alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
1342



Events 
 May – Pope Clement VI becomes pope
 John III Comnenus becomes emperor of Trebizond
 Louis becomes king of Sicily and duke of Athens
 Constantine IV becomes king of Armenia
 Patriarch of Antioch moved to Damascus while Ignatius II is king
 Kitzbühel becomes part of Tyrol
 Louis I becomes king of Hungary
 The Vijayanagara Empire is created in South India

Births 
 January 15 – Philip II, Duke of Burgundy (died 1404)
 November 10 – Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland (died 1408)
 Leo VI of Armenia
 Avignon Pope Clement VII (died 1394)
 Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford (died 1373)
 Julian of Norwich, English mystic (died 1413)

Deaths 
 January 29 – Louis I, Duke of Bourbon (born 1279)
 April 24 – Pope Benedict XII
 July 16 – King Charles I of Hungary
 November 29 – Michael of Cesena, Italian Franciscan leader (born 1270)
 Al-Jaldaki, Persian physician and alchemist
 William de Ros, 3rd Baron de Ros
 Marsilius of Padua, Italian scholar (born 1270)
1344

1344 was a leap year.

Events 
 English king Edward III creates three new gold coins, the florin. leopard, and helm. Unfortunately the amount of gold in the coins is different from their worth of six shillings, three shillings, one shilling, and sixpence. Because of this, they had to be taken back and many were melted down by August.

Births 
 Meinhard III, Count of Tyrol
 Parameswara, Malay Srivijayan prince (died 1424)

Deaths 
 Constantine IV of Armenia
 Gersonides, French rabbi and mathematician (born 1288)
 Jaghmini, Persian physician
 Simone Martini, Sienese painter (born 1284)
 William Montacute, 1st Earl of Salisbury (born 1301)
Tent

A tent is a movable, lightweight shelter which uses fabric to protect people from wind, rain and from the cold. The fabric walls of a tent are supported by wood or metal poles and thin ropes (called "guy lines"), and the tent or the ropes are usually attached to the ground with plastic or metal pointed stakes, or lattice frames and internal posts in the cases of yurts and marquees. Tent camping exploded in popularity in the 1960s. Manufacturers introduced poles made of fiberglass or aluminum alloys, allowing for a greater range of shapes and a lighter weight tent to transport. Zippered tent doors replaced the traditional flap opening.

Uses 
Tents are usually used as shelter during camping, hiking, and other outdoor recreational activities. Large tents are also used to provide temporary shelter for events such as outdoor weddings or circuses. Tents are also used to provide temporary sleeping quarters for military personnel or homeless, or for people who have been displaced by a disaster (such as refugees).

References 

Accommodations
Camping
Cottage

A cottage is a term often used for a small house. This word comes from England where it is used to mean a house that has one main storey, with a second, lower storey of bedrooms which fit under the roof upstairs. In many places the word cottage is used to mean a small old-fashioned house. In the United States the word cottage is often used to mean a small holiday home.

Cottages are usually found in villages or in the countryside, rather than in the town. They are nearly always built from material that can be found nearby. A cottage may be built of stone, of brick or of timber. It may have a roof of tiles, slates, shingles, shakes or thatch.

Houses
Alaska plaice

Alaska plaice (Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus) are salt water fish that live in the north Pacific Ocean. Like most flatfish, they live on the bottom of the continental shelf, up to 600 metres deep. Their geographical range is from the Gulf of Alaska in the east, to the Chukchi Sea in the north, to the Sea of Japan in the west. Alaska plaice feed mostly on polychaetes, but also eat amphipods and echiurans.

Most commercial fisheries do not want to catch Alaska plaice; but many are caught by trawlers trying to catch other bottom fish. So many Alaska plaice get caught anyway that, for example, the 2005 total allowable catch in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands management area (BSAI) was reached before the end of May of that year.

Alaska plaice can live for up to 30 years, and grow to 60 centimetres (24 inches) long, but most that get caught are only seven or eight years old, and about 30 cm (12 in).

Related pages
American plaice
European Plaice

References
1998 Marine Fisheries Review article 
Bulletin announcing reaching the total allowable catch of Alaska plaice for 2005 (National Marine Fisheries Service)

Flatfish
Sleep paralysis

When people are dreaming, their muscles do not move, even if in their dream they are moving. This is a natural process which prevents that people actually perform the movements they do in their sleep. In general, people are not aware of this inability to move, as it usually stops as soon as they wake up. People suffering from sleep paralysis wake up and find that they are unable to move. This is because the paralysis has not stopped. Usually it lasts for only a few minutes, and people have said they feel a "presence" or "ghost" during it.

Possible causes 
Little is known about the physiology of sleep paralysis. However, some have suggested that it may be linked to post-synaptic (neurons sending signals to other neurons) inhibition (restraint) of nerves in the pons (back) region of the brain. In particular, low levels of melatonin may stop the depolarization current in the nerves, which stops stimulation of the muscles.

Hallucinations of ghosts, demons and Out of Body Experiences during sleep paralysis may be caused by a part of the brain called the parietal lobe (top-middle part of the brain), and by neurons known as mirror neurons.

Studies suggest that many people get sleep paralysis at least once in their lives. People who have narcolepsy often get it much more. Many people try to induce sleep paralysis, to have an Out of Body Experience. 

