alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Shelburne (provincial electoral district)

Shelburne is a provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada which existed between 1867 and 2013 and since 2021.  Since 2021 and between 1933 and 2013 it has elected one member to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly; from 1867 to 1933 it elected two members.  The electoral district includes Shelburne County in its entirety.

The electoral district was abolished following the 2012 electoral boundary review and was largely replaced by the new electoral districts of Queens-Shelburne and Argyle-Barrington. It was re-created following the 2019 electoral boundary review out of those districts.

Geography
Shelburne has  of landmass.

Members of the Legislative Assembly
The electoral district was represented by the following Members of the Legislative Assembly:

Election results

1867 general election

1871 general election

1874 general election

1878 general election

1882 general election

1886 general election

1890 general election

1894 general election

1897 general election

1901 general election

1906 general election

1911 general election

1916 general election

1920 general election

1925 general election

1928 general election

1933 general election

1937 general election

1941 general election

1945 general election

1949 general election

1953 general election

1956 general election

1960 general election

1963 general election

1967 general election

1970 general election

1974 general election

1978 general election

1981 general election

1984 general election

1988 general election

1993 general election

1998 general election

1999 general election 

 

~In the riding of Shelburne, the Returning Officer had to cast the tie-breaking vote. It went to Cecil O'Donnell

2003 general election

2006 general election

2009 general election

2017 general election (transposed)

2021 general election

References

External links
riding profile

Former provincial electoral districts of Nova Scotia
Melbourne Gass

Melbourne Alexander Gass (December 21, 1938 – December 11, 2018) was a Canadian businessman and politician who served for 9 years as the Member of Parliament for Malpeque.  He served for two years as the leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island from 1988 to 1990, before leaving public life.

Gass served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans from 1984 to 1986.

Electoral record

References 
 

1938 births
2018 deaths
People from Queens County, Prince Edward Island
Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island MLAs
Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island leaders
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Prince Edward Island
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Timberlea-Prospect

Timberlea—Prospect is a provincial electoral district in  Nova Scotia, Canada, that elects one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. Its Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) since 2013 has been Iain Rankin of the Nova Scotia Liberal Party.

The district was created in 1967 from the former electoral district of Halifax West, under the name Halifax-St. Margaret's. Upon the recommendations of the 1992 Electoral Boundaries Commission report, it was renamed Timberlea-Prospect. At this same time, it lost the St. Margaret's Bay area to Chester-St. Margaret's, the Hammonds Plains, Lucasville, and Pockwock Road area to Sackville-Beaver Bank, and the Bedford area to Bedford-Fall River. In 2003, it lost the Bayside and West Dover areas to Chester-St. Margaret's. In 2013, on the recommendations of the 2012 Electoral Boundaries Commission, it lost the Stillwater Lake area to Hammonds Plains-Lucasville and a small number of streets in the Williamswood and Harrietsfield areas to Halifax Atlantic. It gained the Susies Lake and Quarrie Lake areas from Halifax Clayton Park.

Geography
Timberlea-Prospect has  of land area.

Members of the Legislative Assembly
This riding has elected the following Members of the Legislative Assembly:

Election results

1967 general election

1970 general election

1974 general election

1978 general election

1981 general election

1984 general election

1988 general election

1993 general election

1998 general election

1999 general election

2003 general election

2006 general election

2009 general election

2013 general election

|-
 
|Liberal
|Iain Rankin
|align="right"|4,471
|align="right"|51.93
|align="right"|+33.78
|-
 
|New Democratic Party
|Linda Moxsom-Skinner
|align="right"|2,230
|align="right"|25.90
|align="right"|-44.31
|-
 
|Progressive Conservative
|Dr. Bruce Pretty
|align="right"|1,608
|align="right"|18.86
|align="right"|+10.17
|-

|}

2017 general election

2021 general election

References

External links
2006 riding profile
2003 riding profile

Nova Scotia provincial electoral districts
Politics of Halifax, Nova Scotia
Pat Mella

Patricia Janet Mella ( MacDougal; born August 29, 1943) is a Canadian politician and former teacher. Mella was Prince Edward Island Progressive Conservative Party (PC) leader from 1990 to 1996 and an elected member of the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1993 to 2003.

She was born Patricia McDougall in Port Hill, Prince Edward Island (along with her twin sister, Peggy) and was educated at Saint Dunstan's University and the University of Prince Edward Island. A teacher and lecturer, she married Angelo Mella while teaching at St. Patrick's College in Ottawa.

Career 
Mella entered political life, having been an unsuccessful candidate in the 1989 provincial election as a member of the Prince Edward Island Progressive Conservative Party. She served as the Leader of the party from 1990 to 1996 and Leader of the Opposition from 1993 to 1996. She represented 3rd Queens from 1993 to 1996, and then Glen Stewart-Bellevue Cove from 1996 to 2003.

Elected with the government of Premier Pat Binns in 1996, she served as Provincial Treasurer (Minister of Finance) until 2003.

Mella retired from the legislature before the 2003 provincial general election and did not reoffer.

In 2004, Mella was appointed with Douglas MacArthur and Matt Power to chair the Prince Edward Island Conservative Party of Canada federal election campaign.

Mella is a sister of Canadian businessman Don McDougall, who was a founder of the Toronto Blue Jays.

