alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Torque

In physics, torque is the tendency of a force to turn or twist. If a force is used to begin to spin an object, or to stop an object from spinning, a torque is made.

The force applied to a lever, multiplied by the distance from the lever's fulcrum, multiplied again by the sine of the angle created, is described as torque. This is also known as "r cross f," or "force times fulcrum distance times sine theta."

Fulcrum 
Fulcrum is the axis of rotation or point of support on which a lever turns in raising or moving something.

Equation 
The equation for torque is:

where F is the net force vector and r is the vector from the axis of rotation to the point where the force is acting. The Greek letter Tau is used to represent torque. 

The units of torque are force multiplied by distance. The SI unit of torque is the newton-metre.  The most common English unit is the foot-pound.

References

Other websites 
"Horsepower and Torque"  An article showing how power, torque, and gearing affect a vehicle's performance.
a discussion of torque and angular momentum in an online textbook 
Torque and Angular Momentum in Circular Motion  on Project PHYSNET.
An interactive simulation of torque

Basic physics ideas
Physical quantity
Mechanics
Engineering
Warm

Warm is the opposite of cool.

When objects get warm, more energy is stored in them. When an object is heated, its molecules move faster. Heat always goes from a warmer object to a colder object; it never goes in the opposite way. A person usually feels good when they are warm, but they do not like to be too warm, because this may become uncomfortable.

Basic English 850 words
Thermodynamics
University of Leeds

The University of Leeds (sometimes called Leeds University) is a university in Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.  It first started in 1831 with the opening of a school to teach medicine which was one of the first outside of London, Oxford, and Cambridge.

Today one of the UK's leading universities. It is a member of the Russell Group. The university is one of two in the city, the other being Leeds Metropolitan University.  The main campus is in the Woodhouse area of Leeds, close to Leeds City Centre.

Campus
The main campus is in the Woodhouse area of Leeds, which is about half a mile from the city centre.  The campus has many older Victorial buildings such as the Great Hall, as well as some mid-twentieth century buildings such as the Parkinson Building.  There are also many brutalist building on campus such as the Roger Stevens Building and the Edward Boyle Library.  Recently, newer buildings have been added such as the Marjorie and Arnold Ziff Building.

References

Other websites
University of Leeds website
Leeds University Union
Leeds Student newspaper 
Leeds Student news on Flisolo 
Leeds University Union Dance Band 

Leeds
1831 establishments in Europe
1830s establishments in England
Neuwied

Neuwied is a German town in Rhineland-Palatinate. It is on the north/west side of the Rhine River, about  northwest from Koblenz. About 70,000 people live there.

Geography
The 86.5 square kilometres of area are divided in the districts of:
 Altwied
 Block
 Engers
 Feldkirchen
 Gladbach
 Heimbach-Weis
 Irlich
 Niederbieber
 Oberbieber
 Rodenbach
 Segendorf
 Torney

Infrastructure
Neuwied is connected to the German network of Bundesstraßen (national routes) (here: B9, B42 and B256). The Autobahnen (motorways) A3, A48 and A61 are quickly reachable from Neuwied. Using the Koblenz main station, all rhine railways and the Intercity network of Germany are available.

Industry
There is a lot of industry in Neuwied, for example the production of building materials, metals and big-sized machines.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate
Towns in Rhineland-Palatinate
Brittany

Brittany (French: Bretagne, Breton: Breizh) is a region in Northwest France. The adjective for Brittany is Breton.

Today the official administrative region has 4 departments:
Côtes-d'Armor
Finistère
Ille-et-Vilaine
Morbihan
Before 1941, a fifth département was part of Brittany: Loire-Atlantique, which includes Nantes. The five departments form the cultural region of Brittany, also known as "historical Brittany".

Brittany is in the western France and its coastline points out into the Atlantic. Warmed by the Gulf Stream, Brittany has a mild and temperate climate with warm summers and wet winters.

Three languages are traditionally spoken in Brittany:
 Breton language in the West part, a Celtic mix similar to Cornish;
 Gallo (a Romance language) in the East part;
 And everywhere, French.

The capital of Brittany is Rennes in the Ille-et-Vilaine department.

The name of Brittany is related to Great Britain (in French, Grand Bretagne). The region has also been called Lesser Britain or Little Britain in the past. After the Anglo-Saxons started arriving in Great Britain in the 5th century, many of the Ancient Britons (Celts) moved to this region. The region may have already had strong ties with the Ancient Britons even before that. These tribes gave Brittany its name, the Breton language, the local place names and many parts of its culture. Brittany was a separate country from the 9th century until it was united with France in 1532. It was a province of France until the French Revolution, when its land was divided in departments. Brittany regained a regional government in the 1980s.

Brittany is the home of the world's largest collection of standing stones in one place, the Carnac stones.

