alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Asteroxylon

Asteroxylon ("star-shaped xylem") is an extinct genus of vascular plants of the Division Lycopodiophyta known from anatomically preserved specimens described from the famous Early Devonian Rhynie chert and Windyfield chert in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Asteroxylon is considered a basal member of the Lycopsida.

Description 
Asteroxylon is a genus of terrestrial vascular plant which flourished in the Early Devonian period. 
This plant consisted of aerial, isotomously and anisotomously branching stems that reached 12 mm in diameter and 40 cm in length. The possibly procumbent aerial stems arose from a leaf-less rhizome which bore smaller-diameter, positively geotropic root-like branches. The rhizomes, which represent an independent origin of roots, reached a depth of up to 20 cm below the surface. A 407 million-year-old fossil from the Rhynie chert shows the roots formed through a modified version of a mechanism called “dichotomous branching”, where one of the branches that formed from a shoot-like axis buried into the soil. This method of root formation no longer exists. The xylem or conducting tissue at the center of the aerial stems is distinctly star-shaped in cross-section and has been considered an early actinostele or an "Asteroxylon-type" protostele. The tracheids are of the primitive annular or helical type (so-called G-type). "Leaves" – not true leaves, but protrusions – were of the form of unbranched strap-shaped enations up to 5 mm long; a single vascular trace branched from the main bundle in the centre of the stem to terminate at the base of each enation. Enations and axes bore stomata, indicating that their tissues were capable of photosynthesis.

"Sporangia, consisting of two kidney-shaped valves, are interspersed among the nonvascularized leaflike appendages and attached to the axis with a short pedicel. The sporangia are curved and lie close to the axis." Fertile regions of the axes alternate with sterile regions, suggesting periodic episodes of fertility.

Asteroxylon differs from other similar Early Devonian lycopsids such as Drepanophycus and Baragwanathia in that the singular vascular leaf trace in these latter plants extends into the leaf. The leaves of Drepanophycus and Baragwanathia are therefore considered to be true microphylls or, alternatively, small leaves.

Species
The type species is Asteroxylon mackiei. One other species has been described, Asteroxylon elberfeldense, but this is now considered to be generically distinct and assigned to Thursophyton. A fossil originally named as Asteroxylon setchellii is now considered to be a fern, and is known as Stenokoleos setchellii.

Taxonomy 
A 2021 reanalysis found that Asteroxylon was more closely related to crown lycophytes than the more basal zosterophylls and Nothia.

See also
Drepanophycales 
Devonian
List of Early Devonian land plants
Polysporangiophytes

References

The Rhynie Chert and Asteroxylon

Early Devonian plants
Silurian plants
Drepanophycales
Paleozoic life of Quebec
Prehistoric lycophyte genera
C-MODEM

C-Modem is a protocol driver developed by Lavio Pareschi (Rio de Janeiro) in 1989, that works similarly to and better than ZMODEM . It includes a whole new file transfer protocol, built around the idea of crash recovery, ease of use and optimal performance. C-Modem provides reliable file transmission even in poor conditions, as it adapts immediately to any errors that may occur (even in the so-called 'error free' modems).

Major features of the C-Modem communications protocol include:

 Transmission Crash Recovery

Being interrupted by any condition, the file transmitted is saved with the extension file .BAD until the last byte is received correctly. In the next connection/transmission, the file will be completed automatically.

 Mutable Data: crc blocks on data blocks of variable size

Depending on velocity and errors during transmission, as well as line conditions, the size of data-blocks between crc-blocks will freely vary from 32 to 4096 bytes. This reduces the amount of control bytes added to the transmission and minimizes data repetition. The result is an excellent true transfer rate.

 Full Duplex

The transmitter doesn't stop every block to receive useless answers. The transmitter occurs without pauses between blocks. The receptor only warns when something wrong happens.

 Exact Size

While not accurate in terms of bits (it rounded up), the file was accurate in terms of bytes, and would have exactly the same size as the original file that was uploaded or downloaded.  To its credit, it did not add bytes to complete blocks of fixed size.

References

External links
 C-Modem 1.1 program
 C-Modem documentation

BBS file transfer protocols
Harsiotef

Harsiotef was a Kushite King of Meroe (about 404 – 369 BC).

Harsiotef took on a full set of titles based on those of the Egyptian Pharaohs:

Horus name:  Kanakht Khaemnepet ("Mighty Bull appears in Napata")
Nebty Name: Nednetjeru ("Who seeks the council of Gods") 
Golden Horus Name: Uftikhesutnebut ("Subduer given all the Desert Lands") 
Prenomen: Sameryamun ("Beloved son of Amun")  
Nomen: Harsiotef ("Horus Son of his Father")

Harsiotef was the son of Queen Atasamale and likely of King Amanineteyerike. He had a wife named Queen Batahaliye and may have had another wife named Queen Pelkha. If Queen Pelkha was his wife, he would also be the father of King Nastasen. It is possible that King Akhraten was also a son of Harsiotef, and Queen Sakhmakh, the wife of Nastasen, may be his daughter.

He left an inscription dated to his thirty-third regnal year, listing the battles from his successful campaign east of his kingdom against a town called Habasa, whose inhabitants were called Matit. As a result of his victory, the Matit agreed to pay tribute to him. 

