alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Imperialism

Imperialism is a policy (way of governing) in which large or powerful countries seek to extend their authority beyond their own borders. The policy of imperialism aims at the creation of an empire.  

Imperialist countries take control of other countries.  They may use military force to do this. However, they may also avoid using military force.  They may simply establish economic and/or political control over the other country. 

Imperialist policies of countries or kingdoms have goals of taking over more land to create bigger empires. 

The ruler of an empire gains natural resources such as agricultural and mining products.  Human resources are also gained. Conquered peoples may be forced into slavery or into low-wage work. They may also be called into military service on behalf of the empire.  Trade markets are also gained. The people under an imperial government may be forced to buy products from that government or from that government's industries.  

Thus, a policy of imperialism can vastly enrich the imperialist country. This benefit can extend over a long period of time.

Imperialism has been practised throughout recorded history. However, there is one historical period that is specifically known as the Age of Imperialism. This period extends from the early 18th century to the mid-20th century. 

During the Age of Imperialism, modern and industrialised countries competed for control of pre-industrial parts of the world. In pre-industrial areas, natural and human resources were widely and cheaply available.  The imperialist countries that acquired the largest empires during the Age of Imperialism are The United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States.

Some writers use the term "imperialism" informally.  They use the term to mean any type of domination of one country over another part of the world. Domination especially happened in Asia and Africa.

Related pages 
Neocolonialism

Other websites 
 Imperialism Quotations
 State, Imperialism and Capitalism by Joseph Schumpeter
 Economic Imperialism by A.J.P.Taylor 
 Imperialism Entry in the Columbia Encyclopedia (Bartleby)
 The Nation-State, Core and Periphery: A Brief sketch of Imperialism in the 20th century.
Heresy

Heresy is a word used by different religious groups, used to describe someone who has ideas that are different from what the religion or law teaches. Such a person is known as heretic. 

In the Middle Ages it was not uncommon to accuse someone of heresy. If the accusations could be proven, the culprit would go through a ritual. Since torture could be used, the accusations were often proven. The ritual was done to save the soul of the convicted criminal.  It involved being burnt while tied to a post.

Still in the 21st century Muslims who apostatize are often treated very harshly and frequently killed.

Jesus Christ himself was regarded as a heretic by the Jewish leaders at the time- see Gospel of Matthew 26:57-67

The Roman Catholic Church in early times had great trouble with heretical christological doctrines, such as Monophysitism and Arianism. The Church sees several heresies in Protestantism:
Protestants claim only scripture (the Bible) is relevant for the faith (sola scriptura); the Catholic Church says traditions are also important. 
Protestants say that belief is enough to be saved (sola fide). Catholics say that good deeds are necessary as well.
Protestants say that anyone can be a priest; the only requirement is that the person is baptised. In the Catholic and Orthodox churches, priests are ordained. This means that some people are not priests, even though they have been baptised.
According to Protestants, there is no Transubstantiation during mass (liturgy). 
The Roman Missal contains heresies, according to Protestants

As a result of the Protestant Reformation, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith was created in the Roman Catholic Church which protects the Church against heresies. It is the last instance to decide what constitutes a heresy, and how to deal with it.

References

 
Theology
41

Year 41 (XLI) is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Saturninus.

Events

Roman Empire 
 January 24 – Roman Emperor Gaius Caesar (Caligula) is assassinated by his unhappy Praetorian Guards.
 January 25 Claudius is made Roman Emperor by the Senate.
 Claudius makes Agrippa king of Judea.
 Seneca the Younger is banished to Corsica on a charge of adultery with Julia Livilla
 Claudius restores religious freedom to the Jews throughout the empire.
 An attack across the Rhine by the Germans is stopped by the Romans.

Asia 
 Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty deposes his wife, Guo Shentong.  He places his consort Yin Lihua empress in her place.

Births 
 February 12 – Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, son of Claudius and Messalina

Deaths
 Julia Drusilla, daughter of Caligula
 Julia Livilla, daughter of Germanicus
 Milonia Caesonia, wife of Caligula

41
1341



Events 
 The Queen's College, a constituent college of the University of Oxford, is founded.
 Petrarch is crowned poet laureate in Rome, the first man since antiquity to be given this honor. 
 Beginning of the Breton War of Succession over the control of the Duchy of Brittany
 Margarete Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol, expels her husband John Henry of Bohemia, to whom she had been married as a child. She subsequently marries Louis of Bavaria without having been divorced, which results in the excommunication of the couple.
1522



Events 
January 9 – Adrian Dedens becomes Pope Adrian VI.
 February 26 – Execution by hanging of Cuauhtémoc, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan under orders of conquistador Hernán Cortés.
April 22 – Battle of Bicocca – French and Swiss forces under Odet de Lautrec are defeated by the Spanish in their attempt to retake Milan, and are forced to withdraw into Venetian territory.
July 28 – Beginning of Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I's siege of the Knights of St. John in Rhodes.
 September 6 – The Vittoria, one of the surviving ships of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition, returns to Sanlcar de Barrameda in Spain, becoming the first ship to circumnavigate the world.
December 18 – The Turks finally break into Rhodes, but the Knights continue fierce resistance in the streets.
December 20 – Suleiman the Magnificent accepts the surrender of the surviving Knights, who are allowed to evacuate. They eventually re-settle on Malta and become known as the Knights of Malta.
 First Diet of Nuremberg.
 The third edition of the Textus Receptus of the Bible published.
American Sign Language

American Sign Language (old names: Amslan, Ameslan ) is the most popular sign language for the Deaf in the United States, in the English-speaking parts of Canada, and in parts of Mexico. Although the United Kingdom and the United States share English as a spoken and written language, British Sign Language (BSL) is different from American Sign Language.  ASL actually comes from French Sign Language, as Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet went to England for help learning sign language to teach to his deaf neighbors.  He could not find anyone willing to teach him the British Sign Language, but did find some French people who were willing to help, he convinced one of them to travel back to the United States with him to set up the first deaf school in the U.S.

