alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Chris Wolstenholme

Christopher Tony Wolstenholme (born 2 December 1978 in Rotherham, Yorkshire, England) is an English musician. He sings and plays a bass guitar in the band Muse. He also sometimes plays guitar or keyboard instead of bass.

Early and personal life 

Chris grew up in Rotherham before moving to Teignmouth where he had lived up until April 2010. While attending school there, he played for various different bands until he joined Muse when Matthew Bellamy and Dominic Howard invited him to their band. Today he is an acclaimed bass-player, receiving praise from many musicians.

Wolstenhome has six children with his wife Kelly: Alfie (born 1999),  Ava-Jo (born 2001), Frankie (born 2003), Ernie (born 2008), Buster (born 2010) and Teddi, born 2012. 
He got married in 2018 to his Wife caris ball. On the 3rd of March, caris gave birth to their Daughter named Mabel aurora Wolstenholme 

In April 2010, he moved with his family to Dublin, Ireland.

References

1978 births
Living people
English guitarists
Warner Bros. Records artists
People from South Yorkshire
Muse members
Dominic Howard

Dominic James Howard (born 7 December 1977) is an English musician. He plays the drums for the band Muse. Howard was born in Stockport, England. He is left-handed.

References 

1977 births
Living people
English drummers
Muse members
People from Stockport
Penlight

A penlight is a small flashlight in the shape of a pen. A penlight usually uses a small light known as an "LED" (Light Emitting Diode) but it can also use a small lightbulb made just for small flashlights.

The LED lights up when power is run through it. Making the penlight light up is as simple as pressing a button, or screwing the end on tighter so it makes contact with the batteries.

Most of the time, penlights use two or three AA, AAA, or AAAA batteries. AAAA are a newer, thinner type of battery, most commonly found in small electronics. It started with the AA size batteries.

Penlights can be made out of plastic or metal, and can be any color. They most often have a little clip, to hold it on your shirt or something.

Light sources

en:Penlight
Christchurch, Dorset

Christchurch is a town in Dorset, England. It is next to Bournemouth.

Sister city
Christchurch is twinned with:
 Saint-Lô, France, since 1985

References

Other websites

Towns in Dorset
Symphony

A symphony is a piece of music written for an orchestra to play. It may be quite a long piece. Usually it is divided into parts, usually 3 or 4 parts, which are called movements. 

The first movement of a symphony can be a fast movement, often in sonata form. The second movement can be a slow movement. The third movement can be a minuet or scherzo and a trio. The fourth movement may be called “Finale”; it can be in Rondo form or sonata form or a combination of these. There are lots of different ways of writing a symphony, but this is the pattern that was used by Joseph Haydn who is known as the “Father of the Symphony”, and many composers since have used his pattern of movements for their symphonies.

Connotations 
The word “symphony” comes from the Greek words “sym” (together) and “phone” (sound).

“Symphonic” means “like a symphony”. It is often used to describe music which is quite long and develops tunes over a long period.

A large orchestra is often called a “symphony orchestra”. This is to distinguish it from a small orchestra called a “chamber orchestra”.

Some of the most famous composers of symphonies are Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Schubert, Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann, Anton Bruckner, Johannes Brahms, Pyotr Tchaikovsky, Gustav Mahler, Jean Sibelius and Dmitri Shostakovich.

Related pages 
Symphonic poem

Musical forms
Upper Franconia Government Region

Upper Franconia (, ; Main-Franconian: ) is a regierungsbezirk (administrative region) of the German state Bavaria. It has an area of 7,230 km² and about 1,200,000 people. It borders the German states of Sachsen and Thuringia, and also the Czech Republic. Bayreuth is its capital.

Cities and districts

Cities which are urban districts

Coburg,
Bamberg,
Hof,
Bayreuth.

Smaller cities

Forchheim,
Kulmbach,
Lichtenfels,
Marktredwitz,
Neustadt bei Coburg
Kronach,
Rödental,
Wunsiedel,
Selb,
Münchberg,
Helmbrechts,
Rehau,
Stadtsteinach,
Bad Staffelstein,
Ebermannstadt,
Burgkunstadt

Districts

Coburg Rural District
Bamberg Rural District
Forchheim Rural District
Bayreuth Rural District
Lichtenfels Rural District
Kronach Rural District
Hof Rural District
Kulmbach Rural District
Wunsiedel i. Fichtelgebirge Rural District

References
Weimar Republic

The Weimar Republic is the name now used for the republic which governed Germany from 1918 to 1933.

Officially it was the German Reich (): ( ).  

It was  also unofficially referred to as the German Republic ().

Origin 
After the German Empire was defeated in World War I, Germany became a republic, but it was still called "Deutsches Reich" (German Empire). 

Today it is called the Weimar Republic and this period is called the Weimar period, because the constitution was made in the city of Weimar.

Beginning 
On November 9, 1918, the Republic was proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann at the Reichstag building in Berlin and two hours later a socialist republic was proclaimed around the corner at the Berlin Castle by Karl Liebknecht.

The Emperor, or Kaiser, Wilhelm II, went into exile in the Netherlands. The new Republic was declared even before end of World War I on 11 November 1918.The fighting in World War I stopped on 11 November 1918 when the Armistice of Compiegne was signed.

Problems 
The Weimar Republic had a lot of problems. The Treaty of Versailles made things very difficult for the economy. Inflation got completely out of hand. There were political problems because governments ruled only for a short time, not long enough to be able to make important decisions. There were a lot of radical right and left extremists, for example monarchists (people who wanted back the monarchy) and communists, who believed that all things, especially property, land and money, should be shared. Political parties had their own militias to fight each other.

