alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Charlemagne

Charlemagne (, French: Charlemagnes, , , ) (c. 2 April 748 – 28 January 814) was the king of the Franks and the first Holy Roman Emperor. He was crowned as the Emperor on Christmas Day, 800. He was the older son of King Pippin III of the Carolingian dynasty. When Pippin died, Charlemagne and his brother Carloman ruled together. When Carloman died in 771 Charlemagne became the only ruler of the Franks.

Life 
The Franks—one of the Germanic peoples who had moved their homes over the River Rhine into the Roman Empire as it was falling apart—were, by the year 700, the rulers of Gaul, and a lot of Germania east of the Rhine. They also protected the Papacy and the Roman Catholic faith. When their king Pepin the Short died, his sons, Charlemagne and Carloman were chosen to share the kingdom. They divided it into two parts: one half for Charlemagne, and the other for Carloman. Carloman died on December 4, 771, leaving Charlemagne as the leader of the whole Frankish kingdom.

He was king of the Franks from 768, and king of the Lombards from 774. He was crowned Imperator Augustus (Emperor) in Rome on Christmas Day by Pope Leo III in 800, starting the Holy Roman Empire, that they hoped would be a kind of second Western Roman Empire (while the Byzantines in Constantinople were still keeping up the Eastern Roman empire). With many wars, Charlemagne spread his empire across much of Western Europe.

Charlemagne fought in many wars over the course of his reign. He is known for using his sword, Joyeuse, in each of the thirty years of war and the 18 battles he fought in. He also finally managed to conquer Saxony, something the Roman Emperor Augustus could not do 800 years earlier. He was able to convert the Saxons to Catholic Christianity. He also had many schools built so his people could learn. However, he also killed thousands of those who failed to convert.

Death
Charlemagne's politics and plans failed, which led to low self-esteem. His last years were spent in bed in deep depression. He died in 814, leaving his kingdom to his only son, Louis the Pious. The descendants of Charlemagne are called Carolingians. His family line died out in Germany in 911 and in France in 987.

Battles and campaigns 
Saxon Wars.  The Saxon Wars, also called the Saxon War or Saxon Uprising were the campaigns and insurrections of the thirty-three years from 772, when Charlemagne first entered Saxony with the intent to conquer,

References 

740s births
814 deaths
Holy Roman Emperors
Frankish rulers
Carolingian dynasty
9th century in Europe
Marlow, Buckinghamshire

Marlow is a town on the banks of the River Thames, on the southern tip of Buckinghamshire, England.

Other websites 
 Official website

References 

Towns in Buckinghamshire
List of Nobel Peace Prize winners

The Nobel Peace Prize is one of six awards in the memory of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite. Every year the organization gives out six awards for the people "who best benefit mankind through their actions" in one of the six subjects; peace, literature, physics, chemistry, economics, and medicine.

The Peace Prize is given out in Norway, but the other Prizes are given out in Sweden. This is because Norway and Sweden were one country when the prizes were started.

Its list of winners includes Martin Luther King, Jr., Elihu Root, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, Henri La Fontaine, Mikhail Gorbachev, Aung San Suu Kyi, Nelson Mandela, Kofi Annan, Jimmy Carter, Wangari Maathai, Barack Obama, Liu Xiaobo, Juan Manuel Santos and Abiy Ahmed. There is often a lot of controversy about the award of the prize. The 2013 winner is the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, making it the second year in-a-row that an organization has won the prize, after the European Union did so in 2012.

Here are the winners of the Nobel Peace Prize:

Related pages 
 List of Nobel Prize winners by country
 List of Nobel Prize winners in Chemistry
 List of Nobel Prize winners in Economics
 List of Nobel Prize winners in Physics
 List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine
 List of Nobel Prize winners in Literature

References

Peace
Celtic Park

Celtic Park is a football stadium in Parkhead, Glasgow, Scotland. It is the home ground of Celtic Football Club.

Buildings and structures in Glasgow
Football stadiums in Scotland
Romanian language

The Romanian language is a Romance language, meaning it comes from Latin like French, Spanish and Italian. It has 66% Latin-based words and 20% Slavic-based words. The rest are newer and come from Dacian, Turkish, Greek, or English. There are about 28 million speakers: 24 million who speak it as their mother tongue and 4 million who have learned it as their second language.

Romanian is also the most spoken language in Moldova, which is northeast of Romania.  The Moldovan language is a kind of Romanian with certain differences, such as the dialect and a Moldavian accent.

References

Languages of Romania
Romance languages
Languages of Europe
Ealing

Ealing is a town in the London Borough of Ealing, most famous for the Ealing Studios, a movie studio. In 2011, the population was estimated at 339,300 and contains seven distinct town centres – Ealing, Hanwell, Acton, Southall, Greenford, Perivale and Northolt. 

The borough of Ealing has a total of 91 state-run schools and nurseries as well as four Non-League football clubs. 

Ealing
Ear

The ear is the part of the body which allows animals (including people) to hear. People and most mammals have ears. Non-mammals, such as lizards or frogs, can also hear, but may have holes instead of external ears. The ear works by directing sound waves to the inner ear. These vibrations are sent to the brain by an organized group of nerves. This system is called the auditory system. (Auditory meaning relating to hearing and how we hear)

The inner ear is in most vertebrates, but mammals have special adaptations for hearing which even other land vertebrates do not have. These include the external ear and the three little bones which transmit sounds to the brain (the ossicles). The part of the ear that sticks out and can be seen is called the pinna.