ASL is also used (sometimes with other sign languages) in the Philippines, Singapore, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Côte d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Chad, Gabon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Mauritania, Kenya, Madagascar, and Zimbabwe. Like other sign languages, its grammar is different from any spoken language.

ASL includes fingerspelling.  Fingerspelling is a way to show the written letter.  ASL uses one hand to show the English alphabet, although there are ways to show alphabets from other languages.  Names of people and places can be fingerspelled. Fingerspelling is also used for words that have no sign, or for when people are confused about what a used sign means.

Statistics 
Counting the number of ASL speakers is difficult because ASL users have never been counted by the American census. ASL use in the general American population has not been directly measured. The ultimate source for current estimates of the number of ASL users in the United States is a report for the National Census of the Deaf Population (NCDP) by Schein and Delk (1974). Based on a 1972 survey of the NCDP, Schein and Delk provided estimates consistent with a signing population between 250,000 and 500,000. The survey did not distinguish between ASL and other forms of signing.

Incorrect figures are sometimes cited for the population of ASL speakers in the United States based on misunderstandings of statistics. Demographics of the deaf population have been confused with those of ASL use. This accounts for cited estimations which are greater than 500,000. Such mistaken estimations can reach as high as 15,000,000.

ASL is sometimes incorrectly cited as the third- or fourth-most-spoken language in the United States. These figures misquote Schein and Delk (1974), who said ASL speakers constituted the third-largest population requiring an interpreter in court.

References

Bibliography

Other websites 
  ASL browser(See lots of signs in American Sign Language)
 ASLPro.com Home

Sign languages
Saint-Dié-des-Vosges

Saint-Dié-des-Vosges is a city in the northeast of France, in Lorraine.

Demography 
Now about 23,000 people live there.

Tourism 
Surrounded by the Vosges mountains, it is a popular resort for tourists.
 Cathedral
 Museum Pierre-Noël

Events 
The city is famous for the International Festival of Geography, which takes place every autumn.

Higher education 

Electronics, computer science, graphic design and communication are studied at the University Institute of Technology.
 
In French it is called "IUT" (Institut universitaire de technologie).

People of Saint-Dié-des-Vosges 
 Jules Ferry
 Yvan Goll

Other websites 
 Saint-Dié-des-Vosges website
 Institut universitaire de technologie 

Communes in Vosges
Subprefectures in France
Rhodesian Ridgeback

Rhodesian Ridgeback is a breed of dog. 

It has a red-brown coat of fur on its body and a line of hair down its back which is different from the rest of hair on its body. They are sometimes called The African Lion Dog, because they were used by hunters in Africa to find and confuse lions while the hunter shot the lion.

References

Other websites 
 Rhodesian Ridgeback and other dog breeds
 Rhodesian Ridgeback Startpage.

Dog breeds
FCI breeds
Glove

A glove is a piece of clothing that covers a hand. There are many different kinds of gloves. Gloves are made of many different fabrics and materials, and gloves are used in many ways.

Gloves worn for protection 
People wear thick gloves, usually made of wool or fabric, to keep their hands warm in cold weather. They wear thin gloves (usually made of rubber or plastic) to keep their hands clean. People also wear thin gloves made of rubber or plastic to keep things they touch clean. Some workers wear gloves made of heavy rubber to protect their hands from chemicals. A mitten is a glove which has a separate place for the thumb, but the other four fingers are together. There are also mittens, which are very similar to gloves. Gloves and mittens are usually used to protect people from cold, and chemicals. People use latex gloves during Earth day to clean up.

Gloves worn for fashion 
There are also gloves that are worn for fashion, because they look good. These type of gloves are made from leather, fur, or different fabrics.

Gloves worn in sport 
Gloves are worn in sports, the most common reason being for extra grip for the competitors hands. Like in golf, baseball and goalkeepers in soccer.

Mittens 
The word is used for certain kinds of usually knitted gloves. Some don't have separate finger pieces, and are made for children. Others have separate finger pieces without tips, so the wearer can use his fingers for delicate work, and keep his hands warm at the same time. some are fingerless gloves .
Tales of Symphonia

Tales of Symphonia is a role-playing video game released in 2004 for the Nintendo GameCube. It is a fantasy RPG.

