alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Salmon

Salmon is a kind of teleost fish. It is a general term for  commercially important ray-finned fish from the family Salmonidae. Salmon belong to the same family of fish as the trout. 

Most kinds of salmon live in salt water, or migrate between rivers and the sea. Many people like to eat salmon, so sometimes the fish is grown in fish farms. 

As the salmon go upstream to the spawning grounds, they may face obstruction from beaver dams. Sluice gates have to be provided so the gravid female salmon can get to the spawning grounds. This is a problem caused by the re-introduction of beavers to the U.K. Sluice gates are opened for the salmon at breeding time. Salmon farms are also possible, in which the fish are non-migratory, but then they have to be fed artificially.

Coloring 
Salmons get the pink color of their flesh from a pigment called astaxanthin. Wild salmon get it from the krill and shrimp they eat, while farmed salmon gets traces of it in kibble (compound feed). If they don't have the pigment, their flesh has a gray color.

Eating 
Usual ways to make food out of salmon are smoking, cold smoking and graving.

Main species 

Atlantic salmon
Australian salmon
Chinook salmon
Chum salmon
Coho salmon
Indian Salmon
Pink salmon
Sockeye salmon

References

Other websites

Salmon Nation A place and idea for "reliable prosperity."
Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission
Seafood Watch from the Monterey Bay Aquarium
Is Something Fishy Going On? (red dyes in farmed fish) 

Edible fish
Salmoniformes
Wild turkey

The wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is the name of the more common of the two species of turkey. This large bird is found across much of the United States and southern Canada.

Wild turkeys prefer hardwood and mixed conifer-hardwood forests with scattered openings such as pastures, fields, orchards and seasonal marshes. They can adapt to any dense plant community so long as there is cover and openings to fly out. Open, mature forests with a variety of tree species seem to be best.

The domesticated turkey has been tamed and bred from wild turkeys, by people, to raise on farms.

References 

Birds of North America
Turkeys
Symbols of Oklahoma
Ocellated turkey

An ocellated turkey (Meleagris ocellata) is a turkey (a large bird) that is named for the eye-like spots on the tail feathers (ocellated means having eye-like spots). It is similar to the wild turkey that is found more to the north in North America.

References

Turkeys
Birds of North America
Drenthe

Drenthe (pronounce: "DREN-te") is a province in the northeast of the Netherlands. The capital city is Assen. South of it is Overijssel, west of it is Friesland and north of it is Groningen. East of it is Lower Saxony, that is a part of Germany. About 495,000 people are living in Drenthe (2021).

History 
Thousands of years ago, there were already people in Drenthe. Around 3500 BC people made dolmens (hunebedden), piles of big stones. 53 of the 54 dolmens in the Netherlands are in Drenthe. Most of them are in the northeast of the province.

The oldest paper with the name Drenthe on it is from 820. It was called Pago Treanth (district Drenthe). Papers from 1024 and 1025 show that is was a county at that time. 

From 1046 until 1528, the bishops of Utrecht ruled over Drenthe. From 1581 until 1795 it was part of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, but Drenthe itself was not a province. In 1796, under the Batavian Republic, Drenthe was a province for the first time.

In the Second World War, the nazis build a concentration camp near Westerbork. From there, they put Dutch Jews on the train to other camps in Germany and Poland. In the last train from Westerbork was also Anne Frank. She was a Jewish girl and she wrote a diary. She died in the concentration camp Bergen-Belsen in Germany. After the war her diary became world famous.

Municipalities 
Location of the municipalities of Drenthe.

Geography 

The most important cities are Assen (the capital), Emmen, Meppel and Hoogeveen. In Drenthe there is many heathland.

Dialects 
In Drenthe many people speak Low Saxon dialects. The dialects in Drenthe are called Drents. These dialects are different in each town or village.

Related pages
Bartje
Ot en Sien

Other websites
D-Day (military term)

D-Day is a term used in military planning to mean the actual day a major operation or event is to begin. The days leading up to a D-Day are called D-1, D-2, D-3, etc. That allows scheduling a sequence of events before the start date is chosen. The days after a D-Day are D+1, D+2, D+3, and so on.    

Several different days in military history were named D-Day. However, the most famous D-Day was the Normandy landings during Operation Overlord, on the morning of June 6, 1944, when the largest naval attack in military history took place in France during World War II. Operation Overlord was led by US General Dwight D. Eisenhower

The Allies Britain, Canada, and America breached the Normandy coastline and broke through the German fortification chain, the Atlantic Wall. That was a turning point in World War II though over 3,500 men were lost.   

The invasion started with airborne landings at 3:30 a.m. and the seaborne invasion started at 6:30 a.m. and took 19 hours. Operation Overlord had been planned for months and was scheduled for June 5 but was delayed for a day by bad weather.

Over the next several months, the Allies fought in France and took various useful ports such as Caen and later took Paris. After less than a year, the Allies entered Nazi Germany, which surrendered.

An invasion of southern France was intended to start at the same time, but there were not enough landing craft for both invasions. The operation started on its D-Day, August 15.

References

Other websites  
 WW2DB: Normandy Campaign
 Omaha-Beach.Org D-Day 7.6.1944

World War II
Dwight D. Eisenhower
655

655 was a common year.

Events 
November 15 – Northumbrian king Oswiu defeats the pagan Mercian king Penda in the Battle of the Winwaed
Empress Saimei ascends to the throne of Japan.
Clovis II succeeded by Clotaire III.
Peada succeeds his father Penda as king of Mercia
A Byzantine fleet is defeated by the Arabs at Finike.
Ishpeming, Michigan

Ishpeming is a city in Marquette County, Michigan, USA. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total  of 6,686 people living in it. There used to be more people in the 1950s and 1960s, when the iron ore mines were in full operation.

