alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Romanization of Ukrainian

Romanization or Latinization of Ukrainian is how to write the Ukrainian language in Latin letters. Latin letters are the type that are currently used for this article.

This makes the language easier for non-Ukrainian people to read and pronounce.

There are two different kinds of Romanization. These methods are transliteration, representing written text, and transcription, representing the spoken words.

Transliteration 
Transliteration is the letter-for-letter representation of text using a Latin writing system.

The International scholarly system, also called scientific transliteration, is most often seen in linguistic publications about Slavic languages. Each character represents one phoneme, one meaningful unit of sound. This is based on the Croatian Latin alphabet.

Transcription
Transcription is the representation of the spoken word. Phonetic transcription represents every single sound, or phone, and can be used to compare different dialects of a language. It is more specifed as the Transliteration.

Table of latinization Ukrainian letters

 a Notes for the Ukrainian National system
 Transliteration can be rendered in a simplified form:
 Doubled consonants ж, х, ц, ч, ш are simplified, for example Запоріжжя→Zaporizhia.
 Apostrophe and soft sign are omitted, except for ьо and ьї which are always rendered as ’o and ’i.
b. gh is used in the romanization of зг (zgh), avoiding confusion with ж (zh).
c. The second variant is used at the beginning of a word.

Romanization
Movie screen

A movie screen is a surface on which a movie projector plays a movie.  They are sometimes a wall, sometimes a cloth, and sometimes paper.  Theaters have movie screens, and some people have them at home.  Movable movie screens are made to be used where there is not a movie screen already.  Screens are white or grey so that the movie shows up nicely on the screen. This lets the people watching the movie see it easily.
Modern day movie screens are made from PVC sheets that are joined together by welding in such a way that the screen appears to be in a single piece. 

Movie industry
Time bomb

A time bomb is bomb whose detonation is triggered by the timer on it or a mechanism causing it to explode. When the timer reaches zero, the bomb will explode.  

Explosives
1655

1655 was a common year.

Events 
 March 25 – Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christian Huygens.
 April 7 – Fabio Chigi becomes Pope Alexander VII
 April – Admiral Robert Blake severely damages the arsenal of the Bey of Tunis.
 May 7 Pope Alexander VII is chosen to be pope.
 May 10 – English troops land on Jamaica
 August 9 – Oliver Cromwell divides England into districts under major-generals
 New Sweden (Delaware) attacked and captured by Dutch forces.
 The Bibliotheca Thysiana is erected, the only surviving 17th century example in the Netherlands of a building that was designed as a library.
 Emperor Go-Sai ascends to the throne of Japan
1412

1412 (MCDXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
January 16 – The Medici family are  made official bankers of the Papacy.
End of the reign of Emperor Go-Komatsu of Japan.
Emperor Shoko ascends to the throne of Japan.
John II of Castile, declared Valladolid laws that restricted the social rights of Jews. Among many other resrictions the laws forced Jews to wear distinctive clothes and denied from them any administrative positions.

Births 
January 6 – Joan of Arc
1634



Events 
 February 24-25 – Rebellious soldiers kill Albrecht von Wallenstein
March 1 – Battle at Smolensk, King Ladislaus IV of Poland defeats Russian army.
March 25 – The first settlers arrive in St. Mary's City, Maryland (led by Lord Baltimore), the fourth permanent settlement in British North America.
August 18 – Urbain Grandier, a priest accused of sorcery, burned alive in Loudun, France.
September 5 and September 6 – Battle of Nördlingen (1634) results in Catholic victory

Moses Amyraut's Traite de la predestination is published
Curaçao captured by the Dutch
Treaty of Polianovska
First meeting of the Académie française
Jean Nicolet lands at Green Bay, Wisconsin
Opening of Covent Garden Market in London
English establish a settlement at Cochin, now Kochi on Malabar coast
First decennial performance of the Oberammergau Passion Plays
Oxford University Press receives its charter and becomes the second of the privileged presses

Deaths 
April 28– Urbain Grandier
Zinedine Zidane

Zinedine Zidane (born 23 June 1972, nicknamed Zizou, Yaz and ZZ) is a French former football player who is set to be the manager of the France national football team after the 2022 FIFA World Cup. He played for four European clubs and the French national team. He was the current manager of Real Madrid since 2016 to 2021.

Early life
Zidane was born in Marseille, France and is of Kabyle Berber descent.

Career
Zidane played for several famous football clubs, like Juventus of Italy and Real Madrid of Spain. He led France to win the 1998 FIFA World Cup and the 2000 European Football Championship. In 2002 he also won the UEFA Champions League for Real Madrid, which was the ninth championship for Real Madrid. Zidane was picked as the FIFA World Player of the Year three times. He led France to the 2006 World Cup final and was arguably the best player in the tournament. He is widely regarded to be one of the greatest players of his generation and of all time.

Retirement 
In 2006, Zidane announced that he would retire after the World Cup. Zidane was famous for headbutting Marco Materazzi in the chest during the 2006 FIFA World Cup final at the 110th minute of extra time and was sent off with a red card. France eventually lost 5-3 in penalties to Italy and got second place. This incident was widely known as the Zidane headbutt. There is even a sculpture of it in Doha, Qatar.

