alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Essynth

Essynth  is a mathematical model for interactive sound synthesis based on the evolutionary computation which uses genetic operators and fitness functions to create sound. In Essynth, digitally sampled sounds (waveforms) are represented as individuals within a population set that describes an evolutionary path over time in generation steps.  Here the evolution is given by the population's adaptation to another set of individuals, called here as the Target Set, which conveys all psychoacoustic features that steers the population evolution. This process is somehow similar to the “evolution pressure” that dictates the adaptation of populations in biological systems. The “best individual” within the population is the one most similar to the Target set. Unlike others deterministic sound synthesis methods such as the linear methods (i.e. additive synthesis), the non-linear (i.e. frequency modulation synthesis) and the sample-based methods (i.e. sample-based synthesis) Essynth is a non-deterministic method of sound synthesis once that its resulting sound is not fixed for the same parametric values but continuously evolves over time.

In Essynth, the group of individual's psychoacoustic features is called genotype. There are three basic models to represent the genotype in Essynth. They are: 1) digitally sampled sound segments (waveforms), 2) psychoacoustic curves of loudness, pitch and spectrum, and 3) 3D spectrogram.

The synthesized sound produced by this method is given by two processes, here called as: Reproduction and Selection. Reproduction uses the genetic operators: crossover and mutation to create new individuals by transforming its predecessor's genotype and Selection uses Hausdorff distance as the fitness evaluation methodology to select the best individuals, as well as eliminating the ones too distant from the Target set.

Since Essynth is a non-deterministic method, in addition to the convergence to the Target set, Essynth also produces a rich sound environment resulting from its dynamical behavior in time. As in nature, the evolutionary steps never repeat itself, although it may present some strong resemblance or similarity among individuals within the population.

References
J. Fornari, J. Manzolli, A. Maia Jr., (2001). "The Evolutionary Sound Synthesis Method". Proceedings of the ninth ACM international conference on Multimedia.

External links
  ACM Multimedia
  Manzolli's papers
  NICS

Sound synthesis types
Coquihalla River Provincial Park

Coquihalla River Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located  north of the town of Hope on BC Highway 5 adjacent to the Coquihalla River.

The park was established as the Coquihalla River Recreation Area in 1986, comprising
approximately .  It was upgraded in full provincial park status in 1999 but not fully upgraded by statute until 2000.  Its area is now approximately .

References

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Lower Mainland
Canadian Cascades
1986 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1986
Cormorant Channel Marine Provincial Park

Cormorant Channel Marine Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located in the Pearse Islands, a small archipelago to the east of Cormorant Island and the Village of Alert Bay at the western end of Johnstone Strait.

See also
List of British Columbia provincial parks

References

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Central Coast of British Columbia
1992 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1992
Marine parks of Canada
Cornwall Hills Provincial Park

Cornwall Hills Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, immediately west of Cache Creek, protecting part of the Cornwall Hills including their highest summit which features an old fire lookout.

See also
Blue Earth Lake Provincial Park
Oregon Jack Provincial Park
Hat Creek Ranch
Marble Canyon Provincial Park
Bedard Aspen Provincial Park
Ashcroft Manor Ranch

References

BC Parks infopage

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Thompson Country
1996 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1996
Coste Rocks Provincial Park

Coste Rocks Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located 23 km south of Kitimat on the south end of Coste Island.  The park, which is water access only, was established in 2004; comprising approximately 29 hectares (1 hectares of it upland and 28 hectares of it foreshore).

References

Provincial parks of British Columbia
North Coast of British Columbia
2004 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 2004
Cottonwood River Provincial Park

Cottonwood River Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located northeast of the confluence of the Fraser and Cottonwood Rivers in that province's North Cariboo region.

There are no active recreational facilities, no maintenance, and camping is prohibited at this park.

See also
Cottonwood Canyon
Cottonwood, British Columbia
Cottonwood House Historic Park
List of British Columbia provincial parks

References

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Geography of the Cariboo
1966 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1966
Cowichan River Provincial Park

Cowichan River Provincial Park is a provincial park on Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. It includes the Cowichan River in a 750-hectare area stretching almost 20 kilometres, from the village of Lake Cowichan to Glenora, just south of Duncan. Its paths are part of the Trans Canada Trail

References

External links 
 Official site - BC Parks

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Cowichan Valley
Year of establishment missing
Giuseppe Sacconi

Giuseppe Sacconi (Montalto delle Marche, 5 July 1854 - 23 September 1905) was an Italian architect.  He is best known as the designer of the monument of Vittorio Emanuele II, in the centre of Rome. Following the prestigious commission, he became one of the protagonists of the artistic culture of post-unification Italy, which was then engaged in heated debates aimed at creating a "national style". He was also a restorer of some famous monuments.