References 

 Entry from Canadian Who's Who

1943 births
Living people
Women government ministers of Canada
Female Canadian political party leaders
Finance ministers of Prince Edward Island
Members of the Executive Council of Prince Edward Island
People from Queens County, Prince Edward Island
Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island MLAs
Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island leaders
Female finance ministers
Women MLAs in Prince Edward Island
21st-century Canadian politicians
21st-century Canadian women politicians
Colombia at the 1932 Summer Olympics

Colombia competed in the Summer Olympic Games for the first time at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States.
Two people traveled to represent Colombia, musician Emirto de Lima and marathon runner Jorge Perry. Colombia did not have an Olympic committee but agreed to sponsor Perry to train in America for four months before the event. He did not finish the marathon due to fainting after the first 10 km.

Athletics

See also
Sports in Colombia

References
Official Olympic Reports

Colombia
1932 Summer Olympics
John Evans, Baron Evans of Parkside

John Evans, Baron Evans of Parkside (19 October 1930, Belfast – 5 March 2016, London) was a British politician who was a Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP).

A former shipyard worker and trade unionist, he served as a member of Hebburn urban district council from 1962 until 1974 (of which he was chairman from 1973 to 1974) and South Tyneside council from 1973 to 1974.

Evans was elected to Parliament in the February 1974 general election for the Newton constituency, which he represented until it was abolished for the 1983 election.  He then served as MP for the new St Helens North constituency, which partially replaced Newton, until he stood down at the 1997 election, being succeeded by David Watts. On 10 June 1997 he was created a life peer as Baron Evans of Parkside, of St Helens in the County of Merseyside.

Evans also served as a member of the European Parliament, from 1975 until 1978.

Notes

References
 The BBC Guide to Parliament, BBC Books, 1979.  .

External links 
 

1930 births
2016 deaths
Amalgamated Engineering Union-sponsored MPs
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Evans of Parkside
Labour Party (UK) MEPs
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
MEPs for the United Kingdom 1973–1979
Life peers created by Elizabeth II

Peers retired under the House of Lords Reform Act 2014
APNI

APNI, Apni, or variants, may refer to: 

 Alliance Party of Northern Ireland
 Australian Plant Name Index
 Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party

See also
Kalmykian Cavalry Corps

The Kalmykian Cavalry Corps (; also known as: , , , Dr. Doll Kalmyk Formation (Dr. Doll was an alias of )) was a unit of about 5,000 ethnic Kalmyk volunteers who chose to join the German Army in 1942 rather than remain in Kalmykia as German forces retreated before the Red Army. Stalin subsequently declared the Kalmyk population as a whole to be German collaborators in 1943 and ordered mass deportations to Siberia suffering great loss of life.

Origins
When Erich von Manstein led the 16th Motorized Infantry Division into Kalmykia in early 1942 he already had some Kalmyk advisors from a committee drawn together by Goebbels for propaganda purposes. These were supplemented by other Kalmyks who had settled in Belgrade following their flight with White Russian emigres after the Russian October Revolution.

Organization
The KKK acted within the German Wehrmacht as an independent allied force with all leadership positions taken by Kalmyks. Most of the officers were Kalmyks themselves with previous Soviet military experience. A few Germans that were present within the corps performed only auxiliary and administrative functions.

Military actions
The Kalmykian Cavalry Corps fought with the Wehrmacht behind the lines, especially around the Azov Sea. At the end of 1944, the surviving Kalmyk cavalry troops, together with their families, retreated with the German army. About 2,000 went to Silesia, Poland and 1,500 to Zagreb, Croatia, where they were reorganized to fight against the partisans.

End of the war
After the war, nearly all of the surviving Kalmyk soldiers along with the Kalmyk families that accompanied them were forcibly repatriated to the Soviet Union.

Despite the fact that 23,750 Kalmyks served in the Red Army during World War II,  the Kalmykian people were internally deported for 13 years as collective punishment for the actions of the Kalmykian Cavalry Corps.

See also
 Tiger Legion
 Turkic, Caucasian, Cossack, and Crimean collaborationism with the Axis powers

References

Cavalry corps of Germany
Foreign volunteer units of the Wehrmacht
History of Kalmykia
Kalmyk people
1942 establishments in Europe
Collaboration with Nazi Germany
Military units and formations established in 1942
Carriel

A carriel is a small leather satchel from Colombia. They are similar in appearance to a saddlebag but worn over the shoulder, usually by men. Carrieles were traditionally made of rawhide or nutria fur and are typical of the Antioquia region of Colombia.  The bag is associated with paisa culture.  The carriel is part of folkloric dress of the region and is also used by modern businessmen throughout the country.

It is said that the word carriel comes from the English "carry-all", but derivation from the French cartier (handbag) is equally likely.

See also
Handbag

Notes and references

National symbols of Colombia
Colombian handicrafts
Paul Clinton

Paul Clinton (1953 – January 30, 2006) was an American film critic. He served as CNN.com film critic for 20 years. He was the co-founder of the Broadcast Film Critics Association (BFCA).

Clinton was born in Columbus, Ohio and attended Ohio State University and then moved to New York City, where he became a page at NBC. He produced for The Tomorrow Show with Tom Snyder and then moved to Los Angeles to work on The Merv Griffin Show. Later he moved to KCBS-TV as an entertainment news producer.

In 1988, Paul Clinton began working on the Turner Entertainment Report and other media in the CNN family, where he started reviewing films. In addition to being a critic for CNN.com, his radio reviews and "Paul's Picks" pieces aired on more than 100 stations domestically and internationally.

Clinton and film historian James Ursini did audio commentary on the 2005 DVD release of Dark Victory (1939) starring Bette Davis.

