alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
1170



Births 
 April 23 – Isabelle of Hainaut
 August 8 – Saint Dominic, founder of the Dominicans (d. 1221)

Deaths 
 December 29 – Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury (assassinated) (b. c. 1118)
1883



Births 
 February 7 – Eubie Blake, American musician and composer
 April 5 - Walter Huston, Canadian actor (d. 1950)
 April 7 – Gino Severini Italian painter (d. 1966)
 April 15 – Stanley Bruce, 8th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1967)
 July 29 – Benito Mussolini, Italian dictator

Deaths 
 March 14 – Karl Marx, German philosopher
 August 23 – Sarah Yorke Jackson, American First Lady

New Books 
 Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi
1741

1741 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events
 June 25 – Maria Theresa of Austria is crowned Queen Regnant of Hungary in Bratislava.
 Royal Order of Scotland is founded.

 January 7 – Benedict Arnold
Civil war

A civil war is a type of war that takes place between two or more groups in one country. While civil wars can take place for many reasons, there are two common reasons.

The first is because the different groups disagree about who should be in charge, or how the country should be run. If two political parties disagree about the result of an election, this might lead to a war if the two sides cannot or would not come to an agreement.

The second is because one group of people does not want to be part of the country anymore. This is known as a war of secession. Lots of people living in a certain area might decide that they want independence to make their own country. Very few national leaders would be happy to give up land that is part of that country, and a war could result.

Sometimes the people who want to break away do not necessarily want to form a whole new country, but they might want more autonomy over their affairs. This happens sometimes when different ethnic groups belong to the same nation.

Civil wars can go on for many years and be just as destructive and damaging as international wars. Civil wars tend to become complicated very quickly. A civil war might start between two sides, but groups might break up and the new, different sides could start fighting each other. Groups who were not involved at the beginning can easily be sucked in, as they fight to defend themselves against both sides. Civil wars with many different sides all fighting each other have occurred. Sometimes foreign countries help one side, or different countries help different sides. This can become a proxy war.

Examples
Civil wars include:
 English Civil War (1642–1651)
 American Civil War (1861–1865)
 Chinese Civil War (1927–1949)
 Vietnam War (1955–1975)
 Mexican Revolution (1911–1920)
 Russian Civil War (1917–1921)
 Finnish Civil War (1918)
 Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)
 Pakistan Civil War (1971)
 Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009)
 Syrian Civil War (2011–present)

References
1175



Events 
 Ruaidri Ua Conchobair, last High King of Ireland, submits to Henry II as vassal of Ireland with the Treaty of Windsor
 Ly Cao Ton becomes ruler of Vietnam
 William of Tyre becomes archbishop of Tyre
 Massacre of Abergavenny ends with several noblemen dead under William de Braose
 Vordingborg Castle is finished.

Births 
 Andrew II of Hungary, King of Hungary (died 1235)
 Frederick I of Austria (died 1198)
 Robert Grosseteste, English statesman, theologian and bishop (approximate date; died 1253)
 Fibonacci, Italian mathematician (approximate date; died 1250)
 Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1218)
 Roger III of Sicily (died 1194)
 Michael Scot, Scottish mathematician and astrologer (died 1232)

Deaths 
 Mleh of Armenia, ruler of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
 Judyta, wife of Ladislaus II of Hungary and Otto I von Brandenburg (born 1132)
ZZT

ZZT is a computer game made by Tim Sweeney. People can make other games with this game's engine.

1991 video games
DOS games
Centre

Centre (British spelling) or center (American spelling) means the middle of something.

The word "centre" often means places or buildings where an activity takes place. Common examples are:
 a town centre or city centre
 a shopping centre is a place with lots of shops.
 a sports centre is where people go to use sports facilities, such as squash courts, and swimming pools.
 a centre (ice hockey), the position used in ice hockey
 a Center (American football), the position used in American football
a balanced political position.

Places
Centre, the former name of Centre-Val de Loire, an administrative region of France
Centre Department, the department of Haiti
BBC Radio 1

BBC Radio 1 (often known as Radio 1) is an international radio station that is based in the United Kingdom. It is owned by BBC and BBC Radio. Radio 1 started broadcasting at 7.00 am on September 30, 1967. Tony Blackburn presented the first (later known as Breakfast) programme on the station. The station is meant to be listened to mainly by people aged 15–29.

Before the launch of Radio 1, the BBC ran three radio stations (the BBC Light Programme, the BBC Home Service and the BBC Third Programme), but these were considered old fashioned and were closed down in 1967. They were replaced with Radio 1, 2, 3 and 4.

The launch of Radio 1 in 1967 was because of the popularity of pirate radio stations such as Radio Caroline. They had been outlawed by Act of Parliament, and the BBC needed to provide alternative radio stations.

Radio 1 also has a sister station, BBC Radio 1Xtra.

Programming 
The daytime shows (Monday-Thursday 4.00 - 19.00, Friday 4.00 - 18.00, Saturday 6.00 - 16.00 and Sunday 6.00 - 19.00) are very speech-focused and use an extensive playlist to introduce unknown and emerging material alongside more established, top 40 hits from the recent past (usually in a 5-year cycle).

