alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Asa

Asa may refer to:

People and fictional characters
 Asa (name), a given name, including a list of people and fictional characters so named
 Asa people, an ethnic group based in Tanzania
 Aṣa, Nigerian-French singer, songwriter, and recording artist Bukola Elemide (born 1982)
 Asa (rapper), Finnish rapper Matti Salo (born 1980)

Biblical and mythological figures
 Asa of Judah, third king of the Kingdom of Judah and the fifth king of the House of David
 Ása or Æsir, Norse gods

Places
 Asa, Hardoi Uttar Pradesh, India, a village
 Asu, South Khorasan, Iran, also spelled Asa, a village
 Asa, Kwara State, Nigeria, a local government area
 Asa River (Japan), a tributary of the Tama River in Tokyo, Japan
 Asa (Kazakhstan), a river
 Asa River (Venezuela) - see List of rivers in Venezuela

Other uses
 Asa (album), the sixth studio album by the German Viking metal band Falkenbach
 Asa (raga), a peculiar musical raga in Gurmat Sangeet tradition
 ASA carriage control characters, simple printing command characters used to control the movement of paper through line printers
 Asa language, spoken by the Asa people of Tanzania
 Asa Station, a railway station in San'yō-Onoda, Yamaguchi, Japan
 Asa (railway station), Jambyl Region, Kazakhstan
 Naboot, also called asa, a quarterstaff constructed of palm wood or rattan
 Asha, romanized as aṣ̌a, a Zoroastrian concept
 "Asa", a song by Kitt Wakeley featuring Starr Parodi from An Adoption Story, 2022

See also
 ASA (disambiguation)
 Åsa (disambiguation)
 Aasa (disambiguation)
 Asia (disambiguation)
 Aza (disambiguation)
Telecommunications in Anguilla

This article is about communications systems in Anguilla.

Telephone

Telephones – main lines in use: 6,200 (2002)
country comparison to the world: 212

Telephones – mobile cellular: 1,800 (2002)
country comparison to the world: 211

Telephone system:
Domestic: Modern internal telephone system
International: EAST CARIBBEAN FIBRE SYSTEM ECFS (cable system)
 microwave radio relay to island of Saint Martin (Guadeloupe and Netherlands Antilles)

Mobile phone (GSM)

Mobile phone operators:
FLOW (Anguilla) Ltd. – GSM and UMTS 850 and 1900 MHz,   LTE 700 MHz  with Island-wide coverage 
Digicel (Anguilla) Ltd. – GSM and UMTS 850 to 1900 MHz, LTE 700 MHz 

Mobiles: ? (2007)

Radio

Radio broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 7, shortwave 0 (2007)

Radios: 3,000 (1997)

Television

Television broadcast stations: 1 (1997)

Televisions: 1,000 (1997)

Internet

Internet country code: .ai (Top level domain)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 2 (FLOW – , Digicel Anguilla –  )

Internet hosts: 269 (2012) 
country comparison to the world: 192

Internet: users: 12,377 (2018) 
country comparison to the world: 206

See also
Anguilla
  FLOW (Anguilla) Ltd.

References

External links 
 Public Utilities Commission of Anguilla
 Anguilla, SubmarineCableMap.com

Communications in Anguilla
Anguilla
Anguilla
Abduction

Abduction may refer to:

Media

Film and television
 "Abduction" (The Outer Limits), a 2001 television episode
 "Abduction" (Death Note) a Japanese animation television series
 "Abductions" (Totally Spies!), a 2002 episode of an animated television series
 "The Abduction" (Alias), a 2002 television episode
 "The Abduction" (Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman), a 1994 television episode
 Abduction (1975 film), directed by Joseph Zito
 Abduction (1997 film), directed by Takao Okawara
 Abduction (2011 film), directed by John Singleton
 Abduction (2019 film), directed by Ernie Barbarash
 Abduction: The Megumi Yokota Story, a 2005 American documentary film
 The Abduction, a 1996 TV movie starring Victoria Principal and Robert Hays

Literature
 Abduction (novel), a 2000 novel by novelist Robin Cook
 Abduction!, a 2004 novel by Peg Kehret
 The Abduction, a 1987 novel (Norwegian title Bortførelsen), written in Norwegian by Mette Newth and translated into English by Steven T. Murray and Tiina Nunnally
 The Abduction, a 1998 novel by J. Robert King

Music
 "Abduction", a 2005 song by Iron Maiden vocalist Bruce Dickinson
 Abduction, a music label run by members of Sun City Girls

Of a person or people 
 Alien abduction, phenomenon of people reporting what they believe to be the real experience of being kidnapped by extraterrestrial beings
 Bride kidnapping, a practice in which a man abducts the woman he wishes to marry
 Child abduction, unauthorized removal of a minor from the custody of their guardians
 Express kidnapping, abduction where a small immediate ransom is demanded
 International child abduction, form of human trafficking
 Kidnapping, unlawful confinement of a person against their will
 Raptio, large scale abduction of women
 Tiger kidnapping, taking a hostage to force a loved one or associate of the victim to do something

Sciences
 Abduction (anatomy), a type of movement which draws a structure or limb away from the median plane of the body
 Abductive reasoning, a method of reasoning in logic

See also
 Abducted (disambiguation)
 Abductor (disambiguation)
Ancylopoda

Ancylopoda is a group of browsing, herbivorous, mammals in the Perissodactyla that show long, curved and cleft claws. Morphological evidence indicates the Ancylopoda diverged from the tapirs, rhinoceroses and horses (Euperissodactyla) after the Brontotheria; however, earlier authorities such as Osborn sometimes considered the Ancylopoda to be outside Perissodactyla or, as was popular more recently,  to be related to Brontotheriidae.

Macrotherium, which is typically from the middle Miocene of Sansan, in Gers, France, may indicate a distinct genus. Limb-bones resembling those of Macrotherium, but relatively stouter, have been described from the Pliocene beds of Attica and Samos as Ancylotherium. In the Americas, the names Morothorium and Moropus have been applied to similar bones, in the belief that they indicated Xenarthrans. Macrotherium magnum must have been an animal of about nine feet in length.

