alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Williamwood railway station

Williamwood railway station is a railway station in the Williamwood area of the town of Clarkston, East Renfrewshire, Greater Glasgow, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and lies on the Neilston branch of the Cathcart Circle Lines.
The line here forms the boundary which separates Clarkston and Giffnock.

Facilities 

There is waiting room within the ticket office for passengers travelling towards  and a waiting room and a shelter on the opposite platform for passengers travelling towards . Additionally, there is a Metro newspaper dispenser. At present, there is no access for disabled people as both entrances have significant numbers of steps.

History 
The station was originally opened by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway on 9 July 1929 on the former Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway.

The station is currently fully operational, with a part-time booking office. It is an intermediate station on the Glasgow Central – Neilston line. The railway was electrified in the early 1960s and  "Blue Train" electric multiple units provided almost all trains services for many years thereafter. Until late 2019, services were primarily operated by ageing Class 314 EMUs, until a few months before their withdrawal.

As a cost-saving measure, the three stations south of Williamwood (i.e. Neilston, Patterton and Whitecraigs) were considered for possible closure in 1983 by the Strathclyde PTE but were reprieved.

Services 
Services are now operated mainly by 4 car Class 380/1 EMUs, with the 3 coach Class 318 EMUs and Class 320 EMUs working together to provide 6 coach services at peak times. Two trains an hour operate in each direction calling all stops from Glasgow Central to Neilston. Additionally, additional peak time services operate between Central and Neilston, calling only from Muirend through to the terminus.

References

Notes

Sources 

 
 

Railway stations in East Renfrewshire
Former London, Midland and Scottish Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1929
Railway stations served by ScotRail
Clarkston, East Renfrewshire
Whitecraigs railway station

Whitecraigs railway station is a railway station serving the Whitecraigs and Davieland areas of the towns of Giffnock and Newton Mearns, East Renfrewshire, Greater Glasgow, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and lies on the Neilston branch of the Cathcart Circle  southwest of Glasgow Central.
The line here forms the boundary which separates Newton Mearns and Giffnock across Ayr Road.

History 
The station was originally opened as part of the Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway on 1 May 1903. In some timetables the station was known as Whitecraigs for Rouken Glen. The station building is listed Category C and is notable for its Arts and Crafts decorative detailing.

Facilities
The station has a ticket office, which is staffed part-time (06.55 - 13.55, Mondays to Saturdays only).  A ticket machine is also provided and there is a waiting room in the main building. Digital departure screens and a P.A system provide train running information.  Step-free access to both platforms is via ramps from the street and station car park, though the footbridge between the platforms has steps.

Services

Since electrification in 1962 
Since the line was electrified in 1962 the basic service has been a half-hour service throughout the day (Mondays to Saturdays), with additional peak hour trains (Mondays to Fridays). From 2005 a half-hourly Sunday service has also been provided.

Class 303 "Blue Train" electric multiple units provided almost all trains services for many years thereafter, being joined by the similar Class 311 from 1967. Services are now mainly operated by the Class 380 EMUs.

References

Notes

Sources 

 
 
 

Railway stations in East Renfrewshire
Former Caledonian Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1903
Railway stations served by ScotRail
Listed railway stations in Scotland
Category C listed buildings in East Renfrewshire
Giffnock
Newton Mearns
Patterton railway station

Patterton railway station is a railway station serving the Patterton, Crookfur and Greenlaw areas of the town of Newton Mearns, East Renfrewshire and the Deaconsbank and Jennylind areas of the Glasgow City council area, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and lies on the Neilston branch of the Cathcart Circle Lines,  southwest of Glasgow Central.

History 
The station was originally opened as part of the Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway on 1 May 1903. It closed on 1 January 1917 due to wartime economy, and reopened on 1 February 1919 as Patterton for Darnley Rifle Range (sometimes referred to as simply Patterton for Darnley). It was renamed back to Patterton by British Rail.

Facilities
The station is unstaffed and only has shelters on each platform.  A ticket machine is available to allow passengers to purchase their ticket before boarding the train.  A long-line P.A and digital information displays provide train running information.  The station footbridge is not accessible for disabled users, but there is step-free access to each platform via ramps from the nearby road.

Services 
Patterton is an intermediate station on the Glasgow Central — Neilston line. The line was electrified in 1962. Since then the basic service has been a 30-minute service on Mondays to Saturdays, with additional peak hour services on Mondays to Fridays. In the early part of the 21st century, a 30-minute service was also provided on Sundays.

 "Blue Train" electric multiple units provided almost all trains services for many years thereafter, being joined by the similar . Services are now mainly operated by the  since the withdrawal of the , with occasional peak services operated by  and .

Fire 
On 24 February 2009, during repair works to a nearby bridge, a road laying vehicle caught fire which then spread to a gas mains pipe on the bridge. Soon after, the area was evacuated and all services through Patterton were suspended until the blaze was brought under control. During the suspension of services, passengers alighted at Cathcart railway station to a replacement bus service.

References

Notes

Sources

External links
Video footage of Patterton Station

Railway stations in East Renfrewshire
Former Caledonian Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1903
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1917
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1919
Railway stations served by ScotRail
Newton Mearns
Neilston railway station

Neilston railway station is a railway station in the village of Neilston, East Renfrewshire, Greater Glasgow, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and lies on the Cathcart Circle Lines,  southwest of Glasgow Central.