Ears are also used in other ways. African elephants use their large ears to cool themselves when it is very hot. Bats rely on their ears to find prey by echolocation. Some animals use their ears for signalling to each other.

Other hearing 
In ordinary language, "ear" refers to this receptor which conducts sound and sends signals to the brain. It does not refer to the many other methods of hearing found in fish and invertebrates. Many animals do not hear through ears.  Spiders have small hairs on their legs that they can hear with.

Related pages 
 Inner ear

Basic English 850 words
Czech language

The Czech language is a Slavic language spoken by people in the Czech Republic. Ten million people speak it. It is very similar to the Slovak language; the differences between these two languages are small enough that speakers of Czech and Slovak usually understand each other.

It has three genders and is an inflected language like Latin. The grammar is much more complex than that of English.

References

Other websites 

 mluvtečesky.net – website for learning Czech language  (in many languages)

Slavic languages
Languages of Europe
Monica Lewinsky

Monica Samille Lewinsky (born July 23, 1973 in San Francisco) is an American fashion designer, television personality and anti-bullying activist.

In 1998, she became well known for being part of a scandal between her and then President of the United States, Bill Clinton. The scandal involved claims that she had had a sexual relationship with President Clinton. He said they had not. In the end Clinton had to admit that sexual activity of some kind took place between them.

Lewinsky is of Jewish descent. She grew up in a luxury $1.6 million home in Beverly Hills. She is the daughter of Bernard Lewinsky, a medical researcher and photographer.

She worked in the mid-1990s as an intern at the White House and the Pentagon.

Lewinsky experimented with designing handbags and purses for her company, "The Real Monica".

On December 14, 2006, Lewinsky graduated with a Masters of Science degree in Social Psychology from the London School of Economics. Lewinsky's thesis is titled "In Search of the Impartial Juror: An exploration of the third person effect and pre-trial publicity". According to her publicist Barbara Hutson, Lewinsky was interviewing for jobs in the United Kingdom in early 2007.

In 2009, scholar Ken Gormley had communications with Lewinsky as a part of his in-depth study of the Clinton scandals. She said that Clinton had lied under oath when asked detailed and specific questions about his relationship with her.

In the 2010s, Lewinsky became an activist against cyberbullying, and gave a TED talk about it. BuzzFeed called her the Queen of Twitter.

References

Other websites 
 

1973 births
Living people
American activists
American fashion designers
Bill Clinton
Jewish activists
Jewish American entertainers
People from Beverly Hills, California
Writers from San Francisco
Writers from Los Angeles
Television personalities from California
1190

1190 (MCXC) was .

Events 
 March 16 — Massacre and mass-suicide of the Jews of York, England prompted by Crusaders and Richard Malebys kill 150–500 Jews in Clifford's Tower.
 June 10 — Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowned in the Saleph River while leading an army to Jerusalem. 
 October 4 — Richard I of England threatens war against Tancred of Sicily, and captures Messina
 "On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy" (ar. Kitab fasl al-maqal) first published.
 Coronation of Richard I of England (the Lion-Hearted)
 Anti-Jewish riots in England.
 In Myanmar, Anawrahta's lineage regains control with the assistance of Sri Lanka. Pagan has been in anarchy. The new regime reforms Burmese Buddhism on Sri Lankan Theravada models.
 Henry I becomes Duke of Brabant.
 Richard I of England and Philip II of France meet at Vézelay, beginning the Third Crusade.
 Stevan Nemanja founds the Studenica monastery in Serbia.
 The feudal era of Japan begins.
 Cartmel Priory founded

Births 
 Vincent of Beauvais, Dominican friar and encyclopedist (d. 1264)
 Peter I, Duke of Brittany (d. 1251)
 William III of Sicily (d. 1198)
 William of Sherwood, English logician (d. 1249)

Deaths 
 March 15 Isabelle of Hainaut, queen of Philip II of France (b. 1170)
 June 10 — Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor, (drowned) (b. 1122)
 July 25 — Sibylla of Jerusalem, Queen of Jerusalem (b. c. 1160)
 William Fitzstephen, servant of Thomas à Becket and sheriff of Gloucester
 Ranulf de Glanvill, chief justiciar of England
 Robert de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Leicester

1190
William S. Burroughs

William Seward Burroughs (February 5, 1914 – August 2, 1997) was an American writer. He was a contemporary and friend of writers Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac.

Burroughs was a member of the family who owned the Burroughs Cash Register Company. A family trust paid him an income, so he did not have to work a regular job. Sometimes he lived in Mexico and other countries, because he could live there in more luxury than in the United States. One favorite apartment he had in New York City was a windowless basement, nicknamed "Bill's Bunker" by his friends. Many of them were emerging writers and artists.

Burroughs told interesting, colorful stories, but did not think he could be a writer. This changed as he came to terms with tragedy; he had killed his common law wife Joan, in an accident when they were both drunk. Burroughs began to write to work through his grief and feelings of guilt. He also abused drugs, including heroin, and it affected his writing. His first novel, Naked Lunch, was a surreal work.