Club career statistics

|-
|1988/89||rowspan="4"|Cannes||rowspan="4"|Division 1||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|1989/90||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1990/91||28||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||28||1
|-
|1991/92||31||5||0||0||4||0||35||5
|-
|1992/93||rowspan="4"|Girondins Bordeaux||rowspan="4"|Division 1||35||10||0||0||colspan="2"|-||35||10
|-
|1993/94||34||6||0||0||6||2||40||8
|-
|1994/95||37||6||3||2||4||1||44||9
|-
|1995/96||33||6||14||3||8||1||55||10

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="5"|Juventus||rowspan="5"|Serie A||29||5||9||1||10||2||48||8
|-
|1997/98||32||7||13||5||11||3||56||15
|-
|1998/99||25||2||6||0||10||0||41||2
|-
|1999/00||32||4||14||5||4||0||50||9
|-
|2000/01||33||6||7||2||4||0||44||8

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="5"|Real Madrid||rowspan="5"|La Liga||31||7||9||1||9||3||49||11
|-
|2002/03||33||9||7||3||14||3||54||15
|-
|2003/04||33||6||11||4||10||3||54||13
|-
|2004/05||29||6||0||0||10||0||39||6
|-
|2005/06||29||9||15||5||4||0||48||14
200||34||17||5||22||4||239||43
151||24||49||13||49||5||249||42
155||37||42||13||47||9||244||59
506||95||108||31||118||18||732||144
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1994||2||2
|-
|1995||6||2
|-
|1996||12||1
|-
|1997||8||1
|-
|1998||15||5
|-
|1999||6||1
|-
|2000||13||4
|-
|2001||8||2
|-
|2002||9||1
|-
|2003||7||3
|-
|2004||7||4
|-
|2005||5||2
|-
|2006||10||3
|-
!Total||108||31
|}

References

1972 births
Living people
1998 FIFA World Cup players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
Footballers from Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur
Sportspeople from Marseille
Real Madrid Castilla managers
Real Madrid CF managers
Ballon d'Or winners
France at UEFA Euro 1996
France at the 1998 FIFA World Cup
France at UEFA Euro 2000
France at the 2002 FIFA World Cup
France at the 2006 FIFA World Cup
1572



Events 
January 16 – Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk is tried for treason for his part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England.
April 1 – The Sea Beggars, Netherlandish Calvinist rebels, capture the port city of Brielle. This leads to a wave of uprisings in Holland and Zealand, leaving most of those provinces (with the exception of Amsterdam), under rebel control.
June 25 – The Sea Beggars capture the city Gorkum. Several Roman Catholic priests are put into a prison.
July 9 – The Sea Beggars hang 19 previously imprisoned Roman Catholic priests at Brielle.
August 18 – Wedding in Paris of the Huguenot King Henry III of Navarre with Marguerite de France, sister of King Charles, in a supposed attempt to reconcile Protestants and Catholics.
August 24 – St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in Paris. Catholics in Paris murder thousands of Protestants, including Gaspard de Coligny, at the order of King Charles IX. Henry of Navarre and the Prince of Condé barely escape the same fate. This brings about the Fourth War of Religion in France.
November 9 – Siege of Sancerre Catholic forces of the king lay siege to Sancerre, a Huguenot stronghold in central France. The fortified city held out for nearly eight months without bombard artillery. It was one of the last time slings were used in European history.
 December – The Duke of Alva, Spanish commander in the Netherlands, lays siege to Haarlem.
 Ending of the Muromachi period in Japan
 Tycho Brahe observes the supernova SN 1572 in Cassiopeia
 Vilcabamba, last independent part of the Inca Empire, conquered by Spanish
1359

1359 was a common year.

Events 
 Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Orhan I (1326-1359) to Murad I (1359-1389) 
 Berlin joins the Hanseatic League.
 Margarete Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol, and her husband Louis of Bavaria are absolved from excommunication.
 Second Treaty of London signed between England and France, but rejected by the French States-General on May 25.
1389

1389 was a common year.

Events 
 February 24 – Margaret I defeats Albert in battle, thus becoming ruler of Denmark, Norway and Sweden
 June 28 – Battle of Kosovo between Serbs and Ottomans. Both leaders, the Serbian Prince Lazar and Murad I were killed in battle.
 Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Murad I (1359-1389) to Beyazid I (1389-1402)
Nucleophilic substitution

A nucleophilic substitution is a chemical reaction. It is a type of substitution, or replacing, reaction. It happens when one nucleophile replaces another one on an atom. The other group leaves the atom and is called a leaving group.

There are different types of nucleophilic substitution. Which type happens depends on the type of the atoms and molecules involved. The two main categories of nucleophilic substitution are the SN1 reaction and the SN2 reaction.

References 

Chemical reactions
Brasschaat

Brasschaat is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.

In 2007, 37133 people lived there.

It is at 51° 17 North, 04° 29 East.

There has always a big military force in Brasschaat. After World War II there were more military-related things. Including the defence buildings made to stop the Nazi's from reaching The port of Antwerp. Now most of them are closed or are used to train the soldiers. 

Brasschaat is called green because of the many parks and woods, such as the Peerdsbos, the parc of Brasschaat, De uitlegger, and De instlag.

References

Municipalities of Antwerp
Okapi

The okapi (Okapia johnstoni) is an even-toed ungulate mammal from central Africa. With the giraffe they form the family Giraffidae.

Appearance 
The okapi has a reddish brown body, a whitish gray face, and white and black stripes on its legs. The okapi has a few features that show its link to giraffes. Its height is not as large as giraffes.

