alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Gatelawbridge

Gatelawbridge is a hamlet in the region of Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. It is situated two and a half miles east of Thornhill and near the gorge Crichope Linn. The origin of the name is unknown though in the past the locals called it Gateley Bridge, so perhaps it takes its name from a type of bridge over the Cample River in the centre of the settlement. The river divides the parishes, with all those east of the river being in Closeburn Parish, and those west of the river being in Morton Parish.

The African explorer Joseph Thomson lived in Gatelawbridge from the age of 10 until leaving for Edinburgh.  He attended the secondary school Morton Academy in Thornhill (now Wallace Hall), making the journey each day on his pony called Donald. His father was the quarry master and presumably that is where his interest in rocks began. He studied geology at the University of Edinburgh. After graduating he was engaged on several explorations in East and North Africa. He discovered the Thomson's Falls in Kenya and the Thomson's gazelle is named after him. He was known to be a kind and very fair man, who refused to beat his bearers in Africa when they did wrong, preferring to dock their wages instead. This however was quite unpopular at the time with the bearers who at one point went on strike and left him. He became ill due to infections picked up on his travels and died a young man.
His friends erected a fine monument to him which stands next to the school in Thornhill.

Gatelawbridge is the site of  several Red Sandstone quarries opened in the 19th century that were once linked by rail to the G&SWR main line near Cample village. They are now largely disused. The sandstone derived from a huge sand dune which extended from Gatelawbridge through Locharbriggs to Annan. This sandstone is the building material of much of Dumfriesshire, and was exported to America where it was used to build the famous 'brownstones' of New York.
The hamlet has seen a lot of growth recently with several new houses being constructed.

See also
Deil's Dyke - A linear earthwork.

References

External links
Video 'Crichope Linn - Sir Walter Scott, Elves and Covenaters

Villages in Dumfries and Galloway
Chandra Crawford

Chandra Crawford (born November 19, 1983) is a Canadian cross-country skier who has competed since 2001 at the age of 16.  Prior to this, she was a biathlete for five years. She was born in Canmore, Alberta, Canada.

Career
On February 22, 2006, she became the surprise gold medal winner in the women's cross-country  sprint at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. Video of her circulated on the Internet as she sang "O Canada", the Canadian national anthem, from the medals podium. Then-CBC commentator Brian Willams said of the event: "If you're ever standing on top of the podium, this is how you sing our national anthem."

She won her first World Cup gold medal in her home-town of Canmore in January 2008 in the sprint event, followed by a second gold in Lahti, Finland, in March 2008. She finished the 2008 World Cup season ranked seventh in the sprint and 23rd overall.

Crawford placed 44th in the freestyle sprint during the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. On March 27, 2014, she retired from competitive skiing.

Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

Olympic Games
 1 medal – (1 gold)

World Championships

World Cup

Season standings

Individual podiums
 2 victories – (2 ) 
 5 podiums – (4 , 1 )

Team podiums
 2 podiums – (2 )

Career highlights
Women's cross-country 1.1 kilometre sprint
 Silver – 2011 World Cup, Rogla, Slovenia
 Gold – 2008 World Cup, Lahti, Finland
 Gold – 2008 World Cup, Canmore, Alberta
 Silver – 2007 NorAm Cup, Mont-Sainte-Anne, Quebec
 Bronze – 2006 Tour de Ski, Munich, Germany
 Gold – 2006 Winter Olympics, Turin, Italy
 Bronze – 2006 World Cup, Davos, Switzerland
 Gold – 2005 Canadian Championships, Prince George, British Columbia
 Silver – 2004 Under-23 World Championships, Soldier Hollow, Utah, U.S.
Women's cross-country team relay
 Bronze – 2004 Under-23 World Championships, Soldier Hollow, Utah,

Honors
In 2018, Crawford was inducted into the Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.

References

External links
 
 
 

1983 births
Living people
Canadian female cross-country skiers
Canadian female biathletes
Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Olympic cross-country skiers for Canada
People from Canmore, Alberta
Sportspeople from Alberta
Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
21st-century Canadian women
Lisbon Region

Lisbon Region (, ) is one of the seven NUTS II designated regions of Portugal, which coincides with the NUTS III subregion Lisbon Metropolitan Area. The region covers an area of 3001.95 km2 (the smallest region on mainland Portugal)   and includes a population of 2,815,851 inhabitants according to the 2011 census (the second most populated region in Portugal after the Norte region), a density of 1039 inhabitants/km2.

Considered as representing the Lisbon Metropolitan Region. It is a region of significant importance in industry (light and heavy), services, and it is highly urbanized. The gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 73.3 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 36% of Portugal's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 30,200 euros or 100% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 92% of the EU average.

History
Prior to 2002, the area was included within the NUTS II region of Lisbon and Tagus Valley (that also included three other subregions). Before 2015, the region was divided into two NUTS III subregions: Grande Lisboa and Península de Setúbal.

NUTS II region and area of intervention of the CCDRLVT

"Despite the territorial configuration for statistical purposes (National Statistical System in Portugal), in force since 2002, matching the NUTS II the Lisbon, Region Greater Lisbon (AML) - composed only NUTSIII Greater Lisbon and Setúbal Peninsula - the area of intervention of the CCDRLVT - Steering Committee and Regional Development, abbreviated to CCDR - (the Lisbon and the Tagus Valley), continues to be composed of 5 NUTSIII (Sub-regions: Greater Lisbon, Setúbal Peninsula, Middle Tagus, and Lezíria West Coast).