Clinton died aged 53 on January 30, 2006, at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California.

References

External links
 "About movie reviewer Paul Clinton"
 Articles by Paul Clinton
 "A few words from Paul Clinton"

1953 births
2006 deaths
American male journalists
20th-century American journalists
Writers from Columbus, Ohio
Ohio State University alumni
Maten al-Sahel

Maten al-Sahel (), also known as Maten Arnouk (), is a village in Tartus Governorate, northwestern Syria

Originally named for the prominent Arnouk family land owners, the Syrian government renamed the village Maten al-Sahel, "Coast". This village is located 280 km north-west of Damascus, near the Mediterranean coast. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Maten al-Sahel had a population of 2,101 in the 2004 census. The majority of the population are members of the Eastern Orthodox Christian community, with an  Alawite Muslim minority.

Geography
Maten al-Sahel is situated on the top of mountain about 300 m above the level of the sea and looks down upon the coastal lands from the western side of the town with a wonderful view. The distance from the Tartus-Lattakia highway is 4 km and it is a sort of difficult mountainous road between olive tree fields. The village is surrounded by green valleys, and there are many roads across these valleys and mountains that are suitable for sport activities such as walking and cycling especially in the spring.

Prices
Taxi's fee from Damascus Airport to the Bus Station: $15
Bus Ticket from Damascus to Tartus (300 km, 3hours) by Al-Kadmous Company: $3
Car from Tartus to Almaten: $3
Private mini-bus directly from Damascus Airport to Maten al-Sahel (with town's private cars): $60
Private mini-bus for a daily trip: from $65

Demographics and services
The area around al-Maten is known to have been settled since the 18th century. Total population of al-Maten is about 3,500. The educational level in al-Maten is extremely high as the percentage of the illiteracy among the new generation is almost 0%, and the most of population are holding high degrees. al-Maten has all the requirements of modern life such as electrical networks, phones, mobile coverage, health center, and a developing transport system including two buses and many private cars and mini-buses.

Economy
The main industries in al-Maten are: agriculture, government, and immigration. Agriculture is the traditional job in al-Maten. More than 90% of the population depends on it as the main source of income.  Tomatoes in green houses and olive oil are the most important crops produced in al-Maten.

Climate
The climate is temperate and Mediterranean with hot, dry summers (maximum temperature 36 °C) and cool, variably rainy winters (minimum temperature 0 °C).

References

External links
Al-Maten Official Site

Populated places in Latakia District
British North Borneo dollar

The British North Borneo dollar was the currency of British North Borneo from 1882 to 1953. It was subdivided into 100 cents. The dollar had remained at par with the Straits dollar (and its successor the Malayan dollar), the currency of Malaya and Singapore, at the value of one dollar to 2 shillings 4 pence sterling from its introduction until both currencies were replaced by the Malaya and British Borneo dollar in 1953. Both coins and banknotes were issued by the British North Borneo Company.

During the Japanese occupation period (1942–1945), paper money was issued in denominations ranging from 1 cent to 1000 dollars. This currency was fixed at 1 dollar = 1 Japanese yen, compared to a 1:2 pre-war rate. Following the war, the Japanese occupation currency was declared worthless and the previous issues of the British North Borneo dollar regained their value relative to sterling (two shillings four pence).

Coins 

Coins were first minted in values of  cent and 1 cent in copper, and later 1 cent,  cents, and 5 cents in copper-nickel, and 25 cents in silver. Originally they were issued under the name "British North Borneo Co", as The British North Borneo Company had the right to produce coin under its Royal Charter granted in 1881. Later they were minted under "State of North Borneo", starting in 1903. All coins depicted the company/state coat of arms on the obverse and denomination on the reverse. These were last minted in 1941 and later phased out and replaced by coins of the Malayan dollar.

Banknote 
Banknotes were printed in values of 25 cents, 50 cents, , , , and . The design of the banknotes did not change much during the currency's lifetime. However, their physical sizes tend to shrink over time. They either show the coat of arms, Mount Kinabalu, or both.

See also 

 Malayan dollar
 Postal orders of British North Borneo
 Sarawak dollar

References

External links 
 Global Financial Data currency histories table
 Online Coin Club / Coins from North Borneo

British North Borneo
Currencies of the British Empire
Currencies of Malaysia
Modern obsolete currencies
Obsolete currencies in Malaysian history
1882 establishments in the British Empire
1953 disestablishments
Reno-Sparks Convention Center

The Reno-Sparks Convention Center is a convention center in the western United States, located in Reno, Nevada. Opened  in 1965 as Centennial Coliseum, it hosted the Big Sky Conference basketball tournament  and also hosts boxing matches. In 2021 the convention center will host the Legion Sports Fest, the largest fitness and bodybuilding event in the West. 

Southwest of the airport, its elevation at street level is approximately  above sea level.

Facilities
The main exhibit space is , which can be divided into five halls. Freight access is provided via a set of nineteen freight doors, eight of which are drivable, and of which one is a hangar-style door that measures  wide by  tall.

In addition, the Mt. Rose Ballroom, a  column-free space, can be divided into seven meeting rooms. A total of 53 meeting rooms, of capacities ranging from fifty to over three thousand, are available within the complex.

References

1965 establishments in Nevada
Basketball venues in Nevada
Boxing venues in Nevada
College basketball venues in the United States
Indoor arenas in Nevada
Sports venues in Reno, Nevada
Juno clump

The Juno clump is a probable main-belt asteroid family that share similar orbital elements to 3 Juno.

