alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Universities Allied for Essential Medicines

Universities Allied for Essential Medicines (UAEM) is a student-led organization working to improve access to and affordability of medicines around the world, and to increase research and development of drugs for neglected tropical diseases.
Supported by an active board of directors and guided by an advisory board that includes Partners in Health co-founder Paul Farmer and Nobel Laureate Sir John Sulston, UAEM has mobilized hundreds of students on more than 100 campuses in more than 20 countries. These student advocates have convinced universities worldwide to adopt equitable global access licensing policies for licensing their medical research, in order to make life-saving health innovations affordable and accessible in low and middle income countries. UAEM has published two student-led research projects—the University Report Card, which ranks universities on their contributions to global health and has received coverage in The New York Times and others; and Re:Route, a mapping of biomedical research and development (R&D) alternatives.

The organization has worked globally on a campaign aimed at encouraging the WHO to discuss an R&D agreement, and is now currently working on a campaign targeting agencies providing public funding for biomedical research around the world under the name Take Back Our Medicines (TBOM).

Chapters 
The basic units of the organizations are called chapters. A chapter is a self-organised group of students, primarily based at an academic institution often with faculty support. Chapters range in size, from more intimate groups of 2 or 3, to larger gatherings of around 30 or more students. UAEM chapters are present in the US, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Iran, India, Brazil, Sudan, Austria, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark and The Netherlands.

Coronavirus pandemic 
Universities Allied for Essential Medicines suggested that government should require necessary measures are in place for availability and affordability of COVID-19 related drugs, tests, or vaccines.

See also 
 Essential medicines
 Médecins Sans Frontières's Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines
 Patent
 Technology transfer

References

External links
 Universities Allied for Essential Medicines
 Biotech:  Not Just for the Rich
 Medical card in Pennsylvania
 Medical students as champions for social justice
 LegalEase on CKUT FM: Episode 6 - Mining for Law
 University Global Health Impact Report Card

Intellectual property activism
Tropical medicine organizations
Medical and health organizations based in Washington, D.C.
Organizations established in 2001
City of Angels

City of Angels may refer to:

Places 
 Angeles City
 Angelópolis, Colombia
 Angels Camp, California, a city in Calaveras County, California, United States
 Bangkok, Thailand, whose abbreviated Thai name Krung Thep literally means "City of Angels"
 Kiryat Malakhi, a city in Southern District, Israel
 Los Angeles, United States, widely nicknamed "City of Angels" ("the angels" is the literal translation in Spanish of "Los Ángeles")
 Puebla (city), Mexico, formerly known as Puebla de los Ángeles, and popularly known as Ciudad de los Ángeles or Angelópolis (City of the Angels)
 Angelópolis (Puebla), a commercial and residential area in the city
 Toruń, Poland, name comes from city coat of arms, which includes the Angel

Film, soundtracks and stage
 City of Angels (film), a 1998 American film starring Meg Ryan and Nicolas Cage
 City of Angels (soundtrack), the soundtrack for the 1998 film
 The Crow: City of Angels, a 1996 American film starring Vincent Perez and Iggy Pop
 City of Angels (musical), a musical comedy which ran on Broadway from 1989 to 1992

Music

Albums
 City of Angels (The Miracles album), 1975
 City of Angels, a 1988 album by Akiko Kobayashi
 City of Angels (Vanessa Amorosi album), 2022

Songs
 "City of Angels" (24kGoldn song), 2020
 "City of Angels" (Thirty Seconds to Mars song), 2013
 "City of Angels", a song by 10,000 Maniacs from their 1987 album In My Tribe
 "City of Angels", a song by Above the Law from the soundtrack for The Crow: City of Angels
 "City of Angels", a song by Demi Lovato from Holy Fvck, 2022
 "City of Angels", a song by The Distillers from their album Sing Sing Death House
 "City of the Angels", a 1980 song by Journey from their album Evolution
 "City of Angels", a song by Miguel from his 2017 album War & Leisure
 "City of Angels", a song by Nik Kershaw from his 1984 album The Riddle
"City of Angels", a song by Wang Chung from their 1985 album To Live and Die in L.A. (soundtrack)
 "Under the Bridge", a 1991 song by the Red Hot Chili Peppers, often mistakenly named "City of Angels"
 "In the City of Angels", a 1962 song by Harold Adamson and Jimmy McHugh, In the City of Angels a theme song that Vin Scully used title in his Sept. 9, 1965 broadcast of Sandy Koufax's perfect game."

Television 
 City of Angels (1976 TV series), a short-lived television series starring Wayne Rogers as a private detective in 1930s Los Angeles on NBC
 City of Angels (2000 TV series), a short-lived medical drama set in modern-day Los Angeles on CBS in 2000
 "City of Angels" (Glee), an episode of Glee
 "City Of", the premiere episode of the TV series Angel, mislabeled "City of Angels" on some DVDs
 Penny Dreadful: City of Angels, 2020 American dark fantasy series

Other uses
 City of Angels FC, a semi-professional soccer club based in Los Angeles, United States
Falcon Lodge

Falcon Lodge () is the area of Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham, West Midlands, England, covered in predominantly council houses forming the Falcon Lodge Estate. It is located between Whitehouse Common and Reddicap Heath. To the west of the estate lies Rectory Park. It forms part of the edge of the Sutton Coldfield conurbation and the English countryside.