Story
The main character Lloyd Irving and his friends, Genis Sage and Colette Brunel, are sent away from the town where Lloyd lived. Genis' sister Raine and the mercenary Kratos join them. While traveling, Colette begins to change into an angel. Lloyd learns that she is in charge of saving the world. Two groups of people want her to stop. They are the Desians, bad guys that enslave humans, and Sheena, a woman that wants to kill Colette. Sheena and Colette save each other from the Desians and become friends. Eventually, they get ready to save the world. Kratos betrays Colette and the others to Cruxis, the angels who control the Desians. Lloyd and the others manage to escape. They go to a different world called Tethe'alla.  There, they make three new friends called Zelos, Presea, and Regal. Kratos still wants to find them and the Cruxis leader, Mithos, is very angry. Lloyd's group learns that if they want to save the world, they need to have Sheena gain the power of the eight "Summon Spirits". The spirits are magical creatures.  After using the power of the summon spirits, the problem gets worse. Lloyd and Kratos need to work together to save the world from being destroyed by the Giant Kharlan Tree. Yuan uses a drug where it puts people to sleep on everyone. After this, Lloyd wakes up in the middle of the night. Kratos is with Yuan and two of Yuan's henchman. Lloyd learns that Kratos is his father. Kratos dives in front of Lloyd to stop him from being hurt. Kratos then tells Lloyd that there is a ninth Summon Spirit by the name of Origin. Lloyd has to fight Kratos to get its help because Origin was sealed by Kratos himself. The Summon Spirit helps Lloyd use the eternal sword. After this, they go to Derris Kharlan and there is one last battle with Mithos.

Nintendo GameCube games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 3 games
Role-playing video games
2004 video games
Windows games
Video games developed in Japan
Sermon

A sermon is a speech that a priest or other speaker gives during church service. The speech has a theological, religious or moral content. The purpose of a sermon is to give hope to the people who hear it, or to encourage them to do right things in their lives.  The speaker may also talk about the current problems of the community, and offer ways to solve them.Very often, sermons given by priests or other clergy are based on passages from the Bible.

Other websites

Sermon central
A large collection of professional sermons

Christian genres
Sand

Sand is a mixture of very small pieces of different rocks or minerals. It is the same minerals from which those pieces are broken, such as granite and feldspar. Sand is gritty to touch. It is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. Sand is also formed various rocks by weathering and erosion. Erosion breaks large boulders into smaller rocks. They get smaller and smaller until they reach the beach or a low-lying area as sand.

Sand grains are between the size of gravel grains (which is from 2 mm to 64 mm) and the size of silt (which is around 0.0625 mm to 0.004 mm). Most sand is found on beaches, and in deserts. The most common sands are made of silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2). Calcium carbonate is the second more common.

Sand dunes are made when wind or a river pulls sand into a mountain-like shape. They can be found in deserts, but sometimes high up on beaches too.

Sand is crucial in the process of mixing concrete. It can also be used to make sand castles. Sand is sometimes in households for aesthetic purposes.

Examples of Sand

Other websites

Basic English 850 words
Geology
Alsatian language

Alsatian (, ) is a Germanic language. It is spoken in Alsace (eastern part of France). It is used for a number of dialects, spoken in Alsace, Franche-Comté, and Jura. Linguistically, we are looking at a number of dialects, with common properties. 

Most of the Alsatian dialects are Germanic. Alsatian is also used for a few dialects that are based on French, and that are spoken in the Vosges, Franche-Comte, territoire de Belfort, and Jura (on both sides of the border). 

There are slight differences in the dialects, the one in the north have a sligtly different vocabulary and grammar to the ones in the south. The dialect spoken in the city of Strasbourg is also slighlty different from those in the sourrounding areas.

Statistics 
In 2012, the Office pour la Langue et la Culture d’Alsace did a survey:

 43% said they had a good knolwedge of Alsatian, and they used it regularly.
 33% said they had a basic knowledge or understanding of Asatian
 25% said they didn't know Alsatian.

Of those who speak Alsatian:

 96% speak it with their families
 88% speak it with friends
 48% speak it at the office

Those who speak Alsatian are generally older:

 In the age group 60 years and older, 74% speak Alsatian
 In the age group 44-59, 54% do
 Of those 30-44, 24% do,
 12% of the 18-30 year old
 only 3% of the 3 to 17 year old

In the three big cities of the region (Strasbourg, Colmar and Mulhouse), Alsatian is spoken less. There, fewer than a third of the adults sa they speak Alsatian. Around Wissenbourg, Haguenau, and Saverne, over half the people answered they were good speakers.

References

German dialects
Languages of France
Alsace
Mahjong

Mahjong is a game for four players that was created in China. It is a game of skill, intelligence, calculation and luck.

The Set-Up 
A Mahjong game is played at a square table (four sides all the same length). The dealer is called the "east" player and everyone else is called a different direction because of where they are sitting - so the person to East's left is South, the person across from East is West, and the person to East's right is North. If East wins, he is the dealer again for the next round; if he does not, the dealer is the person to his right (North). That person then becomes East. A game of Mahjong ends when every player has been the dealer four times, or when they have played the number of rounds they said they would play before they started.

Solitaire 
A single-player version of this game exists, called Mahjong Solitaire. It is based on the four-player game, but can be played by one person, so it is one of the games that are played often on computers (such as Solitaire, Spider Solitaire, or Minesweeper). Mahjong Solitaire is much simpler than four-player Mahjong: it is played without dice or chips, by removing tiles (set up in the shape of a pyramid) from the board in sets of two. Each set of two has to match - they are either exactly the same, or go together (two "flowers" tiles, for example). A Mahjong Solitaire player wins when he picks up all the tiles, or he loses when he runs out of sets of two that he can pick up.

