alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Norway at the 1994 Winter Olympics

Norway was the host nation for the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer.  It was the second time that Norway had hosted the Winter Olympic Games, after the 1952 Games in Oslo.  In 1994, Norway finished second in the medal ranking to Russia, with strong results in the skiing events.

During the games, Norway set a record: most gold medals won by a host nation, with 10. The United States tied it when they hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, but Canada broke it during the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.

Withdrawn from Figure Skating and Bobsleigh
As the host country, Norway automatically qualified spots to the 1994 Olympics. In 1992, however, the Norwegian Olympic Committee announced that skaters aspiring to be selected for Norway would have to finish in the top 12 at the European or World Championships. Since none met this requirement, Norway to withdraw from all the events. Although Leslie Monod / Cédric Monod's result at the 1993 World Championships allowed Switzerland to send two pairs to the Olympics, the Swiss Olympic Association elected not to send a pair after the Monods finished 11th at the 1994 European Championships.

Medalists

Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

Alpine skiing

Men

Men's combined

Women

Women's combined

Biathlon

Men

Men's 4 × 7.5 km relay

Women

Women's 4 × 7.5 km relay

 1 A penalty loop of 150 metres had to be skied per missed target.
 2 One minute added per missed target.

Cross-country skiing

Men

 1 Starting delay based on 10 km results. 
 C = Classical style, F = Freestyle

Men's 4 × 10 km relay

Women

 2 Starting delay based on 5 km results. 
 C = Classical style, F = Freestyle

Women's 4 × 5 km relay

Freestyle skiing

Men

Women

Ice hockey

Group A
Twelve participating teams were placed in the two groups. After playing a round-robin, the top four teams in each group advanced to the Medal Round while the last two teams competed in the consolation round for the 9th to 12th places.

consolation round

|}

11th place match

|}

Team roster
Jim Marthinsen (G)
Rob Schistad (G)
Petter Salsten (D)
Morgan Andersen (D)
Tommy Jakobsen (D)
Jan-Roar Fagerli (D)
Svein Enok Nørstebø (D)
Svenn Erik Bjørnstad (D)
Geir Hoff (F)
Vegar Barlie (F)
Lars Håkon Andersen (F)
Ole Eskild Dahlstrøm (F)
Arne Billkvam (F)
Erik Kristiansen (F)
Trond Magnussen (F)
Petter Thoresen (F)
Morten Finstad (F)
Roy Johansen (F)
Tom Johansen (F)
Marius Rath (F)
Espen Knutsen (F)
Head coach: Bengt Ohlson

Luge

(Men's) Doubles

Women

Nordic combined 

Men's individual

Events:
 normal hill ski jumping
 15 km cross-country skiing 

Men's Team

Three participants per team.

Events:
 normal hill ski jumping
 10 km cross-country skiing

Short track speed skating

Men

Ski jumping 

Men's team large hill

 1 Four teams members performed two jumps each.

Speed skating

Men

Women

Notes

References
 Official Olympic Reports
 International Olympic Committee results database
 Olympic Winter Games 1994, full results by sports-reference.com

Nations at the 1994 Winter Olympics
1994
1994 in Norwegian sport
Blunted on Reality

Blunted on Reality is the debut studio album released by the American hip-hop group Fugees. The album was released in February 1994 through the Ruffhouse Records label. Three singles were released from the album, including ”Boof Baf”, ”Nappy Heads” and ”Vocab”.

Blunted on Reality received generally favorable reviews from music critics. In the United Kingdom the album has been certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry. It was followed up with the critically acclaimed second and final album, The Score in 1996.

Background
Blunted on Reality was written and subsequently recorded by the group in 1992. However, following a long dispute with their record label, the album was not released until February 1, 1994.

Most versions of the album contain eighteen tracks, with the addition of a remix of "Nappy Heads". Prior to the release of the album, "Boof Baf" was released as the album's lead single. Commercially, the single was unsuccessful, The album's highest-charting single is "Nappy Heads", which peaked at number 49 on the Billboard Hot 100. "Vocab" was released as the album's third and final single. However, the song was not successful on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.

The album was recorded at the House of Music Studios in West Orange, New Jersey. The Fugees have subsequently said that they allowed the producers to have too much control over the album's content and form.

Themes
While Blunted on Reality does not contain nearly as many overtly political lyrics as The Score, the album is still political. Wyclef Jean described the meaning of the title of the album in a 1994 interview on the topical talk show program, Lorna's Corner: 
“When the cop is messing around with somebody for something that the person didn’t do and they try to set ‘em up, that makes me blunted on reality. When the government is taking money on arms…and that money could be going back to the community it makes me blunted on reality. It’s just awareness of what’s going on…that’s what blunted on reality means…It don’t mean that I smoke weed…cause I’m too paranoid as it is.”

Reception
Before the release of their critically acclaimed sophomore album, The Score in 1996, the album sold an estimated 12,000 copies. Since then, the album has sold roughly 130,000 copies in the United States.

Track listing

Charts

Weekly charts

Singles

Certifications

Notes
A  "Vocab" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 8 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.

References

Further reading

1994 debut albums
Fugees albums
Columbia Records albums
Albums produced by Salaam Remi
Albums produced by Wyclef Jean
Maynooth (disambiguation)

Maynooth is a town in County Kildare, Ireland.

Maynooth may also refer to:
 Maynooth, Ontario, a very small town north of Bancroft, Ontario, Canada
CoBank

CoBank, part of the US Farm Credit System, provides loans and financial services to cooperatives, agribusinesses, rural public utilities and other farm credit associations, who collectively own CoBank. It is also an agricultural export credit agency, exclusive among banks of the Farm Credit System. This makes it an agricultural credit bank, a combination of a farm credit bank and a bank for cooperatives. It is based in Greenwood Village, Colorado, outside Denver.