Besides writing, Burroughs also recorded spoken word and musical works. One of his works paired him with musician Kurt Cobain.

Burroughs died of a heart attack.

References

Other websites

1914 births
1997 deaths
Beat Generation
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Writers from St. Louis, Missouri
People from Lawrence, Kansas
Disease-related deaths in Kansas
1773



Events 
 December 16 – At the Boston Tea Party, the Sons of Liberty throw 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor.  This will help start the American Revolutionary War.

Births 
 February 9 – William Henry Harrison
Mike Judge

Mike Judge (born October 17, 1962) is an American animator, actor, writer, and producer. He is most famous for creating and starring in the animated television series Beavis and Butt-head and King of the Hill. Judge also wrote, directed, and played a small part in the 1999 movie Office Space, and directed the 2006 movie Idiocracy, which starred Luke Wilson. He was born in Guayaquil, Ecuador, grew up in New Mexico, and lives in Austin, Texas.

Other websites 
 

1962 births
Living people
Actors from Austin, Texas
Actors from New Mexico
Writers from Guayaquil
American animators
American movie actors
American movie directors
American screenwriters
American television actors
American voice actors
Writers from Texas
Missing Persons

Missing Persons was an American New Wave group. They formed in the 1980s while working with Frank Zappa.

American new wave bands
American punk bands
American rock bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Blackpool

Blackpool is a seaside town in Lancashire, in the north west of England. The town is on the coast of the Irish Sea. Blackpool had a population of 142,283 as of the 2001 census.

Blackpool became important for tourism during the 19th century. It is known for its beaches and amusement parks. It is also the home to a famous international ballroom dancing competition.

References 

Blackpool
Police officer

A police officer is a serving member of a police force.  Police officers arrest criminals, prevent crime, protect and help the public, and keep public order. Officers have legally authorised powers, which in Britain is called a warrant.

Powers and duties
A police officer's job is to protect the public, make sure people obey the law and make people feel safe.  Not all police officers wear a uniform and patrol.  Some police officers have specialist jobs, such as being a detective, a traffic officer or a police dog handler. In some countries, not all police carry guns, so a police officer could choose to become an armed police officer after a lot of experience.

As a part of their job, police officers have rights that other people do not have. This might include the power to arrest a person who they think has committed a crime, the power to search a person, the power to stop cars and direct traffic, the power to ask for a person's name and address, the power to give out tickets or fines or the power to make a person come to court.  Without these powers the police would not be able to gain any sort of control over society. 

Being a police officer can be dangerous. Police officers are sometimes killed or hurt by criminals when they are sent to incidents, so that is why the police have to carry the equipment needed to defend themselves. Police officers have the right to carry weapons, such as a gun or a baton in order to stop crime even if the weapon laws are strict and limited to the general public.

Equipment 

In different countries, police officers are given different equipment to deal with the crime that is in their country.  Police officers are armed with weapons that they can use to defend themselves or other people that need help.  Most police officers carry some or all of the following items to complete their work:

 a gun or a baton/truncheon to injure or in some cases kill criminals if necessary.
 a canister of CS gas or pepper spray, which blinds a person for a short amount of time
 a set of handcuffs, for restraining a person
 a protection vest, to protect a police officer from knives and guns
 a flashlight, for lighting dark places
 a two-way radio, to call for help, give information to other officers and to get backup.

Police officers have to patrol and respond to emergencies as quickly as possible.  Some police officers will walk on foot patrol, but often police officers will perform patrol duties in a police car.  This is so that they can get to emergencies faster and carry more equipment.  Sometimes officers patrol on bicycles, motorbikes or on horses if they are in a unit that does this.

 
Law enforcement occupations
Account

Account might mean:
Bank account, a record of the money you have in a bank.
An account on a website records information about what you do at the website.

Related page
Accountancy
Financial accounting
Management accounting

Basic English 850 words
Liquid Paper

Liquid Paper, also called white out and correction fluid, is used to correct mistakes made in writing on typewriters and with ink. It was originally called Mistake Out and was invented by Bette Nesmith Graham in 1951, who was working at a bank in the U.S. state of Texas at time and had trouble when she typed on the typewriter, which was part of her job. She made the product by mixing the required substances with her blender and sold it to friends starting in 1956. She sold the product to the Gillette Corporation for 47.5 million US Dollars in 1979. When she died the following year, her son, Michael Nesmith, a famous musician, formally of The Monkees inherited the fortune.

Now people still use the correction fluid, but more seldom. With more advanced technology, people have computers allowing them to backspace easily, not needing to use it. Also, there is also another recent invention of the correction tape. To use the fluid, you squeeze the bottle, and let the fluid flow out to cover the mistakes. Usually you have to shake the bottle before using it, and after using, you need to wait for it to dry for a few minutes, which is considered quite fast. Then you can write on top of the dried fluid.

Other websites 
http://inventors.about.com/od/lstartinventions/a/liquid_paper.htm
http://www.camd.lsu.edu/msds/t/thinner_for_liquid_paper.htm 

Writing tools
Doris Day

Doris Mary Ann Kappelhoff (April 3, 1922 – May 13, 2019) was an American singer, actress and animal welfare activist. She is known for her blonde, wholesome image. She was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. All her grandparents were German immigrants.

