alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Nicole Kidman

Nicole Mary Kidman, AC  (born 20 June 1967) is an Australian-American actress, singer and film producer. She began acting in movies in 1983. She starred in various Australian movies and television shows. Her first major role was in Dead Calm in 1989.

Her performance in the musical Moulin Rouge! (2001) earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress. She later won the award in this category for playing Virginia Woolf in The Hours (2002).

Kidman appeared as Atlanna, Aquaman's mother, in the 2018 DC Comics-Warner Bros. movie Aquaman (2018). She played Lucille Ball in the 2021 biographical drama movie Being the Ricardos. She won a Golden Globe Award and earned an Academy Award nomination in 2022 for her role as Ball.

Early life
Nicole Kidman was born in Honolulu, Hawaii while her Australian parents were temporarily in the United States on educational visas. Kidman can therefore claim citizenship in Australia and the United States. Her father, Antony David Kidman (1938-2014) was a biochemist, clinical psychologist, and author. Her mother, Janelle Ann (née Glenny), is a nursing instructor who edits her husband's books and was a member of the Women's Electoral Lobby. Kidman is of Scottish and Irish ancestry. At the time of Kidman's birth, her father was a graduate student at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. He soon became a visiting fellow at the National Institute of Mental Health of the United States. Opposed to the war in Vietnam, which was causing social unrest in both Australia and the United States, Kidman's parents participated in anti-war protests while they were living in Washington, D.C. The family returned to Australia when Kidman was four and her parents now live on Sydney's North Shore. Kidman has a younger sister, Antonia Kidman, a journalist and TV presenter.

Career
Kidman's first movie was in 1983. It was called BMX Bandits. Her first famous movie was Dead Calm in 1989.
Her first major movie was called Days of Thunder, which also starred Tom Cruise. They fell in love during the filming of that movie and  married. Kidman was then in more movies like Flirting, Billy Bathgate, Far and Away, Malice, My Life and To Die For.  All of these movies were successes.

She was then in movies like Batman Forever and Practical Magic. In 1999 she starred in a movie with Cruise called Eyes Wide Shut. They played a married couple in the movie. It was the last movie directed by director Stanley Kubrick. They separated and divorced after making Eyes Wide Shut.

Since Kidman and Cruise divorced, she has been in movies including: Moulin Rouge!, The Others, Cold Mountain, The Stepford Wives and Bewitched.

Personal life
She was married to Tom Cruise until 2001. She is now married to Keith Urban.

Movie

References

Other websites
 

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Honolulu
American movie actors
American movie producers
American television actors
American voice actors
Australian movie actors
Australian movie producers
Australian television actors
Australian voice actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1967 births
Living people
Natalie Portman

Natalie Portman (born Natalie Hershlag; ; June 9, 1981) is an Israeli-American actress and filmmaker. She is most famous for starring in Star Wars Episodes I, II and III as Padme in the early 21st century. 

Portman is also known for her appearances in the Thor movies. In 2010, She won the Academy, BAFTA and Golden Globe Awards for "Best Actress" for her acting in the movie Black Swan.

She has also appeared on Saturday Night Live.

Personal life 
She was born in Jerusalem, Israel. Portman is an only child. She lived in Washington, D.C. and Connecticut before coming to Long Island, New York with her parents. In 1999, she graduated from Syosset High School. Portman attended Harvard University, studying Psychology. She is married and has two children. Portman is Jewish.

Movies
 Song to Song (2017)
 Planetarium (2016)
 Jackie (2016)
 Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (2016)
 Jane Got a Gun (2016)
 A Tale of Love and Darkness (2015)
 Knight of Cups (2015)
 The Seventh Fire (2015)
 Thor: The Dark World (2013)
 Thor (2011)
 Your Highness (2011)
 No Strings Attached (2011)
 Black Swan (2010)
 Hesher (2010)
 Brothers (2009)
 New York, I Love You (2009)
 The Other Woman (2009)
 The Other Boleyn Girl (2008)
 Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium (2007)
 The Darjeeling Limited (2007)
 My Blueberry Nights (2007)
 Goya's Ghosts (2006)
 Paris, je t'aime (2006)
 V for Vendetta (2005)
 Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005)
 Closer (2004)
 Garden State (2004)
 Cold Mountain (2003)
 Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones (2002)
 Where the Heart Is (2000)
 Anywhere but Here (1999)
 Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999)
 Mars Attacks! (1996)
 Everyone Says I Love You (1996)
 Beautiful Girls (1996)
 Heat (1995)
 Léon aka The Professional (1994)