Life 
Okapis live in the rainforests of central Africa, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

They are mostly active during the day. Okapis eat mostly leaves and buds from trees, but also grass, ferns, fruit, and fungi.

Okapis usually live alone. After 420 to 450 days of pregnancy the mother gives birth to one baby okapi, which drinks milk for up to 6 months. Okapis become mature when they are 4-5 years old. In captivity, okapis can live for 30 years or so.

Other information 
The okapi was unknown and a mystery to western researchers for a long time. In the past, scientists thought that the okapi was a mix between the giraffe and the zebra.

The International Society for Cryptozoology uses the okapi as its symbol, because the okapi was unknown for a long time.

Other websites 
 Okapi fact sheet at BBC.com 

Even-toed ungulates
Mammals of Africa
National symbols of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Giraffidae

Giraffids are mammals, in the order of the even-toed ungulates. The family has two living species, the giraffe and the okapi.

Taxonomy 
 Family Giraffidae
 Giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis
 Okapi, Okapia johnstoni

Habitat 
The giraffe and the okapi both live in Africa, south of the Sahara Desert. The giraffe lives in open savannas, while the okapi lives in the rainforests of the Congo.

Appearance 
Both animals have long necks and legs and long blue tongues. Male and female giraffes and male okapis have small horn-like stumps on their heads which are covered with skin.

Giraffes are the tallest animal living on land, with a height of over 5 m. Okapis are smaller, only up to 2 m tall.

Even-toed ungulates
Riyadh

Riyadh (/rɨˈjɑːd/;  ar-Riyāḍ Najdi pronunciation: ) is the capital and most populous city of Saudi Arabia. It is also the capital of Riyadh Province, and belongs to the historical regions of Nejd and Al-Yamama. It is in the center of the Arabian Peninsula on a large plateau, and is home to 6.5 million people.

The city is divided into 15 municipal districts, managed by Riyadh Municipality headed by the mayor of Riyadh, and the Riyadh Development Authority, chaired by the governor of Riyadh Province, Faisal bin Bandar Al Saud. The current mayor of Riyadh is Ibrahim Mohammed Al Sultan. He was appointed mayor in 2015. It has been designated a global city.

History

Early history

During the Pre-Islamic era the city at the site was called Hajr (), and was reportedly founded by the tribe of Banu Hanifa. Hajr served as the capital of the province of Al Yamamah, whose governors were responsible for most of central and eastern Arabia during the Umayyad and Abbasid eras. Al-Yamamah broke away from the Abbasid Empire in 866 and the area fell under the rule of the Ukhaydhirites, who moved the capital from Hajr to nearby Al Kharj. The city then went into a long period of decline. In the 14th century, North African traveller Ibn Battuta wrote of his visit to Hajr, describing it as "the main city of Al-Yamamah, and its name is Hajr". Ibn Battuta goes on to describe it as a city of canals and trees with most of its inhabitants belonging to Bani Hanifa, and reports that he continued on with their leader to Mecca to perform the Hajj.

Geography and climate

City districts

Riyadh is divided into fifteen branch municipalities, in addition to the Diplomatic Quarter. Each branch municipality in turn contains several districts, amounting to over 130 in total, though some districts are divided between more than one branch municipality. The branch municipalities are Al-Shemaysi, Irqah, Al-Ma'athar, Al-Olayya, Al-Aziziyya, Al-Malaz, Al-Selayy, Nemar, Al-Neseem, Al-Shifa, Al-'Urayja, Al-Bat'ha, Al-Ha'ir, Al-Rawdha, and Al-Shimal ("the North"). Olaya District is the commercial heart of the city, with accommodation, entertainment, dining and shopping options. The Kingdom Center, Al Faisalyah and Al-Tahlya Street are the area's most prominent landmarks. The centre of the city, Al-Bathaa and Al-Dir'iyyah, is also its oldest part.

Climate  

Classified as having a hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh), temperatures during the summer months are extremely hot. The average high temperature in August is 43.6 °C. Winters are warm with cool, windy nights. The overall climate is arid, and the city experiences very little rainfall, especially in summer, but receives a fair amount of rain in March and April. It is also known to have dust storms during which the dust can be so thick that visibility is under . On 1 and 2 April 2015, a massive dust storm hit Riyadh, causing suspension of classes in many schools in the area and cancellation of hundreds of flights, both domestic and international.

References
Popular culture

Popular culture is culture which interests the general masses of people. It is influenced and spread by mass media. People experience or learn popular culture by hearing popular music on the radio, watching television, playing video games, or reading popular books and magazines. Popular culture may affect all kinds of knowledge or thought, including art, religion, or language. 

Popular culture does not follow any one system of ideas, customs, philosophy, religion, or morality. Some of its forms include grammar, language, or pictures that are not accepted under a society's customs. For this reason a society or government may not approve of popular culture. If a government thinks that any form of it may harm people or cause society to change in a bad way, the government may ban it. This practice is known as censorship. In some countries popular culture is protected under freedom of speech or other rights.

American popular culture 
The United States is an industrialized country (see industrialization) in which citizens use mass media. Its government protects language and cultures under freedom of speech. The U.S. has had periods of popular culture since the 20th century. For instance, after World War II a group of children known as Baby boomers experienced a sudden expansion of popular culture.