The name of this place may be the earliest recorded use of the word Habesha, the etymological basis for English Abyssinia. The only earlier text which may refer to the term is the mention of a "foreign people from the incense-producing regions" called ḫbstjw during Queen Hatshepsut's time, which scholars assume refers to the land of Punt and the Habesha.

Matit is recorded in the reigns of both Harsiotef and Nastasen. The people of Matit or Matata also fought against the Aksumite king Ezana centuries later.

Harsiotef was buried in a pyramid at Nuri (Nu. 13).

References

5th-century BC monarchs of Kush
4th-century BC monarchs of Kush
Noelle Beck

Noelle Beck (born December 14, 1967, in Baltimore, Maryland) is an American actress, best known for her role as Trisha Alden on the ABC daytime soap opera Loving.

Career
Beck graduated from Baltimore School for the Arts. She portrayed Loving Trisha Alden from December 1984 to March 26, 1993, returning briefly in 1995 as the series neared cancellation. On May 8, 2008, she took over the role of Lily Walsh on the CBS soap As the World Turns and remained until the series' cancellation on September 17, 2010.

In 1996, Beck was cast in the second season of the CBS primetime soap Central Park West as Jordan Tate. In 2000, she was a series regular on the comedy TV series Tucker. Beck also guest starred as Mr. Big's ex-wife Barbara in a first season episode of Sex and the City in July 1998.

Beck appeared on Law & Order and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit in 2000, on Law & Order: Criminal Intent in 2002, and returned in 2011 to Special Victims Unit and to Criminal Intent.

Personal life
She is of Italian and German ancestry. Beck married Eric Petterson on  August 5, 1990. They have two daughters born 1991 and 1992, and a son born 1998.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links
 

American television actresses
American soap opera actresses
1967 births
Living people
Actresses from Baltimore
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Global Heresy

Global Heresy (alternately titled Rock My World in the United States and Canada) is a 2002 comedy-drama film directed by Sidney J. Furie, and starring Peter O'Toole, Joan Plowright, Alicia Silverstone and Martin Clunes. The film centers on a highly successful American rock band recovering from the loss of their leader by going into seclusion in the United Kingdom.

Plot
When a rock band at the top of their game suddenly loses their band leader/bass player, their musical direction becomes questionable. All the band members know is that the leader's clothes were found at the edge of a waterfront and he has not been seen since. To replace their missing leader, they hire a new bassist, Natalie (Alicia Silverstone), who shakes up their thoughts of the band. However, the biggest changes come when the band decides to go into seclusion to develop new songs and a new sound. They rent a mansion from an aristocratic couple, Lord (Peter O'Toole) and Lady Foxley (Joan Plowright), who are in need of money. When the staff hired to be on hand when the band arrives do not show, the couple decides to act as the butler, Benson, and the cook, Margaret. The obvious conflicts between the two cultures occur, but a respect for each other gradually follows. Meanwhile, the band's recording company is trying to trick them into signing a contract that obliges them to make the music as the company requires, denying their "creative control". Towards the end of the film, the status quo becomes further shaken when the original band leader shows up and admits that his disappearance had been a planned publicity stunt.

Cast

Production
The film was shot in Toronto.

Reception
Liam Lacey of The Globe and Mail awarded the film two and a half stars out of four.

References

External links
 
 

2002 films
2002 comedy-drama films
2002 direct-to-video films
American comedy-drama films
British comedy-drama films
Canadian comedy-drama films
English-language Canadian films
Films about musical groups
Films directed by Sidney J. Furie
Films shot in Gloucestershire
Films shot in Toronto
Publicity stunts in fiction
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
2000s Canadian films
2000s British films
Reginald J. G. Dutton

Reginald John Garfield Dutton (8 November 1886 – 23 June 1970) was the inventor of the auxiliary language and stenographic system known as Dutton Speedwords. Dutton was born in Nottingham, England and was the eldest son of George H. J. Dutton. In 1890, when Dutton was three or four, his family moved to Skegness so George could work as a phrenologist and bookseller.

Dutton studied Pitman Shorthand and other shorthand systems as an aid to his work as a newspaper correspondent. He invented his own system, published in 1916 under the title "Shorthand in Three Days". He made minor improvements but settled on a final form by 1919, republishing his work as "Dutton One Week Shorthand" as the 12 lessons could be mastered in one week.

Dutton became interested in Esperanto and, in general, the concept of an auxiliary constructed language in the interests of increasing communication and goodwill among peoples. He set about creating his own auxiliary language, based on his earlier shorthand system, and in 1943 introduced "World Speedwords" (now Dutton Speedwords), conceived as a system of shorthand as well as a spoken and written auxiliary language.

Dutton was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts from 1918 to 1969.

His mail-order self-education course in Dutton Speedwords was continued by his daughter Elizabeth after his death in Skegness on 23 June 1970.

Sources and external links 
 

Dutton, Reginald J.G.
Dutton, Reginald J.G.
Dutton, Reginald J.G.
Constructed language creators
People from Nottingham
British newspaper people
Robert N. Hall

Robert Noel Hall (December 25, 1919 – November 7, 2016) was an American engineer and applied physicist. He demonstrated the first semiconductor laser and invented a type of magnetron commonly used in microwave ovens. He also contributed to the development of rectifiers for power transmission.