Life and works 
In 1884, he won the competition to design the Victor Emanuel II Monument in Rome, and began building in the following year, though it was not finished until several years after his death. The monument celebrates the Risorgimento and the battles for national unity, has neoclassical and eclectic style, with many works of art that are affected by the art nouveau; it is today seen by the most up-to-date art critics as an important step in the search for a national style, which was to characterize the Kingdom of Italy recently established. Although the monument to Vittorio Emanuele was generally immediately appreciated for its artistic value, some art scholars expressed criticisms of the monument style.

During the fascist-era the monument would become the main scene of Mussolini's regime. In the seventies of the 20th century, this greatly contributed to the general downgrading of the monument. Starting from the 2000s, the Vittoriano has been rediscovered in its artistic, historical and symbolic values. It is one of national symbols of Italy.

Giuseppe Sacconi worked on the restoration of the Basilica di Loreto, a work in which he aimed to remove all baroque and other changes and additions, and restore the original form to the entire building.  He also made the design for the Expiatory Chapel of Monza and restored the Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi and the Ancona Cathedral. He died in Collegigliato, Pistoia.

Sources

The American monthly review of reviews, Volume 33, (1906) edited by Albert Shaw, Page 101.

References 

19th-century Italian architects
1854 births
1905 deaths
Burials at Campo Verano
Crooked River Provincial Park

Crooked River Provincial Park is a 970-hectare provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. The park, named after the Crooked River, was established in 1965. It is located approximately 70 km north of Prince George, along Highway 97, and close to the town of Bear Lake.

References

External links
 Official site
 Crooked River Provincial Park at BritishColumbia.com

Provincial parks of British Columbia

Protected areas established in 1965
1965 establishments in British Columbia
Crowsnest Provincial Park

Crowsnest Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located within the District Municipality of Sparwood,  east of Fernie on BC Highway 3, just inside the BC side of the Crowsnest Pass.

References

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Parks in the Regional District of East Kootenay
Elk Valley (British Columbia)
Year of establishment missing
Cummins Lakes Provincial Park and Protected Area

Cummins Lakes Provincial Park and Protected Area is a provincial park and protected area located in the eastern interior of British Columbia, Canada. It was established on August 4, 2000 to protect mountainous wilderness along the Cummins River.

Geography
The Cummins River is a tributary of the Columbia River that forms from the glacial meltwater of the Clemenceau Icefields. As the river flows down the western slope of the Continental Ranges, it forms a trio of spectacular waterfalls that cascade into and out of a pair of alpine lakes from which the park derives its name. The river then continues down the valley before joining the southeastern arm of Kinbasket Reservoir.

Ecology
Cummins Lakes Park protects a representative portion of the Central Park Ranges ecosection and Engelmann Spruce Subalpine Fir forest.

References

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Parks in the Canadian Rockies
Columbia Country
Year of establishment missing
Copeland Islands Marine Provincial Park

Copeland Islands Marine Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located in Desolation Sound to the northwest of Lund on the northern Sunshine Coast off the west coast of the Malaspina Peninsula.

The park was established in 1971, comprising approximately 423 hectares, 153 of which is upload, 278 hectares of foreshore.

References

Provincial Parks of the Gulf Islands
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Sunshine Coast (British Columbia)
1971 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1971
Marine parks of Canada
Volunteer Defence Corps

Volunteer Defence Corps may refer to:
Volunteer Defence Corps in Australia
Volunteer Defense Corps in Thailand
 Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps, last named the Royal Hong Kong Regiment
Shanghai Volunteer Corps
Conkle Lake Provincial Park

Animals of Conkle Lake Provincial Park

Bird species that live in the area are the common loon, merganser, ruffed grouse, pileated woodpecker, black-capped chickadee, and ruby-crowned kinglet. 

Mammals that live in the area are bears, squirrels, raccoons, rodents, beavers, deer, rabbits, foxes, and moose.

Conkle Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located west of the confluence of the Kettle and West Kettle Rivers. The park size is 587 hectares.

References

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Boundary Country
1973 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1973
Dunk (band)

Dunk, also previously known as Starkicker and blue.bottle.fly., was a Canadian power pop band from St. Catharines, Ontario, who were active from the mid 1990s to early 2000s.

History
The band formed in the 1990s, consisting of vocalist and guitarist Ben Dunk, bassist Nick Dunk and drummer Doug Boudreau. The original name of the band was blue.bottle.fly. The band sold 1,500 copies of their independent album in the St. Catharines area, after which they were signed by Sony. In 1996, the band changed their name to Starkicker due to another band on the Sony label having a similar name, Bluebottle Kiss.  The band released the album Beach Music through Sony in 1996. The first single from the album, "Get Up", peaked at No. 10 the week of August 26, 1996 on the RPM Alternative chart. By September 1996, the album had sold about 10,000 units. The second single from the album, "Neil Armstrong", enjoyed even greater success, peaking at No. 26 on the RPM Top 100 singles chart.

Beach Music was a top-30 Canadian campus radio chart hit in the late summer and fall of 1996.

The band garnered a nomination for Best New Group at the 1997 Juno Awards.

