alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
General Clark

General Clark may refer to:

Albert P. Clark (1913–2010), U.S. Air Force lieutenant general
Charles Clark (governor) (1811–1877), Mississippi State Troops major general in the American Civil War
Edward Clark (governor) (1815–1880), Confederate States Army brigadier general
Edwin N. Clark (1902–1982), U.S. Army Reserve brigadier general
George Clark (British Army officer) (1892–1948), British Army lieutenant general
George Rogers Clark (1752–1818), American Revolutionary War general
Harold L. Clark (1893–1973), U.S. Air Force brigadier general
John Bullock Clark Jr. (1831–1903), Confederate States Army brigadier general
John Arthur Clark (1886–1976), Canadian Expeditionary Force brigadier general
John Bullock Clark (1802–1885), Missouri State Guard brigadier general in the American Civil War
Lynwood E. Clark (born 1929), U.S. Air Force lieutenant general
Mark A. Clark (general) (fl. 1980s–2010s), U.S. Marine Major General
Mark W. Clark (1896–1984), World War II and the Korean War general
Meriwether Lewis Clark Sr. (1809–1881), Missouri State Guard brigadier general in the American Civil War
Richard M. Clark (born c. 1964), U.S. Air Force lieutenant general
Robert T. Clark (fl. 1970s–2000s), U.S. Army lieutenant general
Ronald P. Clark (fl. 1980s–2000s), U.S. Army lieutenant general
Samuel Findlay Clark (1909–1998), Canadian Army lieutenant general
Trudy H. Clark (born 1951), U.S. Air Force major general
Wesley Clark (born 1944), U.S. Army general, commander in the Kosovo War, author and political spokesman
William Leon Clark (1911–2005), U.S. Air Force brigadier general
William Thomas Clark (1831–1905), Union Army brigadier general and brevet major general

See also
Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke (1765–1818), Marshal of France
Arthur Stanley-Clarke (1886–1983), British Army brigadier general
Henry Calvert Stanley-Clarke (1872–1943), British Army brigadier general
General Clarke (disambiguation)
Attorney General Clark (disambiguation)
Jacques Villeglé

Jacques Villeglé, born Jacques Mahé de la Villeglé (27 March 1926 – 6 June 2022) was a French mixed-media artist and affichiste famous for his alphabet with symbolic letters and decollage with ripped or lacerated posters. He was a member of the Nouveau Réalisme art group (1960–1970). His work is primarily focused on the anonymous and on the marginal remains of civilization. The sociologist Zygmunt Bauman has qualified him as one of the most outstanding exponents of liquid art, in his work Liquid Life, together with Herman Braun-Vega and Manolo Valdés.

Biography
Villeglé first started producing art in 1947 in Saint-Malo by collecting found objects (steel wires, bricks from Saint-Malo's Atlantic retaining wall).  In December 1949, he concentrated his work on ripped advertising posters from the street.  Working with fellow artist Raymond Hains, Villeglé began to use collage and found/ripped posters from street advertisements in creating Ultra-Lettrist psychogeographical hypergraphics in the 1950s, and in June 1953, he published Hepérile Éclaté, a phonetic poem by Camille Bryen, which was made unreadable when read through strips of grooved glass made by Hains.

Posters
He built posters in which one has been placed over another or others, and the top poster or posters have been ripped, revealing to a greater or lesser degree the poster or posters underneath.

Ultra-lettrist
In February 1954, Villeglé and Hains met the Lettrism poet François Dufrêne, and this latter introduced them to Yves Klein, Pierre Restany, and Jean Tinguely.

Nouveau réalisme 
In 1958, Villeglé published an overview of his work on ripped posters, Des Réalités collectives, which is to a certain degree a prefiguration of the manifesto of the New Realism group (1960) which he joined at its inception.

Bibliography
 Poesie der Großstadt. Die Affichisten. Bernard Blistène, Fritz Emslander, Esther Schlicht, Didier Semin, Dominique Stella. Snoeck, Köln 2014,

References

External links 

 Studio of Jacques Villeglé by Marion Chanson
 A tribute to Villeglé with photos from Padova exhibition 2012 by Alain Chivilò
 Centre Pompidou, Paris Press release: Jacques Villeglé 2008
 Centre d’art contemporain de Quimper
  Jacques Villeglé
  Stiftung Ahlers Pro Arte, Hanover (German)

1926 births
2022 deaths
People from Quimper
French mixed-media artists
French poster artists
Nouveau réalisme artists
French contemporary artists
20th-century French artists
20th-century French male artists
21st-century French artists
21st-century French male artists
NCI Metathesaurus

The NCI Metathesaurus is product of the US National Cancer Institute's Enterprise Vocabulary Service, a collaborative effort of the NCI Center for Bioinformatics  and the NCI Office of Communications. The NCI Metathesaurus is based on NLM's Unified Medical Language System Metathesaurus supplemented with additional cancer-centric vocabulary.

The public version of the NCI Metathesaurus currently contains all public domain vocabularies from the National Library of Medicine's UMLS Metathesaurus, as well as a growing number of NCI-specific vocabularies developed by the National Cancer Institute.

The public version of the NCI Metathesaurus also contains proprietary vocabularies.  Certain vocabularies, such as ICD-10 and ICD-O-3, are made available, by permission, for non-commercial use only.  Others, specifically MedDRA, are made available subject to license restrictions.

See also 
 Unified Medical Language System

External links 
 NCI Metathesaurus home page
 Licensing

Note: the text of the first version of this article was adapted from the public domain text  at http://ncimeta.nci.nih.gov/ 

Health standards
Medical classification
Royal Scottish Pipe Band Association

The Royal Scottish Pipe Band Association (RSPBA) is an association aiming to oversee pipe band competition, and to promote and encourage the development of pipe band culture worldwide. It was founded in 1930.

