alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Concave-eared torrent frog

Odorrana tormota, also known as the concave-eared torrent frog, is a species of frog native to China. Its distribution is restricted to Huangshan Mountains in Anhui and Jiande and Anji counties in northern Zhejiang. It occurs in fast-flowing streams and the surrounding habitats, and breeds in streams. The informally assigned common name for frogs in this genus (and for frogs in certain other genera) is torrent frog.

Taxonomy
This species was formerly placed in the genus Amolops and later on separated in a monotypic genus Wurana. It was eventually recognized to belong in the genus Odorrana where it is perhaps closely related to O. versabilis and the long-snout torrent frog (O. nasica) which also was for long placed in Amolops. The informally assigned common name for frogs in this genus (and for frogs in certain other genera) is torrent frog

Ultrasonic communication
Concave-eared torrent frog is the first frog (and the first non-mammalian vertebrate) demonstrated to both produce and perceive ultrasonic frequencies. These frogs' preferred habitat is adjacent to rapidly moving water which produces perpetual low-frequency background noise. Thus, the use of high-frequency calls is believed to facilitate intraspecific communication within the frogs' noisy environment.

Concave-eared torrent frogs have extremely thin eardrums recessed in their ears, which allows for the ear bones that connect the drum to sound processing part of the ear to be shorter and lighter.  Most frogs have thick eardrums close to the surface of the skin and can only hear frequencies below 12 kilohertz. Concave-eared torrent frogs have been recorded chirping at 128 kHz.

See also
Hole-in-the-head frog (Huia cavitympanum)

References

 (2007): Paraphyly of Chinese Amolops (Anura, Ranidae) and phylogenetic position of the rare Chinese frog, Amolops tormotus. Zootaxa 1531: 49–55. PDF fulltext

External links

Scientists Discover Reason Behind Ear Canal in Chinese Frog: Ultrasonic Communication
Live Science: Ultrasonic Frogs Croak in Secret
Science News for Kids: Ultrasonic Frogs Raise the Pitch

Odorrana
Amphibians described in 1977
Endemic fauna of China
Amphibians of China
Mitsuhiro Shishikura

is a Japanese mathematician working in the field of complex dynamics. He is professor at Kyoto University in Japan.

Shishikura became internationally recognized for two of his earliest contributions, both of which solved long-standing open problems.
 In his Master's thesis, he proved a conjecture of Fatou from 1920 by showing that a rational function of degree  has at most  nonrepelling periodic cycles.
 He proved  that the boundary of the Mandelbrot set has Hausdorff dimension two, confirming a conjecture stated by Mandelbrot and Milnor.

For his results, he was awarded the Salem Prize in 1992, and the Iyanaga Spring Prize of the Mathematical Society of Japan in 1995.

More recent results of Shishikura include
 (in joint work with Kisaka) the existence of a transcendental entire function with a doubly connected wandering domain, answering a question of Baker from 1985;
 (in joint work with Inou) a study of near-parabolic renormalization which is essential in  Buff and Chéritat's recent proof of the existence of polynomial Julia sets of positive planar Lebesgue measure.
 (in joint work with Cheraghi) A proof of the local connectivity of the Mandelbrot set at some infinitely satellite renormalizable points.
 (in joint work with Yang) A proof of the regularity of the boundaries of the high type Siegel disks of quadratic polynomials.

One of the main tools pioneered by Shishikura and used throughout his work is that of quasiconformal surgery.

His doctoral students include Weixiao Shen.

References

External links
Faculty home page at Kyōto University

1960 births
Living people
Academic staff of Tokyo Institute of Technology
Academic staff of the University of Tokyo
Academic staff of Kyoto University
Kyoto University alumni
20th-century Japanese mathematicians
21st-century Japanese mathematicians
Du chant à la une !...

Du chant à la une !... is the debut studio album by French musician Serge Gainsbourg, released in 1958. This was the debut album for Gainsbourg, released on a 10" vinyl. The album did not do well with critics at the time of its release. However, the album did win the grand prize from the L'Academie Charles Cross in 1959.

Track listing

Source:

Personnel
Credits adapted from liner notes.

 Serge Gainsbourg – vocals
 Alain Goraguer and His Orchestre - orchestra
 Paul Rovère – double bass
 Christian Garros – drums
 Michel Hausser – vibraphone
 Alain Goraguer – arrangements, conductor, piano
Technical
Walter Carone - photography

Charts

References

External links
 
 

1959 debut albums
Serge Gainsbourg albums
Philips Records albums
French-language albums
Santa Comba Dão

Santa Comba Dão () is a city and a municipality in the Viseu District in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 11,597, in an area of 111.95 km2. The city proper has a population of 3,300.

The present mayor is Leonel Gouveia, elected in 2013 by Socialist Party. The municipal holiday is Ascension Day.

António de Oliveira Salazar, the leader of Portugal from 1932 to 1968 and founder of the Estado Novo, was born in Vimieiro, Santa Comba Dão on 28 April 1889 to a rural family of modest income.

The town's station was formerly a terminus of the Dão line to/from Viseu. This narrow gauge railway opened in 1890 and was closed to passengers in 1988.

Santa Comba Dão was granted city status in 1999. In mid-2000s, a serial killer murdered three young women in the municipality.