History 
The station was originally opened as part of the Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway on 1 May 1903. It closed between 1 January 1917 and 2 March 1919 due to wartime economy, and upon the grouping of the L&AR into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923, the station was renamed Neilston High on 2 June 1924. It was renamed back to Neilston on 6 May 1974 by British Rail.

The station is fully operational today as the terminal station on the Glasgow Central – Neilston line. The railway was electrified in May 1962 (using overhead wires supplying 25 kV A.C) and Class 303 "Blue Train" electric multiple units provided almost all trains services for many years thereafter, being joined by the similar Class 311 from 1967. Following withdrawal of the Class 303 and 311, Class 314 were the mainstay of the service until their withdrawal in 2019, with occasional services operated by Class 318, Class 334 and Class 320. As of 2022 train services are operated by Class 318, Class 320, Class 380 and Class 385

The line previously continued southwest to Uplawmoor, but this section closed to passengers in April 1962 and to all traffic in December 1964. British Rail also put forward plans to close the station here in the early 1980s and cut the branch back to , but the proposals were never implemented.

Layout and facilities

Although the station is a terminus, it has kept a conventional two platform layout with separate tracks for arrivals & departures.  The two lines merge into a single reversing siding immediately west of the station (on the course of the old L&AR line to Uplawmoor) and terminating trains use this to change platforms before returning east to Glasgow.  It is a staffed station, with step-free access to each platform via ramps (although these are quite steep) and a roadbridge at the eastern end linking the two. A P.A system and passenger information screens provide train running information.

Services

2016 
There is a daily half-hourly service from Neilston to  via Queens Park. The typical journey time is 27 minutes.

References

Notes

Sources

External links

Video footage of Neilston Railway Station

Railway stations in East Renfrewshire
Former Caledonian Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1903
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1917
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1919
Railway stations served by ScotRail
Neilston
Austral thrush

The austral thrush (Turdus falcklandii) is a medium-sized thrush from southern South America. There are two subspecies, the Magellan thrush (T. f. magellanicus) from south Argentina and south and central Chile, and the Falkland thrush (T. f. falcklandii) from the Falkland Islands.

The austral thrush is similar to the European blackbird, also of the genus Turdus, with a yellow bill and feet, a dark brown head, back and wings and paler underparts. The smaller T. f. magellanicus is more olive below, while in  T. f. falcklandii the underside tends towards ochre. Both subspecies have streaked throats.

In Chile and Argentina the austral thrush lives in a variety of habitats from Nothofagus forests to agricultural lands and even gardens. On the Falkland Islands it makes use of human altered habitat as well but is most numerous in tussac grasses near beaches.

Gallery

References

Collar, N. J. (2005) Family Turdidae (Thrushes) pp. 514–811 in: del Hoyo. J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., (eds), Handbook of the Birds of the World, Volume Ten, Cuckoo-shrikes to Thrushes,

External links
Videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Stamps (for Chile, Falkland Islands) with a range map
Photo gallery on VIREO
Photo; Article sunbirdtours
Photo; Article railwaytouring.co.uk

austral thrush
Birds of Chile
Birds of Patagonia
Birds of the Falkland Islands
austral thrush
Pollokshields West railway station

Pollokshields West railway station is one of three railway stations in Pollokshields, a district of Glasgow, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and lies on the Cathcart Circle Line.  The Cathcart Circle Line has been electrified since 1962 under British Railways.

Services

Up to November 1979 
Two trains per hour between Glasgow Central and Kirkhill and one train per hour in each direction on the Cathcart Circle (Inner and Outer).

From November 1979 
Following the opening of the Argyle Line on 5 November 1979, two trains per hour between Glasgow Central and Kirkhill and two trains per hour in each direction on the Cathcart Circle (Inner and Outer).

From 2006 
One train per hour between Glasgow Central and Kirkhill/ and one train per hour in each direction on the Cathcart Circle (Inner and Outer). The Cathcart Circle trains do not run on Sundays, so only an hourly service operates.

Routes

See also
 Pollokshields railway station
 Pollokshields East railway station

References

Sources 

 
 
 
 

Railway stations in Glasgow
Former Caledonian Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1894
SPT railway stations
Railway stations served by ScotRail
Pollokshields
Marek Mlodzik

Marek Mlodzik is the Chair of the Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology and also holds professorships in Oncological Sciences and Ophthalmology at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City.  Prior to this (from 1991 to 2000) he was a Group Leader at EMBL Heidelberg. In 1997, Mlodzik was elected as a member of the European Molecular Biology Organization.

He is known for his contributions to the generation of planar cell polarity in the Drosophila melanogaster epithelium.

References

Living people
Cell biologists
Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization
Year of birth missing (living people)
Dumbreck railway station

Dumbreck railway station is a railway station in Dumbreck, a district of Glasgow, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and lies on the Paisley Canal Line, 1¾ miles (3 km) west of , close to the M77 motorway. It is accessed from the Nithsdale Road at the bridge over the railway. Dumbreck railway station is also the closest station for the Bellahouston Park.

History
It was opened on 28 July 1990 at the same time as the reopening by British Rail of the Paisley Canal Line, which had closed to passengers in 1983. Dumbreck is situated close to the site of one of the original stations on the line, Bellahouston, which closed in 1954.

Services 
Monday to Saturdays there is a half-hourly service eastbound to Glasgow Central and westbound to .