The estate takes its name from the house built on newly enclosed common land in 1820. In 1852 the estate comprised some  of meadow, pasture and arable land. In 1937 the Sutton Coldfield Corporation acquired the house and land for £39,500 for the provision of local authority housing. The resultant Falcon Lodge estate was built between 1948-1956, with the original house still standing and occupied by a family of tenants, including Annie Smith, until 1954.

There are two secondary schools opposite each other: John Willmott School and Fairfax Academy. The road (Fairfax Road) on which Fairfax School lies acts as the border of the estate. There is also a primary school called Newhall (formerly Springfield School) and Langley School on Lindridge Road (a special needs school). This was demolished in 2010. Woodington Infants School, just off Woodington Road was demolished in 2007/2008.

The estate and surrounding area is served by several local Christian churches including St Chads (Anglican) on Hollyfield Road; Falcon Lodge Methodist Church on Newdigate Road; Falcon Lodge Chapel(Evangelical), Reddicap Heath Road; Holy Cross and St Francis (Catholic), Springfield Road. Sutton Christian Centre(Pentecostal) uses Falcon Lodge Community Centre for their main meetings and Falcon Lodge Chapel for their youth activities. Other denominations are represented with Jehovah's Witnesses Kingdom Hall in Springfield Road and the Seventh Day Adventist Church meet at Falcon Lodge Community Centre. Second Thoughts is a church-sponsored community shop and information centre operating from shop premises on Churchill Parade.

The estate is split by a small stream, Churchill Brook, along which Churchill Road is situated. This road is the main route used by National Express West Midlands buses travelling through the estate. The stream flows into Langley Brook, a tributary of the River Tame, whose waters flow, via the River Trent and the Humber, into the North Sea.

The Falcon Lodge area is served by the Sutton Trinity electoral ward which came into being in 2004. The area has a row of shops running along Churchill Road and a community centre, offering classes and activities for young and old. There is also an intergenerational community music programme, Live In The Lodge, which runs throughout the year for local residents and school children, featuring a community choir, weekly instrumental classes and workshops, and professional guest performances in the Community Centre.

References

Areas of Birmingham, West Midlands
Sutton Coldfield
Kulachi

Kulachi (کلاچی) is a city named after the Kulachi Baloch tribe and is the headquarter of Kulachi Tehsil (an administrative subdivision) of Dera Ismail Khan District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at  at an altitude of 209 metres (688 feet).

Economy 
Kulachi is an agricultural city. The area lies at the foot of the Sulaiman Range and hence is irrigated by flood water from Sulaiman Mountains. The system of irrigation is called Rod Kohi, a system of mountain channels or hill-torrents inundating the whole valley of Damaan  ("Rod" means "channel" and "Koh" means "mountain" in Persian). The Rod Kohi system based on "Kulyat Riwajat" (Fromulae and Traditions) governed the irrigation system ever since the Pathan tribes had moved into Damaan. The British officers reduced all these to writing during their Land Settlemts in the later part of 19th century. The Bolton Irrigation Notes of 1908 are still considered as the Bible of Rod Kohi Irrigation. The city population consists of two major ethnic groups, the Pushtuns and the Baloch who mostly speak Saraiki.

Demographics 
According to census 2017, population of Kulachi Tehsil is 101892 whereas population of Kulachi city is 24753.

Notes

External links 
 https://www.citypopulation.de/en/pakistan/distr/admin/dera_ismail_khan/60704__kulachi/

Populated places in Dera Ismail Khan District
Cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Cantu a tenore

The  (; ) is a style of polyphonic folk singing characteristic of the island of Sardinia (Italy's second largest island), particularly the region of Barbagia, though some other Sardinian sub-regions bear examples of such tradition.

In 2005, UNESCO proclaimed the  to be an example of intangible cultural heritage.

Etymology
The word  is not to be confused with the word "tenor" as a simple description of vocal register; it refers to the actual style of folk singing and is distinguished from other similar styles called by different names in different places on the island, such as  in Gallura and  in Logudoro .

In the Barbagia region on the island of Sardinia, there are two different styles of polyphonic singing:
, usually a form of sacred music, sung with regular voices, and , usually a form of profane music, marked by the use of overtone singing.

Technique

 is traditionally practised by groups of four male singers standing in a close circle. Each singer has a distinct role, here listed in descending pitch order—form a chorus (another meaning of ):
  or  (pronounced /oke/ or /boke/, 'voice') is the solo voice
  or  is the 'half voice'
  is the 'counter'
  as 'bass'

The  sings the same note sung by the , and  a fifth above the . The  and the  sing in a regular voice, whereas the  and the  sing with a technique affecting the larynx.
The  sings a poetic text in Sardinian, which can be of epic, historic, satirical, amorous or even protest genre. The chorus consists of nonsense syllables (for example bim-bam-boo).

According to popular tradition,  imitates the sound of wind, while the  imitates a sheep bleating and the  a cow lowing.

The solo voice starts a monodic vocal line and is then joined by the others as he indicates to them to join in. 

