alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Foreign relations of the Central African Republic

President François Bozizé has said that one of his priorities is to get the support of the international community. This has indeed been visible in his relations to donor countries and international organisations. At the same time it is difficult to have an open policy towards neighbouring countries when they are used as safe haven by rebels regularly attacking Central African Republic (C.A.R.), or when one allied country is in war with another (as is Chad–Sudan).

The Central African Armed Forces cannot–even with the support of France and the Multinational Force of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (FOMUC)–exert control over its own borders. Hence, armed groups are regularly entering the country from Chad and Sudan. The President said in an interview that he has a good relation with neighbours and fellow CEMAC countries, "put aside the incident with Sudan when the border had to be closed since militia entered C.A.R. territory".

Participation in international organisations 

The Central African Republic is an active member in several Central African organizations, including the Economic and Monetary Union (CEMAC), the Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC), the Central African Peace and Security Council (COPAX- still under formation), and the Central Bank of Central African States (BEAC). Standardization of tax, customs, and security arrangements between the Central African states is a major foreign policy objective of the C.A.R. Government. The C.A.R. is a participant in the Community of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN-SAD), and the African Union (AU).

Other multilateral organizations—including the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, United Nations agencies, European Union, and the African Development Bank—and bilateral donors—including the Republic of Korea, Germany, Japan, the European Union, and the United States—are significant development partners for the C.A.R.

Bilateral relations 
Nineteen countries have resident diplomatic representatives in Bangui, and the C.A.R. maintains approximately the same number of missions abroad. Since early 1989 the government recognizes both Israel and the State of Palestine. The C.A.R. also maintains diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China. The C.A.R. generally joins other African and developing country states in consensus positions on major policy issues. The most important countries the C.A.R. maintains bilateral relations include the following.

Non-bilateral relations
 Central African Republic–China relations
 Central African Republic–India relations

See also
 List of diplomatic missions in the Central African Republic
 List of diplomatic missions of the Central African Republic

Notes

References 

 
Government of the Central African Republic
Politics of the Central African Republic
Telecommunications in Chile

The technical regulator of communications in Chile is the Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications, through the Undersecretariat of Telecommunications (Subtel).

Telephone

History 
Telephone and telegraph services started in Chile in 1879, three years after Alexander Graham Bell, presented his patent for a telephonic system. José Dottin Husbands, an associate of Thomas Edison, arrived into the port of Valparaíso carrying the first set of switching equipment and telephones. By 1880 the first telephone company of the country is born (Compañía Chilena de Teléfonos de Edison), while in 1893, after a rapid expansion in the northern regions of Chile, telephone services started operating in the south,  thanks to the founding of Telefónica del Sur (current day Grupo GTD), a company created by a group of German immigrants that had previously settled in the area of Valdivia, Región de los Ríos.

Main lines in use: 2,567,938 (2020 est.)
Mobile cellular: 25,068,249 (2020 est.)
Pre-paid: 17,283,257
Post-paid: 6,847,497 
System: privatization began in 1988; advanced telecommunications infrastructure; modern system based on extensive microwave radio relay facilities; fixed-line connections have dropped in recent years as mobile-cellular usage continues to increase, reaching a level of 85 telephones per 100 persons
Domestic: extensive microwave radio relay links; domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations
international: country code - 56; submarine cables provide links to the US and to Central and South America; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2007)

Radio
Broadcast stations: 1,490 (175 AM; 1,315 FM) (2006)

Television

Broadcast stations: 63 (plus 121 repeaters) (1997)
Broadcast television system: NTSC
Pay television: 4,158,874 (2012)

Internet

Internet hosts: 847,215 (2008)
Internet users: 16,822,264 (2020 est.)
Internet mobile users: 4,921,587
Internet country code: .cl

Other technical details
Electricity: 220 volts AC, 50 Hz

References

 
 
Chile
Chilean Armed Forces

The Chilean Armed Forces () is the unified military organization comprising the Chilean Army, Air Force, and Navy. The President of Chile is the commander-in-chief of the military, and formulates policy through the Minister of Defence. In recent years and after several major reequipment programs, the Chilean Armed Forces have become one of the most technologically advanced and professional armed forces in Latin America. The Chilean Army is mostly supplied with equipment from Germany, the United States, Brazil, Israel, France, and Spain.

Structure

Army

The current commander-in-chief of the Chilean Army is General de Ejército Sr. Javier Iturriaga del Campo. The 46,350-person army is organized under six military administrative regions and six divisional headquarters. The forces include one special forces brigade, four armoured brigades, one armoured detachment, three motorized brigades, two motorized detachments, four mountain detachments and one aviation brigade. The army operates German Leopard 1 and 2 tanks as its main battle tanks, including 170+ Leopard 2A4 and 115 Leopard 1. The army has approximately 40,000 reservists.

Navy

Admiral Juan Andrés De La Maza Larraín directs the 19,800-person Chilean Navy, including 3,600 Marines. Of the fleet of 66 surface vessels, eight are major combatant ships and they are based in Valparaíso. The navy operates its own aircraft for transport and patrol; there are no fighters or bomber aircraft but they have attack helicopters. The Navy also operates four submarines based in Talcahuano.

Air Force

General Hugo Rodríguez González heads 11,050-strong Chilean Air Force. Air assets are distributed among five air brigades headquartered in Iquique, Antofagasta, Santiago, Puerto Montt, and Punta Arenas. The Air Force also operates an airbase on King George Island, Antarctica.