Some report that various factors make paralysis and hallucinations happen more. These include:
 Sleeping on your back
 Irregular sleeping schedules; naps, sleeping in, sleep deprivation
 Increased stress
 Sudden changes of lifestyle or environment
 A lucid dream just before it
 Medium to long-term imagining of involuntary movements with your eyes closed before sleep.

Treatment 
There are few treatments available for sleep paralysis. One treatment is called Meditation-Relaxation Therapy. The treatment includes four steps: (1) one should close their eyes and remind themself that the experience is not dangerous in any way, and it is common around the world; (2) and that since it is not dangerous, they should not be afraid as that will only make the experience worse. (3) They should then focus very strongly on a positive thought or mental image (meditate); (4) and also relax their muscles and avoid movement.

References

Other websites
The Guardian - The waking nightmare of sleep paralysis
On the Neuroscience of Sleep Paralysis 

Symptoms
American plaice

American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) are salt water fish that live in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Like most flatfish, they live on the bottom of the continental shelf, up to 700 metres deep, but spend most of the time at 90 to 200 meters. Their geographical range is from the coast of Labrador, south to the coast of the U.S. state of Rhode Island. The most are found off the eastern tip of Newfoundland. American plaice feed on sand dollars, brittle stars, crustaceans, polychaetes, and fish such as capelin and launce.

Like many flatfish, American plaice are sometimes said to be a flounder or dab, even though both are names for other fish species.

The U.K.-based Marine Conservation Society rates American plaice as 5, the most threatened category of over-harvested animals.

Related pages
Alaska plaice
European Plaice

References 
American plaice information (Northeast Fisheries Science Center (U.S.))
American plaice information (National Marine Fisheries Service (Canada))
FishBase article
Ecological status of American plaice (Marine Conservation Society)

Flatfish
Spider web

A spider web is a sticky net that spiders make from silk to trap their prey. When insects fly or crawl into the web, they get stuck and the spider eats them. Most spider webs are very thin, but are also very strong. Different kinds of spiders make different types of webs. Spiders make different webs in different places to trap many kinds of prey. 

Arachnids
World Series

The World Series in Major League Baseball, is when the best team from the American League (the winner of the American League Championship Series) and the best team from the National League (the winner of the National League Championship Series) keep playing games of baseball until one of the two teams wins four games total. The winners of the most recent World Series in 2021 were the Atlanta Braves. They defeated the Houston Astros 4 games to 2.

The New York Yankees have 27 World Series championships, the most of any team.  The Cleveland Indians currently hold the longest active drought, having last won the Series before expansion teams were formed.  Recently, the three longest championship droughts were ended by the Boston Red Sox, Chicago White Sox, and the Chicago Cubs.
Melissa Joan Hart

Melissa Joan Catherine Hart (born April 18, 1976) is an American actress. She was born and raised in Long Island, New York.

She played the title roles in the television series Clarissa Explains It All and Sabrina, the Teenage Witch. In 1999 she played the lead role in the movie Drive Me Crazy. From 2010 to 2015, she starred as Mel Burke in the ABC Family show Melissa & Joey.

Personal life 
Since July 19, 2003, Hart has been married to musician Mark Wilkerson (born 1976). They have three sons together: Mason Walter Wilkerson (born January 11, 2006), Braydon Hart Wilkerson (born March 12, 2008) and Tucker McFadden Wilkerson (born September 18, 2012).

Other websites 
 Melissa Joan Hart at the Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
 Melissa Joan Hart News and Video 

Actors from New York (state)
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
American voice actors
Entertainers from New York (state)
1976 births
Living people
Colleen Fitzpatrick

Colleen Ann Fitzpatrick (born July 20, 1972 in Old Bridge, New Jersey) is an American singer and actor. Her stage name is Vitamin C. Before she started her solo career, she was the lead singer of the band Eve's Plum.

Music

Albums 
 More (2001)
 Vitamin C (1999)

Singles 
 "Last Nite" (2003)
 "As Long As You're Loving Me" (2000)
 "The Itch" (2000)
 "Graduation (Friends Forever)" (2000)
 "Me, Myself, & I" (1999)
 "Smile" (1999)

Movies 
 Happy Is Not Hard to Be (2005)
 My X-Girlfriend's Wedding Reception (2001)
 Rock Star (2001)
 Scary Movie 2 (2001) (voice only)
 Get Over It (2001)
 Dracula 2000 (2000)
 Da Hip Hop Witch (2000)
 The Haven (2000)
 Liar Liar (1997)
 St. Patrick's Day (1997)
 High School High (1996)
 Just Cause (1995)
 Higher Learning (1995)
 Crinoline Head (1995)
 The Mambo Kings (1992)
 The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear (1991)
 Hairspray (1988)

Other websites 
 

1969 births
Living people
Singers from New Jersey
American movie actors
Actors from New Jersey
Jamie Lynn Spears

Jamie Lynn Marie Spears (born April 4, 1991 in McComb, Mississippi) is an American actress and singer. She is the younger sister of pop singer Britney Spears. She played the lead role in the television series Zoey 101. In late December 2007 it was revealed that Jamie Lynn was pregnant. Jamie Lynn's daughter, Maddie Briann Aldridge, was born on June 19, 2008. Spears is now a country music singer. In November 2013 Spears released her first single, "How Could I Want More".