The effect is somewhat that of a round except that the points where the other singers join in vary and, thus, the harmonies vary from version to version. The execution differs in details between each of the villages where a  is sung to such an extent that the village can be immediately recognized.

Tradition

Although nowadays  and  are performed only by men, memories remain of a time where women groups performed as well, following the matriarchal tradition of Sardinia. According to some anthropologists,  was performed back in Nuragic times.

Some of the most well known groups who perform  are  and .

Notes

References

 Cited in .

Listening
Tenore singers on a mountain

See also 

 Throat singing

External links

The Oral Tradition of the a Tenore Song, an expression of Intangible heritage of the Sardinian pastoral culture
Sardinian Music - Buy Sardinian Music
Tenores.org

Italian folk music
Music in Sardinia
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
A cappella
Four-part harmony
Belvedere auf dem Klausberg

The Belvedere auf dem Klausberg is a building in Sanssouci Park in Potsdam, Germany erected in 1770–72 using Georg Christian Unger's plans.

Architecture
Georg Christian Unger based his plans on a drawing by the Italian archeologist Francesco Bianchini from his 1738 volume Del Palazzo de' Cesari.  Biancini had tried to reconstruct the Imperial Palace on the Palatine Hill in ancient Rome.  The only sources he used were ancient writers, parts of the ruins, and an inscription of a building with fountains on a coin he found in the Nero-erected market marcelum magnum in Rome. The ancient gold piece shows an enclosed room, an open rotunda with a vaulted ceiling, and attached on both sides to open walkways.

Exterior structure
Like the Fountain temple of the ancients, the Belvedere also has a round floor plan. The enclosed building is surrounded on the lower level by a platform with twenty ionic columns. They are supported in turn with twenty corinthian columns on the upper level. This column ring opens to the west and to the east through balcony-like attachments.

The dome over the vaulted ceiling is decorated with the statues of twenty figures of divinities made out of sandstone, which were finished in different sculptors' workshops. Through the eight arched french doors, light enters the building's two rooms, one on top of the other. The upper room can only be reached by the stairs, while the lower room has a door between the stairs on the platform.

Interior space
The lower room has not yet been restored since the destruction of 1945. In the 18th century, its decorations included a walls of white Silesian marble and vases of red jasper between, as well as above, the french doors. The trapezoid-shaped grey marble slabs of the floor formed an eight-pointed star in the center of the room. 
The star motif from the floor was continued on the vaulted ceiling, where white marble framing the ceiling tapered off in the middle.  The room's simple furnishings consisted of 16 carved gilt chairs with red leather seats.

In the upper, restored, room, the walls are covered with soft green marble (celadon), which makes the light shimmer light blue. There are gilt ornaments of plaster bordering the french windows.  The parquet floors form trapezoids made up of different kinds of wood. The ceiling, painted by Karl Christian Wilhelm Baron and Friedrich Wilhelm Bock, was covered with clouds and different kinds of birds; it was reconstructed using an old black-and-white photo. Here too the furniture consisted of 16 carved gilt chairs, which had green leather cushions to match the walls.

References

External links
 Belvedere on the Klausberg - 
 Belvedere - Potsdam Sanssouci Park

Buildings and structures in Potsdam
Sanssouci Park
Museums in Potsdam
Catholic High School, Petaling Jaya

Catholic High School Petaling Jaya (CHSPJ), more commonly known as SMJK Katholik or  公教中学 in Mandarin is a co-educational government Catholic missionary school in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia, formerly recognised as a Cluster School of Excellence by the Malaysian Ministry of Education. Founded in 1956 by Philippe Wu of the Marist Brothers. It has approximately 3000 students.

Transportation

 Taman Jaya LRT station

Extracurricular activities

Sports 
The team finished second in the All-Girls category in Cheer 2015. In Cheer 2018, Calyx All Girls from SMJK Katholik won the top prize.

Music and dance 
SMJK Katholik won the 2005 National Level High School Brass Band Competition held in Penang. Education Ministry general Tan Sri said SMJK Katholik had set a very high standard in brass performance for others to use as a benchmark.

Business 
In 2016, a team from CHS was inaugurated as national champions in the FedEx-Amcham International Trade Challenge,

Notable alumni

 William Cheng - Chairman of The Lion Group
 Edmund Yeo 杨毅恒 - film director
 Xandria Ooi - Hitz.tv VJ, journalist, emcee, host
 Koe Yeet 高艺 - Malaysian artist-singer
 Yeoh Li Tian - National chess player
 Victor Gu 胡渐彪 - National debater, politician, host
 Fong Kui Lun 方贵伦 - Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Bukit Bintang, Chairman of the Catholic High School Alumni Association

References

External links
 SMJK Schools in Malaysia (SMJK Katholik) 
 Catholic High School official page
 SMJK Web Portal 2.0 

Secondary schools in Malaysia
Secondary schools in Selangor
Chinese-language schools in Malaysia
1956 establishments in Malaya
Educational institutions established in 1956
Catholic schools in Malaysia
Marist Brothers schools
Pierre Poussines

Pierre Poussines () (1609–1686) was a French Jesuit and scholar.

His works include the publication of Francis Xavier's Letters, in seven books, from 1667. He made editions of some classical authors, including Anna Comnena, and also a translation, Specimen Sapientiae Indorum Veterum (1666), of the Panchatantra.