Awards
 2002 - Teen Choice Awards, Choice Movie Actress: Drama/Action Adventure: Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones
 2005 - Golden Globe Awards, Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture: Closer
 2005 - National Board of Review Awards, Best Acting by an Ensemble: Closer
 2005 - San Diego Film Critics Society Awards, Best Supporting Actress: Closer
 2007 - The Constellation Awards, Best Female Performance in a 2006 Science Fiction Film, TV Movie, or Mini-Series: V for Vendetta
 2007 - Saturn Awards, Best Actress: V for Vendetta
 2010 - Academy Awards, Best Actress: Black Swan
 2010 - BAFTA Awards, Best Actress: Black Swan
 2010 - Golden Globe Awards, Best Actress - Motion Picture: Black Swan

References

Other websites 

1981 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Movie producers from New York City
Movie directors from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Israeli movie actors
Israeli television actors
Israeli stage actors
Israeli movie producers
Israeli movie directors
Israeli screenwriters
Israeli voice actors
Israeli Jews
Jewish American actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Jerusalem
Saturn Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Alyson Hannigan

Alyson Lee Hannigan is an American actress. She was born March 24, 1974 in Washington, D.C. She moved to Atlanta, Georgia when she was 2 years old to live with her mother. She started to act in commercials for McDonalds, Six Flags amusement parks and Oreo cookies when she was small. When she was 11, she went to Los Angeles with her mother to go to school and become famous. She started getting noticed with her roles in Buffy the Vampire Slayer as Willow Rosenberg and in the American Pie movies as Michelle Flaherty. She is currently on the television series How I Met Your Mother.

Other websites 

 
 The Indy Channel interview  (February 15, 2006)
 Sun Times interview  (July 21, 2005)

1974 births
Living people
Actors from Atlanta
Actors from Washington, D.C.
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Whedonverse
Brad Pitt

William Bradley "Brad" Pitt (born December 18, 1963) is an Academy Award-winning American Celebrity and Movie producer.

Early life
William Bradley Pitt was born in Shawnee, Oklahoma, to Jane Etta (née Hillhouse), a school counsellor, and William Alvin Pitt, who ran a trucking company. The family soon moved to Springfield, Missouri, where he lived together with his younger siblings, Douglas Mitchell Pitt (born 1966) and Julie Neal (born 1969). He was born into a conservative household. He was raised as Southern Baptist. Pitt has described Springfield as "Mark Twain country, Jesse James country", having grown up with "a lot of hills, a lot of lakes".

Career
Pitt's television debut came in May 1987 with a two-episode role on the NBC soap opera Another World. In 1995 Pitt won two MTV Movie Awards for his role in Interview with the Vampire. He played Tyler Durden in Fight Club. Pitt produced the 2013 movie 12 Years a Slave. He also played a small role in the movie. 

He starred in two Quentin Tarantino movies: Inglourious Basterds and Once Upon a Time in Hollywood.

In 2020, he won an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for his role in Once Upon a Time in Hollywood.

Media image
Brad Pitt Production Company released Thalapathy Vijay's Leo film official trailer in North America theatres and the release date is on 18 October 2023.

References

Other websites 

People from Shawnee, Oklahoma
Saturn Award winners
Academy Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1963 births
Living people
Actors from Oklahoma
Actors from Missouri
Movie producers from Missouri
American movie actors
People from Springfield, Missouri
American television actors
American voice actors
Jennifer Aniston

Jennifer Joanna Aniston (born March 11, 1969) is an American actor, movie producer, and television producer. She is best known for her starring role on the television program Friends. For this she won an Emmy Award, and a Golden Globe Award. Since then she has been in many different movies.

Early life
Jennifer Aniston was born on February 11, 1969, in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, California. She is the daughter of John Aniston and Nancy Dow. Her father is Greek and a native of Crete, while her mother was born in New York City. Dow died of a stroke in May 2016. One of her maternal great-grandfathers was an Italian immigrant, and her mother's other ancestry is Scottish, Irish, and a small amount of Greek. Aniston has two half-brothers, John Melick, her maternal older half-brother, and Alex Aniston, her younger paternal half-brother. Aniston's godfather was actor Telly Savalas, one of her father's best friends.

