alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Mercalli intensity scale

The Mercalli intensity scale (or more precisely the Modified Mercalli intensity scale) is a scale to measure the intensity of earthquakes. Unlike with the Richter scale, the Mercalli scale does not take into account energy of an earthquake directly. Rather, they classify earthquakes by the effects they have (and the destruction they cause). When there is little damage, the scale describes how people felt the earthquake, or how many people felt it.

Very often, non-geologists use this scale, because it is easier for people to describe what damage an earthquake caused, than to do calculations to get a value on the Richter scale.

Values range from I - Instrumental to XII - Catastrophic.

Giuseppe Mercalli (1850-1914) originally developed the scale, with ten levels. In 1902, Adolfo Cancani extended the scale to include twelve levels. August Heinrich Sieberg completely rewrote the scale. For this reason, the scale is sometimes named Mercalli-Cancani-Sieberg scale, or MCS scale.

Harry O. Wood and Frank Neumann translated it into English, and published it as Mercalli–Wood–Neumann (MWN) scale. Charles Francis Richter also edited it. He also developed the Richter scale, later on.

Modified Mercalli Intensity scale
The lower degrees of the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale generally deal with the manner in which the earthquake is felt by people. The higher numbers of the scale are based on observed damage to structures

The large table gives Modified Mercalli scale intensities that are typically observed at locations near the epicenter of the earthquake.

This is an accurate representation

The Scale under here is also a really good source for the Mercalli Scale.

References

Geology
Dili

Dili is the capital of the country East Timor. People from Portugal moved there around 1520. Now, Dili is home to about 150,000 people.

Other websites 
 Discover Dili

National capitals in Asia
Cities in East Timor
Holly

Holly is a type of bush with recognisable leaves. The leaves have sharp edges, and are often used to decorate a house on Christmas Day. Some types of holly are used to make tea. The leaves of the Holly don't fall of in the winter because they're very thick and have a waxy layer on them.
Holly bushes produce berries that birds often eat during the winter season. The plant often signifies holidays such as Christmas, or the start of a new season. 

Christmas
Asterids
Dysentery

Dysentery is a disease that involves severe diarrhea. It is caused by a bacterium, which causes the intestines to swell up a lot. The main symptom of dysentery is having blood in the excrement. Some more symptoms are high fever and abdominal pain. It is usually treated with antibiotics. The diarrhea is severe and can be a problem for the people who catch the disease.

Diseases caused by bacteria
Diseases and disorders of the digestive system
NHK

NHK, the Japan Broadcasting Corporation, is Japan's public broadcaster, like PBS in the United States. Its name is written as  or Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai in Japanese.

History

NHK was founded in 1926, based on the BBC radio company in the United Kingdom. They began operating TV broadcasting in 1953. The first color broadcast was in 1960.

Everyone in Japan who owns a TV is asked to pay anywhere 15,720 or 27,360 (included satellite broadcasting) 円 per year to support NHK; there is a discount for lump sum payment.

TV Programming

NHK has lots of types of TV shows:
Local, national, and world news.
Emergency Reporting,  such as warning about earthquakes and tsunamis.
Education shows for kids.
Weather reporting for local and international locations.
Sports, including the six national Sumo tournaments and other events.
Drama shows.
Documentaries.
Kid's shows.

NHK has 500 staff members in the announcer division alone; but announcers that convey nationally important events and news are operated quite fixedly like Korean Central Television.

Other websites 
NHK English Site 

Japanese television networks
1926 establishments in Asia
1920s establishments in Japan
Fargo, North Dakota

Fargo is the largest city in the American state of North Dakota. It is in the eastern part of the state, near the Minnesota border. The city was founded in 1871, and it has a population of 105,549 as of the 2010 census. Fargo lies at the intersection of two major highways, Interstate 29 and Interstate 94.

County seats in North Dakota
 
1871 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in Dakota Territory
Blur (band)

Blur are an English alternative rock band. Formed in London in 1988 originally under the name Seymour, the group's members are singer Damon Albarn, guitarist Graham Coxon, bassist Alex James and drummer Dave Rowntree. Blur's first album Leisure (1991) contained the sounds of Madchester and shoegazing. After a change in sound started by English guitar pop groups such as the Kinks, the Beatles and XTC, Blur released Modern Life Is Rubbish (1993), Parklife (1994) and The Great Escape (1995). As a result, the band helped the Britpop genre become popular and became popular in the UK, which was helped by a rivalry with Oasis in 1995 called "The Battle of Britpop".

Discography
Leisure (1991)
Modern Life Is Rubbish (1993)
Parklife (1994)
The Great Escape (1995)
Blur (1997)
13 (1999)
Think Tank (2003)
The Magic Whip (2015)
The Ballad of Darren (2023)

1988 establishments in England
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups 
Alternative rock bands
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1988
Musical groups from Essex
Warner Bros. Records artists
Paralympic Games

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|Ancient Olympic GamesOlympic GamesParalympic GamesSummer Paralympic GamesWinter Paralympic Games
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The Paralympic Games or Paralympics, are a major international sports event. People with physical disabilities compete in these games. They are called Paralympians. They include people with disabilities that affect movement, amputations, blindness, and cerebral palsy.

There are Winter and Summer Paralympic Games. They are held just after the Olympic Games. All Paralympic Games are governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC).