See also 
 Chilean Army order of battle
 Chilean Navy
 Chilean Air Force

Citations

References

External links
 Ejército de Chile (Army)
 Armada de Chile website (Navy)
 Fuerza Aérea de Chile website (Air Force)
Foreign relations of Chile

Since its return to democracy in 1990, Chile has been an active participant in the regional and international arena. Chile assumed a two-year non-permanent position on the UN Security Council in January 2003 and was re-elected to the council in October 2013. It is also an active member of the UN family of agencies, serving as a member of the Commission on Human Rights and participating in UN peacekeeping activities. Chile hosted the second Summit of the Americas in 1998, was the chair of the Rio Group in 2001, hosted the Defense Ministerial of the Americas in 2002, and the APEC summit and related meetings in 2004. In 2005 it hosted the Community of Democracies ministerial conference. It is an associate member of Mercosur and a full member of APEC. The OECD agreed to invite Chile to be among four countries to open discussions in becoming an official member.

Diplomatic relations 
List of countries with which Chile maintains diplomatic relations with:

Bilateral relations

Africa

Americas

Asia

Europe

Oceania

See also
 List of diplomatic missions in Chile
 List of diplomatic missions of Chile
 Visa requirements for Chilean citizens

References

Further reading
 Rodríguez Elizondo, José: Chile-Perú. El siglo que vivimos en peligro. La Tercera-Mondadori, Santiago, 2004

External links

 Ministry of Foreign Relations
Demographics of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Demographic features of the population of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics 
The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Population
596

Nationality
noun: Cocos Islander(s)
adjective: Cocos Islander

Ethnic groups
Europeans
Cocos Malays

Religions
Sunni Islam 80%
Other 20%

Languages
Malay (Cocos dialect)
English

See also
 Cocos (Keeling) Islands
 Cocos Malays

References

 
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Public Force of Costa Rica

The Public Force of Costa Rica () is the Costa Rican national law enforcement force, which performs policing and border patrol functions.

History

On 1 December 1948, President José Figueres Ferrer of Costa Rica abolished the military of Costa Rica after achieving victory in the Costa Rican Civil War that year.
In a ceremony in the , in the capital San José, Figueres broke a wall with a mallet symbolizing an end to Costa Rica's military services.

In 1949, the abolition of the military was introduced in Article 12 of the Constitution of Costa Rica. The budget previously dedicated to the military is now dedicated to security, education and culture. Costa Rica maintains Police Guard forces.

The museum  was placed in the  as a symbol of commitment to culture. In 1986, President Oscar Arias Sánchez declared December 1 as the  (Military abolition day) with Law #8115. Unlike its neighbors, Costa Rica has not endured a civil war since 1948. Costa Rica maintains small forces capable of law enforcement, but has no permanent standing army.

Public Force of the Ministry of Public Security (1996)
In 1996, the Ministry of Public Security established the  or Public Force, a gendarmerie which reorganised and eliminated the Civil Guard, Rural Assistance Guard, and Frontier Guards as separate entities. They are now under the Ministry and operate on a geographic command basis performing ground security, law enforcement, counter-narcotics, border patrol, and tourism security functions. The Costa Rica Coast Guard also operates directly under the Ministry.

Outside the Fuerza Pública, there is a small Special Forces Unit, the Unidad Especial de Intervencion (UEI) or Special Intervention Unit, an elite commando force which trains with special forces from around the world, but is not part of the main police forces. Instead it is part of the Intelligence and Security Directorate (DIS) which reports directly to the Minister of the Presidency. About 70 members strong, it is organized along military lines, although officially a civilian police unit.

The motto of the Public Force is "God, Fatherland, and Honour." Commissioner of Police Juan José Andrade Morales serves as its current Commissioner General.

Ranks

Equipment

Small arms

See also
 List of countries without armed forces

References

External links
 Fuerza Pública de Costa Rica.
 Ministerio de Seguridad Pública.
 El Espíritu del 48: Abolición del Ejército A brief history of the abolition of the military in Costa Rica.
 

Law enforcement in Costa Rica
Law of Costa Rica
Cow (disambiguation)

Cow is a colloquial term for cattle, and the name of female cattle. 

Cow, cows or COW may also refer to:

Science and technology

 Cow, an adult female of several animals
 AT2018cow, a large astronomical explosion also known as "The Cow"
 Distillation cow, a piece of glassware that allows fractions to be collected without breaking vacuum
 Cell on wheels, a means of providing temporary mobile phone network coverage
 Copy-on-write, in computing

Literature
 Al-Baqara, the second and longest sura of the Qur'an, usually translated as "The Cow"
 Cows, a 1998 novel by Matthew Stokoe
 Cow, the English translation of Beat Sterchi's novel Blösch
 "Cows!", a children's story from the Railway Series book Edward the Blue Engine by the Reverend Wilbert Awdry
 "Cows", a poem from The Wiggles' album Big Red Car

Film and television  
 The Cow (1969 film), an Iranian film
 The Cow (1989 film), a Soviet animated short
 Cow (2009 film), a Chinese film
 Cow (2021 film), a British documentary film
 Cow (public service announcement), an anti texting while driving public service announcement
 Cows (TV series), a pilot and cancelled television sitcom produced by Eddie Izzard for Channel 4 in 1997
 Cow, a character in the animated series Cow and Chicken
 Computer Originated World, referring to the globe ID the BBC1 TV network used from 1985 to 1991