For the Regional Funds, management responsibilities under the policy of the European Union in Portugal, this regions it's the region of Lisbon that consists of Grande Lisboa and Península de Setúbal, for regional planning (Run, monitor and evaluate, at regional level, policies on environment, nature conservation, land management and city) the region is called Lisbon and the Tagus Valley (LVT), composed by 5 NUTSIII (Sub-regions: Greater Lisbon, Setúbal Peninsula, Middle Tagus, and Lezíria West Coast)."

Municipalities

References 
Notes

Sources

External links

 CCDR-LVT Comissão de Coordenação e Desenvolvimento Regional de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo

 
NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union
NUTS 2 statistical regions of Portugal
58th British Academy Film Awards

The 58th British Academy Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, took place on 12 February 2005 and honoured the best films of 2004.

The Aviator won Best Film, Best Supporting Actress for Cate Blanchett, Best Production Design, and Best Makeup and Hair. Jamie Foxx and Imelda Staunton won Best Actor and Best Actress for Ray and Vera Drake, respectively. Vera Drake also won Best Director for Mike Leigh and Best Costume Design. My Summer of Love, directed by Paweł Pawlikowski, was voted Outstanding British Film of 2004.

Winners and nominees

Statistics

See also
 77th Academy Awards
 30th César Awards
 10th Critics' Choice Awards
 57th Directors Guild of America Awards
 18th European Film Awards
 62nd Golden Globe Awards
 25th Golden Raspberry Awards
 9th Golden Satellite Awards
 19th Goya Awards
 20th Independent Spirit Awards
 10th Lumières Awards
 16th Producers Guild of America Awards
 31st Saturn Awards
 11th Screen Actors Guild Awards
 57th Writers Guild of America Awards

Sources
 http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1018223,00.html  Aviator leads BAFTAs with 14 nominations
 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4260957.stm Aviator wins Best Film
 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4261145.stm Stars on Red Carpet

058
2004 film awards
2005 in British cinema
February 2005 events in the United Kingdom
2005 in London
2004 awards in the United Kingdom
Great Southern Bank

Great Southern Bank (formerly Credit Union Australia or CUA) is a customer-owned bank based in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. As of 2013, it is the largest Credit Union in Australia. It provides banking and insurance services to 420,000 customers in 2021.

Overview
Great Southern Bank is a mutual bank. It is Australia's largest customer-owned banking organisation with over 40 branches located around Australia, largely on the east coast. The contact centres are located in Sydney and Melbourne. It is also a member of the Customer Owned Banking Association (COBA), adhering to a Customer Owned Banking Code of Practice 

Great Southern Bank has two fully owned subsidiary companies – CUA Health Ltd (Health Insurance) and Credicorp Insurance Ltd (consumer credit insurance). On 26 May 2021, it was announced that CUA Health Ltd would be sold to HBF.

History
The earliest precursor to Great Southern Bank was officially founded in 1946. It was created through the amalgamation of several small Queensland-based credit unions in the 1940s and had around 180 members in total. Since then, through the joining of more than 171 credit unions , it has become the biggest customer-owned bank in Australia.

Timeline

Recent recognition/awards 

 Forbes – Worlds Best Banks 2022
 Canstar – Customer-Owned Institution of the Year winner 2022 
 Canstar – Savings 2022

Sponsorship 
Principal partner – Brisbane Heat Cricket team 

Major sponsor – Carlton AFL team

See also 

 Banking in Australia
 List of banks in Australia
 List of banks in Oceania

References

External links 

 Official website

Banks established in 1946
Credit unions of Australia
Australian companies established in 1946
Bistra (mountain)

The Bistra (,  is a massif in North Macedonia. The massif has several summits higher than 2,000 metres, with the highest being Medenica at 2,163 metres above sea level.

Limestone erosion on the mountain has created limestone fields. In the limestone region of the Bistra, there are fourteen limestone fields: Tonivoda, Govedarnik, Bardaš, Sultanica, Solomunica, Suvo Pole, Small and Big Brzovec, Čukni Topanica, Lower and Upper Poljce, Tri Bari, Tri Groba and Lazaropole.

Much of the mountain's area lies within the boundaries of the Mavrovo National Park.

References

Two-thousanders of North Macedonia
Popular Liberalism

Popular Liberalism (Liberalismo Popolare, LP), subsequently known also as Houses of the Citizen (Case del Cittadino, CdC), was a liberal faction within Forza Italia, a political party in Italy.

The group was basically composed of those Liberals (former members of the Italian Liberal Party, PLI) who formed the Union of the Centre in 1993, after the PLI's dissolution, took part to the Pole of Freedoms/Pole for Freedoms coalition and finally joined Forza Italia in 1999, continuing its activity through the association Liberal Union of the Centre (Unione Liberale di Centro, ULdC). The LP faction was founded in 2003 by six Forza Italia's MPs: three former Liberals (Alfredo Biondi, Raffaele Costa and Valter Zanetta) and three former Christian Democrats with a liberal streak (Roberto Rosso, Renzo Patria and Benedetto Nicotra) and had circles all around Italy, especially in Piedmont, home-region of Costa, Zanetta, Rosso and Patria.