References

Chalicotheres
Eocene first appearances
Pleistocene extinctions
ASIC (disambiguation)

In the realm of electronic technology, ASIC stands for application-specific integrated circuit, an integrated circuit customized for a specific task.

ASIC may also refer to:
 Accreditation Service for International Colleges, an educational accreditation agency in the UK
 Acid-sensing ion channels, a protein family
 Air and Space Interoperability Council , former name of the Air Force Interoperability Council
 Arfoire Syndicate of International Crime, the antagonist group in the video game Hyperdimension Neptunia mk2
 ASIC programming language, a dialect of BASIC
 Associated Signature Containers (ASiC), specifies the use of container structures to bind together one or more signed objects with either advanced electronic signatures or time-stamp tokens into one single digital container
 Association Scientifique Internationale pour le Café, a scientific organization based in France
 Australian Securities & Investments Commission, Australia's corporate regulator
 Aviation Security Identification Card, an Australian identification card

See also
 Asics, an athletic equipment company
Dasyproctidae

Dasyproctidae is a family of large South American rodents, comprising the agoutis and acouchis. Their fur is a reddish or dark colour above, with a paler underside. They are herbivorous, often feeding on ripe fruit that falls from trees. They live in burrows, and, like squirrels, will bury some of their food for later use.

Dasyproctids exist in Central and South America, which are the tropical parts of the New World. The fossil record of this family can be traced back to the Late Oligocene (Deseadan in the SALMA classification).

As with all rodents, members of this family have incisors, pre-molars, and molars, but no canines. The cheek teeth are hypsodont and flat-crowned.

Classification 
Fossil taxa follow McKenna and Bell, with modifications following Kramarz.

 Family Dasyproctidae
 Genus †Alloiomys
 Genus †Australoprocta
 Genus †Branisamys
 Genus †Incamys
 Genus †Neoreomys
 Genus †Megastus
 Genus †Palmiramys
 Genus Dasyprocta
 Azara's agouti, D. azarae
 Coiban agouti, D. coibae
 Crested agouti, D. cristata
 Black agouti, D. fuliginosa
 Orinoco agouti, D. guamara
 Kalinowski's agouti, D. kalinowskii
 Red-rumped agouti, D. leporina
 Mexican agouti, D. mexicana
 Black-rumped agouti, D. prymnolopha
 Central American agouti, D. punctata
 Ruatan Island agouti, D. ruatanica
 Genus Myoprocta
 Green acouchi, M. pratti
 Red acouchi, M. acouchy

The pacas (genus Cuniculus) are placed by some authorities in Dasyproctidae, but molecular studies have demonstrated they do not form a monophyletic group.

References

External links 
 Central American agouti at Smithsonian
 Dasyproctidae at Animaldiversity.org
 2014 - Figueira et al. - Carrion consumption by Dasyprocta leporina (Rodentia: Dasyproctidae) and a review of meat use by agoutis

 
Hystricognath rodents
Rodent families
Extant Chattian first appearances
Mammals described in 1825
Abydos

Abydos may refer to:

Abydos, a progressive metal side project of German singer Andy Kuntz
Abydos (Hellespont), an ancient city in Mysia, Asia Minor
Abydos (Stargate), name of a fictional planet in the Stargate science fiction universe
Abydos, Egypt, a city in ancient Egypt
Abydos Station, a pastoral lease and cattle station in Western Australia

See also 
Abidu, a village in Iran
Abidos, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, in southwestern France
Álfheimr

In Norse cosmology, Álfheimr (Old Norse: , "Land of the Elves" or "Elfland"; anglicized as Alfheim), also called "Ljósálfheimr" ( , "home of the Light Elves"), is home of the Light Elves.

Attestations
Álfheim as an abode of the Elves is mentioned only twice in Old Norse texts.

Grímnismál
The Eddic poem Grímnismál describes twelve divine dwellings beginning the stanza 5 with:

A tooth-gift is a gift given to an infant on the cutting of the first tooth.

Gylfaginning
In the 12th century Eddic prose Gylfaginning, Snorri Sturluson relates it in the stanza 17 as the first of a series of abodes in heaven:

Later in the section, in speaking of a hall in the Highest Heaven called Gimlé that shall survive when heaven and earth have died, explains:

See also
 Alfheimbjerg
 Fairyland, a folkloric location sometimes referred to as Elfame
 Svartálfaheimr
  Svartálfar (black elves)

Citations

Bibliography

Primary

External links

Locations in Norse mythology
Saga locations
Elves
Freyr
Alabama River

The Alabama River, in the U.S. state of Alabama, is formed by the Tallapoosa and Coosa rivers, which unite about  north of Montgomery, near the town of Wetumpka.

The river flows west to Selma, then southwest until, about  from Mobile, it unites with the Tombigbee, forming the Mobile and Tensaw rivers, which discharge into Mobile Bay.

Description
The run of the Alabama is highly meandering. Its width varies from , and its depth from . Its length as measured by the United States Geological Survey is , and by steamboat measurement, .

The river crosses the richest agricultural and timber districts of the state.  Railways connect it with the mineral regions of north-central Alabama.

After the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers, the principal tributary of the Alabama is the Cahaba River, which is about  long and joins the Alabama River about  below Selma. The Alabama River's main tributary, the Coosa River, crosses the mineral region of Alabama and is navigable for light-draft boats from Rome, Georgia, to about  above Wetumpka (about  below Rome and  below Greensport), and from Wetumpka to its junction with the Tallapoosa. The channel of the river has been considerably improved by the federal government.

The navigation of the Tallapoosa River – which has its source in Paulding County, Georgia, and is about  long – is prevented by shoals and a  fall at Tallassee, a few miles north of its junction with the Coosa. The Alabama is navigable throughout the year.

The river played an important role in the growth of the economy in the region during the 19th century as a source of transportation of goods, which included slaves. The river is still used for transportation of farming produce; however, it is not as important as it once was due to the construction of roads and railways.