Personal life
She was married to Brad Pitt from 2000 until they divorced in 2005. They acted together in the episode "The One with the Rumor" on Friends. She began a relationship with Justin Theroux in 2011. The couple married in 2015 in Bel Air, Los Angeles.

On February 15, 2018, Aniston and Theroux announced that they were separating after two years of marriage and seven years as a couple.

Movies

References

Other websites
 Official website 
 
 
 Official Warner Brothers Friends site 

1969 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Jennifer Love Hewitt

Jennifer Love Hewitt (born February 21, 1979) is an American actress and singer. She is most known for playing "Sarah Reeves" in the Fox television series Party of Five from (1995-1999),  and as "Julie James" in the I Know What You Did Last Summer movies. She also played "Melinda Gordon" on the CBS television series Ghost Whisperer.

Biography

Early life and career
Hewitt was born in Waco, Texas. Her father is Herbert Daniel Hewitt. Her mother was Patricia Mae (née Shipp, died 2012). She moved to Garland, Texas in 1987. Hewitt grew up in Killeen, Texas.  After the divorce of her parents, Hewitt and her only sibling, Todd Hewitt, grew up with her mother.

As a young girl, Hewitt liked music. At the age of three, she sang The Greatest Love of All at a livestock show.  By the time she was five, Hewitt did tap dancing and ballet. At the age of ten she moved to Los Angeles, California, with her mother for a career in both acting and singing.

After moving to Los Angeles, Hewitt was in more than twenty television commercials. She was a child actor on the Disney Channel variety show Kids Incorporated (1989–1991). Hewitt became a young star after getting the role of 'Sarah Reeves' on the Fox Television show Party of Five (1995–1999). She joined the cast during its second season.

Movie and music career
Hewitt's first movie role was in the independent movie Munchie (1992). Hewitt became very well known after a lead role in the horror movie I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997).  She also played in the sequel I Still Know What You Did Last Summer (1998). Other  movie roles included the high school comedy Can't Hardly Wait (1998) and the romantic comedy Heartbreakers (2001). In 2002, she worked with Jackie Chan in the action comedy The Tuxedo.

She has released four albums with some success, mostly in Europe and Japan. Her first album was released in Japan, where she is widely known.

Personal life
Hewitt married actor Brian Hallisay in 2013. The couple's daughter named Autumn James Hallisay, born on November 26, 2013. Their son named Atticus James Hallisay, born on June 24, 2015.

Hewitt's movies

References

Other websites 
 Jennifer Love Hewitt Bio at CBS - Ghost Whisperer

Actors from Texas
American child actors
American movie actors
American movie producers
American pop musicians
American television actors
American television producers
American voice actors
People from Waco, Texas
Singers from Texas
1979 births
Living people
Katie Holmes

Katherine Noelle "Katie" Holmes (born December 18, 1978) is an American actress. She was born in Toledo, Ohio. She was "Joey" on the WB network TV show Dawson's Creek. Her mother's name is Katherine Ann Holmes

Personal life
Holmes dated her Dawson's Creek co-star Joshua Jackson early in the show's run. Holmes met actor Chris Klein in 2000. Klein and Holmes were engaged in late 2003. In early 2005 she and Klein ended their relationship.

Weeks after her relationship with Klein ended, Holmes began dating actor Tom Cruise. She and Cruise married on November 18, 2006. On April 18, 2006 their daughter named Suri was born.

In June 2012, Holmes filed for divorce. This was the first divorce for Holmes and the third for Cruise.

Legal issues
In early March 2011, Holmes filed a $50 million libel lawsuit against the Star.  They had a cover story which made it seem that she took drugs. The suit was settled on April 27, 2011. The Star wrote a public apology in the May 6, 2011 issue.  They also made a "substantial" donation to Katie's charity Dizzy Feet Foundation.

Awards
In June 2011 Katie Holmes received the Women in Film Max Mara Face of the Future Award.

Movies and television

References

Other websites 
 

1978 births
Living people
Actors from Toledo, Ohio
American movie actors
American television actors
Scientologists
Sigourney Weaver

Sigourney Weaver (born as Susan Alexandra Weaver on October 8, 1949, in New York) is an American actress.

Sigourney Weaver played the role of Lieutenant Ellen Ripley in the movie series Alien, in the four movies Alien, Aliens, Alien³, and Alien: Resurrection. She is also well known for playing Dana Barrett in the movies Ghostbusters and Ghostbusters II or for the role Dian Fossey in the movie Gorillas in the Mist.