1609 births
1686 deaths
Jesuit historiography
17th-century French Jesuits
French scholars
Stealth wallpaper

For computer network security, stealth wallpaper is a material designed to prevent an indoor Wi-Fi network from extending or "leaking" to the outside of a building, where malicious persons may attempt to eavesdrop or attack a network.  While it is simple to prevent all electronic signals from passing through a building by covering the interior with metal, stealth wallpaper accomplishes the more difficult task of blocking Wi-Fi signals while still allowing cellphone signals to pass through.

The first stealth wallpaper was originally designed by UK defense contractor BAE Systems
In 2012, The Register reported that a commercial wallpaper had been developed by Institut Polytechnique Grenoble and the Centre Technique du Papier with planned sale in 2013.  This wallpaper blocks three selected Wi-Fi frequencies. Nevertheless, it does allow GSM and 4G signals to pass through the network, therefore allowing cell phone use to remain unaffected by the wallpaper.

See also 
 Electromagnetic shielding
 Faraday cage
 TEMPEST
 Wallpaper
 Wireless security

References

External links 
 Azcom: Stealth Wallpaper Prevents Wi-Fi Signals Escaping without Blocking Mobile Phone Signals
 The Register: Wifi Blocking Wallpaper

BAE Systems research and development
Computer network security
Wi-Fi
Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government Board

The Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government Board was, from 1871 – 1919, a junior ministerial post in the United Kingdom subordinate to the President of the Local Government Board.  The Local Government Board itself was established in 1871 and took in supervisory functions from the Board of Trade and the Home Office, including the Local Government Act Office that had been established by the Local Government Act 1858. 

The position was abolished in June 1919, following the First World War, and the duties transferred to the new position of Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health.

Parliamentary Secretaries to the Local Government Board, 1871-1919

References

Health
Poor Law in Britain and Ireland
Defunct ministerial offices in the United Kingdom
Temperature (song)

"Temperature" is the third worldwide and the second US single from Jamaican musician Sean Paul's third studio album, The Trinity (2005). The song uses the dancehall riddim "Applause". Officially, there are two versions of the song, which only differ in their rhythm. The track was produced by Rohan "Snowcone" Fuller and received a positive reception from music critics. Released as the second US single in December 2005, the song reached  1 on the Billboard Hot 100 the following year to become Paul's third US No. 1 single. The single also reached the top 10 in Canada and France and the top 20 in Australia and the United Kingdom.

"Temperature" became Sean Paul's biggest hit single in the US. Even though it only spent one week at No. 1, "Temperature" showed extreme longevity on the Billboard Hot 100, spending 17 weeks in the top 10. Until Nelly Furtado and Timbaland's "Promiscuous", this was the longest run in the top 10 for a single in 2006.

Music video

The official music video was directed by Little X, in the video, Sean Paul is seen rapping with female backup dancers. The first dance sequence was with blowing leaves, centered in autumn. Then as weather gets cooler, Paul is in the snow while the thermometer freezing, centered in winter. The third sequence is in the rain, centered on spring. Finally, Paul at a tanning salon squirting sunscreen, centered on summer. There is evident sexual innuendo in the squirting of the lotion from the sunscreen bottles. At the end, Paul raps and is in a club while performing to the song "Breakout".

Track listings

US 12-inch single
A1. "Temperature" (album version) – 3:37
A2. "Temperature" (instrumental) – 3:37
B1. "Breakout" (album version) – 2:59
B2. "Breakout" (instrumental) – 2:59

Australian CD single
 "Temperature" (album version)
 "U a Pro"
 "As Time Goes On"

European CD single
 "Temperature" (album version)
 "U a Pro"

UK CD1
 "Temperature" (album version) – 3:37
 "As Time Goes On" – 4:53

UK CD2
 "Temperature" – 3:37
 "As Time Goes On" – 4:53
 "U a Pro" – 2:57
 "Temperature" (video)
 "Temperature" (Mytone ringtone)

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

Certifications

!scope="col" colspan="5"| Ringtone
|-

Release history

See also
 List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 2006 (U.S.)
 List of European number-one hits of 2006

References

External links
 

Sean Paul songs
2005 singles
2005 songs
Atlantic Records singles
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
European Hot 100 Singles number-one singles
Music videos directed by Director X
Songs written by Sean Paul
VP Records singles
Texel International Airport

Texel International Airport  is a small airport located  north northeast of Den Burg on the island of Texel in the north of the Netherlands. It has a customs service to handle international flights making it an international airport, though no scheduled international flights take place from the airport as the name might suggest. Because of this, it has no IATA code assigned to it.

The airfield is mainly used by small piston engine aircraft, but turboprops such as the Fokker 50 and small jets such as the Cessna Citation can also land at Texel. A lit platform for helicopters is also available. The biggest aircraft ever at Texel Airport was the Fokker 100, the biggest helicopter was a Mil Mi-26.

One of the main activities on Texel Airport is skydiving.

The island itself is a popular tourist destination especially during summer and so a lot of private pilots come to the island for recreation. There is also a small museum showing the history of aviation on the island.