Documented by Europeans first in 1701, the Alabama, Coosa, and Tallapoosa rivers were central to the homeland of the Creek Indians before their removal by United States forces to the Indian Territory in the 1830s.

Lock and dams
The Alabama River has three lock and dams between Montgomery and the Mobile River.  The Robert F. Henry Lock & Dam is located at river mile 236.2, the Millers Ferry Lock & Dam is located at river mile 133.0, and the Claiborne Lock & Dam is located at river mile 72.5.

Gallery

See also
List of Alabama rivers
Tallapoosa River
Coosa River
Mobile River
 South Atlantic-Gulf Water Resource Region

References

External links

Allrefer.com

 
Alabama placenames of Native American origin
Rivers of Autauga County, Alabama
Rivers of Monroe County, Alabama
Rivers of Montgomery County, Alabama
Rivers of Wilcox County, Alabama
Rivers of Dallas County, Alabama
Rivers of Mobile County, Alabama
Rivers of Elmore County, Alabama
Rivers of Alabama
Lory (disambiguation)

A Lory is a small to medium-sized arboreal parrot.

Lory may also refer to:

People
 Al De Lory (1930–2012), an American record producer, arranger, conductor and session musician
 Donna De Lory (born 1964), an American singer, dancer and songwriter
 Milo B. Lory (1903–1974), an American sound editor

Other uses
 Lory, a fictional parrot, a minor character in the Alice series by Lewis Carroll
Lory Lake, in Minnesota, U.S.
Lory State Park, near Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.

See also

Lorry (disambiguation)
Lori (disambiguation)
Loris (disambiguation)
Loris, strepsirrhine primates
Albert

Albert may refer to:

Companies
 Albert Czech Republic, a supermarket chain in the Czech Republic
 Albert Heijn, a supermarket chain in the Netherlands
 Albert Market, a street market in The Gambia
 Albert Productions, a record label
 Albert Computers, Inc., a computer manufacturer in the 1980s

Entertainment
 Albert (1985 film), a Czechoslovak film directed by František Vláčil
 Albert (2015 film), a film by Karsten Kiilerich
 Albert (2016 film), an American TV movie
 Albert (album), by Ed Hall, 1988
 "Albert" (short story), by Leo Tolstoy
 Albert (comics), a character in Marvel Comics
 Albert (Discworld), a character in Terry Pratchett's Discworld series
 Albert, a character in Dario Argento's 1977 film Suspiria

Military
 Battle of Albert (1914), a WWI battle at Albert, Somme, France
 Battle of Albert (1916), a WWI battle at Albert, Somme, France
 Battle of Albert (1918), a WWI battle at Albert, Somme, France

People
 Albert (given name)
 Albert (surname)
 Albert (wrestler) (born 1972), stage name of professional wrestler Matt Bloom
 Albert (dancer) (François-Ferdinand 1789–1865), French ballet dancer

Places

Canada
 Albert (1846–1973 electoral district), a provincial electoral district in New Brunswick from 1846 to 1973
 Albert (electoral district), a federal electoral district in New Brunswick from 1867 to 1903
 Albert (provincial electoral district), a provincial electoral district in New Brunswick
 Albert County, New Brunswick
 Rural Municipality of Albert, Manitoba, Canada

United States
 Albert, Kansas
 Albert Township, Michigan
 Albert, Oklahoma
 Albert, Texas, a ghost town
 The Albert (Detroit), formerly the Griswold Building, an American apartment block

Elsewhere
 Albert (Belize House constituency), a Belize City-based electoral constituency
 Albert, New South Wales, a town in Australia
 Electoral district of Albert, a former electoral district in Queensland, Australia
 Albert, Somme, a French commune

Transportation
 Albert (automobile), a 1920s British light car
 Albert (motorcycle), a 1920s German vehicle brand
 Albert (tugboat), a 1979 U.S. tugboat

Other
 719 Albert, Amor asteroid
 Albert (crater), a lunar crater
 The Albert, a pub in London

See also 
 
 Alberta (disambiguation)
 Alberts (disambiguation)
 Alberte (born 1963), a Danish singer and actress
 Albertet, a diminutive of Albert
 Albret, a seigneurie in Landes, France
 Aubert, an Anglo-Saxon surname
Albert I

Albert I may refer to:

People

Born before 1300
Albert I, Count of Vermandois (917–987)
Albert I, Count of Namur ()
Albert I of Moha
Albert I of Brandenburg (), first margrave of Brandenburg
Albert I, Margrave of Meissen (1158–1195)
Albert I of Käfernburg (), Archbishop of Magdeburg
Albert I of Pietengau ()
Albert I, Lord of Mecklenburg (after 1230–1265)
Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1236–1279), second duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Albert I of Germany (1255–1308), king of Germany and archduke of Austria
Albert I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (–1316)

Born after 1300
Albert I, Duke of Bavaria (1336–1404), duke of Bavaria-Straubing, count of Holland, Hainault and Zealand
Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard
Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen ()
Albert I, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels (1468–1511)
Albert I, Duke of Prussia (1490–1568), first Duke of Prussia
Albert I, Prince of Monaco (1848–1922)
Albert I of Belgium (1875–1934), king of the Belgians
Albert I Kalonji Ditunga (1929–2015), Congolese politician

Other uses
Albert I, the first monkey used in a subspace rocket launch, June 11, 1948

See also
Albert (given name)
Albert II

Albert II may refer to:

Monkeys 
 Albert II (monkey), first primate and first mammal in space, died on impact following V-2 flight June 14, 1949

People
 Albert II, Count of Namur (died 1067)
 Albert II, Count of Tyrol (died 1120s)
 Albert II, Margrave of Brandenburg (–1220)
 Albert II, Archbishop of Riga (1200–1273)
 Albert II, Margrave of Meissen (1240–1314),
 Albert II, Duke of Saxony (1250–1298)
 Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (–1318)
 Albert II of Austria (1298–1358)
 Albert II, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (died 1362)
 Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg (1318–1379)
 Albert II, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing (1368–1397)
 Albert II, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg (1369–1403)
 Albert II of Germany (1397–1439), King of Germany, Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, Duke of Austria
 Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (1419–1485)
 Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard (1400s)
 Albert II, Count of Hoya (1526–1563)
 Albert II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1620–1667)
 Albert II of Belgium (born 1934), King of the Belgians
 Albert II, Prince of Monaco (born 1958), ruler of the principality of Monaco
 Albert II, Prince of Thurn and Taxis (born 1983), Prince of Thurn und Taxis, German prince
Albert III