Deciding that the name Starkicker didn't fit, in 1999 the band changed their name to Dunk, added guitarist Tawgs Salter to the lineup, and released their follow-up album Time to Fly under their new name on September 7, 1999. The album's first single, "Crowdsurfing", peaked on the RPM Rock chart at No. 18.

On July 1, 2000, the band performed at Edgefest.

References

Canadian indie rock groups
Canadian power pop groups
Musical groups from St. Catharines
Musical groups established in 1993
Musical groups disestablished in 2006
1995 establishments in Ontario
2006 disestablishments in Ontario
Clayoquot Arm Provincial Park

Clayoquot Arm Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada.

See also
Clayoquot Plateau Provincial Park
Clayoquot Sound

References

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Clayoquot Sound region
1995 establishments in British Columbia
Clayoquot Plateau Provincial Park

Clayoquot Plateau Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It is located on the west side of the Kennedy River, to the northeast of the town of Tofino.

The park was established in 1995, comprising . Its boundaries were revised in 2004, and the resulting area is approximately , of which  is upland and  is foreshore.

See also
Clayoquot Arm Provincial Park
Clayoquot Sound

References

External links
BC Parks page "Clayoquot Plateau Park"

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Clayoquot Sound region
1995 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1995
Gudmund Restad

Gudmund Olav Restad (19 December 1937 – 18 September 2021) was a politician for the Norwegian Centre Party. He was Minister of Finance from 1997 to 2000. Prior to that, he served as Mayor of Smøla from 1980 to 1985 when he was elected to Parliament.

References

1937 births
2021 deaths
People from Skaun
Ministers of Finance of Norway
Members of the Storting
Centre Party (Norway) politicians
21st-century Norwegian politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians
Clendinning Provincial Park

Clendinning Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada.  It surrounds the drainage of Clendinning Creek, which is a tributary of the Elaho River.  Its name is shared by the Clendinning Range, of which Mount Clendinning is the highest summit (there is also a Clendinning Lake in the same basin).

Established as a Canadian Protected Area on October 28, 1996, and made a provincial park by order-in-council on December 9, 1998, it occupies an area of 30,330 hectares.

References

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Pacific Ranges
Sea-to-Sky Corridor
1998 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1998
Codville Lagoon Marine Provincial Park

Codville Lagoon Marine Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the southwest end of King Island. The park was created in 1965 because it is a significant site to the Heiltsuk People. This park, which is approximately 755 ha. in area, has an unmaintained trail to Sagar Lake which has a red sand beach. Created in 1992, it was expanded in 1995 by the incorporation of the former Sugar Lake Provincial Park.

References

External links
BC Parks page for Codville Lagoon
A Kayaking trip visits Codville Lagoon

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Central Coast of British Columbia
Heiltsuk
1965 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1965
Marine parks of Canada
Cody Caves Provincial Park

Cody Caves Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It was formed in July 1966 to protect the Cody Caves and was the first subterranean park in British Columbia.  The park is 13 km by road, northwest from the hot springs community of Ainsworth Hot Springs on Kootenay Lake.

Notes

External links
 

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Caves of British Columbia
West Kootenay
1966 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1966
Coldwater River Provincial Park

Coldwater River Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located at the confluence of the Coldwater River with Cullet Creek, 50 km south of Merritt on BC Highway 5.

References

BC Parks webpage

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Canadian Cascades
Nicola Country
1986 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1986
Columbia Lake Provincial Park

Columbia Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the northeast shore of Columbia Lake south of the town of Invermere. The park was established in 1988, comprising approximately . Its boundary was expanded in 2004, the total now comprising approximately ,  of which is upland,  of which is foreshore.

References

External links
BC Parks page "Columbia Lake"

See also
Columbia Lake Ecological Reserve

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Parks in the Regional District of East Kootenay
Columbia Valley
1988 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1988
Collinson Point Provincial Park

Collinson Point Provincial Park is a provincial park on Galiano Island, British Columbia, Canada.  It is located between Mount Galiano and the western approaches to Active Pass. The area is 24 hectares, with c. 500 metres of waterfront.

Description

The park shares a long common border with Mount Galiano Community Park, of which it is a de facto extension. Most of the remaining boundary is constituted by the shoreline.

History
The park was established in 2004, by acquisition from a private owner. Prior to 1988, the property had belonged to the forest company MacMillan Bloedel as part of its Galiano holdings, which itself had previously belonged to the Vancouver Coal Mining and Land Company (which acquired them by colonial grant). MacMillan Bloedel built the Phillimore Point Trail which passes through the Park.

Geology
The main feature is soft sandstone of the Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group, frequently exposed, otherwise with a thin overburden of podzolic soil. The sandstone is distinguished by its flowing, rounded forms; these appear to be volcanic bubbles but are actually the result of erosion by weathering. There are also areas of shale. The topography is steep, with occasional small plateaux; the park is basically the sheer southern slope of Mount Galiano.