Biography
Robert N. Hall was born on December 25, 1919, in New Haven, Connecticut. He was first inspired by his inventor uncle, who showed him the wonders of small inventions and experimentation. After long studies at his local library, Hall decided to attempt controlled experiments of his own with his mother's approval. He built an 8-inch telescope, which produced a close-up view of Saturn. Later on, an interviewer from the California Institute of Technology visited him and offered a scholarship to attend the university. Hall studied there for three years but had to leave for financial reasons. After working at Lockheed Aircraft as a tester, he returned to Caltech to finish up his studies and obtain his physics degree. Then General Electric hired him as a test engineer at Schenectady, NY. After four years at G.E., under the advice of Harper North, Hall obtained a Research Council Fellowship and returned to Caltech. He graduated in 1948 with his Ph.D. and returned to G.E. Schenectady research labs that summer.

While at G.E. during World War II, he developed a magnetron for radar jamming, which led to the development of the microwave oven.

While studying the characteristics of p-i-n diodes used as power rectifiers, Hall had a key insight, which resulted in his being co-credited with William Shockley and W. T. Read, Jr., for the analysis of nonradiative carrier recombination in semiconductors. Hall developed the first semiconductor laser diode in 1962, while working at General Electric in Schenectady, New York. In the 1970s, Hall's work focused on photovoltaics and solar cells. He retired in 1987, having been granted 43 U.S. patents during his career.

Hall was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1977 and to the National Academy of Sciences in 1978. He was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1994. Robert was a Methodist and he died on November 7, 2016, at the age of 96.

References

Further reading
 
 
 Invent Now Hall of Fame, "Robert N. Hall", accessed March 6, 2006.
 Lemelson-MIT Program, "R. N. Hall", accessed March 6, 2006.
 Hall, Robert N., , 2010.

1919 births
2016 deaths
American engineers
California Institute of Technology alumni
Laser researchers
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Physical Society
People from New Haven, Connecticut
Nastasen

Nastasen was a king of Kush who ruled the Kingdom of Kush from 335 to 315/310 BCE. According to a stela from Dongola, his mother was named Queen Pelkha and his father may have been King Harsiotef. His successor was Aryamani.

Biography
Nastasen is known from three types of objects. There is a stela with a long historical inscription, a silver handle of a mirror, and several shabti-figures. The mirror handle and the shabti were found in a pyramid at Nuri (Nu. 15), which was obviously his burial place. He was the last Kushite king to be buried in the royal cemetery at Napata.

The  granite stela was found at New Dongola and is now in the Egyptian Museum of Berlin (Inv. no. 2268). Originally, it was most likely placed in the Amun temple of Jebel Barkal. In the upper part appear the pictures and name of his mother, Pelkha, and his wife, Sekhmakh, next to the king.

During his reign, Nastasen defeated an invasion of Kush from Upper Egypt. Nastasen's monument calls the leader of this invasion Kambasuten, a likely local variation of Khabbash. Khabbash was a local ruler of Upper Egypt who had campaigned against the Persians around 338 BC. His invasion of Kush was a failure, and Nastasen claimed to have taken many fine boats and other war prizes during his victory.

Tomb excavation

The tomb of Nastasen is among several in Nuri that are slated for excavation by archaeologists using underwater archaeological methods. That is necessary because of rising ground waters in what was the Nubian region. These tombs are under the pyramids and have flooded. Initial excavation reports of his tomb indicate that it may be undisturbed by grave robbers. Artifacts not adversely affected by the water could be found, which could add to what is known about Nastasen, along with evidence already found of artifacts mostly damaged or lost due to the action of the water. 

Explorer Josh Gates participated in a dive at the site, which was featured in a May 2023 episode of Expedition Unknown (season 11, episodes 1 & 2 scheduled to air May 24th & 31st). Among the finds uncovered on the dives were gold leaf, and a bone fragment in a gold toe cap, assumed to be from Nastasen.

Sources

Laszlo Török, in: Fontes Historiae Nubiorum, Vol. II, Bergen 1996, 467-501,

References

4th-century BC monarchs of Kush
Regional theatre

Regional theatre  may refer to:

 Community theatre
 Regional theater in the United States
Jana Toepel

Jana Toepel (born July 7, 1978 in Perkiomenville, Pennsylvania) is a former field hockey midfielder from the United States, who made her international senior debut for the Women's National Team in 1999. The former student of the University of North Carolina was a member of the team, that won the silver medal at the 1999 Pan American Games.

International Senior Tournaments
 1999 – Pan American Games, Winnipeg, Canada (2nd)
 2000 – Olympic Qualifying Tournament, Milton Keynes, England (6th)

References

External links
 Biography at CSTV

1978 births
Living people
American female field hockey players
Sportspeople from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
Pan American Games medalists in field hockey
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
Medalists at the 1999 Pan American Games
Field hockey players at the 1999 Pan American Games
21st-century American women
Shaukat Dukanwala

Shaukat Fakirbhai Dukanwala (born 21 January 1957) is an Indian-born cricketer who played for the United Arab Emirates national cricket team. He played five One Day Internationals for United Arab Emirates and was a member of 1996 Cricket World Cup team.

External links

1957 births
Living people
Emirati cricketers
United Arab Emirates One Day International cricketers
Indian cricketers
Baroda cricketers
Indian emigrants to the United Arab Emirates
Indian expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
Cricketers from Mumbai
Lynx (protocol)

Lynx is a file transfer protocol for use with modems, and the name of the program that implements the protocol. Lynx is based on a sliding window protocol with two to sixteen packets per window (or "block"), and 64 bytes of data per packet. It also applies run length encoding (RLE) to the data on a per-block basis to compress suitable data.