Brittany's main industry is agriculture, in particular: pork farming, chicken farming and the production of maize (for cattle feed). Brittany is also the name of a dog breed.
Moldovan language

Moldovan () is the official language of Moldova. It is almost the same as Romanian. The main difference is that Moldovan was written in the Cyrillic alphabet because Moldova was part of the Soviet Union until 1989. In 1989, Moldova became its own country and started to use the Latin alphabet, which is used in Romania. On 5 December 2013,  the Moldovan government chose Romanian as the official language.

In the unrecognized state of Transnistria, one of the official languages is still Moldovan and is still written with the Cyrillic alphabet. The other official languages are Russian and Ukrainian.

Romance languages
Moldova
Languages of Romania
Languages of Europe
Electrical resistance

The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is a measure of the difficulty of passing an electric current through a substance. It explains the relationship between voltage and the current.  With more resistance in a circuit, less electricity will flow through the circuit. The inverse of resistance is conductance, a measure not much used. All objects have some resistance, except superconductors. 

Resistance, discovered by Georg Simon Ohm in 1827, is the ratio between voltage and current. Ohm's law said that the voltage between any two points in a conductor changes directly as the current between the two points, given the temperature remains the same.  He described it with the equation:

which models the ratio, where: 
 is the resistance of the object, measured in ohms (Ω)
 is the voltage across the object, measured in volts (V)
 is the current going through the object, measured in amperes (A)

Calculating resistance 
A long and thin wire has more resistance than a short and thick one. A simple analogy is a road - the more lanes there are, the more cars can go through. The resistance  of a wire with a constant width, therefore, can be calculated as:

where  is the length of the conductor, measured in meters [m],  is the cross-sectional area of the conductor measured in square meters [m²], and  (Greek: rho) is the electrical resistivity (also called specific electrical resistance) of the material, measured in ohm-meters (Ω m).

Example:
Calculate the resistance of copper wire with a radius of 2mm and a length of 5 meters.

Solution:
The resistivity () of copper is  Ω m.
The cross sectional area () is  square meters
The length () is  meters

Because:

Applications 

Resistors are used in electrical circuits to provide electrical resistance. 

Electronics
Electricity
Electromagnetic induction

Electromagnetic induction is where a voltage or current is produced in a conductor by a changing magnetic flux.  It may happen when a magnet is moved in a solenoid, or when a solenoid is constantly moved in a stationary magnetic field, thus changing the magnetic flux.

Magnetic flux 

When a coiled wire is introduced near a magnet, the magnetic lines of force pass through the coil. This causes the magnetic flux to change.
Magnetic flux is represented by the symbol , therefore we can say that  = BAcos(a) and the resulting unit will be , where T is the unit for magnetic field and  is the unit for area.

The changing magnetic flux generates an electromotive force (EMF). This force moves free electrons in a certain way, which constitute a current.

Faraday's law 

Michael Faraday found that an electromotive force is generated when there is a change in magnetic flux in a conductor.

His laws state that:

where,

 is the electromotive force, measured in volts;

 is the change in magnetic flux, measured in webers;

 is the change in time, measured in seconds.

In the case of a solenoid:

where,

N is the number of loops in the solenoid.

Lenz's law 
The negative sign in both equation above is a result of Lenz's law, named after Heinrich Lenz. His law states that the electromotive force (EMF) produces a current that opposes the motion of the changing magnetic flux.

Related pages 
Electromagnetism
Inductor
Transformer

Electromagnetism
Mount Merapi

Mount Merapi (Gunung Merapi in Indonesian) is a volcano in Indonesia. It is on the island of Java. It is conical in shape.  It is the most active volcano of Indonesia. In Indonesian, the name means mountain of fire. The volcano has been descovered by Mr Morris in 1754

2006 earthquake 

In 2006, scientists believed that the volcano would erupt soon. An earthquake occurred in that region on May 27, 2006, and killed about 6,200 people. On June 6, super hot gas and ash poured down the mountain. These hot gases are known as a pyroclastic flow. Two people were killed, and 15,000 people rushed to safety.

2010 eruption 

On 25 October 2010 the Indonesian government warned villagers living near the mountain to move to safer ground. Officials said hundreds of volcanic earthquakes had been recorded on the mountain over the weekend of 23–24 October, and that the magma had risen to about 1 kilometre (3,300 ft) below the surface due to the seismic activity. People living within a 20 km (12.5 mile) zone were told they must leave.

On the afternoon of 25 October 2010 lava erupted from the southern and south-eastern slopes  of Mount Merapi. Many more followed over the next two weeks. There were also pyroclastic flows.

After the recovery of more bodies, an official in disaster management said the death toll reached 273 up to 18 November.

References 

Volcanoes of Indonesia
Electrical conductor

A conductor is a material which allows electricity, heat or sound to flow through it.  

An  electrical conductor conducts electricity.  The ability to conduct electricity is called electrical conductivity. An excellent electrical conductor has high conductivity and low resistivity.  Electrical resistivity is the reciprocal/opposite of conductivity. 

Prominent electrical conductors include: 

 Copper 
 Aluminum 
 Gold 
 Silver 
 Water 
 Human skin 

Metals, like iron and copper, are used to make wires to carry electric current. Plasma is an excellent conductor of electricity and is used for many purposes but metals are more used. 