Geography
The city has a total area of 24.0 km² (9.2 mi²).  22.5 km² (8.7 mi²) of it is land and 1.5 km² (0.6 mi²) of it (6.16%) is water. Ishpeming is 1436 feet above sea level.

History
The movie Anatomy of a Murder was filmed in Ishpeming and areas around it in 1959.
Ishpeming was also the birthplace of aviation engineer Clarence "Kelly" Johnson in 1910 and Nobel prize winning chemist Glenn T. Seaborg in 1912.

Ishpeming is considered the birthplace of downhill ski jumping in the United States and is the home to the National Ski Hall of Fame.

Other websites 
City of Ishpeming 
Ishpeming Public Schools

Cities in Michigan
Humphrey Bogart

Humphrey DeForest Bogart (December 25, 1899 — January 14, 1957) was an American actor. He is nominated for three Academy Awards on each movies, including Casablanca, The African Queen and The Caine Mutiny.

Movies 
 Bad Sister (1931)
 The Petrified Forest (1936)
 Kid Galahad (1937)
 San Quentin (1937)
 Angels with Dirty Faces (1938)
 Swing Your Lady (1938)
 You Can't Get Away with Murder (1939)
 The Roaring Twenties (1939)
 They Drive by Night (1940)
 Brother Orchid (1940)
 High Sierra (1941)
 The Maltese Falcon (1941)
 Across the Pacific (1942)
 Casablanca (1942)
 Action in the North Atlantic (1943)
 Sahara (1943)
 To Have and Have Not (1944)
 Passage to Marseille (1944)
 Conflict (1945)
 The Big Sleep (1946)
 Dark Passage (1947)
 Dead Reckoning (1947)
 The Two Mrs. Carrolls (1947)
 The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948)
 Key Largo (1948)
 In a Lonely Place (1950)
 The African Queen (1951)
 Beat the Devil (1953)
 The Barefoot Contessa (1954)
 The Caine Mutiny (1954)
 Sabrina (1954)
 The Desperate Hours (1955)
 We're No Angels (1955)
 The Harder They Fall (1956)

Other websites 

 
 Documentary 42': Humphrey Bogart... Behind the Legend  (Video)

Actors from New York City
American movie actors
Cancer deaths in San Francisco
Deaths from esophageal cancer
1899 births
1957 deaths
1513

1513 was a year of the Gregorian calendar, that started on a Wednesday.

Events 
Florida found by the Spanish (the first Europeans to do so).

Births

Deaths 
 February 21 – Pope Julius II
 September 9 – James IV of Scotland
1560



Events 
July 6 – Treaty of Edinburgh

Births 
 Anton Praetorius, fighter against torture and chase of witches (d. 1613)
 August 7– Elizabeth Báthory, Hungarian murderer
 November 28– Baltasar of Marradas, Spanish noblemanbleman, knight of the Knights of Malta, imperial field marshal, governor in Bohemia (d. 1638)

Deaths 
April 19– Philipp Melanchthon, German humanist and reformer
September 29– King Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1496)
Cary Grant

Cary Grant (January 18, 1904 - November 29, 1986), born as Archibald Alexander Leach in Bristol, United Kingdom, was an English-American actor. He was known for his Mid-Atlantic accent, debonair demeanor, light-hearted approach to acting, and sense of comic timing. He was one of classic Hollywood's definitive leading men from the 1930s until the mid-1960s.  He starred in many movies, including 1959's North by Northwest.

Grant became an American citizen in 1942.  At that time, he legally changed his name to "Cary Grant." He died of a stroke on November 29, 1986. His body was cremated.

Sources

Other websites 
 

1904 births
1986 deaths
Actors from Bristol
American movie actors
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Kennedy Center honorees
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Academy Award Honorary Award winners
Dyslexia

Dyslexia, or word blindness, is a learning disability that affects reading. Different people are affected to different degrees. The condition that makes it difficult to learn and understand things in the same way others do. It is a very common problem.

Dyslexia affects the way the brain understands words. The most common signs of dyslexia are reading and writing problems. 

Estimates are that in the United States between 5 and 9% of school children have dyslexia. Another source says it affects 3–7% of the population. Up to 20% of the general population may have some degree of symptoms.  While dyslexia is more often diagnosed in boys, this is partly explained by a self-fulfilling referral bias among teachers and professionals.

Characteristics
A person can have dyslexia even if they are intelligent. Their education might be affected by their dyslexia or not. Recent studies show there are some small business owners that have dyslexia. Researchers think many dyslexic entrepreneurs are successful because they can delegate responsibilities (of writing letters) and still be good at speaking.

At the end of the 19th century, scientists did a lot of research about dyslexia and found some of the reasons that people are dyslexic.

Therapy
Children with dyslexia can be helped. One way teachers help dyslexic students is to break words into different sounds. The student must learn how to write the different sounds and create words. This helps with reading and writing.

Origins 
Speech is a newcomer in evolutionary terms. Like the large heads of babies, human speech evolved very recently. 

Newer biological functions tend to be less reliable than older functions.