Lynx was developed by Matthew Thomas, who released it as shareware in 1989. The protocol was supported primarily by the Lynx program, and appears to have seen little or no support in bulletin board systems (BBSs) or online services.

Techniques
The Lynx program was run from the command line to start transfers, there is no documented example of a 3rd party terminal emulator supporting the system.

The protocol was relatively simple, largely identical to WXMODEM with the exception that it used fixed-size 64-byte packets in windows of two to sixteen packets, rather than one to four 128-byte packets in WXMODEM. Error recovery was handled by reducing the window size rather than the packet size. CRC-32 was used to detect errors.

Like TeLink, Lynx also included a separate header packet that contained file information:

 File name (8 character body, 3 character extension)
 Original time/date stamp (optional)
 File length (exact length of files is preserved by Lynx)
 Lynx version number (practically useless)

This allowed file transfers to be automated, sending multiple files in a single session by having the receiver extract the names of the files as they were received. The Lynx program allowed up to 99 files to be sent in a batch, although there is no limit in the protocol itself.

Lynx tests each block for compressibility before transmitting it. RLE compression is used for this operation.  Generally, a block containing text information will be compressed. Archived, ZIPped, or other compressed files will likely not be further condensed by this technique.  Note that Lynx will always optimize the transmission of each block, if RLE decreases the block length, it will be used; otherwise, the uncompressed packet will be sent.

Lynx required 8-bit clean links and did not include any sort of escaping. It only supports CTS/RTS hardware handshaking,  is considered valid data.

See also
List of file transfer protocols

References
 Lynx 3.02 program
 Lynx documentation

BBS file transfer protocols
Computer-related introductions in 1989
Shorkaror

Shorkaror was a king of Kush who ruled from Meroë in the second half of the 1st century AD. Shorkaror is attested as king in two inscriptions in Amara and in a large rock carving at Gebel Qeili. His identification as a king has sometimes been doubted, though the rock carving depicts him with royal regalia and attire. The carving is near to the trade route to Kassala and is the easternmost inscription of the Meroitic kings found so far.

Shorkaror is attested as a crown prince in the co-reign of Amanitore and Natakamani, meaning that he was likely their successor. He was preceded as crown prince by Arikhankharer and Arikakahtani, possibly his brothers. In older scholarship, Amanitore was believed to have been Natakamani's wife, with Shorkaror as their son. Amanitore is now known to have been Natakamani's mother, which leaves Shorkaror's specific relation to his predecessors unclear.

George Andrew Reisner believed that Shorkaror was buried in pyramid Beg. N 10 in Meroë. This is now considered unlikely given that Beg. N 10 is dated to the 2nd century BCE. Shorkaror's burial is instead conventionally regarded as unidentified.

References

1st-century monarchs of Kush
1st-century monarchs in Africa
James Carroll (Maryland politician)

James Carroll (December 2, 1791 – January 16, 1873) was a Maryland politician and director of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad and the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company.

Early life
James Carroll was born in Baltimore, Maryland on December 2, 1791. He graduated from St. Mary's College in Baltimore in 1808. Carroll studied law, but did not practice. He settled on a farm on the West River, but later moved back to Baltimore. His reputation was improved when he became judge of the orphans' court and a trustee of the poor. He served as a director of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad and the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company.

Career

Carroll was elected a Democrat to the Twenty-Sixth United States Congress to represent Maryland's Fourth District. He took seat in 1839, but had lost re-election and left in 1841. Carroll ran for Governor of Maryland in 1844, winning his party's nomination, but lost in the general election to Whig Thomas G. Pratt by a margin of a mere 548 votes.

Death
He retired and died on January 16, 1873. He is interred in the Carroll vault in Old Saint Paul's Cemetery in Baltimore, Maryland.

He was a member of the Carroll family.

References

External links

1791 births
1873 deaths
19th-century American railroad executives
Politicians from Baltimore
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad people
St. Mary's Seminary and University alumni
James
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Maryland
Fortress Hill

Fortress Hill or Pau Toi Shan () is a hill and an area on the north shore of Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. Fortress Hill includes the western part of North Point lying west of Oil Street, and the eastern part of Causeway Bay. There are a number of private residential estates, office buildings, hotels and serviced apartments in this area.

History
The names of Oil Street and Shell Street come from a former oil depot that was established by Royal Dutch (now Royal Dutch Shell) in the area in 1897. The depot was decommissioned in 1981.

Features
 AIA Tower
 Former site of the Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club, at No. 12 Oil Street. The Club moved to its present location in 1938, due to land reclamation. The site is now the seat of Oi!, an organisation that aims to promote visual arts
 Newton Hotel Hong Kong
 Harbour Grand Hong Kong
 iClub Fortress Hill Hotel

Transport
The area is served by the Fortress Hill station of the MTR rapid transit railway, by the Hong Kong Tramways along King's Road and by several bus and minibus routes.

Streets include:
 King's Road
 Electric Road
 Island Eastern Corridor
 Fortress Hill Road ()
 Oil Street ()
 Shell Street ()
 Merlin Street ()

See also
 North Point Power Station
 List of places in Hong Kong

References

 
Eastern District, Hong Kong
Pure (2002 film)

Pure is a 2002 British film directed by Gillies MacKinnon. It stars Molly Parker, Harry Eden, and Keira Knightley.