Parishes

Administratively, the municipality is divided into 6 civil parishes (freguesias):
 Ovoa e Vimieiro
 Pinheiro de Ázere
 Santa Comba Dão e Couto do Mosteiro
 São Joaninho
 São João de Areias
 Treixedo e Nagozela

Notable people 
 José Maria de Sousa Macedo Almeida e Vasconcelos, 1st Baron of Santa Comba Dão (1787-1872), nobleman, military leader and politician
 José Maria de Sousa Horta e Costa (1858–1927), soldier, politician, diplomat and colonial Governor of Macau 1894-97 & 1900-02 and 113th Governor-General of India 1907-10
 António de Oliveira Salazar (1889 in Vimieiro – 1970), statesman and economist, leader of Portugal as Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 1932 to 1968. He was responsible for the Estado Novo  ("New State")
 João Coimbra (born 1986), former footballer with 296 club appearances

References

External links

Municipality official website
Treixedo website
Photos from Santa Comba Dão

Towns in Portugal
Populated places in Viseu District
Municipalities of Viseu District
People from Santa Comba Dão
Pancreatic polypeptide

Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a polypeptide secreted by PP cells in the endocrine pancreas. It regulates pancreatic secretion activities, and also impacts liver glycogen storage and gastrointestinal secretion. Its secretion may be impacted by certain endocrine tumours.

Gene 
The PPY gene encodes an unusually short protein precursor. This precursor is cleaved to produce pancreatic polypeptide, pancreatic icosapeptide, and a 5- to 7- amino-acid oligopeptide.

Structure 
Pancreatic polypeptide consists of 36 amino acids. It has a molecular weight about 4200 Da. It has a similar structure to neuropeptide Y.

Synthesis 
Pancreatic polypeptide is synthesised and secreted by PP cells (also known as gamma cells or F cells) of the pancreatic islets of the pancreas. These are found predominantly in the head of the pancreas.

Function 
Pancreatic polypeptide regulates pancreatic secretion activities by both endocrine and exocrine tissues. It also affects hepatic glycogen levels and gastrointestinal secretions.

Its secretion in humans is increased after a protein meal, fasting, exercise, and acute hypoglycaemia, and is decreased by somatostatin and intravenous glucose.

Plasma pancreatic polypeptide has been shown to be reduced in conditions associated with increased food intake and elevated in anorexia nervosa. In addition, peripheral administration of polypeptide has been shown to decrease food intake in rodents. Pancreatic polypeptide inhibits pancreatic secretion of fluid, bicarbonate, and digestive enzymes. It also stimulates gastric acid secretion. It is the antagonist of cholecystokinin and opposes pancreatic secretion stimulated by cholecystokinin. It may stimulate the migrating motor complex, synergistic with motilin.

On fasting, pancreatic polypeptide concentration is 80 pg/ml; after the meal, it rises up from 8 to 10 times more; glucose and fats also induce PP's level increase, but on parenteral introduction of those substances, the level of hormones doesn't change. The administration of atropine, the vagotomy, blocks pancreatic polypeptide secretion after meals. The excitation of the vagus nerve, the administration of gastrin, secretin or cholecystokinin induce PP secretion.

Clinical significance 
The secretion of pancreatic polypeptide may be increased by pancreatic tumours (insulin, glucagon), by Verner-Morrison syndrome, and by gastrinoma

See also 

 Polypeptide-p
 Pancreas
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers

References

Further reading

External links 
 

Pancreatic hormones
Ipsilon

Ipsilon may refer to:

Ipsilon Networks, a defunct company
The Greek letter upsilon
The Latin letter Y
The Fedora Project's Ipsilon IdP

See also
 Upsilon (disambiguation)
 Ypsilon (disambiguation)
Profunctor

In category theory, a branch of mathematics, profunctors are a generalization of relations and also of bimodules.

Definition 

A profunctor (also named distributor by the French school and module by the Sydney school)  from a category  to a category , written

,

is defined to be a functor

where  denotes the opposite category of  and  denotes the category of sets. Given morphisms  respectively in  and an element , we write  to denote the actions.

Using the cartesian closure of , the category of small categories, the profunctor  can be seen as a functor

where  denotes the category  of presheaves over .

A correspondence from  to  is a profunctor .

Profunctors as categories 

An equivalent definition of a profunctor  is a category whose objects are the disjoint union of the objects of  and the objects of , and whose morphisms are the morphisms of  and the morphisms of , plus zero or more additional morphisms from objects of  to objects of . The sets in the formal definition above are the hom-sets between objects of  and objects of . (These are also known as het-sets, since the corresponding morphisms can be called heteromorphisms.) The previous definition can be recovered by the restriction of the hom-functor  to .

This also makes it clear that a profunctor can be thought of as a relation between the objects of  and the objects of , where each member of the relation is associated with a set of morphisms. A functor is a special case of a profunctor in the same way that a function is a special case of a relation.

Composition of profunctors 

The composite  of two profunctors

 and 

is given by

where  is the left Kan extension of the functor  along the Yoneda functor  of  (which to every object  of  associates the functor ).

It can be shown that

where  is the least equivalence relation such that  whenever there exists a morphism  in  such that

  and  .

Equivalently, profunctor composition can be written using a coend

The bicategory of profunctors 

Composition of profunctors is associative only up to isomorphism (because the product is not strictly associative in Set). The best one can hope is therefore to build a bicategory Prof whose
 0-cells are small categories,
 1-cells between two small categories are the profunctors between those categories,
 2-cells between two profunctors are the natural transformations between those profunctors.

Properties

Lifting functors to profunctors 
A functor  can be seen as a profunctor  by postcomposing with the Yoneda functor:

.

It can be shown that such a profunctor  has a right adjoint. Moreover, this is a characterization: a profunctor  has a right adjoint if and only if  factors through the Cauchy completion of , i.e. there exists a functor  such that .

References 

 
 

Functors
Mehdi Bajestani

Mehdi Bajestani (; born January 12, 1975) is an Iranian actor. He is best known for his performance as Saeed Hanaee in the crime thriller Holy Spider (2022), for which he earned a Robert Award nomination, a Bodil Award nomination and a German Film Award nomination.

Career 
He is member of the Naqshineh Theatre group.