Impure water can also conduct electricity. Living tissues, as in the human body, are wet and therefore conductors of electricity.

Some materials are semiconductors. This means that electricity can flow through them to a certain temperature and below that semiconductors do not pass electricity.

Some materials are resistors. This means electricity does not easily flow through them.

A material that stops electric current is called an insulator (electricity).  Wires are covered with insulators like plastic to stop the electricity from leaving the wire.

Some materials when very cold, are superconductors. They offer no resistance at all to the flow of electricity.

Most conductors' resistance becomes higher at higher temperatures.

References 

Electricity
Basic physics ideas
Michelson interferometer

The Michelson interferometer is the tool used for optical interferometry.

Background 

It was invented by Albert Abraham Michelson, famous for proving the inexistence of luminiferous aether in the Michelson-Morley experiment.

How it works 

There are two mirrors in the interferometer, one fixed and the other is movable through a micrometer. 

There is also a beam splitter that separates the laser or light beam and a screen that shows the interference pattern.

A wide laser or light beam is first shot at the beam splitter. Reflection takes place as the beam hits the beam splitter, part of it reflects towards mirror 1 while the rest towards mirror 2. The two beams again reflect off mirror 1 and 2 and travel back to the beam splitter, the two beams that goes through the beam splitter will combine and form an interference pattern at the screen.

The interference pattern will appear as bands and each band represents 2 path length difference or 1 wavelength, that is because the crest of wave 1 has caught up with the crest of wave 2 (or the other way around), causing a constructive interference. If given the change in distance of the movable mirror and number of bands on the screen, we can easily calculate the wavelength of the light source.

Measuring tools
Optics
Astrophysics
The Gods Must Be Crazy

The Gods Must Be Crazy is a movie directed by Jamie Uys. It was released in the United States by 20th Century Fox in 1980.

Upon its release, The Gods Must Be Crazy made the more money than any other foreign movie. Four sequels followed from 1989 to 1994. The last three in the series were made in Hong Kong.

Plot 
It stars Namibian farmer N!xau as a Bushman, whose happy village (in Africa's Kalahari desert) suddenly turns to a violent society, after a Coke bottle falls down there from a passing airplane. The Bushman, Xixo, decides to return the bottle to the "end of the earth", to finish all the evil his family has gone through. Along the way, he meets a group of terrorists on the run, as well as a clumsy scientist who falls in love with a former newspaper journalist. During his journey, Xixo encounters modern civilisation for the first time.

Other websites 
 

1980 action movies
1980 comedy movies
20th Century Fox movies
South African movies
Botswanan movies
Multilingual movies
Movies set in Africa
Movies set in deserts
Movies directed by Jamie Uys
Janus

Janus was a two-faced god of Roman mythology who kept the gate of Heaven. He was the god of beginnings and ends, and so of gates, doors, doorways and passages. He is usually depicted as having two faces, since he looks to the future and to the past. The Romans named the month of January (Ianuarius) in his honor. In January we look back on the last year and forward to the next.  

Janus presided over the beginning and ending of conflict, and hence war and peace. The doors of his temple were open in time of war, and closed to mark the peace. As a god of transitions, he was remembered at births, and journeys: he was concerned with travelling, trading and shipping.
It was also said that his face was split in two since a door can let you in or out. 

An unusual feature of the mythology is that the ancient Greeks had no version of Janus. 
 

Roman gods and goddesses
The Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland

The Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland  is an animated movie from 1987, released by Cineplex Odeon Films. It is the last big-screen movie to star the Care Bears characters, and is loosely based on Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland stories.

This movie has a sequel called Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation (1986).

Other websites 

NYTimes.com review (registration required)
Lyrics to the movie's soundtrack at Distant Melody 

1987 movies
1980s animated movies
1980s family movies
Canadian animated movies
Canadian family movies
English-language movies
Rhea

Rhea could mean:

Mythology
 Rhea (mythology), in Greek mythology the sister and wife of Cronos and the mother of many of the other major gods
 Rhea Silvia, in Roman mythology the mother of the twins Romulus and Remus

People
These people have "Rhea" as their family name:
 Caroline Rhea (b.1964), stand-up comedian, television actress and host
 Darrel Rhea, CEO, Cheskin
 James Rhea (1791-1812), US soldier
 La Julia Rhea (1908-1992), US opera singer

These people have it as their given name:
 Rhea Hughes, Philadelphia radio personality
 Rhea Perlman (b. 1948), US television actress
 Rhea Ripley (born 1996), ring name of Australian professional wrestler Demi Bennett
 M. Rhea Seddon (b. 1947), NASA astronaut
 Rhea Tregebov, Canadian poet and children's author

Other
 Rhea (moon), a moon of Saturn
 577 Rhea, asteroid
 Rhea (bird), large flightless birds native to South America
 Rhea County, Tennessee
 Rhea of the Cöos, character in Stephen King's Dark Tower novels
Norwegian language

The Norwegian language is the official language of Norway. It is spoken by over four and a half million people, and it belongs to the group of North Germanic languages which are spoken in Scandinavia. These include Swedish, Danish, Icelandic and Faeroese.

