alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Detroit Red Wings

The Detroit Red Wings are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).

History

Early history 
The Red Wings were formed in 1926.  The Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL) folded that year, and many of the players from the WCHL's Victoria Cougars went to play for Detroit.  As a result, the team was first called the Detroit Cougars, then later it changed to Detroit Falcons, before becoming known as the Red Wings.

Later history 
In the late 1940s, the line of Sid Abel, Gordie Howe, and Ted Lindsey became very important to the team.  Abel won the Hart Trophy in 1949, and Lindsey won the Art Ross Trophy as scoring champion in 1950.  Howe then won six Hart and six Art Ross Trophies between 1951 and 1963.  Terry Sawchuck was a star goaltender, who ended up with more career shutouts than any other goalie (103).  Red Kelly won the first ever Norris Trophy as best defence.  As a result of having such great players, the Red Wings won four Stanley Cups in six years:  1950, 1952, 1954, and 1955.  Two of these were very close:  they were won in overtime of the 7th and deciding game in 1950 (against the New York Rangers) and 1954 (against the Montreal Canadiens).  These are the only two times the NHL championship has gone to overtime of game seven.

The Red Wings continued to be a strong team throughout the 1960.  They lost the NHL Finals five times between 1956 and 1966.  Norm Ullman was their star center in the 1960s.

Comeback 
They were not a strong team again until the late 1980s.  Steve Yzerman became a star at this time.  Sergei Fedorov became the first Russian to win the Hart Trophy in 1994.  The Red Wings won the President's Cup as top team in the NHL regular season in 1995, 1996 (with a record number of wins), and 2002.  They won the Stanley Cup in 1997, 1998, and 2002.  Nicklas Lidstrom won the Norris Trophy as best defenceman three times beginning in 2001.  The team was one of the richest in the NHL, which helped them get many good players.

Winnings 
The Red Wings have won eleven Stanley Cups, the third most of any team, and the most of the United States teams. They first won in 1936 and 1937, and again in 1943. Ebbie Goodfellow won the Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player in 1940.  Sid Howe was also a star on the team at this time.

Related pages 
List of Detroit Red Wings players

References

Other websites 
Official website

1926 establishments in the United States
 
National Hockey League teams
Hart Memorial Trophy

The Hart Trophy is given to the most valuable player of the National Hockey League every year.  It was given to the NHL by Dr. David Hart, father of NHL coach and manager Cecil Hart.  It was first awarded in 1924.

Wayne Gretzky has won the most Hart Trophies with nine, followed by Gordie Howe with six and Eddie Shore with four.  Howie Morenz, Bobby Orr, Bobby Clarke, and Mario Lemieux have won the award three times each.

The closest vote for the trophy was in 2002, when Jose Theodore and Jarome Iginla tied; Theodore won because he had more first-place votes.  In 1999, Chris Pronger won by one point over Jaromir Jagr; and in 1990, Mark Messier won by two points over Ray Bourque.

Winners

Related pages
List of NHL players
List of NHL statistical leaders

National Hockey League trophies and awards
Hugh Capet of France

Hugh Capet (French: Hugues Capet) (c. 939 – 14 October 996) was King of the Franks from 987 until his death in 996. The Capetian dynasty he started ruled France in an unbroken line for 300 years.

Early career

Hugh was born in the winter of 941 and was the son of Hugh the Great and Hedwige of Saxony. His grandfather was King Robert I.  His grandmother was Beatrice of Vermandois. She was a Carolingian; a daughter of Herbert I of Vermandois.  By this connection he was the fifth great-grandson of Charlemagne through Pepin of Italy.

While still a young man Hugh got the nickname "capet" from the cape he wore. These were tokens of the lay abbacies he held.

Elected king of the Franks 

When King Louis V died with no heir Adalbero of Reims made a plea for electing Hugh Capet. He proposed the throne was not a hereditary right but that the king should be the best man for the job. The assembly at Senlis agreed and elected Hugh King of the Franks. 

Capet is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica.

Family 

He married Adelaide of Aquitaine. She was the daughter of William III of Aquitaine. Together they had:

 Hedwig, who married Reginar IV, Count of Hainaut.
 Gisela, who married Hugh I, Count of Ponthieu.
 Robert II 'the Pious', who succeeded Hugh as king.
 Adelaide.

References 

940s births
996 deaths

Kings and Queens of France
Disney Channel

Disney Channel is a cable television network that is owned by The Walt Disney Company. The channel shows programs that are made for family audiences, mostly pre-teens and teenagers. The channel began on the morning of April 18, 1983. Its programs ran for 18 hours a day until December 1986. From 1983 to 1997, the channel was called The Disney Channel.

Programming blocks

Disney Junior
Disney Channel programs shows targeted at preschool-age children on weekdays from 6 a.m.-2 p.m. ET/PT (6-10 a.m. during the summer months) and weekends from 6-9 a.m. ET, called Disney Junior. , the only programming featuring classic Disney characters is Mickey Mouse Clubhouse on the Disney Junior block. Other programming in this block includes Mickey and the Roadster Racers, Hotel Transylvania: The Series, Sofia The First, and Elena of Avalor. 

On May 26, 2010, it was announced that the Playhouse Disney block will be re-branded under the name Disney Junior starting on February 14, 2011 which later became its own digital cable and satellite channel on March 23, 2012, replacing SOAPnet. The Disney Junior channel is a direct competitor to Nickelodeon's Nick Jr. network and PBS and Comcast's PBS Kids Sprout.