References

Related pages
Dysgraphia
Neurodiversity

Disability
Disorders
1763



Events 
 February 10 – French and Indian War: The 1763 Treaty of Paris ends the war and France cedes Canada to Great Britain.
 15 February – the Treaty of Hubertusburg puts an end to the Seven Years' War between Prussia and Austria and their allies
 March 1 – Charles Townshend becomes President of the Board of Trade in the British government
 May 7 – Chief Pontiac begins the "Conspiracy of Pontiac" by attacking British forces at Fort Detroit.
 June 2 – Pontiac's Rebellion: At what is now Mackinaw City, Michigan, Chippewas capture Fort Michilimackinac by diverting the garrison's attention with a game of lacrosse, then chasing a ball into the fort.
 June 28 – earthquake in Komarom, Hungary
 August 5 – Pontiac's War – Battle of Bushy Run – British forces led by Henry Bouquet defeat Chief Pontiac's Native Americans at Bushy Run in the Pennsylvania backcountry.

 The Treaty of Paris signed by Great Britain, France and Spain brings an end to the Seven Years' War (also called the French and Indian War in the United States)
 First publication of Bayes' theorem
 Proclamation of 1763

 

nv:1751 – 1800
1637

1637 was a common year.

Events 
 February 3 – Tulip mania collapses in the United Provinces (now the Netherlands) by government order
 February 15 – Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor
 December 17 – Shimabara Rebellion erupts in Japan
Pierre de Fermat makes a marginal claim to have proof of what would become known as Fermat's last theorem.
France places a few missionaries in the Côte d'Ivoire, a country it would come to rule more than 200 years later.
England wages war against the Mashantucket Pequots
 First opera house, Teatro San Cassiona, opens in Venice
 René Descartes – Discours de la Methode
Elizabeth Poole becomes the first woman to have founded a town (Taunton, Massachusetts) in the Americas.
1451



Events 
 February 3 – Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Mehmed II.
 April 11 – Celje acquires market-town status and town rights by orders from the Celje count Frederic II.
 June 30 – French troops under the Comte de Dunois invade Guyenne and capture Bordeaux
 August 20 – The French capture Bayonne, the last English stronghold in Guyenne
 Foundation of the University of Glasgow
 Nicholas of Cusa invents concave lens spectacles to treat myopia
 Roger van der Weyden paints his Last Judgement
 Lodi dynasty succeeded the Sayyid dynasty in India

Births
 April 22 – Isabella of Castile
146



Events 
Change of era name from Yongxi (1st year) to Benchu era of the Chinese Han Dynasty
Change of emperor from Han Zhidi to Han Huandi of the Chinese Han Dynasty
Peter Jackson

Sir Peter Robert Jackson ONZ KNZM (born 31 October 1961, Wellington, New Zealand) is a New Zealand film director. He is most widely known for directing The Lord of the Rings film trilogy. He also directed the 2005 film, King Kong.

In 2003, Jackson won three Academy Awards for The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King: Academy Award for Directing, Academy Award for Best Picture and Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay.

Filmography 
 Bad Taste (1987)
 Meet the Feebles (1989)
 Valley of the Stereos (1992) (short film)
 Braindead (a.k.a. Dead Alive) (1992)
 Heavenly Creatures (1994)
 Forgotten Silver (1995) - mockumentary
 The Frighteners (1996)
 The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
 The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
 The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
 King Kong (2005)
 The Lovely Bones (2007)
 Halo (2008) - executive producer
 The Adventures of Tintin - executive producer
 The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (2012)
 The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (2013)
 The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (2014)

References

Other websites 

1961 births
Living people
Academy Award winning directors
Actors from Wellington
New Zealand movie actors
New Zealand movie directors
New Zealand movie producers
New Zealand screenwriters
Valencia

Valencia is a city in Spain, on the Mediterranean coast. It is the capital of the Community of Valencia. It has 807.396 people, making it the third-largest city in Spain and the fifteenth in the European Union. 

Valencia has a borderline hot semi-arid climate (BSh in the Köppen climate classification) and a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification).

Other websites 
Valencia Tourism Official Site

References 

Capital cities in Spain
Murcia

Murcia is the capital of the autonomous community of Murcia, in Spain, and its biggest city, with a population of 420,000 in the city and more than 740,000 in the metropolitan area. The municipality is the seventh largest in Spain. 

The city is in the Segura Valley, in an area called la Huerta de Murcia, which is a very important agricultural center with oranges, lemons, tomatoes, onions, etc.; the varied fruits and vegetables typical of the Mediterranean lands. It has a hot semi-arid climate (BSh in the Koeppen climate classification). The city has a Baroque cathedral and a university.

Capital cities in Spain
Zaragoza

Zaragoza (sometimes called Saragossa in English) is the capital of Aragon, in the Ebro Valley, in the crossroad from Barcelona, Valencia, Madrid, and Bilbao. The population is 643,000. The most important monument is the Nuestra Señora del Pilar (Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar).

Zaragoza has a cold semi-arid climate (BSk in the Köppen climate classification) with hot summers and cool winters.

References 

Capital cities in Spain
Málaga

Malaga (Spanish: Málaga) is a Spanish city in Andalusia, Spain on the Mediterranean coast. The city has 560,000 people. There are more than 1,000,000 people in the surrounding area. It is the second biggest city in Andalusia after Sevilla, and the sixth biggest in Spain. The 20th century artist Pablo Picasso was born in Málaga.

Málaga is southernmost large city in Europe, it lies on the Costa del Sol (Coast of the Sun) of the Mediterranean, about 100 km (62.14 mi) east of the Strait of Gibraltar and about 130 km (80.78 mi) north of Africa.
Málaga enjoys a subtropical–mediterranean climate. It has one of the warmest winters in Europe, with average temperatures of 17 °C (62.6 °F) during the day and 7–8 °C (45–46 °F) at night in the period from December through February.