Two forms of the language exist:  (which means "book language") and  (which means "new Norwegian").

History of the Norwegian language

Old Norse 

Old Norse is the language that was spoken hundreds of years ago in Scandinavia at the time of the Vikings.  It is very similar to today’s Icelandic language.  This is because many Vikings sailed from Norway to Iceland in order to escape from the rule of the Norwegian kings who were making people pay lots of tax.

Bokmål 
During the 13th century the Black Death killed two thirds of the population of Norway.  The Danish kings and queens noticed that Norway was weak and defenceless, so they annexed Norway (made it part of Denmark).  For hundreds of years Norway was ruled by the Danes.  All the rulers, priests, estate owners and noblemen were Danish.  Many of them settled in Norway.  This is why today’s standard Norwegian (Bokmål) is similar to Danish.  Norwegians were not allowed to print books in Norwegian.  Anyone wanting to study had to go to Denmark or Germany.

In 1814 Denmark lost a war and had to give Norway to Sweden.  Then the Norwegians were allowed to have their own university.  Gradually the Danish language was mixed up with the Norwegian dialects and became today’s Norwegian language.  Norwegian and Danish look very similar when they are written, but when they are spoken they sound different.  In Danish a lot of the sounds are swallowed.

Nynorsk 

During the 19th century a slightly different form of Norwegian was made up by several people.  This eventually became known as “Nynorsk.”  It was based on old forms of Norwegian and dialects.  During the 20th century some attempts were made to join Bokmål and Nynorsk into one language, but they did not succeed. Today about one person in nine or ten in Norway writes Nynorsk.  Children in school have to learn both forms.

The Norwegian alphabet 

The Norwegian alphabet has 29 letters.  These are the same letters as the English alphabet plus three extra vowels: 

The letters c, q, w, x and z are only used for words that have been borrowed from other languages. However, c and w are more common that q, x, and z, even more common than the letter  which is used even in original Norwegian words.

References

Other websites 
Språkrådet – Norwegian Language Council
Learn Norwegian Online – Online language course
Bokmål and Nynorsk online dictionary 

North Germanic languages
Languages of Norway
Osnabrück

Osnabrück is a city in Germany in the state of Lower Saxony. It is around 1,200 years old. The castle dates back to the 19th century. The city was founded by Charlemagne. About 165,000 people live there. It is twinned with Derby, UK, as well as five other cities around Europe.

Osnabrück is in the south of the state, on the border with North Rhine-Westphalia. It shares an airport with the neighbouring city of Münster which is in North Rhine-Westphalia. It is the only German city in a national park.

It is known as the City of Peace.

References

Other websites
Neighbour

A Neighbour (or neighbor in American English) is a person who lives nearby, normally in a house or apartment that is next door or, in the case of houses, across the street. Some people form friendships with their neighbours, and help them by sharing their tools and helping with gardening tasks. Other people become frustrated with their neighbours, if the neighbour makes a lot of noise or a mess

A group of people living close together in a small community is called a neighbourhood. Some neighbourhoods have many community organizations, where people volunteer and do charitable activities. Other neighbourhoods in poor communities may have no community organizations, and there may be many problems in the community, such as illegal drugs, prostitution, and homelessness. 

Relationships
Flip-flop (electronics)

For the type of shoes (sandals), see Flip-flops

In electronics, a flip-flop or latch is a circuit that has two stable states and can be used to store information. Signals applied to control inputs can change the circuit’s state. It is the basic storage element in sequential logic. Flip-flops and latches are fundamental building blocks of digital electronics systems used in computers, communications, and many other types of systems.

Flip-flops are mainly used as static RAM to store data in a computer. That data is represented in binary. Binary is represented in a 1 (“high state”) and 0 (“low state”). The structure of flip flops vary, but the general characteristic is that two branches affect each other's state by putting the current resulting state of one branch and using that as input for the next iteration of the other branch.

History
The first electronic flip-flop, originally called the Eccles-Jordan trigger circuit, was invented in 1918 by the British physicists William Eccles and F. W. Jordan. The initial design’s only active elements were two vacuum tubes. While working at Hughes Aircraft, Eldred Nelson coined the term JK for a flip-flop which changed states when both inputs were on (a logical "one").

Implementation
Flip-flops can be either simple or clocked. A simple flip-flop changes state as soon as the input changes. A clocked flip-flop changes state only when an extra pulse occurs. This pulse is called the clock signal. Commonly, flip-flop only refers to clocked circuits; the simple ones are commonly called latches.

Types

The two common types of flip-flops are SR ("set-reset"), D ("data" or "delay").

SR flip-flop
The most fundamental flip-flop is the simple SR flip-flop. In the SR flip-flop, the S and R stand for set and reset. The stored bit is present on the output marked Q.

If S is pulsed high while R is held low, then the Q output is forced high. Conversely, if R is pulsed high while S is held low, then the Q output is forced low. When the R and S inputs are both low, the Q outputs are in a constant state. However, when the R and S inputs are both high, the Q outputs are in a forbidden state.