Overview
The RSPBA sets the rules and guidelines for pipe band contests in the United Kingdom, administers the events including coordinating adjudication, logistics, and evaluation, and holds Annual General Meetings to ensure that the rules and regulations are up to date. 

The RSPBA also administers and coordinates the  World Pipe Band Championships, held every August in Glasgow. In addition to "The World's", there are four other Major Contests - Scottish, British, European, and UK Championships. At Branch level, there are numerous contests held at Highland Games and any venue which raises the fund to hold a contest. Bands are placed in a Grade system - from Grade 4 up to Grade 1. Competitive standards are set and maintained by the Music Board, and each branch of the RSPBA may appoint two National Council members to represent their Branch Members at the national level.

Associated organizations

The RSPBA has many sister organizations throughout the world. Some of these organizations include:

RSPBA

 London & South of England Branch
 Lothian & Borders Branch 
 North East England Branch
 North West England Branch
 Northern Ireland Branch
 North of Scotland Branch
 Ayrshire Dumfries and Galloway branch

Australia

 Australian Pipe Band Association
 New South Wales Pipe Band Association

Canada

 Alberta Society of Pipers & Drummers
 Alliance of North American Pipe Band Associations
 Atlantic Canada Pipe Band Association
 Piper's And Pipe Band Society of Ontario
 Prairie Pipe Band Association of Manitoba
 Saskatchewan Pipe Band Association
 British Columbia Piper's Association

Ireland

 Irish Pipe Band Association

Germany

 Bagpipe Association of Germany

Netherlands

 Netherlands Pipe Band Association

New Zealand

 Royal New Zealand Pipe Bands' Association

Scandinavia
 The Pipe Band Association of Scandinavia

South Africa
 Pipe Band Association of South Africa

Switzerland
 Pipe Band Association of Switzerland

United States
 Alliance of North American Pipe Band Associations
 Eastern United States Pipe Band Association
 Midwest Pipe Band Association
 Southern United States Pipe Band Association
 Western United States Pipe Band Association

External links
 

 
Pipe band associations
Musical groups established in 1930
Music organisations based in Scotland
1930 establishments in Scotland
Organisations based in Scotland with royal patronage
Lawrence Dundas, 3rd Marquess of Zetland

Lawrence Aldred Mervyn Dundas, 3rd Marquess of Zetland (12 November 1908 – 5 October 1989) was a lawn tennis player of some note in the 1940s, known before 1961 as the Earl of Ronaldshay.

Early life and education
Lord Zetland was born in 1908, the elder son of Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland and his wife Cicely Archdale. Like his father and grandfather before him, he was educated at Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge.  He succeeded to the marquessate and other titles upon the death of his father in 1961.

Later life
Zetland competed at the All England Championships, Wimbledon.  He was chairman of Catterick Bridge Racecourse and Redcar Racecourse for many years.  He lived at Aske Hall, near Richmond, North Yorkshire. He had been chosen as the Conservative candidate for the seat of Bath had an election been held in 1939/1940.

Marriage and children
On 2 December 1936, Zetland married Katherine Mary Penelope Pike, daughter of Colonel Ebenezer John Lecky Pike CBE MC and his wife, the artist Olive Snell.  They had four children:

 Lawrence Mark Dundas, 4th Marquess of Zetland (born 28 December 1937)
 Lady Serena Jane Dundas (10 September 1940 - 22 November 2012), married Captain Nigel Ion Charles Kettlewell.
 Lord David Paul Nicholas Dundas (born 2 June 1945) married, firstly, on 17 December 1971 to Corinna Maeve Wolfe Scott and secondly on 21 November 1997 to Taina Bettina Breuckmann.
 Lord Richard Bruce Dundas (born 6 January 1951), married firstly on 15 June 1974 to Jane Melanie Wright, secondly on 9 April 1983 to Sophie Caroline Lascelles and thirdly on 30 June 1995 to Ruth Anne Kennedy.

Lord Zetland's niece, Carolyne Christie, was married to Rock Scully, manager of The Grateful Dead, and later, in 1976, to Roger Waters of Pink Floyd. His nephew, Carolyne's younger brother Willie Christie, is a photographer and film director.

Death
Lord Zetland died in 1989 at the age of 80 and was succeeded in the marquessate and other titles by his eldest son Mark.

References

External links

http://www.thepeerage.com/p8123.htm#i81227 Col. Ebenezer John Lecky Pike

1908 births
1989 deaths
People educated at Harrow School
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
British male tennis players
Conservative Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
Marquesses of Zetland
Place of birth missing
Hoftoren

The Hoftoren (, Court Tower), nicknamed De Vulpen (, The Fountain Pen) is a 29-storey,  building in The Hague, Netherlands. It is the third-tallest building in the city, and the eighth-tallest in the country. The Hoftoren was designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates (KPF) in New York City, and built by Heijmans Bouw BV, and is home to the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science and the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport (the latter having taken up temporary residence in the Hoftoren in 2012) of the Netherlands.

References

Skyscrapers in The Hague
Skyscraper office buildings in the Netherlands
Government buildings completed in 2003
Kohn Pedersen Fox buildings
Club Sandwich at the Peveril Hotel

Club Sandwich at the Peveril Hotel was the final release by Six by Seven, made after the group disbanded. Following the split in late 2005, 3 original members of the band (Chris Olley, James Flower and Chris Davis) formed a new band (tentatively called 'Collision') with two additional members (Ady Fletcher and Tony 'Doggen' Foster), with the hope of developing a new sound. Understandably, the sessions ended up sounding like Six by Seven, and so the recordings were released under that moniker.