Programming
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse
The ZhuZhus
Hotel Transylvania: The Series
Tangled: The Series
Miles from Tomorrowland
Sofia The First
Elena of Avalor
Alexei: The Series
Mickey and the Roadster Racers
Puppy Dog Pals
Nutri Ventures
Winx Club
Sonic X
Dragon Ball Z Kai
Yu-Gi-Oh!
Jackie Chan Adventures
Eon Kid
Jessie (TV series)
Special Agent Oso
Mona the Vampire
Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures
Scary Larry
Pink Panther & PalsRoboCop: Alpha CommandoSuper 4Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat NoirThe Powerpuff GirlsZak StormBig City GreensAssorted Hot Wheels TV SpecialsMax SteelRocket MonkeysTai Chi ChasersDuck DodgersTeenage Mutant Ninja TurtlesKirby Right Back At Ya!G.I. Joe Sigma 6Transformers: PrimeLegend GangMy Goldfish is EvilGrizzy and the LemmingsRabbids InvasionBackyard Wizard of OzBilly Dilley's Super Duper Subterranean SummerRight Now KapowComedy BitesStar vs the Forces of EvilRat-a-TatMasha and the bear

Programming

Disney XD
 Grossology''

References

1983 establishments in the United States
The Walt Disney Company
American television channels
American Broadcasting Company
Milli Vanilli

Milli Vanilli was a German musical group, formed in Munich. They consisted of Fab Morvan (born 1966) and Rob Pilatus (1965-1998). They were popular in the late-1980s. In 1990, people found out that the group never sang anything at all. Even at concerts, they pretended to sing (lip synching) while a recording was played. This created controversy and eventually led to the end of Milli Vanilli in 1990.

References

Other websites
Milli Vanilli Music Videos @ MTV.com
MTV Artist Arena: Milli Vanilli
All Music Guide entry for Milli Vanilli 
Fabrice Morvan's official website 

1980s establishments in Germany
1980s German music groups
1990s German music groups
German pop music groups
Entertainers from Munich
Musical groups disestablished in 1998
Musical groups established in 1988
1998 disestablishments in Europe
1706

The year 1706 was a common year which started on a Friday.

Events 
 September 7 – War of Spanish Succession – The armies of Austria and Savoy defeat the French army at the Battle of Turin.

Births 
 January 17 – Benjamin Franklin, American philosopher, founding father and inventor (d. 1790)

Deaths 
 March 3 – Johann Pachelbel, German composer (b. 1653)
 December 9 – King Peter II of Portugal (b. 1648)
Pisa

Pisa is a city in Tuscany, Italy. About 90,000 people live in the city. The city has a very long and turbulent history. The "Leaning Tower of Pisa" is a famous landmark of Pisa.

Important buildings 

 The Leaning Tower, the most famous image of the city.
 Campo dei Miracoli (in English: "Square of Miracles") in the north of the old town center.
 Duomo di Pisa.
 The Baptistry.
 The Camposanto (The monumental cemetery of the city).
 Piazza dei Cavalieri, (the "Knights' Square" in English).
 Church o Santo Steano dei cavalieri,in the "Knights' Square".
 St. Sixtus,a small church.
 The church of St. Francis, designed by Giovanni di Simone, built after 1276. In 1343 new chapels were added and the church was elevated.
 Church of San Frediano, built by 1061.
 Church of San Nicola, built by 1097, was enlarged between 1297 and 1313
 The small church of Santa Maria della Spina,
 The church of San Paolo a Ripa d'Arno,
 Lungarno, the avenues along the river Arno.
 The Medici Palace, a building of the Appiano family, who ruled Pisa in 1392–1398. In 1400 the Medici acquired it, and Lorenzo de' Medici lived here.
 The  is Europe's oldest university botanical garden.
 The  ("Royal Palace").
 , a Gothic building of the 14th century.
 , a Gothic building
 : where there are the original sculptures of Nicola Pisano and Giovanni Pisano.
 : showing the sinopias from the camposanto, the monumental cemetery.
 : exhibiting sculptures and painting from 12th century–15th century,of Giovanni and Andrea Pisano, the Master of San Martino, Simone Martini, Nino Pisano and Masaccio.

Famous people born in Pisa 
 Jason Acuña
 Guglielmo Agnelli
 Christian Amoroso
 Anselm of Capraia
 Gerardo Appiani
 Giovanni di Balduccio
 Iacopo Balestri
 Michele Bartoli
 Ercole Bazicaluve
 Alfredo Biondi
 Alessandro Birindelli
 Bona of Pisa
 Guido Buffarini Guidi
 Philippe Buonarroti
 Ulisse Dini
 Pope Eugene III
 Fibonacci
 Galileo Galilei
 Giovanni Galli
 Orazio Gentileschi
 Ugolino della Gherardesca
 Ignazio Hugford
 Enrico Letta
 Fabio Lione
 Dario Marianelli
 Francesco Marianini
 Giuseppe Melani
 Antonio Pacinotti
 Pandolfo Masca of Pisa
 Andrea Parola
 Giovanni Pisano
 Nino Pisano
 Bruno Pontecorvo
 Gillo Pontecorvo
 Girolamo Riminaldi
 Orazio Riminaldi
 Titta Ruffo
 Rustichello da Pisa
 Paolo Savi
 Sidney Sonnino
 Marco Storari
 Antonio Tabucchi
 Terramagnino da Pisa
 Francesco Traini
 Soozie Tyrell

Sisters cities 
 , Kolding
 , Angers
 , Acre
 , Niles
 , Unna
 , Cagliari

 
Capital cities in Italy
Cheshire

Cheshire is a rural county in England. It is the North West part of the country, just south of Manchester. Cheshire covers 905 square miles (2,344 km2) and had a population of around 1.1 million in 2021. 