Since high and low mean logical '1' and '0', respectively, the SR flip-flop can have four combinations showing below:

(A) S = 1, R = 0: set

(B) S = 0, R = 0: hold

(C) S = 0, R = 1: reset

(D) S = 1, R = 1: not allowed

The restricted combination (D) leads to an unstable state.

D Flip-flop

A D Flip-Flop prevents an SR flip-flop from receiving the forbidden combination. It takes only one input for data, called D. It splits this data down two paths. On one path it flips the data to the opposite value. This is the “NOT” box in the animation. That way, S = 1, R = 1 is never fed to the internal SR latch.

References
 
Electronic components
Electronic circuits
Satoshi Tajiri

is the person that created the fictional world of Pokémon. He created Pokémon because he liked to collect insects when he was a child and Pokémon is similar to collecting insects. He was born in Tokyo and in the forest he liked collecting insects. He wanted to be a scientist who studied insects. He was pushed away as a child and when he grew up he created a magazine and named it Game Freak. He then opened a video game company and called it Game Freak like his magazine. Tajiri first thought of the idea of Pokémon in 1990.

The protagonist of the Pokémon anime, Ash Ketchum, was thought to be Satoshi as a child.

1965 births
Living people
Japanese video game designers
People from Tokyo
Pokémon
Nintendo people
Ilkley

Ilkley is a tourist town in the City of Bradford in West Yorkshire, England.  The biggest attraction there is the wonderful and big Ilkley moors.  It is very green and grassy and provides walks for any type of people.  One of these walks includes a big rock and a little rock called the Cow and Calf Rocks.  This is one of the bigger wonders of the Yorkshire dales. By these rocks there is a pub called The Cow and Calf. 

The town is has one railway station where trains run to Leeds and Bradford.

Towns in West Yorkshire
Econometrics

Econometrics is a branch of economics. It is the use of statistical and mathematical methods to describe the relation between economic forces such as capital (any of the tools, work, or other things needed to make something useful), interest rates (the price of borrowing money), and labor.

Much of econometrics is making models which are simple pictures of the real world. These models then can be used to predict what will happen in the real world.

An example of econometrics would be looking at the prices of houses in a town. An economist (someone who studies economics) can try to make a simple picture of the house prices in the town. This picture might show that houses close to the market are worth more. An economist could then say that if a new market is made in another part of the town, home prices there might go up. The economist also might say that the new market could make prices less than before near the old one, because the new market will make it so that more houses are near a market. This would make the people who sell houses near a market sell them for less, since there could be more sellers than buyers.

Basic model: linear regression

A basic tool for econometrics is the multiple linear regression model. In modern econometrics, other statistical tools are often used, but linear regression is still the most used starting point for an analysis. Estimating a linear regression on two variables can be shown by drawing a line through data points representing paired numbers of the independent and dependent variables.

References

Subfields of economics
Franconia

Franconia ( ; Franconian dialect: Franggn ) is the northern part of the German federal state of Bavaria. This region is divided in three smaller regions: Oberfranken, Mittelfranken, and Unterfranken. The biggest city in Franconia is Nuremberg.

Other large cities in Franconia are Coburg, Aschaffenburg, Würzburg, Erlangen, Fürth, Bamberg, Bayreuth, Schweinfurt and Hof.

Rivers 
The most important river in Franconia is the Regnitz, which is 63.7 km (39.6 mi) in length.

Bavaria
King of Arms

A King of arms is a government officer in countries like England, Scotland, and Wales. He grants coats of arms to other people. King of Arms is the highest rank of officer of arms. Some countries do not have a King of Arms, but have another person that grants coats of arms.

Heraldic jobs
In England, Wales and Northern Ireland two of the three Kings of Arms gives coats of arms to people after the Earl Marshal approves. 
In Scotland the Lord Lyon gives coats of arms without needing any other permission.
In the Republic of Ireland the coats of arms are given by chief herald. 
Canada also has a chief herald,  who is in charge of the Canadian Heraldic Authority 
In South Africa the State Herald is in charge of the Bureau of Heraldry
In the Kingdom of Spain, a Cronista de Armas (Chronicler of Arms) has the power to give people coats of arms.

A King of Arms is also usually in charge of special ceremonies for a country.

British Kings of Arms

English Kings of Arms
Garter Principal King of Arms
Clarenceux King of Arms
Norroy and Ulster King of Arms

Scottish King of Arms
Lord Lyon King of Arms

Chief Heralds
The Chief Herald of Canada
Chief Herald of Ireland
The State Herald of South Africa

Cronistas de Armas
Cronista de Armas de Castille and Leon

Related pages
 Heraldry
 Officer of Arms
 College of Arms
 Court of the Lord Lyon
 Canadian Heraldic Authority

Other websites
The Court of the Lord Lyon 
The College of Arms
The Canadian Heraldic Authority 
The Office of the Chief Herald of Ireland 

Heraldry
Occupations
Psychokinesis

Psychokinesis or telekinesis is the supposed ability to change matter, energy, space or time by using your mind. It is often mentioned and performed in science fiction movies and video games.