Cast
 Molly Parker as Mel
 Harry Eden as Paul
 David Wenham as Lenny
 Keira Knightley as Louise
 Vinnie Hunter as Lee
 Marsha Thomason as Vicki
 Geraldine McEwan as Nanna
 Karl Johnson as Grandad
 Gary Lewis as Detective Inspector French
 Kate Ashfield as Social Worker Helen

Awards
Berlin International Film Festival
Won: Manfred Salzgeber Award (Gillies MacKinnon)
Won: Manfred Salzgeber Award - Special Mention (Harry Eden)

Emden International Film Festival
Won: Emden Film Award

British Independent Film Awards 2003
Won: Most Promising Newcomer(Harry Eden)

External links

Official website (archived)

2002 films
Films set in London
2002 drama films
Films about drugs
British drama films
Films directed by Gillies MacKinnon
2000s English-language films
2000s British films
English-language drama films
Mohammad Aslam (Emirati cricketer)

Mohammad Aslam (Born September 07,1961) is a former Pakistani-born cricketer who played for the United Arab Emirates national cricket team. He played four One Day Internationals for the UAE.  He played 4 One Day Internationals for UAE and scored 38 runs at an average of 9.50 his highest score was 23.

References

1961 births
Living people
Emirati cricketers
United Arab Emirates One Day International cricketers
Pakistani cricketers
Karachi cricketers
Karachi Whites cricketers
Karachi Blues cricketers
Karachi Greens cricketers
Pakistani emigrants to the United Arab Emirates
Pakistani expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
Cricketers from Karachi
Michelle Vizzuso

Michelle Vizzuso (born April 13, 1977 in Fairfield Township, Essex County, New Jersey) is an American former field hockey player who made her international senior debut for the Women's National Team in 1997. Playing as a forward, Vizzuso  was a member of the team, that won the silver medal at the 1999 Pan American Games in Winnipeg.

Vizzuso grew up in Fairfield, and attended West Essex High School. She graduated from the University of Virginia in 1999, having majored in English. She currently resides in Marvin, NC.

International Senior Tournaments
 1998 – World Cup, Utrecht, The Netherlands (8th) 
 1999 – Pan American Games, Winnipeg, Canada (2nd) 
 2000 – Olympic Qualifying Tournament, Milton Keynes, England (6th)

References

1977 births
Living people
American female field hockey players
People from Fairfield Township, Essex County, New Jersey
University of Virginia alumni
West Essex High School alumni
Field hockey players at the 1999 Pan American Games
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
Medalists at the 1999 Pan American Games
Pan American Games medalists in field hockey
21st-century American women
Ghosts… of the Civil Dead

Ghosts... of the Civil Dead is a 1988 Australian drama-suspense film directed by John Hillcoat. It was written by Hillcoat, Evan English, Gene Conkie, Nick Cave and Hugo Race. It is partly based on the true story of Jack Henry Abbott.

Synopsis 
The story is set in Central Industrial Prison, a privately run maximum security prison in the middle of the Australian desert. An outbreak of violence within the prison has resulted in a total lockdown. A committee is appointed by the prison's governors to investigate the cause of the outbreak, but their findings are in stark contrast to the facts behind the riot.

It is revealed that both the prisoners and the guards are slowly and deliberately brutalised, manipulated and provoked into the forthcoming eruption of violence by the government and the private company that runs the prison, in order to justify the construction of a new and more "secure" facility.

Production 
The script was based on the book In the Belly of the Beast by Jack Henry Abbott and research done with David Hale, a former prison guard at Marion, Illinois. The film was shot at a disused aircraft factory in Melbourne in October and November.

Origin of title 

In Roman law, a person convicted of a crime where the punishment included loss of their legal rights as a person was civiliter mortuus, a person without civil rights.

Reception

Accolades

Legacy 
The spoken line "Welcome to Central Industrial. We are the future" has been sampled by Future Sound of London in their song "Central Industrial" on their Accelerator album; also sampled by Woob in their song "Void, Part One" on the album em:t 0094, and by Jam and Spoon in their remix of Moby's "Go".

Sonic Subjunkies samples various parts of the film in their songs "Central Industrial" and "Central Industrial II: The Lockdown".

Therapy? opened the song "Nausea" (the first one on their 1992 album Nurse) with a sample of Nick Cave shouting "Here I am, motherfuckers!" in the film.

Bibliography 
 Fuchs, Christian [1996] (2002). Bad Blood. Creation Books

References

External links 
 
 
Ghosts... of the Civil Dead at Oz Movies
 
 
 Ghosts... of The Civil Dead at the National Film and Sound Archive

1988 films
1988 drama films
Australian drama films
1980s prison drama films
Films shot in Melbourne
Films directed by John Hillcoat
Films scored by Nick Cave
Films with screenplays by Nick Cave
1980s English-language films
Ganesh Mylvaganam

Ganesh Mylvaganam (born 1 August 1966) is a former Sri Lankan-born cricketer who played for the United Arab Emirates national cricket team. He played three One Day Internationals for United Arab Emirates, all in 1996 World Cup. He scored 36 runs at an average of 12.00. Before the world cup, in mid 1990s he was a batting member of UAE squad in associate and affiliate tournaments. He is now settled in Australia.