Ecology

Flora
The vegetation is typical of south-facing slopes in the Coastal Douglas Fir zone, intergrading with Garry Oak-Arbutus. Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata) is abundant in the areas shaded by cliffs, and grassland is present in coastal areas. The grasslands and open woodlands have an abundance of wildflowers typical of this zone, notably Calypso bulbosa and Collinsia parviflora.

Fauna
The turbulent waters of Active Pass are a major source of food for marine life, thus seals can be found here, as well as bald eagles and cormorants. Because the park is part of an integral forest area, upland wildlife is also abundant, notably black-tailed deer and sooty grouse.

Tourism
The easiest public access is by a trail that starts at the Mt. Galiano parking lot near the end of Active Pass Drive. The Galiano Trails Society has an agreement with the private property owner the trail crosses to allow public access to the park. The trail is signposted. There are no campsites or other facilities. Another approach is by kayak, and this is quite popular.

References

BC Parks: Collinson Point Park

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Galiano Island
2004 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 2004
Champion Lakes Provincial Park

Champion Lakes Provincial Park is a provincial park in the West Kootenay region of British Columbia, Canada, located northeast of the city of Trail in the province's West Kootenay region.

The park was established by Order-in-Council in 1955. Its boundaries were adjusted in 2000 to approximately 1,245 hectares and again in 2004 to approximately 1,452 hectares.

Location
It is located  east of Fruitvale via Highway 3B, then  north on a paved side road.

Facilities

Camping, swimming and hiking trails are available in summer. In winter, there is an extensive network of Nordic ski trails, groomed and tracked by volunteers from the Beaver Valley Cross-Country Ski Club.

References

Provincial parks of British Columbia
West Kootenay
1955 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1955
Lakes of British Columbia
Kootenay Land District
Cedar Point Provincial Park

Cedar Point Provincial Park is a Class C provincial park located on the western end of Quesnel Lake in the Cariboo Region of British Columbia, Canada. As a Class "C" park, it is managed locally by a park board based in the nearby town of Likely. The park was established in 1962 and is approximately 8 hectares in area.

The park features the lake itself and an outdoor museum detailing the history of mining in the area.

External links
BC Parks Website

References

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Geography of the Cariboo
1962 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1962
Claud Elliott Lake Provincial Park

Claud Elliott Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada located on northern Vancouver Island approximately  southeast of Port McNeill, between the Tsitsika River and Bonanza Lake, near the community of Woss.

The park was established in 1995, comprising 289 hectares.  Its boundary was extended in 2004 to a current total area of approximately 328 hectares.

Name origin
Claud Elliott Lake and Claud Elliott Creek were named for a Mr. Claud Elliott who was born in Lincoln County, Upper Canada in 1859.  Of United Empire Loyalist stock, the family moved to Bruce County.  He came to BC in June 1891 and in the summer of 1902 visited the north end of Vancouver Island for the first time.  He became closely involved with this location, cruising and selling timber lands in this area and later serving as alderman for the City of Vancouver. He died in November 1929.

See also
Claud Elliott Creek Ecological Reserve

References

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Northern Vancouver Island
1995 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1995
Cinnemousun Narrows Provincial Park

Cinnemousun Narrows Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on Shuswap Lake at the convergence of the lake's four arms.

References
BC Parks webpage

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Parks in the Shuswap Country
1956 establishments in British Columbia
Barney Childs

Barney Sanford Childs (February 13, 1926 – January 11, 2000) was an American composer and teacher.

Born in Spokane, Washington, he taught and composed avant-garde music and literature at universities in the United States and United Kingdom.

Music
He was a musical autodidact till his association in the 1950s with Leonard Ratner and Elliott Carter in New York and with Aaron Copland and Carlos Chavez at Tanglewood .  He was associated later with double bass player Bertram Turetzky and clarinet player Phillip Rehfeldt. He wrote several pieces for these and other players, often using extended techniques.  Much of his music employs improvisation and indeterminacy (see his "Roachville Project," 1967).  However, his influences are diverse and include jazz artists, John Cage, Charles Ives, and Paul Hindemith.  Childs won the Koussevitzky Award at Tanglewood in 1954.

Education and teaching career
Trained originally as a literary scholar, Childs studied at Deep Springs College (1943–45), the University of Nevada, Reno (earning a BA in 1949), and Oxford University, where he was a Rhodes Scholar, earning a second BA in 1951 and an MA in 1955. He then returned to the United States where he earned a Ph.D. in English from Stanford University (1961) and remained active as an editor and writer of poetry. He taught English literature at the University of Arizona from 1956 to 1965 , where he was mentor to the young Joseph Byrd, then served as Dean at Deep Springs College from 1965 to 1969. In 1970 he was composer in residence at Wisconsin College Conservatory , and also taught at Goldsmiths, University of London.  From 1971 until his death, he was a Fellow of Johnston College, University of Redlands in Redlands, California, where he taught  composition and music literature .  He also taught literature and creative writing at the Johnston Center for Integrative Studies, located on the University of Redlands campus.