Abilities 
Psychokinesis is the word used to describe many different abilities. These abilities include:
 moving objects (this is called telekinesis; see below)
 changing the shape of objects (this includes melting or bending metal)
 influencing events
 healing
 teleportation (disappearing and reappearing in a different place)
 traveling through objects, like a wall
 changing an object into something else
 changing oneself into something else
 putting an energy field around oneself
 control of magnetism
 control of photons (light waves/particles)

Telekinetic abilities 
 moving objects (move, lift, shake, vibrate, spin, bend, or break large and small objects)
 lifting oneself up off of the ground (including flying)

Elemental control 
 Ability to control fire, water, air, and earth which air is already ready used during telekinesis
 You can use water and you can use it to control the blood on others or yourself

Age control 
 with telekinesis and blood control you can become immortal or instant age change on command

Vibration 
 With telekinesis you can send extreme vibration to an object like glass to shatter

Parapsychology
Science fiction
List of international Cartoon Network channels

Cartoon Network is an international cartoon television channel for children owned by Warner Bros. Discovery.

Channels

Current

Americas
Cartoon Network Canada
Cartoon Network Latin America

Europe
Cartoon Network Europe
Cartoon Network Central & Eastern Europe
Cartoon Network Russia and Southeastern Europe
Cartoon Network France
Cartoon Network Germany
Cartoon Network Italy
Cartoon Network Nordic
Cartoon Network Turkey
Cartoon Network United Kingdom

Asia
Cartoon Network India
Cartoon Network Southeast Asia
Cartoon Network Japan
Cartoon Network Korea
Cartoon Network Pakistan
Cartoon Network Philippines
Cartoon Network Taiwan
Cartoon Network Thailand
Cartoon Network Vietnam

Pacific
Cartoon Network Australia
Cartoon Network New Zealand

Former

Cartoon Network Spain - closed in 2013 along with Cartoonito to make way for Boing

Other websites
Cartoon Network America
Cartoon Network South America
Cartoon Network Europe
Cartoon Network Asia

Cartoon Network-related lists
Autobiography

An autobiography is a biography in which the author writes about his or her own life. It is a self-written account of one's own life.

It is one of the earliest form of literature, but the word itself is quite modern.

The word comes from the Greek stems "auto" (meaning "self"), "bio“ (meaning "life"), and "graph" (meaning "write").

References

Related pages
 Biography

Literary terms
Penjing

Penjing (盆景 pinyin: pén jǐng, literally tray scenery), also known as penzai is the ancient Chinese art of growing trees and plants in containers. The plants are kept small by skilled pruning.

Penjing is similar to the Japanese art of bonsai.

History
The first historical reference to penjing is from the 9th century.

Related pages
 Bonsai
 Chinese scholar's rocks

 Suiseki

References

Agriculture
Art
Brian Eno

Brian Eno (born 15 May 1948) is an English musician. He was one of the original members of the band Roxy Music. He makes music called electronic music, which is music made using computers and other electronic devices, like the synthesizer. Brian Eno has worked with other famous musicians and groups like David Bowie and U2.

References 

1948 births
Living people
British record producers
English rock musicians
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Suffolk
Kirby (character)

Kirby is the main character of the Kirby franchise. Kirby has appeared in many video games made for Nintendo game systems.  

Kirby's appearance is simply a pink ball with red shoes and nubs for arms. Kirby has black oval eyes, blushing cheeks, and a small mouth.  

Kirby has the power to fly over obstacles by puffing up into a large ball. Kirby can also eat enemies by inhaling them, and he can spit them out to shoot other enemies.  

In most of the series, Kirby has the power to copy the abilities of enemies by swallowing them. When Kirby eats an enemy with a power to copy, he changes his look to show his new power.  

Kirby also appears in the Super Smash Bros. series of crossover fighting video games.  

Anime characters
Animated television series
Fictional characters introduced in 1992
 
Nintendo video game characters
Strategy

Strategy is a word which was first used by the military. It comes from an ancient Greek word for the general officer commanding all the armed forces of a state. A strategy is a long term plan on what to do to achieve a certain goal.  When talking about the near future, people often use the word tactics.  Military theorist Carl von Clausewitz said "tactics is the art of using troops in battle; strategy is the art of using battles to win the war". Today, the word "strategy" is in common use; people might talk about "business strategy", for example.

The distinction between strategy and tactics applies to any planning which might be done against an enemy or opponent. Strategy is what we broadly intend to do to reach our long-term goal or objective. Tactics is the detailed steps which are used as our progress is opposed by the opponent. For this reason, tactics are short-scale and flexible. Strategy, on the other hand, is changed as little as possible. It may be that our goal simply cannot be reached. In that case, a search goes on for a new goal and a new or adjusted strategy. Often, in war, chess or business, roughly the same tactics are still used to get to a different goal. Negotiation is another area where the distinction between strategy and tactics is especially clear.