Cheshire's county town is the cathedral city of Chester, while its most populated town is Warrington. 

It is most famous for making salt and cheese. Cheshire is made up of lots of little towns including the Borough of Macclesfield, a market town. A main attraction is Kerridge, near one of the western foothills of the Pennines . 

 
Ceremonial counties of England
Cayman Islands

The Cayman Islands are a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean Sea. The territory is made up of three islands: Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, and Cayman Brac. Its capital, George Town, is on the main island (Grand Cayman).

Government 
The Cayman Islands are governed by the United Kingdom. The Monarch chooses a Governor to represent the territory. The Governor can use his powers freely, but the King still has executive power.

Taxation 
There are no direct taxes that residents and companies have to pay. The government receives most income from indirect taxes. However, there are tourist taxes and airport taxes.

Climate 
The Cayman Islands have a Tropical climate. The wet season runs from May to October, and the dry season runs from November to April.

Tourism 
The Cayman Islands are a popular tourist spot because they have coral reefs. This is why many tourists travel on airplanes or on cruise ships to go snorkeling and scuba diving.

Airports 
There are three airports in the Cayman Islands. The main one is Owen Roberts International Airport. It is located on Grand Cayman near George Town.

Other websites 
 Cayman Islands at the CIA World Factbook

References

 
Caribbean Community
1167

1167 was a common year.

Events 
 Taira no Kiyomori becomes the first samurai to be appointed Daijo Daijin, chief minister of the government of Japan
 Peter of Blois becomes the tutor of William II of Sicily
 Absalon, archbishop of Denmark, leads the first Danish synod at Lund
 Absalon fortifies Copenhagen
 William Marshal, "the greatest knight that ever lived", is knighted
 Afonso I of Portugal is defeated by the Kingdom of León
 Amalric I of Jerusalem unsuccessfully invades Egypt
 William of Tyre becomes archdeacon of Tyre
 May 29 – Battle of Legano, in which The Lombard League defeats Emperor Frederick I
1097



Events 
 Edgar I deposes Donald III to become king of Scotland.
 The First Crusade reaches Constantinople.
 Crusaders besiege Nicaea, win the Battle of Dorylaeum, and capture Latakia from the Seljuk Turks, and begin the siege of Antioch.
1782



Events 
January 7 – The first American commercial bank opens (Bank of North America).
January 15 – Superintendent of Finance Robert Morris goes before the United States Congress to recommend establishment of a national mint and decimal coinage
February 5 – Spanish defeat British forces and capture Minorca.
March 8 – In Ohio the Gnadenhutten massacre of Native Americans takes place in which 29 men, 27 women, and 34 children were killed by white militiamen in retaliation for raids carried out by another Native American group.
April 6 – Rama I succeeded King Taksin of Thailand who was overthrown in an coup d'état.
April 12 – A British fleet under Admiral Sir George Rodney defeats a French fleet under the Comte de Grasse at the Battle of the Saintes in the West Indies.
June 18 – In Switzerland, Anna Goldi in sentenced to death for witchcraft – the last legal witchcraft sentence
August 7 – George Washington orders the creation of the Badge of Military Merit to honor soldiers wounded in battle.  It is later renamed to the more poetic "Purple Heart".
November 30 – American Revolutionary War: In Paris, representatives from the United States and the United Kingdom of Great Britain sign preliminary peace articles (later formalized in the Treaty of Paris).
London creates Foot Patrol for public security
Jean-Pierre Blanchard and John Jeffries try to cross the English Channel with a hot-air balloon
The Parliament of Great Britain extends James Watt's copyright for the steam engine to the year 1800

Births

Deaths
1197

1197 (MCXCVII) was .

Events 
 Amalric II succeeds Henry II of Champagne as King of Jerusalem.
 Theobald III becomes Count of Champagne.
 The town of Arbroath, Angus, Scotland is consecrated, and dedicated to St Thomas Becket.
 Kaloyan becomes tsar of Bulgaria.
 Corfu is occupied by the Genoese.
 Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury, negotiates a peace with Wales.
 North Crawley is split into Great Crawley and Little Crawley.
 Philip of Swabia marries Irene Angela, daughter of Byzantine emperor Isaac II.

Births 
 October 22 — Emperor Juntoku of Japan (d. 1242)
 Amadeus IV of Savoy (d. 1253)
 Raymond VII of Toulouse (d. 1249)

Deaths 
 January — William Longchamp, Lord Chancellor of England and bishop
 April 28 — Rhys ap Gruffydd, Welsh ruler (b. 1132)
 September 10 — Henry II of Champagne (b. 1166)
 September 28 — Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1165)
 Marguerite of France, daughter of Louis VII of France (b. 1158)
1210

1210 (MCCX) was .