She was the first person to win two Golden Globe acting awards in the same year.

Filmography

References

Other websites 
 

1949 births
Living people
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Actors from New York City
American voice actors
HuffPost writers and columnists
Audrey Hepburn

Audrey Hepburn (4 May 1929 – 20 January 1993) was a Belgian-born British actress admired for her charm and elegance.

Early life 
Born in Brussels, Belgium, to an English father and a Dutch mother who were divorced in 1935. She grew up in Arnhem municipality in the Netherlands during the war, with her mother and two maternal half-brothers. When World War II ended, she and her mother moved to England. There, she studied ballet, and began working as a model and appearing in bit parts in the theatre and in movies.

Career 
Hepburn played her first major role in 1951, when she was chosen by French writer Colette to play the lead role in the English version of her play Gigi on Broadway. 

This led to her being cast in the lead female part in the movie Roman Holiday (1953), opposite Gregory Peck. The movie  made her an instant international star. Her performance won her the Academy Award, the Golden Globe Award and the BAFTA for best actress. She then appeared in a string of successful romantic comedies, such as Sabrina (1954), Love in the Afternoon (1957), Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961), Charade (1963), How to Steal a Million (1967), etc. She also appeared in two musicals; Funny Face (1957) and My Fair Lady (1964) and tackled more dramatic roles in movies such as War and Peace (1956), The Nun's Story (1959), The Children's Hour (1961), Two for the Road (1967) and the thriller Wait Until Dark (1967). 

After an eight years absence from the screen to take care of her family, she returned with Robin and Marian (1976), opposite Sean Connery. She also appeared in Bloodline (1979) and They All Laughed (1981) but retired for good shortly after.

In later life, she worked as a Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF and hosted a television series The Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn. 

She was married twice; first to actor/director Mel Ferrer in 1954, with whom she had a son Sean (b. 1960), and second to Italian psychiatrist Doctor Andrea Dotti in 1969, with whom she had a second son Luca (b. 1970). Both marriages ended in divorce.

Death and legacy 
Hepburn died of appendix cancer in January 1993. Her elder son, Sean Ferrer, later wrote a book about his mother, called Audrey Hepburn: an elegant spirit. The asteroid 4238 Audrey is named after her.

Other websites 

 
 
 
 Official web site by the Audrey Hepburn Children's Fund
 Audrey Hepburn's Gravesite
 

1929 births
1993 deaths
Deaths from appendix cancer
Actors from Brussels
BAFTA Award winning actors
Best Actress Academy Award winners
Cancer deaths in Switzerland
Deaths from colorectal cancer
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Tony Award winning actors
Katharine Hepburn

Katharine Houghton Hepburn (May 12, 1907 – June 29, 2003) was an American actress. Her career lasted 66 years. She is thought of as one of the top screen actresses in movie history. She was nominated for 12 Academy Awards, winning four.

Hepburn was born in Hartford, Connecticut and went to Bryn Mawr College. She got her degree in 1928 and started on Broadway that same year.

In 1932 she got a role in the George Cukor movie A Bill of Divorcement, with John Barrymore. She was very successful in the early 1930s, but then she became unpopular. She became popular again with the movie The Philadelphia Story. In 1942 she starred in Woman of the Year with Spencer Tracy. They made eight more movies together, including Adam's Rib and Guess Who's Coming to Dinner. They also had an off-screen romance that lasted until Tracy's death in 1967, but they never married because Tracy did not want to divorce his wife. Before this, Hepburn was married to Ludlow Ogden Smith from 1928 to 1934, and also had relationships with Leland Hayward and Howard Hughes.

Her autobiography, Me: Stories of My Life, came out in 1991. She died on June 29, 2003 at 2:50 p.m., at Fenwick, the Hepburn family home, in Old Saybrook, Connecticut.  She was 96.