History
The Paralympics started as a small gathering of British World War II veterans in 1948. They became one of the largest international sport events by the early 21st century.

Paralympians

Paralympians have many different kinds of disabilities, so there are several categories in which they compete.  The disabilities are in six broad categories: amputee, cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, wheelchair, visually impaired, and Les Autres'' (This means "the others" in French.) These categories are further broken down which vary from sport to sport.

Paralympians work for equal treatment with able-bodied Olympians. Olympians receive much more money than Paralympians. Some Paralympians have also participated in the Olympic Games.

 
1948 establishments
Multi-sport events
FIFA Women's World Cup

The FIFA Women's World Cup is a football tournament for women's national teams from countries that are part of FIFA. It happens every four years, one year after the men's World Cup. The first one was in China in 1991. Teams compete for 31 spots through qualifications, and the host country gets the 32nd spot. The tournament, called the World Cup Finals, takes place in the host country over about a month. Five different countries have won the nine Women's World Cup tournaments. The United States won four times, Germany twice, and Japan, Norway, and Spain once each.

Eight countries have hosted the Women's World Cup, including China and the United States twice. Australia, Canada, France, Germany, New Zealand, and Sweden have each hosted it once.

In 2023, Australia and New Zealand co-hosted the tournament, marking the first time it was in the Southern Hemisphere, the first Women's World Cup hosted by two countries, and the first FIFA competition to span two confederations.

Champions and top four finish 

* host nation

References

Other websites 

 
1991 establishments
Nathula

Nathula is a mountain pass in the Himalayas. It connects Sikkim in India and Tibet in China. It is at a height of 4,500 metres above sea level.

Himalayas
Mountain passes of India
Territorial disputes of India
Sikkim
Geography of Tibet
Klondike Gold Rush

The Klondike Gold Rush happened in the 1890s when many people went to the Klondike region of the Yukon, in Canada. They hoped to find gold there and become rich. Many of these prospectors came from the United States. Gold was first found in Klondike in a creek called Rabbit Creek. Prospectors named the creek "Bonanza Creek" because of the gold (bonanza means a lucky source of wealth). Four million dollars worth of gold was found. 

Going to the gold fields was difficult. Most people who started the journey did not arrive. Very few who arrived found any gold. The city that likely profited most from the Klondike Gold Rush was Dawson City, Yukon in Canada.  

 

1890s in Canada
Gold rushes
Clone High

Clone High is an animated comedy television series about a high school full of clones of famous dead people. It aired on MTV in the US and Teletoon in Canada. It was produced by Nelvana, Touchstone Pictures, Teletoon Canada, and MTV.

Characters

Main Characters
 Abraham Lincoln
 Cleopatra
 Mahatma Gandhi
 Joan of Arc
 John Kennedy
 Principal Cinnamon J. Scudworth
 Mr. Lynn Butlertron
 The Secret Board of Shadowy Figures

Other Clones
 Jesus Christ
 Walt Disney
 George Washington Carver
 Marie Curie
 Helen of Troy
 Vincent van Gogh
 Julius Caesar
 Genghis Khan
 Elvis Presley
 Abraham Lincoln
 Eros

2000s American animated television series
Canadian animated television series
English-language television programs
2002 American television series debuts
2003 American television series endings
2002 Canadian television series debuts
Nagorno-Karabakh

Nagorno-Karabakh Region of Azerbaijan in the Caucasusis. Legally, it is recognized as part of Azerbaijan, but from 1994 until the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, most of it was militarily controlled by Armenians as the Republic of Artsakh, which is not officially recognized by any other country, including Armenia which supports it.         

On September 28, 2023, the administration of the Artsakh Republic, which was affiliated with Armenia in the region, decided to dissolve itself on January 1, 2024, and Karabakh came completely under the control of Azerbaijan.

Demographics 

Historically, the inhabitants of Nagorno-Karabakh—then part of the province of Artsakh—were confirmed by Ancient Greek and Roman sources "long before our era" to be Armenian. In

Etymology 
The names for the region in the different local languages all translate to "mountainous Karabakh", or "mountainous black garden". The word "nagorno" is Russian for "mountainous/on the mountain", "kara" is Turkish for "black", and "bakh" means "garden" in Azerbaijani.
 Armenian: , transliterated Lernayin Gharabagh
 Azerbaijani: Dağlıq Qarabağ, or Yuxarı Qarabağ (meaning "upper Karabakh" or "mountainous Karabakh")
 Russian: Нагорный Карабах, transliterated Nagornyj Karabakh

History 
The region became a subject of dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan in 1918 when both states gained brief independence. Two years later, Soviet Union conquered both of the new states and created the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast within Azerbaijan.

When Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in Moscow and started campaigns of publicity and democratic reforms at the end of the 20th century, Armenians living in Nagorno-Karabakh sent letters to Gorbachev demanding him to move the autonomous oblast to the control of Armenia. When it was declined, the Armenians started an independence movement.

In November 1991, seeking to stop this movement, the Parliament of Azerbaijan abolished the autonomous status of the region. In response, the Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians held a referendum on December 10, 1991,  which was boycotted by Azerbaijanis living in Nagorno-Karabakh and none of them participated in it, therefore the overwhelming majority of the population voted for independence.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 Karabakh documents 
 Artsakh from ancient time till 1918 
 Artsakh (Nagorno Karabakh) - France 24 Report
Newcastle upon Tyne

Newcastle upon Tyne is a city in north-east England. In 2021, 286,445 people lived in the city.