Events 
 End of the reign of Emperor Tsuchimikado, emperor of Japan
 Emperor Juntoku ascends to the throne of Japan.
 Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor excommunicated by Pope Innocent III for invading southern Italy in 1210
 Gottfried von Strassburg writes his epic poem Tristan about 1210
 Beginning of Delhi Sultanate
 Jochi, eldest son of Genghis Khan, leads a Mongol campaign against the Kyrgyz

Births 
 May 5 – King Afonso III of Portugal (died 1279)
 June 24 – Count Floris IV of Holland (died 1234)
 July 22 – Joan of England, Queen consort of Scotland, wife of Alexander II of Scotland (died 1238)
 Ibn Nafis, Persian anatomist (died 1288)

Deaths 
 Lu You, Chinese poet (born 1125)
 Jinul, Korean Buddhist philosopher
 July 17, King Sverker II of Sweden (born in the 1160s), in the Battle of Gestilren
1231



Births 
 March 17 – Emperor Shijō of Japan (died 1242)
 Guo Shoujing, Chinese astronomer and mathematician
 John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey (died 1304)
 Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Wigmore (died 1282)

Deaths 
 April 6 – William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke
 June 13 – Anthony of Padua, Portuguese saint (born 1195)
 November 6 – Emperor Tsuchimikado of Japan (born 1196)
 November 17 – Elisabeth of Hungary, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary and saint (born 1207)
 Abd-el-latif, Arab physician and traveller
1242

1242 is a common year in the 13th century

Deaths 
 February 10 – Emperor Shijō of Japan (born 1231)
 October 7 – Emperor Juntoku of Japan (born 1197)
 William de Forz, 3rd Earl of Albemarle
 Archambaud VIII of Bourbon
 Hojo Yasutoki, regent of Japan (born 1183)
 Richard Mor de Burgh
1183



Events 
 Emperor Go-Toba, reign of 82nd emperor of Japan starts (1183-1198)

Deaths 
 June 11 – Henry the Young King, son of Henry II of England (born 1155)
 Alexius II Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor (born 1167)
 William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester
 Maria Comnena, the Porphyrogenita, Byzantine princess, by poison (born 1149)
 Renier of Montferrat (the Caesar John), Italian husband of Maria Comnena, by poison (born 1162)

References
1155



Births 
 February 28 – Henry the Young King, son of Henry II of England (died 1183)
 May 17 – Jien, Japanese poet and historian (died 1225)
 November 11 – King Alfonso VIII of Castile (died 1214)
 Saito Musashibo Benkei, Japanese fighting monk
 Kamo no Chomei, Japanese writer (died 1216)
 Shahab-ud-din Suhrawardi, a Sufi saint and mystic of Islam.
1567



Events 
The Duke of Alva arrives in the Netherlands with Spanish forces to suppress unrest there. He replaces Margaret of Parma as Governor of the Netherlands. Prince William of Orange is outlawed, and Count Lamoral of Egmont imprisoned.
February 10 – Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, is murdered at the Provost's House in Edinburgh.
May 15 – Mary, Queen of Scots, marries James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell.
June 15 – Mary, Queen of Scots, is defeated at Carberry Hill by the Scottish nobles. She is imprisoned in Lochleven Castle.
July 24 – Mary, Queen of Scots, abdicates the throne, succeeded by her son King James VI of Scotland.
July 25 – The city of Santiago de León de Caracas, in Venezuela, is founded by Diego de Losada.
July 29 – James VI is crowned at Stirling.
September 9 – At a dinner, the Duke of Alva arrests the Count of Egmont and the Count of Horne for treason.
September 29 – Beginning of the Second War of Religion in France when the Prince of Condé and Gaspard de Coligny fail in an attempt to capture King Charles IX and his mother at Meaux. The Huguenots do capture several cities (including Orleans), and march on Paris.
November 10 – Battle of Saint-Denis – Anne de Montmorency, with 16,000 Royalists falls on Condé's 3,500 Huguenots. The Huguenots surprisingly hold on for some hours before being driven off. Montmorency is mortally wounded.
King Frederick II of Denmark and Norway founds Fredrikstad in Norway.
The Dillinger Escape Plan

The Dillinger Escape Plan was an American metalcore band. They formed in New Jersey in 1997. They are generally a heavy group, with punk roots and influences from punk bands like The Bronx and Bad Brains.

Releases
Calculating Infinity (1999)
Miss Machine (2004)
Ire Works (2007)
Option Paralysis (2010)
One of Us Is the Killer (2013)
Dissociation (2016)

American heavy metal bands
American punk bands
Musical groups from New Jersey
Musical groups established in 1997
1997 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in New Jersey
Queensrÿche

Queensrÿche is an American heavy metal band. They formed in Bellevue, Washington in 1982. They have made 16 studio albums, one extended play (EP), and many DVDs. When the band was made, its members were singer Geoff Tate, guitarists Michael Wilton and Chris DeGarmo, drummer Scott Rockenfield, and bassist Eddie Jackson.

Queensrÿche has sold over 20 million albums. They were one of the main bands that made progressive metal music in the 1980s. Many people say that Operation: Mindcrime, an album they released in 1988, is one of the best heavy metal concept albums ever made. The band has been nominated for Grammy Awards three times.

Studio albums 

 The Warning (1984)
 Rage for Order (1986)
 Operation: Mindcrime (1988)
 Empire (1990)
 Promised Land (1994)
 Hear in the Now Frontier (1997)
 Q2K (1999)
 Tribe (2003)
 Operation: Mindcrime II (2006)
 Take Cover (2007)
 American Soldier (2009)
 Dedicated to Chaos (2011)
 Queensrÿche (2013)
 Condition Hüman (2015)
 The Verdict (2019)
 Digital Noise Alliance (2022)

References 

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
American hard rock bands
Progressive metal bands
Musical groups from Seattle
1981 establishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 1981
1980s establishments in Washington (state)
Midnight Oil

Midnight Oil is an New Zealand rock band. They formed in Auckland in 1976. The band became famous for its soft-rock sound and calming live performances. The band was politically active supporting environmentalist and indigenous causes.

