alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
R v Ruzic

R v Ruzic, [2001] 1 SCR 687 is a leading decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on the common law defence of duress and constitutionality of the defence under section 17 of the Criminal Code. The Court held that section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms requires that the defence of duress be available to an accused even when they were not under immediate threat of bodily harm at the time the offence was committed.

Background
Marijana Ruzic was 21-year-old Yugoslavian who lived in Belgrade with her mother. A man had threatened to harm her unless she assisted him by smuggling heroin into Canada. The man stalked her for some time and began threatening her, eventually escalating to violent assaults. Ruzic eventually complied and flew to Canada. She was arrested at Toronto Pearson International Airport for importing heroin.

At trial, she pleaded that she only committed the crime under duress. A defence of duress, under section 17 of the Criminal Code, is available only when a person "commits an offence under compulsion by threats of immediate death or bodily harm from a person who is present when the offence is committed".

Ruzic claimed she had no other option and that both her and her mother's life were at risk. She also claimed that she could not go to the police because she believed them to be corrupt and would be of no help. Expert testimony validated this belief that Yugoslav citizens were generally untrusting of the police and their ability to protect them from rampant militias.

Nonetheless, her claim failed on the grounds that she was not under a threat of "immediate death or bodily harm" and that the man was not "present when the offence was committed".

Ruzic challenged section 17 of the Criminal Code as unconstitutional as it violated her right to security of person under section 7 of the Charter.

The trial judge agreed with Ruzic and held that the defence duress was available to her and consequently she was acquitted. The appeal was dismissed on appeal to the Court of Appeal for Ontario.

Opinion of the court
On April 20, 2001, the Supreme Court upheld the acquittal and dismissed the Crown appeal.

LeBel J, writing for a unanimous Court, held that section 17 of the Criminal Code violated section 7 of the Charter on the basis that its requirements were too restrictive by requiring presence and immediacy. The requirements meant the defence was unavailable in situations where the threat is to a third party or involves harm in the future.

LeBel agreed with the trial judge's finding that a common law defence of duress that did not have the same restrictions was also available. In the common law defence, the accused must make a reasonable effort to combat the threat, the severity of the criminal conduct must be proportional to the threat, and the accused must have no reasonable alternative of escape.

See also
List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (McLachlin Court)

External links
 

Section Seven Charter case law
Supreme Court of Canada cases
2001 in Canadian case law
Canadian criminal case law
Order of Logohu

The Order of Logohu is the principal order of the Order of Papua New Guinea. Logohu is a Motuan word for the bird-of-paradise, the official national symbol of Papua New Guinea since its independence.  The Order consists of four ranks.

Classes of the Order

Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu 
The Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu (GCL) is awarded to those citizens of Papua New Guinea and others for service, achievement, and merit in the highest degree, sustained over a period of twenty years.  The award may be given to no more than fifty living persons. Recipients of the Grand Companion class are titled "Chief". The Chancellor of the Order of Logohu is titled as "Grand Chief" as well as one other living recipient of the class. The title of Grand Chief is currently held by Grand Chief Sir Bob Dadae .

Officer of Logohu
The Officer of Logohu (OL) is awarded for distinguished service to Papua New Guinea, or to a local community, sustained over a period of at least ten years.

Member of Logohu
The Member of Logohu (ML) is awarded for commendable service to a particular area of endeavour, to Papua New Guinea, or to a local community, sustained over a period of at least seven years.

National Logohu Medal
The National Logohu Medal (LM) is awarded for exemplary service in a profession, career, or industry group, or to the general community, over a period of at least five years.

Current Composition 
Sovereign: Charles III
Chancellor: Grand Chief Sir Bob Dadae 

Royal Chiefs
 The Princess Royal (2005)

Grand Companions
 Dame Josephine Abaijah  – First Woman elected to the PNG Parliament
 Sir Julius Chan  (2005) – Former Prime Minister of PNG
 John Momis  (2005)  – Long Serving Parliamentarian and Framer of the PNG constitution
 Sir Donatus Mola   (2005) – Former Bougainville Chief
Archbishop Karl Hesse,  – Catholic Archbishop Emeritus of Rabaul
 Boyamo Sali  (2009) – Former Cabinet Minister of PNG
 Mathew Siune  (2009) – Former Cabinet Minister of PNG
Sir Akepa Miakwe (2011) – Former politician of Unggai-Bena in Eastern Highlands
Sir Brian Barnes  (2011) – Former Archbishop of Port Moresby Catholic Archdiocese

Honorary Grand Companions
Bill Clinton (2006) – Former President of the United States
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2010) – Former President of the Republic of Indonesia
Narendra Modi (2023) – Prime Minister of India

Precedence
The precedence of the classes of the Order of Logohu vary, they are as follows:

References

Orders, decorations, and medals of Papua New Guinea
Recipients of the Order of Logohu
Mendeleyevo

Mendeleyevo () is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.

Urban localities
Mendeleyevo, Moscow Oblast, a work settlement in Solnechnogorsky District of Moscow Oblast

Rural localities
Mendeleyevo, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Dobrinsky Rural Okrug of Guryevsky District of Kaliningrad Oblast
Mendeleyevo, Perm Krai, a rural locality classified as a "settlement at the station" in Karagaysky District of Perm Krai

Historical localities
Mendeleyevo, formerly an inhabited locality; now Mendeleyevo Microdistrict—a part of the city of Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast
Vleuten-De Meern

Vleuten-De Meern is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It was created in a merger of Haarzuilens, Veldhuizen, Vleuten and a part of Oudenrijn in 1954, and existed until 2001, when it was merged with Utrecht to become a city part of it.