Related pages 

 Folklore

References
Psychiatric hospital

A psychiatric hospital is a place where mentally ill people are kept so they can be treated.

Doctors who work at psychiatric hospitals are called psychiatrists. On some occasions people choose to be in a psychiatric hospital due to their emotional or physical health, though sometimes psychiatrists can put people in hospitals who do not want to be there, because they think the people are dangerous to themselves or other people. A halfway house or group home is a place for patients who have left the psychiatric hospital and are slowly being released into society.

History
Psychiatric hospitals used to be called lunatic asylums. Earlier asylums like the old Bethlem Royal Hospital in London (nicknamed "Bedlam") were like prisons. Patients received no treatment and were often imprisoned and chained. In the 19th century, new asylums were built. These were designed to be pleasant places with gardens and airy rooms, and later became known as psychiatric hospitals. Although they no longer looked like prisons, patients still had little freedom or hope of leaving. The term institutionalisation means when someone has lived in a hospital (or some other place like a prison) for so long that they cannot cope with living outside of it.

In the middle of the 20th century, new drugs were invented that made it easier to treat mental illness. Governments began to look for ways to care for patients outside of hospitals. They believed it would lead to better care for patients and save money. This is known as deinstitutionalisation. Since the 1970s, many countries have closed large numbers of psychiatric hospitals. Mentally ill patients are now also cared for in local hospitals, small clinics and in their own homes.

Psychiatry
Hospitals
Military camp

A military camp or bivouac is a semi-permanent facility for where an army stays when it is not at its military base. Camps are erected when a military force travels away from a major installation or fort during training. It is also used for operations, and often form large campsites.

In the Roman era the military camp served an entire legion. Archaeological investigations have revealed many details of these Roman camps in places such as England and Scotland.

References 

Army
Military buildings and structures
Private (rank)

A private is the lowest rank of the Army or Marines. The rank is earned after joining the service or graduating from a military camp.

Army
Marines
Spinster

A spinster is an older word for an unmarried woman. A word used more often today is "single woman" or bachelorette.

Other meanings
A spinster is also someone who spins yarn from wool using a spinning wheel. Spinsters use the yarn to make clothes like a tailor, seamster, seamstress. One famous spinster is the girl in the story of Rumpelstiltskin.

Family
Pejoratives
Dick Clark

Dick Clark (November 30, 1929 — April 18, 2012) was an American television entertainer. He was nicknamed "the world's oldest teenager". From the 1950s to the 2000s, he entertained people from around the United States, as well as the rest of the world. He also hosted game shows, including The $100,000 Pyramid. His other shows included Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest. Clark died on the morning of April 18, 2012 in Santa Monica, California from a heart attack.

References

Other websites 

Emmy Award winning actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
American radio personalities
Television personalities from New York (state)
American television presenters
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American game show hosts
Businesspeople from New York (state)
Actors from New York (state)
1929 births
2012 deaths
National Radio Hall of Fame inductees
People from Mount Vernon, New York
Perl

Perl is a programming language invented by Larry Wall to process text. The programming language has been changed many times to do some other things. Some of these things are tasks like making web pages show information in a better way than before, or take information and show it in a way that makes more sense to people.  Perl code is written using some symbols besides letters and numbers.

Usage 
Perl is very good at searching through text looking for patterns, which lets people find words that they may be looking for, or also let people find words they are looking for, and change them with different words much more quickly than they would if they had to do it one word at a time.

Perl is also a high-level programming language. A high-level language has advanced features which let the programmer tell the computer what to do without having to worry about how the computer is going to do it as compared to low-level programming languages which often require more programmer effort.

Example 
An example Hello World program in Perl:

say 'Hello World!'
You can use variables in Perl.

A variable is a box where you can put items. In Perl, some variables starts with their own sigil. A sigil is the way to tell the Perl interpreter about what type of variable you are using. Variables can be scalar, array, hash, handle, regular expression, typeglob or subroutine.

For example:
my $a_scalar = 2;
my $b = 5.29 ;
my $c = "a string";
my $d = 'another';
my @e = ($b,3,4,$c,$d);
my %f = ('a'=>$b,'cad'=>'pqr',$c=>$d);

Perl packages 
The Comprehensive Perl Archive Network, aka CPAN, hosts a large number of extensions to Perl which may be downloaded for free.

References

Other websites 
 Perl.org
 CPAN
 The Perl Foundation

Object-oriented programming languages
Cross-platform software
Functional languages
Pascal

Pascal is a programming language.
It was created in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth, to help people learn how to make computer programs.

Development 
Now, there are many different dialects of the language, some of which support object-oriented programming.
In 1990 the “Pascal” and “Extended Pascal” standards were registered with the International Organization for Standardization.

Description 
Every variable has to be declared before it is used.
Pascal is a strongly typed programming language:
Every variable has a data type.
You are only allowed to assign values to the variable that are valid for the data type.
This ensures that the programmer does not make unintentional mistakes.

Pascal is a imperative language.
The language distinguishes between procedures and functions.
A function returns a value, a procedure does not.
As such, a function call appears in an expression, whereas a procedure invocation is a statement.

Code samples 
This code prints Hello world! at console window:
program helloWorld(output);
begin
	writeLn('Hello world!');
	{ which is short for: writeLn(output, 'Hello world!); }
end.