Albert III may refer to:

Albert III, Count of Namur (1048–1102)
Albert III, Count of Habsburg (died 1199)
Albert III, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel (–1300)
Albert III, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (1281–1308)
Albert III, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (died 1359)
Albert III, Count of Gorizia (died 1374)
Albert III, Duke of Austria (1349–1395)
Albert III, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg (1375/1380–1422)
Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg (1414–1486)
Albert III, Duke of Bavaria (1438–1460)
Albert III, Duke of Saxony (1443–1500)
Adder (disambiguation)

Vipera berus, the common European adder, is a snake found in Europe and northern Asia.

Adder may also refer to:

 AA-12 Adder, a Russian air-to-air missile
 Adder (electronics), an electronic circuit designed to do addition
 Adder Technology, a manufacturing company
 Armstrong Siddeley Adder, a late 1940s British turbojet engine
 Blackadder, a series of BBC sitcoms
 Golden Axe: The Revenge of Death Adder, a video game
 HMS Adder, any of seven ships of the Royal Navy
 Any of several groups of venomous snakes
 USS Adder, a US submarine

See also 
 Addition, a mathematical operation
Agasias

Agasias was the name of several different people in classical history, including two different Greek sculptors.

 Agasias of Arcadia, a warrior mentioned by Xenophon
 Agasias, son of Dositheus, Ephesian sculptor of the Borghese Gladiator
 Agasias, son of Menophilus (), Ephesian sculptor

Greek masculine given names
Masculine given names
Agis

Agis or AGIS may refer to:

People 
 Agis I (died 900 BC), Spartan king
 Agis II (died 401 BC), Spartan king
 Agis III (died 331 BC), Spartan king
 Agis IV (265–241 BC), Spartan king
 Agis (Paeonian) (died 358 BC), King of the Paeonians
 Agis of Argos, ancient Greek poet
 Maurice Agis (1931–2009), British sculptor and artist

Other uses 
 Agis (play), by John Home
 Agis, several fictional emperors of Isaac Asimov's Galactic Empire
 Apex Global Internet Services
 Atomic gravitational wave interferometric sensor
 Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study, conducted by the National Eye Institute

See also 
 Agide (disambiguation), modern Italian given name related to Agis

Greek masculine given names
Masculine given names
Antonio Agliardi

Antonio Agliardi (4 September 1832 – 19 March 1915) was an Italian Roman Catholic Cardinal, archbishop, and papal diplomat.

Biography
Agliardi was born at  Cologno al Serio, in what is now the Province of Bergamo.

He studied theology and canon law, and after acting as parish priest in his native diocese for twelve years was sent by the pope to Canada as a bishop's chaplain. On his return he was appointed secretary to the Congregation of the Propaganda.

In 1884, he was created by Pope Leo XIII Archbishop of Caesarea in partibus and sent to India as an Apostolic Delegate to report on the establishment of the hierarchy there.

In 1887 he again visited India, to carry out the terms of the concordat arranged with Portugal. The same year he was appointed secretary of the Congregation super negotiis ecclesiae extraordinariis. In 1889 he became papal Apostolic Nuncio to Bavaria at Munich and in 1892 at Vienna. Allowing himself to be involved in the ecclesiastical disputes that divided Hungary in 1895, he was made the subject of formal complaint by the Hungarian government and in 1896 was recalled.

In the consistory of 1896 he was elevated to Cardinal-Priest of Santi Nereo e Achilleo. In 1899 he was made Cardinal Bishop of Albano. In 1903, he was named vice-chancellor of the Catholic Church, and became the Chancellor of the Apostolic Chancery in the Secretariat of State in 1908.

He died in Rome and was buried in Bergamo.

Episcopal lineage

Agliardi's episcopal lineage, or apostolic succession was:

 Cardinal Scipione Rebiba
 Cardinal Giulio Antonio Santorio
 Cardinal Girolamo Bernerio
 Archbishop Galeazzo Sanvitale
 Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi
 Cardinal Luigi Caetani
 Cardinal Ulderico Carpegna
 Cardinal Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni
 Pope Benedict XIII
 Pope Benedict XIV
 Cardinal Enrico Enríquez
 Archbishop Manuel Quintano Bonifaz
 Cardinal Buenaventura Fernández de Córdoba Spínola
 Cardinal Giuseppe Doria Pamphili
 Pope Pius VIII
 Pope Pius IX
 Cardinal Alessandro Franchi
 Cardinal Giovanni Simeoni
 Cardinal Antonio Agliardi

Notes

References

External links
Catholic-Hierarchy.org 

 
 

 
 

1832 births
1915 deaths
Clergy from the Province of Bergamo
Apostolic Nuncios to Austria
20th-century Italian cardinals
Cardinal-bishops of Albano
Cartellverband members
19th-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops
Apostolic Nuncios to Bavaria
Cardinals created by Pope Leo XIII
Roman Catholic titular archbishops of Caesarea
Agnes of Merania

Agnes of Merania (1175 – July 1201) was Queen of France by marriage to King Philip II.

She is called Marie by some of the French chroniclers.

Biography
Agnes Maria was the daughter of Berthold, Duke of Merania and Agnes of Rochlitz.

In June 1196, Agnes married Philip II of France, who had repudiated his second wife Ingeborg of Denmark in 1193. Pope Innocent III espoused the cause of Ingeborg; but Philip did not submit until 1200, when, nine months after interdict had been added to excommunication, he consented to a separation from Agnes.

Agnes died giving birth to their third child in July of the next year, at the castle of Poissy, and was buried in the Convent of St Corentin, near Nantes.

Family
Agnes and Philip had two children: 
Mary, b. 1198
Philip I, Count of Boulogne, b 1200
 
Both were legitimized by the Pope in 1201.