There is an hourly service on Sundays.

References

Sources

External links

Railway stations in Glasgow
Railway stations opened by British Rail
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1990
SPT railway stations
Railway stations served by ScotRail
Pollokshields
9000

9000 may refer to:

 9000 (number)
 The last year of the 9th millennium, an exceptional common year starting on Wednesday

Business 
 ISO 9000, a family of standards for quality management systems
 TL 9000, a quality management system

Entertainment 
 BFG 9000, a fictional weapon
 HAL 9000, a fictional computer

Technology 
 IBM ES/9000, a mainframe computer
 IBM System 9000, a family of microcomputers
 HP 9000, a family of workstation and server computers
 VAX 9000, a mainframe computer
 Nokia 9000 Communicator, a smart phone introduced in 1996
 ATI Radeon 9000, a computer graphics card series

Transport 
 9000 series (disambiguation), Japanese, Korean, Latin America and Spanish train types
 Saab 9000, Saab's executive car, produced 1985–98

Other 
 9000 Hal, an asteroid
 Beretta 9000, a handgun
 It's Over 9000!, an internet meme
Houndshark

Houndsharks, the Triakidae, are a family of ground sharks, consisting of about 40 species in nine genera. In some classifications, the family is split into two subfamilies, with Mustelus, Scylliogaleus, and Triakis in the subfamily Triakinae, and the remaining genera in the subfamily Galeorhininae.

Houndsharks are distinguished by possessing two large, spineless dorsal fins, an anal fin, and oval eyes with nictitating eyelids. They are small to medium in size, ranging from  in adult length. They are found throughout the world in warm and temperate waters, where they feed on fish and invertebrates on the seabed and in midwater.

Genera
 Furgaleus Whitley, 1951 (whiskery shark)
 Galeorhinus Blainville, 1816 (school shark)
 Gogolia Compagno, 1973 (sailback houndshark)
 Hemitriakis Herre, 1923
 Hypogaleus J. L. B. Smith, 1957 (blacktip tope)
 Iago Compagno & Springer, 1971
 Mustelus H. F. Linck, 1790 (smooth-hound)
 Scylliogaleus Boulenger, 1902
 Triakis J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839

See also

List of sharks

References

 
 Cladogram reference

Triakidae
Extant Paleocene first appearances
Taxa named by John Edward Gray
8000

8000 may refer to:

In general
 8000 (number)
 A.D. 8000, a year in the 8th millennium CE
 8000 BCE, a year in the 8th millennium BC
 A.D. 8000s, a decade, century, millennium of the 9th millennium CE
 8000s BCE, a decade, century, millennium of the 9th millennium BC

Products
 Beretta 8000, a handgun
 Delta 8000, space launch rocket
 Enfield 8000, an electric city car
 IBM 8000 mainframe computer

Other uses
 8000 Isaac Newton, an asteroid in the Asteroid Belt, the 8000th asteroid registered
 8000 (District of Mat), one of the postal codes in Albania
 Eight-thousander, a mountain over 8000 meters high

See also

 T-8000, a fictional character played by Arnold Schwarzenegger
 8000 Plus, a British microcomputer magazine
 8000 series (disambiguation) and 8000 class
 
 800 (disambiguation)
 80 (disambiguation)
Tom Moore Jr.

Tom Moore Jr. (May 16, 1918 – April 16, 2017) was a Democratic member of the Texas House of Representatives from 1967 to 1973 from McLennan County. Moore is most noted for an April Fool's Day prank he played to demonstrate that his fellow legislators often did not read the legislation they were approving and for being a member of the "Dirty Thirty."

Biography
Moore was born in Waco, Texas, May 16, 1918. He served in the U.S. Army from 1943 to 1946. From 1952-1959, as McLennan County district attorney, Moore prosecuted "the first criminal trial to be televised in the United States."

Boston Strangler prank
Moore introduced legislation on April 1, 1971 commending Albert DeSalvo—more commonly known as the Boston Strangler—including this wording:

After it was passed unanimously by the House, Moore later withdrew the legislation, explaining he had only offered it to prove an important point that his fellow legislators didn't read much of the legislation they voted on.

Dirty Thirty

Moore, along with 29 other bipartisan members of the 1971 Texas House of Representatives, became known as the "Dirty Thirty" after allying against the then-Speaker of the House Gus Franklin Mutscher and other Texas officials who had been charged in a bribery-conspiracy investigation by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. The Dirty Thirty kept the Sharpstown Stock-Fraud Scandal alive as a political issue.  Even though Mutscher was still favored by a majority in the House, they called for a resolution to make Mutscher and his associates resign from leadership positions while the SEC investigation continued.  Because of Mutscher's favored position, however, the measure failed. Another resolution for the House to make itself a committee to study the SEC allegation also failed. The Dirty Thirty's criticisms of Mutscher's system of controlling legislation eventually led Mutscher to agree to an investigation led by five of his closest House allies, all chairmen of other committees he had appointed. On the next-to-last day of the session, Mutscher attacked the Dirty Thirty, accusing them of irresponsible, partisan politics. The Dirty Thirty for their part called Mutscher a dictator over state politics, more concerned with private than public interests. This began the electoral battle, which Mutscher lost.