This code calculate factorial of a positive integer, using recursion.
program factorialDemo(input, output);

function factorial(n: integer): integer;
begin
	if n < 2 then
	begin
		{ the result of a function is stored in a variable }
		{ that has the same name as the function: }
		factorial := 1;
	end
	else
	begin
		factorial := n * factorial(n - 1);
	end
end;

var
	n: integer;
begin
	write('Enter number: ');
	readLn(n);
	writeLn(factorial(n));
end.

Pascal variants 
 GNU Pascal
 Free Pascal
 Delphi – Modern IDE for creating GUI programs for Microsoft Windows. There is an open source clone of it for Windows, Mac OS X and FreeBSD, named Lazarus.
 Turbo Pascal

Programming languages
Hymen

The hymen (also called maidenhead) is tissue that surrounds or partially covers the external vaginal opening. The hymen has no known use. People used to believe that the hymen always tears after having sexual intercourse for the first time, and that you could tell if a woman was a virgin by looking at her hymen and seeing if it was torn. However, it turns out that it is impossible to tell if someone is a virgin by looking at their hymen. Studies have confirmed that all girls are born with hymens.

Types 
There are several different types of hymen. In about 1 in 2,000 females, the hymen does not develop at all. The hymen may also not have a hole in it; this is called an "imperforate hymen". In this case a hole will need to be surgically cut into it to allow menstrual fluid (period blood) out.

Other types are:

 crescent-shaped
 forming a ring around the vagina
 folding in on itself
 has one or more bands going across the opening
 has several holes

What might damage the hymen 
When a girl reaches puberty, the hymen becomes stretchy. The hymen may be damaged by girls fall directly onto sharp objects . Sexual intercourse is another easy way to damage the hymen along with horseback riding and biking. A woman's hymen can also break while playing some sports

.

Hymens in other animals 
These animals all have a hymen:

There are many more animals which have hymens, but not all are listed here.

The stages of growth 
When a fetus is developing, there is no vaginal opening. The hymen comes from the skin covering the vagina at that time.

In young babies, the hymen is thick and pink. This is because the mother is giving the baby hormones through breast feeding which keeps it thick. In adolescent girls, the hymen becomes thin, smooth and delicate because she has stopped taking in hormones. The hymen becomes very sensitive and can easily cause pain if touched. From puberty, the hymen gets thicker again and becomes pale pink. This is because of the hormone estrogen.

References

Other websites 
The Female Hymen and its Significance
Hymen gallery  - Pictures of hymens
The Hymen Revealed  - by The-Clitoris.com

Anatomy of the female reproductive system
Maidenhead

Maidenhead is a town in England in Berkshire. About 60,000 people live in the town. The town is about 25 miles (41 kilometres) from London. It is named after a wharf that was built there in 1297. It lies on the River Thames.

Towns in Berkshire
G-spot

The Gräfenberg spot (usually called G-spot) is defined as a highly sensitive area near the entrance inside of the human vagina. It is believed to be a part of the urethral sponge. Some people believe it is a bundle of nerves in the female human reproductive system. If the area is stimulated, this can cause pleasurable sensations, female ejaculation and a strong orgasm in some women. Some doctors and researchers who specialize in the anatomy of women say that there is no anatomical evidence for the spot.

Origin 
The "G-spot" concept was named by Addiego and others in 1981 or by Beverly Whipple and others in 1982. It is named after the German gynaecologist, Ernst Gräfenberg. Gräfenberg wrote first about The Role of Urethra in Female Orgasm in 1950. A book was first published about the G-spot in 1982, called The G Spot and Other Recent Discoveries About Human Sexuality, by three authors from the United States: Alice Kahn Ladas, a psychologist; Beverly Whipple, a registered nurse and sex counselor; and John D. Perry, a psychologist.

Location 
Although typically described as near the entrance inside of the vagina, reports of the G-spot's location vary and therefore it has no specific place to be found. However, there are two methods which are used to find it:
 self-reported levels of sexual arousal/pleasure
 stimulating an area in the vagina leads to female ejaculation

Some women say that they have "deeper" orgasms when the G-spot is stimulated. One research team experimented with the vagina by trying to touch the G-spot in certain places under experimental conditions; they found that in most cases, women had a sensitive area near the front of the vagina.

Public views 
Some people, including doctors, do not believe that the G-spot exists. When the book The G Spot and Other Recent Discoveries About Human Sexuality was published in 1982, there was significant criticism. Some people who are not doctors simply say that it is a "highly sensitive area" in the vagina.

Scientific views 
Scientists have carried out tests trying to find the G-spot and have not found any consistent or definitive evidence of it, and most of them believe that, if it does exist, it is an extension of the clitoris.

References

Other websites 
 The G-Spot  from UCSB's SexInfo

Anatomy of the female reproductive system
Skene's gland

Skene's glands (also called lesser vestibular glands or paraurethral glands) are glands in the upper wall of the vagina. They empty into the urethra. Their location is known as the Gräfenberg spot. In males, their homologue is the prostate gland.

The glands are named after the person who described them first, Alexander Skene. He was a physician.

Anatomy of the female reproductive system
Glands
Bartholin's gland

The Bartholin's glands are two glands found slightly below and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina in women.

History 
They were first found in the 17th century, by the Danish anatomist, Caspar Bartholin the Younger (1655-1738).

Anatomy 
The glands secrete mucus to make sexual intercourse easier. Bartholin's glands secrete relatively minute amounts (one or two drops) of fluid when a woman is sexually aroused.