External links

1966 births
Living people
Emirati cricketers
United Arab Emirates One Day International cricketers
Cricketers from Colombo
Sri Lankan emigrants to the United Arab Emirates
Sri Lankan expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
Gretel

Gretel is a German shortening of the given name Margarete.  

Notable people with this given name include:

Gretel, a fictional character in the Brothers Grimm fairy tale Hansel and Gretel
Gretel Beer (1921–2010), Austrian-born English author of cooking books and travel reports and newspaper cookery writer
Gretel Bergmann (1914–2017), German Jewish high jumper who was prevented from competing in the 1936 Berlin Olympics
Gretel Ehrlich (born 1946), American travel writer, poet, and essayist
Gretel Grant-Gomez, a fictional character from the Disney Channel animated series Hamster & Gretel
Gretel Killeen (born 1963), Australian presenter
Gretel Oberhollenzer-Rogger (born 1958), Italian ski mountaineer
Gretel Scarlett (born 1987), Australian actress
Gretel Tippett (born 1993), Australian netball player and former WNBL basketball player

See also
Gretl, an open source statistical package

German feminine given names
Feminine given names
Berengarians

The Berengarians were a religious sect who adhered to the views of Berengar of Tours, Archdeacon of Angers, and opposed the developing doctrine of transubstantiation in the mid-eleventh century. The Berengarian sect, considered heretical by the Roman Catholic Church, is said to have numbered 800,000 according to the historian Belamine.

Classification as heresy
The Roman Catholic Church held considerable power in Western Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages. Those clergy and theologians whom it judged guilty of heresy could be excommunicated and exiled or sentenced to death unless they formally recanted their errors. A text by Frankish monk Ratramnus of Corbie misattributed to John Scotus Eriugena, a philosopher-theologian and intellectual heir of Maximus the Confessor in the 9th-Century, had maintained that there was no physical transformation of the Eucharist. Later in 1047, Berengar of Tours reignited the debate in the name of Eriugena.       
During the next 30 years, Berengar was asked to recant his heresy concerning what would be declared the Roman Catholic dogma of transubstantiation no less than five times including a short spell in prison.  He later retired into solitude and made no further pronouncements on the matter.

Followers of the sect
It is known that an early supporter of Berengar was Bishop Eusebius of Angers, although he later renounced the heresy.  Although it is known that Geoffrey II, Count of Anjou secured Berengar's release from prison, it is unlikely that it was more than political point scoring. The historian Belamine said that the supporters numbered 800,000 by 1160.

His followers were divided on the head of the Eucharist; though they all agreed that the bread and wine were not essentially changed, some allowed it to be changed in effect, though under an impanation, which was the opinion of Berenger himself. Others denied any change at all, and resolved all into figure. Yet others allowed a change in part, and others an entire change, with the restriction that to those who presented themselves unworthily, it was changed back again.

Influence on the reformers
As Berengar left no written tracts it is moot what influence the Berengarians had on the Protestant Reformation. While John Calvin rejected the theory of transubstantiation in favor of "pneumatic presence," earlier Martin Luther criticized the making of this teaching into a dogma as well as some of its metaphysical underpinnings and implications.

References

Former Christian denominations
Hansel (disambiguation)

Hansel is one of the main characters in the fairy tale Hansel and Gretel. The German name Hänsel (meaning "little Hans") is a diminutive of the given name Hans.

Hansel may also refer to:

People

Given name
 Hansel Izquierdo (born 1977), Cuban baseball player
 Hansel Mieth (1909–1998), German photojournalist
 Hansel Robles (born 1990), Dominican baseball player
 Hansel Zapata (born 1995), Colombian footballer

Surname
 C. E. M. Hansel (1917–2011), British psychologist
 Deeann Hansel (born 1962), American tennis player
 Heike Hänsel (born 1966), German politician
 Howell Hansel (1860–1917), American film director
 Marion Hänsel (1949–2020), Belgian film director, producer, actress and screenwriter
 Peter Hänsel (1770–1831), German composer and violinist
 Phil Hansel (1925–2010), American swimming coach

Other uses
 Hansel Ltd., the central procurement unit of the Finnish government
 Hansel (horse), an American thoroughbred racehorse
 main character in the fairy tale Gambling Hansel
 Hansel, a fictional character in the 2001 film Zoolander, played by Owen Wilson
 Hansel, a village in Ayrshire, Scotland
 Hansel, a Filipino biscuit brand of Republic Biscuit Corporation

See also
Ansel (disambiguation)
Hanzel (disambiguation), a given name and surname

German-language surnames
Surnames from given names
Java Road

Java Road () is a street in North Point on Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. It runs from the junction of Electric Road and Tin Chong Street in Fortress Hill to meet King's Road in Quarry Bay, near .

History
Completed in 1933, the road was named after the Dutch shipping firm Koninklijke Java-China Paketvaart Lijnen (; known outside the Netherlands as Royal Interocean Lines, RIL) — itself named for the island of Java in Indonesia (then Netherlands East Indies) — which had its operational headquarters there for much of the 20th century. The company provided sea routes between Hong Kong, Shanghai, Jakarta, Medan, Surabaya, Makassar and elsewhere. The Chinese name of the road was originally . The road name is also associated with the sugar importing empire of  (; Kwik Djoen Eng in Hokkien; after whom Chun Yeung Street was named), across whose reclaimed land (between Tin Chong Street and Tong Shui Road, the current water's edge and King's Road) it runs. Java was the source of his sugar.