Leadership
Secretary: Raffaele Costa
President: Alfredo Biondi

References

External links
Official website

Forza Italia factions
Esja

Esja (often Esjan, with the feminine definite article) is a  mountain situated in the south-west of Iceland, about ten kilometres north of Iceland's capital city Reykjavík.

Esja is not a single mountain, but a volcanic mountain range, made from basalt and tuff.

Etymology 
The name is likely related to an archaic word, , meaning rock flake or carving stone.

In the Kjalnesinga saga, there is a rich widow among Irish settlers named Esja, but it is likely that the woman's name is derived from the mountain and not vice versa.

Esja can be used as a given name in Iceland.

Formation
Esja was built up at the end of the Pleistocene with the beginning of the Ice Age. During the warm periods lava flowed, and in the cold periods ridges of tuff were built up under the glacier. The western part of the mountain range is the oldest (about 3.2 million years) and the eastern part is the youngest (about 1.8 million years). The movements of the plate boundaries cutting diagonally through Iceland are continually pushing the strata to the west and away from the active volcanic zone. Intrusions, i.e. large magma channels coming from the old central volcanoes at Kjalarnes and Stardalur , found entrances into the strata. The result was a series of large lava fields, one above the other, which the Ice Age glacier ground down. It left only the highest summits, like the mountain ranges of Esja or Akrafjall .

Physical features

The easternmost summits of the mountain range, called Móskarðshnúkar , are of an unusually light colour. An Icelandic writer in the 19th century, so goes the story, hoped to see the sun there after a long period of rain. But when he looked closer, it was only the mountaintops with their colours. In reality, it is the rhyolite stone, often to be found in Icelandic nature near old (and also active) central volcanoes.

Hiking and climbing 
Within easy reach of the capital, Esja is a very popular recreation area for hikers and climbers. The best known hiking paths lead to the summits Þverfellshorn  (780 m) and Kerhólakambur  (851 m). Þverfellshorn is also easily accessible by public transport.

The path is divided into sections, marked with signs along the way. Each sign gives an indication of the difficulty of the path ahead with a grade system ranging from 1 boot (easy) to 3 boots (challenging). At the third sign experienced climbers can choose to climb directly to the peak, instead of following the path which goes off to the right. After approximately 6.6 kilometers of walking and 597 meters altitude gain is a big rock called Steinn . It is here that most inexperienced climbers choose to go down again, as the path becomes increasingly difficult from there.

The highest point, at 914 m, is called Hábunga . From Þverfellshorn, reaching Hábunga requires another three-kilometer trek northeast, across a rocky plateau with no directional signs or clear path. As of August 2011, Hábunga was marked only by a large cairn with a wooden stick at the top.

There is danger of avalanches in wintertime.  The last fatality was in 2020.

References 

Mountains of Iceland
Volcanoes of Iceland
Pliocene volcanoes
Pleistocene volcanoes
Czech Cup

The Czech Cup (), officially known as the MOL Cup for sponsorship reasons, is the major men's football cup competition in the Czech Republic. It is organised by the Czech Football Association.

The Czech Cup was first held in 1961. The winner would then face the winner of the Slovak Cup in the Czechoslovak Cup final. This competition was discontinued in 1993, after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia into two independent states (Czech Republic and Slovakia).

The winner gains entry to the following season's UEFA Europa League.

Finals of the Czech Cup

Performance by club

Historical names 
 1993–2000 – Pohár Českomoravského fotbalového svazu (Pohár ČMFS)
 2000–2002 – Raab Karcher Cup
 2002–2009 – Pohár Českomoravského fotbalového svazu (Pohár ČMFS)
 2009–2012 – Ondráškovka Cup
 2012–2014 – Pohár České pošty
 2014–2015 – Pohár Fotbalové asociace České republiky (Pohár FAČR)
 2015–now – MOL Cup

See also
 Czechoslovak Cup
 Czech Women's Cup

References 

 Football Cup at ČMFS website
 League321.com – National cup results.

External links
Czech Republic – List of Cup Finals, RSSSF.com
Czech Cup summary – Soccerway

 
National association football cups
Cup
Pererius

Pererius may refer to:

 Benedict Pereira (1535–1610), Spanish Jesuit philosopher, theologian, and exegete
 Isaac La Peyrère (1596–1676), French Millenarian theologian and formulator of Pre-Adamite theory
Július Jakoby

Július Jakoby (born as Gyula Jakoby, Košice, Kingdom of Hungary, 28 March 1903 – Košice, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, 15 April 1985) was a Slovak painter of Hungarian ancestry. Jakoby was a prominent figure of Slovakia's modernist art.

His image is that of a loner, living on the fringe of society, struggling for survival at the start of his career. His work is deeply tied to the small town atmosphere of Košice and its people, whose macrocosm can be seen in most of his works. In formal terms his work reflects secessionist expressionism and symbolism of Konštantín Kövári-Kačmárik and the Hungarian symbolism of Károly Férenczy and József Rippl-Rónai.

The works of Július Jakoby are exhibited in Slovak national gallery, National Gallery in Prague and Hungarian National Gallery and in many Slovak art museums and private collections. The biggest collection of his work is held in East Slovak Gallery in Košice.