Music
 Cows (band), a noise rock band from Minneapolis
 Cow (demo), a 1987 EP by Inspiral Carpets
 "Cows", a song by Grandaddy from their 1992 album Prepare to Bawl

Other uses
 Cerritos On Wheels, municipal bus service operated by the City of Cerritos, California, United States
 College of Wooster, liberal arts college in Wooster, Ohio, United States
 Cow Hell Swamp, Georgia, United States
 Crude oil washing
 Cows (ice cream), a Canadian ice cream brand
 Cowdenbeath railway station, Scotland, National Rail station code
 Cow, part of a cow-calf railroad locomotive set
 COWS, a mnemonic for Cold Opposite, Warm Same in the caloric reflex test

See also
 
 
 Vacas (English: Cows), a 1991 Spanish film
 Kráva (English: The Cow), a 1994 Czech film by Karel Kachyňa
 Sacred cow (disambiguation)
 Cow Run (disambiguation)
 Cowes
 Kow (disambiguation)
Centime

Centime (from ) is French for "cent", and is used in English as the name of the fraction currency in several Francophone countries (including Switzerland, Algeria, Belgium, Morocco and France).

In France, the usage of centime goes back to the introduction of the decimal monetary system under Napoleon. This system aimed at replacing non-decimal fractions of older coins. A five-centime coin was known as a sou, i.e. a solidus or shilling.

In Francophone Canada  of a Canadian dollar is officially known as a cent (pronounced /sɛnt/) in both English and French. However, in practice, the form of cenne (pronounced /sɛn/) has completely replaced the official cent. Spoken and written use of the official form cent in Francophone Canada is exceptionally uncommon.
In the Canadian French vernacular sou, sou noir ( means "black" in French), cenne, and cenne noire are all widely known, used, and accepted monikers when referring to either  of a Canadian dollar or the 1¢ coin (colloquially known as a "penny" in North American English).

Subdivision of euro: cent or centime?
In the European community, cent is the official name for one hundredth of a euro. However, in French-speaking countries, the word centime is the preferred term. The Superior Council of the French language of Belgium recommended in 2001 the use of centime, since cent is also the French word for "hundred". An analogous decision was published in the Journal officiel in France (2 December 1997).

In Morocco, dirhams are divided into 100 centimes and one may find prices in the country quoted in centimes rather than in dirhams. Sometimes centimes are known as francs or, in former Spanish areas, pesetas.

Usage
A centime is one-hundredth of the following basic monetary units:

Current

 Algerian dinar
 Burundian franc
 CFP franc
 CFA franc
 Comorian franc
 Congolese franc
 Djiboutian franc
 Ethiopian birr (as santim)
 Guinean franc
 Haitian gourde
 Moroccan dirham
 Rwandan franc
 Swiss franc (by French and English speakers only; Italian speakers use centesimo. See Rappen)

Obsolete

 Algerian franc
 Belgian franc (Dutch: )
 Cambodian franc
 French Camerounian franc
 French Guianan franc
 French franc
 Guadeloupe franc
 Katangese franc
 Latvian lats (Latvian: santīms)
 Luxembourgish franc
 Malagasy franc
 Malian franc
 Martinique franc
 Monegasque franc
 Moroccan franc
 New Hebrides franc
 Réunion franc
 Spanish Peseta
 Tunisian franc
 Westphalian frank

References

Marianne (personification)
Calendar year

Generally speaking, a calendar year begins on the New Year's Day of the given calendar system and ends on the day before the following New Year's Day, and thus consists of a whole number of days. A year can also be measured by starting on any other named day of the calendar, and ending on the day before this named day in the following year. This may be termed a "year's time", but not a "calendar year". To reconcile the calendar year with the astronomical cycle (which has a fractional number of days) certain years contain extra days ("leap days" or "intercalary days"). The Gregorian year, which is in use in most of the world, begins on January 1 and ends on December 31. It has a length of 365 days in an ordinary year, with 8760 hours, 525,600 minutes, or 31,536,000 seconds; but 366 days in a leap year, with 8784 hours, 527,040 minutes, or 31,622,400 seconds. With 97 leap years every 400 years, the year has an average length of 365.2425 days. Other formula-based calendars can have lengths which are further out of step with the solar cycle: for example, the Julian calendar has an average length of 365.25 days, and the Hebrew calendar has an average length of 365.2468 days. The Lunar Hijri calendar is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 months in a year of 354 or 355 days. The astronomer's mean tropical year, which is averaged over equinoxes and solstices, is currently 365.24219 days, slightly shorter than the average length of the year in most calendars.

Quarters
The calendar year can be divided into four quarters, often abbreviated as Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4. In the Gregorian calendar:
First quarter, Q1: 1 January – 31 March (90 days or 91 days in leap years) 
Second quarter, Q2: 1 April – 30 June (91 days)
Third quarter, Q3: 1 July – 30 September (92 days)
Fourth quarter, Q4: 1 October – 31 December (92 days)

While in the Chinese calendar, the quarters are traditionally associated with the 4 seasons of the year:
Spring: 1st to 3rd month
Summer: 4th to 6th month
Autumn: 7th to 9th month
Winter: 10th to 12th month

See also

Academic term
Calendar reform
Common year
Fiscal year
ISO 8601
ISO week date
Leap year
Model year
Tropical year
Seasonal year

References

Year
Units of time
Types of year
Cracking

Cracking may refer to:

 Cracking, the formation of a fracture or partial fracture in a solid material studied as fracture mechanics
 Performing a sternotomy
 Fluid catalytic cracking, a catalytic process widely used in oil refineries for cracking large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules
 Cracking (chemistry), the decomposition of complex organic molecules into smaller ones
 Cracking joints, the practice of manipulating one's bone joints to make a sharp sound
 Cracking codes, see cryptanalysis
 Whip cracking
 Safe cracking
 Crackin, band featuring Lester Abrams
 Packing and cracking, a method of creating voting districts to give a political party an advantage

In computing':
 Another name for security hacking; the practice of defeating computer security.
 Password cracking, the process of discovering the plaintext of an encrypted computer password.
 Software cracking, the defeating of software copy protection.