References

Municipalities of the Netherlands disestablished in 2001
Former municipalities of Utrecht (province)
Districts in Utrecht (city)
Rao Doohad

Rao Dhoohad was an Indian chieftain belonging to the Rathore clan. Between 1291 and 1309 AD, he ruled a small principality in a part of the present-day Indian state of Rajasthan. Rao Dhoohad is said to have constructed the Nagnechiya Maa temple at the village of Nagana in Rajasthan.

History
Doohad was a son of Rao Asthan, and inherited his father's estates in 1291 AD. Over the next few years, Doohad is said to have conquered 140 villages and added them to his principality. He ruled from the towns of Pali and Khed in present-day Rajasthan.

On one occasion, Doohad captured the nearby town of Mandore, which was at that time the capital of the Parihaar clan of rajputs. However, Mandore was soon retaken by the Parihaars. To expel them again, Rao Doohad mounted another offensive against Mandore. Somewhere between the villages of Thob and Tarsinghari, a skirmish ensued with the Parihaars. It was in this incident that Doohad was killed. This happened in the year 1309 AD.

Rao Doohad was the father of seven sons named Raipal, Kirtipal, Behad, Paithar, Joga, Dalu and Vegad.

Doohad was succeeded by Raipal, who donated grains to needy people during famine and thus became famous as Mahirelan (Indra).

See also
Rulers of Marwar

References

Maheca Rathaurom ka mula itihasa: Ravala Mallinatha ke vamsaja - Maheca, Baramera, Pokarana, Kotariya aura Khavariya Rathaurom ka sodhapurna itihasa by Dr. Hukam Singh Bhati. Publisher: Ratan Prakashan, Jodhpur (1990)''

 

13th-century births
1309 deaths
Zegveld

Zegveld is a village in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is a part of the municipality of Woerden and lies about 5 km northwest of Woerden.

In 2001 the town of Zegveld had 1,576 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.21 km2, and contained 563 residences. The statistical district "Zegveld" has a population of around 2360. This covers the entire former municipality, including the hamlets of Lagebroek and Stichtse Meije.

White storks
The village has a center for white storks to nest, a unique place in the area.

History
The village used to be a separate municipality. In 1989, it merged with Woerden. Unlike Woerden, Zegveld was always a part of the province of Utrecht.

References

Populated places in Utrecht (province)
Woerden
Different Stars

Different Stars is the second album by the American rock band Trespassers William. It was originally self-released in the United States on September 28, 2002 on the band's Sonik Wire label, released in the UK on Bella Union in 2003, and finally re-released in the United States with minor track changes on Nettwerk Records on October 19, 2004.

The album's second single, "Lie in the Sound", was used in three episodes of the television series One Tree Hill. It was featured on the One Tree Hill – Music from the WB Television Series, Vol. 1 soundtrack. The title track was used in the first season of The O.C. and "Fragment" was in the show Brothers & Sisters.

Track listing

Self-released (2002) 
All songs written by Anna-Lynne Williams, except as noted.

Bella Union version (2003)

Nettwerk version (2004)

Reception 

Allmusic's MacKenzie Wilson gave Different Stars a three-and-a-half star review, praising the band's "hypnotic and lush soundscape" and drawing comparisons to The Sundays and Mazzy Star. Drowned in Sound listed the album on "The Beginner's Guide to Slowcore" and called it "a solitary trip through the fog, Anna-Lynne Williams sailing voice pushing over dark dream-pop waters, played only at fragile volumes and careful times." Adam Knott of Sputnikmusic significantly praised the album for the "quality of the songwriting and the allure of Williams' voice", noting how "2004 passed by without the mainstream or many at all knowing that Different Stars existed, and it's not wholly surprising; it's an album far too heavy and deliberate to listen to on a whim."

Scottish footballer Pat Nevin listed the album as one of his 13 favorite records.

Personnel

Trespassers William 

 Matt Brown – acoustic and electric guitar, artwork, engineer, keyboards
 Trinidad Sanchez III – bass guitar
 Justin Schier – keyboards
 Anna-Lynne Williams – vocals, acoustic guitar

Additional producers 
Kevin Bartley – mastering
 Elijah Thomson – mixing

References 

Trespassers William albums
2002 albums
2004 albums
Self-released albums
Hallenberg

Hallenberg is a town in the Hochsauerland district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Geography
Hallenberg is situated approximately 15 km southeast of Winterberg and 35 km north of Marburg (in Hesse).

Neighbouring places 
 Allendorf (in Hesse)
 Bad Berleburg
 Bromskirchen (in Hesse)
 Frankenberg, Hesse
 Lichtenfels, Hesse
 Medebach
 Winterberg

Division of the town 
Hallenberg consists of 4 districts: the town proper and 3 villages:
 Hallenberg (2,660 inhabitants, 34.72 km²)
 Braunshausen (350 inhabitants, 9.08 km²)
 Hesborn (1,060 inhabitants, 14,18 km²)
 Liesen (780 inhabitants, 7,38 km²)

Personalities 
Adolf Winkelmann (born 1946), film director and producer

Currency 

From 1917 until the 1920s Hallenberg, like many German towns, produced its own currency, known as Notgeld. During the First World War this was because the value of the official coinage exceeded its face value, so coins were hoarded or sold for their metal, and then from about 1923 the rate of hyperinflation meant that the central bank could not print and distribute the ever-higher banknote values quickly enough, so this was done locally.