His achievements are commemorated by a statue in the centre of his hometown of Košice, where he spent most of his life.

References

External links
 Hundred Years of Artistic Solitude. Thoughts on the Occasion of the 100th Anniversary of Gyula Jakoby’s Birth (in Hungarian)
 Artist profile on Artportal
 Works held in Slovak art collections

Artists from Košice
1903 births
1985 deaths
20th-century Hungarian painters
Hungarian male painters
Czechoslovak painters
20th-century Hungarian male artists
Clubs of Reformist Initiative

The Clubs of Reformist Initiative (Circoli di Iniziativa Riformista) was a social-democratic faction within Forza Italia, a political party in Italy.

Its members were mainly former members of the Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI), a centrist social-democratic party which had been a minor but influential political force in Italy between 1947 and 1994. Its leader was Senator Carlo Vizzini, a former minister and erstwhile leader of the PSDI. The goal of the faction was to unite all members of Forza Italia who came from either that party or the Italian Socialist Party (PSI). When Forza Italia was merged into The People of Freedom in 2009, Vizzini launched European Reformists, a social-democratic think tank, which replaced the Clubs.

External links
Official website of Carlo Vizzini

Forza Italia factions
Elliðaár

The river Elliðaár (, "Elliði's river") is situated in the Reykjavík area in the south-west of Iceland. Two small rivers have their source in the volcanic mountain range of Bláfjöll and stream down to Elliðavatn lake at the eastern suburban border of the city, its outlet forming the river. On their way, they pass through the nature reserve area of Heiðmörk.

On its way to the sea, which is reached in the Elliðavogur bay in Reykjavík, not far from the open-air folk museum of Árbæjarsafn in Árbær, the river cascades over several small waterfalls, within the boundary of the city.

The river is an excellent place to fish salmon.

The valley
The valley Elliðaárdalur  is one of the green recreational areas of Reykjavík with hiking and bicycle paths. There is also a swimming pool, a small ski lift and horse riding facilities in the valley. Since the beginning of the 20th century, this has been a reforestation area with birch, fir and pine trees planted.

Very interesting and varied bird life is found in the valley including swans and 8 different species of ducks. All together, 60 species of birds can be found here. Many song birds such as that of the thrush can be heard.

In 1921, the second hydroelectric power station in Iceland was constructed here and is still in use, the first being situated in the nearby town of Hafnarfjörður. A museum in the power station tells the story of the electrification of Reykjavík.

The base of the valley is a lava field dating from a volcanic eruption 4500 years ago in the Bláfjöll mountains some 25 km away from the city.

References

Rivers of Iceland
Geography of Reykjavík
Aimee Echo

Aimee Echo (né Rodrigues; born March 27, 1970) is an American singer and ashtanga yoga teacher. She rose to prominence as the singer of Human Waste Project, who she fronted between 1994 until the band's dissolution in 1998. Afterwards, she became the frontwoman of theSTART, which she co-founded with her husband Jamie Miller, and its side project Normandie.

Personal life
Echo is a practitioner and authorized teacher of ashtanga yoga. She began practicing Yoga with Noah Williams and Kimberly Flynn in Los Angeles in 1999. She travelled to India annually beginning in 2007 to study with Sri K. Pattabhi Jois, his grandson R. Sharath, and daughter Saraswati at KPJAYI. She received authorization to teach Ashtanga Yoga from R. Sharath in 2010. She is a graduate of the Institute for Integrative Nutrition, a certified health coach, and a certified massage therapist. She was a primary teacher at Jois Yoga. She is the owner of Ashtanga Yoga Long Beach. She is married to Jamie Miller, drummer of Bad Religion, and lives in Zaferia, Long Beach.

Discography 
Human Waste Project

theSTART

Guest appearances
Red Hot Chili Peppers - One Hot Minute (1995)
Dave Navarro - Rhimorse (EP) (1995)
Cradle of Thorns - Download This! (1996)
Tura Satana - All Is Not Well (1997)
Coal Chamber - Chamber Music (1999)
Papa Roach - Infest (2000)
Snot - Strait Up (2000)
Professional Murder Music - Professional Murder Music (2001)
Look What I Did - Minuteman for the Moment (2005)
Teddybears - "Punkrocker" & "Yours to Keep" (2007) - live including Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival and appearance on Last Call with Carson Daly
Street Drum Corps - We Are Machines (2008)
Night Horse - Perdition Hymns (2010)

References

1970 births
Living people
Singers from California
American women rock singers
21st-century American women
Research Defence Society

The Research Defence Society was a British scientific society and lobby group, founded by Stephen Paget, in 1908, to fight against the anti-vivisectionist "enemies of reason" at the beginning of the 20th century. At the end of 2008, after being active for 100 years, it merged with the communications group Coalition for Medical Progress to form the advocacy group Understanding Animal Research.

The Research Defence Society's aim was to disseminate information about, and to defend the use of, research involving animals, including animal testing. It represented the interests of 5,000 researchers and institutions. Its sources of funding changed over the hundred years that the society was active, and included individuals, government the pharmaceutical industry and universities. The organisation's literature stated that it was funded by its members, including medical scientists, doctors, veterinarians, pharmaceutical companies, research institutes, universities, and charities that support medical research.