See also
Crack (disambiguation)
Cracker (disambiguation)
Cracklings (solid material remaining after rendering fat)
Cracker (pejorative)
Collectivism (disambiguation)

Collectivism is the type of social organization.

Collectivism may also refer to:
 Bureaucratic collectivism, a theory of class society which is used to describe the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin
 Collectivist anarchism, a socialist doctrine in which the workers own and manage the production
 Collectivism (art), art which is created by a group of people rather than an individual
 Communitarianism, a political position that emphasizes the importance of the community over the individual or attempts to integrate the two
 Corporatism, a political ideology in which groups, rather than individuals, are the building blocks of society

See also 
 Collective
 Collective farming, aka collectivization
 Collective security
 Collective ownership
 Collective agreement
Cutaway (filmmaking)

In film and video, a cutaway is the interruption of a continuously filmed action by inserting a view of something else. It is usually followed by a cut back to the first shot. A cutaway scene is the interruption of a scene with the insertion of another scene, generally unrelated or only peripherally related to the original scene. The interruption is usually quick, and is usually, although not always, ended by a return to the original scene. The effect is of commentary to the original scene, frequently comic in nature.

Usage
The most common use of cutaway shots in dramatic films is to adjust the pace of the main action, to conceal the deletion of some unwanted part of the main shot, or to allow the joining of parts of two versions of that shot. For example, a scene may be improved by cutting a few frames out of an actor's pause; a brief view of a listener can help conceal the break. Or the actor may fumble some of his lines in a group shot; rather than discarding a good version of the shot, the director may just have the actor repeat the lines for a new shot, and cut to that alternate view when necessary.

Cutaways are also used often in older horror films in place of special effects. For example, a shot of a zombie getting its head cut off may, for instance, start with a view of an axe being swung through the air, followed by a close-up of the actor swinging it, then followed by a cut back to the now severed head. George A. Romero, creator of the Dead Series, and Tom Savini pioneered effects that removed the need for cutaways in horror films.

In news broadcasting and documentary work, the cutaway is used much as it would be in fiction. On location, there is usually just one camera to film an interview, and it is usually trained on the interviewee. Often, there is also only one microphone. After the interview, the interviewer usually repeats his questions while he is being filmed, with pauses that act as if the answers are listened to. These shots can be used as cutaways. Cutaways to the interviewer, called noddies, can also be used to cover cuts.

The cutaway does not necessarily contribute any dramatic content of its own, but is used to help the editor assemble a longer sequence. For that reason, editors choose cutaways related to the main action, such as another action or object in the same location. For example, if the main shot is of a man walking down an alley, possible cutaways may include a shot of a cat on a nearby dumpster or a shot of a person watching from a window overhead.

See also 
 Buffer shot
 Cross-cutting
 Dissolve (filmmaking)
 Fast cutting
 Flashback
 Jump cut
 L cut
 Match cut
 Shot reverse shot
 Slow cutting
 Cutscene
 Cutaway gag

References

Cinematography
Cinematic techniques
Film editing
Constellations (journal)

Constellations: An International Journal of Critical and Democratic Theory is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal of critical post-Marxist and democratic theory and successor of Praxis International. It is currently edited by Simone Chambers, Cristina Lafont, and Hubertus Buchstein. Ertug Tombus is the managing editor of the journal since 2009. Seyla Benhabib, Nancy Fraser and Andrew Arato are the co-founding former editors. With an international editorial contribution, it is based at the New School in New York.

Nadia Urbinati, Amy Allen, Jean L.Cohen, and Andreas Kalyvas are former co-editors.

References

External links
 

Sociology journals
Academic journals established in 1994
Quarterly journals
Wiley-Blackwell academic journals
English-language journals
Cantonese (disambiguation)

Cantonese is a language originating in Canton, Guangdong.

Cantonese may also refer to:
 Yue Chinese, Chinese languages that include Cantonese
 Cantonese cuisine, the cuisine of Guangdong Province
 Cantonese people, the native people of Guangdong and Guangxi
 Lingnan culture, the regional culture often referred to as Cantonese culture

See also
 Cantonese Braille, a Cantonese-language version of Braille in Hong Kong
 Cantopop, Cantonese pop music
Cricket (disambiguation)

Cricket is a bat-and-ball sport contested by two teams.