References

Sources

External links

 
 

1175 births

1201 deaths
Queens consort of France
Repudiated queens
House of Andechs
House of Capet
12th-century French people
12th-century French women
13th-century French people
13th-century French women
Wives of Philip II of France
Deaths in childbirth
Ahenobarbus

Ahenobarbus (Latin, 'red-beard', literally 'bronze-beard'), also spelled Aenobarbus or Ænobarbus, may refer to:

 Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (disambiguation), Romans
 Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (disambiguation), Romans
 Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, birth name of Nero, Roman emperor 54–68
 Frederick Barbarossa, known in Latin as Fridericus Ænobarbus, Holy Roman Emperor 1155–1190

See also
Aimoin of Fleury

Aimoin of Fleury (; ), French chronicler, was born at Villefranche-de-Longchat, Southwestern France about 960. Early in his life he entered the monastery of Fleury, where he became a monk and then passed the greater part of his life. Between c. 980 and 985 Aimoin wrote about St. Benedict in Abbey of Fleury-sur-Loire.  His chief work is a Historia Francorum, or Libri V. de Gestis Francorum, which deals with the history of the Franks from the earliest times to 653, and was continued by other writers until the middle of the twelfth century. It was much in vogue during the Middle Ages, but its historical value is now regarded as slight. It was edited by G. Waitz and published in the Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptores, Band xxvi (Hanover and Berlin, 1826–1892).

In 1004 he also wrote Vita Abbonis, abbatis Floriacensis, the last of a series of lives of the abbots of Fleury, all of which, except the life of Abbo, have been lost.  This was published by J. Mabillon in the Acta sanctorum ordinis sancti Benedicti (Paris, 1668–1701).

Aimoin's third work was the composition of books ii and iii of the Miracula sancti Benedicti, the first book of which was written by another monk of Fleury named Adrevald ( - 878). This also appears in the Acta sanctorum.

References

External links
Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina with analytical indices

960s births
Year of birth unknown
1010s deaths
Year of death unknown
French chroniclers
French Christian monks
11th-century French historians
11th-century writers in Latin
Alcamenes

Alcamenes () was an ancient Greek sculptor of Lemnos and Athens, who flourished in the 2nd half of the 5th century BC. He was a younger contemporary of Phidias and noted for the delicacy and finish of his works, among which a Hephaestus and an Aphrodite of the Gardens were conspicuous.

Pausanias says that he was the author of one of the pediments of the temple of Zeus at Olympia, but this seems a chronological and stylistic impossibility. Pausanias also refers to a statue of Ares by Alcamenes that was erected on the Athenian agora, which some have related to the Ares Borghese.  However, the temple of Ares to which he refers had only been moved from Acharnes and re-sited in the Agora in Augustus's time, and statues known to derive from Alcamenes' statue show the god in a breastplate, so the identification of Alcamenes' Ares with the Ares Borghese is not secure.

At Pergamum there was discovered in 1903 a Hellenistic copy of the head of the Hermes "Propylaeus" of Alcamenes. As, however, the deity is represented in a Neo-Attic, archaistic and conventional character, this copy cannot be relied on as giving us much information as to the usual style of Alcamenes, who was almost certainly a progressive and original artist.

It is safer to judge him by the sculptural decoration of the Parthenon, in which he must almost certainly have taken a share under the direction of Phidias. He is said to be the most eminent sculptor in Athens after the departure of Phidias for Olympia, but enigmatic in that none of the sculptures associated with his name in classical literature can be securely connected with existing copies.

Notes

References
 
 Julius Sillig, Dictionary of the artists of antiquity; 1837
 Andrew Stewart, One hundred Greek Sculptors : Their Careers and Extant Works
 Sir Charles Waldstein, Alcamenes and the establishment of the classical type in Greek art; 1926

External links

 Scholars Resource: Works by Alkamenes
 Perseus Digital Library: Alcamenes
 Herma by Alcamenes - Uni Graz 

Pergamene sculpture
5th-century BC Greek sculptors
Ancient Athenian sculptors
Ancient Lemnos
Metics in Classical Athens
People from Lemnos
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Alexander I of Epirus

Alexander I of Epirus (; c. 370 BC – 331 BC), also known as Alexander Molossus (), was a king of Epirus (343/2–331 BC) of the Aeacid dynasty. As the son of Neoptolemus I and brother of Olympias, Alexander I was an uncle, and a brother-in-law, of Alexander the Great. He was also an uncle to Pyrrhus of Epirus.

Life
Neoptolemus I ruled jointly with his brother Arybbas. When Neoptolemus died in c. 357 BC, his son Alexander was only a child and Arrybas became the sole king.  In c. 350 BC, Alexander was brought to the court of Philip II of Macedon in order to protect him. In 343/2 in his late 20s, Philip made him king of Epirus, after dethroning his uncle Arybbas.

When Olympias was repudiated by her husband in 337 BC, she went to her brother, and endeavoured to induce him to make war on Philip. Alexander, however, declined the contest, and formed a second alliance with Philip by agreeing to marry the daughter of Philip (Alexander's niece) Cleopatra. During the wedding in 336 BC, Philip was assassinated by Pausanias of Orestis.

In 334 BC, Alexander I, at the request of the Greek colony of Taras (in Magna Graecia), crossed over into Italy, to aid them in battle against several Italic tribes, including the Lucanians and Bruttii. After a victory over the Samnites and Lucanians near Paestum in 332 BC, he made a treaty with the Romans. He then took Heraclea from the Lucanians, and Terina and Sipontum from the Bruttii. Through the treachery of some Lucanian exiles, he was compelled to engage under unfavourable circumstances in the Battle of Pandosia and was killed by a Lucanian. He left a son, Neoptolemus, and a daughter, Cadmea.

In a famous passage, Livy speculates on what would have been the outcome of a military showdown between Alexander the Great and the Roman Republic. He reports that as Alexander of Epirus lay mortally wounded on the battlefield at Pandosia he compared his fortunes to those of his famous nephew and said that the latter "waged war against women".