The nighttime shows focus specifically on new music, with each show devoted to a particular genre. These genres include electronica, dance, hip-hop, rap and rock. All programs during this time are playlisted and presented by the DJs without any influence of the station's music editor.

Commitments
 At least 40% of music played in daytime are from British artists
 At least 50% of music played in daytime are not older than 12 months old each year, with continuous particular support for new and emerging UK artists alongside established acts
 60 hours of specialist music per week
 Broadcast from at least 25 live events and festivals per year from the UK and abroad
 At least 250 new sessions each year
 1 hour of news in daytime each weekday, including two extended bulletins

References

Other websites
 

1967 establishments in the United Kingdom
1
1232

1232 is a leap year which started on a Thursday of the Julian Calendar.

Events 
 In Korea, the printing press is invented.
1443

1443 was a common year. It started on a Tuesday.

Events 
 July 22 – Zürich is defeated in the Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl.

Births 
 January 27 – Albert, Duke of Saxony (died 1500)
 February 23 – Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (died 1490)
 May 17 – Edmund, Earl of Rutland, brother of King Edward IV of England and King Richard III of England (died 1460)
 May 31 – Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry VII of England (died 1509)
 December 5 – Pope Julius II (died 1513)
 Rodolphus Agricola, Dutch scholar and humanist (died 1485)
 John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford, English leader (died 1513)
 Piero del Pollaiuolo, Italian painter (died 1496)
 Philip II, Duke of Savoy (died 1497)
 Ygo Gales Galama, Frisian warlord and rebel (died 1492)
 Anne Beauchamp, 15th Countess of Warwick (died 1449)

Deaths 
 Zeami – Japanese actor.
1558

1558 was a common year.

Events 
 November 17 – Elizabeth I becomes Queen of England.
Sea level

For the effects of global warming on sea levels, see global warming

The sea level is the average height of the ocean (informally called the sea). The word 'average' must be used because the height of the sea changes with the tides. The height of mountains, countries, and so on, is almost always given as "above sea level".

Technical details 
Sea level is generally used to refer to mean sea level (MSL). This is the average level for the surface of one or more of Earth's oceans. 

MSL is a type of standardised geodetic reference point. It is used, for example, as a geodetic datum in cartography and marine navigation. In aviation it is the standard sea level at which atmospheric pressure is measured. This is used to calibrate altitude, which influences aircraft flight levels. A common mean sea-level standard is the midpoint between a mean low and mean high tide at a particular place.

Sea levels can be affected by many factors. They have varied greatly over geological time scales. The careful measurement of variations in MSL offers insights into ongoing climate change. The present slight rise in sea levels is offered as proof of ongoing global warming.

Long-term changes in sea level 

In Earth's long history, the continents and sea floor have changed due to plate tectonics. This affects global sea level because it alters the depths of various ocean basins, and also changes the distribution of glaciers. 

Over most of geologic time, the long-term mean sea level has been higher than today (see graph). Only at the Permian-Triassic boundary ~250 million years ago was the long-term mean sea level lower than today. This included the PermianTriassic extinction event, though this may not be relevant to the concept of sea level.

Long term changes in the mean sea level are the result of changes in the oceanic crust, with a downward trend expected to continue in the very long term.

Rapid changes in sea level 
Rapid changes may happen by huge lakes breaking through into seas. This has happened on a number of occasions. When the latest ice age was ending, melting caused huge lakes in central North America. This eventually broke through into the Atlantic. Melting ice in the North Sea are also broke through into the English Channel. The largest known example of marine flooding was when the Atlantic breached the Strait of Gibraltar about 5.2 million years ago. This restored Mediterranean sea levels, which had dried up.

The present rise in sea level is taken from tide gauges. It is about 1.8 mm/yr. Active research continues on this subject.

References

Other websites 
 Flooding, food and climate change in Bangladesh
 Sea level rise - How much and how fast will sea level rise over the coming centuries? Past 
 Sea level rise - How much and how fast will sea level rise over the coming centuries? Present 

Oceans
Seas
Climate change
Fear Factory

Fear Factory is an American death/industrial metal group. They were formed in Los Angeles, California in 1989 and disbanded in early 2002. They have reformed in the following year adding Byron Stroud (of Strapping Young Lad) as their current bass player. Their classic line-up was Burton C. Bell (vocals), Dino Cazares (guitars), Christian Olde Woblers (bass) and Raymond Herrera (drums) between 1994 and break up time.

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Thrash metal bands
Death metal bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Sublime

Sublime was a popular punk/ska rock band. The band was formed in 1988 in Long Beach, California. They have released popular hit singles like "Date Rape", "Doin' Time", "Santeria" and "What I Got".

Sublime broke up 1996, because singer, guitarist and songwriter Bradley Nowell died. He died in a hotel room in San Francisco, California on May 25th of the same year from a heroin overdose. He was 28 years old. Their third and final album Sublime was released two months after Nowell's death. The album's song "What I Got" was what made Sublime famous.

Sublime has sold over 8 million albums around the world.