Cricket also commonly refers to:

 Cricket (insect)

Cricket(s) or The Cricket(s) may also refer to:

Film and television
 The Cricket (1917 film), a silent American drama film
 The Cricket (1980 film), an erotic drama film
 Crickets (film), a 2006 Japanese drama film
 Christine Blair or Cricket, a character in The Young and the Restless
 Cricket, a character in To Have and Have Not
 Matthew "Rickety Cricket" Mara, a character in It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia
 Cricket, a character in Big City Greens
 "Cricket", 5th episode of Servant (TV Series)

Literature
Cricket (magazine), an American literary magazine for children
The Cricket (magazine), a 1960s music magazine
"Chrząszcz"  or "Cricket", a poem by Jan Brzechwa
 Cricket, a character in Fire on the Mountain

Music
 The Crickets, a rock and roll band formed by Buddy Holly
 Cricket (musical), a musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice
 Crickets (album), by Joe Nichols, 2013
 Cricket (producer), Kosovo-Albanian record producer
 Crickets, a video album by Dredg released alongside their 2002 album El Cielo
 "Crickets", a song by Drop City Yacht Club
 "Cricket", a song by the Kinks from Preservation Act 1

Vehicles
Cricket (1914 automobile), an early American automobile
Plymouth Cricket (disambiguation), two automobiles
Cricket-class coastal destroyer, a 1906 class of Royal Navy ships
HMS Cricket (1915), an Insect-class gunboat
HMS Cricket (shore establishment), Hampshire, 1943-1946

Other uses 
 Cricket (darts), a game using the standard 20-number dartboard
 Cricket (roofing), a ridge structure designed to divert water on a roof
 Cricket (series), a series of cricket video games
 Cricket (warning sound), an audible warning in the cockpits of commercial aircraft
 Cricket dolls, a talking doll released by Playmates Toys in 1986
 Cricket, North Carolina
 Cricket Wireless, wireless service provider, a subsidiary of AT&T Inc.
 Programmable Cricket, robotic toys
 Clicker or cricket, a noisemaker
 Cricket, a variation of the float breakdancing technique
 Cricket, a data collection software on top of RRDtool

See also 
Colomban Cri-cri, a light plane
 Cricket House and Cricket Park, in Cricket St Thomas, England
HMS Cricket, a list of Royal Navy ships
 Shturcite, a Bulgarian band, translated as The Crickets, or an album by them
 Tettigoniidae, known as katydids or bush-crickets
 Cricut, a cutting machine for home crafters
Christian (disambiguation)

Christian most often refers to:

 Christians, people who follow or adhere to Christianity
 pertaining to Christianity

Christian or The Christian may also refer to:

Arts and entertainment

Film
 Christian (1939 film), a Czech comedy film
 Christian (1989 film), a Danish drama film
 The Christian (1911 film), an Australian silent film
 The Christian (1914 film), an American silent film directed by Frederick A. Thomson
 The Christian (1915 film), a British silent film directed by George Loane Tucker 
 The Christian (1923 film), an American silent film drama directed by Maurice Tourneur

Music
 "Christian" (song), a 1982 song by China Crisis 
 Christian the Christian, a 2004 album by Lackthereof
 The Christians (band), a UK band from Liverpool, formed 1985

Other uses in arts and entertainment
 The Christian, an 1897 novel and play by Hall Caine, adapted for Broadway
 The Christian (magazine), the title of several magazines
 Christian, the protagonist in John Bunyan's novel The Pilgrim's Progress

People
 Christian (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the given name
 Christian (surname), including a list of people with the surname
 Christian of Clogher (d. 1138), saint and Irish bishop
 Christian of Oliva, a 13th-century Cistercian monk
 Christian (bishop of Aarhus), fl. c. 1060 to c. 1102
 Christian (footballer, born 1995) (Christian Savio Machado)
 Christian (footballer, born 2000) (Christian Roberto Alves Cardoso)
 Christian (singer) (Gaetano Cristiano Rossi, born 1949)
 Christian, ring name of professional wrestler Christian Cage (William Jason Reso, born November 30, 1973)
 Prince Christian (disambiguation)
 Christian I (disambiguation)
 Christian II (disambiguation)
 Christian III (disambiguation)

Other uses
 Christian the lion (born 1969)
 Christian, West Virginia, a place in the U.S.

See also

 The Christians (disambiguation)
 St. Jude storm of 2013, also called Cyclone Christian
 Christian Doctrine in United States federal law, arising from G. L. Christian and Associates v. United States
Telecommunications in the Czech Republic

Telephones - main lines in use:
2.888 million (2006) 

Telephones - mobile cellular:
13.075 million (2007)

Telephone system:
domestic:
86% of exchanges now digital; existing copper subscriber systems now being improved with Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) equipment to accommodate Internet and other digital signals; trunk systems include fibre-optic cable and microwave radio relay 
Indian Ocean regions), 1 Intelsat, 1 Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat, 1 Globalstar 

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 31, FM 304, shortwave 17 (2000) 

Radios:
3,159,134 (December 2000) 

Television broadcast stations:
150 (plus 1,434 repeaters) (2000) 

Televisions:
3,405,834 (December 2000) 

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
more than 300 (2000) 

Internet users:
4.4 million (2007) 

Country code: CZ

See also : Czech Republic
Congo

Congo may refer to:

 Congo River, in central Africa
 Congo Basin, the sedimentary basin of the river
 Democratic Republic of the Congo, the larger country to the southeast, sometimes referred to as "Congo-Kinshasa"
 Republic of the Congo, the smaller country to the northwest, sometimes referred to as "Congo-Brazzaville"