Filmography

Film 
 Thirteen (2003) short film, directed by Vahid Rahbani 
 There Are Things You Don't Know (2010), directed by Fardin Saheb Zamani
 Resident of the Middle Floor (2014), directed by Shahab Hosseini
 Sweet Taste of Imagination (2015), directed by Kamal Tabrizi
 Mahrokh's House (2021), directed by Shahram Ebrahimi
 Holy Spider (2022), directed by Ali Abbasi
 Tatami (2023), directed by Guy Nattiv and Zar Amir Ebrahimi

Television 

 Whisper (2018) tv series, directed by Ebrahim Sheibani

Theatre 

The Caucasian Chalk Circle, 1997, by Bertolt Brecht, directed by Hamid Samandarian, Tehran.
 Waiting for Godot (1998), by Samuel Beckett, directed by Vahid Rahbani, Tehran and Paris.
 Rhinoceros (2001), by Eugène Ionesco, directed by Vahid Rahbani, Tehran.
 Poor Bitos (2002), by Jean Anouilh, directed by Hamid Mozaffari, Tehran.
 Like Blood for Steak (2004), by Mohammad Charmshir, directed by Hassan Majooni, Tehran.
 The Unexpected Man, 2005, by Yasmina Reza, directed by Vahid Rahbani, Tehran.
 Julius Caesar, Told by a Nightmare, (2045), by Naghmeh Samini, directed by, Kioomars Moradi, Tehran.
 The Invisible Cities (2005), by Akbar Alizad, directed by Hassan Majoni, Tehran.
 Eleutheria (2005), by Samuel Beckett, directed by Vahid Rahbani, and Mohammad Reza Jozi Tehran.
 Don Camillo (2006), written and directed by Kourosh Narimani, Tehran.

References

External links 
 
 Biography from Naqshineh Theatre

1975 births
20th-century Iranian male actors
Iranian male stage actors
Living people
21st-century Iranian male actors
Iranian male film actors
Backtrax USA

Backtrax USA is a weekly two-hour radio program hosted by former WHTZ (Z100) disc jockey Kid Kelly that premiered in 1992. The original show highlights hit music from the 1980s. Since 2003, Backtrax USA has also offered a 1990s version of the show featuring hits from that decade. Affiliate stations may air either version or both. The program is distributed by Westwood One in the United States and by Premiere Radio Networks elsewhere.

History
Backtrax USA premiered in December 1992 with a two-hour block of hit songs from the 1980s. The 1990s edition launched in January 2003. In March 1998, a special version of the show debuted that aired on board United Airlines aircraft and Air Force One. As of 2012, Backtrax USA has aired more than 1,000 episodes.

In January 2018, Backtrax USA hired WASH-FM DJ Toby Knapp as music curator for the 1990s version of the show and substitute host for both the 1980s and 1990s versions. Previously, Knapp and Kid Kelly had worked together at WBHT in Scranton, Pennsylvania in the mid-1990s.

In April 2018, Kid Kelly was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame under the category of Music Format On-Air Personality. The selection was based on a vote by the general public, for his work with both Backtrax USA and Sirius XM Hits 1.

For many years, Cubby Bryant served as fill in host. Although the current fill in host is Toby Knapp, substitute hosts have not been utilized since 2020.

References

External links

American music radio programs
Westwood One
Huckabuck

A huckabuck, also known as a “cool cup” (referring to the paper or plastic cup commonly used to make it) is a homemade frozen dessert enjoyed by people in southern states particularly in Louisiana and in Georgia. It consists of a paper cup that is filled with some sort of sweet liquid like Kool-Aid, and frozen. Children buy them on their way home from school from the candy lady for a dime, or sometimes a quarter; other things are generally sold with them: chips and candy. The trick to eating it is to flip the huckabuck over so the soft sugary part is at the top. Then grab a spoon and dig in. They are still served to this day at the New Orleans Jazz Festival, in many neighborhoods around central and southern Louisiana.

References

Louisiana cuisine
Frozen desserts
Cuisine of New Orleans
1988 24 Hours of Le Mans

The 1988 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 56th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 11 and 12 June 1988.  It was also the fifth round of the World Sports-Prototype Championship season.

Race
The Porsches were able to turn up the turbo boost in qualifying, thus were able to qualify in the top spots. Early in the race Jaguar proved to be faster and overtook all the Porsches (in the normal race configuration turbo boost) by the 2nd lap.

After four years of trying with previous evolutions, Jaguar took the XJR-9 to victory against Porsche's works 962C in 1988. Apart from a lone Jaguar in fourth, Porsches filled the rest of the top ten.  The Sauber-Mercedes team withdrew prior to the event following concerns over blowouts from their Michelin tyres. The race covered a distance of 5,332.97 km, the most distance covered in any of the Le Mans 24 hours races, except 1971 when the Martini Racing Team Porsche 917K covered 5,335.313 km in 397 laps. Those records would however be broken over 20 years later in the 2010 24 Hours of Le Mans, when the #9 Audi R15 TDI plus of Joest Racing (under the name Audi Sport North America) tied the record for the number of laps around the Le Mans circuit (at 397 laps) and, due to its changing course configurations (such as the Mulsanne Straight chicanes), set an outright distance record of —roughly the distance between Miami and Seattle—over the 13.629-km course configuration.

This was the second-to-last 24-hour race without chicanes on the Mulsanne Straight, and Team WM Peugeot had prioritised breaking the speed record that year. The WM-P88 Peugeot driven by Frenchman Roger Dorchy managed to reach a top speed of  at the end of the 5.8 kilometre long Mulsanne Straight having struggled with reliability for the entire event. Following the record setting run, the issues that had plagued the car all weekend (turbocharger, cooling and electrical) finally ended their race.