Climate

The climate is subtropical-Mediterranean (Köppen climate classification: Csa) with very mild winters and hot summers. Málaga enjoys plenty of sunshine throughout the year, with an average of about 300 days of sunshine and only about 40-45 with precipitation annually. Its coastal location with winds blowing from the Mediterranean Sea make the heat manageable during the summer.

Málaga experiences the warmest winters of any European city with a population over 500,000. The average temperature during the day in the period December through February is . During the winter, the Málaga Mountains (Montes de Málaga) block out the cold weather from the north. Generally, the summer season lasts about eight months, from April to November, although in the remaining four months temperatures sometimes surpass . Its average annual temperature is  during the day  and  at night. In the coldest month, January, the temperature ranges from  during the day,  at night and the average sea temperature is . In the warmest month, August, the temperature ranges from  during the day, above  at night and the average sea temperature is .

Large fluctuations in temperature are rare. The highest temperature ever recorded at the airport is  on 18 July 1978. In the month of August 1881, the average reported daytime maximum temperature was a record . The coldest temperature ever recorded was  on the night of 4 February 1954. The highest wind speed ever recorded was on 16 July 1980, measuring . Snowfall is virtually unknown; since the end of the XIX century, Málaga city has only recorded snow one day in the 20th century, on 2 February 1954.

Annual average relative humidity is 65%, ranging from 58% in June to 72% in December. Yearly sunshine hours is between 2,800 and 3,000 per year, from 5–6 hours of sunshine / day in December to average 11 hours of sunshine / day in July. Rain occurs mainly in winter, with summer being generally dry. Málaga is one of the few cities in Europe which are "green" all year round.

References

Other websites 

 Málaga.diwiki.org  Periódico digital 

 
Capital cities in Spain
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

La Palma is another island of the Canary Islands

Las Palmas de Gran Canaria is the biggest city of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean. The city, with a population of 383,308 in 2010, is the eighth-largest in Spain. 

Together with Santa Cruz de Tenerife, it is the capital of the Comunidad Autónoma de
Canarias (Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands). It is also the capital of the island of Gran Canaria and of the province of Las Palmas. The islands of this province are Gran Canaria, Lanzarote and Fuerteventura.

The city was founded in 1478. The town has a beautiful old area. This area (Vegueta) has a lot of houses from the 16th to the 19th Centuries. There is still a house where Christopher Columbus stayed in 1492. He stayed there before he went to the Americas. The interesting cathedral was begun in the year 1500.

Its port is one of the busiest in Spain and the biggest between Europe and Cape Town, in South Africa.

Las Palmas (for short) is famous for its very nice and dry weather all year round. It is also famous for its Las Canteras Beach. This beach is more than 3 kilometers long. The beach brings a lot of tourists to the city. 

Main industries: trade, tourism, canned food, fishing, shipbuilding.

Places to visit: Vegueta (old area); Triana (traditional commercial area); Playa de Las Canteras (Las Canteras Beach); cathedral; Casa de Colón (Columbus House); Museo Canario (archaeology museum); CAAM - Centro Atlántico de Arte Moderno (Modern Art Centre); Museo Élder de la Ciencia (science museum); Museo Néstor (museum with paintings); Teatro Pérez Galdós (theatre); Auditorio Alfredo Kraus (concert hall); Jardín Canario (Canary Garden, mostly with plants from the Canary Islands); Doramas Park.

Capital cities in Spain
Palma de Mallorca

Palma de Mallorca is the capital of the Balearic Islands and the Mallorca island, in the Mediterranean Sea, in front of the Iberian Peninsula. The city, with a population of 410,000, is the ninth-largest of Spain. It is a very important tourist center in the world, and is famous for its historic architecture. It has one university, a subway, and the international airport lies just southwest of the city.

Capital cities in Spain
Córdoba, Andalusia

Córdoba is a city in Andalusia, Spain. It is the capital of Córdoba province. It had a population of about 326,000 in 2017.

Córdoba was the capital of the Caliphate of Cordoba, an Islamic empire in the Middle Ages, when the city was the biggest in Europe, with 250,000 people.

Córdoba is 138 kilometers (86 miles) northeast of the city of Seville and is on the Guadalquivir river. Córdoba has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification) with the hottest summers of all European cities.

History
The Romans occupied Córdoba in 206 B.C. The city was very important in the 900s CE as a famous center of Moorish art and culture.  The Mezquita de Córdoba is the city's chief landmark. It was built as a mosque (Muslim house of worship) in the 700s and was made into a Roman Catholic cathedral in 1238.  More than 1,000 pillars of stone including granite, onyx, marble and jasper support its arches.

Economy
A soft, fine-grained leather called cordovan is made in Córdoba. Córdoba is the center of an agricultural region. The farms there produce grain, grapes, olives, and vegetables.

References 

 
Capital cities in Spain
Alicante

Alacant or Alicante (, Valencian: ) is a city in Spain. It is the capital of the province of Alicante. It is in the southern part of the Valencian Community. It is also a historic Mediterranean port. The population of the city of Alicante proper is about 332,067, as of 2014, ranking as the second-largest Valencian city.  Including nearby municipalities, Alicante was populated by 458,843 residents. Population of the metropolitan area (including Elche and satellite towns) was 795,034 as of 2009. Based on population it is the eighth-largest metropolitan area of Spain.