Gallery

References

External links

 

 
Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia
Hochsauerlandkreis
Electrofusion

Electrofusion is a method of joining MDPE, HDPE and other plastic pipes using special fittings that have built-in electric heating elements which are used to weld the joint together.

The pipes to be joined are cleaned, inserted into the electrofusion fitting (with a temporary clamp if required) and a voltage (typically 40V) is applied for a fixed time depending on the fitting in use. The built in heater coils then melt the inside of the fitting and the outside of the pipe wall, which weld together producing a very strong homogeneous joint. The assembly is then left to cool for a specified time.

Electrofusion welding is beneficial because it does not require the operator to use dangerous or sophisticated equipment. After some preparation, the electrofusion welder will guide the operator through the steps to take. Welding heat and time is dependent on the type and size of the fitting. All electrofusion fittings are not created equal – precise positioning of the energising coils of wire in each fitting ensures uniform melting for a strong joint and the minimisation of welding and cooling time.

The operator must be qualified according to the local and national laws. In Australia, an electrofusion course can be done within 8 hours. Electrofusion welding training focuses on the importance of accurately fusing EF fittings. Both manual and automatic methods of calculating electrofusion time gives operators the skills they need in the field. There is much to learn about the importance of preparation, timing, pressure, temperature, cool down time and handling, etc.

Training and certification are very important in this field of welding, as the product can become dangerous under certain circumstances. There has been cases of major harm and death, including when molten polyethylene spurts out of the edge of a mis-aligned weld, causing skin burns. Another case was due to a tapping saddle being incorrectly installed on a gas line, causing the death of the two welders in the trench due to gas inhalation. There are many critical parts to electrofusion welding that can cause weld failures, most of which can be greatly reduced by using welding clamps, and correct scraping equipment.

To keep their qualification current, a trained operator can get their fitting tested, which involves cutting open the fitting and examining the integrity of the weld.

References

Piping
Plumbing
Marsberg

Marsberg () is a town in the Hochsauerland district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

History
Although its origins are obscure, Marsberg was a prospering town by the 13th century (it was even minting coins). It was a free city until 1807, when it was incorporated into the Kingdom of Westphalia, until 1813. After two years of independent government, it was added to Prussia in 1815.

Geography
It is situated on the river Diemel, approx. 20 km east of Brilon and 30 km south of Paderborn.

Neighbouring municipalities

 Bad Arolsen
 Bad Wünnenberg
 Brilon
 Diemelsee
 Diemelstadt
 Lichtenau
 Warburg

Town division 
Marsberg consists of the following 17 districts:

 Beringhausen
 Borntosten
 Bredelar
 Canstein
 Erlinghausen
 Essentho
 Giershagen
 Heddinghausen 
 Helminghausen
 Leitmar
 Meerhof
 Niedermarsberg
 Obermarsberg
 Oesdorf 
 Padberg
 Udorf 
 Westheim

International relations

Marsberg is twinned with:
  Lillers (France)

Notable people

 Lissy Ishag  (born 1979), television presenter
 Hubertus Klenner (born 1959), mayor of Marsberg 2004–2014
 Hermann Köhler (born 1950), athlete and Olympic athlete
 Fabian Lamotte (born 1983), footballer
 Peter Lohmeyer (born 1962), actor
 Hans-Joachim Watzke (born 1959), managing director of  Borussia Dortmund

Image gallery

References

External links
 
  

Hochsauerlandkreis
Jonathan Gledhill

Jonathan Michael Gledhill (14 February 1949 – 1 November 2021) was an English Anglican clergyman. He was the Bishop of Southampton from 1996 to 2003, and the 98th Bishop of Lichfield from 2003 to 2015.

Early life
Gledhill was born on 14 February 1949, in Windsor, Berkshire, England. He was educated at Keele University and the University of Bristol. He trained for the ministry at Trinity College, Bristol. In 2007 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by Keele University in recognition of his "outstanding contribution to the Church and to the people and the County of Staffordshire."

Ordained ministry
Gledhill was curate at All Saints', Marple, (Diocese of Chester) from 1975 to 1978 and from 1978 to 1983 was priest in charge of St George's Folkestone. From 1983 to 1996 he was Vicar at St Mary Bredin, Canterbury and a tutor at the Canterbury School of Ministry. From 1988 to 1994 he was also the Rural Dean at Canterbury and from 1992 to 1996 an honorary canon of Canterbury Cathedral.

From 1995 to 1998, Gledhill was a member of the General Synod. From 1996 to 2003 he was the suffragan Bishop of Southampton. From 1997 he chaired the Anglican-Old Catholic International Co-ordinating Council and was chairman of the Governing Body of the National College of Evangelists.

Gledhill was the 98th Bishop of Lichfield.  He was enthroned in Lichfield Cathedral on 15 November 2003 and he retired on 30 September 2015. Following his retirement he moved back to Canterbury where he lived and had permission to officiate in its Diocese.

Gledhill published Leading a Local Church in the Age of the Spirit.

Personal life
Gledhill's wife Jane, was a university lecturer and lay reader; they had one daughter and one son. 

He announced he had Parkinson's disease, shortly before his retirement from ministry in 2015. Gledhill died on 1 November 2021, at the age of 72.