Track listing
 "Intro and Theme Tune" – 5:08
 "Got to Find a Way Out of Here" – 5:18
 "Do You Believe?" – 5:21
 "America" – 4:05
 "Sailing Around the Horn" – 4:26
 "I'm Gonna Try" – 5:13
 "In My Hell" – 6:28
 "Don't Wanna Dance" – 4:27
 "In a Hole" – 4:17
 "25 Years" – 5:21
 "How Does It Feel" – 5:12
 "Don't Let It Bring You Down" – 5:06

Six by Seven albums
2006 albums
New Zealand rockfish

The New Zealand rockfish, Acanthoclinus littoreus, is a roundhead of the genus Acanthoclinus, found only in New Zealand from shallow depths to 15 m.  Their length is between 5 and 15 cm.

References
 
 
Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox, Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand,  (William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1982) 

New Zealand rockfish
Endemic marine fish of New Zealand
Fish described in 1801
Jim Glennie

James Patrick Glennie (born 10 October 1963) is the bassist for and eponym of English rock band, James. He is the band's longest-serving member—having been there from the first line-up through to the present day—and now only remaining original member.

He was born in Moss Side, Manchester. He never really had an interest in music in his youth, but his childhood best friend Paul Gilbertson managed to change his mind after convincing him to buy a bass guitar. Two weeks later they played their first concert at Eccles Royal British Legion club, in which their singer did not show up. Glennie offered himself up to sing instead, and the club manager pulled the plug halfway through their second song, demanding they stopped playing.

References

External links
Stuart Maconie: Folklore, Virgin Books 2000, 

1963 births
Living people
James (band) members
English rock bass guitarists
Male bass guitarists
Musicians from Manchester
People from Moss Side
Richard Supa

Richard "Richie" Supa (born Richard Goodman) is an American songwriter and guitarist best known for his work with Aerosmith, The Rascals and Richie Sambora.

Supa released several albums under his own name, including Supa's Jamboree (1971, Paramount 6009), Homespun (1972, Paramount PAS 6027), Lifelines (1976, Epic PE34277) and Tall Tales (1978, Polydor PD-1-6155).  Richard's song "Stone County Wanted Man", which appeared on the Supa's Jamboree album, was recorded by Johnny Winter for his Saints & Sinners album.

A longtime friend of Aerosmith, he has made a number of musical contributions to the band and has offered moral support.  He temporarily replaced Joe Perry when he left the band in 1979, and contributed guitars to the studio album Night in the Ruts (1979). Additionally, Supa wrote or co-wrote several Aerosmith songs, including the hits "Chip Away the Stone" (1978), "Lightning Strikes" (1982), "Amazing" (1993) and "Pink" (1997), among others.

Supa co-wrote most of the songs on Bon Jovi guitarist Richie Sambora's second solo album Undiscovered Soul. He wrote the song "Misery" for the album Missundaztood by Pink, on which Aerosmith's singer Steven Tyler features. Supa also collaborated and co-wrote the songs "My Interpretation", "Your Sympathy" and "Instant Martyr" from Mika's debut album Life in Cartoon Motion. He also co-wrote "Back on Earth" for singer Ozzy Osbourne.

Supa is now the director of creative recovery at Recovery Unplugged Treatment Center, where he uses music to help addicts in recovery.

References

External links 
 http://www.richiesupa.com/
 https://www.recoveryunplugged.com/about-us/staff/richie-supa-director-of-creative-recovery/

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Massapequa Park, New York
Ray's MTB Indoor Park

Ray's MTB Indoor Park is the world's first and largest multi-terrain indoor bike park, located in the West Boulevard neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio, United States.

History 
Ray Petro opened the original Cleveland location in the second half of 2004. He did so because of his frustration in the inability to ride during the cold winters in Ohio. He invested his life savings of $50,000 and also used a $25,000 loan to fund startup costs.

A Milwaukee location opened December 31, 2010, largely due to funding by Trek. It closed in 2016. 
The Cleveland location has remained open over the years and has grown in size to over 180 thousand square feet.

Business model 
The  park only operates during the colder half of the year.  Whereas indoor skate parks have existed for skateboarding and BMX, and there are examples of indoor dirt jumps, this is the first facility that aims to provide a whole spectrum of mountain bike terrain and disciplines. It is aimed both to improve skills and introduce riders to new disciplines in a safer environment as well as providing riding facilities during the winter. It is unique in that different riding styles are found in proximity to each other. Its initial success has attracted interest from the industry with companies keen to sponsor new areas and events. Having proven to the industry that this format works, it may act as a template by which other examples may follow around the world. The Milwaukee location, formerly a Menards, opened December 31, 2010, largely due to funding by Trek.

Rooms
Every year, Ray's revamps its trails.  Replacing aging features with new structures or simply redirecting traffic to approach lines from a new perspective. They currently have a full-size indoor pumptrack, dedicated jump trail, foam pits, and a BMX pool. There is also a "natural” section that consists of rocks and logs that make up the jumps and skinnies in the area.

Locations
Cleveland:

References

External links
Ray's MTB Indoor Park

Mountain biking venues in the United States
Poproč, Košice-okolie District

Poproč ([pronunciation: 'poproch]; ) is a village in eastern Slovakia near the town of Košice.

The first written mention about the locality is dated back to 1255 - Poproč is mentioned in the document of the King Béla IV as the royal mining settlement Olchuan.