One of the paramilitary organizations that arose after World War I was the  meaning "Steel Helmet, League of Front Soldiers". They operated as the armed branch of the national conservative German National People's Party (DNVP). they were placed at party gatherings in the position of armed security guards (Saalschutz). In 1935 they became part of the Nazi Party.

Positives 
The Weimar period is also known for its culture. Artists tried out modern ideas and used new things like film. The Bauhaus began in the 1920s.

End 
The Weimar Republic came to an end on 23 March 1933, when Chancellor Adolf Hitler installed the Enabling Act, which established the Third Reich.

References

Other websites 
 The Constitution of the German Reich (Weimar constitution) of 11th August 1919, in full text 
 PSM Data Bank
 historical Documents 

1930s disestablishments in Germany
1910s establishments in Germany
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
States and territories established in the 20th century
Weimar
 
1918 establishments in Europe
1933 disestablishments in Europe
Lemma (mathematics)

In mathematics, a lemma is a "mini-proof"; a small hypothesis which is proved and then provides a part of a more important theorem.

Popular Lemmas 
A good small thing can lead to many big things. Some powerful results in mathematics are known as lemmas, such as Bézout's lemma, Dehn's lemma, Euclid's lemma, Farkas' lemma, Fatou's lemma, Gauss's lemma, Greendlinger's lemma, Itō's lemma, Jordan's lemma, Nakayama's lemma, Poincaré's lemma, Riesz's lemma, Schur's lemma, Schwarz's lemma, Urysohn's lemma, Yoneda's lemma and Zorn's lemma. While these results originally seemed too simple to get independent interest, they have turned out to be important to the theories in which they occur.

Mathematical theorems
Avatar

Avatar, a word in Hinduism, is a deity which comes down to earth in a human form, an animal form or a partly human and partly animal form. Rama was an avatar of Vishnu, one of the three main gods of the Hindus. Similarly, Buddha was also an avatar. Both of these avatars had human form, but avatars of the Hindu mythology have also appeared in animal form. For example, Matsya had the form of a fish and Varaha had the form of a boar.

The word is usually translated into English as "incarnation", but better as "appearance" or "manifestation". This is the sense in which the word 'avatar' is used in various media today.

According to Hindu mythology, the important avatars of god Vishnu are named below:

 Matsya
 Kurma
 Varaha
 Narasimha
 Vamana
 Parashurama
 Rama
 Balarama
 Krishna
 Buddha
 Kalki

Several Hindu scriptures have details and stories about Vishnu's avatars. These texts also tell that Vishnu will appear again the Kalki avatar. The following stories are of the avatars that appeared in animal forms or partly animal and partly human forms.

Matsya is the first avatar of Vishnu, in the form of a big fish. Sometimes, it is said that he took the form of a half-man and half-fish. There is a story about this in Hindu mythology. The story tells about a very wicked demon (an asura) who snatched the Vedas, the holy books of the Hindus, and went deep inside the sea. At this point, Vishnu came as the Matsya (fish) avatar, who went deep into the sea and brought back the Vedas. He gave the Vedas to Manu. The Hindu scriptures say that Manu was the first man in the world. He may also be compared with Noah.

Kurma is the second avatar of Vishnu, in the form of a tortoise. Kurma is a word in the Sanskrit language that means a tortoise. This avatar of Vishnu is a symbol of strength and stability.

Varaha was the third avatar of Vishnu, in the form of a black boar. Varaha is a word in the Sanskrit language that means a boar. The Hindu scriptures tell a story about this avatar. There was a demon (a daitya) named Hiranyaksha. He threw the earth (called prithivi by the Hindus) into the waters of the ocean. The earth was about to sink in the ocean. At this point, Vishnu took the form of a black boar, entered the water and carried the earth on its body. Thus Vishnu, as Varaha, saved the earth from destruction.

Narashimha was the fourth avatar of Vishnu, in the form of a man with the head of a lion. This avatar of Vishnu is also a symbol of great strength.

All other avatars of Vishnu after Narashimha avatar were in the form of human beings.

Although the avatars of Vishnu are the most important in the Hindu mythology, there are stories about avatars of other deities, like of Shiva, Ganesha and Devi.

Avatar is next birth of God in Hinduism.

References

Note

Related pages

 Sugata Bhuddha
 Puranass

Hinduism
Jean-Philippe Rameau

Jean-Philippe Rameau (born Dijon, September ? 1683; died Paris, 12 September 1764) was a French composer.  He is famous for his music for harpsichord and for his operas.  His most well-known operas are: Hippolyte et Aricie, Castor et Pollux, and Dardanus. He is also known for his one act opera "Pigmalion" which he is said to have composed in 8 days. He is also known as an important music theorist by writing many books on the matter.

Other websites 
 Jean-Philippe Rameau / Discography 

1683 births
1764 deaths
18th-century French composers
Baroque composers
Music theorists
Light-emitting diode

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that produces light from electricity. LEDs last a long time and do not break easily (compared to incandescent lightbulbs). They can produce many different colors. They are efficient - most of the energy turns into light, not heat. 

An LED is a type of diode that makes one color of light when electricity is sent through it in the expected direction (electrically biased in the forward direction). This effect is a kind of electroluminescence. 