Other websites

Games
Ionia

Ionia was a region in the west of Asia Minor in Ancient Greek times. It was in what is now Turkey. It was the birthplace of the Hellenic civilization. The Dorian invasion of the Peloponnesus, caused the migration of Ionic Greeks across the Aegean sea to Anatolia about 1000-900 BCE. The original Greek settlements in the region were numerous and small, but by the 8th century BCE they had consolidated themselves into 12 major cities—Phocaea, Erythrae, Clazomenae, Teos, Lebedus, Colophon, Ephesus, Priene, Myus, and Miletus on the mainland, with the islands Chios and Samos.By the end of the 7th century the Ionian cities had achieved great prosperity through their trading enterprises, their colonization efforts, and their manufacture of ceramics, textiles, and metalware. After World War One it was granted to Greece from Turkey in the Treaty of Sèvres, along with most of the islands in the Aegean sea, Thrace, and Turkey's most important city, Istanbul. The Turkish army drove the Greeks out soon after, killing many Greek people. They did not challenge the Greeks on the Aegean Islands, though.

Ancient Greek settlements
Harmonic

A harmonic of a wave is the part of a signal's frequency that is a whole multiple (an integer) of the fundamental frequency. The fundamental frequency is the lowest frequency of a periodic waveform. If f is the fundamental frequency (that is, 1f), then the harmonics have frequencies 2f, 3f, 4f..., and so on. The second harmonic (2f) has a frequency twice that of the fundamental frequency, the third harmonic three times, and so on. This concept applies to wave motions of any form of energy, but is perhaps most often related to acoustics.

Frequencies that lie between one harmonic and another harmonic are called interharmonics. For example, 1f is an interharmonic between the fundamental frequency (or first harmonic) and the second harmonic. Interharmonics is a term invented, or at least standardised, by the international electronics industry about 1999, particularly for use in electrical energy. However, interharmonic frequencies also occur naturally in other radiant energies, for example music or any type of sound.

Related pages
 Harmonics (music)
 Harmonic series (mathematics)
 Harmonics (electrical power)
 Sine wave

Wave physics
Art Ross Trophy

The Art Ross Trophy is given to the top scoring player each year in the National Hockey League (NHL). The player with the most points (goals plus assists) is given the trophy. If two players have the same number of points, the award goes to the player with the most goals. If they are tied in goals, it goes to the player who has played fewer games. If they are tied in games, it goes to the player who scored his first goal of the year the soonest.

Wayne Gretzky has won this trophy ten times, the most of any player. Gordie Howe and Mario Lemieux each won six trophies; Phil Esposito and Jaromir Jagr won five; Stan Mikita won four; and Bobby Hull and Guy Lafleur each won it three times.

The Art Ross Memorial Trophy was first awarded in 1948. This list includes all NHL scoring champions:

Winners

Bold Player with the most points ever scored in a season.

Related pages
 List of NHL players
 List of NHL statistical leaders

References

National Hockey League trophies and awards
Towel

A towel is a form of cloth or paper used for drying things. There are many types of towels, such as a beach towel and a washcloth, a small towel used for cleaning dishes and bodies. Towels have many different uses, such as drying yourself after a shower, or wiping a table clean.

For the body, fabric terry towels are mainly used, consisting mainly of cotton fibers due to their high absorbency (reaching up to 300%).

Fabric towels belong to the group of piece textiles. Textile towels often have a sewn loop with which they can be hung on wall furniture hooks for use (previously it was recommended to sew a loop at both ends so that the towel wears out more evenly). In addition to hooks, towels can also be placed in a state thrown over a barbell, and thanks to this straightened suspension, they dry faster. Fabric towels can have finishes such as lace, embroidery, appliques and others.

Disposable towels can be made both in piece form and in a roll, both from paper and non-woven material.

Cloth
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands are an overseas territory of the United Kingdom claimed by Argentina. They are in the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean. The territory was started in 1985, before that it was classed as part of the Falkland Islands. The islands do not have a native population, but in 2006 they had around 20 people on the islands. Most of these people were scientists who are at Bird Island, museum staff at Grytviken and the British Government Officers.

Antarctic region
Batman: Rise of Sin Tzu

Batman: Rise of Sin Tzu is an action-adventure game video game. It was released in 2003 for the PlayStation 2, Xbox and Gamecube. It is also available for the Game Boy Advance and PC.

The game is based on Batman: The Animated Series. In the game Batman faces a new enemy who sends Gotham City into chaos.

Some critics said that beat 'em up was too recurring and it lacked the story of Batman Vengeance.

2003 video games
Nintendo GameCube games
PlayStation 2 games
Game Boy Advance games
Windows games
Xbox games
Ubisoft games
Batman video games
Video games based on television shows
Vein

A vein is a type of blood vessel in the body. All veins carry blood to the heart. Most veins carry blood that is low in oxygen, except for the pulmonary vein and the umbilical veins which carry blood that is high in oxygen. 

A vein has a large lumen (width) and less pressure than an artery. There are smaller amounts of smooth muscle and elastic fibres in the vessel wall. Most veins have one-way valves that keep blood from going backwards. 