Stage work
 These Days - 1928
 Art and Mrs. Bottle - 1930
 The Warrior's Husband - 1932
 The Lake - 1933
 The Philadelphia Story - 1939
 Without Love - 1942
 As You Like It - 1950
 The Millionairess - 1952
 The Merchant of Venice; Measure for Measure; The Taming of the Shrew - 1955, On tour in Australia with the Old Vic
 The Merchant of Venice; Much Ado About Nothing - 1957, Stratford, Connecticut Shakespeare Theatre
 Antony and Cleopatra, Twelfth Night - 1960, Stratford, Connecticut Shakespeare Theatre
 Coco - 1969
 A Matter of Gravity - 1976
 The West Side Waltz - 1981

Filmography

Further reading

1907 births
2003 deaths
Actors from Hartford, Connecticut
American autobiographers
American LGBT people
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Best Actress Academy Award winners
Cancer deaths in Connecticut
Emmy Award winning actors
LGBT actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Charles Kay Ogden

Charles Kay Ogden (1 June 1889 – 21 March 1957) was an English linguist, philosopher, psycholinguist and writer. He is a well-known book writer about the controlled language called Basic English. He is known for his work with I. A. Richards on The Meaning of Meaning (1923). He also translated Tractatus, a book by Ludwig Wittgenstein, into English.

Books written by him 
 Basic English versus the artificial languages
 Basic English Applied (Science)

Other websites
 C.K. Ogden biography 

1889 births
1957 deaths
English writers
English philosophers
British linguists
God Save the King

"God Save the King" has been the national anthem of the United Kingdom since 1745. Its also the royal anthem of the Commonwealth realms, played alongside their official national anthems. Its composer remains unknown to this date.

When the ruling monarch is a queen instead of a king, the title of the anthem then becomes "God Save the Queen".

The tune for "God Save the King" was used in many countries as a national anthem. Apart from the German state, many of which were linked to Great Britain by marriage, Liechtenstein and Switzerland used the tune. Switzerland changed to a different tune in the 1960s. Liechtenstein still uses the tune.

The tune is both American and British. In the 1930s the United States chose an official anthem. "The Star-Spangled Banner" was chosen instead of the equally popular "My Country 'tis of Thee" which used the "God Save the King" tune.

Lyrics

Standard version
God save our gracious King,
Long live our noble King,
God save the King:
Send him victorious,
Happy and glorious,
Long to reign over us:
God save the King.

O Lord, our God, arise,
Scatter his enemies,
And make them fall.
Confound their politics,
Frustrate their knavish tricks,
On thee our hopes we fix:
God save us all.

Thy choicest gifts in store,
On him be pleased to pour;
Long may he reign:
May he defend our laws,
And ever give us cause
To sing with heart and voice
God save the King.

Original lyrics: "God Save the King"
God save great George our king
God save our noble king,
God save the king!
Send him victorious
Happy and glorious
Long to reign over us
God save the king!

Latin verse
O Deus optime
Salvum nunc facito
Regem nostrum
Sic laeta victoria
Comes et gloria
Salvum iam facito
Tu dominum.

French version used in Canada
Que Dieu protège notre gracieux Roi,
Longue vie à notre noble Roi,
Que Dieu protège le Roi !
Rends-le victorieux,
Heureux et glorieux ;
Que soit long son règne sur nous,
Que Dieu protège le Roi !

Māori version used in New Zealand
Me tohu e t'Atua
To matou Kuini pai:
Kia ora ia
Meinga kia maia ia,
Kia hari nui, kia koa,
Kia kuini tonu ia,
Tau tini noa.

References

National anthems
British music
British monarchy
British anthems
Royal anthems
Galatasaray S.K.

Galatasaray is a sports club in Istanbul, Turkey. They started in 1905.

In 2000, they became the first Turkish club to win both the UEFA Cup and the UEFA Super Cup in the same year.
The team's colors are red and yellow. Turkish people also call it "Cim Bom". Their mascot is a lion. The Turk Telecom Stadium is their stadium, and is also known as Aslantepe; Lion Hill. It is an all-seater stadium. It can hold 52,652 people.

Galatasaray is one of the "big five" clubs in Turkey. The other clubs are Fenerbahçe, Beşiktaş, Trabzonspor and Bursaspor. They have won the Spor Toto Super League 22 times and Ziraat Turkish Cup 18 times. As of September 2022, the chairman is Dursun Özbek, and the coach is Okan Buruk.

Squad

Out on loan

References

Other websites 
 Official website of Galatasaray

Turkish football clubs
B

B is the 2nd letter of the English alphabet. Its appearance depends on the writer's calligraphy. It has an uppercase and lowercase versions like most other letters.

The letter B was already part of the Phoenician alphabet more than 3000 years ago in 1000 BC. It's part of many alphabets today.