Sometimes, the Bartholin's glands become infected and can be swollen or painful. This can be treated by a doctor with antibiotics.

Related pages
 Skene's glands

References

Other websites 
  - "The Female Perineum: Muscles of the Superficial Perineal Pouch"

Anatomy of the female reproductive system
Glands
Sevastopol

Sevastopol (, formerly called  Sebastopol) is a large seaport and city. It is on the Crimean Peninsula, on the north side of the Black Sea. 380,000 people live in the city. It was started in 1783. The port was shared by naval forces of Ukraine and Russia until 2014 when Russia took control.

Capital cities in Russia
Federal cities of Russia
Cities in Crimea
Port cities and towns of the Black Sea
Aegukka

"Aegukka" (, meaning "Patriotic Song" in Korean) is the national anthem of North Korea. To celebrate the country's independence from Japan, it was written by Pak Se-yong and composed by Kim Won-gyun, then it was adopted in 1947 shortly after.

It should not be confused with South Korea's national anthem, which has the same name but uses a different romanisation scheme. It is sometimes also known by the first bit of the song, "Achhimŭn pinnara" (아침은 빛나라), meaning "Let Morning Shine".

Lyrics

References

National symbols of North Korea
Asian anthems
Aegukga

"Aegukga" (, , meaning "The Patriotic Song") is the national anthem of the Republic of Korea (South Korea). It should not be confused with North Korea's anthem, which has the same name.

The song was sung for the first time against the colonial Japanese. The melody of the song comes from the tune of Scottish patriotic song "Auld Lang Syne".

Lyrics

References

South Korean music
Asian anthems
National symbols of South Korea
Conquest

The word conquest can refer to different things:
 A military invasion
Action of a Conquistador
 Impressing someone, possibly through courageous actions 
 A town in the state of New York, see Conquest, New York
 A British historian, named Robert Conquest
Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam () is the largest branch of Islam. They are the branch of Islam that came through the Rashidun Empire, which started with Abu Bakr and ended by Ali ibn Abi Talib. Sunni beliefs are based on the Quran and the Kutub al-Sittah. Sunnis make up around 90% of the world's Muslim population. With approximately 1.8 billion followers, it is the largest religious denomination of any religion in the world.  Catholicism is the second-largest.  There are four sub-groups (Madh'hab)s within Sunni Islam; Malikis, Hanafis, Hanbalis and Shafi'is.

Adherents of Sunni Islam are Sunnis or Sunnites. The word Sunni comes from the word sunna (), which means the tradition of the prophet of Islam, Muhammad. Sunnis are also called ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah (), which means people of tradition and congregation; this means that the Sunnis are united.

Related pages 
 Shia Islam
 Sunnah

References 

1

Other websites 

Sunni Islam
Hunting

Hunting is going out to find and kill animals. Animals and some humans, hunt for food. People have hunted at least since the stone age. They used spears, and now people mostly use guns and bows. Some people kill the animals for fur, to make clothes and shelter, or to decorate their homes, or to sell. Fox hunting is sometimes a sport.

Many places have rules that limit hunting. Hunting can be good by keeping animal populations from getting too high. Hunting too much, though, can kill off species of animals, making them extinct. Hunting once made the dodo, a bird, become extinct.

Before they invented herding people got meat by hunting.  Boar hunting and fox hunting became became popular in early modern times.  Another form of hunting is not to use guns, bows and arrows or spears, but by animal trapping.   

Animal rights activists oppose to hunting. Anti-hunting laws (English Hunting Act 2004) strive to reduce hunting.

Gallery

Related pages 
 Animal trapping
 Farming
 Fox hunting
 Fishing

Sports involving animals
Animal rights
Tycho Brahe

Tycho Brahe  (14 December 1546 — 24 October 1601) was an astronomer from Denmark. He observed the night sky before the invention of the telescope. He built a large observatory called Uraniborg on the island of Hven in Denmark. 

He discovered that the universe outside the Solar System could change when he studied a supernova and a comet. Johannes Kepler was his assistant. Tycho made very careful observations of the planets. When Tycho died in 1601, Kepler continued Tycho's work.

Tycho was not a modern scientist. He believed in astrology, and his astronomy was a strange mixture of scientific observation and religious belief. Although he rejected the Ptolemaic system, he also rejected the Copernican system. He developed a geocentric theory that imagined the Sun and Moon orbited the Earth, but the other planets orbited the Sun. 

Unlike most astronomers of his time, he did not believe in the unchanging celestial realm or spheres. Tycho's Nova, now called SN 1572,proved that changes did take place. Also, he worked out that comets were real celestial objects, and that their orbits were different to those of the planets.

Related pages 
 Johannes Kepler
List of Danish writers

References

Other websites 
 Tycho Brahe – Accomplishments, Biography, & Facts. Encyclopædia Britannica

1546 births
1601 deaths
Astrologers
Danish astronomers
Ellipse

An ellipse  is a shape that looks like an oval or a flattened circle. 

In geometry, an ellipse is a plane curve which results from the intersection of a cone by a plane in a way that produces a closed curve.  

Circles are special cases of ellipses, created when the cutting plane is perpendicular to the cone's axis.

A circle has one center, called a focus. An ellipse has two foci. 