Veins carry blood to the heart and move to the heart through the vena cava, the biggest vein in human body Other important veins are the coronary veins(veins on the heart) and renal veins(veins on the kidney). 
Veins are mainly seen just below the skin, and could easily be seen from the outside, where they look blue because of the lack of oxygen.
The blood carried by veins is dark red, but when a vein is cut or pierced, the dark blood immediately reacts with the oxygen in the air and becomes bright red colored. The vein appears blue because of the scattering of light through the skin and the way the eye perceives color and light.

Blood vessels
Calgary Flames

The Calgary Flames are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).  They began in 1972 in the city of Atlanta, and moved to Calgary in 1980.  They won the Stanley Cup in 1989.  They also made the Stanley Cup finals in 1986, losing to the Montreal Canadiens, and in 2004, losing to the Tampa Bay Lightning four games to three.  The Flames won the Presidents' Trophy as regular season champion in 1988 and 1989.

The Flames play in the Scotiabank Saddledome in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.  It is called the "Saddledome" because the roof is shaped like a saddle.

Some of the best players to play for the Flames include Al MacInnis, who won the Conn Smythe Trophy as most valuable player in the playoffs in 1989; Jarome Iginla, who won the Art Ross Trophy as top point scorer in 2001-02, as well as the Rocket Richard Trophy as top goal scorer in 2001-02 and 2003-04; Lanny MacDonald, who scored 500 career goals, mostly on Calgary; Gary Suter, who won the Calder Trophy as "rookie of the year" in 1985-86 and captained the team to their only Stanley Cup win; goaltender Mike Vernon; and forwards Joe Mullen, Joe Nieuwendyk, and Theoren Fleury.

References

Other websites
Official website
Edmonton Oilers

The Edmonton Oilers are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).  They joined the NHL in 1979, after seven years in the World Hockey Association. They were named the "Oilers" because Edmonton, Alberta is the center of Canada's petroleum industry.

The Oilers have won the Stanley Cup five times, in 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, and 1990.  They also won the President's Trophy as top team in the regular season in 1984, 1986, and 1987.  They lost the 1983 Stanley Cup final to the New York Islanders and the 2006 Stanley Cup Final to the Carolina Hurricanes.

Wayne Gretzky won the Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player (MVP) eight times on the Oilers.  He also won the Art Ross Trophy seven times on Edmonton, the goal-scoring title (now known as the Richard Trophy) five times, and the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP in the playoffs twice.  Gretzky set many NHL records on the Oilers, including most goals (92), assists (163), and points (215) in a season.

The Oilers have had many other great players:  Mark Messier won the Hart Trophy in 1990 and the Conn Smythe Trophy in 1984; Paul Coffey won the Norris Trophy as best defenceman in 1985 and 1986; Grant Fuhr won the Vezina Trophy as best goaltender in 1988; Jari Kurri led the NHL in goals in 1986; Bill Ranford won the Conn Smythe Trophy in 1990; and Connor McDavid won the Hart Trophy in 2017. Glenn Anderson and Curtis Joseph are among their other top players.

2009–10 Season

References

Other websites
Official website

1972 establishments in Canada
Edmonton Oilers
National Hockey League teams
World Hockey Association teams
Philadelphia Flyers

The Philadelphia Flyers are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).  They began in 1967, and have been a strong team for most of their history.  The Flyers won the Stanley Cup championship in 1974 and 1975.  They also made the finals in 1976, 1980, 1985, 1987, 1997, and 2010. They won the President's Trophy as top team in the regular season in 1975, 1980, and 1985.

History
Their championship team in the 1970s was led by Bobby Clarke, who won the Hart Trophy as most valuable player (MVP) in the NHL in 1973, 1975, and 1976.  Bernie Parent was also an important part of this team:  he was named the NHL's top goaltender in 1974 and 1975, and those same years won the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP in the playoffs.  Reggie Leach was the NHL's top goal scorer in 1976; he also won the Conn Smythe Trophy that year.  Bob Dailey, Rick MacLeish, and Bill Barber were also important members of the 1970s Flyers.

In 1979-80, the Flyers set an NHL record for most games in a row without a loss: 35.  No team in North America in hockey, baseball, football, or basketball has had more games unbeaten. Goaltender Pete Peeters was one reason they set this record.

In the 1980s, the team was led by Mark Howe (son of Gordie Howe), a defenceman who also played well on offence.  Pelle Lindbergh (1985) and Ron Hextall (1987) both won the Vezina Trophy as the NHL's top goaltender; Hextall also won the Conn Smythe Trophy in 1987.  Tim Kerr was a high goal scorer.

Eric Lindros won the Hart Trophy in 1995.  John Leclair, Mark Recchi, and Eric Desjardins were also strong players in the 1990s.

The Flyers continued to be a strong team in the early 21st century, coming very close to making the Stanley Cup finals twice.  Keith Primeau, Peter Forsberg, and Simon Gagne have been among their top players. They lost the 2010 Stanley Cup finals to Chicago Blackhawks in six games, but did not make the playoffs in four out of the last eight seasons (2012-13, 2014-15, 2016-17, 2018-19).

References

Other websites
Official website

 
1967 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Pennsylvania
Conn Smythe Trophy

The Conn Smythe Trophy is a trophy in the National Hockey League awarded to the most valuable player in the playoffs each year.  It was first awarded in 1965.  Montreal Canadiens and Colorado Avalanche goaltender Patrick Roy has won it three times, more than any other player.