1970s Australian music groups
1980s Australian music groups
1990s Australian music groups
2000s Australian music groups
2010s Australian music groups
Australian alternative rock bands
Musical groups established in 1976
Musical groups from Sydney
Musical groups disestablished in 2002
2002 disestablishments in Australia
1970s establishments in Australia
Jon Bon Jovi

John Francis Bongiovi (born March 2, 1962 in Perth Amboy, New Jersey) better known as Jon Bon Jovi, is an American musician and actor. He is best known as the lead singer of the hard-rock band, Bon Jovi.

Biography 
In 1983, Jon was one of the founding members of Bon Jovi. Earlier he sang in bands Starz and Atlantic City Expressway.

In 2006, Jon was ranked in 31st place out of 100 the best vocalist in history.

He starred in 18 films, last time in 2011.

Other websites 

1962 births
Living people
People from Perth Amboy, New Jersey
Singers from New Jersey
American heavy metal singers
Bon Jovi members
On the Waterfront

On the Waterfront is a 1954 American movie about mob violence among longshoremen (people who unload ships) in New Jersey. Directed by Elia Kazan, it stars Marlon Brando, Eva Marie Saint and Karl Malden.

The movie won eight Academy Awards: for Best Picture, Best Actor (Brando), Best Supporting Actress (Saint), Best Art Direction, Best Director (Kazan), Best Cinematography (Boris Kaufman), Best Film Editing (Gene Milford) and Best Original Screenpaly (Budd Schulberg). The catchphrase, "I could've been a contender", is said by Terry Malloy. In 2005, it ranked third on AFI's list of the one hundred most famous quotes in movie history . Five years earlier, it was the eighth most popular movie on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list.

Other websites 

 

1954 crime movies
1954 drama movies
1950s crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
Best Picture Oscar
Columbia Pictures movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies set in New Jersey
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Elia Kazan
Faith No More

Faith No More is an alternative metal band. They were formed by bassist Billy Gould, drummer Mike Bordin, and keyboarder Roddy Bottum in San Francisco, California, USA, in 1981 and broke up on April 20, 1998. However, they got back together in 2009 and have continued playing since.

They became successful with singer Mike Patton in the early 1990s. Their biggest hits were "Epic" and the cover song "Easy", originally from Lionel Richie.

Discography
So far, Faith No More has released six studio albums, which include:
We Care a Lot (1985)
Introduce Yourself (1987)
The Real Thing (1989)
Angel Dust (1992)
King for a Day... Fool for a Lifetime (1995)
Album of the Year (1997)

Musical groups established in 1981
1998 disestablishments in the United States
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Alternative metal bands
American heavy metal bands
Musical groups from San Francisco
1981 establishments in California
1990s disestablishments in California
Musical groups disestablished in 1998
Musical groups established in 2009
2009 establishments in California
The Pretenders

The Pretenders are an English rock and punk rock band. They formed in Hereford in 1978.

1978 establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Herefordshire
Musical groups established in 1978
Warner Bros. Records artists
Chlorofluorocarbon

A chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is a gas used for various purposes including solvents, refrigerants, and aerosol sprays. They are organic chemicals and contain carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, and fluorine. They were much used in the middle of the 20th century, replacing chemicals that were toxic or flammable or had other problems. 

In 1978, Sweden became the first country that banned CFC products. Later, the US and Canada did the same. Now, CFC products are not allowed in most countries, because they cause ozone depletion. CFCs are greenhouse gases. An alternative to chlorofluorocarbons is hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). These do not destroy the ozone layer or increase global warming.

Related pages 
Thomas Midgley (American inventor)
Freon

References 
 

Carbon compounds
Greenhouse gases
Fluorine compounds
Chlorine compounds
Hydrogen compounds
HVAC
Singin' in the Rain

Singin' in the Rain is a 1952 American movie musical romantic comedy movie starring Gene Kelly. It was directed by Kelly and Stanley Donen. It is set in Los Angeles, California in 1927. It gives an amusing look at Hollywood's change from silent movies to "talkies".

It is considered to be among the best movie musicals ever made.

Shooting on the movie began on June 18, 1951, and ended on November 21.

Other websites

 

1952 comedy movies
1952 musical movies
American musical comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
1950s English-language movies
Movies set in Los Angeles
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Stanley Donen
North and South

North and South is a novel by John Jakes. It is the first of three books about two friends who must fight against each other during the American Civil War.

North and South had two sequels. They are called Love and War and Heaven and Hell. The books were written in 1982, 1984, and 1987. 

There were also TV versions made. Three miniseries were done in 1985, 1986, and 1994. The two main characters were played by James Read and Patrick Swayze (Swayze's character does not appear in the third part).

1982 books
20th-century American novels
Novels about the American Civil War
Apparatus

Apparatus can refer to:

object which can be used for a certain function. Examples of apparatuses include coffee-makers, pencil sharpeners, and computers. These things are also often called tools, machines, or equipment.
process of an activity. For example, a political party or governmental organization can be called an apparatus.
a set of equipment or tools or a machine that is used for a particular purpose

Notes 

Basic English 850 words
Internet Movie Database

Internet Movie Database (or IMDb for short) is an online database of information (facts) about actors, movies, TV shows, and video games. The IMDb database started in October 1990, moved to the World Wide Web in 1993, and has been owned by Amazon.com since 1998.