The color of the light depends on the chemical composition of the semiconducting material used, and can be near-ultraviolet, visible or infrared.  The color affects how much electricity is used by the LED.  A white LED has either two or three LEDs inside, of different colors. Some white LEDs have one single-color LED inside (usually blue), combined with a phosphor that converts that single color to white.

LEDs are used in many places. Early LEDs could only emit infrared, and were used in optical fiber communication. Later ones were used as red indicator lights on many electronic devices, and in the 1980s they also made other colors. In the 21st century they are used for bright advertising signs, brake lights on cars, in TVs, and more recently, light bulbs for the home. White LEDs bright enough to illuminate rooms are usually more expensive than regular lightbulbs but they last longer and burn less electricity.

LEDs, which make their own light, should not be confused with LCDs, which block light. Some displays, however, mix the two technologies, using LEDs to backlight the LCD.

Today, some LEDs are surface-mount devices (SMD), so they can be very small.

Types
Organic light-emitting diode
Crystal light-emitting diode

References

Nikolay Zheludev 2007.  The life and times of the LED – a 100-year history. Nature Photonics. 1, 189–192. .    is a full-text version.

Electronic components
Arthur Sullivan

Sir Arthur Sullivan (13 May 1842 – 22 November 1900) was an English composer. In his lifetime people thought he was the best British composer, but nowadays his serious works are rarely heard. He worked with an author and poet called W. S. Gilbert, and together they wrote fourteen comic operas. Their names are always mentioned together: "Gilbert and Sullivan". Their operas were very popular a hundred years ago, and most still are. The most popular are The Mikado, H.M.S. Pinafore and The Pirates of Penzance. The two men were very different. They argued sometimes, but they worked together for 25 years, from 1871 to 1896. 

Sullivan's serious works include one grand opera, two dozen orchestral and choral pieces, and many hymns and songs, including "Onward Christian Soldiers" and "The Lost Chord".

1842 births
1900 deaths
English composers
Romantic composers
Gilbert and Sullivan
Ramen

is a Japanese kind of noodle soup. The noodles are made of wheat. Ramen are typically Japanese, though they originally came from China. Ramen has become very popular in Japan and there are many shops that sell it. The Japanese also make "instant ramen" to eat ramen quickly and easily at home. Outside of Japan, people have also started to eat ramen.

There are various types of thickness, shapes and lengths. The noodle may be thin or thick, straight or wrinkled.

In Japan, there are unique local Ramen in various areas where local tastes are enjoyed. It is called "gotouchi ramen" in Japan. For example, Hakata ramen is known for its pork ramen soup. The noodles are very thin and do not need to be boiled for very long to become soft. Sapporo ramen is known for its miso ramen soup.
And Kitakata ramen is known for its Shoyu ramen soup. Shio (salty) ramen is also a popular flavor. These days, Gyokai-tonkotsu ramen is also popular.

Photo gallery

Other websites 

Soups
Noodles
Japanese food
Peter Paul Rubens

Pieter Pauwel (Peter Paul) Rubens (28 June 1577 – 30 May 1640) was a painter.

He was good at painting many subjects: portraits, stories from the bible or other books and landscapes. He painted in the Baroque style. Paintings in this style have a lot of action and color. Many of his paintings have a sensual touch. Some of them can be seen as erotic.

Other websites 
 Biography of Peter Paul Rubens

1577 births
1640 deaths
Flemish painters
Adolf Frederick of Sweden

Adolf Frederick, (14 May 1710 - 12 February 1771), was the King of Sweden between 1751 and 1771.

References 

1710 births
1771 deaths
Kings and Queens of Sweden
Gothenburg

Gothenburg () is the second largest Swedish city, after Stockholm. Around 550 000 people live there. The city was founded in 1621 by king Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.

References

Port cities and towns of the North Sea
 
1621 establishments
1620s establishments in Europe
17th-century establishments in Sweden
BBC One

BBC One is a television channel in the United Kingdom. It was launched on 2 November 1936, and was the first television channel in the United Kingdom. The channel was Published by BBC. The channel shows lots of different programmes including famous ones such as Only Fools and Horses and EastEnders. The Channel features a Wide Range Of Covers.

History 
BBC Television Service was the world's first regular public television service with a high level of image resolution.

The channel was later renamed BBC TV until the launch of sister channel BBC Two in 1964. After that it was known as BBC1, but changed to the current spelling in 1997. The channel has an annual budget of £840 million, and makes an annual profit of £900 million. Along with the BBC's other UK television stations, it is funded completely by the television licence fee - this means it shows no adverts.

References

Other websites 
 
 

1936 establishments in Europe
BBC television channels
1930s establishments in the United Kingdom
Bad Aibling

Bad Aibling (Central Bavarian: Bod Oabling or Oawin) is a town in Bavaria (Germany). It is a former district seat. It is on the river Mangfall about 35 miles southeast of Munich. Bad Aibling is a health resort (peat pulp bath and mineral water).

History 

In 804, Bad Aibling was mentioned for the first time. After the second World War Bad Aibling has evolved to a major centre for intelligence organizations and secret services. In 2004 the US American Bad Aibling Echelon station closed after decades of operation. In 2016, ten people were killed in a train crash.

Number of people 
In the town live about 18,000 people. It is 498 meters above sea level and covers an area of 41.55 km².

Images

References

Other websites 

 Official website
 The health and cure administration

Towns in Bavaria
Spa towns in Germany
Rosenheim (district)
Gaya (India)

Gaya is a town in the Indian state of Bihar. Some parts of Gaya date back to the fifth and sixth centuries. It is one of the seven holy cities of the Hindus.