Newcastle upon Tyne is called Newcastle for short. It is famous for its big bridge called the Tyne Bridge.

The local dialect and accent is called the Geordie dialect. People from Newcastle are also called Geordies.
James Read

James Christopher Read (born July 31, 1953) is an American actor. He acted in many movies and television series. He is best known for the North and South miniseries (1985, 1986, 1994). He was born in Buffalo, New York.

Filmography 
The following is some of the movies and television programms Read has been in.

Other websites 

1953 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Buffalo, New York
Satyr play

Satyr plays were an ancient Greek form of theatre, similar in spirit to burlesque. They featured choruses of satyrs, were based on Greek mythology, and were rife with mock drunkenness, brazen sexuality (including phallic props), pranks, sight gags, and general merriment.

Theatrical forms
Theatre of ancient Greece
Premier League

The Premier League, commonly known as the English Premier League, or the EPL (formerly called the Barclays Premier League due to sponsorship reasons and before 2007 the Premiership) is the top tier of English football. 20 teams compete in the Premier League each season, which is usually played between August and May. Each season, 38 games are played (playing all 19 other teams home and away). For historic reasons, a few clubs from Wales also compete in the English football system. 

The competition started in 1992, after 22 clubs from the Football League First Division decided to break away from The Football League (now the EFL). The Premier League has since become the world's most watched sporting league. It is the world's most lucrative football league, with combined club revenues of £1.93 billion ($3.15bn) in 2007–08. It is also ranked second by UEFA's Association Ranking, behind La Liga.

2022–23 season
Twenty clubs competed in the 2022–23 Premier League, with three promoted from the Championship:

Burnley, Watford, and Norwich City were relegated to the EFL Championship for the 2022–23 season, while Fulham, Bournemouth and Nottingham Forest, as winners, runners-up and play-off final winners, respectively, were promoted from the 2021–22 season.
Only two clubs have remained in the Premier League since their first promotion: Brentford and Brighton & Hove Albion, who have been in 2 and 6 seasons (out of 31), respectively.

a: Founding member of the Premier League
b: Never been relegated from Premier League
c: One of the original 12 Football League teams

Champions

Referees

 Stuart Attwell
 Peter Bankes
 Tom Bramall
 John Brooks
 David Coote
 Darren England
 Jarred Gillett
 Tony Harrington
 Simon Hooper
 Rob Jones
 Chris Kavanagh
 Andy Madley
 Andre Marriner
 Michael Oliver
 Craig Pawson
 Michael Salisbury
 Graham Scott
 Anthony Taylor
 Paul Tierney

Assistant Referees

 Natalie Aspinall
 Simon Bennett
 Gary Beswick
 Lee Betts
 Stuart Burt
 Darren Cann
 Dan Cook
 Neil Davies
 Derek Eaton
 Nick Greenhalgh
 Constantine Hatzidakis
 Adrian Holmes
 Nick Hopton
 Ian Hussin
 Peter Kirkup
 Scott Ledger
 Harry Lennard
 Simon Long
 James Mainwaring
 Sian Massey-Ellis
 Steve Meredith
 Adam Nunn
 Marc Perry
 Dan Robathan
 Mark Scholes
 Eddie Smart
 Wade Smith 
 Richard West
 Matthew Wilkes
 Tim Wood

Dedicated video assistant referee
Mike Dean

Former referees
Graham PollPeter WaltonMike RileyPhil DowdMike JonesMark HalseyUriah RennieMark ClattenburgHoward WebbKeith HackettDavid EllerayPaul DirkinJeff WinterDermot GallagherChris FoyLee ProbertNeil SwarbrickMike DeanJon MossLee Mason

Former video assistant referees

Lee Mason

Managers

Related pages
 Football League First Division
 English Football League (EFL)
 EFL Championship
 EFL League One
 EFL League Two

References 

 
1992 establishments in the United Kingdom
|}
Giro d'Italia

The Giro d'Italia, or Tour of Italy, is a famous bicycle race held in Italy, every spring. It is one of the most famous, and best paid bicycle races. The first race was in 1909.  It started because the editor of a newspaper called La Gazzetta dello Sport wanted more people to read his newspaper.  He planned a race similar to the Tour de France, which had started in 1903.

The leader of the race wears a pink jersey called the maglia rosa.  This is because pink is the colour of La Gazzetta dello Sport.  For many years, the leader of the mountain climbing competition wore a green jersey (called the maglia verde), but a change in the sponsor for that competition led to a jersey change in 2012. The mountains leader now wears a blue jersey (called the maglia azzurra). Similarly, the leader of the sprinters' competition wore a mauve jersey (called the maglia ciclamino) for many years. However, a sponsorship change in 2010 also led to a jersey change. The sprints leader now wears a red jersey (called maglia rosso passione).  The leader of the young riders' competition, for riders under age 25, wears a white jersey (called the maglia bianca).  This is the same as the young riders' competition in the Tour de France.

Winners of the Giro d'Italia 

 
Italia, Giro d'
1909 establishments in Italy
Rosalynn Carter

Eleanor Rosalynn Carter (née Smith; August 18, 1927) is an American activist and writer who had served as First Lady of the United States from 1977 to 1981 as the wife of the 39th President of the United States, Jimmy Carter. She had also served as First Lady of Georgia from 1971 to 1975 when her husband was Governor of Georgia.