Styles
 The Reverend Jonathan Gledhill (1975–1992)
 The Reverend Canon Jonathan Gledhill (1992–1996)
 The Right Reverend Jonathan Gledhill (1996–2021)

References

1949 births
2021 deaths
Alumni of Keele University
Alumni of the University of Bristol
Bishops of Lichfield
Bishops of Southampton
Canons of Canterbury
Clergy from Windsor, Berkshire
Alumni of Trinity College, Bristol
Said ibn Amir al-Jumahi

Said ibn Amir al-Jumahi () was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and Governor of Homs in Syria during the caliphate of Omar.
When Caliph Umar asked a delegation from people of Homs to provide list of needy people of hums so that he could make arrangement for meeting those needs, among other people name of governor said ibn Aamir was also in that list. Caliph Umar sent thousand gold coins(Asharfi in arabic).But said ibn Aamir distributed these instead putting these to his own use.

Life 
As a youth, he was among the thousands who left for Tanim on the outskirts of Mecca at the invitation of the Quraysh to witness the killing of Khubayb ibn Adi, a companion of Muhammad whom they had captured and whose death was to be in revenge for Quraysh losses in the Battle of Badr. After accepting Islam shortly following Khubayb’s death Sa'id migrated to Medina and attached himself to Muhammad, participating in the Battle of Khaybar and other engagements thereafter. After Muhammad's death in 632 he continued active service under his two successors, Abu Bakr and Umar, who both knew Sa'id for his honesty and piety and listened to his advice.

Governor of Homs 
Umar appointed him as governor of Homs (Emesa) in Syria, which was then called 'little Kufa' because, like Kufa, its inhabitants complained a lot about their leaders. During a visit to Syria, Umar asked the people of Homs if they had any complaints against their governor, to which they mentioned four. Umar summoned Sa'id, and in his presence asked the representatives of Homs to state their complaints.

The first complaint was that he left his home late every morning, to which Sa'id replied that he had no servants, and that following prayers, read the Quran and assisted his wife in preparing meals, which took some time. The second complaint was that he did not attend to anyone at night, which he explained was due to his practice of reserving the night for prayer. The third complaint was that once a month he left his house late in the afternoon, which he explained was a result of washing and drying his one change of clothes. The fourth complaint was that he occasionally fell into fits of unconsciousness. Sa'id explained that in Mecca he had witnessed Khubayb ibn Adi's torture and death by the Quraysh. The Quraysh offered him safety and protection for his wealth if he disowned Muhammad, but he spurned the offer. Sa'id added, that being a polytheist at the time he did nothing to aid Khubayb and whenever he recalls the event he becomes overwhelmed with remorse and passes out. Umar dismissed the complaints and said:

It is said that during his tenure as governor of Homs he choose to live in poverty and humbleness despite his high rank

See also

 
 Battle of Khaybar
 List of Sahaba

References

Companions of the Prophet
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Rashidun governors of Hims
Indigo (Hoffman novel)

Indigo is a novel written by Alice Hoffman, published by Scholastic in 2002.

Plot 

Oak Grove is a dry, dusty town haunted by memories of a past flood. Everyone dreads the water – except two brothers, Trevor and Eli McGill. Nicknamed Trout and Eel for their darting quickness and the mysterious webbing between their fingers and toes, the boys dream of the farthest seas and of a magical past they barely remember.

Martha Glimmer, the boys’ loyal friend, has her own reasons to help them reach their hearts’ desire. She's running away from her own memories – of her mother's death, her father's grief, and of the time before her heart was broken.

Little do Martha, Trout and Eel know that running away will lead them on a journey back to their own true natures.

References

External links
 

2002 American novels
American fantasy novels
Joël Henry (journalist)

Joël Henry (born 1955) is a French journalist who was born in Strasbourg.

Career

Henry founded ‘Latourex’ in 1990, which is an abbreviation of the French phrase for ‘Laboratory of Experimental Travel’.

He also co-authored The Lonely Planet Guide to Experimental Travel, published in 2005, along with Rachael Antony. The book consisted of 40 alternative methods of taking a holiday, which included:

 Organising a backpacking expedition to K2, the grid location on a map of one's locality
 Secretly following a close friend or family member on holiday and photographing their activities while wearing a cliché detective's trench coat
 Spending 24 hours in an airport lobby not intending to fly anywhere
 Traveling to a city separately to one's partner or spouse and attempting to find each other without contact or travel information
 Going to well known tourist destinations and photographing what is opposite the famous landmark

Philosophy

In a similar fashion to the Oulipo group, the imposition of arbitrary restrictions serves to heighten the tourist experience. What is more, Henry appears to be concerned that the majority of foreigners in another country do exactly the same as each other, and that discovering another country is more than a mere observation of its landmarks; indeed visiting tourist traps may be the worst way to discover a country, as here one will find the fewest locals, least tradition and minimal authenticity.

See also
Lonely Planet

External links
 Homepage of Latourex
 An interview with Joël Henry from the Guardian newspaper
 Account of an experimental holiday
 Joel Henry: Dean of “Experimental Travel”

1955 births
Living people
Writers from Strasbourg
French male non-fiction writers
Medebach

Medebach () is a town in the Hochsauerland district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Geography
Medebach is situated approximately  east of Winterberg,  south-west of Korbach and  north of Marburg.

Neighbouring municipalities

 Korbach
 Lichtenfels
 Willingen
 Winterberg

Division of the town 
Besides, the town center of Medebach, the municipality consists of the following districts, formerly independent villages:

  with Roninghausen
  with Wissinghausen

International relations

Medebach is twinned with
  Locminé (France)
  Worbis (Germany)

History
The town was first mentioned in a document in 1144. It belonged to the Hanseatic League.