Cultural references 
A few of Sublimes songs have been used in video games. "Santeria" was included in Guitar Hero World Tour. 
The song "Seed" was included in Tony Hawk's Underground and the song "What I Got" was included in Dave Mirra Freestyle BMX.

Influences 
Sublime's influences include Meat Puppets, The Police, Green Day, Bob Marley, Jane's Addiction, Beastie Boys, Descendents, Operation Ivy, Toots and the Maytals, Fishbone, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Bad Brains, Bob Marley and the Waiters, Minutemen and The Vandals.

Discography

Albums

Compilations and live albums

Singles

References

Other websites 

 

1988 establishments in California
1996 disestablishments in the United States
American punk bands
Musical groups from Long Beach, California
1990s disestablishments in California
Crass

Crass was one of the first anarcho-punk bands. The band was formed in Essex, England in 1977. The band split up in 1984.

History

Original members 
The group was first of all made up of Penny Rimbaud (playing drums) and Steve Ignorant (who sang). Later they were joined by other people who also lived together in their shared house (or commune) called Dial House.

First concerts 
Crass did their first concert at a squatted festival in Huntley Street, North London. Soon after they played at the famous punk club The Roxy in  London's Covent Garden area. However the group were made to come off of the stage because they were very drunk. They also did early concerts with punk band the UK Subs, but not many people went to watch these concerts.

First fashion statements 
After this members of Crass decided to be more serious about what they were doing. They decided to wear black clothes all of the time, whether or not they were on stage. This was so that no member of the band would be seen as the group 'leader'. They also made a banner that they hung up behind them when they were playing live. This had a logo on it that was made up of symbols like the Christian cross, the swastika and the British flag, as well as a snake with two heads that is eating itself. The meaning of this logo was the idea that "power will destroy itself".

Albums

First album 
Crass released their first record in 1978. It was called The Feeding of the 5000. It was meant to have 18 songs on it, but one song was banned by the people who worked at the factory where the records were made. This was because they thought it was blasphemous. This song was  called "Asylum". The band instead released the record with a 2-minute gap where that song had been, which they called "The Sound of Free Speech". After this they set up their own record label, Crass Records. This was so that they could control what was on their own records in the future. They re-recorded and released the song that had been banned as a single. They also re-released the first LP with the banned song put back on it.

Second album 
The second LP released by Crass was the double album Stations of the Crass. It was released in 1979. One side of this LP was a recording of a live concert that the band played at the Pied Bull pub in Islington, London on August 7, 1979.

Third album 
Their next LP was released in 1981. It was called Penis Envy. The band had deliberately changed their sound for this record. The lyrics and the record cover artwork had a strong feminist message. Steve Ignorant did not appear upon it. Instead only the women members of the band, Eve Libertine and Joy DeVivre sung the songs.

Other albums recorded 
The Crass Records label also released many other records by other musicians and bands. These included Flux Of Pink Indians, Conflict, Poison Girls, Zounds, Honey Bane, Rudimentary Peni and others.

English punk bands
Anarcho-punk bands
Black Flag

Black Flag was an American hardcore punk band. They formed in California in 1976 and broke up in 1986. There were many different members in the band, but the leader was Greg Ginn. Ginn was the guitarist and wrote many of the songs.

Black Flag was one of the groups that created the hardcore punk style. They toured the United States and Canada to play many live shows. They influenced many other musicians and fans to make their own hardcore bands. The band's first album, Damaged (1981), has been recognized as a classic punk album and one of the most influential punk records ever made.

After breaking up, the lead singer Henry Rollins formed a new band by himself, Rollins Band and guitarist Greg Ginn worked on a separate career in the early 90s.

1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
American punk bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Musical groups established in 1976
1976 establishments in California
Musical groups disestablished in 1986
1980s disestablishments in California
Musical groups established in 2003
2003 establishments in California
Musical groups disestablished in 2003
2003 disestablishments in the United States
2000s disestablishments in California
1986 disestablishments in the United States
Crazy Frog

The Crazy Frog is a 3D animated creature, featured on music albums.

History
Before becoming a ringtone to download  onto mobile phones, The Crazy Frog started as a TruboForce 3D animated creature. It was called “The Annoying Thing” in 2003 by its creator, Erik Wernquist of Sweden. With big eyes and a bigger mouth, the high resolution anthropomorphic “thing” is dappled grey-blue and nude save for a helmet, goggles and biker vest. All original videos and images also show small male humanoid genital in a relaxed state that move realistically. Some sources pixel out or remove the genitals.

Music remixes
Members of Bass Bumpers had a dance remix of Harold Faltermeyer’s “Axel F”  in early-2005, the Beverly Hills Cop theme, adding Daniel Malmedahl’s impression of a moped engine (Ring-a-ding-dong) and a Max Headroom, “What’s going on?” (among other dubbed words). In the music video for that remix the “Thing” says featured bites from Daniel’s bit (Ding, ding.) and zooms around on a mimed bike to escape a robot minion on a hover bike.

The internet and media dubbed it both a Frog and crazy. Erik went along with it.

First, it was simply a vocal imitation of a two stroke, internal combustion engine. Daniel Malmedahl of Sweden created a recording of his imitation in 1997 that eventually spread through peer to peer file sharing on the Internet.