In the year 2005, Poproč celebrated the 750th anniversary of the first written mention about the village. There were born 15 children (7 boys and 8 girls) in 2005, 32 inhabitants died, 18 moved away from Poproč and 32 inhabitants moved in.

Some of the historical names of Poproč

 1255 - Olchuan, Elchuan or Elchwan (Latin)
 1383 - Medzenth
 1407 - Mendzenth
 1427 - Menthzenth
 1481 - Myndzenth
 1590 - Podprocz aliter Myndzenth
 1596 - Mindzenth
 1773 - Mind. Szent (Hungarian)
 1808 - Podproč (Slovak), Jászo-Mindszent (H)
 1851 - Podproch
 1903 - Poproč (SK), Jászómindszent (H)

Statistics

 Area: 26.7 km2
 Population: 2,780 (up to Dec. 31, 2005)
 Density of population: 104/km2
 District: Košice-okolie
 Mayor: Ing. Štefan Jaklovský

Notable people
Ladislav Štovčík, footballer

External links
 Official website of Poproč (in Slovak)

Villages and municipalities in Košice-okolie District
Lake Placid Olympics

Lake Placid, New York has been the host to two Winter Olympic Games:

 1932 Winter Olympics
 1980 Winter Olympics
Bürger

Bürger or Buerger is a surname. Notable people with the name include:

 Gottfried August Bürger, German poet
 Heinrich Bürger, German physicist and biologist
 Heinrich Otto Wilhelm Bürger, German zoologist
 Karl-Heinz Bürger, German SS-Oberführer
 Roland Bürger or Bürgermeista (born 197?), German guitarist and songwriter
 Rudolf Bürger, Romanian footballer
 Martin Julian Buerger (1903-1986), American scientist
 Leo Buerger
 Joseph Buerger
 Victor Buerger

See also 
 Burger (surname)
 
 Burgers (surname)
 Birger, given name and surname
 Berger, surname

German-language surnames
Subterranea

Subterranea may refer to:

Subterranea (album), album by the band IQ
Subterranea (comics), fictional underground land of the Mole Man in Marvel Comics
Subterranea (game), game for the Atari 2600 published by Imagic
Subterranea (geography), catch-all category for caves, mines, and other subterranean features
Subterranea, a soundtrack by Thom Yorke
Subterranea, a 2015 American film starring Bug Hall

See also
Subterranean (disambiguation)
Knud Enemark Jensen

Knud Enemark Jensen (30 November 1936 – 26 August 1960) was a Danish cyclist who died while participating in the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy. During his career, he was involved in an early doping scandal.

Biography

Jensen was born in Aarhus. In 1960 he was the winner of the individual Nordic Championship, as well as a member of the Danish team that won the silver medal in the team time trial at that event.

The Olympic 100 km team time trial road race was held in 40 degrees Celsius/104 degrees Fahrenheit heat on Viale Cristoforo Colombo in Rome. One of the four-man Danish team, Jorgen B. Jorgensen, dropped out of the race due to sunstroke after the first lap, necessitating that all three remaining Danish cyclists finish the race for the team not to be disqualified. Jensen told his teammates that he felt dizzy. Niels Baunsøe clutched his jersey, keeping him from falling, while Vagn Bangsborg held Jensen from the other side.  Bangsborg sprayed Jensen with water, leading to an apparent improvement, but when Baunsøe let go, Jensen collapsed and fractured his skull on the pavement.

Jensen was brought by ambulance to a military tent near the finish line, with temperatures inside the tent reaching approximately 50 degrees Celsius/122 degrees Fahrenheit, where he died that afternoon without regaining consciousness. Prince Axel of Denmark, an International Olympic Committee member, was on his way to Jensen's bedside when Jensen died.

Oluf Jorgensen, the Danish cycling team's trainer, told Danish government investigators that he had given Jensen and some other cyclists Roniacol (nicotinyl alcohol), a vasodilator. Jensen's autopsy was conducted at the Istituto di Medicina Legale. On 25 March 1961, the three Italian physicians who performed the autopsy submitted a final report stating that Jensen's death was caused by heatstroke, and that no drugs were found in his body. The complete autopsy report was never made public. Years later, Alvaro Marchiori, one of the doctors who conducted the autopsy, claimed that they had "found traces of several things", including amphetamine.

Jensen's death led the International Olympic Committee to form a medical committee in 1961 and institute drug testing at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France, and at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico.

Jensen was married to the niece of former Olympic cycling champion Henry Hansen. His family received one million lire ($1600) from an Olympic insurance policy in compensation for his death.

See also 

 List of racing cyclists and pacemakers with a cycling-related death
 List of doping cases in cycling
 List of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences
 Denmark at the 1960 Summer Olympics
 Olympic and Paralympic deaths

References

External links 
 Olympics timeline
 

1936 births
1960 deaths
Cyclists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Cyclists who died while racing
Danish male cyclists
Doping in sport
Olympic cyclists for Denmark
Olympic deaths
Sport deaths in Italy
Sportspeople from Aarhus
Cyclists from the Central Denmark Region
I Shouldn't Be Alive

I Shouldn't Be Alive is a documentary television series made by Darlow Smithson Productions, a UK-based production company, that featured accounts of individuals or groups caught in life-threatening scenarios away from civilization in natural environments. The show aired on multiple networks in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand, India, Iran, Pakistan and South Africa.

The show was compiled using footage of interviews and graphic reenactments of the situation. The main focus of the show is the reenactment, with narration and commentary by the participant(s). Each episode also explained how the person(s) survived the ordeal against typical odds and outlined the decisions they had made that kept them alive.