Cities in Bihar
Patna

Patna is the capital city of the Indian state of Bihar. About 1.7 million people live in Patna (census 2001). It is a very old city and has a history of at least 2,500 years. It was famous for its educational institutes, which during those days, attracted scholars from all over the world. Gautama Buddha who started Buddhism had also visited this city. Despite being a Hindu majority city Patna also has many Muslims and many Masjids. People in Patna speak Hindi, Bhojpuri, Maithli and Urdu. When founded Patna's old name was Pataliputra, and later into Pataliputra which was the capital of Magadha Empire, before changing in to the current Patna. 

Capital cities in India
Cities in Bihar
Nozomi (Shinkansen)

Nozomi trains are the fastest Shinkansen "bullet" trains in Japan. They can reach Osaka from Tokyo in two and a half hours. The trains are called "bullet" trains because they travel so fast, like a bullet from a gun. These trains have speeds of up to .

The second fastest Shinkansen trains is the Hikari train.  The third fastest Shinkansen train is the Kodama train. In the Japanese language, "Nozomi" means hope, "Hikari" means light and "Kodama" means "echo."

"Shinkansen" means "New Trunk Line" in Japanese because it was built with all new bridges, tunnels through mountains and under water, and special tracks for high speed trains so it could go directly (straight) from city to city. Before the Shinkansen, trains in Japan were slower because they were old and had to go around many mountains, or share the track with cars on road crossings.

Rapid transit systems
Shinkansen
Moravia

Moravia (Czech and Slovak: Morava; German: Mähren) is a historical region in the eastern part of the Czech Republic that takes its name from the Morava River, which flows from the north to the south of the land. 

Together with Bohemia in the west and Silesia in the north, Moravia was a historical-political region called the Czech Lands. Moravia, Bohemia and a small part of Silesia make up the current Czech Republic.

Important cities in Moravia are Brno, Olomouc, Ostrava and Zlín.

Moravia (Czech and Slovak: Morava; German: Mähren) is a historical region in the eastern part of the Czech Republic that takes its name from the Morava River, which flows from the north to the south of the land. 

Together with Bohemia in the west and Silesia in the north, Moravia was a historical-political region called the Czech Lands. Moravia, Bohemia and a small part of Silesia make up the current Czech Republic.

Important cities in Moravia are Brno, Olomouc, Ostrava and Zlín.

References

Geography of the Czech Republic
Advanced Photo System

The Advanced Photo System was a technology for photographic film and cameras. People started using it in the year 1996.

This is what it did:
 It had a new way of changing film in cameras, so that the film could be "dropped in", just like people changed batteries.
 It allowed for people to change a film, even if the entire film had not been used yet.
 When the film was developed, it had an "index print" which showed small copies of every picture.
For each photo taken, special information was saved onto the film, called "metadata"
There were three different kinds of images, which were made by cropping (cutting) the negative. The camera always started with the largest kind, but the finished picture could change depending on what the owner wanted.
 Panoramic
 Classic
 HDTV (16:9).

The system also had problems:
 Film size is smaller (30x16 compared to 24x36 for older cameras).
 The final print is not as good
 Photography companies needed to buy new equipment, since their old equipment would not work with APS.

The system never became popular, and was stopped in 2004. Since then, most cameras have switched to digital (electronic) systems anyway.

One famous type of camera that used this system was the Canon IXUS, which then later changed and became a digital one.

Other websites
 photo.net  - Reviews and comments on APS

Photography
Coral reef

A coral reef is a large underwater structure made of dead and living corals. In most healthy reefs, stony corals are predominant. They are built from colonial polyps from the phylum Cnidaria which secrete an exoskeleton of calcium carbonate. The reefs are formed in tropical marine areas (30 degrees north and south of the equator) and between the tropics. The reef acts as the home of many tropical fish and other animals. Coral reefs systems are a major tourism attraction because of their beauty and color of the corals and their many associated animals.  

People look at them while snorkeling and diving. One example of a coral reef is in Malaysia at Pulau Tioman, off the State of Pahang. The most famous is the Great Barrier Reef off the East coast of Australia.

Formation 
Most present-day coral reefs were formed after the last ice age when melting ice caused the sea level to rise and flood the continental shelves. This means they are less than 10,000 years old. As coral reef communities were established on the shelves, they built reefs that grew upwards, keeping pace with the rise in sea level. Reefs that did not keep pace became drowned reefs, covered by so much water that there was insufficient light for further survival.

Coral reefs are also found in the deep sea away from the continental shelves, around oceanic islands and as atolls. The vast majority of these ocean coral islands are volcanic in origin. The few exceptions have tectonic origins where plate movements have lifted the deep ocean floor on the surface.

Conservation 
Coral reefs are fragile ecosystems. Because corals need warm, sunlit water to live, they often grow close to the top of the water. Being so close to land makes them often be damaged by poisons and dirt that can come from boats and the land nearby. Dirt makes the water more cloudy, which makes the sunlight less. Poisons can bleach and kill corals. Also, they are hard for ships to see, but easy to hit, which makes ships often run into the coral, damaging both the boats and coral. Because of this, many countries are trying to lessen the kinds of building that usually happen near beaches that have coral reefs nearby, and be more careful about the boats that go around reefs.