Normally the trophy goes to a player of the Stanley Cup champion. Sometimes it goes to someone on the losing team.  Trophy winners on losing teams are marked with as asterisk (*) in the list below.

Winners

Related pages
List of NHL players
List of NHL statistical leaders

References 

National Hockey League trophies and awards
Los Angeles Kings

The Los Angeles Kings are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).

History
The team began in 1967. They were named at least in part for a former minor league hockey team called the Los Angeles Monarchs. They made the finals in 1993, and lost to the Montreal Canadiens. They won their first Stanley Cup in team history on June 11, 2012, defeating the New Jersey Devils 4 games to 2. The team won their second Stanley Cup on June 13, 2014 after they defeated the New York Rangers in double overtime of Game 5.

The Kings have been known for their high scoring teams. Marcel Dionne won the Art Ross Trophy as NHL scoring champion in 1980, and Wayne Gretzky won it on the Kings in 1990, 1991, and 1994. Gretzky also won the Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player on the Kings in 1989. Charlie Simmer tied for the most goals (now the Richard Trophy) in 1980. Luc Robitaille, one of the ten highest goal scorers in NHL history, spent most of his years on the Kings.

Players
Other strong players have included Rob Blake, who won the Norris Trophy as best defenceman in 1998; goaltender Rogie Vachon, who was second in voting for the Hart Trophy in 1975; and Dave Taylor, Bernie Nicholls, and Larry Murphy.

References

Other websites
Official website 

1967 establishments in California
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Los Angeles Kings
St. Louis Blues

The St. Louis Blues are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They began in 1967. They have won the Stanley Cup championship once in 2019, though they made the finals in each of their first three seasons. The Blues won the President's Trophy as top team in the regular season in the year 2000.

Origin 
The name Blues is a pun (play on words) between the colour blue and Blues music; thus a blue note is the team's logo. There is a song entitled St. Louis Blues.

History

First years 
In their first years, they had a good team because of experienced players such as goaltender Glenn Hall. In 1968 Glenn Hall won the Conn Smythe Trophy as most valuable player in the playoffs. But the team did not win in 1968. They had some trouble in the 1970s. In 1980-81 Mike Liut was named best goalie in the NHL. The 1980s were a good decade for the Blues. Mike Liut, Bernie Federko, Doug Gilmour, and Joe Mullen were all important players for the team in the 1980s.

Later years 

The 1990s also were a good decade. Brett Hull led the NHL in goals in 1990, 1991, and 1992, with the help of centre Adam Oates. Hull is the son of Chicago Blackhawks star Bobby Hull. Brett Hull won the Hart Trophy as most valuable player in 1991. Curtis Joseph was a strong goaltender in the 1990s. Al MacInnis (1999) and Chris Pronger (2000) each won the Norris Trophy for best defence; Pronger also won the Hart Trophy in the year 2000. Doug Weight, Pavol Demitra, and Keith Tkachuk were also strong players in the early 21st century. On  June 12, 2019, the Blues won their first after defeating the Boston Bruins in game seven of the 2019 Stanley Cup Finals.

References

Other websites
Official website 

 
1967 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Missouri
Ratio

A ratio between two or more quantities is a way of measuring their sizes compared to each other. A ratio can be indicated using colon (":") as a separator (as in 1:4:9), or it can be simply expressed as a fraction (as in ). 

For example, if a school has 20 teachers and 500 pupils, then the ratio of teachers to students is written as 20:500 (and pronounced as "20 to 500"). As another example, if a cake mix asks for 100 grams of flour, 300 grams of butter and 25 grams of sugar, then the ratio of flour to butter to sugar is written as 100:300:25 (and pronounced as "100 to 300 to 25"). 

The first term of a ratio is called antecedent, and the second term is called consequent. This type of ratio has no units. If different quantities are compared, this special type of ratio is called a rate and it has units.  

Ratios can be simplified. In the school example, there were 20 teachers to 500 pupils. If we divided the children up into equally sized classes, then each of the 20 teachers' classes would have 25 pupils. That means that for each teacher there are 25 pupils, or alternatively, the teacher-to-pupil ratio is 1:25. Another way to work this out is to divide both sides of the ratio 20:500 by 20. Note that 20:500 is the same as 1:25. Just like there are different ways of writing a fraction (for example ), there are different ways of writing one ratio.

Related page 

 Dimensionless quantity
 Golden ratio
 Scale (ratio)
 Surface area to volume ratio

References 

mathematics
Fraction

Fraction
In common usage a fraction is any part of a unit.

Fraction may also mean:
Fraction (mathematics), a quotient of numbers, e.g. "¾"; or, more generally, an element of a quotient field
Fraction (chemistry), a quantity of a substance collected by the separation process known as fractionation
Fraction (religion), the ceremonial act of breaking the bread during Christian Communion
Fraction (politics), a parliamentary party
Fraction (comic), a short-lived comic about the theft of a powersuit
Proportionality

A proportionality relationship happens when two quantities or numbers x and y are related multiplicatively by a fixed number. This can occur when either their ratio x/y is a fixed number (direct proportionality), or their product xy is a fixed number (inverse proportionality). If x is directly proportional to y, then we write . The fixed number of a proportionality relationship is called the constant of proportionality.