References

Other websites
 Internet Movie Database (IMDb) website

1990 establishments
Movie industry
Television
Video games
Entertainment websites
Amazon (company)
Cameroon

Cameroon (officially called the Republic of Cameroon) is a country in Central Africa. Its capital is Yaoundé. The largest city in Cameroon is Douala. The population of Cameroon is about 20 million. Cameroon's president is Paul Biya. They speak nearly 250 languages in Cameroon. French and English are the official languages.

Geography

At , Cameroon is the world's 53rd-largest country. It is about the size of Papua New Guinea. The country is in Central and West Africa on the Bight of Bonny, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. The country's neighbours are Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south.

Regions
The constitution divides Cameroon into 10 regions. On 12 November 2008, the President changed the divisions from provinces to regions. Each region is headed by a presidentially appointed governor.

The regions are divided into 58 divisions. These are headed by presidentially appointed divisional officers.

Cities
Some of the largest cities in Cameroon are:

Languages 
The official languages of Cameroon are French and English. It is part of both the British Commonwealth and La Francophonie. Most people speak French, English is only spoken in the Northwest and Southwest regions of the country, formerly under British control.

Related pages
 Cameroon at the Olympics
 Cameroon national football team
 List of rivers of Cameroon

References

Other websites
 
 

 
English-speaking countries
French-speaking countries
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1960 establishments in Africa
Commonwealth member states
Guinea-Bissau

Guinea-Bissau is a country in Africa. It borders Senegal to the north, Guinea to the south. The official language is Portuguese, and the capital is Bissau. About 1,442,000 people live in Guinea-Bissau as of 2006. The country was a Portuguese colony in the 19th century. At that time is was called Portuguese Guinea. It became independent in 1973. In 1974, the name of the country's capital was added so that it would not be confused with the neighboring country Guinea.

Regions and sectors
Guinea-Bissau is divided into 8 regions and one autonomous sector. These are divided into thirty-seven sectors. The regions are:
Bafatá
Biombo
Bissau*
Bolama
Cacheu
Gabu
Oio
Quinara
Tombali
* autonomous sector

References 

 
Portuguese-speaking countries
Least developed countries
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1973 establishments in Africa
Mauritius

The Republic of Mauritius is an island nation in the Mascarene Islands. It includes Rodrigues, Agaléga and St. Brandon as well as Mauritius. It was formerly ruled by the European countries: France, Portugal, and the United Kingdom, but is now independent from these all European Colonies.

Port Louis is its capital. In the 2000 census, the country had a population of 1,178,848 people. The country is prosperous, and trades mainly with South Africa and Indian Sub Continent.
The island of Mauritius was the home of the dodo.

Location 
The island is in the southwest Indian Ocean. It is about  east of Madagascar. The country includes the island of Mauritius as well as the islands of St. Brandon, Rodrigues and the Agalega Islands. Mauritius is part of the Mascarene Islands along with the French island of Réunion  to the southwest.

Flag
The Mauritian flag is made up of four colours of equal width. 
The colours represent the following:
 Red represents freedom and independence,
 Blue is for their Indian Ocean which surrounds the island,
 Yellow for the sun, and 
 Green for their agriculture.

History 
Mauritius, an island of volcanic origin sheltered by barriers of coral reefs forming natural, safe, crystal clear lagoons, has long been a dream destination. Known to the Arabs as early as the 10th century, but officially explored by the Portuguese in the 16th century and subsequently settled by the Dutch in the 17th century. The Dutch were the ones who named the island in honor of Prince Maurits van NASSAU. 
Mauritius was occupied successively by the Dutch (1598-1712) and later by the French (1715-1810). The French assumed control in 1715, developing the island into an important naval base overseeing the Indian Ocean trade, and establishing a plantation economy of sugar cane. 
The British captured the island in 1810, during the Napoleonic Wars through the Treaty of Paris. Mauritius remained a strategically important British naval base, and later on, an air station playing an important role during World War II for anti-submarine and convoy operations, as well as the collection of signals intelligence. On 12 March 1968, Mauritius became Independent.

Related pages
 List of rivers of Mauritius
 Mauritius at the Olympics
 Mauritius national football team

References 

1968 establishments
 
 
Commonwealth member states
It's a Wonderful Life

It's a Wonderful Life is a 1946 movie directed by Frank Capra. It inspired the story similar to A Christmas Carol.

Cast
 James Stewart as George Bailey
 Donna Reed as Mary Hatch
 Lionel Barrymore as Mr. Potter

Other websites 

 
 Essay on the deeper meaning of the movie 
 Excerpts from Ray Carney's analysis of the movie.

1946 drama movies
American drama movies
Movies based on books
Christmas movies
English-language movies
Movies set in New York (state)
Paramount movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Frank Capra
Mauritania

Mauritania is a country in northwest Africa. The capital city, which is also the biggest city in the country, is Nouakchott. It is on the Atlantic coast. Its president is General Mohamed Ould Ghazouani.

At 1,030,700 km² (397,929 mi²), Mauritania is the world's 29th-largest country (after Bolivia). It is similar in size to Egypt. The land is flat in most places.

Demographics

Religion

Mauritania is almost 100% Muslim, most of whom are Sunni.  People can be killed in Mauritania for being  an atheist. On 27 April 2018, The National Assembly passed a law that allows for the death penalty for certain apostasy-related crimes.

Language

Afro-Asiatic languages 
Modern Standard Arabic is the official language of Mauritania. Hassaniya is the Arabic dialect that is widely spoken throughout the country. It is mostly used in daily life.

Berber languages 
There are also some Berber languages that are spoken in Mauritania. In de south Zenaga is spoken and close to the border with Mali in the southeast Tamasheq (a variety of Tuareg) is spoken. Zenaga is only spoken by a few hundred peoples and seems to be close to disappearance.