Other websites 
Official Web Site of Jamie Lynn Spears (requires Macromedia Flash)
Jamie Lynn Spears at the Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
Jamie Spears Club

References

1991 births
Living people
Spears, Jamie Lynn
American television actors
Spears, Jamie Lynn
Singers from Louisiana
Actors from Mississippi
Singers from Mississippi
Britney Spears
Opel

Opel, full name Adam Opel AG, is an automobile maker from Germany, founded in 1862. From 1929 to 2017, Opel is the German brand of the American automaker General Motors. Opel has about 35,000 workers. The company headquarters are in Rüsselsheim, Germany. Other German plants are in Eisenach and Kaiserslautern. In Great Britain, Opel cars are called Vauxhall. Opel would later engineer cars for GMDAT and GM Korea until the Opel brand was bought by PSA. From 2007 to 2009 three Opel models (the Antara, the Astra and the Vectra) were sold in the United States under the Saturn marque. Upon the discontinuation of the Saturn marque, Buick became responsible for importing the Opel models. The only Buick cars to not be Opels are the Enclave CUV and the full sized LaCrosse sedan. In March 2017, Opel and its parent brand Vauxhall were bought by PSA, the company who owns Peugeot and Citroën.

Car models 
Passenger cars:
Rocks-e | Astra | Corsa | Mokka  | Crossland   | Grandland | Zafira

Commercial cars:
Combo | Vivaro | Movano

Concept cars:
Antara GTC | Astra OPC X-Treme | Eco Speedster | Flextreme | Flextreme GT/E | Frogster | GTC Concept | GT Concept | Insignia Concept | Monza Concept | Manta GSe Electromod | RAK e | Snowtrekker | Trixx

Historic cars:
Adam | Antara | Ampera | Agila | Admiral | Ascona | Blitz | Calibra | Cascada | Commodore | Diplomat | Frontera | GT  | Insignia | Karl | Meriva | Kadett | Kapitän | Manta | Monterey | Monza | Olympia | Omega | Rekord | Senator | Signum | Sintra | Speedster | Tigra | Vectra | Zafira Tourer

Other websites 
 Opel's Corporate Website

1862 establishments
1860s establishments in Germany
General Motors
Automobile companies of Germany
Hesse
JAG (TV series)

JAG (the American military acronym for Judge Advocate General) is an American legal, crime drama television show created by Donald P. Bellisario. It was on air between 1995 and 2005. The series is about the JAG officers Harmon "Harm" Rabb, Jr. (David James Elliott) and Sarah "Mac" MacKenzie (Catherine Bell) in Washington, D.C. In 2003, the series spawned the spin-off NCIS, which had the spin-offs called NCIS: Los Angeles and NCIS: New Orleans.

Actors 
 David James Elliott as Capt. Harmon Harm Rabb Jr.
 John M. Jackson as Rear Admiral (upper half) A. J. Chegwidden (1996–2004)
 Tracey Needham as Lieutenant. j.G. (junior Grade) Meg Austin (1995–1996)
 Catherine Bell as Lt. Colonel Sarah Mac MacKenzie (1997–2005)
 Patrick Labyorteaux as Lt. Commander. Bud Roberts Jr. (1997–2005)
 Karri Turner as Lieutenant Harriet Sims (1997–2005)
 Steven Culp as Clayton Webb
 Sibel Galindez as Lieutenant Elizabeth 'Skates' Hawkes

Other websites 

 

1995 American television series debuts
2005 American television series endings
2000s American television series
American drama television series

Television series set in Washington, D.C.
English-language television programs
Burn (disambiguation)

Burning is the process of combustion, a reaction between a substance (the fuel) and a gas (the oxidizer).

Burn, burning or burned can mean:
 Burn, injury to the skin caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, or radiation
 Burn (stream), in Scotland and north-eastern England, a type of stream which is smaller than a river
 Burn (computer game), a first-person shooter computer game released in 2007
 Burn, a village in North Yorkshire, England
 Burn and Burn Sugar Free, energy drinks by Coca-Cola
 Burn in, to exercise components (such as electronics) before putting them into service
 Burning, a self-sustaining thermonuclear (nuclear fusion) reaction
 Burning, the recording process for various technologies based on compact discs or DVDs
 Burning-in, a manipulation during photographic enlargement to darken selected areas of the final print
 Burned (image), an image with highlights or shadows considerably outside the medium's gamut
 Execution by burning, an execution by fire, usually by being burnt to death on a pyre
 Indian burn, common school prank also called a Chinese burn
 Burn notice, an official statement issued between intelligence agencies stating that an individual or a group is or has become unreliable.