Related pages
Relation (mathematics)
 Function (mathematics)

References 

Mathematics
Menominee, Michigan

Menominee is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. Around 13000 people live in Menominee. It is part of the twin-city area with Marinette, Wisconsin. It is on the north bank of the Menominee River where the river empties into Lake Michigan. Marinette, Wisconsin is on the south bank of the river.

References 

Cities in Michigan
County seats in Michigan
Mortar and pestle

A mortar and pestle are two tools used together to mill (grind) and mix substances.

The mortar is bowl-shaped, and used to hold the substance to be ground.  Mortars have smooth, rounded bottoms and wide mouths.  The pestle is a stick used for pounding and grinding. 

Mortars and pestles are sometimes used in pharmacies to crush various ingredients to make drugs. They can also be used in cooking to grind herbs.

Related pages 
 Glass rod
 Vortex mixer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle

Tools 
Laboratory equipment
1212

1212 (MCCXII) was .

Events 
 July 10 – The most severe of several early fires of London burns most of the city to the ground
 Battle of Navas de Tolosa
 Children's crusade
 Crusaders push the Muslims out of northern Spain
 In Japan, Kamo no Chōmei writes the Hōjōki, one of the great works of classical Japanese prose

Births 
 March 22 – Emperor Go-Horikawa of Japan (died 1234)
 May 6– Constantia of Austria, Margravine of Meissen (died 1243)
 Yolande of Jerusalem (died 1228)
 Malatesta da Verucchio, Italian condottiero, founder of the Malatesta family (died 1312)
 Zita, patron saint of maids and domestic servants (died 1272)

Deaths 
 March 26 – King Sancho I of Portugal (born 1154)
 April 12 – Vsevolod the Big Nest, Grand Prince of Vladimir (born 1154)
 October 9 – Philip I of Namur, Marquis of Namur (born 1175)
 November 4 – Felix of Valois, French saint (born 1127)
 December 12 – Geoffrey, Archbishop of York (born 1152)
 Dirk van Are, bishop and lord of Utrecht
 William de Brus, 3rd Lord of Annandale,
 Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale, 5th Lord of Annandale
 Margaret of Huntingdon, eldest daughter of David of Scotland, 8th Earl of Huntingdon by his wife (born 1180)
 Maria of Montferrat, Queen of Jerusalem (born 1192)
 Peter de Preaux, Norman knight in the service of the Angevin kings of England
 Robert of Auxerre, French chronicler (born 1156)
 Honen Shonin, founder of Jodo Shu, a branch of Pure Land Buddhism (born 1133)
 Robert of Shrewsbury, Bishop of Bangor
1192

1192 (MCXCII) was .

Events 
 The Third Crusade ends in disaster. Richard I of England and Saladin negotiate visiting rights for pilgrims to come to the Holy City of Jerusalem.
 Richard I of England taken hostage by Leopold V of Austria.
 Minamoto no Yoritomo granted title of shogun, thereby officially establishing the first shogunate in the history of Japan. 
 Enrico Dandolo becomes Doge of Venice.
 Marco Polo Bridge, or Lugouqiao, completed in Beijing.

Births 
 September 17 — Minamoto no Sanetomo, Japanese shogun (d. 1219)
 Giorgi IV Lasha, King of Georgia (d. 1223)
 Stefan Radoslav, King of Serbia (d. 1234)

Deaths 
 April 26 — Emperor Go-Shirakawa of Japan (b. 1127)
 April 28 — Conrad of Montferrat, King of Jerusalem (b. mid-1140s)
 May 5 — Duke Ottokar IV of Styria (b. 1163)
 August 25 — Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1142)
 Kilij Arslan II, Sultan of Rüm

Heads of states 
 England — Richard I King of England (reigned 1189–1199)
 France — Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned 1180–1223)
 Germany — Henry VI Holy Roman Emperor (1191–1197) and King of Germany (1190–1197)
 Pope — Celestine III (pope 1191–1198)
 China — Emperor Guangzong of Song, 12th emperor of Song China (宋光宗) (reigned 1189–1194)

1192
Hiram E. McCallum

Hiram Emerson McCallum (August 14, 1899 – January 13, 1989) was a mayor of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, from 1948-1951.

1899 births
1989 deaths

Mayors of Toronto
Cursor

A cursor is a shape on a computer screen that shows where actions made with the keyboard or mouse will make a change.

There are 2 types of cursor that most people will use.

 The Mouse cursor:  The pointer on the screen which the person using the computer can move using the computer mouse.  This cursor allows the person to select or "click" items with the mouse.  On most computers mouse cursors are the shape of an arrow.

 The Text Cursor:  Usually seen as a vertical line or rectangle that flashes on and off. The Cursor tells the person using the computer where they are typing things on the screen.  They can type letters, numbers and symbols where the cursor is.

The computer automatically moves the cursor one space to the right when a letter, number or symbol is typed.  The cursor can be moved to the start of the next line by pressing the Enter Key.

Most Keyboards also have 4 cursor keys to move the text cursor up, down, left or right.

Software
Kurt Gödel

Kurt Gödel (28 April 1906 Brno, then Austria-Hungary, now Czech Republic – 14 January 1978 Princeton, New Jersey) was a logician, mathematician, and philosopher.