Mutscher, along with two other colleagues (Governor Preston Smith and Lieutenant Governor Ben Barnes), were indicted by a Travis County grand jury in September 1971 for conspiracy to accept a bribe and accepting a bribe.  Mutscher was tried, found guilty, and sentenced to five years' probation. Mutscher's colleagues, though not brought to trial, saw their political careers effectively ended. The Dirty Thirty also paid a price - Mutscher blocked most of their legislation actions and they were isolated from other Texas legislators. Moore died in April 2017 at the age of 98.

References
 

1918 births
2017 deaths
April Fools' Day
McLennan County, Texas
Members of the Texas House of Representatives
1971 in American law
United States Army personnel of World War II
Shatkarma

The shatkarmas (Sanskrit: षटकर्म ṣaṭkarma, literally six actions), also known as shatkriyas, are a set of Hatha yoga purifications of the body, to prepare for the main work of yoga towards moksha (liberation). These practices, outlined by Svatmarama in the Haṭha Yoga Pradīpikā as kriya, are Netī, Dhautī, Naulī, Basti, Kapālabhātī, and Trāṭaka.<ref>These techniques and their practice are outlined in considerable detail by Swami Rama in his two volume set:Rama, Swami. (1988). Path of Fire and Light, Volume I: Advanced Practices of Yoga; Volume II: A Practical Companion to Volume I. Honesdale, Pennsylvania. Himalayan Institute Press.</ref>
The Haṭha Ratnavali mentions two additional purifications, Cakri and Gajakarani, criticising the Hatha Yoga Pradipika for only describing the other six.

Purpose

The shatkarmas are six (or more) preliminary purifications described in the Hatha Yoga Pradipika and later texts. Their purpose is to remove "gross impurities", cure a range of diseases, and prepare the body for pranayama, trapping the breath so as to force the vital energy prana into the central sushumna channel, allowing kundalini to rise, and so to attain moksha, liberation.

Description

The six purifications taught in the Hatha Yoga Pradipika, and repeated in the Gheranda Samhita, are: 

 Netī, a nasal wash. This is the practice of using a neti pot to cleanse the nasal passages. A basic neti wash consists of purified water and non-iodized salt, to create a gentle saline solution.demonstration
 Dhautī, the cleansing of the whole digestive tract.
 Naulī, a self-administered abdominal massage, using only the muscles of the abdominal wall. The practitioner stands with the feet about hip width apart, hands on knees, and body at about a 45 degree angle. The core is rotated internally by moving the abdominal muscles alternately in a clock-wise, then in a counterclock-wise direction.
 Basti, a colonic irrigation.
 Kapālabhātī, a skull polishing, and is a pranayama (breathing) practice intended to energize and balance the nadis, and the chakras.  Specifically, it is a sharp, short outbreath, followed by a relaxation of the core that allows the body to inhale on its own.
 Trāṭaka, gazing at a fixed point such as a black spot or a candle flame.

The two additional purifications in the Hatha Ratnavali are:

 Cakri, the dilation of the anus, using a finger moved about in the rectum.
 Gajakarani (present but described differently in the Hatha Yoga Pradipika''), holding sweetened water and the breath in the oesophagus, followed by expulsion of its contents.

References

Kriyas
Shatkarmas
No Name (Slovak band)

No Name is a Slovak rock band. It was formed in Košice on 26 August 1996 by Viliam Gutray and three Timko brothers - Igor, Roman, and Ivan.
Marián Čekovský joined No Name as a keyboardist and was replaced by Zoli Šallai after leaving the band. A few years later, the youngest Timko brother, Dušan, also became a member of No Name.

No Name became known to Slovak audiences in part by playing the Bratislavská lýra festival
, but their came with their second album, Počkám si na zázrak (I'll Wait for a Miracle), which featured the hit singles "Ty a Tvoja sestra" (You and Your Sister) and "Žily" (Veins).

Band members
Current members
 Igor Timko - vocals
 Roman Timko - guitar, vocals
 Zoltán Šallai - keyboards, vocals
 Ivan Timko - drums, vocals
 Dušan Timko - guitar
 Pavol Jakab - bass

Past members
 Marián Čekovský - keyboards
 Viliam Gutray - bass

Discography
Studio albums
 No Name (1998)
 Počkám si na zázrak (2000)
 Oslávme si život (2001)
 Slová do tmy (2003)
 Čím to je (2005)
 V rovnováhe (2008)
 Nový album (2011)
 Love Songs (2012)
 S Láskou (2015)

EPs
 Kto Dokáže - with Karel Gott (2016)

Live albums
 Live in Prague (2008)
 G2 Acoustic Stage (2014)
 20 Rokov No Name (2019)
 Dermacol Acoustic Tour (2019)

Compilation albums
 The Best of No Name (2009)
 No Name Box (2018)

DVDs
 Live in Europe (2006)
 V rovnováhe tour (2010)
 Tour 2011 Steel Arena Košice (2011)
 G2 Acoustic Stage (2014)
 No Name Box (2018)
 20 Rokov No Name (2019)

Awards and recognition
 Český slavík 2016 - Best Slovak Artist

See also
 The 100 Greatest Slovak Albums of All Time

References

External links

 Official website

Culture and Arts in Košice
Slovak musical groups
Iago (disambiguation)

Iago is the main antagonist in the play Othello by William Shakespeare

Iago may also refer to:

Biology
 Iago (fish), a genus of hound sharks
 Iago sparrow, endemic to the Cape Verde archipelago

