Romance languages" because they originate from Latin, the language spoken by the Western Roman Empire. Their grammatical inflection system has been simplified and lost most of the complex case structure of classical Latin.

The area that the Romance languages are spoken in Europe is mostly extent of the Western Roman Empire. The Greek language superseded Latin in the Eastern Roman Empire. Latin survived in Romania, whose language, Romanian, is a Romance language. In Moldova it is sometimes called Moldovan.

Demographics 

The Romance language family is one of the biggest in the world, and in total, there are almost a billion first and second language speakers.

Spanish is the most widely used Romance language, with Portuguese as the second and then French coming in at third.

Spanish is spoken mainly in Spain and Latin America. Portuguese is mostly used/spoken in Brazil, Portugal and parts of Africa. French is spoken in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Canada, and in some areas of Africa. Romanian is spoken in Romania and Moldova.

List of Romance languages

Eastern Romance languages 
Romanian
Moldovan
Istro-Romanian
Megleno-Romanian
Aromanian

Italo-Western Romance 
Sardinian

Italo-Dalmatian 
Italian
Neapolitan
Sicilian

Western Romance languages

Gallo-Iberian languages 
Catalan
Occitan

Gallo-Romance languages 
French
Gallo
Norman
Auregnais
Jèrriais
Sercquiais
Romansh
Venetian
Walloon

Iberian Romance languages 
Asturian
Galician
Leonese
Portuguese
Spanish
Aragonese

Other 
Ladino
Esperanto

Family tree of Romance languages

Other websites 
 Romance languages - Citizendium

References
Stellar evolution

Stellar evolution is the study of how a star changes over time. Stars can change very much between when they are first created and when they run out of energy. Because stars can produce light and heat for millions or billions of years, scientists study stellar evolution by studying many different stars in different stages of their life.

The stages in a star's life are: protostar, main-sequence star, red giant and either white dwarf followed by black dwarf, neutron star or black hole.

How a star is born
A star starts its life as a cloud of dust and gas called a nebula. This is pulled together by gravity which causes it to heat up. It also starts to spin and to look like a ball.  When it gets hot enough, it starts to release energy through nuclear fusion, changing hydrogen to helium. This makes it shine very brightly and become what astronomers think of as a main-sequence star. It may stay a main-sequence star, looking about the same, for billions of years.

How a star enters old age
Sooner or later, almost all of the hydrogen at the center has changed to helium. This causes the nuclear reaction in the middle of the star to stop and the center will start to get smaller due to the star's gravity. The layer of the star just outside the center will begin to change hydrogen to helium, releasing energy. 

The outer layers of the star will get much, much bigger. The star will make much more light, sometimes as much as ten thousand times as much as it did at first. Since the surface of the star will get bigger, this energy will be spread out over a much larger area. Because of this, the temperature of the surface will go down and the color will change to red or orange. It will become a red giant. It can swallow up any planets that orbit around it.

How a star dies
Later, the red giant that was left over from a star like ours stops burning. A cloud of gas is given off and a smaller star called a white dwarf is left behind. After a really long time, the white dwarf cools down into a black dwarf.

But, when a big red giant explodes, the explosion is a lot larger and is called a supernova. Instead of a white dwarf, it leaves behind a much smaller, much denser ball called a neutron star. A neutron star is created because the force of gravity is so strong that the atoms left behind would not have any electrons orbiting the nucleus of the atoms. A teaspoon of that matter might weigh as much as the entire Earth.

A much bigger red giant leaves behind a black hole. A black hole is created because gravity is so strong that even the protons and neutrons collapse in on themselves. Even light can no longer escape a black hole. Since there is nothing we know of stronger than the force that holds atomic nuclei (the plural of 'nucleus') together, some physicists think that a black hole collapses all the way down to a mathematical point called a singularity.

Astrophysics
Church Square Park

Church Square Park is a park in Hoboken, New Jersey between Garden Street and Willow Avenue and 5th and 6th Streets. The Hoboken Public Library is on its north side.