In 1989, the National Bank for Cooperatives was created under the voluntary options of the Agricultural Credit Act of 1987 by a merger of eleven of thirteen bank for cooperatives (including the Central Bank for Cooperatives) created with the Farm Credit Act of 1933. The remaining two banks joined in 1995 when it changed its name to CoBank and merged with the Springfield Bank for Cooperatives and the Farm Credit Bank of Springfield, and in 1999 with the merger of St. Paul Bank for Cooperatives. In 2012, CoBank merged with US AgBank, FCB. In 2014, they announced the construction of a new headquarters next to Fiddler's Green Amphitheatre, which opened in December 2015.

See also 
 Director of Revenue of Missouri v. CoBank ACB
 Northwest Farm Credit Services, ACA
 Farm Credit of New Mexico, ACA

References

External links 
 
 Farm Credit Administration in the Federal Register

Farm Credit System
Export credit agencies
Companies based in Greenwood Village, Colorado
Zero-crossing rate

The zero-crossing rate (ZCR) is the rate at which a signal changes from positive to zero to negative or from negative to zero to positive. Its value has been widely used in both speech recognition and music information retrieval, being a key feature to classify percussive sounds.

ZCR is defined formally as

where  is a signal of length  and  is an indicator function.

In some cases only the "positive-going" or "negative-going" crossings are counted, rather than all the crossings, since between a pair of adjacent positive zero-crossings there must be a single negative zero-crossing.

For monophonic tonal signals, the zero-crossing rate can be used as a primitive pitch detection algorithm. Zero crossing rates are also used for Voice activity detection (VAD), which determines whether human speech is present in an audio segment or not.

See also
 Zero crossing
 Digital signal processing

References

Signal processing
Rates
De Cierta Manera

(One Way or Another) is a 1977 Cuban romantic drama film. Directed by Sara Gómez, the film mixes documentary-style footage with a fictional story that looks at the poor neighborhoods of Havana shortly after the Cuban Revolution of 1959. The film illustrates the history before the background of the development process in Cuba. It demonstrates how tearing down slums and building modern settlements does not immediately change the culture of the inhabitants. 

Gómez completed filming with leading actors Mario Balmaseda and Yolanda Cuellar just before her death in June 1974 during its post-production. Final work was initially credited to Tomás Gutiérrez Alea and Julio García-Espinosa before its posthumous release in 1977. Later, in 2021, however, editor Iván Arocha said he and cinematographer Luis García concluded the film following her initial plan.

It was digitally restored by Arsenal Filminstitut in 2021.

Plot
Yolanda, a female teacher, cannot find the best methods to teach the marginalized children of the slums because of their different origins. Mario, a worker in a bus factory and a typical macho man, is confronted by Yolanda's instinct for emancipation. The two nonetheless become lovers. Their relationship portrays the idea that racism, sexism, and class-based prejudices must be demolished in order to succeed.

See also
 Social realism

References

External links

1977 films
1977 romantic drama films
1970s Spanish-language films
Cuban black-and-white films
Cuban drama films
Viviers, Ardèche

Viviers (, also Viviers-sur-Rhône; ) is a village in the department of Ardèche in southern France. It is famed for its medieval catherdral and views over the Rhone river

The administrative and religious capital of Vivarais, the town of Viviers, on the right bank of the Rhône, in southern Ardèche, retains an important heritage from its rich past, including many listed monuments. These include the Town Hall, in the former bishops' palace; the 18th-century Hôtel de Roqueplane, now the seat of the diocese; the Cathedral of St Vincent, Romanesque, flamboyant Gothic and 18th-century in style, with its choir decorated by Gobelins tapestries and its marble high altar; the 16th-century Knights' House (Maison des Chevaliers) with its Renaissance façade, decorated with medallioned busts; and the Grande Rue with the elegant mansions of Beaulieu and Tourville, both dating from the 18th century.

Population

History
Viviers became the capital of the Gaulish Helvii tribe following the decline of nearby Alba-la-Romaine.

In late Roman times, it also became a bishopric and the capital of the pays Vivarais. Today, it is still the see of the bishop of Ardèche.

In the 6th century, Venant de Viviers served as the Bishop of Viviers.

See also
 Communes of the Ardèche department
 Diocese of Viviers
 Viviers Cathedral

References

Communes of Ardèche
Vivarais
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places on the Rhône
Populated riverside places in France
Caught Inside (band)

Caught Inside was a four-member punk band originally from Miami, Florida. They played a lot at Cheers, a punk rock club in Miami, Florida. They were an active band from Winter 1994 until Winter of 2000. Most notably, they were signed to Drive-Thru Records after Stephanie and Richard Reines heard their 1998 EP Bolts in the Machine. Richard Reines calls this release the unofficial DTR No. 9, but the Bolts in the Machine EP was never sold with a drive-thru Logo. After their departure from Drive-Thru the band recorded a full-length CD before breaking up in 2000. Since their breakup they have played a few shows together in the Miami Area.

References 

Musical groups from Miami
Greatest Hits (Fugees album)

Greatest Hits is the first greatest hits album released by Fugees. The album was released on March 25, 2003, by the group's former record label, Columbia Records. The album features a range of material from both of the group's studio albums, as well as previously unreleased material. The album's track listing in the United Kingdom was completely different from that of the U.S. track listing.