Childs wrote a poetry instruction manual, The Poetry 1 Book, which was published posthumously in 2014. This book also includes the text of ...and other poems, and other writing

Childs died in Redlands in 2000, of Parkinson's disease.

References

Further reading
Childs, Barney. 2002. A Music; That It Might Be.... New World Records.
Childs, Barney. 2014. The Poetry 1 Book. Createspace.

External links
Anon. 2012. "Biographical Sketch". Armacost Library, Barney Childs Collection. University of Redlands (Accessed March 18, 2013).

1926 births
2000 deaths
20th-century classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
Neurological disease deaths in California
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Experimental composers
Deep Springs College alumni
Musicians from Spokane, Washington
American Rhodes Scholars
University of Nevada, Las Vegas alumni
Stanford University alumni
University of Arizona faculty
Deep Springs College faculty
Academics of Goldsmiths, University of London
University of Redlands faculty
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
James Ramey

James Ramey may refer to:

 Baby Huey (singer) (James Thomas Ramey, 1944–1970), American rock and soul singer
 James Ramey (politician) (1917–2015), American politician in South Dakota
 James T. Ramey (1914–2010), American lawyer and nuclear expert
Chase Provincial Park

Chase Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located around Carina and Tomias Lakes,  north of Germansen Landing in the Omineca Mountains and just west of the Finlay Arm of Williston Lake. Approximately , it was established in 2001.

References

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Omineca Country
2001 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 2001
Chasm Provincial Park

Chasm Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located near the town of Clinton. Expanded to  in 1995, the park was originally created in 1940 to preserve and promote a feature known as the Painted Chasm, or simply The Chasm, a gorge created from melting glacial waters eroding a lava plateau over a 10 million year span called the Chilcotin Group.

The walls of the Chasm contain tones of red, brown yellow, and purple and are an average of  in height.  The Chasm is approximately  wide and  long, and lies adjacent to the route of the Cariboo Road, which lines the northern apex of the Chasm alongside the Canadian National Railway line.  In addition to the park upland areas of ponderosa pine, marshes and lakes are included in the park's boundaries.

Wildlife 
Wildlife found in the park includes bighorn sheep, moose, mule deer, black bear, coyote, small mammals, songbirds and birds of prey.

Images

References

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Canyons and gorges of British Columbia
Geography of the Cariboo
Landforms of the Cariboo
Bonaparte Country
1940 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1940
Nikitsky Botanical Garden

Nikita Botanical Garden (, 
) is one of the oldest botanical gardens in Europe. It is located in Crimea, close to Yalta, by the shores of the Black Sea. It was founded in 1812 and named after the settlement Nikita in Crimea, Russian Empire. 
Its founder and first director was Russian botanist Christian von Steven of Swedish descent. The garden and its collections were greatly expanded by the Livonian Nicolai Anders von Hartwiss, director 1827–1860.

The total area is 11 square kilometres. It is a scientific research centre, a producer of saplings and seeds, and a tourist attraction. The garden opened a representative office in Damascus in 2022.

The garden was the part of the Ukrainian Academy of Agrarian Sciences. It has subsidiaries in Crimea and Kherson Oblast. Its collection counts over 50,000 species, sorts and hybrides. Its scientific work consists in study of natural flora, collection of gene fund, selection and introduction of new agricultural plants for south Ukraine, Russia, and other countries.

Gallery

References 

Botanical gardens in Ukraine
Protected areas of Ukraine
Botanical research institutes
Research institutes in Ukraine
Research institutes in the Soviet Union
Tourist attractions in Crimea
Biota of Crimea
Buildings and structures in Yalta
1812 establishments in Ukraine
Chemainus River Provincial Park

Chemainus River Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada.

History
The park was established on December 30, 1959. It occupies 119 hectares. It is managed by the Cowichan Valley Regional District.

Cultural Heritage
Chemainus River Park occupies what was once the traditional territories of the Nanaimo First Nation, the Chemainus First Nation, the Cowichan Indian Band and the Cowichan Tribes. The indigenous people used this area for fishing, berry picking and bark stripping. The park also contains the vestiges of a historically significant railway grade.

Facilities
Unlike many other camps in British Columbia, the Chemainus River Provincial Park does not permit camping or campfires. There are facilities for numerous other activities, including canoeing, cycling, fishing, hiking, horseback riding, and swimming.

References

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Mid Vancouver Island
1959 establishments in British Columbia
Sx̱ótsaqel/Chilliwack Lake Provincial Park

Sx̱ótsaqel/Chilliwack Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. Covering 92.58 km2, the park is located 150 km east of Vancouver in the Chilliwack River Valley.

History
A trail was first cut to the Chilliwack River in 1855 by the Hudson's Bay Company. This trail was an improvement to the “Indian Trail,” an ancient trail that joined nine Indigenous villages between Vedder Crossing and Chilliwack Lake. In the early part of the 20th century, logging began in the valley. By the 1920s the logging industry here had grown considerably. A railroad logging was set up. The railroad was destroyed by a huge fire in 1938. Subsequently, the railroad logging was stopped and supplanted by truck logging. In 1942 an army base was set up in Chilliwack and rifle ranges established on the road to Chilliwack Lake.
.