Meanings for B 
 In education, B is a passing grade, usually around 80-70 marks.
 In music, B is a note sometimes referred to as “Si” or “Ti”.
 In medicine, B is one of the human blood types.
 In the game of bingo, B is a column.
 On the internet, B (or /b/) is any of a number of image boards that allow anonymous posts.
 In transport, B is the vehicle registration plate of Belgium.
 In chemistry, B is the chemical symbol for boron.
 In the New York Stock Exchange, B is the symbol for the Barnes Group.
 In particle physics, b is the symbol for the bottom quark.

Other websites
C

If you typed C# and arrived at this page, then see C-sharp.

C is the third (3rd) letter in the English alphabet and ISO basic latin alphabet.

Meanings for C 
 In temperature, °C means "degrees Celsius".
 In music, C is a note sometimes referred to as “Do”.
 In chemistry, C is the atom of carbon, as in C40H56.
 In physics, c is the speed of light, as in E=mc².
 In Roman numerals, C means "one hundred" (100).
 There is a programming language called C, see C programming language.
 In electronics, C is a type of battery.
C can also mean the copyright symbol

Pronunciation 
The letter "C" is  pronounced as /k/.We can also say the letter "C" as /s/.
The letter "C"'s name in English is "ce" (said as  /ˈsiː/).
D

D is the fourth (number 4) letter in the alphabet. It comes from the Greek Delta and the Phoenician Dalet.

Meanings for D 
 In education, D is a failing  grade
 In electronics, D is a standard size dry cell battery.
 In music, D is a note sometimes named “Re”.
 In Roman numerals, D also means the number 500.
 In computer programming, D is a programming language.
E

For the drug sometimes referred to E, see Ecstasy.

E is the fifth (number 5) letter in the English alphabet. 

In English it has two main sounds when it is spoken. Usually it is a short E (ĕ), but sometimes it is a long E (ē). 

One more thing in English is the so-called magic E, also known as the silent E. That is when a silent e at the end of a word makes the previous vowel long. Examples: morpheme, which is pronounced as morphēm, and Name which is pronounced Nām.

Typographic types of E 
The types of E include (but may not be limited to)
capital E
lower-case e
é È è Ê ê Ë
É ë Ě ě Ē ē
Ĕ ĕ Ė ė Ę ę

None of these different types are used in English, except occasionally É/é  for some French words such fiancé, café, and crème brûlée.

Meanings for E 
These meanings are for E/e as a separate letter.
 In computers, the letter e is often used to start other words to mean "electronic", like in e-mail or e-commerce.
 In money, e is commonly used as a symbol for the euro when the symbol € is not available.
 In music, E is a note, sometimes referred to as “Mi”.
 In mathematics, e is a constant about 2.718; see e (mathematical constant)
 In Wheel of Fortune, E is one of the six letters given to any contestant participating in the "Bonus Round."
 E! is an American television network

 

Vowel letters
F

F is the sixth letter in the English alphabet.

Meanings for F 
 In calendars, F is often an abbreviation for Friday, or for the month February.
 In chemistry, F is the symbol for fluorine.
 In education, F is a failing grade
 In music, F is a note, sometimes referred to as “Fa”.
 In temperature, °F is degrees Fahrenheit.
 In logic, F stands for False, as opposed to T for True
 In slang, F stands for the curse word
G

G is the 7th (number 7) letter in the English alphabet (or Latin alphabet).
Ishraque Hossain

History 
The letter G was created in the third century BC by Spurius Carvilius Ruga. At the time, the letter C sounded like the "c" in "cat" and the "g" in "girl". To make the difference more clear, Ruga created the letter G.

Meanings for G 
 In movies, G is a rating given by the Motion Picture Association of America, meaning the movie is good to be viewed by all people ("general" audiences).
 In music, G is a note, sometimes referred to as “Sol” or “So” it 
 In common speech, G is a slang word for 'gangsta' or 'gangster'.
 In the SI, g is the symbol for the gram.
 G is a unit of gravitational acceleration.
 Alternative case form of G grand: means thousand.
 Letter G stands for GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). It indicates the slowest speed of Internet data transfer in your mobile phone. When you see G near your signal strength indicator, it is certain that your net connection is working at the slowest speed. 2G, 3G and 4G indicates different speed of internet.
 In particle physics, lowercase G stands for the gluon.
 In particle physics, the uppercase G stands for the not yet discovered Graviton.
H

H is the eighth (number 8) letter in the English alphabet. The uppercase letter for H is H and the lowercase letter for H is h. The letter’s name is aitch () or haitch ().