The city is a sea port and a tourist centre. It has a hot semi-arid climate (BSh in the Koeppen climate classification).

The avenue Maisonnave is the principal commercial street in the city of Alicante. In fact, Maisonnave is the sixth most expensive avenue in the whole of Spain, which gives an idea of the importance that this  street has. The Corte inglés has in this central street both branches that it possesses in Alicant, one at each end of the avenue.

Santa Barbara's Castle is 166 metres up the Benacantil mountain. It's very strong with great strategic value. It's called Santa Barbara's Castle because the 4th of December is Santa Barbara's day and the 4th of December in 1248 is when it was taken from the Arabs by Alfonso of Castilla.

References

Other websites 
 Alicante Information 
 Interactive map

Capital cities in Spain
Phonology

Phonology is part of linguistics. Linguistics is the scientific study of language. Phonology is the science that studies the way that sounds (phones) carry meaning in language. Sounds (phones) that carry meaning in language are called phonemes. Sounds that do not carry meaning in the language are called allophones.

Phonology focuses on the study of phonemes, "units of sound (speech) that distinguish one word from another in a particular language." Phonology also includes studies of how words are articulated, or spoken.

Terminology 
Phonology refers to the sound patterns of a language. Phonology is different from phonetics. Phonology studies how sounds form meaning in language. Phonetics studies how those sounds are formed. Studies of phonology and phonetics are sometimes combined, which results in more specific areas of study.

History 
In 300 BC, Panini was the first person to study phonology. He created a grammar (a set of language rules) for Sanskrit (an ancient Indian language). He also created a list of the phonemes in Sanskrit. He assigned a symbol to represent each phoneme. The symbols are still used today in phonology.

The first person to use the word "phoneme" was the French linguist (one who studies language) A. Dufriche-Desgenettes. In the 1800s, Jan Baudoin gave the definition of phoneme that is uses today.Soon afterward, Baudouin de Courtenay began the study of phonology.and worked on the theory of phonetic alternations, which predicts changes in the sounds of a language.

One of the best schools of phonology was the Prague school. In 1939, a student of that school, Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy, published one of the most important studies on phonology. His work was titled Principles of Phonology. Another important person in the Prague school was Roman Jakobson. Roman was the most well-known linguist in the 1900s.

In 1968, Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle published The Sound Pattern of English (SPE). This book described generative phonology, which studies how grammar changes how people use language.

Branches of linguistics
1636

1636 was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events 
 March 26 – Utrecht University is founded in the Netherlands.
Harvard University founded.
 In the American colonies, Roger Williams (theologian) founds Rhode Island.
 The first American ancestor of John Adams, Henry Adams, emigrates to Massachusetts.
711

711 was a common year in the 8th century.

Events 
The Moors begin to control Spain.
The Arabs begin to control Southern Pakistan.
Segura

Segura is a Spanish river that is 325 kilometers (200 miles) long. It flows through the provinces of Jaen, Albacete, Murcia, and Alicante, and the cities of Cieza, Molina de Segura, Murcia, Orihuela, Rojales, and Guardamar. It then flows into the Mediterranean Sea.

Rivers of Spain
Orihuela

Orihuela is a city on the coast in Spain in the Alicante province, on the Segura river in a district called Vega Baja. Oranges and lemons are grown. The city has a population of 75,000 with very important historical monuments like the Cathedral and the church of Santiago, the church of Santa Justa and Rufina and the Seminarium.

Cities in the Valencian Community
Municipalities in the Valencian Community
Province of Alicante
Province of Alicante

Alacant () province is the fifth largest Spanish province by population with 1,750,000, and the second largest in the Valencian Community. It is on the south-east Mediterranean coast and the capital is the city of Alicante, a sea- port with a university. It is a commercial city with monuments like Sainte Barbra Castle. Other important cities are Elche, 215,000 with palms trees and its important shoe industry; Torrevieja, 100,000, tourist centre with the world-famous Habaneras contest; Orihuela, 75,000, agricultural important center; Benidorm, 67,000, the Mediterranean Manhattan; Alcoi, 60,000; textile center, and Elda, 55,000, shoes industry.

The most important river is the Segura, in the south, which provides the water to Alicante, Elche, Torrevieja, Orihuela and other cities. There are others like Vinalopo, Serpis, Amadorio, Ravine of the Sheeps and Monnegre.

The biggest mountain is Aitana, and other mountains are Mariola, Puig Bell, Maigmo and Gold Head, near Alicante. In the coast there are islands, the most important is Tabarca, and other is the Benidorm island. An important coast success is the Penon of Ifach, in Calpe.

The activities in Alicante province are tourism, industry (shoes, carpets, plays, dolls, textiles) and modern agriculture of regadium (oranges, lemons, tomatoes, almonds, wine). There are two universities: University of Alicante and University of Michael Hernandez.
Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan ( or ; , ;), also known as Turkmenia, is a country in South-Central Asia. It has borders with Afghanistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan. It has no ocean but it is on the Caspian Sea to the west.  The capital of Turkmenistan is Ashghabat.
The majority of the country is Muslim at 93%.

Turkmenistan is a non-aligned and fully neutral country.

History 
Turkmenistan was part of the Soviet Union since its creation, in 1922. At first, Turkmenistan was an autonomous republic within Russian SFSR. In 1925 it was promoted to a Soviet republic. Turkmenistan is an independent country since 1991, after the breakup of the Soviet Union. Saparmurat Niyazov became Turkmenistan’s first president in 1991.

Provinces
Turkmenistan is divided into five provinces and one capital city district. The provinces are divided into districts which may be either counties or cities.