Chilliwack Lake Provincial Park gets its name from the Chilliwack Lake, a valley-bottom lake. The valley is a U-shaped glacial valley. The topography of the park is a picturesque blend of old-growth forested slopes and sub-alpine and alpine ridges.

The park was first established in 1973 comprising 384 hectares.  It was expanded in 1974 and again in 1997, now comprising approximately 9,258 hectares. The name of the park was changed to "Sx̱ótsaqel/Chilliwack Lake Park" in 2021. Sx̱ótsaqel means "sacred lake" in Halkomelem and the area is the ancestral homeland of the Ts’elxwéyeqw Tribe.

Facilities and features

A total of 40 kilometers of trails offer hiking, bird watching and wildlife viewing opportunities for visitors. There are also plenty of activities that can be done without getting into the water. There is a large playground in the park. The park has a total of 146 frontcountry campsites. There are backcountry camps in Greendrop, Lindeman, Flora, and Radium Lakes.

Chilliwack Lake is suitable for boating, canoeing, swimming and fishing. The park also features several trails, including a trail to Lindeman Lake (1.5 km), Greendrop Lake (5.5 km), Flora Lake (7 km) and Radium Lake (6.5 km).  All the hikes at the North end of the Park are considered strenuous mountain trails.

As of 2013, the park recommends avoiding Hanging Lake as the trail is unmaintained and there are no safe river crossings across the Chilliwack River.

Flora Lake
Flora Lake is one of several small lakes within the boundaries of Chilliwack Lake Provincial Park. The only access to Flora Lake is by a steep, rough and overgrown trail through slides, creeks, washouts and alpine meadows. Only experienced and well equipped hikers with path finding experience should attempt this trail. It is strongly recommended that one be prepared to spend the night, as the trip up can take several hours in both directions.

See also
Cultus Lake Provincial Park
Skagit Valley Provincial Park

References

External links
 
 BritishColumbia.com - Chilliwack Lake tourist info

Canadian Cascades
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Lower Mainland
1973 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1973
Nikita, Crimea

Nikita (; ; ) is an urban-type settlement in Yalta Municipality of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, a territory recognized by a majority of countries as part of Ukraine and incorporated by Russia as the Republic of Crimea. It is known for the Nikitsky Botanical Garden named after the settlement. Population: 

Originally it was a village of Nikita owned by a landowner Smirnov, bought by the state in 1811 for the creation of the botanical garden. During the times of the Soviet Union the settlement was renamed into Botanicheskoye ("Botanical" in Russian). The name was restored after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

References

External links
 

Urban-type settlements in Crimea
Seaside resorts in Russia
Seaside resorts in Ukraine
Yalta Municipality
Christie Memorial Park

Christie Memorial Park (formerly Christie Memorial Provincial Park) was a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located in the town of Okanagan Falls at the south end of Skaha Lake.

The park was established on October 5, 1965, in remembrance of RCAF Pilot Officer Robert G. Christie, DFM.  Christie was serving as a Navigator (flight officer) with No. 97 Squadron RAF when he was killed in action September 23, 1943.  As the only serviceman from Okanagan Falls killed in action during World War II, this Provincial Park was named after him. He is buried at Rheinberg War Cemetery, Kamp-Lintfort, Nordrhein-Westfal, Germany, grave 8. C. 18.

The park ceased to be managed by BC Parks in February 2013, when the province transferred ownership to the Regional District of Okanagan-Similkameen.

References

BC Parks webpage

Former Provincial Parks of British Columbia
Provincial parks in the Okanagan
1965 establishments in British Columbia
Articles containing video clips
Christina Lake Provincial Park

Christina Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. The lake it's on, Christina Lake, is renowned as the warmest lake in Canada.

See also
 Christina Lake (British Columbia) - lake
 Christina Lake, British Columbia - community

References

External links

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Boundary Country
1971 establishments in British Columbia
Chu Chua Cottonwood Provincial Park

Chu Chua Cottonwood Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located 80km north of Kamloops and incorporating a group of forested islands in the floodplain of the North Thompson River.

References
BC Parks webpage
BC Geographical Names entry "Chu Chua Cottonwood Park"
BC Geographical Names entry "Chu Chua (locality)"

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Thompson Country
Year of establishment missing
1996 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1996
Choquette Hot Springs Provincial Park

Choquette Hot Springs Provincial Park is a provincial park located in the Stikine Country region of British Columbia, Canada. It was established on January 25, 2001, to protect Stikine River Hot Springs, the largest hot springs on the Canadian side of the lower Stikine River.

The park lies in the traditional territory of the Tahltan First Nation about  south of the Tahltan community of Telegraph Creek.

Geography
The park is located on the eastern banks of the Stikine River, just north of the river's confluence with the Choquette River. Despite the park's name, the official name of the hot springs is Stikine River Hot Springs.