References

External links
Lendering, Jona. "Alexander of Molossis". Livius.org, 2004. Birth and kingship dates are incorrect)

 
 

370s BC births
Year of birth unknown
331 BC deaths
Kings of Epirus
4th-century BC Greek monarchs
Ancient Greek generals
Family of Alexander the Great
Monarchs killed in action
Ancient Greeks killed in battle
Courtiers of Philip II of Macedon
Ancient Epirotes
Alexander II of Epirus

Alexander II (Greek: Άλέξανδρος) was a king of Epirus, and the son of Pyrrhus and Lanassa, the daughter of the Sicilian tyrant Agathocles.

Reign
He succeeded his father as king in 272 BC, and continued the war which his father had begun with Antigonus II Gonatas, whom he succeeded in driving from the kingdom of Macedon.  He was, however, dispossessed of both Macedon and Epirus by Demetrius II of Macedon, the son of Antigonus II; upon which he took refuge amongst the Acarnanians. By their assistance and that of his own subjects, who entertained a great attachment for him, he recovered Epirus. It appears that he was in alliance with the Aetolians. 

Alexander married his paternal half-sister Olympias, by whom he had two sons, Pyrrhus ΙΙ, Ptolemy ΙΙ and a daughter, Phthia. Beloch places the death of King Alexander II "about 255", and supports this date with an elaborate chain of reasoning. On the death of Alexander, Olympias assumed the regency on behalf of her sons, and married Phthia to Demetrius.  There are extant silver and copper coins of this king.  The former bear a youthful head covered with the skin of an elephant's head.  The reverse represents Pallas holding a spear in one hand and a shield in the other, and before her stands an eagle on a thunderbolt.

References

Sources
Connop Thirlwall, History of Greece, vol. viii
Johann Gustav Droysen, Hellenismus
Benediktus Niese, Geschichte der griechischen und makedonischen Staaten
Karl Julius Beloch, Griechische Geschichte vol. iii.

 
 

Buddhism in the ancient Mediterranean
Kings of Epirus
3rd-century BC Greek people
3rd-century BC monarchs in Europe
Pyrrhus of Epirus
Year of birth unknown
240s BC deaths
Alexander I

Alexander I may refer to:

 Alexander I of Macedon, king of Macedon from 495–454 BC
 Alexander I of Epirus (370–331 BC), king of Epirus
 Pope Alexander I (died 115), early bishop of Rome
 Pope Alexander I of Alexandria (died 320s), patriarch of Alexandria
 Alexander I of Scotland ( – 1124), king of Scotland
 Aleksandr Mikhailovich of Tver (1301–1339), prince of Tver as Alexander I
 Alexander I of Georgia (1386–?), king of Georgia
 Alexander I of Moldavia (died 1432), prince of Moldavia
 Alexander I of Kakheti (1445–1511), king of Kakheti
 Alexander Jagiellon (1461–1506), king of Poland
 Alexander I of Russia (1777–1825), emperor of Russia
 Alexander of Battenberg (1857–1893), prince of Bulgaria
 Alexander I of Serbia (1876–1903), king of Serbia
 Alexander I of Yugoslavia (1888–1934), king of Yugoslavia
 Alexander of Greece (1893–1920), king of Greece

See also
 King Alexander (disambiguation)
Alexander II

Alexander II may refer to:

 Alexander II of Macedon, king of Macedon from 370 to 368 BC
 Alexander II of Epirus (died 260 BC), king of Epirus in 272 BC
 Alexander II Zabinas, king of the Greek Seleucid kingdom in 128–123 BC
 Alexander (912–913), Eastern Roman emperor
 Pope Alexander II of Alexandria, ruled in 702–729
 Patriarch Alexander II of Alexandria
 Pope Alexander II (died 1073), pope from 1061 to 1073
 Alexander II of Scotland (1198–1249), king of Scots
 Alexander II of Imereti (died 1510, 1483–1510), king of Georgia and of Imereti
 Alexander II of Kakheti (1527–1605), king of Kakheti
 Alexander II Mircea
 Alexander II of Russia (1818–1881), emperor of Russia
 Alexander II of Yugoslavia (born 1945), crown prince of Serbia

See also
King Alexander (disambiguation)
Alexander III

Alexander III may refer to:

 Alexander III of Macedon (356 BC – 323 BC), also known as Alexander the Great
 Alexander (Byzantine emperor) (870–913), Byzantine emperor
 Pope Alexander III (1100s–1181)
 , grand duke of Vladimir (1328–1331), prince of Suzdal
 Alexander III of Scotland (1241–1286), king of Scotland
 Alexander III of Imereti (1609–1660), king of Imereti
 Alexander III of Russia (1845–1894), emperor of Russia
 , an arch bridge that spans the Seine in Paris
 Russian battleship , Russian warship
Alexander III of Antioch (1869–1958), Greek Orthodox patriarch of Antioch

See also 
 King Alexander (disambiguation)
Alexander Aetolus

Alexander Aetolus (, Ἀléxandros ὁ Aἰtōlós) was a Greek poet and grammarian, the only known representative of Aetolian poetry.

Life
Alexander was the son of Satyrus (Σάτυρος) and Stratocleia (Στρατόκλεια), and was a native of Pleuron in Aetolia, although he spent the greater part of his life at Alexandria, where he was reckoned one of the seven tragic poets who constituted the Tragic Pleiad. 
  
Alexander flourished about 280 BC, in the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus. He had an office in the Library of Alexandria, and was commissioned by Ptolemy to make a collection of all the tragedies and satyric dramas that were extant. He spent some time, together with Antagoras and Aratus, at the court of Antigonus II Gonatas.

Notwithstanding the distinction Alexander enjoyed as a tragic poet, he appears to have had greater merit as a writer of epic poems, elegies, epigrams, and cynaedi.  Among his epic poems, we possess the titles and some fragments of three pieces: the Fisherman, Kirka or Krika, which, however, is designated by Athenaeus as doubtful, and Helena,  Of his elegies, some beautiful fragments are still extant.<ref>Scholiast and Eustathius, ad Il. iii. 314</ref>  His Cynaedi, or Ionic poems'' (), are mentioned by Strabo and Athenaeus.  Some anapaestic verses in praise of Euripides are preserved in Gellius.