Track listing
US Edition
 "Vocab (Refugees Hip Hop Mix)"
 "Nappy Heads (Remix Radio Edit)"
 "Fu-Gee-La"
 "How Many Mics" 
 "Killing Me Softly With His Song"
 "No Woman, No Cry"
 "Cowboys"
 "The Score"
 "The Sweetest Thing (Mahogany Mix)"
 "Ready or Not (Salaam's Ready for the Show Remix)

UK Edition
 "Fu-Gee-La" (Jean, Michel, Hill, McGrier, Brockert, Remi) – 4:06
 "No Woman, No Cry" (Ford) – 4:20
 "Ready or Not" (Feat "Boadicea" by Enya) (Jean, Michel, Hill, Hart, Bell) – 3:48
 "Killing Me Softly" (Gimbel, Fox, Jean, Hill) – 4:52
 "The Score" (Jean, Michel, Hill, Diamond D) – 4:09
 "How Many Mics" (Jean, Michel, Hill) – 4:15
 "Cowboys" (Jean, Michel, Hill, Forte, Zee, Digga) – 4:46
 "Nappy Heads" (Remix Radio Edit) (Jean, Michel, Hill) – 4:38
 "Vocab" (Refugees Hip Hop Remix) (Jean, Michel, Hill) – 4:02
 "The Sweetest Thing" (Mahogany Mix) (Hill, Jean, DeVorzon) – 4:24
 "A Change Is Gonna Come" (Live From BBC Radio 1) (Cooke) – 2:47
 "Killing Me Softly" (Live From MCM) (Gimbel, Fox) – 4:35
 "Freestyle" (Live From BBC Radio 1) (Jean, Michel, Hill) – 4:59

International Edition
 "Boof Baf" (Bayyan, Jean, Michel) – 3:52
 "Nappy Heads" (Jean, Michel, Hill) – 3:56
 "Vocab" (Jean, Michel, Hill) – 3:47
 "Fu-Gee-La" (Jean, Michel, Hill, McGrier, Brockert, Remi) – 4:06
 "Killing Me Softly" (Gimbel, Fox) – 4:52
 "Ready Or Not" (Jean, Michel, Hill, Hart, Bell) – 3:47
 "No Woman, No Cry" (Ford) – 4:20
 "Don't Cry, Dry Your Eyes" (Hill, Jean, Michel) – 5:03
 "Rumble in the Jungle" (Jean, Michel, Hill, Taylor, Fareed, Smith, Forte) – 4:16
 "Ready Or Not" (Ready For The Show Remix) (Jean, Michel, Hill, Hart) – 5:36

Japan bonus tracks
11. Fu-Gee-La (North Side Mix) – 4:17
12. Killing Me Softly With His Song (Sound Barrier Remix) – 4:20
13. Ready Or Not (Clark Kent/ Django Remix) – 5:18
14. The Sweetest Thing – 4:51

Charts

Certifications

References

2003 greatest hits albums
Fugees compilation albums
Albums produced by Wyclef Jean
Columbia Records compilation albums
Q-difference polynomial

In combinatorial mathematics, the q-difference polynomials or q-harmonic polynomials are a polynomial sequence defined in terms of the q-derivative. They are a generalized type of Brenke polynomial, and generalize the Appell polynomials.  See also Sheffer sequence.

Definition
The q-difference polynomials satisfy the relation

where the derivative symbol on the left is the q-derivative. In the limit of , this becomes the definition of the Appell polynomials:

Generating function
The generalized generating function for these polynomials is of the type of generating function for Brenke polynomials, namely

where  is the q-exponential:

Here,  is the q-factorial and

is the q-Pochhammer symbol. The function  is arbitrary but assumed to have an expansion

Any such  gives a sequence of q-difference polynomials.

References
 A. Sharma and A. M. Chak, "The basic analogue of a class of polynomials", Riv. Mat. Univ. Parma, 5 (1954) 325–337.
 Ralph P. Boas, Jr. and R. Creighton Buck, Polynomial Expansions of Analytic Functions (Second Printing Corrected), (1964) Academic Press Inc., Publishers New York, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Library of Congress Card Number 63-23263. (Provides a very brief discussion of convergence.)

Q-analogs
Polynomials
Leivatho

Leivatho () is a former municipality on the island of Kefalonia, Ionian Islands, Greece. Since the 2019 local government reform it is part of the municipality Argostoli, of which it is a municipal unit. It lies south of Argostoli, on the central south coast of the island, and has a land area of 62.626 km² and a population of 5,745 (2011 census). Its largest towns are Peratáta (751), Svoronáta (pop. 710), Vlacháta (699), and Lakithra (613).

Subdivisions
The municipal unit Leivatho is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):
 Kerameies (seat of the former municipality)
 Karavados
 Lakithra (Lakithra, Menegata)
 Lourdata
 Metaxata
 Mousata
 Peratata (Peratata, Kastro)
 Pesada (Pesada, Dorizata, Kountourata)
 Spartia (Spartia, Kleismata, Korianna)
 Svoronata
 Vlachata (Vlachata, Simotata)

See also
List of settlements in Cephalonia

References

Populated places in Cephalonia
Thomas W. Howie

Thomas Wyllie Howie, JP (8 April 1856 – 18 July 1927) was a Scottish captain of industry.

Background
Howie was born in Riccarton, Ayrshire, on 8 April 1856, to Robert and Bethia (Wyllie) Howie, into a wealthy industrial family who had been active in the Covenanting movement. He was born at the family home, Newhouse, an estate house nearby the fireclay mine which the family owned. There he was brought up alongside his cousin, who would become the mining magnate John Howie. The house is now a residential care home. Howie's father, Robert, died at the Crichton Institution in Dumfries, a private lunatic hospital, when Thomas was 27.

Career
He and his wife settled in Falkirk where he became a partner in Campbell & Co Fireclay Works and coal mine, Roughcastle. He later became owner of the business. Previous to settling in Falkirk the Howie family lived in Hurlford, where they owned the renowned Hurlford Fireclay Works (until it was bought by Armitage Shanks), which produced pottery, bricks, chimneys, garden ornaments and enamelled sanitary ware (lavatories, baths, urinals etc.) The family owned much of the town, including Marchmont Place, Salisbury Place, Collier Row, Office Row, Chapel Cottages, Skerrington Row and Howie's Square. They also owned small mining villages, including Hemphill.