History
The airport was opened in 1937 under the name Vliegpark de Vlijt (Flying Park de Vlijt) as a joint military-civilian facility. It had been constructed as part of labour project to combat unemployment. KLM operated tourist flights to the new airfield using the Fokker F.XXXVI while the military based a number of aircraft.

At the start of the Second World War, the airfield came under attack by the German Luftwaffe, resulting in the destruction of 10 of the 25 based aircraft. Six Fokker D.XVII aircraft based at Texel as training aircraft were deployed against the invading Germans. The Dutch government surrendered quickly, however, and the airfield played no role of significance during the invasion. German troops captured the island and took control of the airfield, expanding it for their own use and naming it Fliegerhorst Texel. Concrete runways and taxiways were constructed, and numerous bunkers were built. The airfield was attacked several times by the Royal Air Force in 1940, but little damage was done. In April 1943, it was decided to no longer make use of the airfield, and obstructions were placed to prevent allied aircraft from using it as a potential landing site.

After the war, the site of the airfield briefly became a prison camp for collaborators, using some of the former German shelters. During this period, the concrete runways and taxiways were removed. It was not until 1952 that flying was resumed at the airfield.

DC-3 disaster
A memorial on the airport reminds of the disaster with a Douglas DC-3 from the Dutch Dakota Association on 25 September 1996. It was on its way from Texel to de Kooy airport at Den Helder when one of the engines failed and the crew was unable to feather the propeller. The aircraft crashed in shallow water near the town hall of Den Oever. None of the 32 people on board survived the crash.

References

External links
Texel airport (official website)
Aviation museum Texel
Paracentrum Texel
Airport Hotel Texel

Airports in North Holland
Texel
La Terremoto de Alcorcón

María José Charro Galán, better known under her stage name La Terremoto de Alcorcón or La Terremoto (), and also as Pepa Charro, is a Spanish singer born in Madrid, Spain.

She grew up in Alcorcón and studied languages. She went to the United Kingdom to work as an au pair. She has been a member of the group  Diabéticas Aceleradas since 1999. She lives in Majorca, where she owns a bar. She became well known in Spain for parodies of Madonna's "Hung Up" and "Can't Get You Out of My Head" and "2 Hearts", both by Kylie Minogue.

Recently she appeared as a regular feature of TVE2's late-night programme, presented by Cayetana Guillén Cuervo.

She has become a gay icon in Spain and has performed in New York City, London (at The Royal Vauxhall Tavern), and Mexico D.F. clubs. In 2007, she wrote and performed the track "Libérate", becoming the Official Europride Anthem (2007, Madrid). She performed in Lisbon during its "Arraial Gay Pride" in June 2009.

In 2019 she signed with Netflix to host the Spanish version of its reality series Nailed It!, which is titled Niquelao!. The first season of Niquelao! was released on October 25, 2019.

In 2023, she was a guest celebrity judge in the episode "Snatch Game - España Season 3" of the Spanish language reality television series Drag Race España streamed on ATRESplayer Premium.

Discography 

Unless otherwise indicated, all these singles are parodies of the original artists:

 "I Will Survive" by Gloria Gaynor (titled "Sin Afeitar") 
 "¿A quién le importa?" by Alaska y Dinarama
 "It's Raining Men" by Geri Halliwell
 "Thriller" by Michael Jackson
 "Hung Up" by Madonna
 "Enajená" ("Let Me Out" by Dover) 
 "Crazy in Love" by Beyoncé
 "Can't Get You Out of My Head" by Kylie Minogue
 "Libérate" - original song written and performed by Terremoto de Alcorcón for the Official Europride Anthemn, Madrid 2007 
 "2 Hearts" by Kylie Minogue
 "He's My Man" (Eurovision Song Contest 2008 - not chosen to be the Spanish entry)

References

External links
www.laterremotodealcorcon.es

Living people
Singers from Madrid
Spanish women singers
Spanish vedettes
1977 births
British Constitution (card game)

British Constitution (usually Constitution in American sources) is an English patience or card solitaire played with two packs of playing cards. It is a card game with a high chance in winning.

Rules
First, the kings, queens, and aces are removed from the stock. The kings and queens are discarded, while the aces are placed in a row to form the "Government" or the foundations, which are built up by suit to jacks.

Below the aces, four rows of eight cards each are dealt. This forms the tableau (also known as the "Constitution").

The cards available for building in the foundations should come from Row 1 (also known as the "Privy Council") only. Furthermore, cards in Row 1 can be built down by alternating colors. Available for building in Row 1 are the top cards of the piles in Row 1 (initially containing only one card per pile) and the cards from Row 2. Only one card can be moved at a time.

When a card leaves from either Row 1 or 2, the space it leaves behind must be filled with any card from the row immediately below it, not necessarily the one immediately below the space. The space, in essence, is pushed downwards until it reaches Row 4 (the "People Row"), where it is filled with a card from the stock. This is the only way cards from the stock enter the game. Furthermore, cards from the stock cannot be played directly to the foundations. If no more spaces appear in Row 4 with cards still undealt from the stock, the game is lost.

The game is won when all cards are built in the foundations up to jacks.

Variants

Lady Cadogan's rule set specified that as the tableau is being set up, one Queen of Diamonds and the eight kings are put above the foundations; the Q♦ being "The Sovereign," the black Kings being the "Bishops," and the red Kings the "Judges," all placed above the foundation. The other Queens are discarded. Since these nine cards clearly play a purely decorative role in this game, most modern rule sets bypass this, which explains the reason the kings and queens are discarded completely as mentioned above.