References

Further reading

Biomes
Laurel wreath

A laurel wreath is a circular wreath made of interlocking branches and leaves of the bay laurel (Laurus nobilis). This is an evergreen whose leaves give off a pleasant scent.

The wreath is traditionally worn on the head. In Greek mythology, the god Apollo is shown wearing a laurel wreath because of the story of Apollo and Daphne. In Ancient Greece, it was given to special people, such as winners in competitions in poetry or sports, such as the Ancient Olympic Games.

It was also used in Ancient Rome, and Roman Emperors are often shown wearing laurel wreaths. In the Summer Olympics 2004 in Athens, Greece gave laurel wreaths to the winners. The saying "resting on one's laurels" comes from this and means that someone relaxes now because he or she did something good in the past.

In some countries, the laurel wreath is used as a symbol of the master's degree. The wreath is given to young masters in the graduation ceremony of the university. The word "Laureate" in 'poet laureate' refers to the laurel wreath.

In modern times, wreaths are used for their decorative quality rather than ceremonial use. Wreaths may be made with flowers such as roses to make them more appealing.

Ancient Greece
 
Headgear
Ranchi

Ranchi is the capital city of Jharkhand state of India. About 11,26,720 people lived in Ranchi (census:2011). Two of the oldest and largest psychiatric hospitals of India were located there.  In 1967 it had one of India's first medical colleges.

Other websites

References

Capital cities in India
Jharkhand
Ujjain

Ujjain is a city in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, India. Ujjain is a very old city, and one of the seven holy cities of the Hindus. It was an important city of Ancient India.it is known for the Mahakaleshwar Temple, a towering structure with a distinctively ornate roof. Nearby, Bade Ganesh Temple houses a colorful statue of Ganesh, the elephant-headed Hindu deity. Harsiddhi Temple features a pair of tall dark pillars studded with lamps.

Cities in Madhya Pradesh
Tulsidas

Tulsidas (1541-1623) was an Indian writer. He wrote many books which are manifestations of Sanatan dharma and Indian ideology. His most famous book is the Ramcharitmanas. This book was written in a language called Awadhi, a dialect of Hindi. The book tells the story of Lord Rama and his war and victory over Ravan, the king of Lanka. Rama fought for his wife Sita and brought her back from Lanka to Ayodhya. 

Another book written by Tulsidas is Kavitavali.

Tulsidas was born in Rajapur, in what is now Uttar Pradesh, in Samvat 1589 or 1532 A.D. He was a Sarayuparina Brahmin by birth and is regarded as an incarnation of Valmiki, the author of the Ramayana. His father's name was Atmaram Dubey and his mother's name Hulsi. Tulsidas conceived of god in the form of Rama. Tulsidas's composition 'Ramcharitmanas.' written in Awadhi is important both as an expression of his devotion and as a literary work. His devotion to the literary world is very important. He founded the Sankatmochan Temple dedicated to Lord Hanuman in Varanasi.

Tulsidas wrote several books which is famous among Indians and throughout the World.

1543 births
1623 deaths
Indian writers
People from Uttar Pradesh
Mathura

Mathura is a city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Mathura is a very old city, and one of the seven holy cities of the Hindus. It was an important city of Ancient India.

Other websites 
 More Information about Mathura

Cities in Uttar Pradesh
Pulitzer Prize

The Pulitzer Prize is an American prize given to journalism and literature.  The prize is considered a very high prize.  It is also given for musical composition of very high standard. Joseph Pulitzer started it. Columbia University in New York City awards the prize.

Prizes are given in twenty-one categories. The winner gets $10,000 cash award and a certificate.  One of the twenty-one prizes is the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.
Titan (mythology)

The Titans (, Titânes - "Straining ones") were members of the second generation of immortal beings in Greek mythology. Though many beings were referred to as Titans in the myths, the term is usually used in reference to the twelve children of Gaia and Ouranos.

They ruled the cosmos prior to the Olympians, with whom they fought for control of the universe in a series of battles known as the Titanomachy. The Olympians emerged victorious, as many of the Titans were cast into Tartarus.

The first generation (Ouranides)  
The first generation of Titans were the children of Gaia and Ouranos; known as the Ouranides or the Elder Titans, they were twelve in total. They were:
 Okeanos
 Tethys
 Koios (Coeus)
 Phoebe
 Hyperion
 Theia
 Kreios (Crius)
 Iapetos
 Themis
 Mnemosyne
 Kronos
 Rhea

The second generation (Coenides, Creonides, Hyperionides, and Iapetionides)   

The second generation of Titans were mostly children of the original Twelve. These include the children of Okeanos and Tethys: the Potamoi, gods of rivers, and the Okeanides, who were three thousand in number, as well as the Nephelai, cloud nymphs. 

Then there was the offspring of Koios and Phoebe: sisters Asteria and Leto.  

Next came the children sired by Hyperion and Theia: Helios (the Sun), Selene (the Moon), Eos (the Dawn).

Afterwards came the sons of Iapetos and the Okeanid Asia/Klymene. Known as the Iapetionides, there were four of them: Atlas (the eldest), Prometheus and Epimetheus (who were twins), and Menoitios.  

Last but not least were the children of Krios and Eurybia (daughter of Gaia and Pontus): Pallas, Astraeus, and Perses, the latter of whom would go on to marry Asteria, with whom he sired Hecate, goddess of magic and witchcraft.
Turkish language

Turkish (Türkçe) or Anatolian Turkic is a language officially spoken in Turkey and Northern Cyprus. The language is also spoken by several million ethnic Turkish immigrants in Europe.