A supporter of the Unionist Party, Thomas Howie was a Justice of the Peace and elected a Stirling County councillor for Falkirk, vice-chairman of the Parish Council, as well as chairman of the Landward Committee.

Family
Howie married Barbara Picken, sister of the Town Clerk of Glasgow, and had six children: Margaret, Robert Wyllie, Bethia, Martha, Barbara and Jean. His sons attended the High School of Glasgow and his daughters St. George's School for Girls, Edinburgh. Howie was a cousin of industrialist John Howie, a distant cousin of writer John Howie, first cousin twice removed of the current Lord Glenarthur.

His great-grandson is the actor Robbie Coltrane.

Death and legacy
At a Water Board outing he was taken ill and never recovered, dying in 1927. The local newspaper at the time remembered him as a "bright and cheery man", and notes that he "took a deep interest in parochial affairs and was particularly sympathetic towards the deserving poor". Howie is buried in Falkirk cemetery. On his death, his share of the brickworks business was valued at £12,000, which is equivalent to over £2,300,000 in today's terms (relative GDP per capita).

Howie Place in Falkirk is named after him. It is near the site of the brickworks he once owned.

External links
 FutureMuseum page on Hurlford Fireclay Works
 List of Mines
 List of Miners' Streets Owners

1856 births
1927 deaths
19th-century Scottish businesspeople
People from Riccarton, East Ayrshire
Councillors in Scotland
Unionist Party (Scotland) councillors
British mining businesspeople
People from Hurlford
Cape Norman

Cape Norman is a barren, limestone headland located at the northernmost point of insular Newfoundland in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Cape Norman first appeared on French maps as Cape Dordois, in 1713, and then as Cape Normand in 1744. Eventually, the name became anglicised to Cape Norman.

Cape Norman Lighthouse
The Canadian government built a wooden, hexagonal lighthouse at Cape Norman during the summer construction seasons of 1870 and 1871, and the lighthouse was lit for the first time on 1 October 1871. A local man, Henry Locke, was hired as lightkeeper. In 1890, following a shipwreck at Belle Isle the previous summer, a steam-operated fog alarm was installed at the Cape Norman. John Warren Campbell, a steam engineer from Pictou, Nova Scotia, was hired as lightkeeper and fog alarm engineer, replacing Henry Locke, who was superannuated at that point. John Warren Campbell arrived at Cape Norman on board the SS Montreal in July 1890, beginning a family tenure which lasted until the station was automated in 1992;Alvin Campbell, great-grandson of John Warren Campbell. Alvin Campbell son Warren Campbell took over as lighthouse keeper in 2002 to Present day 2023 at Cape Norman.

See also
List of lighthouses in Canada
Henri de Miffonis

References

External links
 Aids to Navigation Canadian Coast Guard
 Lighthouse information
 Lighthouse at Cape Norman

Norman
Lighthouses in Newfoundland and Labrador
Lerman ratio

The Lerman ratio, named after economist Robert I. Lerman, suggest that a government benefit to the underemployed, such as welfare, will presumably reduce their overall hours of work. The ratio of the actual increase in income compared to the benefit is the Lerman ratio, which is ordinarily between zero and one. Moffitt (1992) estimates it in regard to the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program in the US at about .625.

References

Robert Moffitt, Incentive Effects of the U.S. Welfare System: A Review, Journal of Economic Literature, March 1992, p. 17.

Household income
Employment compensation
Labour economics indices
Bootleg Versions

Bootleg Versions is a remix album released by R&B and Reggae Fusion group  The Fugees. The album was released on November 26, 1996. The album features only eight tracks, including seven remixes, and one new recording. The album along with their previous album, The Score, was later re-issued in 2001, as a double album, "The Complete Score" and in 2011, the two albums along with their first, Blunted on Reality was released as a 3-CD box set, "Original Album Classics". The album peaked at #127 on the Billboard 200 in the United States.

Track listing 
 "Ready or Not" (Clark Kent/Django Remix) (Hill, Jean, Michel, Lewis) – 5:17
 "Nappy Heads" (Mad Spider Mix) (Hill, Jean, Michel) – 4:27
 "Don't Cry Dry Your Eyes" (Hill, Jean, Michel) – 4:15
 "Vocab" (Salaam's Remix) (Hill, Jean, Michel) – 7:00
 "Ready or Not" (Salaam's Ready For The Show Remix) (Hill, Jean, Michel) – 4:42
 "Killing Me Softly" (Live At The Brixton Academy) (Fox, Gimbel) – 2:41
 "No Woman, No Cry" (Stephen Marley Remix) (Ford, Marley) – 5:27
 "Vocab" (Refugees Hip Hop Remix) (Hill, Jean, Michel) – 4:38

Charts

Certifications

References 

1996 remix albums
Albums produced by Salaam Remi
Albums produced by Wyclef Jean
Fugees remix albums
Columbia Records remix albums
Albums produced by Clark Kent (producer)
Ruffhouse Records remix albums
Nigeria at the 1972 Summer Olympics

Nigeria competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany.

Medalists

Bronze
Isaac Ikhouria — Boxing, Men's Light Heavyweight

Results by event

Athletics
Men's 100 metres
Benedict Majekodumni
 First Heat — 10.70s (→ did not advance)

Men's 800 metres
Jaiye Abidoye
 Heat — 1:52.0 (→ did not advance)

Men's 1500 metres
Jaiye Abidoye
 Heat — 3:48.8 (→ did not advance)

Men's 4 × 100 m Relay
Kola Abdulai, Rux Bazunu, James Olakunle, and Timon Oyebami
 Heat — 39.66s 
 Semifinals — 39.73s (→ did not advance)

Women's 4 × 100 m Relay
Emilie Edet, Ashanti Obi, Helen Olaye, and Modupe Oshikoya
 Heat — 45.15s (→ did not advance, 12th place)

Women's Long Jump
Modupe Oshikoya
 Qualifying Round — 6.22m (→ did not advance, 19th place)

Women's Pentathlon
Modupe Oshikoya
 First Heat — 4.279 points (→ 14th place)

Boxing
Men's Heavyweight (+ 81 kg)
Fatai Ayinla
 First Round — Lost to Carroll Morgan (CAN), 2:3

References
Official Olympic Reports
International Olympic Committee results database

Nations at the 1972 Summer Olympics
1972 in Nigerian sport
Nigeria at the 1968 Summer Olympics

Nigeria competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico.