In music
Bands:
 Burn (UK band), a heavy rock band from Loughborough, England
 Burn (U.S. band), a New York hardcore band

Albums:
 Burn (album), a 1974 album by Deep Purple
 Burn, a 1995 album by Sister Machine Gun
 Burn, a 2000 album by Jo Dee Messina
 Burnin, a 1970 album by The Wailers
 Burning, a 1999 EP by house DJ/producer Pépé Bradock
 Burned, a 1995 album by ElectrafixionSongs:'''
 "Burn" (Usher song), a song from Usher's 2004 album Confessions "Burn" (Nine Inch Nails song), a song by Nine Inch Nails found on the Natural Born Killers Soundtrack
 "Burn", a song by Rancid on the album Let's Go "Burn", a song The Cure featured on The Crow Soundtrack "Burn", a song by Shannon Noll on his 2004 album That's What I'm Talking About "Burn", a song by Mushroomhead on their 2006 album Savior Sorrow "Burn", a song by Alkaline Trio on their 2005 album Crimson "Burn", a song by Collective Soul found on their album Home
 "Burn", a song by Three Days Grace on their album Three Days Grace "Burn", a song by Year Of The Rabbit on their EP Hunted "Burn", a song by Against Me! which first appeared on their 2001 EP Crime As Forgiven By "Burn", a song by King Diamond on the 1990 album The Eye "Burn", a song by Michael Angelo Batio on his 2005 album Hands Without Shadows "Burn", a song by Deep Purple on their 1974 album Burn "Burnnn!", a song by Pantera on their 1988 album Power Metal "The Burn", a song by Matchbox Twenty on their 2000 album Mad SeasonIn media
 Burn!, a 1969 film
 Burn, a 1998 film directed by Scott Storm
 Burn, a 2005 novel by James Patrick Kelly
 Burned'', a 2005 novel by Ellen Hopkins
 Burn Notice (TV series), a 2007 television drama

Basic English 850 words
Adobe Photoshop

Photoshop is a popular image changing software package. It is widely used by photographers for photo editing (fixing colors, reducing noise, adding effects, fixing brightness/contrast) and by graphic designers and Web designers to create and change images for web pages. The first version was introduced in 1990. Version Photoshop CC 2018 was launched on October 18 2017.

Photoshop works on computer systems like Windows and Mac. The software is made by the company Adobe Systems. A simpler version named Photoshop Elements is made for home users who do not want to buy the more powerful, more expensive full version. Photoshop Express, a free version, is even more limited. There are different pricing plans for the application.

References

Graphics software
Vector graphics editors
Adobe software
Finger

A finger is a type of digit attached to the hand. Our type of fingers are similar to those of other primates. They are used for doing things and feeling things.

Humans have five digits, the bones of which are termed phalanges. The first digit is the thumb, followed by the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger or 'pinky'. According to different definitions, the thumb can be called a finger, or not. The four fingers have three phalanges each; the thumb has two.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Limbs and extremities
Bronze

Bronze is a metal alloy. Bronze is mostly copper, with some tin added (usually between 5% and 20% tin) to make it stronger. The most common alloy is just made of copper and tin. Some bronzes add other metals. 

Other bronzes are:
 Aluminum bronze, which uses aluminum instead of tin.
 Leaded bronze
 Silicon bronze
 Phosphor bronze, which has both tin and phosphorus added to the copper.

Bronze should not be confused with brass which is a different alloy of copper and zinc.

History. 
Bronze was the first alloy that was used by humans. The first nation that used bronze was Egypt about 3500 years B.C. This gave the name for the Bronze Age.

Bronze is stronger than copper or tin alone. Bronze lasts longer than copper. Pure copper can be oxidized by air and also by water. When copper is oxidized by air or water, it turns green (the color of "copper oxide"), and falls apart.

When people learned how to make and work iron, the Bronze Age ended, and the Iron Age started. Iron can be made harder than bronze, but is susceptible to corrosion (see rust). Iron also wears away faster than bronze, when different pieces are moving against each other. Iron is very common, and easy to make. For this reason, iron costs less than bronze. This is the reason why iron is now used where bronze used to be used.

Current use 
Bronze is still used to make many parts of machines. We use bronze when the part must last for a long time around water and air, or must not wear away.  The main things that are made out of it are pump parts, bearings, bells, electrical components, gears, valves, and other things.

Bronze parts are usually cast in a foundry. After they are cast, bronze parts can also be worked in a lathe or milling machine, or drilled. Bronze is not normally worked with a hammer as iron is.

Pictures 

Alloys
Metallurgy
Flight

Flight or flying is a process of movement of an object in a gaseous environment or a vacuum. In practice this means it moves through the air.

Animals 
Best adapted for long controlled powered flight are flying birds and insects, bats (Chiroptera), and the extinct pterosaurs. 

All of these animals use (or used) the aerodynamic principles of flight, using the load-bearing properties of the wing for active flight. There are also many animals that glide and parachute flight, such as some spiders' webs, aeroplankton, flying clams, flying fish, and various forest-dwelling mammals and reptiles. 

The fastest flying animal is the peregrine falcon. The speed of its dive is over .

Floating flight
An aerostat is a system that remains in the air by the use of floating. Man-made aerostats include balloons and airships. An aerostat's main structural component is its envelope, a lightweight skin containing a lifting gas to provide floating, to which other parts are attached. By contrast, aerodynes use aerodynamic lift, which requires the movement of the aircraft through the surrounding air mass.

There are a huge number of plants which distribute their spores or seeds by air. Many bacteria and viruses do so as well. With these very small objects, the surface area is great in proportion to its weight. That is why they lift off.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Zoology
Physics
Pound

Pound or Pounds may refer to:

Units
 Pound (currency), various units of currency
 Pound sterling, the official currency of the United Kingdom
 Pound (mass), a unit of mass
 Pound (force), a unit of force 
 Rail pound, in rail profile

Symbols
 Pound sign, the symbol for the pound sterling, £
 Number sign (also pound sign), the symbol #

Places in the United States
 Pound, Virginia, a town
 Pound, Wisconsin, a village
 Pound (town), Wisconsin, a town
 Pound Ridge, New York, a town

Entertainment
 Pound (band), an American rock band
 Pound (film), a 1970 film directed and written by Robert Downey, Sr.