Lady Cadogan's rule set also slightly differs from the rules set out by Mott-Smith and Morehead that is outlined above. In Lady Cadogan's rule set, while foundations are exclusively filled from cards from Row 1, Row 1 cards can only be built upon by cards from Row 2, not other cards from Row 1. This applies to the other rows, i.e. Row 2 cards are built by cards from Row 3, Row 3 cards by cards from Row 4, and Row 4 cards from a wastepile that is formed from unplayed cards from the stock. In other words, available for building on Rows 1 to 3 are cards from the row directly below while the top card on the wastepile is available to build on cards on Row 4.

See also
 List of patiences and solitaires
 Glossary of patience and solitaire terms

References

Double-deck patience card games
Simple packers
Bougatsa

Bougatsa ( ) is a Greek breakfast pastry (sweet or savoury) consisting of semolina custard.

Origin
The name comes from the Byzantine Greek πογάτσα (pogátsa), from the ancient Roman pānis focācius, literally "hearth bread"; cf. Italian focaccia.  It may have had a classical origin in the Roman-era placenta cake. A similar dessert is still known as placenta () on the island of Lesbos in Greece.

It is found in Thessaloniki and in the Central Macedonia region of Northern Greece, particularly the city of Serres, where it was brought in the 20th century by Greek refugees from Constantinople. The taste of bougatsa varies between regions of Greece. For example, bougatsa in Veria is very sweet and full of cream, while in Thessaloniki it is crunchy and not that sweet, and in Chania Crete it is made of local mizithra cheese and sprinkled with sugar.

Preparation

Greek bougatsa is prepared from phyllo dough wrapped around a filling. After it is baked, it is cut into serving pieces and served hot. If the filling is semolina custard, then the pastry may be lightly dusted with powdered sugar and/or cinnamon.

Most modern bougatsa is made with machine-made phyllo, but some cafes and bakeries selling hand-made bougatsa still exist, especially in smaller towns and villages of Greece.

Trivia
The city of Serres achieved the record for the largest puff pastry on 1 June 2008. It weighed , was  long, and was made by more than 40 bakers.

The process of making bougatsa by hand was featured on an episode of Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations filmed in Greece.

See also

In Greek cuisine 
 Galaktoboureko
 Spanakopita, a pie made with spinach and sometimes cheese
 Tyropita, a pie made with cheese

In other cuisines 
 Banitsa, a similar pie from Bulgaria
 Cremeschnitte
 Focaccia
 Knafeh
 Pogača
 List of custard desserts

References

Works cited

Sources
 foccacia.gr

Custard desserts
Greek desserts
Greek pastries
Greek Macedonian cuisine
Stuffed dishes
Breakfast dishes
Electoral district of Pine Rivers

Pine Rivers is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland.

It was first created for the 1972 state election, based in the Shire of Pine Rivers in the northern outskirts of Brisbane. It was abolished in 1992 and replaced by Kurwongbah for the 1992 state election. The final member for Pine Rivers, Margaret Woodgate, transferred to Kurwongbah.

Pine Rivers was reintroduced for the 2009 state election, essentially as Kurwongbah renamed. The name change from Kurwongbah was made necessary due to the redistribution excising the eponymous suburb from the district. Originally proposed to be called Samsonvale by the Electoral Commission of Queensland, the name Pine Rivers was adopted after further review.

Members for Pine Rivers

Election results

References

External links
 

Pine Rivers
Shire of Pine Rivers
G. Arthur Martin

Goldwin Arthur Martin   (17 May 191326 February 2001) was a Canadian lawyer and judge who was known as an expert on criminal law. He was a judge of the Court of Appeal for Ontario from 1973 to 1988.

Early life and education
Martin was born on 17 May 1913 in Huntsville, Ontario. He graduated from Osgoode Hall Law School in 1938 as gold medallist. He was called to the bar of Ontario in June of that year and to the bar of British Columbia in 1950.

Career
Martin became a defence lawyer in 1940. He represented 60 people charged with murder and none were convicted of murder, although some were convicted of other offences. He was elected treasurer of the Law Society of Upper Canada in 1970. He was appointed to the Court of Appeal for Ontario in 1973, and retired in 1988.

John Arnup called Martin "the greatest criminal lawyer this country has produced". As a criminal defender, Martin developed techniques including the use of expert witnesses and the insanity defence.

In 1993, Martin chaired a royal commission on the use of plea bargaining in Ontario. The commission's recommendations enhanced the reputation of plea bargains, which had earlier been viewed with some suspicion by lawyers and judges. 

Martin died on 26 February 2001 in Toronto.

Awards
He was appointed an officer of the Order of Canada in 1991 and became a companion in 1997. He received honorary doctorates of law from Queen's University and the Law Society of Upper Canada.

The Ontario Criminal Lawyers' Association presents the G. Arthur Martin Criminal Justice Medal for an outstanding contribution to criminal justice.