The Jaguar team suffered from gearbox problems, Lammers holding the car in 4th gear to prevent the gearbox from damaging itself.  The Bell, Stuck, Ludwig Porsche 962C came very close to winning, with Ludwig making a rare error by running out of fuel on the track and losing valuable time getting back to the pits. The win ended Porsche's 7-year reign at Le Mans. At least 50,000 British spectators were in attendance. At the end of the race the crowd flooded the track and drivers had trouble reaching the finish line. There were 280,000 spectators in attendance. The race was held from 15:00 to 15:00 because of French elections. The winning chassis had failed to finish at the previous four rounds.

Qualifying
Class leaders are in bold

Official results
Class winners in bold.  Cars failing to complete 70% of the winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).

Statistics
 Pole Position – Hans-Joachim Stuck, #17 Porsche AG – 3:15.64 ()
 Fastest Lap – Hans-Joachim Stuck, #17 Porsche AG – 3:22.50
 Distance – 
 Average Speed – 
 Highest Trap Speed - Roger Dorchy, #51 WM P87 Secateva with Peugeot P88 engine -  (qualifying) (all-time record)

Notes

References

 
 

24 Hours of Le Mans races
Le Mans
Le Mans
24 Hours of Le Mans
Night Work Conventions

Night Work Conventions are International Labour Organization Convention conventions regulating the rights  of night workers. They were specifically aimed at young persons, women or people in specific types of employment (industrial, non-industrial or bakeries) and conceived between 1919 and 1948. A more general instrument (not addressing young people however) was signed in 1990.

Ratifications
An overview of ILO conventions and ratifications is shown below:

External links 
www.ilo.org/ official ILO site.

International Labour Organization conventions
Working time
Treaties concluded in 1919
Treaties concluded in 1925
Treaties concluded in 1934
Treaties concluded in 1946
Treaties concluded in 1990
Treaties entered into force in 1921
Treaties entered into force in 1928
Treaties entered into force in 1950
Treaties entered into force in 1995
Treaties entered into force in 1951
Night
Disabled skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics

Disabled skiing was a demonstration sport at the 1988 Winter Olympics. Contrary to the Paralympics, these events were demonstrations held during the Olympics.

Placement table

Men's event

Modified giant slalom for above-the-Knee Amputees 
February 21, 1988

Cross country, 5 km (for blinds) 
February 17, 1988

Women's event

Modified giant slalom for above-the-Knee Amputees 
February 21, 1988

Cross country, 5 km (for blinds) 

February 17, 1988

References 
 Olympic Review - March 1988

1988 Winter Olympics events
Olympic demonstration sports
Men's events at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Women's events at the 1988 Winter Olympics
William Hickson Barton

William Hickson Barton,  (December 10, 1917 – November 8, 2013) was a Canadian diplomat.

Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1940 from the University of British Columbia. During World War II, he served in the Canadian Army. After the war, in 1946, he joined the Canadian civil service in the Defence Research Board as a Secretary. In 1950, he was a Secretary at the National Aeronautical Research Committee. In 1952, he joined the Department of External Affairs and served in Vienna, Geneva, and at the United Nations. From 1957 to 1959, he was an Alternate Governor for Canada at the International Atomic Energy Agency. In 1964, he was appointed Head of the United Nations Division in the Department of External Affairs and in 1970 was appointed an Assistant Under-Secretary State for External Affairs.

In 1972, he was appointed Ambassador and Permanent Representative for Canada at the United Nations in Geneva. From 1976 to 1979, he was Ambassador and Permanent Representative for Canada at the United Nations in New York, during which time he was part of the passage of Resolution 417 and Resolution 418. In June 1977 and July 1978, he served as President of the United Nations Security Council.

From 1984 to 1989, he was the first Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Canadian Institute for International Peace and Security.

In 1993, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada for having "enhanced Canada's role and stature in the international community".

Carleton University awarded a degree of Doctor of Laws, honoris causa, to William Barton in its 132nd Convocation Ceremony on June 11, 2008.

He died on November 8, 2013, aged 95.

References
 
 Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada Complete List of Posts 

1917 births
2013 deaths
Permanent Representatives of Canada to the United Nations
Members of the Order of Canada
University of British Columbia alumni
People from Winnipeg
Equiaxed crystal

Equiaxed crystals are crystals that have axes of approximately the same length.  

Equiaxed grains can in some cases be an indication for recrystallization.

Equiaxed crystals can be achieved by heat treatment, namely annealing and normalizing.

References
  According to Mabuchi, Yamada et al. in "The grain size dependence of strength in the extruded AZ91 M alloy",  in "Magnesium Alloys and their Applications", edited by K.U. Kainer (2000), 

Crystals
Working Conditions (Hotels and Restaurants) Convention, 1991

The Working Conditions (Hotels and Restaurants) Convention, 1991, officially the Convention concerning Working Conditions in Hotels, Restaurants and similar Establishments is an International Labour Organization Convention adopted in 1991 during the 78 International Labour Conference.

It sets standards for work in hotels and restaurants. According to the convention, workers have a right to "reasonable normal hours of work" and "minimum daily and weekly rest periods", compensation (in time or remuneration) of work on holidays. Furthermore, a basic remuneration should be paid in regular intervals, regardless of tips.

Ratifications
As of December 2022, 16 countries were party to the convention.

See also
 List of International Labour Organization Conventions

References

External links 
Convention text
Parties

International Labour Organization conventions
Occupational safety and health treaties
Treaties concluded in 1991
Treaties entered into force in 1994
Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
Treaties of Austria
Treaties of Barbados
Treaties of Cyprus
Treaties of the Dominican Republic
Treaties of Fiji
Treaties of Germany
Treaties of Guyana
Treaties of Ba'athist Iraq
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of Lebanon
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of Mexico
Treaties of Spain
Treaties of Switzerland
Treaties of Uruguay
Treaties of the Netherlands
1991 in labor relations
Friedrichsthal

Friedrichsthal is a town and a municipality in the district of Saarbrücken, of Saarland, Germany. It is situated approximately 13 km northeast of Saarbrücken.