Results by event

Boxing
Men's Light Flyweight (– 48 kg)
Gabriel Ogun
 First Round — Bye
 Second Round — Defeated Stefan Alexandrov (BUL), 4:1 
 Quarterfinals — Lost to Harlan Marbley (USA), 0:5

Men's Light Heavyweight (– 81 kg)
Fatai Ayinla
 First Round — Bye
 Second Round — Defeated Enrique Villarreal (MEX), referee stopped contest
 Quarterfinals — Lost to Ion Monea (ROU), 2:3

Football
Group B

References

Official Olympic Reports

Nations at the 1968 Summer Olympics
1968
1968 in Nigeria
1968 in Nigerian sport
Successor (EP)

Successor is an EP by Sonata Arctica, released through Spinefarm Records on 7 August 2000.

Track listing

Personnel
Tony Kakko – vocals, additional keyboards
Jani Liimatainen – guitars
Janne Kivilahti – bass guitar
Mikko Härkin – keyboards
Tommy Portimo – drums

Album information
Successor comprises some live versions of Sonata Arctica's songs, an edited version of the song "FullMoon" from the full length album Ecliptica, two new songs and two cover songs from German bands.

The cover songs, which also appear in the Takatalvi EP, are:
"Still Loving You", originally recorded by the Scorpions in their LP Love at First Sting (1984).
"I Want Out", originally recorded by the power metal band Helloween in the 1988 album Keeper of the Seven Keys Pt. II.

The two songs composed for the album are the acoustic ballad "Shy" (originally an upbeat hard rock demo song from when the band were still called Tricky Means) and "San Sebastian", that was re-released on the 2001 album Silence (this song was to be released in Ecliptica, but the band chose to release it on this EP).

Live tracks were performed on 16 June 2000 at Provinssirock Festival, Seinäjoki, Finland.

References

Sonata Arctica albums
2000 debut EPs
Spinefarm Records EPs
EPs by Finnish artists
Nigeria at the 1964 Summer Olympics

Nigeria competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan.  The nation won its first Olympic medal.

Medalists

Bronze
 Nojim Maiyegun  Boxing, Men's Light Middleweight

References
Official Olympic Reports
International Olympic Committee results database

Nations at the 1964 Summer Olympics
1964
1964 in Nigeria
Dominating decision rule

In decision theory, a decision rule is said to dominate another if the performance of the former is sometimes better, and never worse, than that of the latter.

Formally, let  and  be two decision rules, and let  be the risk of rule  for parameter . The decision rule  is said to dominate the rule  if  for all , and the inequality is strict for some .

This defines a partial order on decision rules; the maximal elements with respect to this order are called admissible decision rules.

References

Decision theory
Nigeria at the 1960 Summer Olympics

Nigeria competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy.

References
Official Olympic Reports

Nations at the 1960 Summer Olympics
1960
1960 in Nigeria
Nigeria at the 1956 Summer Olympics

Nigeria competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia.

Results by event

Athletics

100 m 

Edward Ajado

Round 1: in the Heat 11 (rank 1) qualified for the quarterfinals, 10.8 seconds (hand-stopped), 11.01 seconds (automatically stopped)

 Quarterfinals: eliminated in the 3rd Run (rank 5), 10.9 seconds (hand-stopped), 11.02 seconds (automatically stopped)

Titus Erinle

1. Round: eliminated in the 2nd Run (rank 3), 10.9 seconds (hand-stopped), 11.09 seconds (automatically stopped)

Thomas Obi

1. Round: eliminated in the 7th Run (rank 5), 11.0 seconds (hand-stopped), 11.10 seconds (automatically stopped)

4 × 100 meters relay 

Edward Ajado, Abdul Amu, Titus Erinle and Rafiu Oluwa

Round one: eliminated in the 4th Run, 47.3 seconds (hand-stopped), 47.39 seconds (automatically stopped), disqualified