Other uses
 Pound (surname), a list of people
 Animal shelter (also a "pound"), a facility that houses homeless, lost, or abandoned animals
 Animal pound, a similar structure  
 Canal pound, the stretch of level water impounded between two canal locks
 Fist bump (also a "pound" or a "fist pound"), a gesture similar in meaning to a handshake or high five
 Buffalo pound, a hunting structure used by indigenous North Americans to trap bison (buffalo)
 Pound (networking), a lightweight open source reverse proxy program and application firewall
 Pound (magazine), a Toronto-based hip hop magazine
 Pounds, shillings and pence or £sd, British and other European pre-decimal currency
Vehicle impoundment

See also
Dalton (unit)

The dalton or unified atomic mass unit (abbreviated: amu, u, or Da) is a unit of measurement that is used to measure the mass of atoms. The atomic mass unit is equal to one twelfth of the mass of the carbon-12.

The unified atomic mass unit and the dalton are different names for the same thing. The word 'dalton' is being used more over time. The unit is named after John Dalton, an 18th-century naturalist and teacher.

References

Analytical chemistry
Units of mass
Anion

Anions are atoms or radicals (groups of atoms), that have gained electrons. Since they now have more electrons than protons, anions have a negative charge. For example, chloride ions Cl- , bromide Br- , iodide I-.  These are monovalent anions, meaning they have a valency (combining capacity) with only one ion of hydrogen.  Similarly there are bivalent anions, etc.

An ion is an atom (or group of atoms) with an electrical charge. Anions are one of the two types of ions. The other type is called a Cation, having a positive charge. In many crystals the anions are bigger; the little cations fit into the spaces between them.

Anions are termed so because they are attracted towards the anode (the positive electrode).  All anions tend to accept a proton H+ thus they are categorised as base 

+

en:Ion#Anions and cations
ja:イオン#陰イオン
sv:Jon#Anjon
David (Michelangelo)

David is a statue by Michelangelo, begun in 1501 and completed in 1504. It is made of marble and is 17 feet tall. It is a statue of a shepherd, David, whose story is told in the Bible. David fought a battle with a giant soldier called Goliath. He beat Goliath by knocking him down with a small stone from his slingshot. David later became King of Israel.   

Michelangelo has carved the figure naked, in the way that Ancient Roman statues of Classical Gods were often made. He shows David before the fight, just as he is looking at Goliath and planning what to do. 

The statue was paid for by the wool-workers of Florence. To the people of the Republic of Florence, David, the teenage boy who fought a giant, was a symbol of how a small fierce town could battle off powerful invaders. David was a particularly important symbol to the wool-workers as well, because as a boy, he took care of his father’s sheep, and as a king, he was like a shepherd to his people. 

The statue of David is a symbol of the City of Florence, Italy,  and is Michelangelo's most famous work of sculpture.  It is often called The David. 

In March 2023 the statue was described as pornographic.  The principal of Tallahassee Classical School was forced to resign because the children were shown pictures of it.

Making the statue
From about 1464 the members of the Wool Guild wanted to have twelve statues of people from the Old Testament of the Bible carved for the Florence Cathedral.  These statues were to go on the buttresses all around the outside walls, high up near the roof. Two statues had already been made by Donatello and his assistant, Agostino di Duccio.  Duccio was asked to carve a statue of David. He began carving the  statue's feet, chest and a hole between the legs. He stopped making the statue when his master, Donatello, died in 1466.  Antonio Rossellino then worked on the statue for two years.  The block of stone was untouched for 33 years and was left in the cathedral workshop where it was getting damaged by the weather.  Michelangelo began working on David on September 13, 1501.  It was finished on September 8, 1504.

Where the statue was placed

When it was finished, the statue was placed in front of the entrance to the Palazzo Vecchio.  During 1873 it was moved to the Accademia Gallery in Florence to protect it from damage.  The statue currently attracts many visitors to the Accademia Gallery.

Damage to the statue
In 1991, the statue of David was attacked by a person with a hammer. Before the person with the hammer could be stopped, damage was done to the toes of the left foot.

Related pages
Other statues by Michelangelo:
Moses
Pieta

References

Statues
Art by Michelangelo
1500s works
Moses (Michelangelo)

Moses is a statue that was made by Michelangelo.  It is a statue of Moses from the Bible.  The statue is unusual because Moses has horns on his head.  This was one of Michelangelo's last projects.

Related pages
The following are other statues by Michelangelo:
David
Pieta

Other websites
 http://www.romaviva.com/Santa-Maria-Maggiore/moses.htm  Website with more information on Moses.

Statues
Art by Michelangelo
1510s works
The Birth of Venus

The Birth of Venus is a painting by Sandro Botticelli (1445 – May 17, 1510). It is of a Roman goddess who was called Venus. He pictured her standing on a shell because Venus was said to have been born from foam on the sea in Stanze per la giostra, a poem written by Angelo Poliziano. The painting shows Zephyr, god of the winds holding the gentle breeze Aura, blowing her toward the shore where Horae, goddess of the seasons, is awaiting her with a cloak. She is pictured naked to show her innocence and divinity.