3 Juno is a large asteroid with a mean diameter of about 235 km, but the remaining bodies are all small. , the brightest of those clearly in the visible clump would have a diameter of about 6 km, given the same albedo as 3 Juno. This indicates that it is probably a so-called cratering family composed of ejecta from impacts on 3 Juno.

The HCM analysis by (Zappalà 1995) determined several likely core members, whose proper elements lie in the approximate ranges 

At the present epoch, the range of  osculating orbital elements of these core members is

References 
 Zappalà, Vincenzo; Bendjoya, Philippe; Cellino, Alberto; Farinella, Paolo; and Froeschlé, Claude; Asteroid Families: Search of a 12,487-Asteroid Sample Using Two Different Clustering Techniques, Icarus, Volume 116, Issue 2 (August 1995), pages 291–314 

Asteroid groups and families
Bayat, Afyonkarahisar

Bayat is a town of Afyonkarahisar Province in the Aegean region of Turkey. It is the seat of Bayat District. Its population is 4,182 (2021). The mayor is Kadir Üçer (CHP). Bayat was known in Byzantine times as Kedrea.

References 

Populated places in Afyonkarahisar Province
Bayat District, Afyonkarahisar
Bayat tribe
District municipalities in Turkey
Populated places of the Byzantine Empire
Gideon Rodan

Gideon Alfred Rodan (June 14, 1934 – January 1, 2006) was a Romanian-born American biochemist and Doctor of Medicine.

Formative years
Rodan was born in Bucharest, Romania on June 14, 1934. He completed his doctor of medicine degree at Hebrew University in Jerusalem and was awarded a doctor of philosophy degree by the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel.

Career
From 1970 to 1985, Rodan taught at the University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine. He was then hired by Merck Research Laboratories. In 1987, he became president of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

His most notable work involved the study of Osteoporosis. Rodan researched the deformation of bone cells. Investigating the connection between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, he helped to analyze and describe the two.

As director of the department for bone biology and osteoporosis at Merck during the 1990s, he helped to create a compound to block osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. This compound became known as Alendronate or Fosamax. He also examined the role of steroid in bone metabolism and the communication between bones and hormones. In 1996, he edited the book, Principles of Bone Biology.

Death
Rodan died from cancer on January 1, 2006, in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania.

Legacy
The American Society for Bone and Mineral Research presented Rodan with its Excellence in Mentorship Award, and then renamed the award in his honor. The Gideon A. Rodan Excellence in Mentorship Award has recognized leading scientist-educators every year since 2001.

References

1934 births
2006 deaths
Physicians from Bucharest
Romanian emigrants to the United States
Deaths from cancer in Pennsylvania
American biochemists
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Weizmann Institute of Science alumni
Başmakçı

Başmakçı is a town of Afyonkarahisar Province in the Aegean region of Turkey, closer to Denizli than to the city of Afyon itself. It is the seat of Başmakçı District. Its population is 4,993 (2021). The mayor is Halil Özcan (CHP).

History
The history of Başmakçı goes back to the Hittite era, 1750-1200 BC. It then became a colony of the Phrygians of nearby Dinar. It was subsequently possessed by Lydians, Persians, Ancient Macedonians and Seleucids, the kings of Pergamon, Romans and then Byzantines.

Turkish tribes arrived in Anatolia in 1071, and one of these was the Başmakçı, who came through Azerbaijan, settling near Tarsus on the Mediterranean, where there is a village called Başmakçı still today, and then sometime between 1100 and 1200 moving west to settle in this district of Afyon that has been called Başmakçı ever since.

This part of Anatolia was subsequently controlled by the Germiyan dynasty, who gave the town as dowry when marrying their daughter to the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I. Thus Başmakçı, a village of 47 families at the time, became an Ottoman land.

Başmakçı was badly damaged in an earthquake in August 1892 when 300 homes were destroyed. However, no one was killed, as it was harvest time and all were in the fields.

Başmakçı was not occupied during the Turkish War of Independence but many of its sons died in that war and World War I previous to it.

Başmakçı today
Başmakçı is well-established as the leading egg producing area in Turkey.

References

External links
 Basmakci in Afyonkarahisar 

Populated places in Afyonkarahisar Province
Başmakçı District
District municipalities in Turkey
Çay

Çay is a town of Afyonkarahisar Province in the Aegean region of Turkey. It is the seat of Çay District. Its population is 14,599 (2021). The mayor is Hüseyin Atlı (AKP).

References

Populated places in Afyonkarahisar Province
Çay District
District municipalities in Turkey
Çobanlar

Çobanlar (, Anabora) is a town of Afyonkarahisar Province in the Aegean region of Turkey. It lies in a plain 25 km east of the city of Afyon. It is the seat of Çobanlar District. Its population is 9,190 (2021). Çobanlar is 990 m above sea level. In the South Çobanlar's Bey Mountain, in the west Çobanlar's Sultan Mountains. The mayor is Ali Altuntaş (AKP).

Bronze Age burial mounds have been found near the river, and in antiquity the town of Anabura was here, there are remains in the village of Feleli and a statue of Artemis from the site is on display in the museum in Afyon.  The undergrand city  revealed in year 2003 shows that there was life even before B.C. 400.

In the town there are a number of classic Ottoman Empire period houses with courtyards.

Today the area is a rural district, the major production is sugar beet. In the countryside the people drive home-made vehicles (half-trailer, half pick-up truck) called pat-pat.