Characters
 Iago (Aladdin), a parrot in the 1992 film Aladdin and various Disney media
 Iago, a character in the American television series Gargoyles

People
 Iago, a form of the given name Jacob or James
 Iago (footballer, born 1995) or Iago Sampaio Silva, Brazilian footballer
 Iago (footballer, born 1997) or Iago Amaral Borduchi, Brazilian footballer
 Iago (footballer, born 1999) or Iago Fabrício Gonçalves dos Reis, a Brazilian footballer
 Iago ap Beli (c. 560–c. 616), king of Gwynedd
 Iago ap Idwal (ruled 950–979), king of Gwynedd
 Iago Falque (born 1990), is a Spanish footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder
 Iago Iglesias (born 1984), known simply as Iago, a Spanish professional footballer
 Iago, a pen-name of Sir Robert Walpole

Place
 Iago, Texas, United States
 Santiago, Cape Verde, an island also called "St. Iago" or "St. Jago"

Other
 Iago (film),  a 2009 Italian film
 IAGO, the International Abstract Games Organization
 Iago, a GWR Banking Class steam locomotive on the Great Western Railway
 Porth Iago, the site of the ancient St Medin's Church near Aberdaron, Gwynedd, Wales
 A Spanish and Welsh variant of the name Jacob

See also
 
 Jago (disambiguation)
 Yago (disambiguation)
Lucerne Festival Strings

The Lucerne Festival Strings is one of Switzerland's most frequently touring chamber orchestras, which for decades was closely associated with the Lucerne School of Music, being for many years an "ensemble in residence".  The orchestra was founded in 1956 by Wolfgang Schneiderhan and Rudolf Baumgartner as part of the Lucerne International Music Festival (today: Lucerne Festival); the latter directed it until 1998. His successor as artistic director was Achim Fiedler who held the position from 1998 to summer 2012.The Australian-Swiss violinist Daniel Dodds has been artistic director since the 2012/2013 season. Managing Director is Hans-Christoph Mauruschat. In recent years, the CD label Sony Classical and Oehms Classics have released CD recordings of the ensemble.

The Festival Strings Lucerne began in the first year of their existence to acquire an excellent international reputation with recordings for Deutsche Grammophon, with which they had an exclusive contract till 1973. From the late 1950s onwards, the Lucerne Festival Strings were among the pioneers of Deutsche Grammophon's "Archive" series, which at the time made record history with the first publication of works by forgotten or hardly known composers, especially from the Baroque period, such as  Giuseppe Tartini (1959).

External links
 

Musical groups established in 1956
Swiss orchestras
Chamber orchestras
Lucerne Festival
1956 establishments in Switzerland
Adaptive sort

A sorting algorithm falls into the adaptive sort family if it takes advantage of existing order in its input.  It benefits from the presortedness in the input sequence – or a limited amount of disorder for various definitions of measures of disorder – and sorts faster.  Adaptive sorting is usually performed by modifying existing sorting algorithms.

Motivation 
Comparison-based sorting algorithms have traditionally dealt with achieving an optimal bound of O(n log n) when dealing with time complexity.  Adaptive sort takes advantage of the existing order of the input to try to achieve better times, so that the time taken by the algorithm to sort is a smoothly growing function of the size of the sequence and the disorder in the sequence.  In other words, the more presorted the input is, the faster it should be sorted.

This is an attractive feature for a sorting algorithm because nearly sorted sequences are common in practice.  Thus, the performance of existing sort algorithms can be improved by taking into account the existing order in the input.

Note that most worst-case sorting algorithms that do optimally well in the worst-case, notably heap sort and merge sort, do not take existing order within their input into account, although this deficiency is easily rectified in the case of merge sort by checking if the last element of the lefthand group is less than (or equal) to the first element of the righthand group, in which case a merge operation may be replaced by simple concatenation – a modification that is well within the scope of making an algorithm adaptive.

Examples 
A classic example of an adaptive sorting algorithm is Straight Insertion Sort.  In this sorting algorithm, we scan the input from left to right, repeatedly finding the position of the current item, and insert it into an array of previously sorted items.

In pseudo-code form, the Straight Insertion Sort algorithm could look something like this (array X is zero-based):

 procedure Straight Insertion Sort (X):
     for j := 1 to length(X) - 1 do
         t := X[j]
         i := j
         while i > 0 and X[i - 1] > t do
             X[i] := X[i - 1]
             i := i - 1
         end
         X[i] := t
     end

The performance of this algorithm can be described in terms of the number of inversions in the input, and then  will be roughly equal to , where  is the number of Inversions.  Using this measure of presortedness – being relative to the number of inversions – Straight Insertion Sort takes less time to sort the closer it is to being sorted.

Other examples of adaptive sorting algorithms are adaptive heap sort, adaptive merge sort, patience sort, Shellsort, smoothsort, splaysort, Timsort, and Cartesian tree sorting.

See also 
 Sorting algorithms
 Smoothsort

References 
 
 
 

Sorting algorithms
Hasmonea Lwów

Hasmonea Lwów was a Polish-Jewish sports club based in the city of Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine). Created in 1908 in Austria-Hungary, it was the first sports club exclusively for Jewish members. It was named after the Hasmonean royal dynasty. The full Polish name was Żydowski Klub Sportowy Hasmonea Lwów (Jewish Sports Club Hasmonea Club).