Career

Singing
She sang with the big bands. She started with Les Brown & His Band of Renown.  Her first hit song was Sentimental Journey.  This song was popular with soldiers returning from World War 2.

Acting
She made (or appeared in) many movies from 1948 to 1968. Three of these movies also starred Rock Hudson.

Personal life and death
Day was married to Al Jorden from 1941 until they divorced in 1943. She was married to George Weidler from 1946 until they divorced in 1949. She was married to Martin Melcher from 1951 until his death in 1968. She was married to Barry Comden from 1976 until they divorced in 1981. Day had a son, Terry Melcher (1942–2004), with Jorden.

Day died of pneumonia on May 13, 2019 in Carmel Valley, California.

Related pages
Traditional pop

References

Other websites

A Sentimental Journey with Les Brown band at YouTube.
Doris Day & Andre Previn - album "Duet" at YouTube

1922 births
2019 deaths
Actors from Cincinnati
American animal rights activists
American movie actors
American pop singers
American television actors
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in California
Singers from Cincinnati
Johnny Rivers

Johnny Rivers (born John Ramistella on November 7, 1942 in New York City) is an American rock and roll musician. He grew up in Louisiana. He was popular in the 1960s and 1970s for his songs like "Secret Agent Man", "The Poor Side of Town", "Baby I Need Your Lovin", "The Midnight Special", and "Swayin' To The Music (Slow Dancin')".

Other websites 
 Official website

American rock musicians
American rock singers
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
Singers from New York City
Musicians from New York City
Musicians from Louisiana
1942 births
Living people
Dr. John

Malcolm John Rebennack (November 20, 1941 – June 6, 2019), better known as Dr. John, was an American musician from New Orleans. He was known for his singles "I Walk on Guilded Splinters", "Right Place, Wrong Time" and "Down in New Orleans".

Death
Rebennack died on June 6, 2019 from a heart attack at the age of 77.

Filmography
 Yakety Yak, Take it Back (1991) ... Himself/Yakety Yak (voice)
 Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003) ... Yakety Yak (voice)

Awards and honors
Over his career he won six Grammy Awards,. Rebennack was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in March 2011. 

In May 2013 Rebennack received an honorary doctorate of Fine Arts from Tulane University. On the university website, a comment was added about that 2013 ceremony: "The passing of Dr. John reminded me of one of my favorite Tulane moments. It was Dr. John, Allen Toussaint and the Dalai Lama on the same stage for one of our commencements. The Dalai Lama danced to their music. What a treat!"

References

Other websites 
 Official website
 Dr. John on Rhythm & Blues Music Primer site 

Musicians from New Orleans
American R&B musicians
Blues musicians
American keyboardists
American rock guitarists
American pianists
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Singers from New Orleans
1941 births
2019 deaths
Death metal

Death metal is a style of heavy metal that is a very fast, brutal and energetic. It has very harsh singing. Most death metal has very fast guitar and drum beats. Almost every death metal drummer plays with two bass drums (or a type of pedal that has two beaters on one bass drum), so that they can play the bass drum beats faster. It is a music focused mainly on drums and guitars. The lyrics in death metal sometimes involve topics such as death, war and pain. Some bands choose to write about philosophy or religion. Some bands try to write about things that other death metal bands do not write about such as ancient history. Death metal vocalists usually grunt, growl or scream.

Some artists and groups of this genre are:

Other types of death metal 

 Melodic death metal, sometimes called melodeath – is slower and features screams instead of growls. It also has much more melody and clean vocals can even sometimes be heard.

 Technical death metal, or progressive death metal – is a much more complex type of death metal. These songs usually are longer and have unique song structures. These bands pretty much combine progressive rock and jazz with death metal.
 Death-doom – combines the dark atmosphere and slow tempos with growling vocals and double-kick drumming.
 Goregrind, deathgrind and pornogrind – mixes the intensity of Grindcore with the complexity of death metal.  Guitar solos are usually rare, and vocalists usually scream instead of growl. Also, the songs are usually shorter.
 Blackened death metal – is a style that combines death metal with black metal.

References

Other websites

Heavy metal subgenres
Suffolk

Suffolk is an East Anglian county in England (UK) The counties around Suffolk are Norfolk to the north, Cambridgeshire to the west and Essex to the south. The North Sea is on the east. The county town is Ipswich and other big towns include Lowestoft and Bury St Edmunds. Felixstowe is one of the largest container ports in Europe.

Geography 
Suffolk is mostly flat and has very fertile soil which is good for both growing crops and grazing animals on.

People from Suffolk  
 Ed Sheeran - singer

Other websites 
 Suffolk Observatory - Suffolk's Vital Statistics

 - Suffolk County Council

 - BBC Suffolk

References 

Ceremonial counties of England
Etymology

Etymology is the study of the origin and meaning of words and names.  It tells us how words have changed over time, and what other languages they came from. For example, the etymology of the word etymology is from the Greek words ἔτυμον (étymon, "true meaning", from etymos "true") and λόγος (lógos, "word" or "study").