Geography of New Jersey
Parks in the United States
Demand

Demand is the total amount of goods or services which people want to buy, for a set price. The demand for an item indicates how much it is needed or wanted. This is important in economics, because the law of supply and demand will decide the price at which something will be bought and sold.

Demand is the amount of goods that people want to buy at a given price. Prices go up when supply is less, and demand is more. It follows the law of demand where as price increases, demand decreases and vice versa showing an inverse relationship between quantity demanded and price. This is known as the law of demand which assumes that the consumer will want more. Demand forecasting tries to predict how demand will change in the future.

Sometimes the demand does not change much no matter what the price is. One example is when people are addicted to illegal drugs.  These people need to get their drugs, they will pay any price they can afford. This effect is known as elasticity. 

Microeconomics
Transaction

A transaction is usually an exchange. Sometimes other things are referred to as transactions.

A business transaction is one where money, goods, or services are bought, sold or traded.

A bank transaction is when money is taken out of, put into, or moved around inside of a bank.

A database transaction is one where data is changed inside a computer system.

Commerce
Pipeline

A pipeline is a long tube, that is used to transport liquids or gases over long distances. Pipelines are made of metal. While the transport of liquids and gases is common, some pipelines are used to transport coal or iron ore, which are mixed with mud. Such pipelines are sometimes called slurry pipelines. Even though a pipeline is very expensive to build, the low operating cost often makes it the cheapest transport. 

Many stadiums use a central tank for beer. Each bar is served by a pipeline from the central tank.

Even though mail and other goods can also be delivered that way, the system is generally not referred to as pipeline. In this case, capsules are used. These are propelled by air.

Technology
Pipeline networks are made of different components. These are:
The supply station is where the pipeline starts. Very often, there are  tanks that act as a buffer
There are several pumps and compressors, which move the product through the pipeline.
Partial delivery stations allow to deliver part of the product
Block valve stations use valves to isolate the pipeline into independent segments.
Regulator stations are used to release some of the pressure
The final delivery station is where the product is delivered to the consumer. Very often tanks are used as a buffer.

Images

Technology
Avocado

The term avocado refers to a type of berry. It has medium dark green or dark green bumpy or smooth skin depending on the variety. The flesh of an avocado is deep chartreuse green in color near the skin and pale chartreuse green near the core. It has a creamy, rich texture. The word, Avocado came from an aztec word meaning testicle. Avocado trees come from Central America and Mexico. They can grow in many places, as long as it is not too cold.

Avocados have much more fat than most of the other fruits, but its fat is healthy to eat (monounsaturated fat). Avocados have lots of potassium, B vitamins, and vitamin E and K. The Mexican food called guacamole is made of avocados. Many other foods are also made from avocado. Avocado is poisonous to some animals. Many animals will get very sick or die if they eat avocado. Avocado grows there where the climate is a little windy.

References

Other websites 
 Avocado info
 Avocado health benefits

 
National symbols of Mexico
1492

The year 1492 was an important year in the history of the world. 

The most important events centred around Spain. Muslim forces were finally expelled (sent away) from Spain. This ended 780 years of Muslim control in Al-Andalus.

Jews were also expelled. With the backing of the King of Spain, Christopher Columbus set off on the voyage by which he would discover the "New World", by which was meant the Americas.

Fall of Granada: Muhammad XII, the last Emir of Granada, surrenders his city to the army of the Catholic Monarchs (Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile) after a long siege.

These discoveries and changes made Spain a large empire, not just a country in Europe.

References
Virtues of Harmony

Virtues of Harmony was a sitcom that ran in Hong Kong from 2001 until February 2005. Virtues of Harmony One was set in ancient China during the Ming Dynasty. It follows the lives of the Kam family. The allure of the series was the humorous storylines and how the good always wins. The star of the show was Nancy Sit, a kind hearted matriarch with the best intentions.

Following the success of Virtues of Harmony One, Virtues of Harmony Two was set in modern Hong Kong with a similar cast.