Its last executive director was Dr. Simon Festing, who became CEO of Understanding Animal Research.

One campaign to demonstrate the support for animal research within the scientific and medical community was the co-signing of a petition in support of the use of animals in research called Declaration on Animals in Medical Research. The declaration was signed in 1990, and a modified version in 2005. Over 700 scientists, of whom 500 were British, signed the declaration in the first month, including three Nobel laureates, 190 Fellows of the Royal Society and the Medical Royal Colleges and over 250 academic professors.

Notes

References
Understanding Animal Research website (the RDS site no longer exists) 
Woods, Richard & Ungoed-Thomas, Jonathan. "A campaigning hero", Sunday Times, February 26, 2006

Animal testing in the United Kingdom
Vivisection
Organizations established in 1908
We Reformers

We Reformers (Noi Riformatori) was a social-democratic association connected to New Centre-Right (NCD), a political party in Italy.

Francesco Colucci is the president of the association, while his son Alessandro, a regional minister of Lombardy, is its national secretary.

The faction was organized in 2005 within Forza Italia, the centre-right party created by Silvio Berlusconi, as We Blue Reformers (Noi Riformatori Azzurri). It was composed basically of those former members of the Italian Socialist Party who believed that the best way to defend their social-democratic tradition (after the disappearance of their party in 1994 and the alleged new hegemony over the centre-left exercised by former Communists, turned Democrats of the Left in 1991), was to rally under the banner of Forza Italia. When this party was merged into The People of Freedom (PdL) in 2009, We Reformers subsequently joined it too.

In November 2013 We Reformers left the PdL and joined NCD.

References

External links
Official website

Organisations associated with The People of Freedom
Peter Hacks

Peter Hacks (21 March 1928 – 28 August 2003) was a German playwright, author, and essayist.

Hacks was born in Breslau (Wrocław), Lower Silesia. Displaced by World War II, Hacks settled in Munich in 1947, where he made acquaintance with Thomas Mann and Bertolt Brecht.  Hacks then followed Brecht to East Berlin in 1955. However, a continued cooperation between him and Brecht did not arise. From 1960 Hacks worked as a dramaturge at the Deutsches Theater (DT) in Berlin.

When the staging of his play "Die Sorgen und die Macht" (1962) sparked criticism from officials, he gave up his position as a dramaturge at the DT and lived again as a freelance  writer.
His success on the world stage – most notably with "Ein Gespräch im Hause Stein über den abwesenden Herrn von Goethe" (A Discussion in the Stein Home about the Absent Mr. Goethe) – led to his literary acceptance within GDR and West-Germany.

Hacks was a communist and supported the East German government's 1976 expatriation of the singer Wolf Biermann. His correspondence with the communist historian Kurt Gossweiler has been published.

He won the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis.

Hacks died in Groß Machnow.

Together with his wife Hacks used the pseudonym Saul O’Hara through which they could write and publish boulevard comedies (Risky Marriage).

Publications 
 With Kurt Gossweiler, in: Am Ende verstehen sie es: Politische Schriften 1988–2003. (Edited by André Thiele.) Berlin: Eulenspiegel, 2005. 
 Der Schuhu und die fliegende Prinzessin, fairy-tale, base for an opera by Udo Zimmermann

References

External links

 
 
 Peter Hacks at Internet Off-Broadway Database

1928 births
2003 deaths
Writers from Wrocław
People from the Province of Lower Silesia
East German writers
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Heinrich Mann Prize winners
Recipients of the National Prize of East Germany
German male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century German dramatists and playwrights
German-language poets
German male poets
20th-century German male writers
Dibromoethane

Dibromoethane can refer to either of two isomeric organobromides with the molecular formula C2H4Br2:

 1,1-Dibromoethane (ethylidene dibromide)
 1,2-Dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide)

See also
 Dibromoethene
Grande Lisboa

Grande Lisboa () or Greater Lisbon is a former Portuguese NUTS III subregion integrated in the Lisboa Region. It was abolished at the January 2015 NUTS 3 revision. It is part of the historical Estremadura Province. It includes the capital and prime city of Portugal, Lisbon (Lisboa in Portuguese). It is the main economical subregion of the country. It covers 1,376 km2 and it is the most populous and most densely populated Portuguese subregion (2,042,477 inhabitants and 1,483.6 inhabitants/km2).

Overview
In spite of getting the name Grande Lisboa, the subregion did not take the entire area of the Lisbon metropolitan area, because it does not include the municipalities on the South bank of the Tagus river estuary, known as Península de Setúbal, which the term at times also applied to.

The area is bordered in the North by the Centro Region, in the West by the Atlantic Ocean, in the East by the Ribatejo region and in the South by the Tagus River estuary.

This subregion is the leading services center for the entire country and it also has a large industrial output. It is served by the busiest Portuguese airport, an international harbor and an extensive network of highways, and mass transportation, like commuter, regional and international railways.

Municipalities

The main urban centers are Lisboa, Amadora, Algueirão-Mem Martins, Agualva-Cacém, Queluz and Odivelas.

References

External links

Former NUTS 3 statistical regions of Portugal
Lisboa Region
Geography of Lisbon
Deadlock: Planetary Conquest

Deadlock: Planetary Conquest is a turn-based strategy computer game by Accolade. The game was officially released in 1996. The story revolves around eight races' struggle for control over the planet Gallius IV, which came to a deadlock.