References

Bibliography 
 Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003). Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. Palgrave Macmillan.  /

Related pages 
Historical linguistics

Other websites 
 Etimologio de Esperanto Has also English forms

Language
Mule

A mule is a animal hybrid of a female horse (a mare) and a male donkey (a jack). The horse and the donkey are different species, with different numbers of chromosomes; of the two possible first-generation hybrids between them, the mule is easier to obtain and more common than the hinny, which is the offspring of a female donkey (a jenny) and a male horse (a stallion).

A mule is generally sterile. Although it is extremely unlikely for a mule to become pregnant (less than 300 reported cases worldwide), it is possible.  

Mules vary widely in size, from small miniature mules under  to large and powerful mules standing up to  at the shoulders. The average weight range is between about .

A mule is generally larger than a donkey and smaller than a horse.  A mule has the long ears, thin limbs, small hooves and the short hair of the donkey, while its height, the shape of the neck and body, and its teeth are more similar to those of the horse. The color of its coat can be any color seen in the horse or in the donkey, which can be white, grey, brown or black.

They are used mostly for pulling carts and transportation. As trucks with four-wheel drive have become common, mules are little used for transport except in places without roads.

References 

Equids
Animals used for transport
Animal hybrids
Dead Sea

The Dead Sea is a lake between the West Bank and Jordan. It is  below sea level. It is the lowest point on the surface of the Earth.

The Dead Sea is almost nine times as salty as the ocean. That makes it impossible for most life to exist in it. This is the reason for its name. However, it is not completely dead, because some types of bacteria are able to live in the water.

Because the water is so salty, it weighs more than fresh water. That lets people float in the Dead Sea without any effort. Tourists come from around the world to float in the water.

Gallery

References

Other websites

Geography of Israel
Geography of Jordan
Lakes of Asia
West Bank
Grizzly bear

The grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), also known as the North American brown bear or simply grizzly, is a large population or subspecies of the brown bear inhabiting North America.

References

Mammals of North America
American black bear

The American black bear (Ursus americanus) is North America's smallest and most common species of bear. Black bears usually live in forested areas, but do leave forests in search of food. Sometimes they become attracted to human activity due to a lack of food. The American black bear is listed by the IUCN as Least Concern, because the species has a large global population estimated to be twice that of all other bear species combined. In the past century, only 37 people have been killed by these animals.

American black bears usually hibernate during winter. During this time, the black bear's metabolism and heart rate both decrease in relation to one another. In fact, during hibernation, an American black bear's heart can stop for twenty seconds. The body temperature of black bears also decreases to 31 °C (88 °F) during hibernation. When hibernation is over, the black bear's body temperature returns to normal. Black bears are omnivores (eating both meat and plants). They feed on fish, rodents, rabbits, insects, carrion, fruit, nuts, grass, leaves, honey, deer, and moose calves. Their predators are humans, grizzly bears, and american alligators, while wolves, coyotes, cougars, lynxes, foxes, birds of prey, and even other black bears are predators of black bear cubs.

References

Bears
Mammals of North America
Fur

Fur is the hair of mammals. Different species may have quite different styles of hair, making them more or less suitable to the fur trade, but many are as follows:

Fur usually consists of two main layers:
Down hair (known also as undercoat or ground hair) — the bottom layer. They are wool hairs, usually wavy or curly without straight portions or sharp points; down hairs tend to be shorter, flat, curly, and more numerous than the top layer. Its principal function is thermoregulation; it keeps a layer of dry air next to the skin and repels water, thus providing thermal insulation.
Guard hair — the top layer is longer, coarser, nearly straight shafts of hair. This protrudes through the down hair layer. The top ends of the guard hairs are visible. This top layer displays the most colour and gloss, including coat patterns adapted to display or camouflage. It is also adapted to shedding water and blocking sunlight, protecting the undercoat and skin from external factors such as rain and ultraviolet radiation. Many animals, such as domestic cats, erect their guard hairs as part of their threat display when agitated.

Many large mammals have little hair, because their body mass radiates proportionately less heat (elephants, rhinoceros, hippopotamus). When elephants lived in arctic conditions they did have fur (woolly mammoths).

Marine mammals usually have little or no fur: the fur would become waterlogged. They have a layer of fat (blubber) underneath their skin. A special case is the naked mole-rat, whose hairlessness is probably an adaptation to their underground life-style.

Animal anatomy
Mammals
Hair
Otto Struve

Struve should not be confused with his grandfather, Otto Wilhelm von Struve (1819-1905).

Otto Struve (August 12 1897 – April 6 1963) was a Russian astronomer.  He was the grandson of Otto Wilhelm von Struve and the great-grandson of Friedrich Wilhelm von Struve.
 
Struve's education at the University of Kharkov was interrupted by World War I and the Russian Civil War, which left him a refugee in Turkey. He went to the United States in 1921, obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago and eventually became head of the astronomy department there. In 1932, he was made joint director of the university's Yerkes Observatory and McDonald Observatory (which he founded and where a telescope is named after him). Struve may be regarded as the father of modern SETI. He was one of the few eminent astronomers in the pre-Space Age era to publicly express a belief that extraterrestrial intelligence was abundant.

Russian astronomers
1897 births
1963 deaths
Refugees
15th century

The 15th century was the century from 1401 to 1500.

Decades and years 
Note: years before or after the 15th century are in italics.
14th century

The 14th century was the century from 1301 to 1400.