Sales and revenue
The company that sells Crazy Frog ringtones (Jamba!) has made £14 million from it.

Animated characters
Surrey

For the city in British Columbia, see Surrey, British Columbia.

Surrey is a county in southern England. The size of Surrey is about 1,663 km² and it has about 1,059,000 people (2002). It is near London. Surrey's largest town is Guildford. In Guildford there is also a university. The River Thames forms part of Surrey's north border.

Surrey is a setting of War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells (Woking, Leatherhead in particular).

Surrey is near London's Heathrow and Gatwick airports. It has access to major road routes (including the M25, M3 and M23). It has frequent rail services into Central London.

Ceremonial counties of England
Edip Yuksel

Edip Yüksel (born December 20, 1957 in Güroymak, Turkey) is an American thinker and activist. He has written many books on the Qur'an and is very an influential figure in modern Islamic reform. Yüksel was a student of Rashad Khalifa and was a member of his group United Submitters International. He sometimes works as a legal researcher and a community college teacher, but is mostly a supporter to change the Islamic religion. He lives in Tucson, Arizona.

Some works in English 
 The Prime Argument/Asal Tartışma (1995). An argument with 2 "rounds", or parts, with Professor Carl Sagan on how the Qur'an is set up and what it means to the people who follow it.
 Running Like Zebras (1995). An Internet debate with Abdurrahman Lomax on how the Qur'an is set up.
 Unorthodox Essays (1994). A small book that has essays on loaning people money with unfair amounts to pay back, beating up wives, and abortion. One of the essays, "Distinguished usury from interest" suggested a new way to translate for the verse 4:34 in the Qur'an.
 Nineteen Questions for Christian Clergy/Hristiyan Din Adamlarına 19 Soru (1993–1999). A study about the Christian religion and what is taught to people who are Christians.
 Nineteen Questions for Muslim Clergy/Müslüman Din Adamlarına 19 Soru (1991). Some questions to the leaders of the Muslim faith about how much power they should have and if what they teach is biased, or narrow-minded.

Other websites 

 Edip Yüksel's official site
 Online Quran Project  includes the Qur'an translation by Edip Yüksel.

1957 births
Living people
Turkish writers
Writers from Tucson, Arizona
American Muslims
American activists
Quran
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Epididymitis

Epididymitis is a painful inflammation of the epididymis, usually resulting from bacterial infection, but also occasionally caused by injury or viral infection.

Diseases caused by bacteria
Male reproductive system
Perth, Western Australia

Perth () is the capital city of the state of Western Australia. It is built on the banks of the Swan River. Almost 2.1 million people live in the city.
It is the fourth biggest city in Australia, behind Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. Perth was founded in 1829 by Captain James Stirling.
Perth is famous for its beautiful white, sandy beaches. Popular local beaches include Cottesloe and Scarborough. These beaches are ideal for swimming and bodysurfing. A popular local tourist attraction is Rottnest Island, which is populated by small native mammals called Quokkas. Another famous attraction is Kings Park, which is one of the biggest city parks in the world.

Sister cities 
Perth is a sister city with many other cities. Sister cities can share students and business contacts. Perth is a sister city to these cities:

  Kagoshima, Japan
  Houston, Texas
  Rhodes, Greece
 Megisti, Greece 
  San Diego, California
  Vasto, Italy
  Nanjing, People's Republic of China
  Taipei, Taiwan
  Chengdu, People's Republic of China

Perth also has some other agreements with Perth, Perth and Kinross in Scotland and formerly Grenoble, France.

Universities 
Perth is home to four public and one private university. These are:

 University of Western Australia
 Murdoch University
 Curtin University
 Edith Cowan University
 University of Notre Dame (Western Australia) (private)

Climate 
Perth has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate with hot dry summers and cool wet winters. Perth is the sunniest city in Australia, with 138.7 clear days annually.

Famous people from Perth

Amy Fuller, singer
Troye Sivan
Heath Ledger
Daniel Ricciardo
Katherine Langford
Sam Worthington
Birds of Tokyo

References 

 
1829 establishments
1820s establishments in Australia
Mayflower (ship)

The Mayflower was the ship that in 1620 transported 102 passengers, including a group of people seeking religious freedom.  Their original destination was the Virginia Colony but they were forced to land instead at the Cape Cod hook. Their story is one of suffering and survival in a harsh  environment.  The voyage is one of the most famous in early American history.

The Mayflower left England with the ship Speedwell on 15 August 1620.   It carried Pilgrims from England and Holland. The Speedwell turned out to be unseaworthy. Both ships were twice forced to return to England. The Mayflower finally left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. On 19 November 1620, they spotted land. Their destination was the Virginia Colony but the ship was damaged so they were forced to land Cape Cod on 21 November. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other.

The Passengers lived on the ship for a few months.  They went ashore to build shelters in the day, then returned to the ship at night. About half the people died in the winter of 1620-21. In March 1621, there were enough shelters for everyone to live on land.