Production 
The series premiered on the Discovery Channel on 28 October 2005. Season 3 also airs in high definition on HD Theater. All episodes can now be seen in HD on DirecTV, Dish Network, or Verizon Fios. The show airs on Channel 7 in Australia and on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom.

On 5 March 2007, the Discovery Channel canceled the series and made it part of the "Discovery Classics" series. The show was broadcast on the Science Channel starting in early 2008. It was picked up in 2010 by Animal Planet and new episodes started to air along with the old.

As of October 2012, production of the show is currently on hiatus. Though, reruns of I Shouldn't Be Alive continued to air weekdays at 10AM (Eastern) until 2014. As of February 2013, casting has occurred for the show through Animal Planet's website, however no new episodes have been produced.

Episodes

Season 1 (2005–06)

Season 2 (2006)

Season 3 (2010)

Season 4 (2010–11)

Season 5 (2011)

Season 6 (2011–12)

References

External links 
 
 

Episode list using the default LineColor
2005 American television series debuts
2006 American television series endings
2010 American television series debuts
2012 American television series endings
Discovery Channel original programming
Animal Planet original programming
Black Empire (novel)

Black Empire was a tongue-in-cheek speculative fiction novel by conservative African-American writer George S. Schuyler originally published under his pseudonym of Samuel I. Brooks. The two halves of the book originally ran as weekly serials in the Pittsburgh Courier. "Black Internationale" ran in the Courier from November 1936 to July 1937, "Black Empire" ran from October 1937 to April 1938. Combined and edited in 1993 by Robert A. Hill and R. Kent Rasmussen, editors at UCLA's Marcus Garvey Papers, the collected novel detailed the attempts of a radical African-American group called the Black Internationale, equipped with superscience and led by the charismatic Doctor Belsidus, who succeed in creating their own independent nation on the African continent. The novel is believed to be a lampoon of Marcus Garvey's Back-to-Africa movement and the Black Star Line.

See also

 African American literature
Africanfuturism
 Afrofuturism

References

 Brothers Judd review of Black Empire
 George S. Schuyler Bibliography & Chronology

1938 American novels
Novels by George Schuyler
Works published under a pseudonym
Novels first published in serial form
Novels set in Africa
African-American novels
American speculative fiction novels
Banya Bashi Mosque

Banya Bashi Mosque (, ; ) is a mosque in Sofia, Bulgaria.

History 
The mosque was designed by the famous Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan and completed in 1566, during the years the Ottomans had control of the city. The mosque derives its name from the phrase Banya Bashi, which means many baths. In the Turkish language Banyo means bath and Baş (pronounced Bash) means 'head' or 'main', so looking at the location it is built on, a more logical translation of the name would be 'Head of the bath mosque'. The most outstanding feature of the mosque is that it was actually built over natural thermal spas; one can even see the steam rising from vents in the ground near the mosque walls. The mosque is famous for its large dome, diameter 15m, and the minaret.

Currently, the Banya Bashi Mosque is the only functioning mosque in Sofia, a remnant of the Ottoman rule of Bulgaria that lasted nearly five centuries, and is used by the city's Muslim community.

Gallery

See also 
Turks in Bulgaria
Ottoman architecture
Islam in Bulgaria

References

External links 
Historical photographs of the Banya Bashi Mosque

Mosques completed in 1566
Ottoman mosques in Bulgaria
Mosque buildings with domes
Buildings and structures in Sofia
Tourist attractions in Sofia
1566 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
Culture in Sofia
Amana German

Amana German ( or , lit. Colony German) is a dialect of West Central German that is still spoken by several hundred people in the Amana Colonies in Iowa.

The Amana Colonies were founded in 1856 by Inspirationalists of German origin who came from West Seneca near Buffalo in New York. Amana is derived from the Hessian dialect, which is a West Central German dialect. There are seven villages in Amana with slightly different dialect features.

Even though the use of the language is in decline, it is far from being moribund. There are several major studies about the language of Amana.

References

Literature
 Philip E. Webber: Kolonie-Deutsch: Life and Language in Amana. Ames, 2006. (Originally 1993; expended ed., University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, 2009)
 Michael  T.  Putnam: Anaphors  in  contact:  The  distribution  of intensifiers  and  reflexives in Amana German in "Studies on German-language islands". Amsterdam et al., 2011.
 Lawrence L. Rettig: Grammatical structures in Amana German. Dissertation at the University  of Iowa, 1970.
 Joan Liffring-Zug: Life in Amana: reporters' views of the communal way, 1867 - 1935. Iowa City, 1998.

See also 
 German language in the United States
 Languages of Iowa
 Amana Colonies
 Community of True Inspiration
 Pennsylvania German
 Texas German
 Wisconsin German

Central German languages
German dialects
Endangered diaspora languages
Endangered Germanic languages
German language in the United States
German-American history
High German languages
Valadier

Valadier is a surname. People with that name include:

 Giuseppe Valadier (1762-1839), Italian architect and designer, urban planner and archeologist
 Jean Valadier (1878-1959), French lawyer, administrator and politician

See also
 The Valadiers, American vocal group, active intermittently from 1959
Fort Road

Fort Road may refer to:

Fort Road, Edmonton, a road in Alberta, Canada
Minnesota State Highway 5, US, known as Fort Road
Fort Road Bridge, a bridge spanning the Mississippi River in Minnesota, US
Fort Road, Kannur, a road in Kerala, India
Fort Road, Lahore, a road in the Old Walled City of Lahore, Pakistan
 Fort Road Food Street, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan

See also

 Fortified gateway, a road fort for controlling passage on a road
 "Fort in the Road", an episode of Amphibia
 
 Fort (disambiguation)
 Road (disambiguation)
 Fort Street (disambiguation)
 Fort Avenue (disambiguation)

Odonyms referring to a building
Campaign for a More Prosperous Britain

The Campaign for a More Prosperous Britain was a political party in the United Kingdom.  It was founded prior to the February 1974 general election by Tom Keen and Harold Smith, both business owners in Manchester.