Geology
The Stikine River Hot Springs are a collection of over 15 individual hot springs that emerge out from the granitic rocks at the base of the valley wall, or from mud just beyond the valley floor. Many of these hot springs are within a tidally-influenced area and are underwater at high tides. At least four hot springs remain above the high tide and beaver pond flooding.

These hot springs range in temperature from 50 °C to 60 °C (122 °F to 140 °F). The water is odourless and tasteless, with a low mineral content.

Activities
Choquette Hot Springs Park features no facilities but allows backcountry or "walk-in" camping. The park is accessible by boat on the Stikine River, or by helicopter. The hot springs are difficult to access due to extensive mud areas and the absence of any developed pools.

See also
Stikine, British Columbia
Craig Headwaters Protected Area

References

BC Parks webpage

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Hot springs of British Columbia
Stikine Country
2001 establishments in British Columbia
Chilliwack River Provincial Park

Chilliwack River Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the north side of the Chilliwack River to the southeast of the City of Chilliwack in the province's Lower Mainland region.

When first established in 1961, the park comprised approximately 65 acres.  Boundaries were decreased in 1970, then increased back to 65 acres later that year.  The boundary was redrawn again in 2004, with the park now comprising 21 hectares.

References

External links

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Lower Mainland
1961 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1961
Charlie Lake Provincial Park

Charlie Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, established on the western shore of Charlie Lake. It is roughly 92 hectares in size.

History and conservation
The park was established May 20, 1964.

The park aims to protect aspen, birch, alder, lodgepole pine, Saskatoon, soopalalie, flat-top spirea, waxberry and squashberry. The park is one of a system of 3 parks protecting the poorly represented Halfway Plateau Ecosection. The primary role of the park is to provide recreational opportunities for regional residents. Recreational opportunities include hiking, boating, angling and cycling.

Location
Located 11 kilometres north of Fort St. John, British Columbia.

Size
92 hectares in size.

References

BCGNIS entry "Charlie Lake Park"

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Peace River Country
1964 establishments in British Columbia
Position angle

In astronomy, position angle (usually abbreviated PA) is the convention for measuring angles on the sky. The International Astronomical Union defines it as the angle measured relative to the north celestial pole (NCP), turning positive into the direction of the right ascension. In the standard (non-flipped) images, this is a counterclockwise measure relative to the axis into the direction of positive declination.

In the case of observed visual binary stars, it is defined as the angular offset of the secondary star from the primary relative to the north celestial pole.

As the example illustrates, if one were observing a hypothetical binary star with a PA of 135°, that means an imaginary line in the eyepiece drawn from the north celestial pole to the primary (P) would be offset from the secondary (S) such that the  angle would be 135°.

When graphing visual binaries, the NCP is, as in the illustration, normally drawn from the center point (origin) that is the Primary downward–that is, with north at bottom–and PA is measured counterclockwise. Also, the direction of the proper motion can, for example, be given by its position angle.

The definition of position angle is also applied to extended objects like galaxies, where it refers to the angle made by the major axis of the object with the NCP line.

Nautics

The concept of the position angle is inherited from nautical navigation on the oceans, where the optimum compass course is the course from a known position  to a target position  with minimum effort. Setting aside the influence of winds and ocean currents, the optimum course is the course of smallest distance between the two positions on the ocean surface. Computing the compass course is known as the inverse geodetic problem.

This article considers only the abstraction of minimizing the distance between  and  traveling on the surface of a sphere with some radius : In which direction angle  relative to North should the ship steer to reach the target position?

See also
Parallactic angle
Angular distance

Further reading

References

External links
The Orbits of 150 Visual Binary Stars, by Dibon Smith (Accessed 2/26/06)

Astronomical coordinate systems
Angle
Observational astronomy
Arne Rettedal

Arne Rettedal (25 July 1926 – 28 December 2001) was Norwegian engineer, businessperson and politician for the Conservative Party. He is best known as the Minister of Local Government and Labour from 1981 to 1986, mayor of Stavanger from 1965 to 1967 and 1972 to 1981 and county mayor of Rogaland from 1988 to 1991.

He was born in Madla as a son of farmer Ola Rettedal (1882–1956) and Rakel Kristine Berge (1884–1963). He finished his secondary education in 1947, and enrolled at the Norwegian Institute of Technology where he graduated in engineering in 1957. He worked four years as an engineer before he started his own consulting company. Within local politics, he was a member of Madla municipal council from 1960 to 1964, serving as mayor in the last year. From 1965 to 1981 he was a member of Stavanger city council, serving as mayor from 1965 to 1967 and 1972 to 1981. He was also a member of Rogaland county council from 1967 to 1981, serving as deputy county mayor from 1967 to 1971. As a politician in Stavanger and Rogaland, he is co-credited with bringing the headquarters of Statoil and the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate to Stavanger. He was a member of Statoil's corporate council from 1975.