There was a Java Road Elementary School near the North Point Ferry Pier; it has since closed.

Features
Buildings along the street include:
 No. 99. Java Road Municipal Services Building. In the building, there is a market (from G/F to 1/F), the Java Road Cooked Food Centre (2/F), a sports centre with facilities including a basketball court, three squash courts, a dance room, children's soft play room, and an American pool room (from 3/F to 5/F).
 No. 222. Customs Headquarters Building
 No. 303. ICAC Building
 No. 333. North Point Government Offices

See also

 List of streets and roads in Hong Kong

References

North Point
Roads on Hong Kong Island
Holocaust Memorial Day and Genocide Remembrance Act

The Holocaust Memorial Day and Genocide Remembrance Act is a law passed in the Alberta Legislature with unanimous consent of all parties in November 2000. This law provides recognition for Yom HaShoah (Holocaust Memorial Day) that falls in April/May according to the Jewish lunar calendar. This act will signal a free day from all school and work for the day.

Holocaust remembrance days
Jews and Judaism in Alberta
2000 in Canadian law
Alberta law
Observances in Canada
2001 establishments in Alberta
Sojourn (novel)

Sojourn is a fantasy novel by American writer R. A. Salvatore, the third book in The Dark Elf Trilogy. It was published in 1991.

Plot summary
Having lived in the Underdark for over forty years, Drizzt realized that neither he nor anyone around him would be safe, so he decided to travel to the surface. There he met with much adversity because of his race, but also found his true calling in life as a ranger, during his time with a blind ranger named Montolio.  He eventually moved to Icewind Dale, where he joined with Catti-Brie, Bruenor Battlehammer, Regis the Halfling, and Wulfgar the barbarian.

Reception
On March 26, 1991 Sojourn debuted at 13 of The New York Times bestseller list. Ian Strelec awarded the final book of the trilogy, Sojourn with a B+ rating. He stated he found the book short and although not incredible, it was an important component of the Drizzt mythos.

According to PopMatters' Andrew Welsh, Drizzt is Salvatore's attempt to create a multifaceted character who faces internal struggles, in hopes of standing out from the drow, and fantasy fiction in general. Welsh feels that Salvatore fails in this regard, saying "any blood Drizzt finds on his hands is quickly justified and most “internal” conflict is superficial at best."

The trade paperback Sojourn, volume 3 of the Dark Elf Trilogy ranked 19 in the August 2006 Graphic Novels sales with an estimated sale quantity of 3,465.

References

1991 American novels
Forgotten Realms novels
Novels by R. A. Salvatore
The Cleric Quintet

The Cleric Quintet is a series of five fantasy novels by American writer R. A. Salvatore, set in the Forgotten Realms campaign setting of the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game.  They follow the story of Cadderly Bonaduce, a scholar-cleric, as he attempts to stop the "Chaos Curse" unleashed upon the world. It is also a spiritual journey for Cadderly, where he begins to see things in a new light and becomes closer to his god.

Recurring characters in this series include Cadderly Bonaduce, Danica Maupoissant, the dwarven brothers Ivan and Pikel Bouldershoulder, and Shayleigh, an elf maiden of Shilmista Forest.

Novels

Plot summary
The evil wizard Aballister has spent two years collecting and brewing a potion of power, as told to him by the imp, Druzil, sent by the Goddess of Poison, Talona. When he reveals it to his evil fellowship at the hidden stronghold Castle Trinity, the priest Barjin takes control of it and sets off to the major stronghold of the Snowflake Mountains — the Edificant Library. He finds an innocent, intelligent, and young, low-ranking priest, to open the potion, the Chaos Curse, which makes all who breathe it lose self-control. Cadderly must fight a memory-blocking spell in order to lift the curse and save the Library.

Creation
The character of Cadderly was created specially for the Cleric Quintet, after six Drizzt books were completed – as Salvatore wrote in his introduction, "We were done with Drizzt. Or at least, we thought we were". The new protagonist was originally planned to be a monk, but it got rejected due to changes in Dungeons & Dragons 2nd Edition, where the class of monks was absent. Mary Kirchoff proposed that the protagonist should be a cleric. Salvatore invented a concept of spiritual journey for his character, who initially treats his religion as just a lifestyle, but gradually becomes more tied to his god, Deneir.

Reviews
Science Fiction Chronicle

References

External links
R.A. Salvatore introduction
Review
RPGnet review

American fantasy novels
Book series introduced in 1991
Dwarves in popular culture
Forgotten Realms novel series
Novels by R. A. Salvatore
Morné van Wyk

Morné Nico van Wyk (born 20 March 1979) is a South African professional cricketer who has played in 17 One Day Internationals for South Africa. He is also the brother of fellow cricketer Divan van Wyk.

Domestic career
In October 2018, he was named in Durban Heat's squad for the first edition of the Mzansi Super League T20 tournament.

Morne van Wyk along with Cameron Delport set the record for the highest opening stand in List A matches with an unbeaten 367 in the South African Domestic League matches in 2014. He also represented the Kolkata Knight Riders in the Indian Premier League scoring 167 runs from the 5 matches he played with a highest score of 74.