Tommo purchased the rights to this game and digitally publishes it through its Retroism brand in 2015.

Background
Expeditions sent by the governments of eight races came to orbit around Gallius IV. An armed conflict ensued as each race was determined to capture the planet for its own purposes. To avoid an intergalactic war, as well as to prevent the disputed planet from being accidentally destroyed by the space fleets battling around it, a treaty called The Compact of Gallius IV was signed by seven of the eight races. Each of the seven would deploy five hundred lightly armed colonists to the planet, who would then each begin developing a colony. No restrictions were put on weapons developed and used by the colonies, as opposed to the colonists only being allowed to bring laser pistols with them. The colony to drive all others off the planet's surface, or to construct a pre-set number of cities, would claim the planet for its leaders. The recently discovered and neutral Tolnans serve as advisers to everyone, while the Skirineen operate the local black market.

Reception
Deadlock sold above 100,000 units in its initial two months, and was a commercial success.

Sequel
The sequel, Deadlock II: Shrine Wars, offered slight changes in gameplay, less ability to micromanage, identical graphics, and a single-player campaign. The game interface also changed significantly.

References

External links

1996 video games
4X video games
Accolade (company) games
Classic Mac OS games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Multiplayer online games
Science fiction video games
Time Warner Interactive games
Tommo games
Turn-based strategy video games
Video games about extraterrestrial life
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set on fictional planets
Video games with isometric graphics
Windows games
Fuck Off!

Fuck Off! is an EP by American rapper Shaggy 2 Dope inspired by the success of "Fuck Off!", the rapper's first solo single. "Fuck Off!", the single, was released on November 22, 1994 through Psychopathic Records. Written by Insane Clown Posse, it was recorded at Pulsar Sound Studio and produced by Mike E. Clark.

Copies of the single sported a cover drawn by Shaggy 2 Dope himself; the same artwork would be used on the Fuck Off! EP's cover.

Copies of the single also contained a booklet with an advertisement for a Shaggy solo LP titled Shaggs The Clown. After sampling problems and numerous delays, however, the album was eventually scrapped.

Track listing for the single

Personnel
Joseph "Shaggy 2 Dope" Utsler – lyrics, vocals, cover art
Joseph "Violent J" Bruce – lyrics
Mike E. Clark – programming, engineering, producer

Fuck Off! EP

After the release of the eponymous single, Fuck Off! was repackaged as an extended play in 1994, containing the single's main track and flipside track and two additional tracks. A reissue of the EP was released in late 1999. Another reissue of the EP was released on July 22, 2003, which peaked at No. 42 on the US Billboard Independent Albums chart. The EP was reissued again for a vinyl edition on November 29, 2019.

Track listing for the EP

Charts

Release history

References

External links 

1999 debut EPs
1994 debut singles
Shaggy 2 Dope albums
Psychopathic Records EPs
Songs written by Violent J
Songs written by Shaggy 2 Dope
Albums produced by Mike E. Clark
Délvidék

(, "southern land" or "southern territories") is a historical political term referring to varying areas in the southern part of what was the Kingdom of Hungary. In present-day usage, it often refers to the Vojvodina region of Serbia.

In the Middle Ages, like the names Alvidék ("lower land") and Végvidék ("borderland"),  referred to the Hungarian counties (Verőce, Pozsega, Szerém, Bács, Torontál, Temes, Keve) and vassal banates (Macsó, Ózora, Só, Szörény) beyond the Danube and the Sava.

By the 18th and 19th centuries,  referred only to Bácska and Banat. After the 1920 dismemberment of Hungary, the meaning was further narrowed to only those areas of the former Kingdom of Hungary attached to the newly formed Yugoslav state. In the Second World War, the Yugoslav areas occupied and annexed by Hungary (Bačka, part of Baranja, Međimurje, and Prekmurje) were in some Hungarian sources called "az anyaországhoz visszatért délvidéki területek" ("the southern territories returned to the motherland"). Banat, divided between Romania and German-occupied Serbia was no longer considered part of the concept.

In contemporary usage,  has several uses. It can refer to the imprecisely defined area of Serbia's northern Pannonian Basin including Vojvodina, the Belgrade region, and the Mačva plain as well as eastern Croatia (Baranja and western Syrmia). Sometimes the term is used (especially by irredentist) in the narrow sense of Vojvodina, although it has largely been replaced by Vajdaság, the Hungarian name for Vojvodina. " Hungarians" (délvidéki magyarok) can refer to Hungarians in Vojvodina or, in a larger sense, to both the Vojvodina Hungarians and Hungarians of Croatia.

See also
Greater Hungary
Upper Hungary
Lower Hungary
Délvidék football team

References

Historical regions in Croatia
Historical regions in Hungary
Historical regions in Serbia
Historical regions in Romania
Medieval history of Vojvodina
Vojvodina under Habsburg rule
Power (play)

Power is a play by the British playwright Nick Dear. It is set in the court of King Louis XIV of France. It deals with the intrigue and tension of the court and explores the events and ideas that led Luis XIV to take full control of government and become an absolute monarch.

The play is essentially a drama, but also contains a great deal of comedy and innuendo.