First Lady 
When her husband was Governor of Georgia, she served as First Lady of Georgia from 1971 to 1975.

She was active in politics during her White House years, she sat in on Cabinet and policy meetings and also, serving as her husband's closest adviser.

Envoy Abroad 
She also served as an envoy abroad, most notably to Latin America.

Early life
She was born in Plains, Georgia.

She was the eldest of the four children of Allethea "Allie" Murray Smith (1905–2000) and Wilburn Edgar Smith (1896–1940). Rosalynn's father died of leukemia when she was 13.

Education 
She attended Plains High School and graduated salutatorian.

After completing her schooling, she studied at Georgia Southwestern College, Americus, Georgia.

Marriage
On July 7, 1946, she and Jimmy Carter were married.

Health
In late May 2023, the Carter Center announced that Carter had been diagnosed with dementia.

References

1927 births
Living people
American Baptists
First Ladies of the United States
Jimmy Carter
People from Plains, Georgia
20th-century American people
21st-century American people
American autobiographers
American essayists
American feminists
American human rights activists
American political writers
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Methodists
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Writers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Hitopadesha

Hitopadesa is a collection of short stories. It was originally written in Sanskrit. It is very similar to another Sanskrit book named Panchatantra. It contains fables with both animal and human characters.

The book was written many centuries before. Its stories are now well known in different parts of the world. 

The work has been translated into most of the major languages of the world. An English translation, rendered by Sir Edwin Arnold , then principal of Puna College, Pune, India, was published in London in 1861.

Short stories
Sanskrit
12th-century books
Indian literature‎
14

14 is a year in the 1st century.  It was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Pompeius and Appuleius.

Events

Roman Empire 
Tacitus reports that the town and port of Nauportus is plundered by a mutinous Roman legion.
Tiberius succeeds his stepfather Augustus as Emperor of the Roman Empire.
Legions on the Rhine revolt after the death of Augustus. Germanicus and Drusus stop the revolt.
Germanicus is appointed commander of the forces in Germany.
Augustus dies and is declared to be a god.
A census shows there are 4,973,000 Roman citizens.
Claudia Marcella marries Sextus Appuleius.
Sextus Appuleius and Sextus Pompeius serve as Roman consuls.

Asia 
First year of tianfeng era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty.
Famine hits China. Some citizens turn to cannibalism.

Births 
Salome

Deaths 
August 19 – Roman Emperor Augustus.
Julia the Elder, daughter of Roman Emperor Augustus.
Postumus Agrippa, Grandson of Roman Emperor Augustus.

14
Ray Bradbury

Ray Douglas Bradbury (August 22, 1920 - June 5, 2012) was an American writer. His most famous works are The Martian Chronicles and Fahrenheit 451. He also wrote big collections of short stories such as "Driving Blind."

He was born in Waukegan, Illinois to a Swedish mother. He graduated from a high school in Los Angeles, California. Many of his works are based on real life, such as "Dandelion Wine," a book about growing up in small-town Illinois. His other work includes movies, and screenplays. He won many awards. He died in his Los Angeles home.
He also wrote the short stories "Dark They Were and Golden Eyed" and "A Sound of Thunder."

References

Other websites 

1920 births
2012 deaths
Actors from Illinois
American novelists
Screenwriters from Illinois
American television actors
American television writers
Writers from Illinois
Writers from Los Angeles
People from Waukegan, Illinois
Porpoise

Porpoises are  mammals that live in the ocean. They are in the order Cetacea. They form the family Phocoenidae. There are six species of porpoise.

Taxonomy 
 Family Phocoenidae:
 Finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides)
 Vaquita (Phocoena sinus)
 Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)
 Burmeister's porpoise (Phocoena spinipinnis)
 Spectacled porpoise (Phocoena dioptrica)
 Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli)

Appearance 
Porpoises look much like dolphins, but they are different in some ways: They are smaller and more stout. They have spade-shaped teeth, rounded heads, blunt jaws, and triangular dorsal fins.

Images

Related pages 

 Whale
 Dolphin

Toothed whales
Cetology

Cetology is a type of science. It is the study of the cetaceans. It includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises.

Cetology is the branch of marine mammal science which studies approximately eighty species of whales, dolphins, and porpoise in the scientific order Cetacea. The term was created in the mid-19th century from the Greek cetus ("whale") and -ology ("study").
Cetologists, or those who study it, seek to understand and explain cetacean evolution, distribution, morphology, behavior, community dynamics, and other topics.

References 

Branches of zoology
Primatology

Primatology is a type of science that is part of zoology. It studies primates (monkeys, apes, lemurs, and humans). Primatology is a part of physical anthropology. A person who studies primatology is a primatologists. They can work in many different fields of study. These include biology, zoology, anthropology and psychology.

A large amount of information about primatology has been learned since the end of World War II in the United States, Canada, Western Europe and Japan. In the United States, primatologists work mostly in the fields of psychology and anthropology. 

Branches of zoology
 
Anthropology
Physical anthropology
Orangutan

Orangutans (Pongo) are great apes belonging to the rainforests of Indonesia and Malaysia. There are two species of orangutan. They are from Southeast Asia. There are very few of them left, because loss of the jungle has reduced their habitat. There are orangutans on view at the Singapore zoo. 