International career
He has also functioned as a wicket-keeper. He made his ODI debut at Lord's in 2003, scoring 17 in a very low scoring game. In  January 2011 in a Twenty20 International match against India, Morné scored the quickest half-century ever by a South African. It came off only 24 balls.

During the 2014–15 West Indian tour of South Africa, van Wyk scored a Twenty20 International century in the third T20I of the series, and by doing so became the third South African to score a T20I century.

References

External links
 
 Interview by www.world-a-team.com with Morne van Wyk

1979 births
Living people
Knights cricketers
Free State cricketers
Kolkata Knight Riders cricketers
Boost Defenders cricketers
Durban Heat cricketers
South African cricketers
South Africa One Day International cricketers
South Africa Twenty20 International cricketers
Cricketers from Bloemfontein
Quetta Gladiators cricketers
Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup
Wicket-keepers
20th-century South African people
21st-century South African people
The Magpies

"The Magpies" is the most famous poem by New Zealand poet Denis Glover (1912–1980). It helped define New Zealand's distinctive style of poetry. The poem was first published in Glover's 1964 anthology Enter Without Knocking.

Over the course of six short stanzas, the life of a farming couple from young man and wife through to their death of old age is recounted, each verse finishing with the couplet:
And Quardle oodle ardle wardle doodle/The magpies said,
except for the last verse, in which the last word is "say".

The intention of the poem is to indicate the passage of time and yet the timelessness of nature. A human lifetime passes, yet the underlying natural life - symbolised by the unchanging backdrop of the magpies' call - remains unchanging.

The phrase imitating the call of the Australian magpie is one of the most well-known lines in New Zealand poetry. Bill Manhire has commented that this line is "determinedly unpoetic".

See also
Australian magpies in New Zealand

References

Bibliography
Wedde, I., and McQueen, H. (eds.) (1985). The Penguin Book Of New Zealand Verse. Auckland: Penguin Books (N.Z.).

External links
New Zealand Book Council Denis Glover page
University of Cambridge "poem of the week" - includes full text of the poem

New Zealand poems
1964 poems
Gholam Reza Aghazadeh

Gholam Reza Aghazadeh  (; born 15 March 1949 in Khoy, Iran) is an Iranian politician. Aghazadeh served as the Vice President for Atomic Energy of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the president of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran from September 1997 until his resignation in July 2009. He is currently member of the Expediency Discernment Council.

He has a Bachelor of Science in Accounting and Computer Engineering from University of Tehran. He was an active member of the opposition, and in 1979 he became a director of the ultra-populist IRP newspaper Jomhouri Eslami, run by Mir-Hossein Mousavi. In 1980, Mousavi became foreign minister and made Aghazadeh his deputy in charge of economic relations and finance.

Two years later, as Mousavi became prime minister, Aghazadeh was made state minister for executive affairs, a post attached to the prime minister's office. Later he held the title of deputy prime minister for executive affairs in charge of Iran's oil barter deals with foreign states and companies under a countertrade system started in 1982. He coordinated policies of various ministries through the PM's office. His talents earned him the post of Iran's Minister of Petroleum in October 1985. He held this position until 1997 when he was replaced by Bijan Namdar Zanganeh after the election of the reformist president Mohammad Khatami. He was then promoted to the post of Vice President for Atomic Energy. He held this position from 1997 to 2009. 

On 16 July 2009, the semi-official Iranian Students News Agency reported that Gholam Reza Aghazadeh had resigned as Iran's Nuclear Chief for unspecified reasons, a resignation of intense interest in such a difficult time. There has been speculation that he resigned following shutdowns and failures in Iran's nuclear program caused by the Stuxnet virus.

See also
Hassan Rowhani
Ali Larijani
Saeed Jalili
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Mohammad Khatami
Atomic Energy Organization of Iran

References

External links

Iranian nuclear chief steps down, BBC News, 16 July 2009
Gholamreza Aghazadeh

|-

1949 births
Living people
20th-century Iranian engineers
University of Tehran alumni
Nuclear program of Iran
People from Khoy
Oil ministers of Iran
Members of the Expediency Discernment Council
Islamic Republican Party politicians
Presidents of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran
Executives of Construction Party politicians
21st-century Iranian politicians
Dothan

Dothan is a place-name from the Hebrew Bible, identified with Tel Dothan. It may refer to:

 Dothan, Alabama, a city in Dale, Henry, and Houston counties in the U.S. state of Alabama
 Dani Dothan, lyricist and vocalist for the Israeli rock and new wave band HaClique
 Trude Dothan (1922–2016), Israeli archaeologist
 Dothan, a model of the Pentium M family of mobile 32-bit single-core x86 microprocessors
 Tel Dothan, the archaeological site identified with biblical Dothan

See also
 Dotan (disambiguation)
When Silence Falls

When Silence Falls is the second Christian music album by Tim Hughes.

Track listing
 "Beautiful One"
 "You"
 "Consuming Fire" 
 "Giver of Life" 
 "Whole World in His Hands" 
 "Beauty of Your Peace" 
 "Name Above All Names" 
 "When the Tears Fall" 
 "Nothing in This World" 
 "Joy Is in This Place"
 "Holy - Holy" 
 "Beautiful One" (reprise)

Tim Hughes albums
2004 albums
Survivor Records albums