Meanings for H 
 In chemistry, H is the symbol for hydrogen.
 In music, H is a note in the German system, meaning "B natural".
 In particle physics, H is the symbol for the Higgs boson.
I

I is the ninth (9) letter in the English alphabet.

In English, I is a pronoun which means "me".
"I like you."
"You and I shall walk to the store."
"You and I are friends."

In Azerbaijani, Crimean Tatar, Gagauz and Turkish, the letter I has two kinds, one with a tittle (İ, i) and one without one (I, ı).

Accented forms
In Spanish, Í is used for a stressed I.

Meanings for I 
In chemistry, I is the symbol for iodine.
In Roman numerals, I means the number one (1).
 is the mathematical symbol for the square root of negative one, also called the imaginary unit.
In physics, I refers to the moment of inertia.

Basic English 850 words
Vowel letters
J

J is the tenth (number 10) letter in the English alphabet. It comes before the letter K and after the letter I. The letter was not used in the Roman civilization until 16th Century.

Meanings for J 
 In calendars, J can sometimes mean these months - January, June, or July.
 In a deck of playing cards, J is used to mark each of the jacks.
 It can also be used as a middle initial for people with middle names such as Jack, James, John, Jesus, or Jason.
K

K is the eleventh (number 11) letter in the English alphabet.

Meanings for K 

 Degrees Kelvin. The kelvin (symbol: K) is the SI unit of temperature. 
 In chemistry, K is the symbol for potassium (from its German name kalium).
 in chess, K is a notation symbol for the king piece
 In a deck of playing cards, the letter K is used to mark each of the kings.
L

L is the twelfth (number 12) letter in the English alphabet.

Meanings for L 
 For clothing, L sometimes means "large size".
 In Roman numerals, L means the number fifty.
 The city of Chicago, Illinois has an elevated train called the "Chicago 'L'".
 A character from the manga and anime Death Note.
 In Wheel of Fortune, L is one of the six letters given to any contestant participating in the "Bonus Round."
 L is the symbol for litre, a unit of volume.
 L can sometimes mean ‘lose’ as in “He took a big L.”
M

M is the 13th letter in the English alphabet.

Meanings for M 
 In calendars, M sometimes means Monday or means one of the months "March" or "May".
 In money, M means million, such as $25M (twenty-five million dollars).
 In the SI, m is the symbol for the metre.
 In Roman numerals, M means one thousand.
 M is also the name of a 1930 German movie made by Fritz Lang and its 1951 remake.
N

N is the fourteenth (number 14) letter in the English alphabet.

Meanings for N 
 On calendars, N sometimes means the month November
 In chemistry, N is the symbol for nitrogen
 In chess, N is a symbol for the knight piece.
 In physics, n is the symbol for a neutron
 In Wheel of Fortune, N is one of the six letters given to any contestant participating in the "Bonus Round."
O

O is the fifteenth (number 15) letter in the English alphabet and it has a shape of a circle.

Meanings for O 
 On calendars, O sometimes means the month October.
 In chemistry, O is the symbol for oxygen.
 In medicine, O is one of the human blood types.
 Sometimes when saying decimals, O is another word for zero.

Vowel letters
P

For technical reasons, :P redirects here. For the emoticon, see emoticons.

P is the sixteenth (number 16) letter in the English alphabet.

History

Meanings for P 
 In chemistry, P is the symbol for the element phosphorus, or sometimes for phosphate.
 In chess, P is sometimes used as a symbol for the pawn piece
 In American football, P is used as a symbol for the punter

Related pages

 Pi (mathematical constant)
Q

Q is the seventeenth (number 17) letter in the English alphabet. It is always followed by a silent letter U. Q makes a kw sound as in quick or a k sound as in unique.

Some people say that the letter Q is not needed, because the sound it makes can be made with K or C and W instead. The same thing is said about the letter X.