An ellipse is simply all points on a graph that the sum of the distances from 2 points are the same. For example, an ellipse can be made by putting two pins into cardboard and a circle of string around those two, then putting a pencil in the loop and pulling as far as possible without breaking the string in all directions. The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the sun at one focus.  

The equation of an ellipse is

  where the center of the ellipse is (h,k). 2A is the length from each end of the longer skinnier side.  2b is the length of the 2 ends of the short side.  A²-B²=C² for c is the length between the foci and the center.

An ellipse can also be expressed as 

In this case, it will be taller than it is wide.

Other websites
 Ellipse & Hyperbola Construction  - An interactive sketch showing how to trace the curves of the ellipse and hyperbola. (Requires Java.)
 Ellipse Construction  - Another interactive sketch, this time showing a different method of tracing the ellipse. (Requires Java.)
 Ellipse on MathWorld - More on Ellipse
 The Shape and History of The Ellipse in Washington, D.C. by Clark Kimberling
Collection of animated ellipse demonstrations. Ellipse, axes, semi-axes, area, perimeter, tangent, foci.
Woodworking videos showing how to work with ellipses in wood.

References 

shapes
Conic sections
Babur

Babur Mirza, full name Mirza Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur (14 February 1483 – 26 December 1530) was the founder of the Mughal Empire in South Asia. He was the eldest son of Umar Sheikh Mirza, governor of Farghana.

Plans of the conquest of India 

In 1525 Babur set out to attack and conquer India. He had only about twelve thousand men with him but he had been promised help by Daulat Khan Lodi, the governor of Punjab. They planned to march together against the ruling Sultan Ibrahim Lodi, who was the King of Delhi at that time. When Babur reached India, the government was afraid to help him, and eventually backed out, and so Babur started off to Delhi by himself with his small army of men.

Ibrahim Lodi was reported to have one hundred thousand men and one hundred elephants. But Babur had something which Ibrahim did not have – heavy guns and cannons, the first proper Turkic style artillery seen in medieval India. There were hardly any guns at that time in India and Babur had managed to get hold of some in Kabul. He had cannons and some firearms as well. He met Ibrahim Lodi and his army at Panipat in modern Haryana.

The two armies met at the famous First battle of Panipat, at a small village near Delhi. Both armies remained in position opposite each other for a week before the battle began. Babur was an excellent general and he planned the battle very carefully as conquering Delhi was indeed very important to him. After the battle about fifteen thousand men of the enemy were killed including their commander Ibrahim Lodi. 

Before the enemy could recover from their defeat, Delhi was captured.

Consolidating victory 
Babur had to fight more major battles, the battles of Khanua and Gogra. In 1527 A.D. he had to face a fierce enemy of his at Khanua, the Rajput hero, Rana Sangram (or Sanga)of Mewar. A ferocious battle was fought between the two in the field of Khanua and Babur won the battle. 

In 1529 A.D., Babur got into a battle with the Afghans. Babur won, but the Afghans were not totally weakened. They joined hands with Mahmud Lodi, the brother of Ibrahim Lodi, to fight Babur again. But Babur approached forward and was a successful winner of this Battle in Gogra.

DNA
Test of living male descendant show's Y-DNA R-M198 (R1A1).

Related pages 
 Mughal Empire

References

Mughal emperors
1483 births
1530 deaths
16th century in India
Mantra

In Hinduism and Hindu mythology, Mantra means a group of words. There are many such groups of words. Some mantras have meanings. However, there are many mantras which are just syllables, with or without any words. Such mantras do not carry meanings. From the ancient times, Hindus, as well as in many cases, texts of Buddhism and Jainism contain many mantras.

Traditionally, people associate the mantras with various powers. However, it is more a matter of individual faith and experience than a fact of science.

The earliest examples of mantras are many hymns and verses of Vedas. People read them aloud. They thought that by doing so they would get the blessings of the gods and other beings. The system continued in Hindu practices of worship and meditation. Even now, many Hindus believe in the power of mantras to gain health and wealth. Mantras may form part of worship or people may simply recite them loudly or slowly. Some time no recitation may take place, and the person would just think of the mantra silently for long time.

References 

Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend () by Anna Dallapiccola
https://vedic7.blogspot.com/2022/12/mantras.html 

Hinduism
Hindu mythology
Fruit tree

A fruit tree is a tree that produces edible fruits to hold its seeds. However, although every tree produces fruit, not all fruit is edible for humans. Nut trees bear such fruits as almonds, walnuts, brazil nuts.

Examples of tree fruit 
 Apricot
 Apple
 Cherry
 Citrus (Orange, Lemon, etc.)
 Coconut
 Damson
 Durian
 Fig
 Mango
 Medlar
 Nectarine
 Peach
 Pear
 Plum
 Quince

Trees
Fruits
Line of Control

The Line of Control (LOC) is the line that marks where the region of Kashmir is divided. The land on one side of the line is controlled by India, and the land on the other side is controlled by Pakistan. It is not a legal international border, but is the effective boundary between the two countries. India and Pakistan fought over Kashmir between 1947 and 1948. The line originally marked the military front when the two countries declared a ceasefire on 1/2 January 1949. The fronts gradually became a solid boundary. It was formally named the Line of Control after the Simla Agreement, which was signed on 3 July 1972.

All of Kashmir was previously the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu. The part of the region that is now under Indian control is known as the State of Jammu and Kashmir. The two parts that are under Pakistani control are known as Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). The Line of Control is  long.