Climate
Turkmenistan is one of the driest desert areas in the world. Some places have an average annual precipitation of only . The highest temperature recorded in Ashgabat is . Kerki, an extreme inland city located on the banks of the Amu Darya river, recorded  in July 1983, but this value is unofficial. 50.1C is the highest temperature recorded at Repetek Reserve, recognized as the highest temperature ever recorded in the whole former Soviet Union.

Geography
Turkmenistan is the world's 52nd-largest country. It is slightly smaller than Spain and somewhat larger than the US state of California. Over 80% of the country is covered by the Karakum Desert.

The Turkmen shore along the Caspian Sea is  long. The Caspian Sea is entirely landlocked, with no access to the ocean.

The major cities include Aşgabat, Türkmenbaşy (formerly Krasnovodsk) and Daşoguz.

Turkmenistan has a humid climate. Annual rainfall is low, particularly in summer. Winters are dry and mild. The wettest region in Turkmenistan is Köýtendağ Range. Köýtendağ is in southeastern Turkmenistan on the borders with Uzbekistan.

References 

 Turkmenistan
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Current dictatorships
Caesium

Caesium (or cesium) is the chemical element with the atomic number 55 on the periodic table. Its symbol is Cs.

Caesium is an alkali metal. Its melting point is low (28 °C). It is extremely reactive. Because of its high reactivity, it is a dangerous chemical. It may set itself on fire (ignite) in air. It explodes on contact with water. It reacts more violently than the other alkali metals with water. Because of this, caesium is stored in mineral oil.

Caesium is a rare element. Since there is little caesium on the Earth, it is rather expensive. The human body does not need caesium. In large amounts, its chemical compounds are mildly poisonous because it is close to potassium, which the body does need.

History 
Caesium was first described in 1860, by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff and Robert Wilhelm Bunsen. They were testing mineral water, from Bad Dürkheim. After they separated calcium, strontium, magnesium and lithium, they saw two lines in the "blue" range of the spectrum. Because of these lines, they concluded that in addition to the elements already found, there must be another unknown substance in the mineral water. They named this substance caesium, after the color blue.

Isotopes and compounds 
Caesium has at least 39 known isotopes ranging in atomic mass from 112 to 151. Only one of these, Cs, is stable. Therefore, the naturally-occurring isotope of caesium is Cs, which is not radioactive. Cs is used in atomic clocks, its vibration frequency used to define the length of the second. Another isotope, Cs is not made naturally but is made after nuclear fission has been done. It is very radioactive and used as an industrial gamma ray source. 

Caesium forms compounds with many other chemical elements. Caesium formate is used in oil drilling because of its high density.

Reactivity 
Caesium is extremely reactive in air and water. Caesium rapidly oxidizes in air and can spontaneously combust (randomly catch on fire) at any moment. For this reason, it must be stored in kerosene or a mineral oil, like other group one elements (Lithium, Natrium, Rubidium, and Francium.) In water, Caesium violently reacts to make Caesium Hydroxide (2CsOH).  The Caesium sinks for about one second, then explodes. The explosion is over 50 times the size of the element dropped in the water, and the explosion is enough to break a common Pyrex Beaker, Flask, or Test Tube.  You can find a video of the reaction here.

References

Alkali metals
Rubidium

Rubidium is chemical element 37 on the periodic table. Its symbol is Rb. Its atomic mass is 85.47. It has 37 protons and 37 electrons. It is a soft silver colored metal. It was first discovered in 1861 by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchoff in Heidelberg, Germany.

Properties

Physical properties
Rubidium melts at a very low temperature, for example it could melt in a person's hand. Rubidium is an alkali metal. It can make an amalgam with mercury.

Chemical properties
Rubidium is very reactive. It will ignite in air because it reacts with many other elements in the air like oxygen and nitrogen. Rubidium reacts very violently with water to make hydrogen and rubidium hydroxide, a strong corrosive base. The reaction is normally very hot so the hydrogen ignites.

Chemical compounds

Rubidium forms chemical compounds in only one oxidation state: +1. Some rubidium compounds have a mixed oxidation state, though. Rubidium chloride is the most common rubidium compound. Rubidium hydroxide and rubidium carbonate are also used commonly. Rubidium compounds makes a red-violet color in a flame. Most rubidium compounds are colorless. Rubidium compounds are not as common as other alkali metal compounds, such get sodium compounds. Otherwise, they are similar.

Rubidium chloride, similar to sodium chloride
Rubidium hydride, strong reducing agent
Rubidium hydroxide, powerful base
Rubidium nitrate, strong oxidizing agent
Rubidiumoxide, yellow, strong base when dissolved in water

Occurrence and preparation
Rubidium is about as common as zinc. It is the 23rd most common element in the Earth's crust. Most minerals only have a small amount of rubidium in them. It normally comes in small quantities in other minerals. It is made by reduction of rubidium ores with calcium. It is expensive because calcium is difficult to make and the rubidium needs to be kept in argon and away from water or air.

Uses
There are not many common uses for rubidium. Rubidium compounds are sometimes used in purple fireworks. It and its compounds are used mainly in science research though. It is also used to make superoxide ions. It is used in some special types of glass.

Safety
Rubidium compounds are not very dangerous in the human body; however, if a person gets too much from eating, they could get sick because it acts like other alkali metal ions such as sodium ions in sodium chloride. Rats can live with up to half of their potassium replaced with rubidium, though it is not likely for that to happen.

Rubidium metal is very dangerous. It reacts with air and water and makes the corrosive substance rubidium hydroxide.