References

Populated places in Afyonkarahisar Province
District municipalities in Turkey
Çobanlar District
Dazkırı

Dazkırı is a town of Afyonkarahisar Province in the Aegean region of Turkey, 140 km from the city of Afyon on the road to Denizli. It is the seat of Dazkırı District. Its population is 5,640 (2021). The climate in the district is hot and dry in summer, and cold and wet in winter. The mayor is İsmail Taylan (CHP).

Economy
Dazkırı and Başmakçı are 10 km away from each other and livestock business is significantly important income for the region. It is estimated that there are approximately 500 family-run chicken farms and business companies in the area. Turba tavukculuk is one of the leading family business companies.

Dazkırı is also known for its hand-woven carpets.

Notable natives
 Aykut Oray, film actor

References

External links

Populated places in Afyonkarahisar Province
District municipalities in Turkey
Dazkırı District
Hocalar

Hocalar is a town of Afyonkarahisar Province in the Aegean region of Turkey. It is the seat of Hocalar District. Its population is 2,216 (2021). The mayor is Mustafa Akın (MHP).

References

Populated places in Afyonkarahisar Province
District municipalities in Turkey
Hocalar District
İhsaniye

İhsaniye is a town of Afyonkarahisar Province in the Aegean region of Turkey. It is the seat of İhsaniye District. Its population is 3,818 (2021). The mayor is Tunay Türkmen (CHP). The town consists of 8 quarters: Cumhuriyet, Şahinler, Hürriyet, Zafer, Susuzosmaniye, Fatih, Yenikent and Akören.

References

Populated places in İhsaniye District
District municipalities in Turkey
Theosophical Society of New York

The Theosophical Society of New York was a theosophical organization, that separated in 1899 from the Theosophical Society in America. It is not to be confused with "The New York Theosophical Society" founded in 1875, which is today a lodge of the American section of the Theosophical Society Adyar.

In 1895 the Theosophical Society was divided into the TG Adyar (with Henry Steel Olcott) and the TG in America (with William Quan Judge). After Judge's death, Tingley was elected in a controversial election as president of the TG in America. The Theosophical Society of New York separated itself from the TG in America as a result of these controversies.

The TS of New York was founded by J.H. Salisbury und Donald Nicholson, both friends of W.Q. Judge.

The organization published the journal "The Word", editor of the journal was Harold W. Percival (1868–1953).

Literature
 Harold W. Percival: Adepts, masters, and mahatmas: The Word Foundation, Dallas 1993; 
 Harold W. Percival: Thinking and Destiny: The Word Foundation, Dallas 1993;

External links
 The Word Foundation
 Theosophy 1875-1925
  Theosophy 1875-1950

Theosophical Society
İscehisar

İscehisar is a town of Afyonkarahisar Province in the Aegean region of Turkey, on the road between the city of Afyon and Ankara. It is the seat of İscehisar District. Its population is 13,285 (2021). The mayor is Ahmet Şahin (AKP).

İscehisar has been identified as the ancient town of Docimium where the famous Docimaean marble was quarried which was used throughout the Roman Empire.

References

Populated places in Afyonkarahisar Province
District municipalities in Turkey
İscehisar District
Kızılören

Kızılören is a rural town of Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey, 26 km from the towns of Sandıklı and Dinar, near the road to Ankara. It is the seat of Kızılören District. Its population is 1,377 (2021), down from 6,000 in 1990.

Economy
Kızılören is a poor district and many people have left in search of jobs in nearby Denizli, Antalya, Eskişehir and other industrial cities in Turkey and Europe.

References

Populated places in Afyonkarahisar Province
District municipalities in Turkey
Kızılören District
Sinanpaşa

Sinanpaşa (or Sincanlı) is a town of Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey on a plain surrounded by pine-covered mountains, 33 km from the city of Afyon on the road to Uşak and İzmir. It is the seat of Sinanpaşa District. Its population is 3,544 (2021). The mayor is Erdal Karaman (AKP).

Winters are cold and snowy, and summers are dry and hot.

History
The area has been a crossroads since antiquity, with archaeological evidence indicating habitation since 4000 BC. Surface excavations in the village of Küçükhöyük go back to 3000 BC.

The name Sinan Paşa comes from the son of a lord of the Akkoyunlu Turks who in 1473 took refuge with Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II during the war between the Akkoyunlu and the warrior Uzun Hasan (the Otlukbeli War). Later in the Ottoman period the important general Hersekzade Ahmet Paşa settled here in the village still known as Ahmet Paşa today.

The town was occupied by Greek forces during the Turkish War of Independence, but was recovered during the great Turkish counter-attack in 1922.

Sinanpaşa today
Nowadays Sinanpaşa is a country town providing schools, hospital and other infrastructure to the surrounding countryside, where poppy seeds, wheat and other grains are grown.

References

Populated places in Sinanpaşa District
District municipalities in Turkey
Sultandağı

Sultandağı is a town of Afyonkarahisar Province in the Aegean region of Turkey. It is the seat of Sultandağı District. Its population is 5,195 (2021). It is located at 68 km from the city of Afyon on the road to Konya, near Lake Akşehir at the foothills of the  Sultan Mountains (Sultandağ), a meeting point of the Aegean and central Anatolian geographical zones. The mayor is Osman Acar (CHP).

History
The area has been settled since antiquity but the town that stands today, formerly known as İshaklı, was founded by the Seljuk lord İshak Bey and named after him. The name Sultandağı comes from the mountains' use as a stronghold for the armies of the Seljuk sultan when fighting the Byzantines. At that time the Silk Road from the Arabian Peninsula passed through here on the way to the Aegean coast. Sultandağı is famous for cherries which is exported to over 50 countries.