Medebach and its district Oberschledorn entered the international news in September 2007 during the 2007 bomb plot in Germany, when three Islamic terrorists, two Germans and a Turk, were arrested there. They had received training in Pakistan and were about to build bombs from hydrogen peroxide in a rented holiday flat.

Notable inhabitants
Henricus de Medebeke, 1347 mayor of Reval
Caspar Vopelius, cartographer, mathematician, astronomer
Wilhelm Hohoff (1848-1923), Catholic priest
Hermann Bergenthal, painter, Oberschledorn
Josef Bergenthal, writer (1900-1982), („Münster steckt voller Merkwürdigkeiten“, 1935), Oberschledorn
 Thomas Seeliger (born 1966), football player

References

External links

 Official Medebach website—
 Touristic information 

Hochsauerlandkreis
Grand Beach (Manitoba)

Grand Beach is a freshwater beach located within the Rural Municipality of St. Clements on the eastern shore of Lake Winnipeg in Manitoba, Canada. It is located on the northern edge of the town of Grand Marais, Manitoba. Grand Beach is on the historic La Vérendrye Trail
.

History

Founded by homesteaders, it was home to a substantial community of Métis, who were the only settlers until the Canadian Northern Railway built its line and set up the resort along the Grand Beach in 1917. After it was made accessible by the railway, it became a very popular resort for Manitobans.

In the early days, the grandest building in the resort was the Dance Pavilion, built in 1918 and rated by some as the largest dance hall of its time in the Commonwealth, but it was destroyed in a fire that began at 11 am on September 5, 1950. Prior to the fire, CNR had put the resort buildings up for sale. Along with the incredible beaches, the dance hall made Grand Beach a very attractive day trip destination for Winnipeggers in the 1920s, that was made possible by regular train services to Winnipeg, with the last train leaving at midnight. A Harvey J. Emke of Winnipeg bought the properties from CNR in 1951.

Sites and attractions
Grand Beach is part of Grand Beach Provincial Park and features  of fine, white sand and is backed by sand dunes that rise up to  above the beach. A boardwalk at the West end of the beach offers food and shopping. Change rooms and plumbed washrooms are available all along the beach.

Annual events
Canada Day Family Festival
Grand Marais Family Festival
Manitoba Summerfest
Beaches Half Marathon

References

External links
Grand Beach Tourism
Manitoba Conservation
Eastern Beaches of Manitoba
Manitoba Historical Society
Website of Great Canadian Lakes

Beaches of Manitoba
Winnipeg Metro Region
Loenersloot

Loenersloot is a village in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It was a part of the former municipality of Loenen. Since 2011 it has made part of the new formed municipality of Stichtse Vecht. It lies about 12 km west of Hilversum. It is located on the Angstel River.

Loenersloot used to be a separate municipality. In 1964, it merged with the neighbouring municipality of Loenen. Castle Loenersloot is located in the village.

History 
The village is first mentioned between 918 and 948 as in Lonora laca. By 1156, it became Heinricum de Lonreslothe, and means "ditch near Loenen. 

Loenersloot developed along the Angstel River opposite . The castle was built in 1258 by the van Loenersloot family as a loan of Otto II, Count of Guelders. In 1377, it was besieged. In 1766 it was sold to Hendrik Willem van Hoorn and partially demolished, however van Hoorn was declared bankrupt in 1770, and the new owner restored the castle and turned it into an estate.

Loenersloot already had a chapel in the 14th century. In the 16th century, a courthouse and inn was next to the chapel. In 1840, Loenersloot was home to 303 people.

Gallery

References

Populated places in Utrecht (province)
Former municipalities of Utrecht (province)
Stichtse Vecht
Lucy v. Adams

Lucy v. Adams, 350 U.S. 1 (1955), was a U.S. Supreme Court case that successfully established the right of all citizens to be accepted as students at the University of Alabama.

The case involved African American citizens Autherine Lucy and Polly Anne Myers, who were refused admission to the University of Alabama solely on account of their race or color.

The Supreme Court affirmed the lower court decision, saying that it enjoins and restrains the respondent and others designated from denying these petitioners, solely on account of their race or color, the right to enroll in the University of Alabama and pursue courses of study there.

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 350
 Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
 Sweatt v. Painter
 McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents

External links
 

1955 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
United States equal protection case law
United States school desegregation case law
History of the University of Alabama
African-American history of Alabama
1955 in Alabama
Legal history of Alabama
Civil rights movement case law
Carolina Coastal Railway

Carolina Coastal Railway  is a shortline railroad that operates several lines in North Carolina and one line in South Carolina.

History
CLNA was created in 1989 under the Thoroughbred Shortline Program of Norfolk Southern and was a subsidiary of Rail Link, Inc., which became a subsidiary of Genesee & Wyoming in 1995. The original line was  from Pinetown, North Carolina to Belhaven. CLNA interchanged with NS at Pinetown. CLNA was acquired by Main Line Rail Management, Inc. in 2003.

In 2006, CLNA began to serve a former NS branch between Whitney and Badin where Alcoa previously operated a large aluminum plant.

On March 25, 2007, CLNA entered into a lease agreement with NS for the Plymouth-Raleigh route, 147 miles of the former mainline of the original Norfolk Southern. 

In 2010, CLNA began providing contract switching services in Kinston, North Carolina. Also in 2011, CLNA began serving the Port of Morehead City by taking over the Morehead and South Fork.