From 1981 to 1986 he served as Minister of Local Government and Labour in the First and Second Cabinet of Kåre Willoch. In this position, he is especially known for carrying through the government's housing policy. He is also known for the numerous labour conflicts in the petroleum industry during his period. Also, from 1990 to 1995 Rettedal was the board chairman of the Norwegian State Railways, where he again went through labour-related conflicts, this time with the Norwegian Union of Railway Workers leader Leif Thue. He also had rows with deputy director Tore Lindholt.

From 1988 to 1991 he served as County mayor of Rogaland. He tried to become county mayor after the 1991 election too, but lost out to Odd Arild Kvaløy. Kvaløy received 37 votes in the county council, whereas Rettedal received 28 votes and Kari Oftedal Lima received 6. The 28 votes were cast as blank votes in the vote for deputy county mayor; Kjell Erfjord received support from the 37 and Lima from the 6. Rettedal stood for mayoral election in 1995, but his candidacy was not voted upon in the county council.

In 1993 he was decorated as a Knight, First Class of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav. Festschrifts were issued both on Rettedal's fiftieth and sixtieth birthdays, and he was biographed in 1998, in Thorbjørn Kindingstad's book Maktens byggherre. Historien om politikeren, ingeniøren og småbrukeren Arne Rettedal. He was married since 1954, and died on 28 December 2001 in Stavanger.

He was portrayed by actor Vegar Hoel in the Norwegian series Lykkeland.

References

1926 births
2001 deaths
Norwegian Institute of Technology alumni
Politicians from Stavanger
Mayors of places in Rogaland
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Ministers of Local Government and Modernisation of Norway
Chairmen of County Councils of Norway
Norwegian State Railways (1883–1996) people
Norwegian businesspeople in the oil industry
Equinor people
20th-century Norwegian engineers
Hill-Annex Mine State Park

Hill-Annex Mine State Park is a state park of Minnesota, United States, interpreting the open-pit mining heritage of the Mesabi Range. The park is located north of the city of Calumet, in Itasca County, Minnesota. The park provides access to fossil material exposed by mining from the Cretaceous era Coleraine Formation.

In 1892, the land was leased for mineral exploration. It was leased again in 1900 and mining began in 1913. In the years it was in operation, the mine produced 63 million tons of iron ore. It grew to become the sixth largest producer in Minnesota. Historic buildings include the office building (c. 1930), laboratory (c. 1930), maintenance shop (c. 1930), truck repair shop (c. 1919), wooden water tower (c. 1919), and community club (c. 1915).

After the mine closed, the Iron Range Resources and Rehabilitation Board acquired it for a dollar. They converted the community club building into a museum and visitors center and gave tours. The former mine was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 as a historic district, and the Minnesota Legislature made Hill Annex Mine a state park two years later.

Flora and fauna 
Conservationists have added vegetation to rehabilitate areas damaged by open-pit mining. The landscape is home to grouse, deer, coyotes, timber wolves, and black bears. Raptors, including eagles, peregrine falcons, and hawks have returned to the park.

Hill Annex Paleontology Project 
The Hill Annex Paleontology Project is a research endeavor focused on the Cretaceous deposits found in Minnesota and has been active at the state park since 2014. It began as a volunteer-led study by the Science Museum of Minnesota. As of 2017, the project is now led by and housed at the Minnesota Discovery Center in Chisholm. This project focuses on the Coleraine Formation, a formation specifically found only in Minnesota.

Many specimens previously undocumented on the Mesabi Iron Range and Minnesota have been uncovered over the course of this project. One of the most scientifically important finds was the end piece of a toe bone from a dromaeosaur in 2015, which is only the second piece of dinosaur remains found in the state. These raptors were approximately five to six feet tall and lived during the Late Cretaceous Period.

Specimens found by this project also ammonites, crocodiles, and various species of fish, sharks, plant material, turtles, crabs, mollusks, snails, and clams.

References

External links

 Hill-Annex Mine State Park
 Hill Annex Mine Paleontology Project
 Hill Annex Mine Fossil Gallery

1988 establishments in Minnesota
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Mining museums in Minnesota
Protected areas established in 1988
Protected areas of Itasca County, Minnesota
State parks of Minnesota
Museums in Itasca County, Minnesota
Mines in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Itasca County, Minnesota
Surface mines in the United States
Iron mines in the United States
Dune Za Keyih Provincial Park and Protected Area

Dune Za Keyih Provincial Park and Protected Area, also known as the Frog-Gataga Provincial Park, is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It is part of the larger Muskwa-Kechika Management Area and is located in the area of the Gataga River, between Denetiah Provincial Park, which lies west across the Kechika River, and Kwadacha Wilderness Provincial Park to its east. Established in 2001 as Frog-Gataga, the park is 346,833 hectares in area; its newer name is a Kaska Dena translation of Frog-Gataga.

See also
Dane-zaa

References

Provincial parks of British Columbia
Liard Country
Cassiar Mountains
Kaska Dena
2001 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 2001