Foreign languages 
As Mauritania is a former colony of France, it is now part of the Francophonie. French is spoken including African French and Maghreb French.

Niger-Congo languages 
There are several Niger-Congo languages that are spoken in Mauritania. These are Wolof, Soninke, Pulaar and Bambara.

Economy 

Mauritania is rich in natural resources but has a low GDP. Many people living in Mauritania depend on farming and livestock. Mauritania has a large deposit of iron ore, which is almost half of the country's total exports.

References

Other websites

 

 
Least developed countries
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
North African countries
Lake Huron

Lake Huron is one of North America's five Great Lakes. It is the third one up from the mouth. Like Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, and Lake Superior, it is also part of the boundary between the USA and Canada. The Huronian glaciation, billions of years ago, is named for the lake.

Lake Huron is more than 200 miles (325 km) long and is as much as 750 feet (230 m) deep. Many boats and ships go back and forth on Lake Huron, carrying useful things such as iron ore.

Lake Huron borders the Canadian province of Ontario and the American state of Michigan. There are no large cities on Lake Huron, but there are some small cities such as Sarnia, Ontario and Bay City, Michigan. 

The water that flows out of Lake Huron goes through a river that flows past Detroit, Michigan. The water then flows into Lake Erie on its way to the ocean.

On 1996 an hurricane-like storm appeared on Lake Huron, while the National Hurricane Center was not sure to call it a hurricane or not. Because the storm formed over Lake Huron and that it did not get a name from the NHC, many people nicknamed the storm, "Hurricane Huron".

Huron, Lake
Huron, Lake
Huron, Lake
Lakes of the United States
Réunion

Réunion () is an island of France. It is also a region of France and an overseas department of France, meaning France owns the island nation. It is in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar, about 200 km (125 miles) southwest of Mauritius. Its capital is Saint-Denis. The highest point in La Reunion is La piton des neiges. The island is also famous for its black beaches, even though people think that there are white beaches. The island is 63 kilometres (39 mi) long; 45 kilometres (28 mi) wide; and covers 2,512 square kilometres (970 sq mi). It is similar to the island Hawaii as both are above hotspots in the Earth's crust.

The Piton de la Fournaise, a shield volcano on the eastern end of Réunion Island, rises more than 2,631 metres (8,632 ft) above sea level and is sometimes called a sister to Hawaiian volcanoes because of the similarity of climate and volcanic nature. It has erupted more than 100 times since 1640 and is under constant monitoring. It most recently erupted on 2 January 2010. Before that, the most noticeable was during April 2007, when the lava flow was estimated at 3,000,000 cubic metres (3,900,000 cu yd) per day.  The Piton de la Fournaise is created by a hotspot volcano, which also created the Piton des Neiges and the islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues.

The Piton des Neiges volcano, the highest point on the island at 3,070 metres (10,070 ft) above sea level, is northwest of the Piton de la Fournaise. Collapsed calderas and canyons are southwest of the mountain. Like Kohala on the Big Island of Hawaii, the Piton des Neiges is an extinct volcano. Despite its name, snow (French: neige) practically never falls on the summit.

Other websites 
 Facts about Reunion 
 Pictures of Reunion Island
Lake Erie

Lake Erie is one of the Great Lakes in North America. It is the second to the last in the Great Lake system before water flows into the St. Lawrence River. Like Lake Superior, Lake Huron, and Lake Ontario, Lake Erie is part of the boundary between the USA and Canada. In 1813 a naval battle was fought on the lake.

Most of the water that flows into Lake Erie flows through a small river, the Detroit River, that moves water down from Lake St. Clair past Detroit, Michigan. Some more water flows into Lake Erie from other rivers, including the Maumee and the Cuyahoga. At the foot of the Maumee is Toledo, Ohio. At the bend of the Cuyahoga is Cleveland, Ohio.

Water that flows out of Lake Erie flows past Buffalo, New York, and into the Niagara River.   The river pours over Niagara Falls, one of the largest waterfalls in North America, and then into the lowest of all the Great Lakes, Lake Ontario. 

Great Lakes
Geography of Michigan
Geography of New York (state)
Geography of Ohio
Geography of Pennsylvania
Lakes of Canada
Geography of Ontario
Lakes of the United States
Chief Joseph

Chief Joseph (1840 – September 21, 1904; whose real name was Hinmaton-Yalaktit) was the chief of the Nez Perce Native Americans, a tribe that lived in what is now the Pacific Northwest of the United States. 
His father was the leader of the Nez-Perce before him, and his mother was a member of this tribe too.

When Joseph was young, his father always told him not to trust white men, he actually had problems with settlers. When his father died, Joseph became chief of the tribe, who resided in plateaus in Northeast Oregon, Southeast Washington and Western Idaho.

The turning point in their relationship to white men was the gold rush in 1863. It gave the US Government the opportunity to reduce their reservation to a small area in Idaho. Then, with the new waves of white men settling in the West, the Government wanted to drive Nez-Perces away from their territory.

Chief Joseph was extremely sad: this place was the tribe's territory where their ancestors were buried. In spite of that, he wanted to avoid conflict and remain in peace. In 1873 he decided to negotiate with the US Government. He travelled all the way to Washington D.C. and spoke to President Ulysses S. Grant. But he only got mean looks and little attention.