In the interbellum the Hasmonea was one of four Lwów-based clubs playing in the Polish First League and arguably the most popular Jewish football club in Poland. In 1928 it was ranked 13th in the league and relegated. There was a conflict between the club and PZPN officially due to failing to pay its dues. In 1929 the club paid its owed dues and next year revived its football team which competed in regional competition of Lwow Voivodeship. In 1932 the original stadium of the club was deliberately burnt down. The most popular football player primarily associated with the club was Zygmunt Steuermann.

Hasmonea was also famous for its excellent table tennis players. In 1933 they were team champions of Poland, and its top player, Alojzy Ehrlich, was three times winner of silver medals in the World Championships (1936, 1937, 1939). Another of the championship players during those years was Leopold Weiss, one of the few members of the club who like Ehrlich also survived the Nazi occupation of Lwów.

See also 
 Maccabi (sports)

References 

Association football clubs established in 1908
Jewish football clubs
Lwów District Football League
Polish football clubs in Lviv
1908 establishments in Poland
1908 establishments in Austria-Hungary
Defunct football clubs in former Polish territories
Diaspora sports clubs
Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University

Abant Izzet Baysal University () is a public university in Bolu, Turkey. It was founded on 3 July 1992 by Izzet Baysal. It has campuses in the city center and three districts of Bolu (Gerede, Mengen, Mudurnu). The main campus of the university, namely the İzzet Baysal Campus, is located in Gölköy, which is 8 km from the city center. The university comprises 16 faculties, 1 institute, 1 school, 8 vocational schools, and 20 research centers. 1.539 faculty members and 1.176 administrative staff.

Academics

Institutes
 Institute of Education Sciences
 Institute of Health Sciences
 Institute of Science and Technology
 Institute of Social Sciences

Faculties
 Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences
 Faculty of Architecture
 Faculty of Communication
 Faculty of Dentistry
 Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences
 Faculty of Education
 Faculty of Engineering
 Faculty of Fine Arts
 Faculty of Health Sciences
 Faculty of Law
 Faculty of Medicine
 Faculty of Science and Letters
 Faculty of Sports Sciences
 Faculty of Technology
 Faculty of Theology
 Faculty of Tourism

Colleges
 Gerede in the School of Applied Sciences
 School of Foreign Languages

Vocational Schools
 Bolu Vocational School
 Bolu Technical Sciences Vocational School
 Gerede Vocational School
 Mehmet Tanrıkulu Health Services Vocational School
 Mengen Vocational School
 Mudurnu Süreyya Astarcı Vocational School
 Seben İzzat Baysal Vocational School
 Yeniçağa Yaşar Çelik Vocational School

See also
Abant İzzet Baysal University SK (women's hockey)
List of forestry universities and colleges

References

References 
 Abant Izzet Baysal University

External links 
 Abant Izzet Baysal University
  Erasmus for Incoming Students to AİBÜ

 
Universities and colleges established in 1992
Buildings and structures in Bolu Province
1992 establishments in Turkey
Tim Cavanaugh

Tim Cavanaugh is an American journalist and screenwriter based in Alexandria, Virginia. He is a news editor for The Washington Examiner. Prior to that, he was News Editor for National Review Online, Executive Editor for The Daily Caller, Managing Editor for Reason magazine,  Web editor of the Los Angeles Times opinion page, and was the editor in chief of the website Suck.com from 1998 to 2001.

Cavanaugh was born and raised in Margate City, New Jersey and attended Atlantic City High School.

Cavanaugh is a winner of two Los Angeles Press Club awards and a Webby Award. His work has appeared in The Washington Post, The Boston Globe, Slate, The San Francisco Chronicle, The Beirut Daily Star, San Francisco Magazine, Mother Jones, Agence France-Presse, Wired, Newsday, Salon, Orange County Register, The Rake magazine, and other publications.

His satirical 2002 article mocking weblogs, "Let Slip the Blogs of War" (an update of an earlier article in Suck), infuriated many bloggers and was included in Perseus Publishing's anthology We've Got Blog. Nonetheless, Cavanaugh instituted Reason's popular weblog Hit & Run, which won a Weblog Award in 2005.

Cavanaugh wrote the screenplay for Home Run Showdown, a 2012 direct-to-video family baseball movie featuring Matthew Lillard, Dean Cain and Annabeth Gish.

References

External links
 National Review Online
 
 The Simpleton
 Suck bio

Living people
American male bloggers
American bloggers
American libertarians
American magazine editors
Atlantic City High School alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
American online journalists
People from Margate City, New Jersey
21st-century American non-fiction writers
Montgomery (UK Parliament constituency)

Montgomery was a constituency in the House of Commons of England and later in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member, but was abolished in 1918.

After 1832 the constituency was more usually called the Montgomery Boroughs or Montgomery District of Boroughs.

Boundaries

1885–1918
The constituency comprised the boroughs of Montgomery, Llanfyllin, Llanidloes, Newtown and Welshpool.

Members of Parliament

1542–1640

1601–1918

Elections

Elections in the 1830s

The election was declared void on petition, causing a by-election.

Elections in the 1840s

With both Cholmondeley and Pugh receiving the same number of votes, both were declared elected by the returning officer. However, Cholmondeley decided against defending his claim for the seat and Pugh was declared the only elected candidate.