Friedrichsthal (Saar) station is located on the Bingen (Rhein)–Saarbrücken railway.

History
In 1723 the place was founded with a glass foundry by Frederick Louis, Count of Nassau-Ottweiler.

Sons and daughters of the city
 

 Johannes Driessler (1921-1998), composer
 Joseph Rank (1816–1896), German-Austrian writer
 Manfred Römbell (1941-2010), writer

References

Saarbrücken (district)
Eilev Jonsson Steintjønndalen

Eilev Jonsson Steintjønndalen (1821–1876) was a Norwegian Hardanger fiddle maker from Bø in Telemark, Norway.

Eilev Jonsson Steintjønndalen was the younger brother of Erik Jonsson Helland. He learned the art of fiddle making from his father as well as from his elder brother. In 1845, he married Egelev Knudsdatter (1819-1883) and moved to Steintjønndalen, a cotter's sub-farm on the Nordigard Folkestad farm a few miles away from the rest of his family. He took the name of the farm, started his own workshop and made fiddles until his death in 1876.

See also 
The Helland fiddle maker family

References

Related Reading
Aksdal, Bjørn (2009) Hardingfela felemakere og instrumentets utvikling (Trondheim: Tapir Akademisk Forlag)

External links 
The Helland fiddle maker family

1821 births
1876 deaths
Norwegian musical instrument makers
Fiddle makers
Apollinaris of Valence

Saint Apollinaris of Valence (also known as Aplonay) (453–520), born in Vienne, France, was bishop of Valence, France, at the time of the irruption of the barbarians. Valence, which was the central see of the recently founded Kingdom of the Burgundians, had been scandalized by the dissolute Bishop Maximus, and the see in consequence had been vacant for fifty years.

Life
Apollinaris was of a family of nobles and saints; his father was Hesychius, bishop of Vienne, where episcopal honors were informally hereditary, and where his brother Avitus would also serve as bishop.
 His paternal grandfather was an unknown western emperor of Rome. He was a cousin of Tonantius Ferreolus, whom he visited in 517.

Apollinaris was little over twenty when he was ordained a priest. In 486, when he was thirty-three years old, he was made bishop of the long-vacant See of Valence, and under his care abuses were corrected and morals reformed, restoring its previous stature. Bishop Apollinaris was so beloved that the news of his first illness filled the city with consternation. He attended a conference at Lyon, between the Arians and Catholics, held in presence of King Gundobad, where he distinguished himself by his eloquence and learning.

A contestation in defence of marriage brought Apollinaris again into prominence. Stephen, the treasurer of the kingdom, was living in incest. The four bishops of the province commanded him to separate from his companion, but he appealed to King Sigismund, who sustained his official and exiled the four bishops to Sardinia. As they refused to yield, the King relented, and after some time permitted them to return to their Sees, with the exception of Apollinaris, whose defiance had made him particularly obnoxious to the King, and was kept a close prisoner for a year. At last the King, stricken with a severe illness, repented, and the Queen in person came to beg Apollinaris to go to the court to restore the monarch to health. On his refusal, the Queen asked for his cloak to place on the sufferer. The request was granted, and the King recovered. Apollinaris was sixty-four years old when he returned from Sardinia to Valence, and his people received him with joy. He died after an episcopate of thirty-four years, at the age of sixty-seven. (In due course, King Sigismund also achieved sainthood.) 

His relics were cast into the Rhone by the Huguenots in the sixteenth century. Valence Cathedral is dedicated to him.

References 

453 births
520 deaths
Bishops of Valence
5th-century bishops in Gaul
6th-century Burgundian bishops
6th-century Christian saints
Prevention of Major Industrial Accidents Convention, 1993

Prevention of Major Industrial Accidents Convention, 1993 is  an International Labour Organization Convention.

It was established in 1993, with the preamble stating:

Ratifications

As of 2022, the convention has been ratified by 19 states.

External links 
Text.
Ratifications.

Health treaties
International Labour Organization conventions
Occupational safety and health treaties
Treaties concluded in 1993
Treaties entered into force in 1997
Treaties of Albania
Treaties of Armenia
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Brazil
Treaties of Colombia
Treaties of Estonia
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of India
Treaties of Lebanon
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Russia
Treaties of Saudi Arabia
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of Ukraine
Treaties of Zimbabwe
1993 in labor relations
Püttlingen

Püttlingen () is a town in Saarland, Germany, 10 km northwest of Saarbrücken.

Geography
The town lies in the Köller Valley, approximately 20 km to the northwest of Saarbrücken and 5 km north of Völklingen. Going in a clockwise direction from the north, the neighbouring communities are Heusweiler, Riegelsberg, Saarbrücken and Völklingen in the Regionalverband Saarbrücken and the communities of Bous and Schwalbach in the Landkreis Saarlouis.

Climate
The annual precipitation amounts to 834 mm which places it in the top third of German locales according to the German Weather Service. The driest month is April, while November, the wettest month, sees 1.4 times as much rain.

Subdivision
The town is composed of the subdivisions of Püttlingen (made up of the Berg, Bengesen and Ritterstraße areas) and Köllerbach (made up of the Engelfangen, Etzenhofen, Herchenbach, Kölln, Rittenhofen, and Sellerbach areas).