Related pages 
 Mayflower passenger list

References

Other websites

 Pilgrim Hall Museum of Plymouth, Massachusetts
 General Society of Mayflower Descendants 
 The Mayflower And Her Log ; Azel Ames, Project Gutenberg edition.
 Mayflower Descendants Chart .
 Pilgrims and the Mayflower  Mayflower Interior Pictured

Plymouth Colony
1620
1620s in the Thirteen Colonies
800

Year 800 (DCCC) was a year. It was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. During these years, the Anno Domini calendar era became the usual calendar in Europe for naming years. so from this time on, the years began to be known as 800 and onwards.

Events 
 Irish monks come to Iceland.
Reykjavík

Reykjavík is the capital city of the island country of Iceland. It is also the largest city in that country. The population of Reykjavík is over 117,000 people. There is a geothermal bath, both natural and unnatural in appearance. It is in the capital and people relax in this hot spring during the cooler months. Björk, an Icelandic singer, is from Reykjavik.

Other websites
Uniform

Uniforms are special clothes to show that a group of people belong together. The group of people will all be dressed in the same way ("uni" means "one", and form means "shape" one shape).

People may wear uniforms for several reasons. The uniform will help the people to feel a team spirit so that they work well together. They may also help members of the public to know who they are, e.g. in a department store a customer can tell who is a member of staff, or in the street people will recognize a police officer. Uniforms may also be worn because they are practical, e.g. it might keep them safe when operating machinery or keep them clean when doing their work.

Soldiers wear uniforms. They also wear things such as badges and insignia on their uniform to show their rank, specialty, military unit, and other information about them.

Nurses in hospitals wear uniforms. Sometimes domestic workers wear uniforms when working for their employers. Important domestic workers may wear special smart uniforms called "livery" e.g. porters (doormen) at luxury hotels.

In some countries such as India, Japan, China, Korea, Australia and the United Kingdom, many school children wear uniforms. These uniform would usually be a set of clothes with the school crest or symbol. It helps them to feel proud of their school and children from rich families and poor families all look the same. In Britain, for example, most young children wear school uniforms. In state schools. the children may wear polo-necked T shirts with a school logo. Other schools, especially private schools, may have a formal uniform, or they may be free to choose their own clothes so long as they are the school color.

Uniforms
Peter Frampton

Peter Frampton (born 22 April 1950) is an English guitarist. He is best known for the album Frampton Comes Alive.

Other websites 
 Peter Frampton's website
 FOX Television Celebrity Duets season premier recap 
 Audio interview at BBC Wiltshire
 Five audio interview segments with Peter Frampton from 1986 

Frampton, Peter
1950 births
Living people
1537



Births 
 October 12 – Edward VI of England1/1/2006

Deaths 
 October 24 – Jane Seymour, queen of Henry VIII of England (born about 1507)
Nairobi

Nairobi is the capital and largest city of Kenya. Its name comes from The Masaai word 'Enkare Nyorobi' meaning 'place of cool waters'. It is far from the coastline of Kenya. About three million people live there. The city was founded in 1899 as a railway depot linking Uganda to Mombasa. Nairobi is the fourth largest city in Africa with a population of more than 6 million people. There are several popular shopping malls, including the Yaya Center,The Thika Road Mall, The Hub Karen, Junction Mall, the Village Market, and the Sarit Center.  The Israeli owned, Westgate Mall was another popular destination until it was attacked by al Shaabab terrorists in 2013. Nairobi is headed by a governor, who is called Mike Mbuvi 'Sonko' and he's Deputy, Polycarp Igathe who were inaugurated after the August 8,2017 election.

Nairobi has become very highly populated due to high rural to urban migration rates. Violent crime is also fairly common in many areas, leading to the nickname "Nairobbery." 

 
1899 establishments
19th-century establishments in Africa
Derek and the Dominos

Derek and the Dominos was an American blues rock band. The band's members were Eric Clapton, Carl Radle, Bobby Whitlock, Jim Gordon, and Duane Allman. They made the album Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs. "Layla", with the well-known guitar riff, came from that same album. The band broke up after one album.

Discography
Studio albums
 Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs (1970)

References

American rock bands
Blues bands
Musical groups from New York City
Carl Radle

Carl Dean Radle (born June 18, 1942 Tulsa, Oklahoma, died May 30, 1980) was an American musician, best known for being the bassist in Derek and the Dominos. Radle worked with many well-known artists and worked on many gold and platinum singles and albums. Radle is thought by many to have been the best bass guitar sideman in the music business.

On May 30, 1980, Radle died at age 37, of problems from a kidney infection caused by his alcoholism and drug addiction.

1980 deaths
1942 births
American bass guitarists
Musicians from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Grover Cleveland

Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) was the 22nd and also the 24th president of the United States from 1885 to 1889 and then from 1893 to 1897. He was the only president to serve two terms that weren't in a row. Cleveland was also the first Democrat elected as president after the Civil War.

He was known for his honesty, integrity, and having a firm stance against corruption.  He believed in small government (he wanted the government to tax less and spend less and was conservative).  He used the presidential veto power over 500 times, far more than most other presidents, to reject bills he disagreed with. He did not want the United States to get its military involved in Latin America.