Notes

Sources
 

1913 births
2001 deaths
Canadian King's Counsel
Companions of the Order of Canada
Justices of the Court of Appeal for Ontario
Lawyers in Ontario
People from Huntsville, Ontario
Treasurers of the Law Society of Upper Canada
Slower Speeds Initiative

The Slower Speeds Initiative is a UK single issue coalition pressure group. It is an unincorporated association, controlled by its management committee, made up of representatives of its founder organisations. Its aims are "to raise awareness of the consequences of inappropriate speeds of road vehicles, to stimulate and contribute to the discussion on vehicle speeds and means of reducing inappropriate speeds and to achieve changes in government policy, driver behaviour and other relevant areas to reduce speeds".

The group advocates:
 lower and better enforced speed limits, including on high quality roads, where "by discouraging longer journeys they would help to restrain traffic growth and improve the competitiveness of public transport for longer journeys".
 more resources for speed reduction 
 what they see as more responsible attitudes to speed 
 changes in the law to reflect the seriousness of speeding offences 
 the introduction of variable speed limiters

History 
In 1998 the Slower Speeds Initiative was founded by the following organisations:
 Campaign for Better Transport (formally 'Transport 2000')
 Children's Play Council
 Cyclists' Touring Club (CTC)
 Environmental Transport Association (ETA)
 Living Streets (formally Pedestrian Association)
 RoadPeace
 Sustrans

Of the organisations above, Sustrans, Living Streets, the ETA and the Cyclists' Touring Club are affiliates of the CBT itself as well as supporting the Initiative.

References

External links 
 

Road safety
Road safety in the United Kingdom
Harry Maclean

Harry Maclean may refer to:

 Sir Harry Aubrey de Vere Maclean (1848–1920), Scottish soldier and instructor to the Moroccan Army
 Harry Maclean (speedway rider) (born 1951), Scottish motorcycle speedway rider
 Harry N. MacLean (born c. 1943), American writer and lawyer
Cathedral of Our Merciful Saviour

The Cathedral of Our Merciful Saviour in Faribault is the oldest cathedral in Minnesota. Built 1862–1869, it was the first church in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America designed as a cathedral.  The architect was James Renwick Jr., who also designed St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York, the Smithsonian Institution Building in Washington, D.C., and a very similar church, the Christ Church by the Sea in Colón, Panama. On August 10, 1979, the cathedral and its guild house were added to the National Register of Historic Places. On February 19, 1982, there was a boundary increase to add the bishop's residence to the National Register.

Our Merciful Saviour was founded by Bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple, who is buried beneath the altar. In 1941 St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral in Minneapolis was dedicated as the seat of the bishop for the Episcopal Diocese of Minnesota, but the Cathedral of Our Merciful Saviour retains its status as a full cathedral as well.

National Register listings

Original
Cathedral of Our Merciful Saviour **
(added 1979 - Building - #79001253)
Also known as See Also: Cathedral of Our Merciful Saviour and Guild House
515 2nd Ave., NW, Faribault
Historic Significance: 	Event, Architecture/Engineering
Architect, builder, or engineer: 	Renwick & Co.
Architectural Style: 	Gothic Revival
Area of Significance: 	Architecture, Religion
Period of Significance: 	1850-1874
Owner: 	Private
Historic Function: 	Religion
Historic Sub-function: 	Religious Structure
Current Function: 	Religion
Current Sub-function: 	Religious Structure

Boundary increase

Cathedral of Our Merciful Saviour and Guild House (Boundary Increase) **
(added 1982 - Building - #82003009)
Also known as See Also:Cathedral of Our Merciful Saviour
515 2nd Ave., NW, Faribault
Historic Significance: 	Person, Event, Architecture/Engineering
Architect, builder, or engineer: 	Unknown
Architectural Style: 	Late Victorian
Historic Person: 	Whipple, Bishop Henry Benjamin
Significant Year: 	1894
Area of Significance: 	Architecture, Religion
Period of Significance: 	1875-1899
Owner: 	Private
Historic Function: 	Religion
Historic Sub-function: 	Church Related Residence
Current Function: 	Religion
Current Sub-function: 	Church Related Residence

See also

List of the Episcopal cathedrals of the United States
List of cathedrals in the United States

References

Alan K. Lathrop. Churches of Minnesota: an Illustrated Guide. University of Minnesota Press. Minneapolis: 2003.

External links
Cathedral of Our Saviour website
Episcopal Diocese of Minnesota website

19th-century Episcopal church buildings
Buildings and structures in Faribault, Minnesota
Cathedrals in Minnesota
Churches completed in 1869
Churches in Rice County, Minnesota
Our Merciful Saviour
Episcopal church buildings in Minnesota
James Renwick Jr. church buildings
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
1869 establishments in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Rice County, Minnesota
Marwayne

Marwayne is a village in central Alberta, Canada. It is located  northwest of the city of Lloydminster and  west of the Saskatchewan border.

Marwayne lies at the intersection between Highway 45 and Highway 897. The economy is based on agriculture and ranching, with the oil and gas sector playing an important part as well.

The village's name is unusual in combining parts of a personal name and a place name. In commemorates the pioneer Marfleet family, who emigrated from Wainfleet, Lincolnshire, England.  The first school in Marwayne opened in 1928.