References

Bibliography
Clausewitz, Carl von. 1989. On War, trans. Michael Howard and Peter Paret. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
Gray, Colin S. 1999. Modern Strategy. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
Liddell Hart, Basil. H. 1967. Strategy. New York: Praeger.
Luttwak, Edward. 2001. Strategy: the logic of war and peace. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
Sun Tzu. 1963. The Art of War. trans. Samuel B. Griffith. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
Watson, John 1998. Secrets of modern chess strategy: advances since Nimzowitsch. Gambit, London.

Military
Games
Design pattern

In Computer science, a Design pattern is an abstract solution to a certain problem. Design patterns are used in object oriented programming. They give a possible solution to a problem of designing software.

Design patterns became popular around the year 1995. They also simplify the language between computer scientists. Ideally, a design pattern should be reusable many times. It is like a brick of a house, it can be used for many different problems. One can also build bridges with bricks, not only houses.

Examples 
These examples are actual examples of design patterns as they are in use. They have not been simplified. It is only the language used to describe them that has been made simpler.

Flyweight 
The flyweight design pattern is used to minimize the use of many similar objects. In a text-processing system each letter can have some attributes like formatting, typeface, and size. While it would be possible to create a new object for each character in the document and give it these attributes, it is extremely expensive.

Instead it would be better to create one object for each type of formatting and link the letter to that information. That needs a lot fewer objects. The only extra information that would need to be stored is the word or letter's position in the document. All similar letters would use the same object to define font, size, and other properties.

Singleton 
Another easy to understand pattern is called Singleton. It is used when there can only be one instance of a given class. That class usually has some static method (e.g. getInstance()) which returns a new instance. It also saves the instance internally. So if it already created the instance, it can simply return it.
 public class Singleton {
   static Object theInstance=null;
   public Object getInstance() {
     if (theInstance==null) {
      theInstance=new Object();}
     return theInstance; }
  }

Computer science
Amarillo, Texas

Amarillo is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is in the northern part of Texas. The city's economy is mostly based on cattle. In 2000, 173,627 people lived there.

References 

Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Lansdowne, Pennsylvania

Lansdowne is a suburb of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the US.

Geography 
Lansdowne has a total area of 1.2 square miles.

Cities in Pennsylvania
Gillingham F.C.

Gillingham Football Club is an English football club. They are based in the town of Gillingham, Kent. They are currently in Football League One. They play home games at Priestfield Stadium.  Gillingham are managed by Steve Lovell and the chairman is Paul Scally. The club captain, Gabriel Zakuani, plays in defence.  They finished their last season (2017-18) in 17th.

1893 establishments in England
English football clubs
Gillingham, Kent
Organisations based in Kent‎
Round (music)

A round in music is a song which can be sung by two or more groups of people.   One group starts off and the next group start to sing the same song a bit later.  It should sound nice together.  When a group gets to the end of the song they start again.  They can go round and round, singing it several times.

Usually rounds are in 2, 3 or 4 parts (meaning that they are for 2, 3 or 4 groups of people).  When a group of people sing or  play a round they usually sing it an agreed number of times.  This means that the group which starts last also finishes last.

Frère Jacques is a famous French round.  London's Burning is an English round.  Both those rounds can be sung in 4 parts.

The oldest round that we know is Sumer is icumen in.  This is a very famous piece of music because it is the oldest piece of music we know that was written down.  It was written around 1250 by a monk.  It can be sung in 4 parts with 2 bass drones (held notes).

Writing music by making one part imitate another is called canonic writing.  Rounds are a kind of canon.

Related pages
Canon (music)

Musical forms
Gall bladder

The gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ in your abdomen. It stores about 50 ml of acidic liquid (bile) until the body needs it for digestion. That liquid helps digest fat. The gallbladder is about 7-10cm long in humans. It is dark green in color because of the bile in it. It is connected to the liver and the duodenum by the biliary tract.

Anatomy of the digestive system
Addenbrooke's Hospital

Addenbrooke's Hospital is a large hospital in Cambridge, England. It was started in  in 1766. A new building was started in 1962 and the old building closed in 1984.  It is run by Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. The hospital lets people in to look around, once every two years. You can visit the mortuary, the operating theatres and the hospital roof.

In October 2022  there were two cases where people were waiting more than 60 hours in the emergency department for a hospital bed. 515 patients  waited more than 12 hours.

References 

Buildings and structures in Cambridgeshire
Organisations based in Cambridge
Hospitals in the United Kingdom
John Adams (composer)

John Coolidge Adams is an American composer. He was born in 1947. He was born in Worchester, Massachusetts. His music often uses minimalism with large orchestras and lots of different sounds. He was named after John Adams, the 2nd President of the United States.

Life
He studied music at Harvard University. After he graduated from Harvard, he went to California. Soon, he became part of the musical community of San Francisco. He listened to the music of minimalist composers like John Cage, Terry Riley and Morton Feldman. By the mid-1980s he was working as composer and conductor. The piece that made him famous was called Harmonium. Harmonium is made to sound like a harmonium, but the title also refers to "harmony". This shows that he is writing tonal music, unlike some composers at the time whose music was getting more difficult to understand because it was not in any key.