400 m 

Abdul Amu

1. Round: eliminated in the 3rd Run (rank 5), 49.4 seconds (hand-stopped), 49.57 seconds (automatically stopped)

Triple jump 

Paul Bamela Engo

Qualification round: 14.81 meters, qualified for the final

Try one: 14.81 meters

Try two: omitted

Try three: omitted

Final: 15.03 meters, rank 17

Try one: 14.98 meters

Try two: 15.03 meters

Try three: 14.87 meters

Peter Esiri

Qualification round: 14.93 meters, 16th place qualified for the final

Try one: 14.93 meters
Try two: omitted
Try three: omitted

Final round: no valid distance, rank 22

Try one: invalid
Try two: invalid
Try three: omitted

High jump 

Julius Chigbolu

Qualification round: 1.92 meters, rank 4, qualified for the final

1.70 meters: valid, without failed attempt

1.78 meters: omitted

1.82 meters: valid, without failed attempt

1.88 meters: omitted

1.92 meters: valid, without failed attempt

Final round: 2.00 meters, rank 9

1.80 meters: omitted

1.86 meters: valid, a failed attempt

1.92 meters: valid, two failed attempts

1.96 meters: valid, a failed attempt

2.00 meters: valid, without failed attempt

2.03 meters: invalid, three failed attempts

Vincent Gabriel

Qualification round: 1.92 meters, 22nd place qualified for the final

1.70 meters: valid, without failed attempt

1.78 meters: omitted

1.82 meters: omitted

1.88 meters: valid, two failed attempts

1.92 meters: valid, a failed attempt

Final round: 1.92 meters, rank 19

1.80 meters: valid, without failed attempt

1.86 meters: valid, without failed attempt

1.92 meters: valid, two failed attempts

1.96 meters: invalid, three failed attempts

Long jump 

Karim Olowu

Qualification round: 7.29 meters, rank 10, qualified for the final

Try one: 7.05 meters

Try two: 7.29 meters

Try three: omitted

Final round: 7.36 meters, rank 5

Try one: 7.28 meters

Try two: 6.77 meters

Try three: 7.36 meters

Try four: 6.42 meters

Try five: invalid

Attempt six: 6.91 meters

Rafiu Oluwa

Qualification round: 6.53 meters, rank 29

Try one: invalid

Try two: 6.53 meters

Try three: invalid

References
Official Olympic Reports
sports-reference

1956
Summer Olympics
1956 Summer Olympics
Nations at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Nigeria at the 1952 Summer Olympics

Nigeria competed in the Summer Olympic Games for the first time at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland.

Results by event

Athletics
Men's 100M
Edward Ajado	 
 First Round —	11.25s	DNQ

Titus Erinle
 First Round —	 11.12	DNQ

Men's 200M
Edward Ajado	 	
 First Round —	22.92s	DNQ

Muslim Arogundade	
 First Round —	22.71	DNQ

Rafiu Oluwa
 First Round —	22.89	(Q)
 Quarterfinals — 22.69	DNQ

Men's 4x100 relay
 First Round —	(Muslim Arongudade, Titus Erinle, Karim Olowu, Rafiu Oluwa)	42.4s (Q)
 Semifinals —		41.9	5th	DNQ

Long Jump
Karim Olowu
 First Round —	6.96	DNQ

Sylvanus Williams	 
 First Round —	6.98	DNQ
High Jump
Josiah Majekodunmi	 
 First Round —	1.87m	(Qualified)
 Final —	1.90m	9th

Nafiu Osagie	 
 First Round —	1.87m	(Qualified)
 Final —	1.90m	18th

Boniface Guobadia 
 First Round —	1.87m  (Qualified) 
 Final —	1.80m	20th

References
Official Olympic Reports

1952
Summer Olympics
1952 Summer Olympics
Nations at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Lilian's lovebird

Lilian's lovebird (Agapornis lilianae), also known as the Nyasa lovebird, is a small African parrot species of the lovebird genus. It is mainly green and has orange on its upper chest and head. It is 13 cm (5 inches) long and is the smallest parrot on mainland Africa. In captivity, it is uncommon and difficult to breed.

Description 

The Lilian's lovebird is 13 cm (5 inches) long and is mainly green with white eyerings. It has orange on its head, neck and upper chest and has a green rump. Male and female are identical in external appearance.

The Lilian's lovebird is often mistaken for the slightly larger Fischer's lovebird, which has an olive-green hood and a blue rump. It is also broadly similar to the rosy-faced lovebird, which has more clearly demarcated orange colouration, and lacks a white eyering.

Food and feeding
Lilian's lovebirds feed on grass seeds, millet, wild rice, flowers, and the seeds and fruit of other species.

Breeding
The breeding season for Lilian's lovebirds is from January to March and in June and July.  They make a roofed nest in tree crevices. In captivity the clutch consists of three to eight white eggs, which are incubated for about 22 days, and the chicks leave the nest after about 44 days from hatching.

Distribution and habitat
Lilian's lovebirds are endemic to Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. In 2004 its numbers in the wild were estimated to be less than 20,000 individuals. It currently inhabits Liwonde National Park (LNP) and a few cluster groups occur in the surrounding forests outside LNP.  Its distribution is rapidly becoming restricted to LNP because their feeding and breeding habitats are being exploited over for agricultural purposes.  The extent of habitat loss outside LNP has not been determined scientifically although remaining habitat outside the LNP are fragmented Miombo Forest Reserves.

Threats
Liwonde National Park is located in the southern region of Malawi, which has the highest human population density in the country approximating 100-115 inhabitants per km2 (FAO, 1997). LNP is greatly impacted by population growth and agricultural activities than any other national park in the country.
Recently, cases of Lilian's lovebird poisoning have intensified although it is not known why poachers are poisoning the birds.  Lilian's lovebird researchers assume poachers mean to poison larger mammals and lovebirds fall victims.

Lifespan and health issues
The lifespan for Lilian's lovebirds is 10–12 years. The major health concern for these species is loneliness. These birds mate for life.

Similarities 
Mitochondrial gene for Lilian's lovebird aligns with rosy-faced lovebirds.

Aviculture
Lilian's lovebirds are a difficult species to rear in captivity.  Many breeders worldwide struggle to breed the species.

References

External links
 Lilian's lovebird - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.

Lilian's lovebird
Birds of East Africa
Lilian's lovebird
Lilian's lovebird
Chris Makin

Christopher Gregory Makin (born 8 May 1973) is an English retired professional footballer. He spent the final part of his career at Southampton, but is perhaps most famous for his spell at Sunderland. He played as a defender.

His previous clubs are Oldham Athletic, Olympique de Marseille, Sunderland, Ipswich Town, Leicester City, Wigan Athletic, Derby County, Reading and Southampton.

On 23 April 2008, on advice from his doctor, Makin retired from football after failing to overcome a hip injury which had prevented him playing since September 2007.