Elections in the 1850s

Elections in the 1860s
Pugh's death caused a by-election.

Willes-Johnson's death caused a by-election.

Elections in the 1870s

Hanbury-Tracy succeeded to the peerage, becoming Lord Sudeley.

Elections in the 1880s

Elections in the 1890s

Elections in the 1900s

Elections in the 1910s 

General Election 1914/15:

Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by the July 1914, the following candidates had been selected; 
Unionist: Edward Pryce-Jones
Liberal: A E O Humphreys Owen

References 

D Brunton & D H Pennington, Members of the Long Parliament (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954)
Cobbett's Parliamentary history of England, from the Norman Conquest in 1066 to the year 1803 (London: Thomas Hansard, 1808) 
 The Constitutional Year Book for 1913 (London: National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations, 1913)
 F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1832–1885 (2nd edition, Aldershot: Parliamentary Research Services, 1989)

Montgomeryshire
Historic parliamentary constituencies in Mid Wales
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1542
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1918
Renato Archer

Renato Bayma Archer da Silva (10 July 1922 – 20 June 1996) was a Brazilian naval officer and politician. The Centro de Pesquisas Renato Archer (CenPRA), a federal R&D center located in Campinas, state of São Paulo, is named in his honour.

As a politician, he served as a vice-governor and federal representative to the state of Maranhão. He was known for his strong defense of the Brazilian nuclear power program. He served also as minister of science and technology during José Sarney's government.

See also
 List of mayors of São Luís, Maranhão

External links
 Biography. CPDOC (Fundação Getúlio Vargas). In Portuguese.
 Centro de Pesquisas Renato Archer. Home page.

1922 births
1996 deaths
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil) from Maranhão
Brazilian Democratic Movement politicians
Brazilian Social Democracy Party politicians
Ministers of Science and Technology of Brazil
Cristoforo Buondelmonti

Cristoforo Buondelmonti (c. 1385 – c. 1430) was an Italian Franciscan priest, traveler, and was a pioneer in promoting first-hand knowledge of Greece and its antiquities throughout the Western world.

Biography
Cristoforo Buondelmonti was born around 1385 into an important Florentine family. He was taught Greek by the Italian scholar Guarino da Verona and received further education from Niccolò Niccoli, an influential Florentine humanist. By 1414 he had become a priest and served as a rector of a church in Florence.

Buondelmonti left his native city around 1414 in order to travel. While travels were mainly focused in the Aegean Islands, he visited Constantinople in the 1420s. He went on to author two historical-geographic works: the Descriptio insulae Cretae (1417, in collaboration with Niccolò Niccoli) and the Liber insularum Archipelagi (1420). These two books are a combination of geographical information and contemporary charts and sailing directions. The latter one contains the oldest surviving map of Constantinople, and the only one which antedates the Ottoman conquest of the city in 1453.

While travelling over the island of Andros, Buondelmonti bought a Greek manuscript and brought it back with him to Italy. This later became known as the Hieroglyphica of Horapollo, which played a considerable role both in humanistic thinking and in art.

See also
The Buondelmonti, a noble family of Florence

References

Sources

G. Gerola, "Le vedute di Costantinopoli di Cristoforo Buondelmonti," SBN 3 (1931): 247–79.
Cristoforo Buondelmonti, 

1386 births
1430s deaths
Clergy from Florence
Italian travel writers
Italian male non-fiction writers
15th-century Italian writers
15th-century travel writers
15th-century Italian cartographers
Medieval travel writers
Writers from Florence
Cristoforo
Ministry of Gaming (Alberta)

The Ministry of Gaming was a Cabinet-level agency of the government of the Canadian province of Alberta that handled policy and legislation relating to liquor and gambling. The agency had three main divisions, the Department of Gaming, the Alberta Gaming Research Council, and the Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission. It had oversight of the Alberta Lottery Fund, and it was responsible for the Horse Racing Alberta Act and Racing Appeal Tribunal.

The last Minister of Gaming was Gordon Graydon. The Ministry was first created in 1999, although one of its components had then been the Community Lottery Program Secretariat. In December 2006, Premier Ed Stelmach abolished the Ministry of Gaming and folded it into other agencies in an effort to trim down government. At that time the Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission moved under The Ministry of Solicitor General and Public Security.

The Alberta Gaming Research Council, created on August 24, 1999, guided the activities of the Alberta Gaming Research Institute. Council members were appointed for a three-year term. The Alberta Gaming Research Institute still exists as a joint venture of the University of Alberta, the University of Calgary, and the University of Lethbridge. It studies the positive and negative effects of gaming, trends, and matters relating to aboriginal gaming. Its $1.5 million annual budget is reliant upon the Alberta Lottery Fund.

The Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission, abbreviated AGLC, became a part of the Ministry of Gaming on May 25, 1999. It was composed of a Corporation and a Board, which was charged with establishing policy, reviewing and approving liquor and gaming licenses and registrations, and conducting hearings into violations of legislation and matters relating to licenses and registrations. The Commission also enforced aspects of the Tobacco Tax Act with the Tobacco Enforcement Unit of the Commission's Investigations Branch.

Under the jurisdiction of the Commission was also the Alberta Lottery Fund, composed of the government's $1 billion annual share of revenue from Video Lottery Terminals, ticket lotteries, and slot machines. The Alberta Lottery Fund was originally established in 1987 by Bill 10. In addition to funding the Alberta Gaming Research Council, it also fully funded the Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission. A grand total of $1,207,533,000 came from the fund as the estimate of 2005/2006.