Decades and years 
Note: years before or after the 14th century are in italics.

Related pages
 Italian Renaissance
 Wars of Scottish Independence

 Japan
 Kamakura period
 Muromachi period
 Nanboku-chō period
 Sengoku period
13th century

The 13th century was the century from 1201 to 1300.

Decades and years 
Note: years before or after the 13th century are in italics.

Related pages
 Kamakura period
12th century

The 12th century was the century from 1101 to 1200.

Decades and years 
Note: years before or after the 12th century are in italics.

Related pages 
 Heian period
 Kamakura period
Mammalogy

Mammalogy is the study of the mammals. Mammalogy has also been known as "mastology," "theriology," and "therology." 

Mammals are a group of vertebrate animals. There are about 4,200 different species of animals which are considered mammals. The major branches to study in the mammalogy career include:
natural history
taxonomy and systematics
anatomy and physiology
ethology
ecology
management and control

The approximate salary of a mammalogist varies from $20,000 to $60,000 a year, depending on their experience.  Mammalogists are typically involved in activities such as conducting research, managing personnel, and writing proposals.

mammals
Branches of zoology
Sexism

Sexism is generally defined as discrimination based on the gender of a person—looking down on people because they are male or female. Sexism may also include stereotyped roles for men and women. International laws, such as Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women or Yogyakarta Principles demand to abolish any kind of sexism. Sexism could affect a person attending a party, getting a job, joining a game, trying to get a promotion, being selected and so on.
The women's rights and men's rights movements both say they fight sexism.

Sexism is often discrimination against women due to the history of sexism in the western world.

Hatred of women is called misogyny. Hatred of men is called misandry. Reverse sexism is misandristically being biased because you think you're disadvantaged.

Pauline M. Leet made the word "sexism" on November 18, 1965.

Education
World literacy is lower for females than for males. On 9 October 2012 the Pakistani schoolgirl Malala Yousafzai was shot in the head on her schoolbus by Taliban gunmen because she did activism for girls' rights to education.

Related pages
 Feminization of poverty
 Sex segregation
 Violence against women
 Women's rights

References 

Discrimination
Gender
Gulf War

The Gulf War was a conflict between Iraq and 39 other countries, led by the United States. It started with the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq on August 2, 1990. Iraq had claimed Kuwait as part of its territory. The war ended the following spring when Iraq's armies were defeated. Iraq is said to have suffered around 80,000-100,000 soldier losses.

There were two military operations. 

Operation Desert Shield brought troops to protect Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states that Iraq had not attacked.

Operation Desert Storm attacked Iraq's forces both in Kuwait and in Iraq. It started on 17 January, 1991 with an air strike. Ground operations started 24 February. Iraqi forces set fire to oil wells to slow the attack.The war ended on 28 February, 1991 with a ceasefire.

The long Iran–Iraq War had ended in August 1988. Iraq owed a great amount of money to Saudi Arabia and had difficulty paying it back. Saddam Hussein declared the neighboring country of Kuwait to be siphoning Iraqi crude oil from across the border, and on August 2nd, 1990 the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait started.  On January 17, 1991 the US began the Persian Gulf War with a massive US led air offensive known as Operation Desert Storm.

The attacks were assisted by newly developed weapons, including stealth aircraft, cruise missiles and smart bombs.

After 42 days of fighting U.S. President Bush declared a ceasefire on February 28. By that time most Iraqi forces in Kuwait had either surrendered or fled.

Operation Desert storm included a bombing campaign that targeted Iraqi aircraft, anti-aircraft systems, oil refineries, weapon factories, bridges, and roads.  The war was a lopsided victory for coalition forces.  President George Bush decided not to depose Saddam Houssein.

Political issues after Operation Desert Storm lead to the second Persian Gulf War in 2003.

Related pages
 Iran-Iraq War
 2003 invasion of Iraq

References

1990 in Asia
1991 in Asia
Cold War
History of Kuwait
Wars involving Australia
Wars involving Belgium
Wars involving Canada
Wars involving Egypt
Wars involving France
Wars involving Iraq
Wars involving Italy
Wars involving the Netherlands
Wars involving New Zealand
Wars involving Pakistan
Wars involving Spain
Wars involving Syria
Wars involving the United Kingdom
Wars involving the United States
1990 in the United States
1991 in the United States
Conflicts in 1990
Sicily

Sicily[p] is the largest island in the Mediterranean. Along with some smaller islands it is an autonomous region of Italy. The capital city of Sicily is Palermo. The population was about 5,087,000 (over 5 million) in 2004. Sicily is the biggest region in the nation of Italy.

Phoenician and Greek people colonized the island in the 8th Century BC and sometimes fought wars there. Carthage controlled most of the island until Ancient Rome conquered it. In later centuries, Saracens (who significantly impacted the Island genetically and culturally) fought against the Byzantine Greeks, and Normans ruled it for a few centuries. After the revolts of Sicilian Vespers, the crown of Aragon and Spain took over the Island. Later, Garibaldi in the Risorgimento conquered it and brought it into the Kingdom of Italy.

Provinces 
 Agrigento
 Caltanissetta
 Catania
 Enna
 Messina
 Palermo
 Ragusa
 Siracusa
 Trapani

Notes 
 [p] - The word "Sicily" is pronounced as "Siss-uh-lee".