Turkish is a Turkic language. Turkish is most closely related to other Turkic languages, including Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Uzbek, Kyrgyz and Kazakh. Another theory is that it is one of the many Altaic languages, which also include Japanese, Mongolian, and Korean.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk changed it to the Latin alphabet from Arabic alphabet. The Turkish government justified the move as making Turkish much easier to learn to increase literacy. The literacy rate indeed increased greatly after the reform, from around 10.5% (in 1927) to over 90% (today). Some say that the move was also to distance the country from the Ottoman Empire, whose documents can no longer be read except by a few scholars.

The Latin alphabet was made to reflect the actual sounds of spoken Turkish, rather than simply transcribing the old Ottoman Arabic script into a new form. The Turkish alphabet has 29 letters, seven of which (Ç, Ğ, I, İ, Ö, Ş, and Ü) have been modified from their Latin originals for the phonetic requirements of the language. It represents modern Turkish pronunciation with a high degree of accuracy and specificity. It is the current official alphabet and the latest in a series of distinct alphabets used in different eras.

Simple phrases 

Merhaba = Hello (formal)
Selam = Hello 
Nasılsın? = How are you?
İyiyim = I'm fine
Teşekkür ederim = Thank you (formal)
Teşekkürler = Thanks
Sağ ol = Thank you
Benim adım ... = My name is ...
Türkçe bilmiyorum. = I don't speak Turkish.
İngilizce biliyor musunuz? = Do you speak English?
Tekrarlar mısınız? = Can you repeat?
Evet = Yes 
Hayır = No
Belki = Maybe
Biraz = A little 
Acıktım. = I'm hungry.
Dur! = Stop!
Yapma! = Don't do it!
İstemiyorum. = I don't want it.
Tabii = Sure
Bekledim. = I waited.

References 

Turkic languages
Titan

Titan can mean:
Titan (mythology), a kind of god in Greek mythology
Titan (moon), one of Saturn's moons
 Titan (Six Flags Over Texas), a roller coaster at Six Flags Over Texas
 Titan (Space World), a roller coaster at Space World
Phoebe (Titan)

Phoebe is a Titan in Greek mythology. She was associated with the moon. She is the daughter of Uranos and Gaia. She was married to her brother Coeus, and had two daughters: Leto  and Asteria. Leto bore Artemis and Apollo, Asteria is the mother of Hecate.
 
The Olympians beat the Titans in the ten-year war. She and the Titans were summoned by Zeus to Tarturus, in the Underworld.

Titans
Rhea (mythology)

Rhea () is one of the Titans in Greek mythology. She is a daughter of Gaia and Ouranos. She was the sister and wife of Kronos. She was the mother of Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, and Zeus). She was known as the "Great Mother" (Magna Mater). Rhea was not very important in the Ancient Greek religion. The Roman Rhea is Ops.

Name
Scholars think Rhea’s name comes from the word  (rheo), which means "flow" or "ease."

Story

Birth 
Uranus kept all his children in a prison. But the youngest child, Cronus, escaped.  Gaia helped him defeat his father. Cronus became king in his place. He freed his brothers and sisters. He married his sister Rhea. Rhea and Cronus fought Ophion and Eurynome, daughter of Oceanus. Rhea could wrestle. She fought Eurynome herself. Rhea and her husband threw them into the ocean. Rhea and her husband became rulers in their place.

Husband and children 
Cronus heard that one of his children would defeat him, the way he had defeated his father. When his children were born, he swallowed each one.  They did not die.  They were alive in his stomach.  When Rhea had her sixth, Zeus, she hid him from Cronus.  She gave Cronus a stone to swallow instead.  She hid Zeus in Crete. When Zeus was grown, he would fight his father and save his brothers and sisters. They became the Olympian gods. Rhea stopped ruling as the queen of the gods. Instead of being a queen, she became a supporting goddess on Mount Olympus. She had some roles and stories in the new Olympian times. She was there when her grandson Apollo was born. She cared for her other grandson, Dionysus. When Hades kidnapped her granddaughter Persephone, Rhea went to stop Persephone's mother Demeter from crying. In the story of Pelops, she was reborn in the unlucky youth after he was killed.

Later stories 
Rhea and Aphrodite saved Creusa (the wife of Aphrodite's son Aeneas) from slavery after the fall of Troy. Rhea knew that the bodies of ships had been made from trees cut off on her holy mountains. So she the wood become sea nymphs.
The man Melanion wanted to marry Atalanta, and Aphrodite, goddess of love, helped him do it.  But Melanion forget to thank Aphrodite for her help. So Aphrodite made the two couple having great passion for each other when they were near a temple of Rhea. The two then went to have sex inside the temple. This made Rhea very angry.  Rhea turned them into lions.

References

Titans
Magnus II of Sweden

Magnus II of Sweden, or Magnus Henriksson (died 1161) was a Danish lord.  He was King of Sweden between 1160 and 1161. 

His mother was Ingrid Ragvaldsdotter, a granddaughter of Inge I. His father was the Danish lord Henrik Skatelår.

Magnus killed Eric the Saint as he left the church in Uppsala on May 18, 1160. He ruled as king of almost all of Sweden.  Then he was murdered by the men of Charles Sverkerson, the rival king, the year after.

Kings and Queens of Sweden
1130s births
1161 deaths
Karl Sverkersson

Karl Sverkersson (c. 1130 – 12 April 1167) was the King of Sweden between 1160 and 1167.