Places

Africa 
 Congo Canyon, a submarine canyon
 Kingdom of Kongo (1390–1914)
 Kingdom of Kakongo (15th century–1885)
 Congo Free State (1885–1908)
 Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) or Congo-Léopoldville (1960–1971)
 People's Republic of the Congo (1969–1992)
 Kongo, Ghana, town in Ghana
 Kongo, Liberia, small town in Liberia

Former colonies
 Belgian Congo (modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo)
 French Congo (modern-day Republic of the Congo)
 Portuguese Congo (modern-day Kabinda, Angola)

United States 
 Congo, Alabama
 Congo, Missouri
 Congo, Pennsylvania
 Congo, West Virginia
 Congo Cay, United States Virgin Islands

Elsewhere 
 Congo, New South Wales, Australia
 Congo, Paraíba, Brazil
 Congo River (disambiguation), a list of rivers with the name
 Congo Town, a village in Andros Island, Bahamas
 Congo Volcano or Congo Mountain, in Costa Rica

Languages and ethnic groups 
 Niger–Congo languages
 Kongo languages
 Kongo language, a Bantu language
 Kongo people, a Bantu ethnic group

Arts and entertainment

Music 
 The Congos, a reggae vocal group from Jamaica
 Congo (album), 1979 
 "Congo" (song), by Genesis, 1997
 Kongos (band), a South African American band

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media
 Congo (novel), a 1980 novel by Michael Crichton
 Congo (film), a 1995 film based on the novel
 Congo (chess variant), using a 7×7 gameboard
 Congo (pinball), a 1995 pinball machine
 Congo (TV series), a 2001 nature documentary
 Congo – A Political Tragedy, a 2018 documentary film
 Congo: The Epic History of a People, a 2010 book by David van Reybrouck
 Kongo (1932 film), an American film

People
 Edwin Congo (born 1976), Colombian footballer 
 Louis Congo (fl. 1725), emancipated slave appointed public executioner of French Louisiana
 Richard Congo (born 1961), American basketball player
 Cheick Kongo (born 1975), French mixed martial arts fighter and kickboxer
 John Kongos (born 1945), South African singer and songwriter
 Kongo Kong, wrestling ring name of Steven Wilson (born 1979)

Other uses 
 Congo (chimpanzee), a chimpanzee who learned how to draw and paint
 Congo (loa), a voodoo spirit 
 Congo Airways, the flag carrier of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Congo Airlines, a former airline
 , a Royal Navy ship
 Conference of NGOs (CoNGO), a membership association of non-governmental organizations
 Kongo University, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Congo Brands, the manufacturer of Prime (drink)

See also 
 
 
 
 
 Conga (disambiguation)
 Congolese (disambiguation)
 King Kong (disambiguation)
 Kongo (disambiguation)
 Kongō (disambiguation)
 Kongolo (disambiguation)
 Congoid, an outdated historical grouping of various people
 Kakongo, former kingdom

Language and nationality disambiguation pages
Claudine (book series)

The Claudine series consists of four early novels by French authors Colette and Henry Gauthier-Villars, published 1900–1904. Written in diary form, they describe the growth to maturity of a young girl, Claudine. Aged fifteen at the beginning of the first book, Claudine at School, the series describes her education and experiences as she grows up. All the books are written in first-person with the first three having Claudine herself as the narrator.  The last in the series, Claudine s'en va, introduces a new narrator, Annie.

The novels were written in the late 19th century in collaboration with Colette's first husband, the writer Henry Gauthier-Villars, better known by his pen name "Willy". There has been much speculation over the degree of involvement of both Colette and Willy in the writing of the Claudine novels, particularly as Willy was known for often using ghostwriters. Consequently, although the novels were originally attributed to Willy only and published under his name alone, they were later published under both names. After the death of Willy, Colette went to court to challenge her former husband's involvement in any of the writing, and subsequently had his name removed from the books. This decision however was overturned after her death, as Willy's son from a prior relationship, Jacques Gauthier-Villars, successfully sued to have his father's name restored.

The Claudine novels are thought to be roughly autobiographical.

 Claudine à l'école (1900) – Claudine at School
 Claudine à Paris (1901) – Claudine in Paris
 Claudine en ménage (1902) – Claudine Married
 Claudine s'en va (1903) – Claudine and Annie

References

Collaborative book series
Bisexuality-related fiction
Series of books
Colette
1900s novels
1900s LGBT novels
Torino Palavela

Palavela, formerly known as Palazzo delle Mostre and Palazzo a Vela is an indoor arena that is located in Turin, Italy, on the bank of the River Po. It was designed by engineer Franco Levi and architects Annibale and Giorgio Rigotti. The arena is 130 metres in diameter. It has a seating capacity for a maximum 12,200 people, and 9,200 when configured for basketball games.

The Palavela was featured in the 1969 film The Italian Job. In a famous scene in the film, three Minis are seen driving onto and over the arena's distinctive roof.

History

Palavela was originally built for the Italia '61 Expo, and was renovated for the figure skating and short track speed skating events at the 2006 Winter Olympics. As part of the renovation, a new seating system was installed at the arena. The cost of the renovation was 55,000,000 euros.

It also hosted some events of the XXIII Winter Universiade in 2007. In 2008, the Palavela hosted the 24th European Rhythmic Gymnastics. It hosted the 2010 World Figure Skating Championships in March 2010.

The arena also hosted the 2008 ULEB Cup Final Eight, and also the same event, under the competition's new name of EuroCup, in the 2008–09 season.