Art by Sandro Botticelli
15th-century paintings
Primavera (Botticelli)

The Primavera is a painting by Sandro Botticelli, which was painted in about 1482.

What is the painting of?
The painting is set in the garden of Venus, who is in the middle of the painting.  Above her head is Cupid, who is aiming a bow and arrow at The Three Graces.  The Three Graces are dancing a rondel.  Mercury is on the left of the painting.  He is wearing a helmet and is carrying a sword.  This means that he is the guard of Venus's garden.  On the right of the picture is Zephyr.  Zephyr is the god of the wind.  He is chasing a nymph called Cloris.  Next to Cloris is Flora, the goddess of Spring, scattering flowers. She was originally Cloris but was turned into Flora by Zephyr.

Where is the painting?
The Primavera is in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence.

15th-century paintings
Art by Sandro Botticelli
Cupid

Cupid, also called Amor (Latin for love), is the god of sexual desire in Roman mythology. He fired golden arrows at people to make them fall in love, and lead arrows to make people fall out of love. He was mainly drawn as a cherub, but he might have looked like a normal teenager. He had large feathery wings which he used to fly around in the sky and mainly shot people with his love arrows by flying above them. He secretly did this. And many people asked him for help.

Related pages
Eros – Greek mythology version of Cupid.

Roman gods and goddesses
Gods and goddesses of love and lust
The Creation of Adam

The Creation of Adam is part of a painting by Michelangelo which can be seen on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican City. It is of Adam and God touching hands so that God can give the spark of life to Adam.

Art by Michelangelo
Paintings with Christian themes
16th-century paintings
1500s works
Newbury, Berkshire

Newbury is a small historical market town in Berkshire, England, with many buildings from the 16th century, the world famous Newbury racecourse, and the Lambourn horse training stables.

Newbury is home to many kinds of people from different cultures. It is easy to get there from the M4 motorway and has airport and train links.

References

Towns in Berkshire
Dvorak Simplified Keyboard

The Dvorak Simplified Keyboard ( ) is an alternative way of putting letters on an English keyboard. Most English keyboards have the keys lined up in a "QWERTY layout." The point of QWERTY was to prevent typewriter keys from sticking, but it is not the most "ergonomic", or comfortable, keyboard to type on. August Dvorak invented the Dvorak keyboard, where letters are arranged based on how often they are used. For instance, the most common letters (like "e") are in the center row of keys, so less hand movement is needed when a person is typing.

Proponents of the Dvorak keyboard feel that with the use of computers rather than typewriters, there is no reason to keep the QWERTY keyboard. Many Dvorak keyboard users think that more people should use the Dvorak keyboard, as it aims to prevent typing injuries (like repetitive strain injury and carpal tunnel syndrome). But most users are used to the QWERTY keyboard, and do not want to switch.

References 

Computer keyboard
Microsoft FrontPage

Microsoft FrontPage (Full name: Microsoft Office FrontPage) is a program made by Microsoft to help people make webpages and full websites. It was one of Microsoft Office programs until 2003.

Microsoft FrontPage was commercially available in four versions:
FrontPage 98, FrontPage 2000, FrontPage 2002 & FrontPage 2003.

A freeware version was also included in earlier releases of Internet Explorer.  It was called FrontPage Express.  It was a useful web editor without costing as much as professional software.  FrontPage express is compatible with Windows XP and some other versions of Windows.  FrontPage Express downloads are still available online from third-party hosts, such as stormthecastle.com.

FrontPage is a WYSIWYG, "What You See Is What You Get", Web Editor. All versions of FrontPage are still in use by web developers all over the globe.

The 2003 version is the last installment to the series. It was discontinued in 2006, being replaced by Microsoft Expression Web and Microsoft Office SharePoint Designer.

The first version of the app was made by Vermeer Technologies in 2005, before its acquisition by Microsoft.

References 

Microsoft software
Gonad

A gonad is a gland that makes gametes and sex hormones. The male gonad is the testicle. Testicles make sperm cells. The female gonad is the ovary. Ovaries make egg cells. Some animals have different gonads because they are hermaphroditic. They may have gonads such as the ovotestis. This is a gland that is similar to testicles and ovaries.

References 

Glands
Watercolour

Painting
Paints
Watercolours (UK), also called watercolor (US) or aquarelle (French), are paintings whose colours are water-based pigments. 

Watercolours were first created in China, appearing shortly after paper was invented. Watercolours soon became popular in Japan as well.Pigment is mixed first with a binder which is most of the time, gum arabic, then add water and then using a brush add the pigment to material like paper. When the water dries, the pigment is stuck to the material from the binder.

References
Expert system

An expert system is a program running on a computer. Like a human expert, it knows a lot about a subject. People can ask the expert system a question. The expert system will then use a set of rules and give answers to the question. This method of automated reasoning belongs to a field of computer science called artificial intelligence.

Different groups of people can have different kinds of access to an expert system. The people managing the network of computers have different needs than the office worker or secretary.

How expert systems work
Expert systems are made of
A set of facts, rules and principles
A set of data that is solved using its expertise
A user interface

When they are asked a question, they will filter the data with the rules they have. They might give back a result, or ask an additional question.