Cleveland was born on March 18, 1837 in Caldwell, New Jersey. He was raised in Cleveland, Ohio. Cleveland studied at New York Institute for the Blind. He was married to Frances Folsom, who was over 20 years younger. In fact, many people expected Cleveland to marry her mother Emma. He was the first president to marry in the White House. They had one child, Ruth Cleveland, during his presidency.

During his second term, he had an emergency surgery for jaw cancer on a boat in the middle of a river to avoid publicity. Cleveland died on June 24, 1908 from a heart attack in Princeton, New Jersey, aged 71.

Notes

References

Other websites 
Grover Cleveland's White House biography

1837 births
1908 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in New Jersey
 
People with foods named after them
19th-century American politicians

Politicians from New Jersey
American mayors
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Capitalism
Bassist

A bassist is a musician whose musical instrument is a bass guitar or a double bass. In rock, pop, country, metal, jazz fusion, and funk music, most bassists play a bass guitar. In some types of jazz, and in rockabilly, bluegrass, and in symphony orchestras, bassists play a double bass.

Training
Many professional rock, pop, country, metal, and funk, rockabilly, and bluegrass, bassists learn to play by performing in groups for many years and by taking private lessons with bass teachers. 

Bassists who play in symphony orchestras, or who play jazz or jazz fusion often learn to play the bass in a conservatory, music school, college, or university. College or university degrees in double bass include the Bachelor of Music degree (which takes four years) and the Master of Music degree (which takes two years).

There are fewer Bass players than traditional guitar players. Some believe the bass is harder to play, although it has fewer strings

Income
Bassists, like other musicians, have a much lower average income than many other job categories, such as accountants or administrators. Although a tiny number of famous bassists make a large amount of money, and a small number of bassists have full-time jobs in bands or orchestras, most bassists have low incomes. Many bassists do not earn enough from playing, so they do other music-related jobs, such as teaching bass.

 
Entertainment occupations
Mother

A mother (also called mom, mum and mommy) is a female parent. A mother gives birth to babies after pregnancy. Pregnancy is usually nine months. If a woman raises an adopted or biological child, then she is a mother as well. Adopted children are also part of that person's family. Also see Maternal insult.

Breastfeeding 
After the birth of a baby, breastfeeding is an important part of taking care of the baby.

Other names for "mother" 
 In American English, other words for mother are "Mom," "Mommy," Momma," "Mama" and "Ma."
 In British English, "Mum" and "Mummy" are usually used instead of "Mom" and "Mommy". Another variant, often found in the North of England, particularly Yorkshire and Lancashire, is "Mam".
 In Irish English, "Mum", "Mummy is most common, often "Mother" or her first name is said, another variant in Dublin is "Ma" (with a hard A)
 In Australian English, "Mum", "Mother", "Mummy" and "Mother dearest"
 In Indonesian, "Ibu", "Emak", "Bunda"
 In Filipino, "Nanay", "Ina"
 In German "Mama", "Mami“, "Mutti“, "Mutter"
 In Tamil "அம்மா", "Am'mā"
 In Mandarin Chinese "妈妈", "Māmā"
 In slang "ur mom", "yo mama"

Madre is Mother in Spanish. Mamma or Mor is Mother in Norwegian. Mater is Mother in Latin. Mutter is Mother in German. Mat is Mother in Russian. Mama is mother in Swahili

Maternal 
The word maternal is an adjective used to describe thing that are related to a mother. Common uses include:

 Maternal instinct: The instinct mothers are said to have when it comes to dealing with their children
 Maternal grandparent: The grandparents of a person on their mothers side of the family. The maternal grandparents are the  father and mother of that person's mother.

Basic English 850 words
Family
Caribbean

The Caribbean or Caribbean Area (Dutch: Cariben or Caraiben, French: Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Spanish: Caribe) is a region of the Americas. It includes the Caribbean Sea, its islands (more than 7,000 islands, small islands and cays, most of them surrounding the sea), and the coastal islands of north South America and east Central America.

Geography
The Caribbean is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to its east and north, the coast of South America to its south, the coast of Central America to its southwest, and by the Gulf of Mexico to its northwest.

The West Indies is the name for the group of the islands of The Bahamas and the Antilles. The Antilles are divided into two groups: the larger Greater Antilles, on the north limit of the Caribbean Sea, and the Lesser Antilles, on the east and south.

The Caribbean islands have many different types of land. Because of this, the islands have many different kinds of plants and animals, even uncommon ones.

Famous islands in the Caribbean include Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico. The countries of Dominican Republic, and Haiti are on Hispaniola.
There is also a lot of white sandy beaches and hot sun there.

Countries and territories by island group

Name
The name Caribbean comes from Carib, Indigenous people living in the Lesser Antilles and north South America when the Europeans came to the Americas.

History
The 18th century saw many countries trying to colonize the islands. Because of this, Caribbean culture is very similar to those of Africa, India, and many countries in Europe.

References
Caribbean Sea

The Caribbean Sea is a tropical sea in the center of the Caribbean area. The body of water is part of the Atlantic Ocean. The sea is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico. This entire sea covers an area of . It is bordered by Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico in the north, Central America in the west and South America in the south.