Career statistics

Honours
Sunderland
Football League First Division: 1998–99

Reading
Football League Championship: 2005–06

Individual
Sunderland Solid Gold XI

References

External links
Chris Makin profile at saintsfc.co.uk

Photos and stats at sporting-heroes.net

1973 births
Living people
Men's association football defenders
Derby County F.C. players
England men's under-21 international footballers
English expatriate men's footballers
English Football League players
English men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Footballers from St Helens, Merseyside
Ipswich Town F.C. players
Leicester City F.C. players
Ligue 1 players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Olympique de Marseille players
Premier League players
Reading F.C. players
Southampton F.C. players
Sunderland A.F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Fort DeRussy

Fort DeRussy may refer to one of four forts constructed in the United States between 1861 and 1900, named for René Edward De Russy or his younger brother Lewis Gustave DeRussy.

 Fort DeRussy (Washington, D.C.), an American Civil War-era fort built to defend Washington, D.C.
 Fort DeRussy (Hawaii), an active outpost of the U.S. Army in Honolulu, Hawaii
 Fort DeRussy (Kentucky), an American Civil War fort in Columbus, Kentucky
 Fort DeRussy (Louisiana), site of the Battle of Fort De Russy, a small engagement in the American Civil War on March 14, 1864.
CAFB

CAFB may refer to:

 Canadian Association of Food Banks
 Castle Air Force Base, in California
 Columbus Air Force Base, in Mississippi
 C.A.F.B., influential Hungarian rock group
Lefteris Fafalis

Lefteris Fafalis () (born 17 February 1976 in Munich) is a West German-born, Greek cross-country skier who has competed since 1995. Competing in four Winter Olympics, he earned his best finish of 29th in the individual sprint event at Turin in 2006. Fafalis carried the Greek flag at the opening ceremonies of those same games.

His best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was 18th in the team sprint event at Sapporo in 2007.

Fafalis' best World cup finish was 17th in a sprint event at the Czech Republic in 2005.

References

 Story

1976 births
Living people
Greek male cross-country skiers
Cross-country skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic cross-country skiers for Greece
Sportspeople from Munich
Benin at the 1996 Summer Olympics

Benin competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States.

Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

Athletics 

Men
Track and road events

Women
Track and road events

References

Sources
Official Olympic Reports

Nations at the 1996 Summer Olympics
1996
Olympics
Benin at the 1992 Summer Olympics

Benin competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. Six competitors, four men and two women, took part in six events in two sports.

Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

Athletics 

Men

Women

Field events

Cycling

Two male cyclists represented Benin in 1992.

Road

References

External links
Official Olympic Reports

Nations at the 1992 Summer Olympics
1992
Olympics
Benin at the 1988 Summer Olympics

Benin competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea.

Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

Athletics

Men

Women

Judo

Men

References

Official Olympic Reports

Nations at the 1988 Summer Olympics
1988
Olympics
Luana

Luana may refer to:

 Luana, Iowa, a town in the United States
 Luana, an Italian singer-songwriter, co-founder of Belladonna
 Countess Luana of Orange-Nassau, Jonkvrouwe van Amsberg, member of the Dutch royal family
 Luana the Jungle Girl a.k.a. Luana, the Girl Tarzan (1968), Italian-German film with Mei Chen as Luana, a jungle girl
 Luana/Susan Wilson from Daughter of the Jungle (1982), Italian film with Sabrina Siani as Luana/Susan Wilson
 Luana, by Alan Dean Foster, a 1974 novel based on a film
 Luana Bertolucci Paixão, a Brazilian football player
 Luana (given name)

Feminine given names
Romanian feminine given names
La Pointe Light

The La Pointe Light is a lighthouse located on Long Island, one of the Apostle Islands, in Lake Superior in Ashland County, Wisconsin, near the city of Bayfield.

Currently owned by the National Park Service and part of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, as reference number 83003366. Listed in the Library of Congress, Historic American Buildings Survey, WI-325 and WI-325-A. One of the oldest skeletal lighthouses on the Great Lakes, it played an important role in transportation on Lake Superior.

A square wooden tower, constructed in 1858, was located around  west of the current light. The previous lens was moved to the Chequamegon Point Lighthouse in 1897. It is one of the Apostle Islands Lighthouses.

Getting there
Most of the Apostle Islands light stations may be reached on the Apostle Islands Cruise Service water taxi or by private boat during the summer. During the Annual Apostle Island Lighthouse Celebration ferry tour service is available for all the lighthouses. In the tourist season, volunteer park rangers are on many of the islands to greet visitors.

References

Further reading

 Havighurst, Walter (1943) The Long Ships Passing: The Story of the Great Lakes, Macmillan Publishers.
Jalbert, Andrew J. Schooner Lucerne: Lessons from a Great Lakes Shipwreck (July 27, 2007) originally printed in Sea History magazine, The Wreck of the Schooner Lucerne.
 Oleszewski, Wes, Great Lakes Lighthouses, American and Canadian: A Comprehensive Directory/Guide to Great Lakes Lighthouses, (Gwinn, Michigan: Avery Color Studios, Inc., 1998) .
 
 Wright, Larry and Wright, Patricia, Great Lakes Lighthouses Encyclopedia Hardback (Erin: Boston Mills Press, 2006) .

External links
Aerial photos of La Pointe Light, Marina.com.
Library of Congress Historic American Buildings Survey Survey number HABS WI-325
Library of Congress Historic American Buildings Survey Survey number HABS WI-325-A
Lighthouse Friends, La Pointe Light article
National Park Service Maritime History Project, Inventory of Historic Light Stations - Wisconsin, La Pointe Light. 
Terry Pepper, Seeing the Light, New La Pointe Light Station.
Terry Pepper, Seeing the Light, Old La Pointe Light Station.

Wobser, David, La Pointe Light , Boatnerd Originally in Great Laker Magazine.

Lighthouses completed in 1896
Lighthouses in Ashland County, Wisconsin
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
National Register of Historic Places in Ashland County, Wisconsin
National Register of Historic Places in Apostle Islands National Lakeshore
Benin at the 1984 Summer Olympics

Benin competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States.