Categories of expert systems
Case-based expert systems have a number of cases; each case describes the problem in context, and  the solution of the problem, in the specific case. The current problem is matched as closely as possible to a case. The solution of the case found is then applied to the current problem. The main problem of such systems is to define how cases relate to each other, or are similar. An example of where such a system may be used is that of a patient: This patient shows a given number of symptoms, and the expert system could diagnose the patient.
Rule-based systems do not rely on cases; instead, there are a number of rules. These are expressed in the form IF A THEN B.  In most systems, human experts have to write the rules. 
A third approach is to construct systems that are based on decision trees. Such systems are capable of learning, or of extending their knowledge base, using inductive reasoning. When the classification is done, the system uses a path through the tree. At the end, it arrives at a leaf, which indicates the class of solution to the problem.  Each bifurcation in the tree is based on an attribute, that is checked. The value of the attribute determines how to continue the path. Ideally, good results are obtained using small trees. The problem is finding good attributes to base the decisions on. 

Artificial intelligence
Systems
Hermann Hesse

Hermann Hesse (2 July 1877 – 9 August 1962) was a German-Swiss poet, novelist, and painter. In 1946, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature. His best known works include Steppenwolf, Siddhartha, and The Glass Bead Game (also known as Magister Ludi).

Other websites 

 
 Hermann Hesse Page - in German and English, maintained by Professor Gunther Gottschalk
 Hermann Hesse Portal 
 Community of the Journeyer to the Easy  - in German and English
 Concise Biography  - originally published by the Germanic American Institute, by Paul A. Schons
 Article  at 'Books and Writers'

1877 births
1962 deaths
German novelists
German painters
German poets
German Nobel Prize winners
People from Baden-Württemberg
Swiss novelists
Swiss painters
Swiss poets
Swiss Nobel Prize winners
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, is a protocol related to computers and networks of computers. It is referred to as DHCP for short. It was made so that computers could connect to other computers (on a network) automatically. To be able to access the Internet (or any computer network), an IP address is needed. DHCP allows for this IP address to be obtained automatically. Other data, like a DNS Nameserver, or a time server can also be obtained that way. Finally, computers that support it can even get a disk image they boot from over the network.

The address can be dynamic (it can change), or it can be static (it stays the same). After a certain time, the address lease has to be renewed.

Computer protocols
computer networking
DHCP is one of the most complicated IP protocols in networks of computers.
Communication protocol

In computing, a communication protocol refers to the set of rules that computers use to communicate with each other.  The protocol defines the signals that the computers will give each other, and other details such as how communication begins and/or ends. 

Types of Protocol
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), is used for accessing and receiving Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) files on the internet.
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP),  is used for transferring e-mail between computers.
 Post Office Protocol version 3 (PoP3) is the most common account type for personal e‑mail. Messages are typically deleted from the server when you check your e‑mail.
 Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is a protocol for e-mail retrieval and storage developed in 1986 at Stanford University as an alternative to POP.
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP), is used for showing files to be copied between devices.
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), ensures the delivery of information packets across networks.
 Internet Protocol (IP), is responsible for logical addressing called "IP address" to route information between networks.
 In computer networking, Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a data link (layer 2) protocol used to establish a direct connection between two nodes.
The packets and device protocol(TPADP) makes sure that the other protocols have a back up route.

References

Related pages 
Computer network
Internet protocol suite
OSI model
Application programming interface
Aldi

Aldi is a supermarket in Germany and in most parts of the European Union. Aldi shops are also in Australia and the United States. Most German towns and villages have at least one Aldi shop. There are about 4,100 stores in Germany, and 7,600 worldwide. The name of the shop stands for ALbrecht-DIscount.

The company is a food retailer, but it also sells non-food at times. In the 1990s, Aldi often sold computers that were sought after. Aldi has a reputation for being cheap. It forces its suppliers to sell to them at low prices.

History 
The company was started in 1913 as a family grocery business in Essen. In 1946, brothers Karl Albrecht (1920-2014) and Theo Albrecht (1922-2010) took over the business from their mother. Theo had been held by the US in a prisoner of war camp. They started the idea of discount shops in Germany. They decided to have a limited range of goods and sell them at a discount price. In 1960, the company was split into Aldi Nord (Aldi North) under the control of Theo, and Aldi Süd (Aldi South) under the control of Karl. The brothers became billionaires. In 2009 Karl's wealth was estimated to be €25 billion. Theo was kidnapped in 1971 and held prisoner for 17 days until a seven million mark ransom was paid. The family have avoided publicity and there are few known photographs of them.

Geographic distribution

Australia
Aldi started in Australia in 2001. At the end of 2010 there were 210 Aldi stores in eastern Australia and the company were planning to open 20-30 stores each year. In 2009 the Australian stores made a profit of AU$91.94 million, up 27% on 2008.

United Kingdom 
Aldi opened its 1000th store in the UK in September 2023 - in the affluent town of Woking.  It is the UK’s fourth-biggest grocer by market share and plans to open 500 more.  Sales had increased by 21% in August from a year earlier. It has lower operational costs than other supermarkets and sells mostly own-label products.