References

Sources

Further reading
J U Powell (ed), Collectanea Alexandrina: reliquiae minores poetarum graecorum aetatis ptolemaicae, 323–146 A.C. (1972)
Enrico Magnelli (ed), Alexandri Aetoli Testimonia et Fragmenta. Studi e Testi 15. (1999)

Ancient Aetolians
Ancient Greek dramatists and playwrights
Ancient Greek poets
Tragic poets
Ancient Greek epic poets
Ancient Greek epigrammatists
Ancient Greek elegiac poets
3rd-century BC Greek people
3rd-century BC poets
Ptolemaic court
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Hellenistic poets
Alexander IV

Alexander IV may refer to:
 Pope Alexander IV (1199 or –1261)
 Alexander IV of Macedon (323 BC–309 BC), son of Alexander the Great
 Alexander IV of Imereti (died 1695), of the Bagrationi Dynasty, king of Imereti (western Georgia)
Alexander V

Alexander V may refer to:

 Alexander V of Macedon (died 294 BCE)
 Antipope Alexander V (–1410)
 Alexander V of Imereti (–1752)
Alexandrists

The Alexandrists were a school of Renaissance philosophers who, in the great controversy on the subject of personal immortality, adopted the explanation of the De Anima given by Alexander of Aphrodisias.

According to the orthodox Thomism of the Catholic Church, Aristotle rightly regarded reason as a facility of the individual soul. Against this, the Averroists, led by Agostino Nifo, introduced the modifying theory that universal reason in a sense individualizes itself in each soul and then absorbs the active reason into itself again.  These two theories respectively evolved the doctrine of individual and universal immortality, or the absorption of the individual into the eternal One.

The Alexandrists, led by Pietro Pomponazzi, assailed these beliefs and denied that either was rightly attributed to Aristotle.  They held that Aristotle considered the soul as a material and therefore a mortal entity which operates during life only under the authority of universal reason.  Hence the Alexandrists denied that Aristotle viewed the soul as immortal, because in their view, since they believed that Aristotle viewed the soul as organically connected with the body, the dissolution of the latter involves the extinction of the former.

References 

Attribution:
 

Christian philosophers
Hymn to Proserpine

“Hymn to Proserpine” is a poem by Algernon Charles Swinburne, published in Poems and Ballads in 1866.  The poem is addressed to the goddess Proserpina, the Roman equivalent of Persephone, but laments the rise of Christianity for displacing the pagan goddess and her pantheon.

The epigraph at the beginning of the poem is the phrase Vicisti, Galilaee, Latin for "You have conquered, O Galilean", the supposed dying words of the Emperor Julian.  He had tried to reverse the official endorsement of Christianity by the Roman Empire.  The poem is cast in the form of a lament by a person professing the paganism of classical antiquity and lamenting its passing, and expresses regret at the rise of Christianity.

The line "Time and the Gods are at strife" inspired the title of Lord Dunsany's Time and the Gods.

The poem is quoted by Sue Bridehead in Thomas Hardy's 1895 novel, Jude the Obscure and also by Edward Ashburnham in Ford Madox Ford's The Good Soldier.

See also
 “The Garden of Proserpine”, another poem by A. C. Swinburne
 Poems and Ballads

References

External links

Full text at the University of Toronto Library

British poems
1866 poems
Victorian poetry
Proserpina
Poetry by Algernon Charles Swinburne
The Triumph of Time

"The Triumph of Time" is a poem by Algernon Charles Swinburne, published in Poems and Ballads in 1866. It is in adapted ottava rima and is full of elaborate use of literary devices, particularly alliteration. The theme, which purports to be autobiographical, is that of rejected love. The speaker deplores the ruin of his life, and in tones at times reminiscent of Hamlet, craves oblivion, for which the sea serves as a constant metaphor.

See also
Poems and Ballads

Notes

External links

Complete text of the poem
Victorian Web article on the poem

British poems
1866 poems
Poetry by Algernon Charles Swinburne
Alger of Liège

Alger of Liège (1055–1131), known also as Alger of Cluny and Algerus Magister, was a learned clergyman and canonist from Liège, author of several notable works.

Alger was first deacon and scholaster of church of St Bartholomew in his native Liège and was then appointed () as a canon in St. Lambert's Cathedral. Moreover, he acted as the personal secretary of bishop Otbert from 1103. He declined offers from German bishops and finally retired to the monastery of Cluny after 1121, where he died at a high age, leaving behind a solid reputation for piety and intelligence.

He played a leading role in the trial of Rupert of Deutz in 1116.

His History of the Church of Liège, and many of his other works, are lost. The most important remaining are:
De Misericordia et Justitia (On Mercy and Justice), a collection of biblical extracts and sayings of Church Fathers with commentary (an important work for the history of church law and discipline), which is to be found in the Anecdota of Martène, vol. v.
De Sacramentis Corporis et Sanguinis Domini; a treatise, in three books, against the Berengarian heresy, highly commended by Peter of Cluny and Erasmus. In this book, he also took on Rupert of Deutz' views on the Eucharist and predestination.
De Gratia et Libero Arbitrio; given in Bernard Pez's Anecdota, vol. iv.
De Sacrificio Missae; given in the Collectio Scriptor. Vet. of Angelo Mai, vol. ix. p. 371.
De dignitate ecclesie Leodiensis, which established the reciprocal obligations of the primary and secondary churches; inserted in the Liber officiorum ecclesie Leodiensis (1323).

A biography was written by Nicholas of Liège: De Algero veterum testimonia.

References

12th-century Roman Catholic priests
1055 births
1131 deaths
11th-century Roman Catholic priests
Clergy from the Prince-Bishopric of Liège
Clergy from Liège
Alypius of Antioch

Alypius of Antioch was a geographer and a vicarius of Roman Britain, probably in the late 350s AD. He replaced Flavius Martinus after that vicarius' suicide. His rule is recorded is Ammianus XXIII 1, 3.