Sitcoms
2001 television series debuts
2000s establishments in Asia
2005 television series endings
21st-century disestablishments in Asia
Ashford, Kent

Ashford is a large town in Kent in England. Many villages in are nearby and Ashford attracts lots of locals for its shopping. The Ashford international railway station is connected by the Channel Tunnel to mainland Europe. Ashford is an established and populated area of Kent with lots of houses. The UK Government is going to build many more houses in the town and will double its population in a few years. About 120,000 people live there.

There's also an Ashford Designer Outlet Shopping Centre nearby.

Towns in Kent
Song

A song is a piece of music which contains lyrics and words. Songs may be made by songwriters. Other songs are folk songs, which are songs created by people long ago that have been sung as tradition.

Some people form bands which write and record songs to make money from it. When two or three singers sing the song it is called a duet or trio. Some people also make parodies of songs, which is usually changing the words of the song but keeping the tune. Parodies are usually made to make fun of a song or its writer/singer (parody artist "Weird Al" Yankovic is an example of this).

The word "song" is often used to describe any piece of music, even one without words or lyrics. The proper word for a piece of music without words is "instrumental".

References

Basic English 850 words
 
Musical forms
Magnesium

Magnesium ( /mæɡˈniːziəm/ mag-NEE-zee-əm) is a chemical element with the symbol Mg, atomic number 12 and common oxidation state +2. It is an alkaline earth metal and the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust, where it constitutes about 2% by mass, and ninth in the known universe as a whole. This preponderance of magnesium is related to the fact that it is easily built up in supernova stars from a sequential addition of three helium nuclei to carbon (which in turn is made from three helium nuclei). Magnesium ion's high solubility in water helps ensure that it is the third most abundant element dissolved in seawater.

Magnesium is the 11th most abundant element by mass in the human body. Its ions are essential to all living cells. The ions play a major role in manipulating important biological polyphosphate compounds like ATP, DNA, and RNA. Hundreds of enzymes thus require magnesium ions to function. Magnesium is also the metallic ion at the center of chlorophyll, and is thus a common additive to fertilizers.  Magnesium ions are sour to the taste, and in low concentrations help to impart a natural tartness to fresh mineral waters.

The free element (metal) is not found naturally on Earth, as it is highly reactive (though once produced, is coated in a thin layer of oxide (see passivation), which partly masks this reactivity). The free metal burns with a characteristic brilliant white light, making it a useful ingredient in flares. The metal is now mainly obtained by electrolysis of magnesium salts obtained from brine.

Uses
Commercially, the chief use for the metal is as an alloying agent to make aluminium-magnesium alloys, sometimes called "magnalium" or "magnelium". Since magnesium is less dense than aluminium, these alloys are prized for their relative lightness and strength.

Magnesium is used in fireworks to make a brilliant bright light. Another use is to mix it with other metals to make it strong, lightweight alloys such as those used to make bicycle frames.

Magnesium compounds are used medicinally as common laxatives, antacids (i.e., milk of magnesia), and in a number of situations where stabilization of abnormal nerve excitation and blood vessel spasm is required (that is, to treat eclampsia).

Magnesium is used in electronic devices, including: mobile phones, laptop computers, cameras, and other electronic components. Magnesium's low weight, good mechanical and electrical properties are good for these uses.

Magnesium reacted with an alkyl halide gives a Gringard reagent, which is a very useful tool for preparing alcohols.

Magnesium is also used in incendiary bombs, which are bombs that blow up and spread fire everywhere.

Related pages
 Periodic table
 List of common elements

References

Alkaline earth metals
Dan Brown

Dan Brown (born June 22, 1964) is an American writer. His best-known book is The Da Vinci Code.

Dan Brown lives in the United States. His father was a math teacher and his mother was a church organist. Before Dan Brown wrote books, he was an English teacher. Dan Brown's wife, Blythe, is an artist. Sometimes she is known to help him with his books.