Mayors
 1946–1949: Peter Zimmer
 1949–1956: Peter Müller
 1956–1966: Nikolaus Boßmann, CDU
 1966–1974: Hans Koch, independent 
 1974–2001: Rudolf Müller, CDU
 2002–2019: Martin Speicher, CDU
 2019–incumbent : Denise Klein, SPD

Twin towns – sister cities

Püttlingen is twinned with:

 Ber, Mali
 Créhange, France
 Fresagrandinaria, Italy
 Nowa Sól, Poland
 Saint-Michel-sur-Orge, France
 Senftenberg, Germany
 Veszprém, Hungary
 Žamberk, Czech Republic

Notable people
Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer (born 1962), politician (CDU)
Patrik Kühnen (born 1966), tennis player and Davis Cup team captain
Johann Nikolaus Weislinger (1691–1755), Jesuit polemicist
Hendrick Zuck (born 1990), footballer

References

Towns in Saarland
Saarbrücken (district)
Protobothrops sieversorum

Protobothrops sieversorum, commonly known as the three horned-scaled pitviper or the three-horn-scaled pit-viper, is a species of venomous snake, a pit viper in the family Viperidae. The species is endemic to Vietnam.

Taxonomy
Protobothrops sieversorum was originally placed in the monotypic genus Triceratolepidophis. Guo et al. (2007) synonymised this genus with the genus Protobothrops, based on evidence that it is phylogenetically nested within the existing species of that genus.

Etymology
The specific name, sieversorum (masculine, genitive, plural), is in honor of the Sievers family, father Dr. J.-H. Sievers and sons Julian Sievers and Moritz Sievers, for their support of nature conservation and zoological research.

Geographic range
P. sieversorum is indigenous to Quang Binh Province, Vietnam.

Habitat
The preferred natural habitat of P. sieversorum is forest, at altitudes of .

Reproduction
P. sieversorum is oviparous.

References

Further reading
Gumprecht A, Tillack F, Orlov NL, Captain A, Ryabov S (2004). Asian Pitvipers. Berlin: GeitjeBooks. 368 pp. . (Triceratolepidophis sieversorum).
Hermann H-W, Ziegler T, Stuart BL, Orlov NL (2002). "New findings on the distribution, morphology and natural history of Triceratolepidophis sieverorum (Serpentes: Viperidae)". Herpetological Natural History 9 (1): 89–94.
Ziegler T, Herrmann H-W, David P, Orlov N, Pauwels OSG (2000). "Triceratolepidophis sieversorum, a New Genus and Species of Pitviper (Reptilia: Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae) from Vietnam". Russian Journal of Herpetology 7 (3): 199–214.
Ziegler T, Herrmann H-W (2002). "Wiederentdeckung zweier gehörnter grubenotterarten in Vietnam ". Mitteilungen Zoologische Gesellschaft für Arten- und Populationsschutz 18 (2): 24–26. (in German).

Reptiles of Laos
Reptiles of Vietnam
Protobothrops

Snakes of Vietnam
Snakes of Asia
Sulzbach, Saarland

Sulzbach is a town and a municipality in the district of Saarbrücken, in Saarland, Germany with a population of 16,215 (as of Dec 2015). It is situated approximately  northeast of Saarbrücken.

Following reforms of the regional government in 1974, Schnappach, previously part of St. Ingbert, was incorporated by Sulzbach.

Economy and Infrastructure 
Major employers include Knappschaftskrankenhaus Sulzbach, as well as HYDAC group.

Sulzbach (Saar) station is located on the Bingen (Rhein)–Saarbrücken railway.

References

Saarbrücken (district)
Illinois Mennonite Conference

Illinois Mennonite Conference is an area conference of Mennonite Church USA. There are 100 credentialed leaders active ministers and over 6000 active members. It comprises 42 congregations and church plants, most of which have memberships of between 50 and 100.

Congregations 
Some of the largest congregations include the Mennonite Church of Normal, Arthur Mennonite Church, and Lombard Mennonite Church.

Lombard Mennonite Church has about 150 members. It is active in the local Ten Thousand Villages store and other ministries such as Lombard Mennonite Peace Center. The current pastors are Barbara and Richard Gehring, with Nathan Perrin serving as Pastor of Christian Formation. Throughout its history, Mennonites have used this church as a launching point for starting mission churches in the city of Chicago.

People

Emma Richards was ordained as the first female Mennonite minister at Lombard Mennonite Church in 1973. Lombard Mennonite is a member of the Illinois Mennonite Conference.

References

External links
 
Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online

Mennonite denominations
Mennonite Church USA
Ramin (disambiguation)

Ramin (transliterated from Rāmin) is a given name and surname. Ramin may also refer to:

Places
 Ramin, Germany, a municipality in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
 Ramin, Khuzestan, a city in Khuzestan Province, Iran
 Ramin, Sistan and Baluchestan, a village in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran
 Ramin, Tehran, a village in Tehran Province, Iran
 Ramin, Zanjan, a village in Zanjan Province, Iran
 Ramin, Punjab, a town and Union Council of Dera Ghazi Khan District in the Punjab province of Pakistan
 Ramin, Tulkarm, a Palestinian village in the northeastern West Bank

In fiction
 Ramin, a character in Shahnameh, the famous poetic epic by Iranian national poet Ferdowsi. He hides during the battle between Rostam and Sohrab, a metaphor for the weakness inside the human heart
 Ramin, a character in the poem Vis u Ramin, an ancient love story in Persian literature composed in poetry by the Persian poet Asad Gorgani (فخرالدين اسعد گرگاني) in the 11th century

Other uses
 Ramin, a common name of Gonystylus, a genus of trees in southeast Asia in the family Thymelaeaceae
Ramin, a 2012 album by Ramin Karimloo
Ramin (film), a 2011 Lithuanian documentary
Shirat HaYam

Shirat HaYam (, lit. Song of the Sea) was an Israeli settlement established in 2001 on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea west of Neve Dekalim in the Gush Katif settlement bloc in the Gaza Strip until 2005.