Every year, "Cherry Festival" takes places in Sultandagi. In this festival, the farmers competes to exhibit their cherries to the jury. taking the "size" criteria into consideration, the jury tries to decide the owner of the biggest cherries in the related year. Usually, the first winner is awarded with gold, fuel for their tractors, etc. During the festival, famous singers performs on the stage. Some of these singers are Orhan Hakalmaz, Murat Basaran, Izzet Altinmese, Lara, Sumer Ezgu, etc.

There was a large earthquake in 2001 which caused little loss of life; it was this event which led most people to focus their attention on the town.

References

Populated places in Afyonkarahisar Province
Sultandağı District
District municipalities in Turkey
Şuhut

Şuhut (Ottoman Turkish شهود Şuhūd; formerly Ancient Greek Σύνναδα Synnada) is a town in Afyonkarahisar Province in the Aegean region of Turkey. It is the seat of Şuhut District. Its population is 15,054 (2021). It lies in a small plain, 29 km east of the city of Afyon. The mayor is Recep Bozkurt (AKP).

History
Excavations of a burial mound at Kepirtepe show the plain has been settled since the Neolithic period. The town was established during the Hittite period and grew under the Romans, by then it was known as Synnada. See Synnada for details on the area in antiquity and for the ecclesiastical history of the town in the Byzantine period.

Today
Today Şuhut is a country town providing schools and other amenities to the surrounding rural area. Much of the land is used for raising beef cattle and growing wheat; Şuhut is famed for the quality of its meat and wheat stew, called keşkek. There is also a poultry industry and other crops, such as sugar beet, are grown. The younger generation are migrating to larger cities in search of careers.

Places of interest

 There are a number of Hittite burial mounds.
 The rock tombs of Bininler
 Asmakaya Castle
 Atatürk's House, aka Great Offensive Headquarters, a historic house museum, which was used as temporary headquarters by then Commander-in-Chief Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk) right before the Great Offensive in August 1922.
 Şuhut Memorial Cemetery in dedication to the Turkish soldiers killed in action during the Great Offensive in August 1922.

References

Populated places in Afyonkarahisar Province
District municipalities in Turkey
Şuhut District
Phrygia
Buturlin

Buturlin, feminine: Buturlina () is a Russian surname of a Russian noble . Notable people with this surname include:

 Alexander Buturlin (1694–1767), a Russian general
 Anna Artemevna Buturlina (1777–1854), Russian artist and noblewoman
 Alexander Buturlin (ice hockey) (born 1981), a Russian ice hockey player
 Dmitry Petrovich Buturlin (writer) (1790–1849), a Russian statesman and writer
 Elizabeth Divov born countess Buturlina (1762–1813), Russian courtier 
 Sergei Aleksandrovich Buturlin (1872–1938), a Russian ornithologist
 Vasili Buturlin (? – 1656), a Russian boyar and voyevoda

Russian-language surnames
Meriç, Edirne

Meriç is a town in Edirne Province, Turkey. It is the seat of Meriç District. Its population is 2,820 (2022). The mayor is Erol Dübek (CHP).

History
The land was conquered by the  Ottomans in 1361. Until the Balkan Wars in 1912, a part of the district was part of Soufli (back then still part of the Ottoman Empire), with the other part being connected to the neighbouring district Uzunköprü. After Soufli was lost to Greece in 1913, a new district was formed with the name Kavaklı. From 1920 to 1922, the area was annexed by Greece. Until 1930, the name stayed the same. In 1930, the district got its current name Meriç.

Name
Kavaklı (1913-1930) 
Meriç (1930-present)

The name Meriç comes from the river of Meriç, a river forming the border between present day Turkey and Greece.

References

External links
 Edirne Photos - Meriç Photos

Populated places in Meriç District
District municipalities in Turkey
Alucra

Alucra is a town in Giresun Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey,  from the city of Giresun. It is the seat of Alucra District. Its population is 3,945 (2022). It was a district of Şebinkarahisar province between 1924-1933.

Etymology
Alucra is a modification of the Ottoman Empire name El Ücra meaning far-off or remote.

Culture

Local cuisine includes:
 Fit (Düü) Çorbası - a soup made of onions and bulgur wheat
 Yağlaç - a cornflour-based polenta-style meal
 Pancar Çorbası - beetroot soup
 Ekmek Aşı - dried bread soaked in a stew of fried meat with onions and hot pepper
 Ayran Çorbası - yoghurt soup
 Kesme Çorbası - a kind of local minestrone soup with lentils and dumplings
 Helle - a soupy dish of bulgur and mint
 Oğlak Kebabı - yeanling kebab
In July, there is a well-known summer festival.

History
This area has firstly been settled by the Hittites in ancient times. During the Middle Ages, Alucra was the part of the Byzantine Empire, disrupted by the Arab armies of the Abbasid caliphate. 

Turks first came to the area in their 11th century movement into Anatolia from their homeland in Central Asia following their defeat of the Byzantines at the Battle of Malazgirt. From 1054 this area was settled by the Kipchak Turks from southern Russia, who moved into the area along the Black Sea coast, under the loose authority of the Seljuk Turks.  The Seljuks assumed direct control by defeating the Mengujekids in 1228, but their rule came to an end with their defeat by the Mongol hordes at Kösedağ in 1243. 