Power was first performed by the Royal National Theatre at the Cottesloe Theatre on July 3, 2003, and the original cast was:

Jean-Baptiste Colbert – Stephen Boxer
Anne of Austria – Barbara Jefford
Nicolas Fouquet – Robert Lindsay
Louise de la Valliere – Hattie Morahan
Louis XIV – Rupert Penry-Jones
Philippe I, Duke of Orléans – Jonathan Slinger
Henriette d'Angleterre – Geraldine Somerville

More recently, Power was performed by the Putney Arts Theatre Company at Putney Arts Theatre in February 2006, and the Lace Market Theatre in Nottingham between 17 and 22 July 2006. Power was premiered in the Finnish National Theatre (Kansallisteatteri) 6 September 2006. It has also been produced at theatres in Portugal (Teatro Municipal de Almada), Poland and Hungary.

External links
 The Portuguese production of Power

British plays
2003 plays
Midland Railway 700 Class

The Midland Railway 700 Class was a large class of double framed 0-6-0 freight steam locomotives designed by Matthew Kirtley for the Midland Railway.  They were in the power classification 1F.

Early withdrawals
Six locomotives - nos. 271/9, 1007/31/52/3 - were withdrawn from service between 1903 and 1905.

Fifty more were sold in 1906 to the Italian State Railway, Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane (FS), where they formed FS Class 380; they had been ordered by one of the constituents of the FS, the Rete Mediterranea. They were meant to fill a gap of usable locomotives after the nationalization of the Italian railways. They were intended to remain in service for a few years; however, some of them remained active into the 1920s.

Numbering
After the Midland Railway's 1907 renumbering scheme, the numbers were:
 2592–2671, 2674–2711 and 2713–2867
Numbers 2672/3 were members of the 480 Class; no. 2712 was a member of the 240 Class, which had been given a number in the wrong series as the result of a clerk's error.

Accidents and incidents
On 3 December 1892, locomotive No. 871 was hauling a freight train that crashed at Wymondham Junction, Leicestershire, severely damaging the signal box.

Military service
78 locomotives of the class were loaned to the War Department during the First World War and were used by the Railway Operating Division of the Royal Engineers for military duties in France. A further three were selected to go but instead were loaned to the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) between December 1917 and February 1920 The locomotives allocated were 2707–11/13–88 of which 2783–85 were sent to the LSWR.  The remainder went to France at various dates in 1917 before being returned to the MR in 1919–20.  All returned to service with the MR except 2765, which was scrapped at Derby in 1920 after suffering broken frames during its time with the ROD.  

One engine, 2717, was cut off in No man's land during the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917 and was subsequently captured by the German army during Operation Michael. The Germans salvaged the engine and used it on their military railway in the Brussels area. Recovered after the war, the engine was returned to the MR.

See also
 Locomotives of the Midland Railway

Notes

References 

0700
0-6-0 locomotives
Railway Operating Division locomotives
Dübs locomotives
Kitson locomotives
Neilson locomotives
Vulcan Foundry locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Railway locomotives introduced in 1869
Scrapped locomotives
Raja Pemaisuri Bainun Bridge

Raja Pemaisuri Bainun Bridge or Sungai Dinding Bridge is the fifth longest river bridge in Malaysia. It is located in Dinding River on Dinding Bypass (Federal Route 60) near Lumut, Manjung district, Perak. The bridge is 1.2 km (1.246 m) in length, of which 930 m is over Dinding River. Its 13 arches represent states in Malaysia and is decorated with lights that change from colour to colour.

History
Constructed began on 19 August 1997 by the Malaysian Public Works Department (JKR) and HMS Perunding Sdn Bhd. and was completed in 2000. It was officially opened on 30 April 2001 by the 34th Sultan of Perak, Almarhum Sultan Azlan Shah and the bridge was officially named Jambatan Raja Pemaisuri Bainun after Tuanku Bainun of Perak.

See also
Perak
Lumut

Bridges completed in 2000
Bridges in Perak
Lille railway station

Lille railway station or Lille station may refer to:

Lille-Europe station (), the international and TGV station in Lille, France
Lille-Flandres station (), the main railway station in Lille, France
Lille-Saint-Sauveur station (), a former goods station that has been converted into an event and exhibition space
Transmission of plant viruses

Transmission of plant viruses is the movement of plant viruses between organisms.

Background
Viruses are known to infect both plant cells and animal cells. Since viruses are obligate intracellular parasites they must develop direct methods of transmission, between hosts, in order to survive. The mobility of animals increases the mechanisms of viral transmission that have evolved, whereas plants remain immobile, and thus plant viruses must rely on environmental factors to be transmitted between hosts.

Natural transmission between plant hosts
The structural differences between plant and animal cells have resulted in a variety of transmission routes being exploited, enabling the virus to be passed between different host plants. The main difference, from the point of view of a virus, is the cell wall. This forms a tough barrier between the intracellular components and the extracellular environment, which has to be penetrated. These differences, combined with the fact that plants are immobile, have resulted in plant viruses relying on the wind and soil to transmit seeds as well as vectors. Vectors either transmit the virus propagative transmission, which results in an amplification of the virus by replication within the cells of the vector, or non-propagative transmission which simply carries the virus between the plants without viral replication. Common vectors include bacteria, fungi, nematodes, arthropods and arachnids.