Events held
 2005 European Figure Skating Championships
 2006 Winter Olympics (Figure Skating and Short Track Speed Skating)
 2007 Winter Universiade (Figure Skating and Short Track Speed Skating)
 2007–2008 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final
 2008 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships
 2010 World Figure Skating Championships
 2017 European Short Track Speed Skating Championships
 2019 Grand Prix Figure Skating Final
 2022 Grand Prix Figure Skating Final

See also
 List of indoor arenas in Italy

References

External links

 

Venues of the 2006 Winter Olympics
Basketball venues in Italy
Indoor arenas in Italy
Olympic figure skating venues
Olympic short track speed skating venues
Shayne Breuer

Shayne Breuer (born 10 September 1972) is a former Australian rules footballer in the Australian Football League (AFL). He is notable for kicking Port Adelaide's first goal in the AFL.

AFL career

Geelong (1994–1996)
Breuer started at Geelong and played every game in Geelong's AFL Grand Final years of 1994 and 1995, having 50 games on the board after only two seasons. He was a magnificent on-baller whose best year was in 1995 where he also booted 40 goals (career high five goals in the qualifying final against Footscray).

Port Adelaide (1997–1999)
After a solid year in 1996, Breuer went on to play on with Port Adelaide in their inaugural year in 1997 where he kicked 17 goals and played 21 games. But after the 1997 season he struggled to get a spot in the team. He played three seasons with the Power before getting de-listed at the end of the 1999 season. 
 
Breuer is mostly remembered by Port Adelaide fans for kicking Port Adelaide's first goal in the AFL.

Coaching career
Breuer had also coached Kalkee in the Horsham district league. After coaching Kalkee, he took on the coaching role at Horsham Saints Football Netball Club where he led the club to back-to-back senior premierships

Current status
Breuer played in the 2009 West End Slowdown. He has now retired from Kalkee and owns and manages sporting goods store Intersport in Horsham.

External links

Geelong Football Club players
Port Adelaide Football Club players
Port Adelaide Football Club players (all competitions)
Woodville-West Torrens Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
Living people
1972 births
Arundel (UK Parliament constituency)

Arundel was twice a parliamentary constituency in the Kingdom of England, the Kingdom of Great Britain, and the United Kingdom. The first incarnation strictly comprised the town centre of Arundel and was a borough constituency in Sussex first enfranchised in 1332 and disfranchised in 1868 under the Reform Act 1867. Arundel initially elected two members, but this was reduced to one in 1832 by the Great Reform Act.

The second incarnation was broader, reaching to Bognor Regis. It was created by the Boundary Commission in the 1974 boundary changes, and existed until 1997. This Arundel seat elected only one member. The territory previously covered by Arundel was split between Arundel & South Downs and Bognor Regis & Littlehampton constituencies.

Members of Parliament

1332-1640

Back to Members of Parliament

1640-1832

Back to Members of Parliament

1832-1868

Back to Members of Parliament

Arundel County Constituency (1974-1997)

Elections

Elections in the 1830s

Elections in the 1840s

Back to Elections

Elections in the 1850s
FitzAlan-Howard's resignation in protest at the passing of the Ecclesiastical Titles Act 1851 caused a by-election.

Back to Elections

Elections in the 1860s

Back to Elections

Elections in the 1970s

Back to elections

Elections in the 1980s

Back to Elections

Elections in the 1990s

Back to Top

See also
List of parliamentary constituencies in West Sussex

Notes and references

Sources
Election results, 1974 - 1997 
Concise Dictionary of National Biography (entry on Sir Nicholas Pelham)
D Brunton & D H Pennington, Members of the Long Parliament (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954)
Cobbett's Parliamentary history of England, from the Norman Conquest in 1066 to the year 1803 (London: Thomas Hansard, 1808) 
 Maija Jansson (ed.), Proceedings in Parliament, 1614 (House of Commons) (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1988) 
 J Holladay Philbin, Parliamentary Representation 1832 - England and Wales (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965)

Parliamentary constituencies in South East England (historic)
1332 establishments in England
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1868
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1974
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1997
Arundel
Turgay (river)

The Turgay ([torɣai] "Tour-GUY") (also known as Torgai, Torghay or Turgai; , Romanised: Torğai;  Romanised: Turgay) is a river in Kazakhstan. It has a length of  and a drainage basin of .

The Naurzum Nature Reserve is a protected area located in the river basin.

Course
The river originates at the confluence of the Zhaldama and Kara-Turgai rivers, which have their sources in the Kazakh Uplands. It  then flows along the Turgay Depression. The Turgay disappears in the endorheic basin of Shalkarteniz.

The Ubagan, a tributary of the Tobol, drains the valley to the north, the Turgay to the south. There are many shallow, often salty lakes in the valley. In the summer it dries up and its water becomes salty in the lower reaches of certain sections. The river is mostly fed by snow. It freezes in November and thaws in April.

Tributaries
The main tributaries of the Turgay are the  long Irgiz, the  long Kara-Turgay and the Kobarga on the left, as well as the Zhaldama, Tokanay and Ulkayak on the right. In years of high water the  long Saryozen river may flow across lake Sarykopa into the Turgay through a channel near Tauysh village.