Keen was the party's leader.  He had become a millionaire through property development, and before forming the campaign.
The party called for voters not to vote for its candidates, but for tactical voting to defeat the Labour Party; it distributed anti-Labour literature.  Despite this, some of its candidacies received hundreds of votes, with Keen's candidacy in Portsmouth North at the October 1974 general election attracting 1.0% of all the votes cast.

The party first came to public attention when members plastered the headquarters of the Trades Union Congress with anti-union posters.  It was also strongly opposed to the Communist Party of Great Britain.

Smith stood against Labour Party leader Harold Wilson at the February 1974 general election, taking 234 votes.  At the October general election, Keen and Smith set a new record by standing simultaneously in eleven and twelve constituencies, respectively.  With two associates who stood in a single constituency each, the campaign stood in a total of 25 seats, receiving 4,301 votes.  Each constituency was a marginal seat held by the Labour Party, but Labour held each seat at the election.

Keen stood for the party again in the 1979 general election and several by-elections.  However, the party was apparently dissolved in the early 1980s, Keen standing in five Labour seats at the 1983 general election as an independent.

Results

February 1974 general election

October 1974 general election

By-elections, 1974–1979

1979 general election

By-elections, 1979–1983

At Beaconsfield, Keen stood under the description "Benn in 10 unless Proportional Representation".

References

Political parties established in 1974
Defunct political parties in England
1974 establishments in the United Kingdom
1980s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Zang Dhok Palri Phodang

Zang Dhok Palri Phodang is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery in Kalimpong in West Bengal, India. The monastery is located atop Durpin Hill, one of the two hills of the town. It was consecrated in 1976 by the visiting Dalai Lama.

The monastery houses many rare scriptures that were brought into India after the annexation of Tibet in 1959. It also houses the 108 volumes of the Kangyur. It is also popularly known as the Durpin Monastery. The view from the hill-top is breathtaking.

Buddhist monasteries in West Bengal
Sally Taylor-Isherwood

Sally-Joy Taylor-Isherwood (born March 23, 1990 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian actress.

Private life
Taylor-Isherwood is the younger sister of actress Emma Taylor-Isherwood.  She has graduated from Canterbury High School, with a focus in the dramatic arts.  Taylor-Isherwood who has dual Canadian and British citizenship is fluent in both English and French.

Career
She began her acting career at the age of 8 in the television show Revenge of the Land. The same year she acted alongside her sister Emma in Who Gets the House?.

One of her best known roles is as the current voice of Emily in Arthur after the departure of Vanessa Lengies.

She also did several voices on For Better Or For Worse and voices Alice in Upstairs, Downstairs Bears, Clementine and Melanie in Caillou and Tory in Just Jamie.

She is currently represented by the Agence Claire Boivin Agency.

Filmography
 Who Gets the House (1999) .... Amy Reece
 Revenge of the Land (1999, TV Movie) .... Lucie Hawke
 Nuremberg (2000, TV Mini-Series) .... Edda Goering
 Jackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis (2000, TV Movie) .... Jackie Bouvier, age 8
 Chocolat (2000) .... Anouk, the daughter of Vianne (voice)
 For Better Or For Worse (2000) ... Additional Voices
 Upstairs, Downstairs Bears (2000, TV Series) .... Alice Bosworth (voice)
 Tales from the Neverending Story (2001, TV Series) .... Yonie
 Caillou (2001, TV Series) .... Clementine / Melanie (voice)
 Black Hole High (2002–2006, TV Series) .... Josie's Clone
 Arthur (2003-2015, TV Series) .... Emily (voice)
 Just Jamie (2004, TV Series) .... Tory (voice)
 A Taste of Jupiter (2005) .... Megan
 Afterwards (2008) .... Jennifer
 Aaron Stone (2009, TV Series) .... Samantha
 Overruled! (2009-2010, TV Series) .... Kaleigh 'Kali' Stewart
 Kuu Kuu Harajuku (2015-2018, TV Series) .... Music (voice)
 Sahara (2017) .... Alexandrie (English version, voice)

References

External links
 Agence Claire Boivin Agency
 

1990 births
British child actresses
British voice actresses
British television actresses
British film actresses
Canadian people of British descent
Canadian television actresses
Canadian film actresses
Living people
Actresses from Toronto
Canadian child actresses
Canadian voice actresses
Maltby, Lincolnshire

Maltby is a hamlet in the  East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It forms part of Raithby cum Maltby civil parish, and is situated on the A153,  south-west from Louth. It is in the civil parish of Tathwell.

The Knights Templars had a preceptory here, later owned by the Knights Hospitallers.

External links

"Raithby cum Maltby", Genuki.org.uk

Villages in Lincolnshire
Otto Schreier

Otto Schreier (3 March 1901 in Vienna, Austria – 2 June 1929 in Hamburg, Germany) was a Jewish-Austrian mathematician who made major contributions in combinatorial group theory and in the topology of Lie groups.

Life
His parents were the architect Theodor Schreier (1873-1943) and his wife Anna (b. Turnau) (1878-1942). From 1920 Otto Schreier studied at the University of Vienna and took classes with Wilhelm Wirtinger, Philipp Furtwängler, Hans Hahn, Kurt Reidemeister, Leopold Vietoris, and Josef Lense. In 1923 he obtained his doctorate, under the supervision of Philipp Furtwängler, entitled On the expansion of groups  (Über die Erweiterung von Gruppen). In 1926 he completed his habilitation with Emil Artin at the University of Hamburg (Die Untergruppen der freien Gruppe. Abhandlungen des Mathematischen Seminars der Universität Hamburg, Band 5, 1927, Seiten 172–179), where he had also given lectures before.