Furthermore, human intervention, including grafting and experimental mechanical damage, physically damages the cell wall, contributes to the array of transmission routes. The virus commonly uses these methods to be passed from one host to another. However, the virus is dependent upon physical damage, generated naturally by the wind and feeding of vectors or by human intervention.

Transmission between plant cells
Viral infections often develop into systemic infections as a means of transmission. The virus often infects many tissues, if not the whole plant, where it can continue to replicate. There are a variety of methods the virus can use to spread throughout the organism but the most common route use the vascular system, otherwise known as the xylem and phloem, and the plasmodesmata, which interconnect adjacent cells.

Nevertheless, the rigidity of the cell wall of plant cells, not only poses a problem for transmission of the viruses between different plant hosts, but also acts to prevent viral transmission between cells. Consequently, the virus must modify the plasmodesmata as they, themselves, are too large to fit through the small and tightly regulated plant structure. There are again a variety of mechanisms used for this, which have evolved for different viruses. The main mechanisms involve expressing proteins which coat the virus and interact with the structure of the plasmodesmata. The array of proteins expressed by the different viruses may act differently but all achieve a similar goal, passage between adjacent cells.

External links
MicrobiologyBytes: Plant viruses
Vectors of Plant Viruses
Descriptions of Plant Viruses

Virology
William Simpson

William Simpson may refer to:

Politicians
William T. Simpson (1886–1980), New York politician
William Dunlap Simpson (1823–1890), Governor of South Carolina from 1879
William John Simpson (1851–1901), journalist and political figure in Quebec

Others
 William Simpson (teacher), first headmaster (1823–1828) of Bootham School
William Simpson (artist) (1823–1899), Scottish war artist and correspondent
William Simpson (portrait artist) (1818–1872), an African American artist and civil right activist in the 19th century
William Simpson (judge) (1894–1966), Australian Supreme Court judge
William Simpson (rugby league), rugby league footballer of the 1900s and 1910s
William Simpson (trade unionist) (1920–2001), Scottish trade unionist and political activist
W. Douglas Simpson (William Douglas Simpson, 1896–1968), Scottish architecture and archaeology academic and writer
William Gayley Simpson (1892–1991), American racial activist and author
William Henry Simpson (c. 1840–1873), South Australian jockey
William Hood Simpson (1888–1980), US general who commanded the US Ninth Army in Europe in World War II
William James Simpson (born 1954), Australian academic
William John Ritchie Simpson (1855–1931), Scottish physician and specialist in tropical medicine
William Kelly Simpson (1928–2017), American professor emeritus of Egyptology and archaeology
William R. Simpson (born 1966), Alaskan chemist

See also
Will Simpson (disambiguation)
Bill Simpson (disambiguation)
National Academy of Performing Arts

The National Academy of Performing Arts (; abbreviated as NAPA) is a performing arts school located at Hindu Gymkhana in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. NAPA was established in 2005 as an institution to conserve and teach performing arts and music.

Departments
 Music  At NAPA, the students of music derive benefit from being taught by a faculty consisting of practicing musicians, musicologists and visiting maestros. They will also have the opportunity to enrich their repertoire of compositions and styles by tutelage under many teachers.
 Theatres Arts  The Theatre Arts department will offer students academic courses in all aspects of the theatre as well as practical exploration and the opportunity to present their work before an audience.

 Make up  NAPA has also introduced lessons in Make up.

Faculty

Chairman
Zia Mohyeddin is the current Chairman of NAPA. He was asked by Pervez Musharraf, then the President of Pakistan, to establish and lead a national institution for arts and music. Besides being the founder and chairman of NAPA, he has impeccable credentials. Trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, he has spent a lifetime dedicated to the theatre, films and television, appearing in many local and foreign productions. He has also performed in numerous Broadway and West End plays. He has also produced and directed extensively.

Notable teachers
Arshad Mehmood, Director Programmes and Administration.
Besides Mohyeddin and Mahmud, NAPA has some of the most well known theatre icons and teacher-performances in Asia, including:
 Talat Hussain
 Head of Department Theatre Studies, curriculum consultant and founder of Napa Repertory Theatre

Rahat Kazmi is the  
 Khalid Ahmed (acting teacher)
 Nafees Ahmad (sitar teacher)
 Bashir Khan (tabla teacher)
 Salamat Hussain (Flute Teacher)
 Arsalan Pareyal (Guitar Teacher)
 Shehzad Ghias Shaikh

Alumni
 Paras Masroor 1st batch theatre arts
 Rabab Hashim 1st batch theatre arts

Relocation
In December 2018, The Supreme Court of Pakistan had directed the Sindh government to shift NAPA
to another location from this Hindu Gymkhana building but, as of 11 February 2020, compliance to this directive could not be made and NAPA was still functioning there.

See also 
 National College of Arts
 The Hindu Gymkhana
 Theatre of Pakistan
 Music of Pakistan

References

External links 
 National Academy of Performing Arts (NAPA)

2005 establishments in Pakistan
Pakistan federal departments and agencies
Universities and colleges in Karachi
Art schools in Pakistan
Dance schools in Pakistan
Film schools in Pakistan
Music schools in Pakistan
Arts in Pakistan
Buildings and structures in Karachi
British colonial architecture