References

Alkali metals
Scandium

Scandium is chemical element number 21 on the periodic table.  Its symbol is Sc.

Scandium is a metal in a group known as the transition metals.  It is also a rare earth metal.  What this means is that there is not very much scandium found in the earth.  Because of this, the pure metal can be expensive.  The pure metal is very reactive, and will react with other elements like oxygen.  The metal turns from shiny to gray.

Scandium is not very dangerous because there is not much of it on Earth, so there is not enough of it to harm us.  It does not have many uses. Its main use is perhaps as a component in Mercury-vapor lamps. Such lamps are used to light Stadiums.

Related pages
Periodic table
List of common elements

Transition metals
844



Events 
 Rhodri the Great becomes King of Gwynedd.
 Louis II is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.

Births 
 Judith Martel

Deaths 
 January 25 – Pope Gregory IV
Gallium

Gallium (chemical symbol: Ga) is chemical element 31 on the periodic table.

Gallium is a metal, but it has some unusual properties. Its melting point is 85.58 Fahrenheit. If it is held in a person's hand, it will melt. It makes a stain on your hand when put on your hand. Gallium is safe in your hands but is not edible. Some Gallium Compounds can be very dangerous. Gallium is a semiconductor, meaning that it conducts electricity reasonably well but not as well as a metal. That means gallium can be used in computers to make them work. It is very shiny, so it is used to create mirrors when its in its liquid form. In its purest extracted form, gallium is a vibrant silver color. As a solid, it is blue-gray. Gallium has been used in nuclear bombs to stabilize the crystal structure.  It's related to aluminium, indium, and thallium. 

Post-transition metals
Rambla de las Ovejas

The Rambla de las Ovejas (which translates to Ravine of the Sheeps) is a water course of the province of Alicante, in Spain. It originates at the foot of the Maigmo, to 1,100 meters of height and gathers the waters of the sides of the Maigmo, Cid and others of minor height across numerous tributary ravines. It ends in the city of Alicante, between the neighborhoods of Babylon and Saint Gabriel.

The tributary ravines are those of Rambuchar, Pepior, Alabaster and Bramble, between the most important. The normally dry riverbed experiences forts grown as consequence of torrents, like the rains in 1982 it came to 400 m³/seg. in Alicante causing serious destruction and human losses. It has since been canalized providing to the riverbed of a potential capacity of 735 m³/seg. In the floods of 1997 it came to 100 m³/seg.

Rivers of Spain
Province of Alicante
Guadalquivir

Guadalquivir is a river in southern Spain. It crosses the autonomous community of Andalusia. The name derives from the Arab Wadi al-Kabir ("big river"), whereas the Romans called it Betis.

Guadalquivir starts in the Glen of the Sources in the mountains near Cazorla (Jaen province) and ends in Sanlucar de Barrameda (Cadiz province). It goes through the provinces of Jaen, Cordoba, Seville and Cadiz. The river is  long. The main tributaries are the rivers Genil (which flows through Granada), The Minor Guadiana, Guadalbullon, and Guadajoz on the left side, and Guadalmena, Jandula, and Guadiato on the right.

It is the only river in Spain with shipping traffic. At present, it only is navigable up to Seville. In the Roman epoch it was navigable up to Cordoba.

Rivers of Spain
Ebro

Ebro is a Spanish river. It flows through Reinosa, Miranda de Ebro, Logrono, Tudela, Zaragoza, and Tortosa. It empties into the Mediterranean Sea in the province of Tarragona.

Rivers of Spain
Ebro basin
Talavera de la Reina

Talavera of the Queen (Talavera de la Reina in Spanish) is a city of the interior of Spain. It is the capital of a wide region belonging to the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. It is located in the northwest of the province of Toledo. Talavera of the Queen is the second biggest city of Castile-La Mancha, and the first one of the province, with a population of 85.172 inhabitants.

Its mistress is Our Lady of the Meadow.

As curiosity of this locality emphasizes that Gwyneth Paltrow is an adopted child of this locality.

Cities in Castile-La Mancha
Municipalities in Castile-La Mancha
Province of Toledo
Castilla–La Mancha

Castilla–La Mancha or Castile-La Mancha is an autonomous community in Spain with a population over 2,000,000. The capital is Toledo and the biggest cities are Albacete, Talavera of the Queen, Guadalajara, Ciudad Real, Puertollano, and Cuenca.

Provinces of Castile-La Mancha:
 Albacete province
 Cuenca province
 Guadalajara province
 Ciudad Real province
 Toledo province

Gallery
Ciudad Real

Ciudad Real (this translates to Royal City) is a city in Spain. It is the capital of the province with the same name, in the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha.

The city has 69,063 people who live there. It is an average of 628 meters above sea level. The municipal area is 285 km². It is approximately 200 km to the south of Madrid.

Cities in Castile-La Mancha
Capital cities in Spain
Municipalities in Castile-La Mancha
Province of Ciudad Real
Puertollano

Puertollano (which translates to Flatport, in English) is a city in Spain. It is the second biggest in Ciudad Real province, in the region of Castile-La Mancha. It is an important industrial center, with a population of 50,000.

Cities in Castile-La Mancha
Municipalities in Castile-La Mancha
Province of Ciudad Real
NOFX

NOFX is a popular punk rock band from California. The band was formed in 1983 by Fat Mike. As of April 2009, NOFX has released twelve full-length albums. Their latest one, Coaster, came out on April 28, 2009.