In 1928 he became a professor at the University of Rostock. He gave lectures in Hamburg and Rostock at the same time in the winter semester but fell seriously ill from sepsis in December 1928, of which he died six months later. 

His daughter Irene was born a month after his death. His wife Edith (née Jakoby) and daughter were able to flee to the United States in January 1939. His daughter became a pianist and married the American mathematician Dana Scott (born 1932), whom she had met in Princeton. Otto Schreier's parents were murdered in the Theresienstadt concentration camp during the Holocaust.

Scientific contributions 
Schreier was introduced to group theory by Kurt Reidemeister and first examined knot groups in 1924 following work by Max Dehn. His best-known work is his habilitation thesis on the subgroups of free groups, in which he generalizes the results of Reidemeister about normal subgroups. He proved that subgroups of free groups themselves are free, generalizing a theorem by Jakob Nielsen (1921). 

In 1927 he showed that the topological fundamental group of a classical Lie group is abelian. In 1928 he improved Jordan-Hölder's theorem. With Emil Artin, he proved the Artin-Schreier theorem characterizing Real closed fields.

The Schreier conjecture of group theory states that the group of external automorphisms of any finite simple group is solvable (the conjecture follows from the classification theorem of finite simple groups, which is generally accepted).

With Emanuel Sperner, he wrote an introductory textbook on linear algebra, which was well-known in German-speaking countries for a long time.

Significance of the Artin–Schreier theorem

According to Hans Zassenhaus:

Results and concepts named after Otto Schreier
 Nielsen–Schreier theorem
 Schreier refinement theorem
 Artin–Schreier theorem
 Artin–Schreier theory
 Schreier's subgroup lemma
 Schreier–Sims algorithm
 Schreier coset graph
 Schreier conjecture
 Schreier domain

References

External links
 
 

1901 births
1929 deaths
20th-century Austrian mathematicians
Austrian Jews
Group theorists
Combinatorial group theory
Super G (wireless networking)

Super G is a proprietary method to increase the throughput of an IEEE 802.11g (Wi-Fi) wireless LAN. Atheros uses frame-bursting, compression, and channel bonding technology to improve  performance. The throughput transmission speed limit when using Super G is claimed to be up to 40 Mbit/s-60 Mbit/s at a 108 Mbit/s signaling rate, which is achieved through the bonding of two 54 Mbit/s 802.11g channels.

Vendors
Other vendors have marketed Super G products as 108G Technology, 108 Mbit/s 802.11g, Xpress technology and Xtreme G. Manufacturers that have licensed Super G technology from Atheros include Airlink 101, Clipsal, D-Link, Intelbras, LevelOne, Netgear, Nortel Networks, Planex, SMC, Sony, TRENDnet, SparkLAN, Toshiba and ZyXEL. In general, Super G products from different vendors are all interoperable in Super G mode.

Interference
Non-standard channel bonding extensions to 802.11g such as Super G, have been criticized for creating interference on all Wi-Fi channels, potentially causing issues with other wireless devices that use the band, such as neighboring wireless networks, cordless telephones, baby monitors, and Bluetooth devices. However, Atheros claims that in real-world scenarios with physical separation and walls, closely located networks will not experience any interference from a Super G network.

Alternatives
Atheros has also adapted this technology to their 802.11a/g chipsets, marketing it as Super AG.

Super G is one of several competing incompatible proprietary extension approaches that were developed to increase performance of 802.11g wireless devices, such as 125 High Speed Mode from Broadcom, MIMO-based extensions from Airgo Networks, and Nitro from Conexant.

See also
 Proprietary protocol
 Vendor lock-in

References

External links

wifi services in dubai (original site is dead link as of 11.11.2011)

IEEE 802.11
Proprietary hardware
Proprietary software
Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Netherlands)

The Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (; OCW) is the Dutch Ministry responsible for education, culture, science, research, gender equality and communications. The Ministry was created in 1918 as the Ministry of Education, Arts and Sciences and had several name changes before it became the Education, Culture and Science in 1994. The Ministry is headed by the Minister of Education, Culture and Science, currently Robbert Dijkgraaf.

Responsibilities
The mission of the ministry is to "work for a smart, able and creative Netherlands". The ministry is responsible for three fields of policy:
 The whole of education, from kindergarten, via primary education and secondary education to vocational training and higher education;
 Culture, arts and the public broadcasting;
 Science and innovation.

Organisation
The ministry is currently headed by two ministers and one state secretary. The ministry's main office is located in the Hoftoren, the tallest building of The Hague. The ministry has around 2500 civil servants. The civil service is headed by a secretary general and a deputy secretary general, who head a system of three directorates general:
 Primary and Secondary Education;
 Higher Education, Professional Training and Sciences;
 and Culture and Media.

It has several autonomous agencies:
 Central Financial Institution, which is responsible for the execution of financial policies:
 Institute Collection Netherlands;
 National Archive;
 Government Service for Archeology, Cultural Landscape and Monuments;
 Education Inspection;
 Cultural Conservation Inspection;
 Council for Science and Technology; Policy;
 Council for Education;
 and the Council for Culture.

