Salzburg

Salzburg (; ; literally "Salt Fortress"; ) is the capital and also a district of the Austrian state of Salzburg or Salzburgerland. The population is about 150,000 and is the 4th largest city of Austria.

Its most famous citizen was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Another famous inhabitant of Salzburg was the physicist Christian Doppler who found the Doppler effect which was named after him.

The Salzach river crosses the city. The old town was adopted by the UNESCO as  World Heritage Site in 1996. Known is Salzburg also for being one of the settings for the movie "The Sound of Music" which based on the musical by  Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein.

History 
People lived in Salzburg since the New Stone Age till present. The oldest  finding in the city area is dated around 4500 B.C. From 15 B.C. onwards after the Roman occupation the city was called Iuvavum. The roman city was  in today's old town around the Waagplatz. The city became an important place from the east to the province of Germania. The Romans left on the beginning of the  barbarian migration around 500. Up to 696 only few can be said about the history. 696 the city was given to bishop Rupert by Duke Theodo II. of Bavaria. 

Rupert was ordered by the Duke to bring Christianity to the east and southeast of his country. Rupert founded the monastery St. Peter and for women the monastery Nonnberg. 739 Salzburg became the seat of a bishop and 774 the first cathedral was built. 998 Salzburg became archbishopric ruling the whole Bavarian area.

In the Middle Ages Salzburg became wealthy by the trade with salt from the nearby Dürnberg in Hallein. Till the 14th century Salzburg became independent from Bavaria and was a state within the Holy Roman Empire. The citizens of Salzburg were under the command of the archbishop unlike other cities in the empire. In the baroque era the look of today's city was shaped. The cathedral was rebuilt in the baroque style. Most of the architects came from Italy. 1622 a university was founded. Due to the fact that it was a catholic state Protestants had a severe standing in Salzburg. Yet 1731 Protestants, who came not back to the catholic belief had do leave Salzburg within eight days.

In the early 19th century Napoleon Bonaparte promoted the Duchy of Salzburg, than later was a part of the Kingdom of Bavaria. Then, Salzburg was annexed by Austria, returned to Bavarian and divided between Bavaria and Austria. 1918 Salzburg became a federal state of the new Republic of Austria. 

In 1938, Germany annexed Austria and Salzburg was a part of Germany. In 1945, when Austria was independent from Germany. It became a federal state again.

Urban districts
Urban districts (Stadtteile):
 Aigen
 Altstadt
 Elisabeth-Vorstadt
 Gneis
 Gneis-Süd
 Gnigl
 Itzling
 Itzling-Nord
 Kasern
 Langwied
 Lehen
 Leopoldskron-Moos
 Liefering
 Maxglan
 Maxglan-West
 Morzg
 Mülln
 Neustadt
 Nonntal
 Parsch
 Riedenburg
 Salzburg-Süd
 Taxham
 Schallmoos

Mayors of the city since it became part of Austria

1816 - 1875
Magistrat without mayor  1816 bis 1818
Anton von Heffter 1818 -  1831
Alois Lergetporer 1831 -  1847
Mathias Gschnitzer 1847 -  1850
Franz Xaver Späth 1850 -  1853
Alois Spängler 1854 -  1861
Heinrich Ritter von Mertens 1861 -  1872
Ignaz Harrer 1872 -  1875

1875 - 1919
Rudolf Biebl 1875 -  1885
Leopold Scheibl 1885 -  1888
Albert Schumacher 1888 -  1890
Franz von Hueber 1890 -  1894
Gustav Zeller 1894 -  1898
Eligius Scheibl 1898 -  1900
Franz Berger 1900 -  1912
Max Ott 1912 -  1919

1919 bis 1945 
Josef Preis 1919 -  1927 
Max Ott 1927 -  1935 
Richard Hildmann 1935 -  1938 
Anton Giger, 1938 -  1945 - „Oberbürgermeister der Gauhauptstadt Salzburg“ during Nazi occupation

1945 bis 1999 
Richard Hildmann 1945 -  1946
Anton Neumayr 1946 -  1951
Stanislaus Pacher 1952 -  1957
Alfred Bäck 1957 -  1970
Heinrich Salfenauer 1970 -  1980
Josef Reschen 1980 -  1990
Harald Lettner 1990 -  1992
Josef Dechant 1992 -  1999

Mayor elected directly by the people from 1999 onwards
 Heinz Schaden since 1999

Monuments 

Salzburg is a World Heritage. There are some places of interest like:

 Altstadt (Old City) with
Franziskaner church
Cathedral
Getreidegasse
Residenz(here the archbishop had his residence)
Residenzplatz with Residenz fountain
Kollegienkirche (University church)
Festspielhaus
Pferdeschwemme
St. Peter's cemetery
Fortress Hohensalzburg

Other places of interest 
 Mirabell Palace with Mirabell Garden
 Augustiner Bräustübl Mülln (beer garden of the Augustiner brewery)
Hellbrunn palace

Famous citizens
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, composer
 Gerhard Amanshauser, writer
 Gerd Bacher, journalist
 Christian Doppler,  mathematician and  physicist
 Herbert von Karajan,  conductor
 Angelika Kirchschlager, singer
 Genia Kühmeier, singer
 Hans Makart, painter
 Georg Trakl, lyric poet
 Irma von Troll-Borostyáni, early feminist

Sister cities 

  Reims, France, since 1964
  Atlanta, USA, since 1967
   Verona, Italy, since 1973
  Dresden, Germany, since 1991
   Kawasaki, Japan, since 1992
  Merano, Italy, since 2000
  Shanghai, China, since 2004
  Bern, Switzerland, since 2006

Related pages
 Salzburgerland

Other websites

Culture-related 
   - Article by Brian Robins: "Mozart's Salzburg".

Olympic-related 
 Salzburg 2014 -- 2014 Olympic bid website

Tourism-related 
 Salzburg City Tourist Office – Official tourist board website.
 Visit Salzburg - Local information
 Salzburger Nachrichten  – Tourism site maintained by the local newspaper, Salzburger Nachrichten.
 Salzburg Tourism  Tourist attractions in Salzburg, with descriptions and maps 
 Pictureserver  Views of Salzburg
 Georgia Salzburger Society – The website of the Georgia Salzburger Society, descendents of the refugees who settled in Georgia after their expulsion from Salzburg in 1731.
 LonelyPlanet Salzburg
 Main touristic attractions in Salzburg 
 Tourism related information about main sights and sights off the beaten track 
 Tourism related information

City Tours and Tour operators in Salzburg 
Salzburg Tours, Sound of Music Tours, Hallstatt, Bavarian Mountains, etc. - Bob's Special Tours
 Panorama Tours - Panorama Tours
Hop on hop off tours in the city - Salzburg Sightseeing Tours
City Guides of Salzburg - Salzburg Guides

Notes

References 

World Heritage Sites in Austria
Districts of Salzburg (state)