The Anatolian beyliks remerged despite the growth of the Ottoman Empire until the area was brought into Ottoman in 1473 with the defeat of Uzun Hasan by Sultan Mehmet II at the battle of Otlukbeli.

Places of interest

As well as walks in the high pastures (yayla), there are a number of historical sites:
 Kamışlı Kilisesi - a church in the village of Çakrak, built by Greeks in the 1800s
 Çakrak Kilisesi - a ruined church
 Gelinkaya (Bride's Rock - site of a gruesome local legend)
 Ikizler Tepesi - two hills near the village of Pirilli

Notable natives
 Nurettin Canikli (born 1960), Turkish politician and former minister

References

External links
 Photos of Alucra - 1
 Photos of Alucra - 2
 Photos of Alucra - 3
 photos alucra and koman koyu
 Photos of the village of Akçiçek
 Village of Aktepe
 Village of Doludere
 and Tohumlu Tohumluk

Populated places in Giresun Province
Alucra District
District municipalities in Turkey
Çamoluk

Çamoluk is a town in Giresun Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Çamoluk District. Its population is 2,985 (2022).

Being 180 km inland, in a valley of the upper Kelkit River, Çamoluk is different in landscape, climate and lifestyle from the city of Giresun and the other districts on the Black Sea coast.

History
The valley of the Kelkit has been a passage to the Black Sea coast for thousands of years, was once part of the Roman Empire and from 381 the succeeding Byzantine Empire. Arab invaders occupied the valley in 778 followed by early settlements of the Oghuz Turks. Fighting between Turks and Byzantines continued in this corner of Anatolia for centuries, beyond the arrival of the Seljuk Turkish armies of Toğrül Bey in 1058, and the foundation of the Empire of Trebizond of which Çamoluk was part. The castle was built by the Trapezuntines in 1204 to defend the valley from further waves of Seljuk invaders. 

In 1464 Sultan Mehmet II of the Ottoman Empire came down the valley in his campaign against Şebinkarahisar and Çamoluk was brought within the Empire.

References

External districts
  mayor website
  çamoluk
  local information
  and more*

Populated places in Giresun Province
Çamoluk District
District municipalities in Turkey
Pedro de Gante

Pieter van der Moere, also known as Brother Pedro de Gante or Pedro de Mura (c. 1480 – 1572) was a Franciscan missionary in sixteenth century Mexico. Born in Geraardsbergen in present-day Belgium, he was of Flemish descent. Since Flanders, like Spain, belonged to the Habsburg Empire and he was a relative of King Charles V (he was thought to be a bastard son of Emperor Maximilian I), he was allowed to travel to the colonies of New Spain as one of a group of Franciscan friars. Gante's group in fact arrived before the 12 Franciscans normally thought of as the first friars in New Spain. In Mexico he spent his life as a missionary, indoctrinating the indigenous population in Christian catechism and dogma. He learned Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs, and composed a Christian "doctrina". One of his most significant contributions to Mexico was the creation of the School of San Jose de los Naturales. This was the first school set up by Europeans in the Americas.

In 1988 he was beatified, by Pope John Paul II. He was ranked 99th in a 2005 vote on the list of Greatest Belgians (De Grootste Belg).

Works

Manuscripts
 Catecismo de la doctrina cristiana con jeroglíficos, para la enseñanza de los indios de México: Madrid, Archivo Histórico Nacional, Códice 1257B.

Published Works
 Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Mexicana. Per signum crucis. Icamachiotl cruz yhuicpain toya chua Xitech momaquixtili Totecuiyoc diose. Ica inmotocatzin. Tetatzin yhuan Tepilizin yhuan Spiritus Sancti. Amen Jesús (first published ca. 1547, Mexico: Juan Pablos; 1553, Amberes; 1553, Mexico: Juan Pablos, 1555. Facsimile edition with comments by ed. Ernesto de la Torre Villar (Mexico, 1981).
 Catecismo de la doctrina cristiana con jeroglíficos, para la enseñanza de los indios de México, Facsimile edition with comments by Federico Navarro (Madrid, 1970) / Justino Cortés Castellanos, El catecismo en pictogramas de Fr. Pedro de Gante (Madrid, 1987).
 Cartas, versos religiosos en mejicano, ed. en: Joaquín García Icazbalceta, Códice franciscano (Mexico, 1941), 212ff.

References

External links

 The Franciscan Encyclopedia on Pedro de Gante 
 Information at De Grootste Belg

1480s births
1572 deaths
People from Geraardsbergen
Flemish Franciscans
Belgian beatified people
Translators from Nahuatl
Novohispanic Mesoamericanists
16th-century Mesoamericanists
16th-century venerated Christians
Çanakçı

Çanakçı is a town in Giresun Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Çanakçı District. Its population is 1,868 (2022).

Çanakçı is a small town inland from the Black Sea coastal town of Görele. Formerly part of the district of Görele, it became a district seat in 1990.

Famous "Kuşdili" festival is held in Çanakçı every July. Hundreds of people from nearby places attend this festival.

The Kemenche, which is one of the traditional Eastern Black Sea instruments, is played in Çanakçı. One of the most important folk songs is "Çanakçı'dan aşağı".

References

External links
  
  

Populated places in Giresun Province
Çanakçı District
District municipalities in Turkey
Dereli

Dereli is a town in Giresun Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Dereli District. Its population is 5,879 (2022). The mayor is Kazım Zeki Şenlikoğlu (AKP).

Dereli is a small town in attractive countryside, in the valley of the Aksu Deresi and Akkaya River, 28 km inland from Giresun on the road to Şebinkarahisar.