History
The predecessor of the ministry, the Ministry of Education, Arts and Sciences was founded in 1918, as it became autonomous from the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations. It was founded as a result of the resolution of the school struggle, the conflict about the equalisation of the finance for religious and public schools. During the German occupation the ministry was renamed Department for Education, Sciences and Cultural Conservation and a separate Department for Propaganda and Arts. In 1965 the department for arts was integrated into the new Ministry of Culture, Recreation and Social Work. In 1982 this cultural department was integrated into the Ministry of Health. In 1996 cultural department returned to the Ministry of Education.

See also
 List of ministers of education of the Netherlands

References

External links
 
  Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap (Rijksoverheid)

Education, Culture and Science
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Education in the Netherlands
Science and technology in the Netherlands
Culture of the Netherlands
Netherlands, Education, Culture and Science
176 (number)

176 (one hundred [and] seventy-six) is the natural number following 175 and preceding 177.

In mathematics
176 is an even number and an abundant number. It is an odious number, a self number, a semiperfect number, and a practical number.

176 is a cake number, a happy number, a pentagonal number, and an octagonal number. 15 can be partitioned in 176 ways.

The Higman–Sims group can be constructed as a doubly transitive permutation group acting on a geometry containing 176 points, and it is also the symmetry group of the largest possible set of equiangular lines in 22 dimensions, which contains 176 lines.

In astronomy
 176 Iduna is a large main belt asteroid with a composition similar to that of the largest main belt asteroid, 1 Ceres
 Gliese 176 is a red dwarf star in the constellation of Taurus
 Gliese 176 b is a super-Earth exoplanet in the constellation of Taurus. This planet orbits close to its parent star Gliese 176

In the Bible

 Minuscule 176 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament
 176 is the highest verse number in the Bible. Found in Psalm 119.

In the military
 Attack Squadron 176 United States Navy squadron during the Vietnam War
  was a United States Navy troop transport during World War II, the Korean War and Vietnam War
  was a United States Navy  during World War II
  was a United States Navy  during World War II
  was a United States Navy Porpoise-class submarine during World War II
  was a United States Navy  during World War II
  was a United States Navy  following World War I
  was a United States Navy Sonoma-class fleet tug during World War II
 176th Wing is the largest unit of the Alaska Air National Guard

In transportation
 Heinkel He 176 was a German rocket-powered aircraft
 London Buses route 176
 176th Street, Bronx elevated station on the IRT Jerome Avenue Line of the New York City Subway

In other fields
176 is also:
 The year AD 176 or 176 BC
 176 AH is a year in the Islamic calendar that corresponds to 792–793 CE
 The atomic number of an element temporarily called Unsepthexium

See also
 List of highways numbered 176
 United Nations Security Council Resolution 176
 United States Supreme Court cases, Volume 176

References

External links

 Number Facts and Trivia: 176
 The Number 176
 The Positive Integer 176
 VirtueScience: 176 
 Number Gossip: 176

Integers
Chhurpi

Chhurpi () otherwise known as durkha and chogo/chugo is a traditional cheese consumed in Bhutan and Nepal. The two varieties of chhurpi are a soft variety (consumed usually as a side dish with rice) and a hard variety (chewed like betel).

Preparation
Chhurpi is prepared in a local dairy or at home from buttermilk. The buttermilk is boiled and the solid mass that is obtained is separated from the liquid and wrapped and hung in a thin cloth to drain out the water. The product is rather like the Italian ricotta, which also is made from whey. It is soft, white, and neutral in taste. However, it is often left to ferment a bit to acquire a tangy taste.

To prepare the hard variety, the soft chhurpi is wrapped in a jute bag and pressed hard to get rid of the water. After it dries, it is cut into small cuboidal pieces and hung over fire to harden it further.

Consumption
Soft chhurpi is consumed in a variety of ways, including cooking with green vegetables as savoury dishes, as a filling for momo, grinding with tomatoes and chillies for senpen (chutney) and as a soup. In the mountainous regions of the Himalayas, chhurpi is consumed as a substitute for vegetables because it is an excellent source of protein.

Hard chhurpi is usually consumed by keeping it in the mouth to moisten it, letting parts of it become soft, and then chewing it like a gum. In this manner, one block of chhurpi can last up to two hours.

See also
 List of cheeses

References

Bhutanese cuisine
Indian cheeses
Nepalese cuisine
Yak's-milk cheeses
Istarski mih

The Istarski mih or Istrian mih is a bagpipe native to the regions of Istria and Kvarner, Croatia.

It consists of a bag made most often from goat skin and a double-chanter with two single reeds.  This type of bagpipe is distinct in that it has no drones, but a double-chanter with finger-holes on both bores, allowing both a melody and changing harmony to be played. In this respect the mih more resembles the bagpipes of the Southwest Asia and North Africa than other European bagpipes.   The instrument is not dodecaphonically tempered, it is a solistic instrument and it corresponds to the so-called Istrian scale. Due to its specific tone-hole placement, its sound is distinct and unusual even when compared to other instruments of the same "mih" family.

Unlike other Croatian bagpipe-like instruments that were forgotten and replaced with the accordion and violin in the 20th century, the art of playing istarski mih has not faced such rapid cultural decay. Ivan Matetić Ronjgov, a native Istrian composer, is credited with having revived the art of playing the istarski mih and the shawm-like instrument sopile in the 20th century. Nowadays, these instruments can be frequently seen and heard on many traditional music manifestations across Istria, with many young and perspective players performing and learning to play. Till the end of the second world war, the instrument was present also in the northern part of Ćićarija region, in Slovenia, but the tradition there hasn't been revived since. There are also some players and makers outside Istria, like Stjepan Večković, that contribute to the continuation of the instrument's tradition into the 21st century.

See also
 Diple

References

Bagpipes
Croatian musical instruments
Istria