Impact 
Some people believe Gödel was one of the most significant logicians of all time. Gödel's work has had a big impact on scientific and philosophical thinking in the 20th century. Many people, such as Bertrand Russell, A. N. Whitehead, and David Hilbert, tried to use logic and set theory at that time. They wanted to understand the foundations of mathematics.

Fame 
Gödel is best known for his two incompleteness theorems. The theorems were published in 1931. He was 25 years of age, and had just finished his doctorate at the University of Vienna one year earlier. 

The more famous of the two theorems says that if there are consistent axiomatic systems that are powerful enough to describe themselves, there will be things that are true in those systems that can not be proved within the system itself.

Proof 
To prove this theorem, Gödel developed a technique now known as Gödel numbering, which codes formal expressions as natural numbers.

He also showed that the continuum hypothesis cannot be disproved from the accepted axioms of set theory, if those axioms are consistent. He made important contributions to proof theory. He did this by  clarifying the connections between classical logic, intuitionistic logic, and modal logic.

Later life 
Later in his life, Gödel probably suffered from paranoia. He thought that some people would come and poison his food. So when his wife Adele was no longer able to prepare his food, he stopped eating. He died of starvation.

His theory in simple words
To put his theories in simple terms: What he discovered was that some theorems in mathematics may be true, but they cannot be proved to be true. 

This sentence is false.

If the sentence were false, the statement would be true, which it cannot be (because we thought it was false)
If the sentence were true, then the statement would be false. But we said it was true.

Therefore, we found a contradiction. This sentence is false is a proposition that is called undecidable. We cannot say if it is true or false.

Some writings
 Kurt Gödel: My philosophical viewpoint, c. 1960, unpublished.
 Kurt Gödel: The modern development of the foundations of mathematics in the light of philosophy , 1961, unpublished.

1906 births
1978 deaths
20th-century American philosophers
American mathematicians
Austrian mathematicians
Deaths from starvation
People from Brno
Set theorists
Brno

Brno  (-Czech, German: Brünn) is the second largest city in the Czech Republic. About 400,000 people live there. It is in the center of the historical region Moravia. Brno is the capital of the South Moravian Region. 

There are many historical monuments in the city, for example the Špilberk Castle, Villa Tugendhat, or the St. Peter and Paul Cathedral.

Masaryk University, the second largest university in the Czech Republic, is there. Among other universities in the city are Janáček Academy of Music and Performing Arts or Brno University of Technology.

Picture Gallery
Alfred North Whitehead

Alfred North Whitehead, OM (15 February 1861 – 30 December 1947) was an English mathematician who became a philosopher. He was born in Ramsgate, Kent, and died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. He wrote on algebra, logic, foundations of mathematics, philosophy of science, physics, metaphysics, and education. He is the co-author, with Bertrand Russell, of the important Principia Mathematica.

References 

1861 births
1947 deaths
English mathematicians
English philosophers
Order of Merit
People from Kent
Ramsgate
Spokane, Washington

Spokane (Pronounced: ) is a city in the U.S. state of Washington. Spokane is in the eastern half of the state, about  from Idaho. Spokane is  south of Canada.

Spokane is the second largest city in Washington, while Seattle is the largest. Spokane's nickname is the "Lilac City" because of how many of those flowers grow in the area.

The population of the city in 2019 was 222,081 and the population of the metro area of Spokane is 573,493.

History
Spokane was founded in 1871 when a sawmill was built on the Spokane Falls. In 1889 a fire burned down the downtown area of Spokane. In 1892 the railroad came to Spokane, and this made it easier for people to get into and out of the city.
In 1974 Spokane hosted the World's Fair. This brought a lot of people and business into Spokane.

Spokane River

The Spokane River flows through the city. In downtown Spokane, there is a large waterfall called the Spokane Falls. The first buildings in Spokane were built near the falls.

The Spokane River has many dams that make energy for the people of Spokane.

Climate
In the Summer, Spokane is hot and dry. Spokane has cold and snowy Winters. Spring and Fall are very short.

Temperatures over  or less than  do not usually happen in Spokane. However, the hottest temperature in Spokane was , and the coldest was .

References

 
County seats in Washington (state)
1871 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Washington (state)
M16 rifle

The M16 is an assault rifle used by the United States since the Vietnam War in 1963, based on the AR-15. Since 1975, the M16 has been used by many different countries. First designed by Eugene Stoner in the United States of America, it is currently the standard infantry rifle used by the United States Military Forces. The rifle is being used by over 80 nations.

The M16 uses the 5.56mm NATO (.223) caliber cartridge, with a muzzle velocity (the speed of bullet leaving the rifle) of over 900 meters per second (over 3,000 feet per second), and has a maximum effective range of 600 yards, with a rate of fire (how fast the gun shoots) of approximately 800 rounds per minute. The M16A1 can shoot semi automatic and fully automatic fire. The M16A2 can shoot semi automatic and three-round-burst fire. The M4A1 Carbine retains full automatic and semi automatic fire. The M16 normally holds 30 cartridges in its magazine, but there are variants of the magazine that hold only 20 or 10 cartridges.

There is also an M16 variant for the Canadian Army called Diemaco C-7. The Diemaco C-7 rifles have maple leaves on the left side.

Related pages 
 AR-15

References 
 Rose, Alexander. American Rifle-A Biography. 2008; Bantam Dell Publishing. .

Assault rifles
5.56 mm firearms
Rifles of the Cold War