Population 
About fifteen families lived in trailers or abandoned houses that reportedly had been Egyptian Army officer's barracks from the period when Egypt occupied the Gaza Strip.

Evacuation 

On 14 August 2005, immediately prior to the execution of the disengagement plan evacuation, , an Israeli military historian residing in Shirat HaYam, proclaimed independence as "The Independent Jewish Authority in Gaza Beach." He called himself The Temporary Chairman "until the election of the 2,500 citizens" in his new country. He followed through with his claim by sending an appeal for recognition to the United Nations and the Red Cross. Four days later, when the Israel Defense Forces and Israeli Police came to evacuate Shirat Hayam, he defended this self-proclaimed country alone with an M-16 after ascending the roof of his home. The event ended peacefully after a few hours, and the settlement was successfully evacuated.

While the standard policy adapted by the Israeli government was to destroy all residential property prior to the retreat from Gush Katif, the cement structures in this settlement were not touched until several weeks later.

The evicted residents of the village chose to remain together as a group and move to Maskiot in the Jordan River valley to build an agricultural settlement. Since the Maskiot site, a former military base, was not ready for settlement, the group moved to adjacent Hemdat.

References

Former Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip
Populated places established in 2001
Micronations
Villages depopulated during the Arab–Israeli conflict
Slumping

Slumping is a technique in which items are made in a kiln by means of shaping glass over molds at high temperatures.
The slumping of a pyrometric cone is often used to measure temperature in a kiln.

Technique 
Slumping glass is a highly technical operation that is subject to many variations, both controlled and uncontrolled. When an item is being slumped in a kiln, the mold over which it is being formed (which can be made of either ceramic, sand or metal) must be coated with a release agent that will stop the molten glass from sticking to the mold. Such release agents, a typical one being boron nitride, give off toxic fumes when they are first heated and must be used in a ventilated area. 

The glass is cut to the shape of the mold (but slightly larger to allow for shrinkage) and placed on top of it, before the kiln is heated.

The stages of the firing can be varied but typically start to climb at quite a rapid rate until the heat places the glass in an "orange state" i.e., flexible. At that point, gravity will allow the glass to slump into the mold and the temperature is held at a constant for a period that is known as the "soak". Following this stage, the kiln is allowed to cool slowly so that the slumped glass can anneal and be removed from the kiln. If two differing colours of glass are used in a single piece of work, the same CoE (coefficient of thermal expansion) glass must be used, or the finished piece will suffer from fractures as the glass will shrink at differing rates and allow tension to build up to the point of destruction. To compensate for this, many glass manufacturers subscribe to make glass to the same CoE. Examples include Spectrum glass system 96 or uroboros 96 series, and the use of this glass will allow the cooling to remain uniform and ensure that no tension builds up as the work cools.

History 
During the Roman period open vessels, such as bowls and plates, could be produced by forming a glass sheet over a core or former. This technique resulted in vessels with rough surfaces, which could then be ground or polished to a smooth finish. An additional technique, used in the production of Roman pillar-moulded bowls, utilised a slotted tool to impress ribs on the glass sheet prior to slumping. This created a bowl with a ribbed exterior, and these were then polished around the rim and sometimes given horizontal cut lines inside for further decoration.

See also
 Glass art
 Warm glass

References 

Warm glass
Glass art
Glass production
Allium anceps

Allium anceps, known as twinleaf onion and Kellogg's onion, is a species of wild onion native to the western United States. It is widespread in Nevada, extending into adjacent parts of California, Idaho, and Oregon. It grows in barren clay and rocky soils.

This perennial herb produces a flowering scape from a bulb up to  long and wide. There are up to 5 bulbs, sometimes wrapped together in the brown or yellow-brown outer coat. There are two flat, smooth-edged, sickle-shaped leaves up to  long. The scape is erect, up to  tall, and flattened with winged edges. It bears an umbel of 15 to 35 flowers with two spathes at the base. The star-shaped flower is roughly  wide with six greenish-veined pink tepals. The six stamens are tipped with yellow anthers bearing yellow pollen. Once the seeds mature the scape dies and breaks off, usually along with the leaves.

The bulbs are edible and were a food source for the Northern Paiute, who roasted them and pressed them into cakes.

References

External links

anceps
Flora of California
Flora of Idaho
Flora of Nevada
Flora of Oregon
Flora of the Great Basin
Onions
Plants described in 1863
Taxa named by Albert Kellogg
Least concern flora of the United States
Knut Eriksson Helland

Knut Eriksson Helland (1851–1880) was a Norwegian Hardanger fiddle maker from Bø in Telemark, Norway.

Knut Eriksson Helland was the youngest son of Erik Jonsson Helland. He began to work in his father's workshop at an early age, and showed great skill, especially in making fiddle bridges and gripboards. When he was nine years old he made the bridge to one of the violins that Ole Bull had ordered.

After his father's death he continued his father's workshop. At first he worked alone, but he was later joined by his brother in-law, Gunnar Olavsson Helland to whom he taught the art of violin making.

Knut died at 29 years of age and Gunnar was the one to continue the tradition.