Demographics 
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Village of Marwayne had a population of 543 living in 231 of its 263 total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of 564. With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

The population of the Village of Marwayne according to its 2017 municipal census is 606, a change of  from its 2013 municipal census population of 667.

In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Village of Marwayne recorded a population of 564 living in 231 of its 245 total private dwellings, a  change from its 2011 population of 612. With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2016.

See also 
List of communities in Alberta
List of villages in Alberta

References

External links 

1952 establishments in Alberta
Villages in Alberta
Grímur Thomsen

Grímur Thomsen (May 15, 1820 – November 27, 1896), Icelandic poet and editor, was born in Bessastaðir in 1820.  He was the son of Þorgrímur Tómasson, a goldsmith. In 1837, he went to the University of Copenhagen, where he studied law and philology, but he also became interested in philosophy and aesthetics. He became an enthusiastic follower of the Pan-Scandinavian movement, although this was not generally favored by his countrymen.

At the University of Copenhagen, Thomsen wrote a dissertation on Byron and received a master's degree. Because of the quality of his written dissertation, he received a scholarship to travel around Europe for two years. Eventually he would be awarded a doctoral degree for his written dissertation on Byron. In 1848, Thomsen entered the Danish diplomatic service.  In 1851, he returned to Copenhagen, where he was appointed chief of the ministry of foreign affairs. He retired in 1866 and returned to Iceland. In Iceland, he became a member of parliament (Alþing) and a farmer in Bessastaðir. Thomsen died in 1896.

Thomsen is considered one of Iceland's most important romantic era writers. In addition to being a poet (two separate collections, Reykjavik, 1880, and Copenhagen, 1895) he is also the author of numerous critical and historical essays in Icelandic and Danish. Thomsen was an admirer of Greek literature and translated a great number of poems from Greek into Icelandic.

Notes

References

External links
 
Grímur Thomsen at althingi.is 

1820 births
1896 deaths
Grimur Thomsen
Grimur Thomsen
Grimur Thomsen
Grimur Thomsen
19th-century male writers
Naranbhai Rathwa

Naranbhai J. Rathwa (born 1 June 1953) is an Member of Rajya Sabha from Gujarat. He was a member of the 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th & 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Chhota Udaipur constituency of Gujarat and is a member of the Indian National Congress.

He was a Minister of State in the Ministry of Railways. He lost to Ramsinh Rathwa in 2009 Lok Sabha Elections

External links
 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website

1953 births
Living people
Indian National Congress politicians
India MPs 2004–2009
Union ministers of state of India
India MPs 1989–1991
India MPs 1991–1996
India MPs 1996–1997
India MPs 1998–1999
People from Vadodara
Lok Sabha members from Gujarat
People from Chhota Udaipur district
Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat
Kishanbhai Vestabhai Patel

Kishanbhai Vestabhai Patel (born 2 June 1964) was a member during 14th & 15th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Valsad constituency from Gujarat state and is a member of the Indian National Congress.

External links
 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website

1964 births
Living people
People from Valsad district
Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat
India MPs 2004–2009
India MPs 2009–2014
Lok Sabha members from Gujarat
Speed skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics

Speed skiing was a demonstration sport at the 1992 Winter Olympics. The venue was in Les Arcs, about 60 km from the host city, Albertville. Michael Prufer, a 31-year-old medical doctor from Savoie, improved his own 1988 world record by 5.558 km/h.  Philippe Goitschel, the nephew of French ski champion Marielle Goitschel, was second and the American Jeffrey Hamilton was third. The competition was, however, marred by the death of Nicolas Bochatay from Switzerland, who died while free skiing the morning of the finals.

Tarja Mulari from Finland achieved a top speed of , breaking the previous women's world record of .

Men's event

Women's event

References
Official Olympic Report - Albertville 1992

Discontinued sports at the Winter Olympics
1992 Winter Olympics events
Olympics
Skiing at the Winter Olympics
Men's events at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Women's events at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Glasgow College of Nautical Studies

Glasgow College of Nautical Studies was a further education college of nautical and maritime studies, and a provider of marine and offshore training courses. On 26 March 2009, it was announced that the college would merge with the Central College and Glasgow Metropolitan College. In 2010, the merger was completed the college was absorbed into the City of Glasgow College. Degree courses, in subjects including Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, were offered in association with the University of Strathclyde.

The college's main building was located on Thistle Street on the south bank of the River Clyde in central Glasgow in western Scotland. The college motto was 'Nautical and So Much More' which tried to encapsulate the breadth of courses offered.

History
In 1910, the Glasgow School of Navigation was founded. The school would be later renamed the Glasgow College of Nautical Studies.

The marine facility at the college was primarily housed in a purpose-built boat shed built in 1968 beside the Clyde. In 1969, the facility was officially opened by Lord Mountbatten. In May 2009, the college secured £5.6 million to replace the shed and construct a new marine college campus. Much of the funding came from the Scottish Funding Council.

In September 2009, the college was partially evacuated due to a chemical incident. In 2010, the college became part of the City of Glasgow College.

Notable students
 Nick Nairn, chef, who joined the merchant navy aged 17.

See also
 Trinity House of Leith

References

External links
 College website

Further education colleges in Glasgow
Maritime colleges in the United Kingdom
Defunct universities and colleges in Scotland
Gorbals