Studio albums 
Liberal Animation (1988)
S&M Airlines (1989)
Ribbed (1991)
White Trash, Two Heebs and a Bean (1992)
Punk In Drublic (1994)
Heavy Petting Zoo (1996)
So Long And Thanks For All The Shoes (1997)
Pump Up The Valuum (2000)
The War on Errorism (2003)
Wolves in Wolves' Clothing (2006)
Coaster (2009)
Self Entitled (2012)

References

Other websites

NOFX Official Website
NOFX Online Website
NOFX year-by-year history 

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American punk bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Toledo

Toledo is the name of several things. The best known cities are:

Places
Toledo, Spain
Toledo, Callaway County, Missouri, USA
Toledo, Ozark County, Missouri, USA
Toledo, Ohio, USA

People
It is a last name in Spain, England, and Ireland.
Alejandro Toledo
Methane

Methane is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is an alkane with one carbon atom. It is often found as the main part of natural gas. Methane is a greenhouse gas 23 times more effective than carbon dioxide. It is also less stable and slowly oxidates by oxygen to carbon dioxide and water.

Uses 
Methane is used in gas taps in places such as kitchens, chemistry classrooms, laboratories, etc. as it burns very easily because of its simple molecular structure.

Molecular structure 
Methane's molecular structure is very simple. It is a single carbon atom surrounded by four hydrogen atoms.

Production 
Methane can be made by many chemical ways, but usually is found in natural gas and is obtained by fractional distillation, after it has become liquid.

References 

1
Greenhouse gases
North Country (movie)

North Country is a 2005 American drama movie about a woman being harassed in a mining facility.

Other websites

2005 movies
2005 drama movies
American drama movies
Warner Bros. movies
Movies directed by Niki Caro
Dance Dance Revolution

Dance Dance Revolution or Dancing Stage in Europe is a series of video games made by Konami in which players step on arrows on a large pad or mat to match the arrows on screen.  The arrows are in time with the music. Because players are moving themselves along to the music, they look like they are dancing. There is a large variety of music.

There is a bar at the top of the screen. If players make mistakes, the bar gets smaller. If players do not make mistakes, the bar grows. The game ends if the player makes too many mistakes. 

Players can choose between three levels. They are called light, standard, and heavy. Light is easy and heavy is hard. On some of the newer games, there is a beginner mode, which is very easy, and a challenge mode, which is very hard.

Players are graded by their performance in letters (from lowest to highest, E, D, C, B, A, AA and AAA) based on how well they played the song. The better a player does on a song, the higher their grade is.

From DDR SuperNOVA to later versions, the levels are called beginner, basic, difficult, expert, and challenge.

Music

There is a wide variety of music in Dance Dance Revolution. Most of the songs are created by people at Konami, with some other well-known popular songs included as well. From the first Dance Dance Revolution game up until DDR Extreme, the games had a partnership with Toshiba EMI, a record company which is now part of Virgin Records. This partnership meant that a lot of popular songs from Toshiba EMI's Dancemania series of dance music albums could appear in the games.

Extras

If the player gets an "AA" on the last stage in "Expert", "Heavy", or "Challenge", they can play an extra stage. Usually, on the extra stage, the game ends if four mistakes are made. If the player performs well enough on the extra stage, an Encore extra stage is played. In the Encore extra stage, one missed step will cause the game to end.

Other places

Some educators even believe DDR should be in schools as exercise.

List of games

Main series

 [[Dance Dance Revolution (1998 video game)|Dance Dance Revolution]] (1998)
 Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMix (1999)
 Dance Dance Revolution Best of School Dancers (1999)
 Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMix with Beatmania IIDX Cluib Version (1999)
 Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMix Link Version
 Dancing Stage featuring True Kiss Destination
 Dance Dance Revolution Karaoke Mix
 Dancing Stage Dreams Come True
 Dance Dance Revolution Karaoke Mix 2nd
 Dance Dance Revolution 4th Mix
 Dance Dance Revolution Disney Mix
 DDRMAX: Dance Dance Revolution
 Dance Dance Revolution (2001)
 Dance Dance Revolution 3rdMix
 Dance Dance Revolution 3rdMix 2nd
 DDRMAX 2: Dance Dance Revolution

References

Music video games
Video game series
Street Fighter II

Street Fighter II is a 1991 fighting game made by Capcom.

The player controls a martial arts fighter and has to knock out the opponent. There are many playable characters, including Ryu, Ken Masters, Guile and Chun Li. Each character has special moves that require special commands to perform. The game has 4 bosses - Balrog (M. Bison in Japan), Vega (Balrog in Japan), Sagat, and M. Bison (Vega in Japan). (Balrog and Sagat were also featured in the first Street Fighter game). There have been many follow-up games to Street Fighter II. The franchise for the games became popular. The game was released for arcades and different consoles.

It is sequel to the first Street Fighter.

1991 video games
Arcade games
Capcom games
Fighting games
Cancelled Nintendo Entertainment System games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Street Fighter video games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in Japan
Office Space

Office Space is a 1999 American comedy movie starring Ron Livingston and Jennifer Aniston. The movie was directed by Mike Judge. The movie is a satire of white collar office work in the United States.

Reception
Office Space received mostly positive reviews from reviewers, which means that most of them thought that it was a good movie. However, it did not make very much money at movie theaters, only earning $10,827,810 from movie tickets. The movie went on to become a cult classic, becoming more popular over time.

References

Other websites

1999 comedy movies
20th Century Fox movies
American comedy movies
Cult movies
English-language movies
Office comedies
Movies set in Texas