History
See Giresun for the history of this area, once occupied by the Hittites, Persians, Ancient Greek colonists from Miletos, Macedonians, Ancient Romans, Byzantines, Seljuk Turks, who settled in these valleys and arounds Muslim Kızılbaş, Turkmen Turks (Chepni) and finally the Ottoman Empire.

Places to see
Kümbet
Salon Çayırı
Aymaç
Karagöl

References

Populated places in Dereli District
District municipalities in Turkey
Doğankent

Doğankent is a town in Giresun Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Doğankent District. Its population is 4,545 (2022).

Geography
Doğankent is a hilly district in the valley of the Harşit. The climate is typical of the Black Sea region, with much rain, summer and winter. Doğankent provides high schools and other basic amenities to the surrounding villages.

Etymology
Previously known as Kürtün-ü Zir, Manastır Bükü and Harşit.

History
There was a monastery here in the Byzantine period, hence the earlier name. The area was settled by Seljuk Turks following their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Malazgirt and was then absorbed into the Ottoman Empire in 1461 by Sultan Mehmet II during his conquest of the rump-Byzantine Empire of Trebizond. The areas importance as a centre of education persisted as the monasteries were converted into Islamic medrese.

See also
Güvenlik Tunnel

References

External links
(follow resim, resimler or foto galeri in the Turkish websites for pictures)
 the municipality
  the district governorate
  local information

Populated places in Giresun Province
Doğankent District
District municipalities in Turkey
Jagna Marczułajtis

Jagna Kinga Marczułajtis-Walczak (born 15 December 1978 in Zakopane) is a Polish politician and former snowboarder who competed in parallel slalom and parallel giant slalom. Since November 2011, she has been a member of the Polish Sejm.

Marczułajtis' best finishes in the World Cup in parallel slalom are two 1st places: in January 2006 in Nendaz and in January 2004 in Bad Gastein.  She competed for Poland in three Olympic Games: Nagano 1998, Salt Lake City 2002 (where she placed 4th), and Turin 2006.

She is also a 14-time Champion of Poland (including currently, in 2006), a one-time European Champion and a one-time European Championships Runner-up.  She has won a medal at the World Championships.  She is also a two-time World Junior Champion.

Marczułajtis is the former wife of fellow Polish Olympian, ice dancer Sebastian Kolasiński. She was born and lives in Zakopane, Poland with her two daughters, Jagoda Olimpia (born in 2002), and Iga (born in 2008).

She chaired the committee organising the Kraków bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics, but resigned from this position in April 2014.

References

External links
 Her official website 
 

1978 births
Living people
Polish female snowboarders
Olympic snowboarders for Poland
Snowboarders at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Zakopane
Members of the Polish Sejm 2011–2015
Members of the Polish Sejm 2015–2019
Members of the Polish Sejm 2019–2023
Women members of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland
21st-century Polish women politicians
PC-1

PC-1 (Pacific Crossing 1) is a submarine telecommunications cable system in the North Pacific Ocean linking the United States to Japan.

It has landing points in:
Shima, Mie Prefecture, Japan
Ajigaura, Hitachinaka, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan
Harbour Pointe, Snohomish County, Washington, United States
Grover Beach, San Luis Obispo County, California, United States

It has a design transmission capacity of 640 Gbit/s, with 180 Gbit/s lit (as of February 2006), and a total cable length of 20,890 km.  It started operation in January 2001.

Since 2009, PC-1 has been owned by Japanese carrier NTT.

References
 
 

Submarine communications cables in the Pacific Ocean
Japan–United States relations
Communications in Washington (state)
Communications in California
2001 establishments in California
2001 establishments in Japan
2001 establishments in Oregon
Eynesil

Eynesil is a town in Giresun Province on the Black Sea coast of Turkey, east of the city of Giresun, towards Trabzon. It is the seat of Eynesil District. Its population is 7,083 (2022).

History

Antiquity
The history of the area dates back to the Hittites in 1500BC, followed by the Phrygians in 1200BC. The Ancient Greeks arrived in 765 BC and in 670BC a colony of the Aegean Greek community of Miletos was founded, one of a chain of 90 trading posts along the Black Sea coast. By 520 BC Eynesil was in the territory of the Satrap of Pontus, a territory of the Persian Empire. This was succeeded by the Roman Empire and the Byzantines and in 1204 the Empire of Trebizond, a rump-Byzantine state that lasted until it was overthrown by Sultan Mehmet II of the Ottoman Empire in 1461.

During the medieval period one of the most important guardians of the coastal road connecting Trabzon to Samsun was the large Byzantine garrison fort located about 3 kilometers east of modern town of Eynesil.  An archaeological and historical assessment of this site as well as a scaled plan were published in 1985.  The impressive circuit walls and defenses create two separate baileys with the remains of numerous rooms.  The site briefly served as a Russian military depot and lighthouse (1877–78) during the Russo-Turkish War.  Today it has become a popular tourist attraction.

The Turkish era
In December 1461 Eynesil became part of the Ottoman Empire, and the first Turkish people to move into the area were the Chepni, followers of Haji Bektash Veli and therefore responsible for the strength of the Alevi community in Eynesil.

References

External links
Note: follow resimler in Turkish language websites for photographs of the area:
  Eynesilin Vizyonu
  local information
  Photographic survey and plan of Eynesil Castle

Populated places in Eynesil District
Populated coastal places in Turkey
District municipalities in Turkey