Another cease-fire line separates the Indian-controlled part of Kashmir from the Chinese-controlled area of Aksai Chin. This is further to the east and is called the Line of Actual Control (LAC). Although the other side is controlled by India, China regards this line as part of its border with Pakistan. China and Pakistan have agreed on a border, but India has not.

Fencing 
India has built a fence along its side of the Line of Control. It is currently  long. It only runs part of the length of the line, the rest of the Line of Control is too inaccessible for construction of a barrier. Its stated purpose is to exclude arms smuggling and infiltration by Pakistani-based separatist militants. Pakistan has objected to the construction of the barrier, saying it violates both bilateral accords and relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions on the region.

Related pages
 Wagah
 Indo-Bangladeshi barrier
 Line of Actual Control
 Kashmir conflict
 Wakhan
 Border dispute

References 

Kashmir
Territorial disputes of India
Territorial disputes of Pakistan
Defensive walls
Detmold

Detmold (; West Low German: Deppelt) is a town in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It has about 74,000 inhabitants. Detmold is the cultural capital of the District of Lippe.

Other websites
Google Maps

References

Other websites

Lippe Rural District
Arnsberg

Arnsberg (;  is a town in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It has about 74,000 inhabitants, who are mostly Catholic.

References

Other websites

Hochsauerlandkreis
Siegen

Siegen is a city in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. About 110,000 people live there and a university.

Twin Towns 
It has been twinned with the borough of Spandau in Berlin since 1952. Other twin cities are:
 , Rijnsburg, since 1963, continuation of partnership with amalgamated town of Katwijk as of 2006
United Kingdom Morley, since 1966 continuation of partnership with amalgamated City of Leeds as of 1974
, Leeds, since 1974
 , Ypres, since 1967
 , Zakopane, since 1989
 , , Plauen, since 1990

References

Other websites
 

Siegen-Wittgenstein
Graz

Graz is a city in Austria and capital of Styria. 

After Vienna, Graz has the second highest number of people living in the city. In 2014 the city and surrounding areas had 605,143 people. The city has six universities.

History 
The oldest reference to Graz in historical documents is from 1128. In 1379 Graz became the capital of Inner Austria. (Inner Austria included Styria, Carinthia, Krain, Inner Istria and Trieste.) The Roman Empire used Graz as a stronghold to defend against enemies on the southeast. Two of the buildings created at that period (Glockenturm which is a clock tower, and Uhrturm which is a bell tower) have become landmarks of Graz.

The Historic Centre and Schloss Eggenberg is named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

References

Other websites 

 Official Webpage of Graz 

Districts of Styria
 
World Heritage Sites in Austria
Linz

Linz is a city in Austria with nearly 200,000 inhabitants. It has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification). It is the third largest city in Austria, after Vienna and Graz. Linz is the capital city and a district of Upper Austria. There is the famous artcenter "Lentos" or the "Brucknerhaus" for concerts.

Education 
 AeronautX Luftfahrtschule

Other websites 
 Linz  a picture tour through Linz 

 
Districts of Upper Austria
Innsbruck

Innsbruck (;  ; ) is a city in Austria. About 120,000 people live there. It is the capital of the Austrian federal state of Tyrol and of the Tyrolean district of Innsbruck-Land District. It is one of the biggest cities of Austria. It has an area of 104.91 km2. The highest area is the Praxmarerkarspitze (2641m). The deepest one is the Inn near Ampass (565m).

The name Innsbruck comes from the German words Inn, a river which crosses the city, and brücke, a bridge. It means "bridge over the Inn".

References

Other websites 
 The official website of Innsbruck

Olympic cities
Districts of Tyrol (state)
Basel

Basel (French: Bâle) is a city in the north of Switzerland. It is sometimes called Basle in English. Basel is the capital of the Swiss canton of Basel-Stadt. 

The city has a population of about 170,000 people and is the third largest city in Switzerland after Zürich and Geneva.

Basel borders Germany and France in the north and the canton of Basel-Land in the south. The Rhine river flows through the city.

History 
Basel was a prince-bishopric from 999 until 1803. Most of the city was destroyed in the 1356 Basel earthquake, the strongest earthquake ever recorded in Central Europe. Basel joined Switzerland in 1501.

Economy 
Basel is well known for the many chemical and pharmaceutical companies that are located in the city, such as Novartis, Syngenta and Hoffmann-La Roche.

The only ports in Switzerland are located along the Rhine river in Basel, which makes the city important for imports and exports to and from Switzerland. Water transport using cargo ships on the Rhine river connects Basel with the seaport of Rotterdam. Basel ports are connected to the Swiss railway and road network.

Basel shares the international airport EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg with the French city Mulhouse.

Education 
The University of Basel was founded in 1460 and is the oldest in Switzerland and one of the oldest in the world. Erasmus, Paracelsus, Daniel Bernoulli, Leonhard Euler and Friedrich Nietzsche worked here.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 Official website of the city of Basel  

 
Imperial free cities
Lausanne

Lausanne is a city in Switzerland. It has a population of about 140,000 people. The city is the capital of the district Lausanne. It is also the capital of the canton of Vaud. Lausanne is the fourth biggest city of Switzerland. The syndic of Lausanne (syndic is the French word for mayor in the canton of Vaud) is Grégoire Junod, from the Socialist Party, since 2016.

References

Other websites 

 Official website