See also 

 The Helland fiddle maker family

External links 
The Helland fiddle maker family

1851 births
1880 deaths
People from Bø, Telemark
Norwegian musical instrument makers
Fiddle makers
Sulzbach

Sulzbach or Sülzbach may refer to:

France 
Sulzbach or Soultzbach-les-Bains, small village in Alsace
Sulzbach Formation, a geologic formation

Germany

Inhabited places
Amberg-Sulzbach, a Landkreis (district) in Bavaria, Germany
Sulzbach-Rosenberg, a town in the district Amberg-Sulzbach, Bavaria
Sulzbach, Saarland, a town in the district of Saarbrücken, Saarland
Sulzbach (Saar) station, railway station
Sulzbach, Hesse, a municipality in the Main-Taunus-Kreis, Hesse
Sulzbach am Main, a municipality in the district of Miltenberg, Bavaria
Sulzbach an der Murr, a municipality in the Rems-Murr-Kreis, Baden-Württemberg
Sulzbach-Laufen, a town in the district of Schwäbisch Hall in Baden-Württemberg
Sulzbach (Billigheim), a district of Billigheim in Baden-Württemberg
Sulzbach, Birkenfeld, part of the Verbandsgemeinde Rhaunen, district of Birkenfeld, Rhineland-Palatinate
Sulzbach, Rhein-Lahn, part of the Verbandsgemeinde Nassau, Rhein-Lahn-Kreis, Rhineland-Palatinate
Herren-Sulzbach, part of the Verbandsgemeinde Lauterecken-Wolfstein, Kusel district, Rhineland-Palatinate
Kirn-Sulzbach, a district of Kirn in the district of Bad Kreuznach, Rhineland-Palatinate
Sülzbach, a district of Obersulm, Baden-Württemberg

Rivers
Sulzbach (Main), a river of Bavaria, tributary of the Main
Sulzbach (Nidda). a river of Hesse, tributary of the Nidda
Sulzbach (Rhine), a river of Baden-Württemberg, tributary of the Rhine
Sulzbach (Rott), a river of Bavaria, tributary of the Rott
Sülzbach (Sulm), a river of Baden-Württemberg, tributary of the Sulm

States
Palatinate-Sulzbach, the name of two separate states of the Holy Roman Empire
Palatinate-Sulzbach-Hilpoltstein, a state of the Holy Roman Empire

Slovenia 
 Solčava, a town in the northern Slovenia, historically known as Sulzbach

Switzerland 
Sulzbach, Appenzell Innerrhoden, part of the Oberegg District in the canton of Appenzell-Innerrhoden
Sulzbach, Glarus, a hamlet in the village of Elm in the canton of Glarus

People
Berengar II of Sulzbach (c. 1080–1125)
Gertrude of Sulzbach (c. 1110–1146), German queen
Bertha of Sulzbach (c. 1110–1159), Byzantine Empress
Matilda of Sulzbach (died 1165), Margravine of Istria
Gebhard III of Sulzbach (c. 1140–1188)
Otto Henry, Count Palatine of Sulzbach (1556–1604)
Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach (1582–1632)
Johann Friedrich, Count Palatine of Sulzbach-Hilpoltstein (1587–1644)
Christian Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach (1622–1708)
Hedwig of the Palatinate-Sulzbach (1650–1681)
Theodore Eustace, Count Palatine of Sulzbach (1659–1732)
Count Palatine Joseph Charles of Sulzbach (1694–1729)
Countess Palatine Ernestine of Sulzbach (1697–1775) 
John Christian, Count Palatine of Sulzbach (1700–1733)
Anne Christine of Sulzbach, Princess of Piedmont (1704–1723)
Countess Palatine Elisabeth Auguste of Sulzbach (1721–1794) 
Countess Palatine Maria Franziska of Sulzbach (1724–1794)
Jonas Sulzbach (born 1986), Brazilian model
Seyhan River

The Seyhan River (formerly written Seihan, Sihun; ancient name: , Sáros), alternatively known as Sarus (or in Turkish as Sarus Su), is the longest river of Cilicia and  the longest of Turkey that flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The river is 560 km and flows southwest from its headwaters in the Tahtalı-Mountains (in Sivas and Kayseri provinces) in the Anti-Taurus Mountains to the Mediterranean Sea via a broad delta. Its main tributaries are Zamantı and Göksu, which unite in Aladağ, Adana to form the Seyhan River. The Zamantı River originates from the Uzun Plateau in Pınarbaşı, Kayseri and crosses Tomarza, Develi and Yahyalı districts in Kayseri.

Its sources were reported being in the Taurus Mountains in Cataonia. It flowed through Cappadocia by the town of Comana, then through Cilicia. It is noted by numerous ancient authors including Livy, Xenophon, Procopius, Strabo, Ptolemy, Appian, Pliny the Elder, and Eustathius of Thessalonica who erroneously calls it Sinarus.

50 km from its mouth, Seyhan River flows through the city of Adana, the only settlement situated on the river. Several bridges and footbridges cross the river in Adana including the Stone Bridge, a 2nd-century Roman bridge. Ancient city of Augusta was also situated on the river, corresponding today to the east side of the Çatalan reservoir. The river meets the Mediterranean Sea at Cape Deli.

History

An ancient Greco-Roman legend mentions that the name of the city of Adana originates from Adanus, the son of the Greek god Uranus, who founded the city next to the river with his brother. His brother's name, Sarus, was given to the river.

Originally, the River Sarus flowed from the mountains, became the Seyhan River whilst passing through Cilicia and then onwards to the Mediterranean Sea.

In 2009, a total of 33 fish species were listed as being found in the Seyhan River, including 29 native, 3 introduced and 4 endemic species. Eight amphibians were listed and two of them (Rana holtzi and Triturus vittatus cilicensis) are known to be endemic to the river.

The major Seyhan Dam upstream of Adana serves for irrigation, hydroelectric power, and flood control. Yedigöze, Çatalan and Kavşak Bendi are the other dams on Seyhan River which also serve the same purposes. The river is currently under extensive development for hydroelectric power and irrigation.

See also
Stone Bridge (Adana)

References

External links
Artificial Intelligence Techniques for river flow forecasting in the Seyhan River Catchment, Turkey

Rivers of Turkey
Rivers of Mersin Province