Adams wrote several short pieces such as Short Ride in a Fast Machine and The Chairman Dances. This last piece is music from his opera Nixon in China. It was performed many times, but made some people angry because the Chinese leaders Chou En-lai and Mao Tse-tung are shown in it as human beings who deserve sympathy.

Adam's Violin Concerto has been performed over 100 times by many of the world's famous violinists. Adam's song, The Chairman Dances, was put in the game Civilization IV.

References 

1947 births
Living people
20th-century American composers
21st-century American composers
Writers from Massachusetts
Flashlight

A flashlight (in American English) or torch (in Commonwealth countries) is a small, portable spotlight. Its function is a beam of light which helps to see. It usually requires batteries.

The light is made by a small light bulb.  In the 20th century, it was usually an incandescent bulb.  Nowadays most use LEDs, which work slightly differently.  In 1896, the first dry cell battery was invented. Unlike previous batteries, it used a paste electrolyte instead of a liquid. This was the first battery suitable for portable electrical devices, as it did not spill or break easily and worked in any orientation.  Sometimes the electricity comes from a small generator instead of a battery.

The torch can also refer to a flammable stick that is lit on fire to provide light and (or) heat.

Origin 

Hundreds of years ago, people used candles or oil lamps for indoor light. Candles were expensive, and once the candle was gone, you would have to buy or make a new one or be stuck in the dark. When electricity was discovered and the light bulb was invented, David Misell, a British man working in Hubert's New York shop in 1898, came up with the idea of a light bulb that you could take with you, anywhere you wanted to go. Then, the torch was invented. The first flashlight has three D batteries which powered a small incandescent bulb. The bulbs would glow with a simple ON/OFF switch.

References 

Light sources
Discrimination

Discrimination is when someone is treated unfairly or differently because the person is one of a particular group. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights affirms that all persons must be protected against any kind of discrimination, or even its inciting.

A person might be discriminated against because of their race, age, sex, politics, sexual orientation, gender identity, religion,caste,the way they look, a past criminal record, the person's lifestyle, their choice of clothing, their age or their disabilities whether they are a member of or fit in with a social clique (group), social class, social status or caste, and many other reasons.

Discrimination can take many forms. It can include being fired from a job, not being able to be hired for a job, being paid less money than others at the same job, being refused a home or apartment, teasing, harassment, or simply being treated differently than other people. Laws known as "equal opportunity legislation" protect people from discrimination. They say people should be employed whatever their race, age, sex or religion. There should be reasonable care for people with disabilities or accessibility. Two people in the same position must be paid the same wage if they have exactly the same job.

In some countries, discrimination against somebody on the basis of race, sex, religion, sexual orientation, age, or disability is illegal. Even in those countries where discrimination is unlawful, it still takes place for reasons not covered by the law. In some other countries, discrimination against somebody is legal or even official government policy. This especially takes place in countries in which there is an official religion, and people of other religions are discriminated against.
 Ableism
 Ageism
 Antisemitism
 Homophobia 
 Intersectionality
 Persecution 
 Political correctness
 Prejudice
 Racism
 Sexism
 Casteism 
 Social stigma
 Speciesism
 Transphobia
 Human rights
 Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Discrimination
Ernest Rutherford

Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson  OM PC FRS (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937) was a New Zealand-born British scientist. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908 for his work on nuclear physics, and for his theory of the structure of the atom.

Career 
Rutherford was one of the first researchers in nuclear physics, after the discovery of radiation by the French physicist Henri Becquerel in 1896. Rutherford discovered the radioactive half-life, and the three parts of radiation which he named Alpha, Beta, and Gamma. He also discovered that alpha particles were the nuclei of Helium. Rutherford's Geiger–Marsden experiment led to what we know today about the atomic structure, where the atom is a nucleus and electrons orbit around it.

In 1919, Rutherford made the world's first artificial nuclear reaction, where he put alpha particles with nitrogen gas and created particles of oxygen isotopes and protons. This was nuclear transmutation, changing nitrogen gas into oxygen gas.

Rutherford was the leader of the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. He proved the existence of the nucleus and that is was composed of protons and neutrons. In 1932 James Chadwick made an experiment at the Cavendish Lab that showed Rutherford was right.

Rutherford College, a school in Auckland, New Zealand, was named after him.

Related pages 
List of scientists from Oceania

Other websites 

 The Rutherford Museum
 Rutherford Scientist Supreme
 Ernest Rutherford  @ nobel.se
 "Ernest Rutherford 1871–1937". A Science Odyssey, pbs.org.

1871 births
1937 deaths
New Zealand chemists
British chemists
British nuclear physicists
People buried in Westminster Abbey
Order of Merit
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
United Kingdom Barons
Fellows of the Royal Society
Presidents of the Royal Society
New Zealand Nobel Prize winners
New Zealand physicists