See also
List of rivers of Kazakhstan
Lakes of the lower Turgay and Irgiz

References

Rivers of Kazakhstan
Shalkarteniz basin
Turgay

Turgay is a Turkish given name for males. People named Turgay include:

 Turgay Avcı, Turkish Cypriot politician
 Turgay Bahadır, Turkish-Austrian footballer
 Turgay Gemicibasi, Turkish footballer
 Turgay Semercioğlu, Turkish footballer
 Turgay Şeren, Turkish football manager

Turgay may also refer to:
 Turgay (river), a river in northern Kazakhstan
 Turgay Depression, a structural basin in Kazakhstan
 Turgay Plateau, in northern Kazakhstan
 Turgay Oblast (Russian Empire), a former administrative division

See also
 Tugay (disambiguation)
 Turgai (disambiguation)

Turkish masculine given names
Masculine given names
Heinrich Johann Nepomuk von Crantz

Heinrich Johann Nepomuk von Crantz (Roodt-sur-Eisch, Luxembourg, 25 November 1722 – 18 January 1799, Judenburg, Austria) was a botanist and a physician.

In 1750 he obtained his doctorate of medicine in Vienna, where he was a pupil of Gerard van Swieten (1700–1772). He studied obstetrics in Paris and London. In Paris he was influenced by André Levret (1703–1780) and Nicolas Puzos (1686–1753).

He was first married to Anna Susanne Petrasch and then to Magda Lena de Tremon. He had two sons and one daughter.

He became a lecturer in obstetrics at St. Mary's Hospital in Vienna in 1754. From 1756 to 1774, he taught physiology and materia medica at the university in that city.

He was the author of:
 Einleitung in eine wahre und gegründete Hebammenkunst (1756).
 Commentarius de rupto in partus doloribus a foetu utero (1756).
 Commentatio de instrumentorum in arte obstetricia historia utilitate et recta ac praepostera applicatione (1757).
 De systemate irritabilitatis (1761).
 Materia medica et chirurgica (three volumes, 1762) (Vol. 1 - 3 1765 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf)
 De aquis medicatis principatus Transsylvaniae (1773).
 Die Gesundbrunnen der Österreichischen Monarchie (1777).

He recommended better methods of hygiene for midwives. In addition to his work in medicine, he studied  chemistry, botany, and the sources of mineral water.
The plant genus Crantzia (Gesneriaceae) was named for him by Thomas Nuttall.

References

1722 births
1797 deaths
18th-century Austrian physicians
18th-century Austrian botanists
Edlers of Austria
Alumni of the Athénée de Luxembourg
Austrian people of Luxembourgian descent
University of Vienna alumni
Triphone

In linguistics, a triphone is a sequence of three consecutive  phonemes. Triphones are useful in models of natural language processing where they are used to establish the various contexts in which a phoneme can occur in a particular natural language.

See also

 Diphone

References

Natural language processing
Phonology
Bud Abell

Harry Everett "Bud" Abell (born December 21, 1940) is a former American football linebacker in the American Football League (AFL) for the Kansas City Chiefs. He played college football at the University of Missouri.

Early years
Abell was born in Kansas City, Missouri and attended Southeast High School. He accepted a football scholarship from the University of Missouri. As a sophomore, he became a starter at right defensive end. He was a two-way player and also was an offensive end.

Professional career
Abell was selected by the Kansas City Chiefs in the 23rd round (178th overall) of the 1964 AFL Draft with a future draft pick, which allowed the team to draft him before his college eligibility was over. He was also selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the 17th round (228th overall) of the 1964 NFL Draft. 

On June 1, 1965, he signed with the Kansas City Chiefs. He was converted into an outside linebacker during training camp. On September 2, the Chiefs claimed rookie Chuck Hurston, placing Abell on the injury deferred list to make room for him.

In 1966, he participated in his first regular season as a part of the team that won the AFL Championship and that played in Super Bowl I. The next year, he became a starter after E. J. Holub was injured. 

In 1968, he returned to a reserve role after he was passed on the depth chart by rookie Jim Lynch. That season he recorded his only 2 career interceptions. 

On August 25, 1969, he was traded to the Denver Broncos in exchange for a conditional draft choice (not exercised). He was released by the Broncos on September 9.

References

1940 births
Living people
Players of American football from Kansas City, Missouri
American football linebackers
Missouri Tigers football players
Kansas City Chiefs players
American Football League players
Pomme de Terre River (Missouri)

The Pomme de Terre River (pronounced pohm de TEHR) is a  tributary of the Osage River in southwestern Missouri in the United States.  Via the Osage and Missouri rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River.

Pomme de terre is French for potato, a food Indians harvested in the area.  Before the French explorers, the Osage people, who were historically indigenous to the region, had called it a name meaning Big Bone River, referring to the fossils of mastodons and other ancient creatures which they found along its eroding banks.

Course
The Pomme de Terre River is formed in Greene County in the Ozarks by the confluence of its short north and south forks, which rise in Webster and Greene counties, respectively.  The river flows generally northward through Dallas, Polk, Hickory and Benton counties, past the town of Hermitage.  In Polk County it collects the short Little Pomme de Terre River, which rises in Greene County and flows generally northwestwardly.  In Hickory County a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dam causes the river to form Pomme de Terre Lake.  It enters the Osage River as an arm of Truman Lake, which is formed by a dam on the Osage.

See also
List of Missouri rivers

References

Rivers of Missouri
Rivers of Benton County, Missouri
Rivers of Dallas County, Missouri
Rivers of Greene County, Missouri
Rivers of Hickory County, Missouri
Rivers of Polk County, Missouri
Rivers of Webster County, Missouri
Bodies of water of the Ozarks
Tributaries of the Missouri River