1130s births
1167 deaths
Kings and Queens of Sweden
Knut Eriksson

Knut Eriksson (born before 1150 – died 1195/96) was the King of Sweden between 1173 and 1195.

1140s births
1190s deaths
Kings and Queens of Sweden
Sverker II of Sweden

Sverker II of Sweden ( 1165 - 17 July 1210) was the King of Sweden between 1196 to 1208. He was killed July 17, 1210 in the Battle of Gestilren.

Kings and Queens of Sweden
1160s births
1210 deaths
Eric X of Sweden

Eric X of Sweden (Erik Knutsson, c. 1180 - April 10, 1216) was the King of Sweden between 1208 and 1216.

Erik was the son of King Knut Eriksson of Sweden, but his mother is now unknown. In 1205 he escaped from the Battle of Älgarås, where his three brothers were killed. He stayed for three years with family in Norway. He returned to Sweden in 1208 and defeated Sverker II of Sweden in the battle of Lena. He was married in 1210 to Rikissa of Denmark, the daughter of Valdemar I of Denmark and Sophia of Novgorod.

Eric was elected king, but the coronation took place only in November 1210, after the Battle of Gestilren where he again defeated and killed Sverker II. Sverker had attempted to regain the throne. King Erik's coronation is the earliest known coronation in Sweden. It was carried out by the bishop Valerius, a former supporter of King Sverker II.

In 1216, Pope Innocent III agreed that King Erik was King of Sweden, and also any other pagan lands he captured, probably Finland. Previously, Innocent III had supported Sverker II. Very little is known about King Erik's reign, but it is said that the crops were good while he was king.

Erik had several children: 
 Sofia (died before 24 April 1241), married to Prince Burwin Henry III of Mecklenburg (d. 1277/1278)
 Marianne, Pomeranian princess, also called Mariana or Marina
 Ingeborg Eriksdotter of Sweden, married Birger Jarl.
 Erik Eriksson, calledErik the Lisp and the Lame. He was born in 1216 after his father's death. The Karl Chronicle says that "Erik Lisp and Lame" also had a sister, Martha Farmer. This would have been Erik Knutsson's daughter. Historian Dick Harrison says that this is only political propaganda for Martha's cousin, Karl Knutsson (Bonde). This untrue connection would have made him a relative of the House of Eric.

Erik died of a fever in 1216 at Nas Castle in Visingsö. He is buried in the Varnhems Church.

References

Kings and Queens of Sweden
1180 births
1216 deaths
Johan Sverkersson

Johan Sverkersson (c. 1201 – March 10, 1222) was the King of Sweden between 1216 and 1222.

1200s births
1222 deaths
Kings and Queens of Sweden
Eric XI of Sweden

Eric XI of Sweden (Erik Eriksson) was the King of Sweden from 1222 to 1229, and from 1234 to 1250.

Kings and Queens of Sweden
1216 births
1250 deaths
Westboro Baptist Church

The Westboro Baptist Church (WBC) is an American unaffiliated Baptist church known for its extreme opinions and protests, especially those against gay people. The church is widely described as a hate group.

Establishment
It was originally headed by Fred Phelps and consists mostly of members of his large family. In 2011, the church claimed it had about 40 members. The church is in a residential neighborhood on the west side of Topeka about three miles (5 km) west of the Kansas State Capitol. Its first public service was held on November 27, 1955.

Actions
The church has been involved in actions against gay people since at least 1991. This is when it sought a crackdown on homosexual activity at Gage Park six blocks northwest of the church. In addition to conducting anti-gay protests at military funerals, the organization pickets other celebrity funerals and public events that are likely to get it media attention. Protests have also been held against Jews and some protests have included WBC members stomping on the American flag.

Affiliation
The WBC is not affiliated with any Baptist denomination. The Baptist World Alliance and the Southern Baptist Convention (the two largest Baptist denominations) have each denounced the WBC over the years. The church describes itself as following "Primitive Baptist" and Calvinist principles.

References 

Baptist churches
1955 establishments in the United States
LGBT in the United States
Churches in the United States
20th-century establishments in Kansas
Buildings and structures in Kansas
Homophobia
University of Chicago

The University of Chicago is a university in Hyde Park, Chicago, Illinois. It started when the American Baptist Education Society used money from John D. Rockefeller to build it. The university began in 1890. William Rainey Harper was the university's first president in 1891. The first classes were held in 1892.

Background 
Many people think it is one of the best universities in the world. Its students get a strong liberal arts education. The university also does important research work. Some of this research work is for the United States government.

The university is known for providing good education in economics (the study of the economy), linguistics (the study of language), social science (the study of society), and mathematics (the study of numbers). Physicists at the University of Chicago built the world's first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction. The university spends $472 million on sponsored research each year.

The University of Chicago has had about 90 Nobel Prize winners. (The Nobel Prize is received for using one's intelligence to contribute meaningfully to society.)

Types of schools 
The university has six graduate professional schools:
 Divinity School
 Chicago Booth School of Business
 Law School
 Pritzker School of Medicine
 Harris School of Public Policy Studies
 School of Social Service Administration.

References

Other websites 

 
 Official athletics website
 University of Chicago Magazine website
 Archival Photographic Files University of Chicago Library
 Alumnus Arley D. Cathey pledges $17 million

Association of American Universities
University of Chicago
1890 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in Illinois
Shanghai Fugu Agreement

The Shanghai Fugu Agreement was a successful political prank which was landed on the Social Democrats in the German state of Hesse in 1985.