This sea is also as deep as the oceans. Its deepest point is believed to be even lower than 25,220 ft (7,686 m). That makes this point one of the lowest points on the surface of the earth, and the Caribbean Sea one of the deepest seas in the world. 

The Caribbean Sea has many islands, which are popular among North American tourists because of their tropical climate. The Caribbean Sea is famous around the world as a tourist destination.

History 
Christopher Columbus came across a group of islands in the Caribbean region. When he did so, he thought he had reached another part of the world. Because of this, he named the islands the ‘West Indies’. However, later it was realized that he found an entire region. It still had its natural resources. The name ‘Caribbean’ was later given to it by the Amerindian tribe, the Caribs. That is how it got its name: the Caribbean Sea.

Other websites 

Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Gibraltar

Gibraltar is an Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom. This means it shares the British King or Queen and has the protection of the British Armed Forces. It is in southwest Europe on the Mediterranean Sea. About 32,000 people live there. They are called Gibraltarians.

Gibraltar has always been important as a military base because this is where the Mediterranean Sea narrows to only 14 kilometres (9 miles) at the Strait of Gibraltar. This meant that whichever country controlled Gibraltar could see all ships that came into the Mediterranean Sea.

Gibraltar is most famous for The Rock of Gibraltar, a 426 meter high limestone rock rising out of the sea. The rock can be seen for many miles. It is home to the Barbary Apes, a type of tail-less macaque which are the only wild monkeys in Europe.

History 
Gibraltar was named for a general who led the Umayyad conquest of Hispania. It belonged to Spain between the years 1501 and 1704, and it was captured by a group of Dutch and British marines during the War of the Spanish Succession (1704). In 1713, Spain signed the Treaty of Utrecht. This treaty ended the war and said Gibraltar would be British permanently. However, according to this treaty, if the Crown of Great Britain ever wants to leave the territory, the Crown of Spain will have a prior position in order to claim the sovereignty.

Ever since then, Spain has tried to get Gibraltar back. They attacked the Rock several times in the 18th century.
However, since the 1950s, Spain has tried get Gibraltar by diplomacy (international relations) by putting different kinds of pressure and restrictions on the people of Gibraltar.

Gibraltar was very important in World War II. Since it was in such a good position, it was the perfect place for the British army and navy to have its base. In World War II the people living in Gibraltar were taken to different parts of the world like Jamaica so they could be protected from the war and also leave the Rock for the soldiers. The Rock of Gibraltar was used by these soldiers, and long tunnels were made inside it. These tunnels even had a hospital and living areas for the soldiers.

In 1969 Britain gave Gibraltar a new constitution. This meant that it gave the people of Gibraltar a large amount of self-government.

In 2002 the people of Gibraltar were asked to vote whether they wanted Spain to share Gibraltar with the United Kingdom; almost everyone voted and 98.97% said they did not.

In 2006 Gibraltar voted to approve a new constitution which gave full self-government to the people meaning they can independently create their own laws.

In 2006, Spain signed a deal to stop interfering with Gibraltar telephone lines, and daily flights to Madrid started.

References

Other websites 
 Government of Gibraltar
 The Unofficial Homepage
 Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation (with radio streaming)
 Satellite view of Gibraltar
 Virtual Tour of Gibraltar 

Gibraltar
Junior Certificate

The Junior Certificate is earned by passing a required exam that takes place in secondary schools in the Republic of Ireland.

The exams take place every June, with English always the first exam. For example, the English exam took place on June 8 this year (2005). Exams usually end with the subjects that the fewest people take. For example, Italian took place on June 24 this year (2005).

Three exams must be passed in order to receive a certificate: They are English, Mathematics, and Irish. If a student has not lived in Ireland for at least seven years before the exam, he is not required to sit for the Irish exam. A student may then take 3-6 other subjects to get his certifcate.

The results of the exams are given in mid-September.

Qualifications
Leaving Certificate

The Leaving Certificate is the final exam in the Republic of Ireland secondary school education system. Students have to do the Junior Certificate before they can take the Leaving Certificate. Students also have to take Maths and English. If they took Irish during the Junior Certificate, they also have to take Irish.

Students have to take exams on at least six subjects. They can take either High or Ordinary level tests. In Irish and Maths, there is also a Foundation level. This is for people who have trouble with that subject.

The results are given out in the middle of August. A leaving certificate is required in order to go on to college or university.

Qualifications
Republic of Ireland
Empire

An empire is a set of lands, regions or countries that are ruled by an Emperor. An empire usually also has many different cultures. In history, many empires were usually formed when a country began to invade or colonise nearby countries. 

Usually, an empire is ruled by one dominant country.  For example, the British Empire was largely controlled by the United Kingdom's government.

Well-known empires include the Persian Empire, Roman Empire, Russian Empire, Greek Macedonian Empire, Holy Roman Empire and British Empire.

Sea empires grew mostly by sailing to distant places and conquering them. The Aztec Empire and the Mongol Empire were land empires. The Venetian Empire and the British Empire were sea empires. The largest empire was The British Empire.