So a war began in 1877. The living conditions of Chief Joseph's tribe were awful: they had no food and no blankets. Some people were freezing to death. But the Nez-Perces impressed their enemy thanks to all the battles they won. Many men died on both sides. That's why Joseph decided to surrender. He gave up fighting in 1877.

He was destroyed by the death of his people, and also extremely disappointed: he felt betrayed by white people. He knew he could not trust them anymore. He was tired of being considered a savage. He felt it was not fair for people who were born on the same land to be treated differently. He delivered a lot of speeches on this subject, which are still really good examples of eloquence. But he did not feel listened to, and when he died in his reservation in 1904, the doctor said he "died from sadness". He was buried in Colville Native American Burial Ground, in Washington State.

References

Native American people
1840 births
1904 deaths
Square mile

A square mile (sometimes written mi² ) is a British and American unit of measurement of area. It is the area inside a square that has each side equal to one statute mile (5,280 feet or 1,760 yards). This way of talking about area is often used to say how much land there is on a farm, or in a city or country, for example.

One square mile is just less than 2.6 square kilometres.
Imperial units
Units of area
Regions of Peru

A Region is the name for one of 25 areas into which the land is divided in Peru. 

Provinces of Peru

 Name of the region (capital of the region)

 Tumbes (Tumbes)
 Piura (Piura)
 Lambayeque (Chiclayo)
 La Libertad (Trujillo)
 Ancash (Huaraz)
 Lima (Huacho)
 Callao (Callao)
 Ica (Ica)
 Arequipa (Arequipa)
 Moquegua (Moquegua)
 Tacna (Tacna)
 Cajamarca (Cajamarca)
 Huánuco (Huánuco)
 Pasco (Cerro de Pasco)
 Junín (Huancayo)
 Huancavelica (Huancavelica)
 Ayacucho (Ayacucho)
 Apurímac (Abancay)
 Cusco (Cusco)
 Puno (Puno)
 Amazonas (Chachapoyas)
 San Martín (Moyobamba)
 Ucayali (Pucallpa)
 Madre de Dios (Puerto Maldonado)
 Loreto (Iquitos)
    *     Lima Province (Lima)
Meat Puppets

The Meat Puppets are an alternative/punk rock group from Scottsdale, Arizona, USA. They were formed in 1980 by Curt Kirkwood (vocals, guitars), his brother Cris (bass) and Derrick Bostrom (drums). The band is probably best known for their 1994 radio hit "Backwater".

The band went on indefinite hiatus in 2001 as Curt formed two band projects Eyes Adrift (with Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic and Sublime drummer Bud Gaugh) and Volcano (also with Sublime drummer Bud Gaugh). He also released a solo album. His brother Cris was in prison from August 2004 to 21 months.

In 2006, the Meat Puppets reformed and released a new album, Rise to Your Knees in 2007.

As of November 2009, Shandon Sahm is back as the drummer in the Meat Puppets. He replaces Ted Marcus, who was a member from 2006. 

The band was chosen by Animal Collective to perform their album Up on the Sun live at the All Tomorrow's Parties music festival in May 2011.

References  
 

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American punk bands
Musical groups from Arizona
Scottsdale, Arizona
Musical groups established in 1980
1980 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Arizona
Musical groups disestablished in 1996
1996 disestablishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 1999
1999 establishments in the United States
Musical groups disestablished in 2002
2002 disestablishments in the United States
Disestablishments in Arizona
Musical groups established in 2006
2006 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Arizona
20th-century establishments in Arizona
Longboarding

A longboard is a type of skateboard. It is often longer than a regular skateboard. Longboard are made in many different shapes. They are often  faster than regular skateboards. This is because of the size of the wheel and what the board is made of. Longboards are commonly used for cruising, traveling and downhill racing. Downhill racing is known as longboarding. Longboard 'dancing' and 'freestyle' are also popular. In this, the rider uses skateboard-like motions and steps up and down the board.

History 
The first longboards were made by Preston Nichols in the 1940s and 50s. They replaced surfing when the waves were too dull. Early skaters made boards out of planks of wood and roller skates. It was called "Sidewalk Surfing". Longboards were first sold in 1959. Makaha, Jack's and Hobie were the first sellers. These early longboards were crude. They had wheels made of metal. Clay wheels were used later to make them safer. Longboarding became popular in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It had become much less popular by 1965. Longboarding started becoming popular again in 1972 when Frank Nasworthy and the Cadillac Wheel Company create the urethane longboard wheel. Urethane wheels let skaters move much faster than they could before. Reverse kingpins(RKP) also made them more stable.

These changes made the boards more stable. They helped downhill longboarding grow into a sport. The International Gravity Sports Association (IGSA) was its governing body. The cutout deck was added in the 1990s. It had sections cut out around the wheels. This stopped the wheels from touching the board during hard turns. There has been many changes to longboard technology because of the many different ways people ride them. Modern longboard decks can be made from many materials. These include fiberglass composites, aluminum and carbon fiber.

Dimensions

Most boards are  in length. Widths vary from . Longboard are made in many shapes. These include pintails, swallowtails, flat-nose riders, drop-through decks, drop decks and boards with the same shape as a regular skateboard. Pintails have looser trucks and larger wheels. They are better suited for carving or a "smooth" feel. Drop decks and drop throughs let the rider be closer to the ground. This gives them a lower center of gravity which increases stability. This also makes the boards better for downhill racing. Mid-length boards,  have many different uses. They have more weight and bulk. This makes them move with a fluid motion by providing more momentum. The longboard's design lets rider make big turns or quick short carves. These movements are similar to the motions of surfers or snowboarders.

References

Skateboarding