The name orangutan comes from two Malay words, orang which means person, and hutan which means forest; so orangutan means person of the forest.

Taxonomy 
 Genus Pongo
 Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus
 Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii
 Tapanuli orangutan, Pongo tapanuliensis

Appearance 
Orangutans have red-brown hair. They have long arms. They can be strong like chimpanzees, gorillas and humans. They also have hands that are good for climbing. The Sumatran Orangutan is smaller and has longer hair than the Bornean orangutan. Orangutans have suffered from forest loss and are on the very edge of extinction.

Life 
Orangutans are from the rainforests on the islands Borneo and Sumatra in Southeast Asia. They mostly live up in the trees. They eat fruit, leaves and bark and also insects and bird eggs. They drink water from rain that has been collected in leaves. Orangutans are not comfortable on the ground since they have to push themselves along with fists. Heavy adults move carefully through the trees, using their flexible feet to grasp the tree branches. Smaller orangutans swing with more ease.

Diet 
An orangutan's diet consists mainly of fruit, they like ripe fruit. If they cannot find fruit they will eat bark, leaves and termites, rather than move to somewhere else to get food. About 60% of an orangutan's diet is fruit, 25% is leaves, 10% is bark and flowers, and 5% is termites and other insects.

Pregnancy 
After a pregnancy of 230–260 days the female gives birth to usually one baby, but sometimes two, every eight to nine years. The little ones stay with their mother for years, riding on their mother's back and learning to move through the forest. The young orangutans are playful and affectionate. When they are five or six years old, they become more independent and eventually go off on their own.

Related pages 
 Ape

References

Other websites 
 Primate Info Net Pongo Factsheet
 Information from Grungy Ape on the difference between the two Orang-utan species 
 OrionSociety.org  - 'Does an orangutan find Freedom in the Gift of Words?  Do We?'
 Orang utan language project 
 Facial Expression & Vocalizations
 Orangutan Foundation International non-profit organization dedicated to "support the conservation and understanding of the orangutan and its rain forest habitat while caring for ex-captive individuals as they make their way back to the forest."
 Orang Utan Republik Education Initiative non-profit organization whose mission is to secure the future of the orangutan through programs of education and outreach in Indonesia.
 The Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation
 Sumatran Orangutan Society International non-profit organization dedicated to the protection of Sumatran orangutans

Hominids
Mammals of Asia
Greeting

Greetings are nice things to say when people meet each other. Greetings may be different from culture to culture. These are some greetings used a lot in the English language:
 "Hello" Formal, Neutral and Informal
"Hi" Neutral and Informal
 "Hey" Informal
 Good Bye,greeting used while leaving each other
 "Good [morning, afternoon, evening,night], Formal , which changes with the time of day
 "What's up?", "Yo", "What's up?", "'Sup" and "What's happening?", which are not formal
 "G'day", a greeting used a lot in Australia
 "Howdy", an informal greeting used a lot in rural areas of the United States
 "How do you do", which is used as a question in some places and a normal greeting in others

There are also ways to greet without talking, such as these:
 Handshakes
 Bowing
 Waving
 Hat-raising or tipping
 Kissing on the hand or cheek
 Hongi
 Kowtow
 Namaste common greeting in Asia
 Roman salute
 Hugging is another one which is used all around the world
 clapping hands

Human communication
Sunlight

Sunlight is the light and energy that comes from the Sun. When this energy reaches the earth's surface, it is called insolation. What we experience as sunlight is really solar radiation. It is the radiation and heat from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic waves.

The atmosphere affects the amount of solar radiation received. When solar radiation travels through the atmosphere, some of it is absorbed by the atmosphere (16%). Some of it is scattered to space (6%). Some of it is reflected by clouds (28%). About 47% of it reaches the Earth's surface.

Without sunlight, there could not be life on the Earth. Plants need sunlight for the process of photosynthesis. During photosynthesis the plants use the energy of the sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide, to create glucose (sugar). The glucose can later be used by the plant for energy or animals eat the plant and the glucose in it. Plants need sunlight to grow green. Without enough sunlight but with enough water, the plant grows very tall very quickly, but looks yellow and dehydrated, although when touched, the leaves are very moist.

Solar radiation can be both good and bad for a person's health. When in the light, the human body uses the ultraviolet part of sunlight to make its own Vitamin D. Without sunscreen too much ultraviolet light can cause sunburn and skin cancer.  Sun angle makes difference in seasons on Earth as well as in the length of day and night.  A high angle makes the tropics hot, and a low angle makes the arctic cold.

Intensity of sunlight on planets of Solar System
Different bodies of the Solar System receive sunlight of different intensities. The table compares the amount of light received by each planet on the Solar System follows:

Use of solar energy
Solar energy is used in many different ways by people all over the world both in its traditional way for heating, cooking or drying and to make electricity where other power supplies are absent, such as in remote places on Earth or in the space. Sometimes, it is cheaper to make electricity from sunlight than from coal or oil.

Notes

Other websites
Solar radiation - Encyclopedia of Earth

Light
Sun
Natural resources
Solar energy
Electromagnetic radiation
Theism

Theism is the religious belief that at least one god exists while rejecting the existence or importance of polytheistic gods or goddesses. In a broader definition it can also be the belief in God or gods in general, including all types of god-belief. Polytheism is the belief in several gods, while monotheism is the belief in just one god. For example, a theistic religion is Christianity. The opposite to a theist is an atheist. An atheist is a person who denies or disbelieves the existence of a supreme being or beings.