References

Other websites 

 Aldi International (with links to all of Aldi's international websites)
 ALDI Near Me  (ALDI store locator Australia)
1913 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in Germany
Supermarkets of Germany
Channel Tunnel

The Channel Tunnel (or Chunnel) (French: le tunnel sous la Manche) is a long underwater tunnel between England and France that runs under the English Channel at the Strait of Dover. It is only for trains. Some of the trains in the Channel Tunnel carry freight, including automobiles. Others, like the Eurostar, carry only passengers.

The tunnel, which was once called the Eurotunnel, opened in 1994. It is 50 kilometres (31 miles) long and its deepest point is 75 metres (250 feet) beneath the surface. It connects Folkestone, Kent in the United Kingdom to Calais in northern France. This has reduced travel time between London and Paris to a little over two hours with high-speed trains.

Other websites 
 EuroTunnel.com

Tunnels
Seven Wonders of the Modern World
Buildings and structures in France
Transport in England
Transport in France
Hauts-de-France
1994 establishments in Europe
Buildings and structures in Kent
Katowice

Katowice (pronounce:  , also known as Kattowitz in German) is a city in Poland. It is in the south of Poland in the historical region called Silesia on Kłodnica and Rawa river. It received city rights in 1865. Between 1953 and 1956 Katowice had the name Stalinogród - "Stalin City". It was given by the polish communists. There are about 315,123 people living there. The mayor of the city is Marcin Krupa. For a long period of time the city was ruled by Germans, as it was a part of Germany until 1918. There is a little airport called Airport Muchowiec. There are both modern and old buildings in Katowice. It was the center of the coal mining and metallurgy.

Districts

Famous people from Katowice 

 Hans Bellmer, surrealist photographer
 Henryk M. Broder, journalist
 Maria Goeppert-Mayer
 Kurt Goldstein, neurologist
 Richard Herrmann, German footballer
 Jerzy Kukuczka 
 Kazimierz Kutz 
 Franz Leopold Neumann 
 Hans Sachs

Twin towns 
 Cologne (Germany)
 Groningen (Netherlands)
 Miskolc (Hungary)
 Mobile, Alabama (United States)
 Odense (Denmark)
 Ostrava (Czech Republic)
 Saint-Etienne (France)

References

Other websites 

 The Municipal Council of Katowice 
 The Commercial Website of Katowice
 Katowice, Silesia 
 A webcam view of Katowice 
 Hotel in Katowice 
 Tram in Katowice

Cities in Silesian Voivodeship
Amazon

Amazon can be:
 one of the Amazons, a group of female warriors in Greek mythology 
 The Amazon River, a big river in South America
 The Amazon Basin, the area drained by the river
 The Amazon Rainforest, the forest surrounding the river
 Amazon.com a big online store
Giorgio Napolitano

Giorgio Napolitano (29 June 1925 – 22 September 2023) was an Italian politician who was the 11th President of Italy from 2006 to 2015. He was born in Naples, Italy.

He was elected on May 10, 2006 on the fourth ballot, with 543 votes out of 1009 (the required number was 505), but he took office as president only on May 15, 2006, after Carlo Azeglio Ciampi's time was finished.

He was voted mostly by the left-wing coalition led by Prime Minister Romano Prodi, head of the Italian Government. Napolitano was preceded at his job by Carlo Azeglio Ciampi. He was nicknamed King George by his critics. 

Napolitano resigned as President of Italy on January 14, 2015 due to his old age.

Napolitano was hospitalized in Rome on 29 June 2023, shortly after his 98th birthday. He died on 22 September 2023 at the age of 98.

References

Presidents of Italy
Recipients of the Order pro merito Melitensi
1925 births
2023 deaths
Politicians from Naples
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy)
Robert Byrd

Robert Carlyle Byrd (November 20, 1917 – June 28, 2010) was a Senator of the state of West Virginia from 1959 until his death in 2010. He is the longest serving Senator in United States History. He was dean of the United States Senate from 2003 to 2010. He was president pro tempore four times. He was elected to the Senate in 1958. He served as majority leader from 1977 to 1981 and again from 1987 to 1989. He was also minority leader from 1981 to 1987. He was a member of the KKK.

Early life
Byrd was born on November 20, 1917 in North Wilkesboro, North Carolina. He was married to Erma James from 1937 until her death in 2006. They had two children.

Political career
Byrd was fourth person in the state (as President pro tempore of the Senate, usually longest serving Senator from majority party) from January 1989 to January 1995, from January 3, 2001 to January 20, 2001 and again from June 2001 to January 2003 and January 2007 until his death in 2010.

After Republicans retook control of the Senate, he became the honorary President "pro tempore emeritus" In 2007, Byrd became President Pro Tempore of the Senate again. Before he was elected to the Senate he served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1953 until 1959 (he is dean of all Congress).

He was a vocal opponent of President George W. Bush's war in Iraq. In January 2006 he was one of the only four (alongside Ben Nelson of Nebraska, Kent Conrad of North Dakota and Ken Salazar of Colorado) democratic Senators, who voted for Samuel Alito.

Death
Byrd died on June 28, 2010 in Falls Church, Virginia from problems caused by heat exhaustion, aged 92.

References

1917 births
2010 deaths
American Baptists
Lawyers from North Carolina
Deans of the United States Senate
Minority leaders of the United States Senate
Majority leaders of the United States Senate
Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate
1976 United States presidential candidates
United States representatives from West Virginia
United States senators from West Virginia
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
Deaths from exhaustion