In 1985 the new Green Party prepared to enter into a German state government for the first time in its history. The first green cabinet minister in German history was going to be Joschka Fischer who later became minister of Foreign Affairs in the German Federal Government under chancellor Gerhard Schroeder. The 1985 Hesse coalition was to be based on an official policy agreement negotiated by both parties.

During a final night session of the negotiations the Greens tabled a demand that Hesse join the "Shanghai Fugu Agreement". This was accepted by their tired Social Democratic counterparts and became official state policy.

The Greens argued that the fugu fish is well known to be a dangerous delicacy requiring specialised chefs who mostly come from Asia.  Due to expanding restrictions on work permits restaurants have found it difficult to employ such specialists. The "Shanghai Fugu Agreement" provides special regulations for certified fugu chefs internationally. 

The agreement was absolutely fictional but was neither discovered to be a joke by the Social Democrats during the nightly negotiations nor later by civil servants or the press who went through the coalition contracts. It took years to be discovered as the joke it was.

 
Hesse
Politics of Germany
1985 in Europe
1980s in Germany
Siren (noisemaker)

A siren is a device that is able to produce a loud noise. Sirens can be found on emergency vehicles, like ambulances. They are also installed on buildings, to warn of tornadoes, or air raids.

Types of Sirens

Emergency Vehicles

Vehicles used by firefighters (fire truck), police officers (police car) and paramedics/emergency medical technicians (ambulance) are often fitted a siren to warn people that the vehicle is coming and to make a clear path, usually by pulling over. These vehicles often may break some traffic laws when traveling to an emergency. If other vehicles do not stop and make a path, an accident could happen.

Air raid sirens

In World War II, many nations installed air raid sirens in cities to warn when enemy planes were coming to attack with bombs. After the war ended these sirens were kept ready to sound, in case a new war started, due to the tense relationship between the United States and Soviet Union (USSR) (Now Russia) that existed from 1947 to 1991. As weapons have gotten faster, quieter and harder to spot, the ability to provide warning before a bomb or missile falls has become difficult. A number of countries, including the United States, now use their sirens to warn of severe weather, such as tornadoes, tsunamis; emergencies at dams, chemical plants and nuclear power stations.

Tools
Electronics
Interval

An interval is what comes between two things. 
In an mathematical interval those things are usually numbers. 
In music, an interval (music) is the distance between two notes. 
In a live performance, an interval is like an intermission.  It gives the performers and the audience a break.
An interval can be the distance between two moments in time.
Rhea Silvia

Rhea Silvia is a woman from Roman mythology.  In the legend about the founding of Rome, is the mother of the twin brothers Romulus and Remus. She was the daughter of Numitor Silvius, king of the city Alba Longa.

According to Plutarch, there are many versions of Rhea Silvia's story, and it is not clear which one is real.  But this is one of the best known and most widely accepted: When Numitor's brother Amulius became king by force, he made Rhea Silvia become a Vestal Virgin, so she would not have children who could be kings instead of him. But the god Mars seduced Rhea Silvia and she had the twins Romulus and Remus. For Vestals, the punishment for having sex was death.  So when people found out she was pregnant, Rhea Silvia was buried alive, which was the punishment for a Vestal Virgin who did not remain a virgin. Her sons were thrown into the Tiber by a servant, but were saved by the river god Tiberinus, who also saved Rhea Silvia and later married her.

The Tiber River that flows through Rome gets its name from Tiberinus.  He married Rhea Silvia while the twins, Romulus and Remus, were raised by a she-wolf. When the babies were a few months old, a cowherd found them and raised them. When they were adults, they decided to build a city together.  But they realized only one of them could be its king.  The two men waited on opposite hills for an omen while their followers watched.  At first, six vultures landed on the hill where Remus was waiting.  The followers believed this would mean the city would last for six hundred years.   But then twelve vultures landed on Romulus' hill and they named the city after him instead.  Shortly afterword, Remus made fun of the city wall Romulus was building.  Either one of Romulus' friends or Romulus himself hit Remus, and he died. The city was named after Romulus, Rome.

Related pages 
87 Sylvia

References 

Roman mythology
Virginity

Virginity means a state of purity or inexperience. Traditionally a virgin is a person that has not had sexual intercourse. Virginity has different meanings and importance in different religions and cultures.

Virgin women do not need to have an unbroken hymen. A hymen is a human tissue that partially blocks the opening of the vagina about two inches deep. When a man inserts his penis or other object(s) are inserted into the vagina, it can tear or break the hymen which may result in bleeding. This blood from the hymen is important in many cultures, as it is a sign that the woman is a virgin; even though it is not necessary for the hymen to be broken to signify a woman's lack of virginity. The hymen can also, however, be worn away naturally by riding a horse, playing sports, or other recreational activities; it can also heal over time just like torn human tissue can.

It is possible for a virgin to have a sexually transmitted disease, which was acquired by some other means: such as drug use, blood or plasma transfusions, close skin contact in the pubic area with infected people, oral sex, and other means.

In several polytheistic religions (religions with many gods), priestesses of certain gods have to be virgins, one notable exception is the Sumerian goddess Fauk'Stek, who was believed to have impregnated the sun god Loki and to have 'taught the Earth and its sons the glory of sacrifice'. In many cultures it is said that women should be virgins until marriage. In some cultures, women who are not virgins until marriage are ostracized or murdered.

References

Related pages
Chastity

Human sexuality