Life
He came from Antioch and served under Constantius II and was probably appointed to ensure that nobody with western associations was serving in Britain during a time of mistrust, rebellion and suppression symbolised by the brutal acts of the imperial notary Paulus Catena. He may have had to deal with the insurrection of the usurper named Carausius II.

Alypius was afterwards commissioned to rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem as part of Julian's systematic attempt to reverse the Christianization of the Roman Empire by restoring pagan and, in this case, Jewish practices. Among the letters of Julian are two (29 and 30) addressed to Alypius; one inviting him to Rome, the other thanking him for a geographical treatise, which no longer exists.

References

Sources
Todd, M., Roman Britain, Fontana, London 1985
Salway, P., Roman Britain, Oxford, 1986

Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire
Ancient Romans in Britain
People from Antioch
Ancient Roman geographers
Roman governors of Britain
4th-century Romans
Late-Roman-era pagans
4th-century geographers
Amarasimha

Amarasimha (IAST: , ) was a Sanskrit grammarian and poet from ancient India, of whose personal history hardly anything is known. He is said to have been "one of the nine gems that adorned the throne of Vikramaditya," and according to the evidence of Xuanzang, this is the Chandragupta Vikramaditya (Chandragupta II) who flourished about CE 375. Other sources describe him as belonging to the period of Vikramaditya of 7th century. Most of Amarasiṃha's works were lost, with the exception of the celebrated Amara-Kosha (IAST: ) (Treasury of Amara). The first reliable mention of the Amarakosha is in the Amoghavritti of Shakatayana composed during the reign of Amoghavarsha (814-867 CE)

The Amarakosha is a lexicon of Sanskrit words in three books, and hence is sometimes called the Trikāṇḍī or the "Tripartite". It is also known as "Namalinganushasana". The Amarakosha contains 10,000 words, and is arranged, like other works of its class, in metre, to aid the memory.

The first chapter of the Kosha was printed at Rome in Tamil character in 1798. An edition of the entire work, with English notes and an index by Henry Thomas Colebrooke appeared at Serampore in 1808. The Sanskrit text was printed at Calcutta in 1831. A French translation by ALA Loiseleur-Deslongchamps was published at Paris in 1839. B. L. Rice compiled the text in Kannada script with meanings in English and Kannada in 1927.

References

Attribution:

External links
 Amarakosha Sanskrit text

Indian Buddhists
Indian male poets
4th-century Indian poets
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Sanskrit writers
Alfonso III of Aragon

Alfonso III (4 November 1265 – 18 June 1291), called the Liberal (el Liberal) and the Free (also "the Frank", from el Franc), was king of Aragon and Valencia, and count of Barcelona (as ) from 1285 until his death. He conquered the Kingdom of Majorca between his succession and 1287.

Life
Alfonso was the son of King Peter III of Aragon and Constance, daughter and heiress of King Manfred of Sicily.

Soon after assuming the throne, he conducted a campaign to reincorporate the Balearic Islands into the Kingdom of Aragon, which had been lost due to the division of the kingdom by his grandfather, James I of Aragon. Thus in 1285 he declared war on his uncle, James II of Majorca, and conquered both Majorca (1285) and Ibiza (1286), effectively reassuming suzerainty over the Kingdom of Majorca. He followed this with the conquest of Menorca – until then an autonomous Muslim state (Manûrqa) within the Kingdom of Majorca – on 17 January 1287, the anniversary of which now serves as Menorca's national holiday.

Alfonso initially sought to maintain Aragonese control over Sicily by supporting the claims of his brother James II to the island. However, he later retracted his support for his brother shortly before his death and instead tried to make peace with the Papal States and with France.

His reign was marred by a constitutional struggle with the Aragonese nobles, which eventually culminated in the articles of the Union of Aragon – the so-called "Magna Carta of Aragon", which devolved several key royal powers into the hands of lesser nobles. His inability to resist the demands of his nobles was to leave a heritage of disunity in Aragon and further dissent amongst the nobility, who increasingly saw little reason to respect the throne, and brought the Kingdom of Aragon close to anarchy.

During his lifetime a dynastic marriage with Eleanor, daughter of King Edward I of England, was arranged. However, Alfonso died before meeting his bride, at the age of 25 in 1291, and was buried in the Franciscan convent in Barcelona; since 1852 his remains have been buried in Barcelona Cathedral.

In culture
Dante Alighieri, in the Divine Comedy, recounts that he saw Alfonso's spirit seated outside the gates of Purgatory with the other monarchs whom Dante blamed for the chaotic political state of Europe during the 13th century.

References

Sources

1265 births
1291 deaths
13th-century Aragonese monarchs
People from Valencia
Counts of Barcelona
Valencian monarchs
House of Aragon
Burials at Barcelona Cathedral
People of the War of the Sicilian Vespers
Aragonese infantes
Alfonso II

Alfonso II may refer to:
Alfonso II of Asturias (791–842)
Alfonso II of Aragon (1162–1196)
Alfonso II, Count of Provence (1174–1209)
Afonso II of Portugal (1185–1223), "the Fat"
Alfonso, Count of Poitou (1220–1271), jure uxoris Alfonso II, Count of Toulouse
Alfonso II, Duke of Gandia (–1422)
Alfonso II of Naples (1448–1495)
Alfonso II Piccolomini (1499–1559), Neapolitan nobleman and military leader
Alfonso II d'Este (1533–1597), duke of Ferrara

de:Liste der Herrscher namens Alfons#Alfons II.
Alfonso III

Alfonso III may refer to:

Alfonso III of Asturias (866–910), surnamed "the Great"
Afonso III of Portugal (1210–1279)
Alfonso III of Aragon (1285–1291)
Alfonso III d'Este, Duke of Modena and Reggio (1628–1644)
Alfonso III of Kongo (1666–1667)
Alfonso IV

Alfonso IV may refer to:
Alfonso IV of León (924–931)
Afonso IV of Portugal (1291–1357)
Alfonso IV of Aragon (1327–1336)
Alfonso IV of Ribagorza (1332–1412)
 Alfonso IV d'Este (1634–1662), Duke of Modena and Regg