Before Christopher Columbus, there were several American empires including Vikings (owned Greenland), the Aztec Empire, and the Inca Empire. The Spanish and the Portuguese were the first Europeans to discover America. Later came the English, later to be called the British Empire controlled most of North America, and the Spanish Empire controlled most of South America and Latin America.

The oldest empire was the Akkadian Empire, whose founder was Sargon of Akkad.

Modern empires 
The newest created empire was The Soviet Union created in 1922, which included Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia.

Today, the only monarch to use the title "emperor" is the Emperor of Japan although his power is mostly ceremonial and the de facto head of government is the Prime Minister of Japan.

References 

Empires
Writer

A writer can mean anyone who makes a written work or who writes, but the word more usually means people who write creatively or as a job, or those who have written in many different forms. Skilled writers demonstrate skills in using language to portray certain ideas and images, whether in fiction or non-fiction.

A "person who writes books or articles to be published"; That is one of the ways that media explains what a writer does.

Types of writing

Poetry
Prose
Novels
Music
Lyrical (lyrics to music)
Plays
Myths and legends
Newspapers
Magazines
Screenplays
Monologues
Nonfiction and creative nonfiction
Greeting card writer

This list is only a few examples of the many types of writing there are.

Types of writers
Writers often specialize in one of the following categories:
Novelist
Poet
Newspaper reporter
Columnist
Head writer
Ghostwriter
Blog writer
Business writing is writing proposals and plans for a corporation, and journalism reporting on markets, financing, and other economic matters.  It has a specific purpose delivering important information to the reader in a simple, brief, and effective manner.

Related pages 
 Author
 Journalist

References

Writing
Writers
Writing occupations
Inventor

An inventor is a person who makes new inventions, devices that perform some kind of function. The devices are mostly electrical or mechanical. Someone that invents new ideas or methods on how to do things may also be called an inventor. Inventors can receive a patent.

Many inventors make small changes to old inventions. For example, people have invented new ways to make clocks over history.  Early clocks were sundials, later clocks used water, and pendulums.  Modern clocks are often electronic.  Other machines such as vehicles are made of many inventions.

Famous inventors 
 Nikola Tesla invented the alternating current motor, Tesla coil and many other things.
 Michael Faraday, scientist, discoverer of electromagnetic induction, inventor of the electric motor, founder of  electromagnetism.
 Thomas Edison, inventor of the phonograph and many other things.
 John Kemp Starley, many improvements to bicycles.
 Karl Drais, inventor of the Laufmaschine ("running machine") the first bicycle.
 Guglielmo Marconi (1874 – 1937) pioneer of radio communication.
Alessandro Volta, inventor of the battery.
 Gottlieb Daimler, inventor of the first four-wheel successful car.
 Karl Benz, inventor of the first successful car.
 George Stephenson (1803 – 1859) inventor of the improved locomotive.
 James Watt, inventor of the improved steam engine.

 Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, inventor of the first car (propelled with steam engine).
 Nikolaus August Otto, inventor of the first internal-combustion engine.

 Richard Trevithick, inventor of the locomotive.
 Rudolf Diesel, inventor of the diesel engine.

 
Occupations
Bear

Bears are a group of large mammals found all over the world in many different habitats. They form the family Ursidae, in the suborder Caniformia of the order Carnivora. There are 8 living bear species.

 Family Ursidae: Bears
 Giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca
 Spectacled bear, Tremarctos ornatus
 Brown bear, Ursus arctos
 Polar bear, Ursus maritimus
 American black bear, Ursus americanus
 Moon bear, Ursus thibetanus or Selenarctos thibetanus
 Sloth bear, Melursus ursinus
 Sun bear, Ursus malayanus

Appearance 
Bears usually have a big body with short and thick legs. They have a broad head and a very short tail. They have small eyes and round ears. They usually have longer, shaggy fur. On each foot they have five claws, which they cannot pull back. They use their claws for digging, climbing, and hunting. They can stand up on their back legs and their front paws are flexible. Usually bears can climb and swim very well. Males are usually bigger than females. Most bears except the giant panda are only one color. Most bears are russet, brown, or black.

Bears do not have good hearing. They have powerful senses of smell and sight. They have good sight and can see colors, which is different from other carnivores. Bears mostly use their sense of smell to know what is around them. They can smell better than dogs. Bears also have good memory, which lets them remember where they can find food.

Life 
They are mostly active at night, except for the Polar Bear. Some bears hibernate, meaning they sleep during the winter to save energy.

Bears are usually omnivorous, which means that they eat plants and meat. They eat berries, grass, and fish. An exception is the polar bear, which eats mostly meat.

Bears usually live alone, except when they are mating season or if they have cubs. The father does not raise the cubs. The mother raises the cubs for months or a few years depending on how much food there is. The mother protects her young, even at the cost of her life.

Distribution 
Bears live all over the world, mostly in the Northern hemisphere. They are found in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia. There used to be bears in northern Africa but they are now extinct.

In popular culture 
Some fictional bears include, Yogi Bear, The Berenstain Bears, and Winnie the Pooh.

References