Different theisms 
All of these are rough definitions of the theisms; they are almost always different. We can split them all into different groups:
 atheism — the opposite of theism; not believing in any gods or deities
 deism — believing that god(s) exist, but that they do not take part in our lives.
 agnosticism — believing we cannot know whether god(s) exist
 gnosticism — believing that we can know for certain whether a god(s) exist.
Gnosticism and agnosticism can be combined with other forms of theism. For example, it is possible to be an agnostic atheist, or a gnostic theist. In common usage, some people group atheism and agnosticism together under the group of nontheism — absence of clear belief in any deity.

The main types of theism are:
 polytheism — believing that many gods or goddesses exist (sometimes known as paganism)
 monotheism — belief that only one god exists (Christians, Muslims and Jews believe in monotheism.) 
 ditheism — belief that two gods exist and they are both equal.

This is another way to group different theisms, based on the nature of the gods.
 pantheism — god and the universe are the same
 panentheism — the universe is part of god
 dystheism or maltheism — that god or the gods are evil.
 Irreligious theism— is the belief that there is a higher being, pray and believe in one God(or sometimes many gods), but doesn't follow organized religion 

There are also these types:
 Animism: believing that everything is alive and spirits are in all things, and that all things have souls.
 Monolatry: there is (or may be) more than one god, but they are all expressions of the supreme god.
 Henotheism: there is (or may be) more than one god, but only one is the supreme.
 Kathenotheism: there is more than one god, but only one at a time should be worshipped. Each is supreme in turn.

Related pages 
Theodicy

References 

Theology
Midland, Texas

Midland is a city in the American state of Texas. It is called Midland, because it is the midway point between two bigger cities in Texas, Fort Worth and El Paso. Oil was discovered in the region in 1923 and is still a larger part of the economy.

Midland is also famous as the hometown of former First Lady Barbara Walker Bush. She and her husband, former president George H. W. Bush lived there, with their children including the later US President George W. Bush and his wife Laura, and his brother Jeb Bush, the former Governor of Florida.

References 

Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Sardinia

Sardinia (, Sardinian: Sardigna) is the second largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is an autonomous region of Italy. It was formerly the Kingdom of Sardinia.

The official name is, in Italian, Regione Autonoma della Sardegna.The capital and largest city is Cagliari.

Geography
The island of Sardinia has an area of  and, after Sicily, is the second largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is  long from North to South, and  wide from West to East. It lies between 38° 51' and 41° 15' latitude north and 8° 8' and 9° 50' longitude east.

The island is on the western Mediterranean Sea, between the island of Corsica to the north and Tunisia to the south. The Tyrrhenian Sea part of the Mediterranean is directly east of Sardinia, between the Sardinian east coast and the west coast of the Italian mainland peninsula.

The Strait of Bonifacio (, , Gallurese: Bocchi di Bunifaciu, ) is the strait between Corsica and Sardinia, named after the Corsican town Bonifacio. It is   wide  and divides the Tyrrhenian Sea from the western Mediterranean Sea.

Rivers
Sardinia has few major rivers, the largest being the Tirso,  long, which flows into the western Mediterranean Sea, the Coghinas () and the Flumendosa ().

Mountains and valleys
The highest peak is Punta La Marmora (), part of the Gennargentu group of mountains in the centre of the island. Other mountain chains are Monte Limbara () in the northeast, the Chain of Marghine and Goceano () running crosswise for  towards the north, the Monte Albo (), the Sette Fratelli massif in the southeast, and the Sulcis Mountains and the Monte Linas ().

The mountain chains of the island are separated by wide valleys; the main ones are Campidano in the southwest between Oristano and Cagliari, and the Nurra in the northwest.

Islands
There are many small islands around the main island of Sardinia. Some of them are:
 Maddalena Archipelago, to the northeast
 Asinara, to the northwest
 San Pietro Island, to the southwest
 Sant'Antioco, to the southwest

Administrative divisions
Sardinia is divided in eight provinces:

References

Other websites

 Official Sardinia Tourism website in English
  Official regional website in Italian
  Sardegna DigitalLibrary - La memoria digitale della Sardegna 

Autonomous areas
Islands of Italy
Nuclear reactor

A nuclear reactor is a machine that uses fission to generate heat. There are different designs which use different fuels. Most often,  uranium-235 or plutonium-239 are the main components of these fuels.

Most nuclear reactors are power reactors, used to make electricity. In nuclear power plants heat from the fission reactions in the reactor changes water into steam.  The steam is then used to power electric turbines which make electricity. Some small power reactors run nuclear submarines.  As with other steam engines, the turbines take energy from the movement of the steam. 

Some reactors are used for other purposes. Some reactors make neutrons for scientific research and others make radioactive isotopes. Some universities have small nuclear reactors to teach students how reactors work.

The first nuclear reactor was built in 1942 by a team of scientists led by Enrico Fermi. This was a part of the Manhattan Project which needed the fuel from the reactor to make the atomic bomb. The first nuclear reactor to make electricity was a small experimental reactor built in Idaho in 1951. It made just enough electricity for four light globes.