In 2011, CLNA purchased a line between Rocky Mount and Spring Hope previously known as the Nash County Railroad. Also in 2011, CLNA began operating a former NS branch between Blacksburg, South Carolina and Kings Creek, South Carolina; operations on this branch ceased in 2013.

In 2020, the railroad was purchased by Regional Rail.

See also

Thoroughbred Shortline Program

References

External links
Official website
Railway Association of North Carolina - CLNA
American Short Line & Regional Railroad Association: CLNA

North Carolina railroads
Genesee & Wyoming
Spin-offs of the Norfolk Southern Railway
Supercupa României

The Supercupa României () is a Romanian football championship contested by the winners of the Liga I and the Cupa României. It is usually played at the Arena Națională in Bucharest.

The competition started off in 1994, with the first edition being won by Steaua București. In 2010, for the first time in its history, the Supercup was held even though CFR Cluj had been victorious in both the league and the cup in the previous season. At that time, they faced Unirea Urziceni, the Liga I runners-up.

The most successful performer so far has been FCSB with 6 wins, followed by Rapid București and CFR Cluj with 4 wins each up until 2021.

Sponsorship 
On 22 July 2005, FRF and Samsung Electronics signed a one-year sponsorship deal. The name of the competition was changed to Supercupa României Samsung for the 2005 and 2006 editions.

On 9 October 2006, FRF and Ursus Breweries (part of the SABMiller group) signed a sponsorship agreement for the next three seasons. Ursus Breweries changed the name of the competition to Supercupa României Timișoreana, after the Timișoreana beer brand.

Results of the finals

1 Because CFR Cluj won the double, Unirea Urziceni, the team that was the runner-up of the previous Liga I season, was chosen to play in the Romanian Supercup as their opponent. This rule was adopted in 2009.

2 Because FCSB won the double, ASA Târgu Mureș, the team that was the runner-up of the previous Liga I season, was chosen to play in the Romanian Supercup as their opponent. This rule was adopted in 2009.

Performances

Performance by qualification

Performance by club

Performance by city

Notes

References

External links
Romania - List of Super Cup Finals, RSSSF.com

 
3
Romania
Aleksandr Korkin

Aleksandr Nikolayevich Korkin (;  – ) was a Russian mathematician. He made contribution to the development of partial differential equations, and was second only to Chebyshev among the founders of the Saint Petersburg Mathematical School. Among others, his students included Yegor Ivanovich Zolotarev.

Some publications

References

External links

Korkin's Biography , the St. Petersburg University Pages (in Russian, but with an image)

1837 births
1908 deaths
People from Vologda Oblast
People from Vologda Governorate
19th-century mathematicians from the Russian Empire
Mathematical analysts
Cyprus Observer

The Cyprus Observer is a Turkish-Cypriot owned English-language weekly newspaper.

It is distributed for sale (also) in Britain and Turkey in addition to being on the internet.

It is published on Fridays in the Berliner format from its Kyrenia headquarters.

The newspaper is owned and edited by Hasan Ekcakica, who is also the official spokesman of the Turkish Cypriot administration.

In the past few years, more and more publications for the growing English-speaking population of North Cyprus are appearing on the scene. Not only does the Cyprus Observer, founded in August 2005, have a local circulation, but it is also sold in London, as well as having a web page which is updated weekly (www.observercyprus.com). In addition to British community news, the newspaper mainly covers political developments in the Cyprus Problem as well as business news, news from the South of the island, world news, Turkey news, etc.

External links
 Cyprus Observer
 Cyprus International Press Service
 North Cyprus News

English-language newspapers published in Europe
Weekly newspapers
Newspapers published in Northern Cyprus
Newspapers established in 2005
General Centre of Independent and Free Unions of Angola

The General Centre of Independent and Free Unions of Angola (CGSILA) is a national trade union centre of Angola.  With a membership of 50,000, it is led by Manuel Maria Difuila as President.

References

External links
 www.icftu.org entry in ITUC address book.

Trade unions in Angola
African Regional Organisation of the International Trade Union Confederation
National federations of trade unions
Trade unions established in 1996
Aragon (disambiguation)

Aragon is a Spanish autonomous community.

Aragon, or  Aragón may also refer to:

Places

The Iberian Peninsula
 County of Aragon, a medieval county in Spain 
 Kingdom of Aragon, a medieval kingdom in Spain
 Aragón (river), a tributary of the river Ebro

The United States of America
 Aragon, Georgia
 Aragon, New Mexico, the site of Fort Tularosa
 Aragon High School, in San Mateo, California

Other places
 Crown of Aragon, a Mediterranean empire during the Middle Ages
 Aragon, Aude, a commune in the Aude département, France
 Aragon, Antioquia, a place in Colombia

Ships
 Spanish cruiser Aragon, a late 19th-century warship
 HMT Aragon, a troop ship, previously the British ocean liner RMS Aragon

People
 Jesusita Aragón (1908–2005), American midwife
 Louis Aragon (1897–1982), French poet, novelist and editor
 Maria Aragon (born 2000), Canadian singer
 Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón (born 1940), Spanish screenwriter and film director
 Catherine of Aragon, first wife of Henry VIII
 List of Aragonese monarchs

Other uses
 "Aragon", a composition by Brian Eno on the album Music for Films

 Aragón TV, a radio and television network in Aragon
 Orquesta Aragón, Cuban musical band

Transit
 Aragón metro station, an at-grade station in Line 5 in Mexico City
 Bosque de Aragón metro station, an at-grade station in Line B in Mexico City
 Plaza Aragón metro station, an at-grade station in Ecatepec, State of Mexico
 Villa de Aragón metro station, an at-grade station in Mexico City
 Aragó (Metrovalencia), formerly Aragón, in Valencia, Spain

See also
 Aragon Ballroom (disambiguation)
 Aragorn, a fictional character in the novel The Lord of the Rings
 Eragon, the first book in the Inheritance Cycle series by Christopher Paolini
 Aragog, a beast in the Harry Potter series
 Aragona, an Italian commune
Hopcroft

Hopcroft is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

John Hopcroft (born 1939), American theoretical computer scientist
Ron Hopcroft (1918–2016), British ultrarunner

See also
Holcroft
Howcroft
Ogawa Kazumasa

, also known as Ogawa Kazuma or Ogawa Isshin, was a Japanese photographer, printer and publisher who was a pioneer in photomechanical printing and photography in the Meiji era.