Other websites 
 Official Site of Regions Sicily (Italian site)
 La Sicilia In Rete

Islands of Italy
 
Autonomous areas
Persian language

Persian, also called Farsi, is a Western Iranian language. It is the official language of Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan. It is also spoken by many people in Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan and other neighbouring countries and by immigrants from Central Asia in Russia. Persian was also taught as a second language in schools in Pakistan until 2006. In the past, many of those places were parts of the Persian Empire.

Persian has many dialects and is officially called Farsi in Iran, Dari and Farsi in Afghanistan and Tajiki in Tajikistan. The literary language of each country is a little different, but people from each country can understand one another when they have a conversation. It has words from French in Iran and many from Russian Tajikistan.

Alphabet 
The Persian alphabet has the following letters:
ا ب پ ت ث ج چ ح خ د ذ ر ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک گ ل م ن و ه ی
The Persian alphabet used in Iran and Afghanistan is similar to the Arabic alphabet, but since Persian in a different family from Arabic, their vocabulary and grammar are very different. Since the 1930s, in the countries that were in the Soviet Union, like Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, Persian has been written in the Cyrillic alphabet, like Russian. All Persian-speakers used to use the Arabic alphabet.

History 
Persian is a very old language, and linguists use names for three different versions of Persian that were used in three different times. Old Persian was spoken in the first Persian Empire, under the Achaemenid kings, including Cyrus and Darius the Great. The empire existed from the 6th century BC to the conquest of Alexander the Great. The second Persian empire was ruled by the Sassanian kings from the 2nd century AD until the Muslim conquest of Iran by the Arabs in the 7th century and spoke Middle Persian, or Pahlavi.

New or Modern Persian is spoken today and was first written down in the 9th century, during the Samanid Empire, which was the first Muslim Persian kingdom and was based in Central Asia. The earliest writers of New Persian included poets like Rudaki, and Ferdowsi, who wrote an epic, a very long poem, called the Shahname, translated as the Book of Kings in English. It has myths and historical stories from before the Arabs conquered Persia.

Many other famous writers in Persian language were poets too, a few being Saadi, Hafez, Rumi. The Persian language has been very important one for literature. After Arabic, it was the second most common written language in Muslim countries, especially in the East.

Sample

Related pages 
 Dari (Eastern Persian)
 Tajik language
Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments

References

 
Modern Persian
Copenhagen

Copenhagen is the capital city of Denmark. It is also the largest city in Denmark. In 2014, 1,246,611 people lived in the urban area. Copenhagen is on the island of Zealand and the smaller island named Amager.

Founded as a Viking fishing village. Copenhagen was built in the 12th century A.D. and got City rights in 1254. A few years later, it was destroyed nearly completely. In 1443, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark. In 1801, there were more than 100,000 inhabitants in Copenhagen for the first time. In the 1960s, more than 700,000 people lived in Copenhagen Municipality, and today there are 528,000 inhabitants in the municipality. Near the city centre there is the famous Freetown Christiania.

Districts
Copenhagen is divided into 10 districts. The districts are:
Indre By
Christianshavn
Vesterbro
Nørrebro
Østerbro
Frederiksberg
Amagerbro
Hellerup
Kastrup
Bispebjerg

Famous people

References

Other websites 
 Copenhagen Portal - Tourist & Visitors Guide to Copenhagen  
 Insider Travel Tips and Tourist Guides to Copenhagen 
 VisitCopenhagen.dk - Wonderful Copenhagen
 Copenhagen for Partiers - Tourist Guide 
 WorldFlicks in Copenhagen: Photos and interesting places on Google Maps 

 
11th-century establishments in Europe
Nepali language

The Nepali language is the official language of Nepal and a language in India. Besides Nepal it is spoken in India, Bhutan and parts of Burma. In the Indian states of Sikkim and  West Bengal also it is an official language. This language is also known as Gorkhali Language or Khaskura. It is believed to have originated from the ancient Sanskrit language from which it takes many words. It is written in Devanagari style of writing which is similar to Hindi. It is spoken throughout Nepal and is the mother tongue of more than half of the population. It is also used by the Government of Nepal for all official purposes. In Nepal it is compulsory to study Nepali language as a subject until Grade 10 (High School).

References

Indo-Aryan languages
Nepali culture
Languages of India
Languages of Nepal
Kathmandu

Kathmandu is the capital city of Nepal. It is the largest city of Nepal. The population of the city is about 1.003 million. It has many Buddhist and Hindu temples and palaces.

Climate 
Kathmandu has a humid subtropical climate (Cwa in the Köppen climate classification).

Culture 
Kathmandu is home to several international and regional organizations.

International Buddhist Meditation Center operates in Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal.

Related pages
 Kathmandu Valley
 Nepal
 Theravada

References
11th century

The 11th century was the century from 1001 to 1100.

Decades and years 
Note: years before or after the 11th century are in italics.

Related pages 
 Heian period
10th century

The 10th century was a century that lasted from 901 to 1000. It was the last century of the 1st millennium.

Decades and years 
Note: years before or after the 10th century are in italics.

Related pages 
 Heian period
8th century

The 8th century was the century from 701 to 800.