Nuclear reactors are expensive to build because of the many safety features they need to have. There is also a problem with the huge amount of radioactive waste from the reactors. However, they produce electricity cheaply, and do not pollute the air. There have been serious accidents at several nuclear reactors: Windscale (UK) 1957, Mayak (USSR) 1957, Three Mile Island (USA) 1979, Chornobyl (USSR) 1986 and Fukushima (Japan) 2011. Safety concerns have limited the growth of nuclear power. There are about 437 reactors around the world which provide about 5% of the world's electricity.

References

Other websites
Images for nuclear reactors
Nuclear Power Reactors 
Recent videos of nuclear reactorsweapon nuclear accidents Chernobyl plant Fukushima plant books

Nuclear energy
Samobor

Samobor is a city in Zagreb County, Croatia, population 36,206 (2001). It is west of Zagreb, between the eastern slopes of Samoborsko gorje (Samobor hills, the eastern part of the Žumberak Mountains), in the Sava river valley. It is part of the Zagreb metropolitan area.

Samobor has been there since 1242, according to a document of endowment by King Bela IV. It is one of the earliest tourist resorts in the region, with the first tourist facilities dating back to 1810, oriented towards anglers, hunters and hikers.

Cities in Croatia
Zagreb County
Frankfurt (Oder)

Frankfurt (Oder) or Frankfurt an der Oder (; abbreviated , , Low Sorbian: Frankobrod nad Odru, , Upper Sorbian: Frankobrod nad Wódru, lit. 'Frankfurt at the Oder') is a town in Germany. It lies on the Oder river, which marks the current border between Germany and Poland (The so-called Oder-Neisse line). It's in the east of the state of Brandenburg.

In January 1999, the town added a prefix Kleiststadt to refer to Heinrich von Kleist, who was born there in 1777. Today, about 65,000 people are living in Frankfurt an der Oder.

Well-known people 
 Manuela Schwesig (born 1974), politician

References

Other websites

Urban districts of Brandenburg
Cook Islands

The Cook Islands are a group of islands in the southern Pacific. They form an independent state, but have strong ties with New Zealand. The 15 small islands have a total land surface of 240 square kilometers. About 18.000 people live on the islands, most of them from tourism. The largest island, Rarotonga, also holds the territory's capital, Avarua.

The nation also has a distinctive Polynesian language known as Cook Island Maori, which is closely related to the Maori language of New Zealand and to the Tahitian language.

References

 
Commonwealth dependent states
Punishment

Punishment is when something is done to a person (or animal) that they do not like. It may be because they broke a rule. There are many kinds of punishment, from a death penalty for very bad crimes, to things that parents  may do to punish children, like spanking them or taking away their toys. People are often sent to prison as punishment for a crime.

Punishment can be seen as good in society to prevent people from doing bad things. It can also be seen as cruel and unnecessary. It can also be seen to do more harm than good.

Related pages 
Deterrence (legal)
Zero tolerance

Basic English 850 words
 
Criminal justice
Blue whale

The blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is a marine mammal of the suborder of baleen whales (called Mysticeti). They grow to be about  long. The biggest blue whale found was  and measured  long. Larger specimens have been measured at , but never been weighed. This makes blue whales the largest animals to ever live on Earth, even bigger than the largest dinosaurs. 

The blue whale eats mostly very tiny creatures, like krill. These inch-long, shrimp-like crustacean swim in large swarms. In the Antarctic summer, there are so many of these krill that they turn the waters orange. A blue whale can eat  of krill every day.

The blue whale's body is long and slender. It can be various shades of bluish-grey above and somewhat lighter underneath. There are at least three different subspecies: B. m. musculus of the North Atlantic and North Pacific, B. m. intermedia of the Southern Ocean and B. m. brevicauda (also known as the pygmy blue whale) found in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean. B. m. indica, found in the Indian Ocean, may be another subspecies. As with other baleen whales, its diet consists almost exclusively of small krill.

Blue whales were once numerous around the world. In the nineteenth century, they were hunted almost to extinction by whalers. They were finally protected by the International Community in 1966. A 2002 report estimated there were 5,000 to 12,000 blue whales worldwide, located in at least five groups. More recent research into the Pygmy subspecies suggests this may be an underestimate. Before whaling, the largest population was in the Antarctic, numbering approximately 239,000 (range 202,000 to 311,000). There remain only much smaller (around 2,000) concentrations in each of the eastern North Pacific, Antarctic, and Indian Ocean groups. There are two more groups in the North Atlantic, and at least two in the Southern Hemisphere. The North Atlantic group of Blue Whales can be seen in the Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park near Tadoussac QC, Canada.

References 

Baleen whales
Cetacea

The order Cetacea are marine mammals that live in oceans, seas and even a few rivers around the world. Whales, dolphins and porpoises are part of this group. These common names refer to size: whales are the largest, porpoises the smallest. How and what they eat is a better guide to their relationships. The study of cetaceans is called cetology.

Cetaceans are ocean creatures without toes, but are classified in the related order Cetartiodactyla because their ancestors were even toed ungulates.