Dan Brown also likes to write about codes and secrets. Sometimes he writes about real secrets, but he mostly writes fiction. 

Hollywood director Ron Howard made a movie about one of Brown's books. Tom Hanks is the movie's star actor. It was released in theaters in May 2006.

Brown's next book was supposed to be called The Solomon Key, but then the name was changed to The Lost Symbol. When the book The Da Vinci Code came out in the United States, there were some puzzles hidden in the art of the book cover. Brown said that the answers to those puzzles give hints about what would be in his next book. Two of the puzzles are about a famous sculpture called Kryptos, which is in the middle of the CIA Headquarters building in Washington D.C.

This is a list of Dan Brown's books:

 Digital Fortress (1997)
 Angels and Demons (2000)
 Deception Point (2001)
 The Da Vinci Code (2003)
 The Lost Symbol (2009)
Inferno (2013)
Origin (2017)

References

Other websites 

 Official Dan Brown website

American novelists
Writers from New Hampshire
1964 births
Living people
Thurso

Thurso is a town in north Scotland. The town has a population of 8,721 (2001 census)

Towns in Highland
Penzance

Penzance () is a town and port in Cornwall, South West England. It is near Land's End and the most westerly major town in England. Many people live and work in Penzance. In 2001, there were 21,168 people living in Penzance. The main Cornish railway line ends at Penzance. The fishing port of Newlyn is close to Penzance.

References 

Towns in Cornwall
Civil parishes in Cornwall
The Tonight Show

The Tonight Show is a popular late night television talk and comedy show in the United States. It appears on the NBC television network. The show started in 1954 and was hosted by Steve Allen. In 1957, Jack Paar became the host, with Ernie Kovacs hosting on some nights.

In 1962, Johnny Carson took over and stayed until 1992, with announcer Ed McMahon as sidekick, and Doc Severinsen as bandleader. Carson, McMahon, and Severinsen retired from The Tonight Show in 1992, when Jay Leno became host. Leno left the show in 2009, and Conan O'Brien (of Late Night and Saturday Night Live fame) became host from June 2009 to January 2010 before leaving due to controversy with The Tonight Show'''s timeslot. Jay Leno became the host of the show again on March 1, 2010. Leno retired in 2014 when Jimmy Fallon took over.

2009 timeslot controversy

In late 2009, NBC said that they would be moving the Jay Leno Show to 11:35 PM, the time usually slotted for The Tonight Show. The Jay Leno Show would be 30 minutes long. The Tonight Show would be moved to 12:05 AM, but would still be a full hour long. NBC did this because Jay Leno and Conan O'Brien were not getting enough viewers, and they believed that moving The Jay Leno Show to late night would increase their prime time viewers.

After being told this, Conan O'Brien said that he would be leaving The Tonight Show. He said that he believed that moving the show to 12:05 would ruin it, and that it would be unfair to Late Night'', which would have been moved to 1:05 AM. The deal was made that O'Brien would receive $33 million and that his staff of almost 200 people would receive $12 million. Conan O'Brien's last show aired on January 22, 2010.

1954 television series debuts
1950s American television series
1960s American television series
1970s American television series
1980s American television series
1990s American television series
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
American television talk shows
NBC network shows
Five solas

In Europe in the 16th century, there was a big change in the Christian religion. During the Protestant Reformation, hundreds of thousands of people left the Catholic Church to form Protestant churches all over Europe.

"The Five solas" are an important part of reformed theology for the Protestant leaders:

 Sola scriptura (meaning "The Bible only"): Protestants believe that need only to read the Bible to find out what God wants, instead of listening to the Pope or the Catholic Church.

 Solus Christus  (meaning Christ only"): Protestants believe that the only way to heaven is by Jesus dying on the cross and so so they did not have to pray to Mary, saints, or angels.

 Sola Gratia (meaning "grace only:" Protestants believe that God lets people into heaven, but no one deserves it.

Sola fide (meaning "faith only"): Protestants believe that people must trust Jesus for him to let them into heaven.