References

External links
The Ministry of Gaming website
The Alberta Gaming, Liquor and Cannabis Commission website
Premier Ed Stelmach abolishes the Ministry of Gaming

Politics of Alberta
1999 establishments in Alberta
Jiang Tengyi

Jiang Tengyi (, born January 30, 1985, in Shanghai) is a Chinese racing driver who drives for A1 Team China.

In 1998 he took part in the Chinese KART Cup and raced to third place. In 2000, he repeated his performance in the KART Title Match (International A Grade). He bettered his performance in 2001 with second place. He also won the Macao Jinmei Challenge. The next year, he was champion of the Shanghai TCL KART challenge and received a BMW Scholarship.

He was accepted in German Formula BMW in 2002 and was expected to race in Formula BMW Asia in 2003, but he turned down the chance because Shanghai Volkswagen sponsored him to race in German Formula Volkswagen.

After Formula Volkswagen was discontinued at the end of 2003, he earned a place in Italian Formula Renault in 2004. For the 2005–2006 season he earned a place in A1 Team China in the A1 Grand Prix series. He has since been replaced by Congfu Cheng and Tung Ho-Pin.

For 2007, he signed with Brooks Associates Racing to compete in the Champ Car Atlantic Championship, however he left the team and the series after only competing in 3 races after the race that sponsored him, the Champ Car Grand Prix of China was cancelled. Since 2008 he has raced part-time in the Asian Formula Renault Challenge.

In 2010, he raced for Changan Ford Racing in the China Touring Car Championship, finishing second overall in the 2000cc class.

Career results

Complete A1 Grand Prix results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete TCR International Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

References

External links
 

1985 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Shanghai
Chinese racing drivers
A1 Team China drivers
Italian Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
Asian Formula Renault Challenge drivers
Atlantic Championship drivers
TCR International Series drivers

A1 Grand Prix drivers
TCR Asia Series drivers
Team Astromega drivers
TCR China Touring Car Championship drivers
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-ones by Australian artists

This is a list of number-one hits by Australian artists in the United States from the Billboard Hot 100. Australian artists are listed in bold.

See also
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-ones by British artists
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-ones by Canadian artists
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-ones by European artists

Notes

 Olivia Newton-John was born in the United Kingdom and moved to Australia at the age of five. This made her a British-born Australian.
 The Bee Gees were born on the Isle of Man, a Crown dependency that is not part of the United Kingdom, and moved to the UK in their early childhood. In 1958, when oldest brother Barry was 12 and twins Robin and Maurice were 9, they moved to Australia and resided there for about ten years before moving back to the UK. This makes the Bee Gees Australian, English and Manx.
 Andy Gibb was the younger brother of the Bee Gees. He was born in the UK, but was only 6 months old when his family emigrated to Australia. He spent most of his childhood in Australia before moving to the US to launch his international recording career.
 Graham Russell of Air Supply was born in Britain but is now an Australian citizen, while Russell Hitchcock is Australian.
 Gotye was born in Belgium but moved to Australia at the age of two and was raised there.
 Iggy Azalea was born in Australia before moving to the United States at the age of 16.

References 

Australian artists
Billboard Hot 100 number-ones
Digitus quintus

Digitus quintus literally means fifth digit and can refer to:
 Little finger (fifth finger)
 little toe (fifth toe)
Gaete

Gaete is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It is located in the municipality of Drimmelen, about 1 km southeast of the town of Lage Zwaluwe.

Gaete is not a statistical entity, and the postal authorities have placed it under Lage Zwaluwe. Gaeta has no place name signs. It was home to 214 people in 1840. Nowadays, it consists of about 70 houses.

It was first mentioned in 1846 as de Gaete, and means "mouth of a creek".

References

Populated places in North Brabant
Drimmelen
The Talking Animals

The Talking Animals is an album by T Bone Burnett, released in 1988.

The guest musicians include Peter Case, Bono, and Tonio K, among others.

Reception
Brett Hartenbach of AllMusic thought that "even with a few less than stellar songs, The Talking Animals is a strong, inspired record." Trouser Press called the album "all in all, worth hearing, though one wishes this talented jerk weren’t so impressed with himself." Robert Christgau wrote: "I hate to let the cat out of the bag, but this guy is pretentious."

Track listing
All songs by T Bone Burnett unless otherwise noted.

Side one
"The Wild Truth" – 3:38
"Monkey Dance" – 4:43
"Image" – 4:02
"Dance, Dance, Dance" – 2:45
"The Killer Moon" (Burnett, M. Burnett, Peter Case) – 5:00

Side two
"Relentless" – 3:24
"Euromad" – 4:21
"Purple Heart" (Bono, Burnett) – 4:36
"You Could Look It Up" – 2:41
"The Strange Case of Frank Cash and the Morning Paper" (Burnett, Tonio K) – 5:25

Personnel

Production notes
Produced by David Rhodes and T Bone Burnett
Recorded by Tchad Blake at Sunset Sound and Sunset Sound Factory with Mike Kloster
Mastered by Bob Ludwig

References

1987 albums
Columbia Records albums
T Bone Burnett albums
Albums produced by T Bone Burnett
Albums produced by David Rhodes (musician)