Taxonomy 
 Order Cetacea
 Suborder Mysticeti: Baleen whales
 Family Balaenidae: Right whales and Bowhead whale
 Bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus
 Genus Eubalaena: Right whales
 North Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis
 North Pacific right whale, Eubalaena japonica
 Southern right whale, Eubalaena australis
 Family Balaenopteridae: Rorquals
 Genus Balaenoptera
 Blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus
 Fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus
 Humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae
 Family Eschrichtiidae
 Gray whale, Eschrichtius robustus
 Family Neobalaenidae
 Pygmy right whale, Caperea marginata
 Suborder Odontoceti: Toothed whales
 Family Delphinidae: Oceanic dolphins
 Family Phocoenidae: Porpoises
 Family Monodontidae
 Beluga, Delphinapterus leucas
 Narwhal, Monodon monoceros
 Family Physeteridae: Sperm whales
 Sperm whale, Physeter catodon
 Dwarf sperm whale, Kogia sima
 Pygmy sperm whale, Kogia breviceps
 Family Ziphiidae
 Cuvier's beaked whale, Ziphia cavirostris
 Superfamily Platanistoidea: River dolphins
Scottish Gaelic language

Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig, pronounced "Gah-lick") is a Celtic language. It is commonly called just Scots Gaelic in Scottish English. It is a sister language of Irish Gaelic and Manx Gaelic; all three are Goidelic languages. These are related to the Welsh language, Cornish language and the Breton language (these three are Brittonic or Brythonic languages).

History 
In past times, the Scottish Gaelic was spoken across all of Scotland except for the Northern Islands (Orkney and Shetland). In the later part of the Middle Ages, the kings of Scotland began to speak Scottish English and looked down on the Scottish Gaelic. After the union of England and Scotland, the Scottish Gaelic was snubbed and looked down on even more, and Scottish English took over.

Today 
Scottish Gaelic today is basically spoken in the Outer Hebrides and on Skye. Generally speaking, the Scottish Gaelic spoken across the Western Isles is similar enough to be classed as one major dialect group, but there is some regional variation.

A census in the United Kingdom in 2001 showed that a total of 58,652 (1.2% of the Scottish population aged over three years old) in Scotland could then speak some amount of Scottish Gaelic. Only the Western Isles have more people who can speak the Scottish Gaelic than not (61% of the people there speak Scottish Gaelic). The place in Scotland with the largest percentage of speakers is a village called Barvas on the Isle of Lewis, where, 74.7% of the people there speak Scottish Gaelic.

Children in Scotland do not have to learn Scottish Gaelic in schools, but it is becoming a more popular subject as Scottish Gaelic is an important part of their Scottish culture.

Scottish Gaelic is also used overseas. It is estimated that 1,000–2,000 in Nova Scotia, Canada, can speak some Scottish Gaelic.

References

Celtic languages
West Germanic languages

The West Germanic Languages are a branch of Germanic languages first spoken in Central Europe and the British Isles. The branch has three parts: the North Sea Germanic languages, the Weser-Rhine Germanic languages, and the Elbe Germanic languages. The most spoken languages in the branch are English, German, and Dutch. 

These languages were spread around the world in the Colonial Era. English is now spoken by around 400 million people natively.

Branches
There are three branches of West Germanic languages:
 North Sea Germanic / Ingvaeonic languages
 Anglo-Frisian languages
 English Languages/Anglic
 English
 Scots
 Yola (extinct)
 Fingalian (extinct)
 Frisian languages
 West Frisian
 East Frisian
 North Frisian
 Low German / Low Saxon
 Northern Low Saxon
 Schleswig dialects
 Holstein dialects
 Westphalian
 Eastphalia dialects
 Brandenburg dialects ("Märkisch")
 Pomeranian (moribund)
 Low Prussian (moribund)
 Dutch Low Saxon
 Weser-Rhine Germanic / Istvaeonic languages / Netherlandic / Low Frankish
 Dutch
 West Flemish
 East Flemish
 Zeelandic
 Hollandic
 Brabantine
 Zuid-Gelders/Clevian/Meuse-Rhenish
 Limburgian
 Afrikaans
 Elbe Germanic / Irminonic languages / High German
 German
 Alemannic, including Swiss German and Alsatian
 Swabian
 Austro-Bavarian
 East Franconian
 South Franconian
 Rhine Franconian, including the dialects of Hessen, Pennsylvania German, and most of those from Lorraine
 Ripuarian
 Thuringian
 Upper Saxon German
 Silesian (moribund)
 Lombardic  Langobardic (extinct, unless Cimbrian and Mocheno are in fact Langobardic remnants.)
 High Prussian (moribund)
 Luxembourgish
 Pennsylvania German language
 Yiddish (a language based on Eastern-Central dialects of late Middle High German/Early New High German)

References

Sources
 

 
Languages of Europe
Germanic languages

The Germanic languages are a group of Indo-European languages. They came from one language, Proto-Germanic, which was first spoken in Scandinavia in the Iron Age. Today, the Germanic languages are spoken by around 515 million people as a first language. English is the most spoken Germanic language, with 360-400 million native speakers.

The Germanic languages are the East Germanic languages (all extinct), the North Germanic languages, and the West Germanic languages. 

When Proto-Germanic split from Proto-Indo-European, one of the main changes in the sounds in the language was Grimm’s law.

References

Sources
 
 

 
Languages of Europe
Punjabi

Punjabi might mean:

 Something related to the Panjab region in Pakistan and India
 Panjab (India), a state of India
 Panjab (Pakistan), a province of Pakistan
 Islamabad Capital Territory (Pakistan)
 Haryana (India) 
 Himachal Pradesh (India)
 Delhi (India)
Panjabi language
Panjabi people, an ethnic group from the Panjab region in Pakistan and India

Related pages
Punjab, a disambiguation page