Soli Deo Gloria (meaning "only glory to God"): Protestants believe that God alone should be worshipped, not the Pope or priests, and people should not trust the Church to get to heaven.

The words "Sola Scriptura", "Solus Christus", "Sola Gratia", "Sola Fide" and "Soli Deo Gloria" are in Latin.

Other websites 
Articles on the Five Solas—from a conservative Calvinistic perspective
FiveSolas.com—a Reformed page devoted to the Solas

Protestant theology
Protestant Reformation
Göran Persson

Göran Persson (born January 20, 1949) was the Prime minister of Sweden between 1996 and 2006. He was the leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party, but quit in March 2007. He was replaced by Mona Sahlin as leader of the party, the party's first woman to do so.

References

Other websites 
Government Offices of Sweden - Göran Persson

1949 births
Living people
Government ministers of Sweden
Prime Ministers of Sweden
Jane Fonda

Jane Seymour Fonda (born December 21, 1937) is an American actress, writer, political activist and former fashion model. She is the daughter of Henry Fonda, the sister of Peter Fonda and the aunt of Bridget Fonda, both of whom are actors. She won two Academy Awards. Fonda made instructional videos on exercise and aerobics.

Personal life 
Fonda was born on December 21, 1937 in New York City. She is the daughter of actor Henry Fonda (1905–1982) and the Canadian-born socialite Frances Ford Seymour (1908–1950). According to her father, their surname comes from Italian ancestors who immigrated to the Netherlands. There they intermarried and began to use Dutch given names. She is also of English, Scottish, French-Canadian, German, and Norwegian ancestry. She was named after the third wife of English king Henry VIII, Jane Seymour. Her mother is distantly related to Jane Seymour. Her brother was actor Peter Fonda (1940–2019) and through him, her niece was his daughter Bridget. In 1950, her mother committed suicide when Jane was 13.

In the early 1950s, Fonda taught dance at Fire Island Pines, New York. She attended the Emma Willard School in Troy, New York, and Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, but dropped out to become a fashion model.

Health 
Fonda was diagnosed with breast cancer and osteoporosis in her later years. She had a lumpectomy in November 2010, and has recovered. In April 2019, Fonda revealed she had a cancerous growth removed from her lower lip in March 2018 and had pre-melanoma growths removed from her skin.

In September 2022, Fonda announced that she has been diagnosed with Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

References

Other websites 
 

1937 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Movie producers from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
Models from New York City
Actors from New York City
American feminists
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American feminist writers
American political activists
Degree

Degree generally means to have a level in something.

Degree can mean:
Academic degree  awarded by a university to people who graduate from it
A degree is a unit of how we measure temperature
degree (angle) in geometry, 1/360th of a circle
degree (mathematics), the highest power of x occurring inside a polynomial
High school

High school is a kind of school, a place where people go to learn skills for use in life. In a three-part system such as in the United States, children go to high school after middle school ("junior high"). In a two-part system such as in the United Kingdom, the change is from primary school to secondary school at 11 years of age. 

In the United States, a high school is a school that students go to usually for grades 9 through 12, from the ages of about 14-15 to about 17-18. It is also the last school that the law requires the student to go to. However, students with behavioral issues that are too much for the school to handle cannot attend. This is called expulsion. Some states have an age or certain grade where a student does not have to attend school, this is called the compulsory age, for example in New York, students below 17 years of age are required to attend school unless the child is excused. Some people may choose to take some tests called GED (General Education Development) as another way to finish high school. A student is allowed by law to stop going to high school after a certain age without having graduated. In most this is 16, however, in a few states, it is 18 or higher, for example, Wisconsin.

In the United Kingdom the law requires the student to go to school until 16. The term 'high school' is only used in Scotland.
The term 'Secondary School' is used for most of the UK instead of 'high school'.
'Secondary school' is school year 7-11; which is pupils aged 11-16.

There are public high schools and private high schools in the United States and many other countries.

References