Life
Ogawa was born in Saitama to the Matsudaira samurai clan. He started studying English and photography at the age of 15 under Yoshiwara Hideo, then in 1880 he moved to Tokyo in order to further hone his English language skills. One year later, Ogawa was hired as an interpreter in the Yokohama Police Department, while learning photography from Shimooka Renjō in Yokohama.

In 1882, he moved to Boston where he took courses in portrait photography and the dry plate process. He also studied collotype printing in Albert Type Company.

Upon his return to Japan in 1884, Ogawa opened a photographic studio in Iidabashi (Kōjimachi), the first in Tokyo. Four years later, he established the Tsukiji Kampan Seizō Kaisha ( Tsukiji dry plate manufacturing company), which manufactured dry plates for use by photographers. In 1889, he set up Japan's first collotype business, the Ogawa Shashin Seihan jo (), also referred to as the K. Ogawa printing factory. In the same year, Ogawa worked as an editor for Shashin Shinpō (, lit. Photography journal), the only photographic journal available at the time, as well as for Kokka magazine (, lit. National flower). He printed both magazines using the collotype printing process.

In 1886 he travelled to Seoul in Korea and to Incheon. He photographed scenes of cityscapes, palaces and everyday life. These are uncoloured images and illustrate the progress in his techniques.
 
Ogawa was a founding member of the Japan Photographic Society, which gathered photography amateurs from all around Japan. In 1891, he was charged with taking 100 pictures of Tokyo's most attractive geisha, to commemorate the opening of the Ryōunkaku.

In 1894 he met the writer Alicia Little who was visiting Japan from her home in China. She was already a published author and she had a diary that she had written. Ogawa supplied photographs and it was published as My Diary in a Chinese Farm. The book described their stay on a farm near the Yangtse River as they avoided the summer heat at their home in Chingqing.

Notes

External links

 A biographical timeline of Ogawa Kazumasa
A selection of pictures taken by Ogawa
Flower collotypes by Ogawa
Bachmann Eckenstein Art & Antiques, "Ogawa Kazuma" (Asia through the Lens). Accessed 20 January 2007.
QUT Digital Collections 

1860 births
1929 deaths
Japanese photographers
Imperial household artists
National Museum of the Royal Navy, Portsmouth

The National Museum of the Royal Navy, Portsmouth, formerly known as the Royal Naval Museum, is a museum of the history of the Royal Navy located in the Portsmouth Historic Dockyard section of HMNB Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, England. The museum is part of the National Museum of the Royal Navy, a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Ministry of Defence. It received 1,081,909 visitors in 2017.

History
The museum was founded in 1911. Known originally as the Dockyard Museum, it was conceived by Mr. Mark Edwin Pescott-Frost, then secretary to the Admiral Superintendent at Portsmouth.  With a passion for naval history he spearheaded a project to save items for future generations, eventually leading to the opening of a new museum.  His foresight ensured the survival of many interesting and important artefacts, several of which are still on display today. He was awarded in 1916 the Imperial Service Order.

In 1985, under the terms of the National Heritage Act 1983, the museum was devolved from the Ministry of Defence to become an executive non-departmental public body, supported by a grant-in-aid. At this juncture, the name was changed to become the "Royal Naval Museum, Portsmouth."

In 2008, the National Museum of the Royal Navy (NMRN) formally came into being with the express purpose of providing greater co-ordination of naval heritage in the broadest sense and, following on from this, in 2010, the Royal Naval Museum became a full subsidiary of the National Museum of the Royal Navy, and changed its name to "National Museum of the Royal Navy, Portsmouth"

Buildings and exhibits
The museum is housed in a row of three buildings which face . No. 11 Storehouse dates from 1763, and the adjacent No. 10 Storehouse from 1776; both are Grade I listed. The Victory Gallery is a purpose-built museum building of 1938. , a World War I Monitor warship, is also part of the museum; she was opened to the public in 2015, her centenary year.

No. 11 Storehouse contains various exhibition spaces relating to the Age of Sail. The restored No. 10 Storehouse opened to the public in 2014 as the Babcock Galleries, housing a new permanent exhibition telling the story of the 20th- and 21st-century Navy, as well as temporary exhibition spaces. It also houses the Trafalgar Sail (the fore topsail of HMS Victory, said to be the largest surviving single original artefact from the Battle of Trafalgar). A new glass atrium links the two historic storehouses.

 Victory Gallery "tells the story of HMS Victory and the people who lived, worked and fought on board".
 Nelson Gallery tells the story of Horatio, Viscount Nelson.
 Sailing Navy Gallery tells of life at sea in the Sailing Navy.
 HMS Hear My Story tells "undiscovered stories from the ordinary men, women and ships which have made the Navy‘s amazing history over the last 100 years".