Boxing

Men

References
Official Olympic Reports

Nations at the 1984 Summer Olympics
1984
Olympics
Marjie Lundstrom

Marjie Lundstrom (born 1956) is an American journalist. She received the Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting in 1991. Lundstrom has worked for The Fort Collins Coloradoan, the Denver Monthly, and The Denver Post. She was a reporter and senior writer for The Sacramento Bee. Currently, she is the deputy editor for two nonprofit publications, FairWarning, located in Pasadena, CA, and CalMatters, based in Sacramento.

Background and career
Marjie Lundstrom was born in 1956. Her parents, Dr. and Mrs. Max Lundstrom, are from Wayne, Nebraska.

She graduated from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, college of Journalism in 1978. When she enrolled, she didn't have a clear career goal, saying she "stumbled into journalism." Lundstrom went on to become the fourth graduate to win the Pulitzer Prize for journalism at UNL. In 1977 she wrote her autobiography, while a junior at the school.

Early in her career, Lundstrom served as a staff member with The Fort Collins Coloradoan, the Denver Monthly, and The Denver Post. She was a reporter and senior writer for The Sacramento Bee, for 29 years, taking a temporary break in 1990 to work for Gannett news service, where she and a fellow journalist wrote a Pulitzer Prize winning story on child abuse.

In 2019 Lundstrom began working with FairWarning, a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization, based in southern California. Their investigative stories cover consumer protection, labor, public health, and transportation safety. In 2020 she joined the team at CalMatters, another nonpartisan, nonprofit organization, which focuses on issues important to the lives of California residents and government accountability. She is currently the deputy editor of both publications.

Awards and recognition 

 1991 Winner, Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting, (with Rochelle Sharpe) Gannett, for a four-part series of reports on child abuse related deaths 
 2008 Honoree, Recognized by the California Newspaper Publishers Association for her lifelong commitment to the public's right to know
 2009 Winner, First Amendment Award, Society of Professional Journalists, (with her husband, Sam Stanton), Sacramento Bee, for a two-part series called "Unprotected" , and follow up stories by her husband, Sam Stanton 
 2011 Finalist, the Taylor Family Award for Fairness in Newspapers for "Who Killed Amariana?"
 2011 Winner, Anna Quindlen Award for Excellence in Journalism on Behalf of Children and Families, Sacramento Bee, "Who Killed Amariana?", a three-part series about the death of a foster child
 
 
 2012 Winner, Price Child Health and  Welfare Journalism Award, University of San Diego, for Daily Newspapers, Sacramento Bee, "The Girl With 100 Scars"

References

External links
The Sacramento Bee  Pulitzer Prizes, 1991 

Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting winners
1956 births
Living people
People from Wayne, Nebraska
University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni
Writers from Sacramento, California
American newspaper reporters and correspondents
Writers from Nebraska
20th-century American journalists
American women non-fiction writers
20th-century American women
21st-century American women
Heinz Inniger

Heinz Inniger (born 18 December 1980) is a Swiss snowboarder. He ranked 4th in Parallel Slalom at the World Cup 2004/2005.

External links 
 Heinz-Inniger.ch
 

1980 births
Swiss male snowboarders
Olympic snowboarders for Switzerland
Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Living people
21st-century Swiss people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Walther Kadow

Walther Kadow (January 29, 1860 — May 31, 1923) was a German school teacher who was beaten and killed by Rudolf Höss and a group of Nazi Party accomplices in May 1923 in the forest near Parchim. Kadow, a World War I veteran, was a member of the right wing German Völkisch Freedom Party, and was suspected of having betrayed German nationalist Albert Leo Schlageter to the French occupation authorities in the Ruhr. Schlageter was executed by the French and was later regarded as a martyr by the Nazis. Höss received a ten-year sentence but was released after four years under a general amnesty. His accomplice, Martin Bormann, a former student of Kadow, was sentenced to one year.

Bormann later became Head of the Nazi Party Chancellery and private secretary to Adolf Hitler and received the Blood Order for his imprisonment over the murder. Höss later became the commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp.

References

1900 births
1923 deaths
20th-century Freikorps personnel
Assassinated German people
German schoolteachers
German military personnel of World War I
People murdered in Germany
Deaths by beating in Europe

German fascists
Deaths in the Weimar Republic
Geosophy

Geosophy is a concept introduced to geography by J.K. Wright in 1947. The word is a compound of ‘geo’ (Greek for earth) and ‘sophia’ (Greek for wisdom). Wright defined it thus:

Geosophy ... is the study of geographical knowledge from any or all points of view. It is to geography what historiography is to history; it deals with the nature and expression of geographical knowledge both past and present—with what Whittlesey has called ‘man’s sense of [terrestrial] space’. Thus it extends far beyond the core area of scientific geographical knowledge or of geographical knowledge as otherwise systematized by geographers. Taking into account the whole peripheral realm, it covers the geographical ideas, both true and false, of all manner of people—not only geographers, but farmers and fishermen, business executives and poets, novelists and painters, Bedouins and Hottentots—and for this reason it necessarily has to do in large degree with subjective conceptions.

(Wright 1947)

This has been summarised as:

the study of the world as people conceive of and imagine it

(McGreevy 1987)

Belief systems as they relate to human interaction with the Earth's environments.

 (attributed to Professor Innes Park 1995)

Superstition
Geosophy is sometimes used as a synonym for the study of earth mysteries.

References
Keighren, Innes M. “Geosophy, imagination, and terrae incognitae: exploring the intellectual history of John Kirtland Wright.” Journal of Historical Geography 31, no. 3 (2005): 546–62.
McGreevy, P. 1987 Imagining the future at Niagara Falls. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 77 (1):48–62
Wright, J.K. 1947.  Terrae Incognitae: The Place of Imagination in Geography Annals of the Association of American Geographers  37: 1–15.

Geography terminology