Decades and years 
Note: years before or after the 8th century are in italics.

Related pages
 Asuka period
 Nara period
 Heian period
 Islamic period of Indus Valley
7th century

The 7th century was the century from 601 to 700.

Decades and years 
Note: years before or after the 7th century are in italics.

Related pages
Anglo-Saxons
Asuka period
6th century

The 6th century was the century from 501 to 600.

Decades and years 
Note: the 6th century officially started in 501.

Related pages
 Kofun period
 Asuka period
5th century

The 5th century was the century from 401 to 500.

Decades and years 
Note: years before or after the 5th century are in italics.
4th century

The 4th century was the century from 301 to 400.

Decades and years 
Note: years before or after the 4th century are in italics.
Zambia

The Republic of Zambia is a country in southern Africa. It shares its borders with the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west. It was called Northern Rhodesia and it is currently named after the Zambezi River. Zambia is an undiscovered tourist hub home to one of the seven natural wonders of the world. The might Victoria falls. Zambia is a melting pot of culture and diversity yet to be appreciated with at least 72 spoken languages.

The capital of Zambia is Lusaka, which is also the largest city in the country. Edgar Lungu is the current president. Its motto is One Zambia, One Nation and its national anthem is Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free. Its official language is English.

History 
Zambia originated from Northern Rhodesia which was a colony of Great Britain. In 1964 Zambia became an independent country. The first president was Kenneth Kaunda, who ruled Zambia for 27 years with his party Child Grooming INC. Zambia was a one party democracy. UNIP was the only legal party and all other parties were banned.

After protests, democratic elections were held in 1991. Kenneth Kaunda lost the elections and gave away his power in an orderly manner to his successor Frederick Chiluba, a former union leader.

Zambia is now a multi-party democracy. It has had four democratic elections since 1991. The latest presidential election was in 2021, which was won by Hakainde Hichilema against Edgar Lungu.

Economy 
In 1969, Zambia was making a lot of money because of the copper deposits that were mined in Copperbelt province. When copper became cheaper in the 1970s, the economy got worse because people in Zambia were not making as much money from selling copper.

Today, Zambia is a poor country. It does not have many industries. Copper is still its main export. Commercial farming in Zambia is starting to make more money.

Provinces 

Zambia is divided into ten provinces. Each province is divided into several districts. There are 117 districts all together. The provinces are:

 Central
 Copperbelt
 Eastern
 Luapula
 Lusaka
 Muchinga
 Northern
 North-Western
 Southern
 Western

Cities
The important places in Zambia are:

Related pages
 List of rivers of Zambia
 Zambia at the Olympics
 Zambia national football team

References

Notes

 
Least developed countries
1964 establishments in Africa
Commonwealth member states
1856

1856 was a common year.

Births 
 April 5 – Booker T. Washington, American inventor, educator, and writer (d. 1915)
 July 10 – Nikola Tesla, Croatian physicist (d. 1943)
 July 26 – George Bernard Shaw, Irish writer (d. 1950)
 August 3 – Alfred Deakin, 2nd Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1919)
 December 28 – Woodrow Wilson, 28th President of the United States, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1924)
1648

1648 was a leap year.

Events 

 January/October: The Thirty Years' War ended with the Peace of Westphalia.
 October 24 –  Switzerland is recognized as an independent country by the other countries of Europe.
 Saint-Barthélemy was claimed by France.
 The Eighty Years' War between the Netherlands and Spain ended.

Deaths 
 March 12 – Tirso de Molina, Spanish dramatist and poet (b. 1571)
Ribosome

Ribosomes are important cell organelles. They are machines: tiny molecular robots which make proteins. They do RNA translation, building proteins from amino acids using messenger RNA as a template. Ribosomes are found in all living cells, prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes.

A ribosome is a mixture of protein and RNA that starts being made in the nucleolus of a cell. The nucleolus is in the  nucleus. The nucleus is protected by the nuclear envelope, and lets things out through the nuclear pores. Ribosomes move from the nucleolus into the cytoplasm. Most ribosomes sit on the endoplasmic reticulum, but are also found throughout the cytoplasm.

The job of the ribosome is to make new proteins. It does this by moving along a strand of messenger RNA and building a protein based on the code it reads. Making a protein this way is called translation. 

We need up to 10 million robots (ribosomes) in every cell. To get this number, cells have many copies of rRNA genes. We inherit about 400 rRNA genes across five different chromosomes.

Structure 

Ribosomes are made out of two things: a small ribosomal subunit that reads the mRNA, while the large subunit joins amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. Each subunit is composed of one or more ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules and a variety of proteins.

Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes, each consisting of a small (40S) and large (60S) subunit. Their small subunit has a 16S RNA sub-unit (consisting of 1540 nucleotides) bound to 21 proteins. The large subunit has a 5S RNA (120 nucleotides), a 28S RNA (4700 nucleotides), a 5.8S RNA (160 nucleotides) subunits and 46 proteins.

Types of ribosome 
Ribosomes evolved as cells evolved. Prokaryote (bacterial) ribosomes have just a single RNA chain. Archaeal ribosomes are similar.

Only Eukaryotic ribosomes have the full gear, which is a total 80S ribosome with a small 40S unit plus a large 60S subunit.

References 

Organelles