References

External links
National Museum of the Royal Navy, Portsmouth. Official website.

Maritime museums in England
Naval museums in England
Museums in Portsmouth
Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)
Pamela Willeford

Pamela Pitzer Willeford (born March 1950) is American  diplomat who served as the United States Ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein between 2003 and 2006. She is also notable as being the sole eyewitness of the 2006 hunting incident where then-United States Vice President Dick Cheney accidentally shot attorney Harry Whittington in the face and chest.

Biography
Willeford grew up in Breckenridge, Texas and attended The Hockaday School in Dallas. She graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a BA in English and Spanish. She became a public and private school teacher in Dallas, starting around the early 1970s. During the 1980s, she was a trustee of St. Andrew’s Episcopal School in Austin; she worked prominently in the expansion of the school. On the Texas State Preservation Board, she has been Director of Development, and coordinated its Texas Capitol Rededication project. She began serving on the Board and the Executive Committee of the Texas Book Festival upon their creation in 1996, and as of 2003, had continued to without interruption.

Willeford worked on developing education policy and promoting community service in Texas. She was appointed to the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board in 1995, by Governor George W. Bush. She served on the board for eight years, being promoted to chairwoman in 1998. During her tenure as chairwoman, the Board developed a new higher-education plan for the state.

She has been involved in numerous civic organizations, including The Helping Hand Home for Children, SafePlace Center for Battered Women, Trinity Episcopal School, The Bob Bullock Texas State History Museum and the Junior League of Austin. She was awarded "Volunteer Extraordinaire" by the Junior League of Austin in 2002 and "Woman of Distinction" from the Girl Scouts Lone Star Council in 2003. She has also served as Advisory Committee Chairman for The Laura Bush Foundation for America's Libraries and is currently its chairperson.

On July 30, 2003, President Bush nominated Willeford as U.S. Ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein in anticipation of Mercer Reynolds III leaving that post. She was sworn in on October 27, 2003. She served until September 2006, when she was succeeded by Peter R. Coneway.

She is a long-time Bush family friend, and she and her immediate family have given a total of $23,200 to Republicans during the 2000, 2002, and 2004 election cycles.

Hunting incident

On February 11, 2006, she was the only witness when Dick Cheney accidentally shot Texas attorney Harry Whittington during a quail hunt.

Personal life
She is married to Dr. George "Boots" Willeford III, an Austin physician. They have two grown children.

References

External links
State Department Biography
Open Secrets profile on Pamela Willeford

1950 births
Living people
People from Austin, Texas
People from Dallas
Ambassadors of the United States to Switzerland
Ambassadors of the United States to Liechtenstein
Texas Republicans
American women ambassadors
People from Breckenridge, Texas
Hockaday School alumni
21st-century American women
Thierry Tulasne

Thierry Tulasne (born 12 July 1963) is a former tennis player from France, who won five singles titles during his professional career. He reached his career-high ATP singles ranking of World No. 10 in August 1986. Since his retirement, he has coached players such as Sébastien Grosjean, Paul-Henri Mathieu, Gilles Simon and Harold Mayot.

Career finals

Singles (5 titles, 4 runner-ups)

References

External links
 
 
 

1963 births
Living people
French male tennis players
Hopman Cup competitors
People from Aix-les-Bains
Wimbledon junior champions
Sportspeople from Savoie
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' singles
Tarnhelm

The Tarnhelm is a magic helmet in Richard Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen (written 1848–1874; first perf. 1876).  It was crafted by Mime at the demand of his brother Alberich.  It is used as a cloak of invisibility by Alberich in Das Rheingold. It also allows one to change one's form: 
Alberich changes to a dragon and then a toad in Das Rheingold, Scene 3.
Fafner changes to a dragon after the end of Das Rheingold and appears thus in Siegfried Act II. (It is never made clear whether Fafner actually used the Tarnhelm to transform, or simply transformed as many giants and gods did in the myths. There is also no Tarnhelm present in the original Andvari myth from Reginsmál in the Poetic Edda from which Wagner drew inspiration for this scene.)
Siegfried changes to Gunther's form in Götterdämmerung Act I, Scene 3.
Finally, it allows one to travel long distances instantly, as Siegfried does in Götterdämmerung, Act II.
The stage directions in Das Rheingold and Siegfried describe it as a golden chain-mail helmet which covers the wearer's face.

In politics
Nacht und Nebel ("Night and Fog") was a directive of Adolf Hitler on 7 December 1941 that was originally intended to remove all political activists and resistance "helpers"; "anyone endangering German security"  throughout Nazi Germany's occupied territories. The name was a direct reference to a magic spell involving the "Tarnhelm" ("stealth helmet") from Wagner's Rheingold.

In popular culture
In The Lord of the Rings, Éowyn adopts the name "Dernhelm" when she masquerades as a man before slaying the Witch-King of Angmar; "Dernhelm" is the Old English equivalent of "Tarnhelm".

See also
 Huliðshjálmr (concealing helmet) of Norse dwarves
 Fafnir's helmet Aegis

References

Helmets
Mythological clothing
Magic items
Der Ring des Nibelungen
John Danaher

John Danaher may refer to:
John Danaher (VC) (1860–1919), Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross
John A. Danaher (1899–1990), U.S. senator and judge from Connecticut
John A. Danaher III (born 1950), grandson of the above, commissioner of the Connecticut Department of Public Safety
John Danaher (martial artist) (born 1967), Brazilian jiu-jitsu and mixed martial arts instructor