Below are some ancient ways of writing Q:

Meanings for Q 
 In chess, Q is used to mean the queen piece.
 In English, Q can be a short letter for 'question'.
 In a deck of playing cards, Q is used to mark each of the queens.
 In science fiction, Q is a character in several Star Trek television shows.
 Q is also the name of a character in the James Bond film series, who was played by Desmond Llewelyn (and John Cleese after Desmond Llewelyn died).
 In Internet slang, "q" is used for the Spanish word "que", which means "that", "which", or "what".
 In physics, q is used to mean charge

References
R

R is the eighteenth (number 18) letter in the English alphabet.

Meanings for R 
 On calendars, R is sometimes used as an short letter for Thursday instead of T, to avoid mistakes with Tuesday.
 In chess, R is a notation symbol for the rook piece.
 In geometry, R is most times a variable for the radius of a circle
 In navigation, R means the direction "right."
 In movies, R means "restricted."
 In Wheel of Fortune, R is one of the six letters given to any contestant participating in the "Bonus Round."

Related pages
 R (programming language)
S

S is the nineteenth (number 19) letter in the English alphabet.

Meanings for S 

 On calendars, S is most times the short letter for Saturday or Sunday, or the month September.
 In chemistry, S is the symbol for sulphur.
 In Wheel of Fortune, S is one of the six letters given to any contestant participating in the "Bonus Round."
 S is the letter onomotopeiacally used to characterize the hissing noise known to be made by snakes, e.g. "sssssss..."
Hebrew_people also consider “S” to be sacred because it is the initial of Sameh, God.
T

T is the twentieth (number 20) letter in the English alphabet.

Meanings for T 
 T- is used as a prefix for an object that is shaped like the capital letter T, such as:
 T-shirt,
 T-bone,
 T-joint,
 T-intersection and
 T-square.
 On calendars, T is most times a short letter for Tuesday or Thursday.
 In science,
t is most times used as a variable for time.
T is most times used as a variable for temperature.
 In logic
 T is for True, as where F is for False.
 Mr. T was a member of the A-Team.
U

U (u) is the twenty-first (21) letter in the English alphabet.

Meanings for U 
 On calendars, U is most times a short letter for Sunday, for use when S is being used for Saturday.
 In chemistry, U is the symbol for uranium.
 Sometimes used as a short form of "you".
 It is pronounced "yoo".

Vowel letters
V

V is the twenty-second (number 22) letter in the English alphabet.

Meanings for V 
 In electronics and electricity, V is the symbol for volts, the unit of voltage.
 In chemistry, V is the symbol for vanadium.
 In communication, V is the name of a hand gesture. Most of the time, it means "victory".
 In Roman numerals, V means the number five.
 V is a science fiction television show.
V is Maroon 5's fifth studio album, released in 2014.
 V (singer) is a Korean singer and member of BTS.
 V is also a symbol in violin meaning “Up Bow”
W

W is the twenty-third (number 23) letter in the Latin alphabet. It is pronounced as "double-(you/yoo)" or "double-vee". It is the only letter with three syllables.

In words like away, what, write and women, the W is a consonant. In words like draw, few, low and cwm, the W is a vowel.

Meanings for W 
 On calendars, W is most times a short letter for Wednesday.
 In chemistry, W is the symbol for tungsten, after its German name, Wolfram.
 In news story writing, the "five W's" are who, what, when, where and why.
 In Electricity, W stands for watts
 In particle physics, W stands for the W boson.

Notes
X

X is the twenty-fourth (number 24) letter in the English alphabet. It sometimes makes a sound like ks (for example: exit, next, fox), or if it is at the beginning of a word, it makes a sound like zzz (for example: xylophone). The language of origin is from the Greek and Latin language

Meanings for X
In a general sense, X means something is unknown or secret, as in project X.
X is also used often to show kisses, usually at the end of a letter or text message.
In clothing, X is used as a short letter for extra, such as XXL for extra-extra-large.
In Roman numerals, X means ten.
In internet terms, XXX indicates adult material, as in an XXX site.
In x-ray, X stands for xero, which is short for xerograph.
”X” is a common variable used in algebra
X, formerly Twitter
Y

Y is the twenty-fifth (number 25) letter in the English alphabet. Its name in English is wy (pronounced ).

In words like year, yell, and yes, the Y is a consonant. In words like cry, fly, and sky, the Y is considered a vowel.

Where it came from

Semitic, Phoenician, Greek and Latin

"Y" has appeared as the Semitic letter "waw". This was the first time it appeared in an alphabet. F, U, V, and W also come from the Semitic alphabet. The Greek and Latin alphabets used the Phoenician form of this early alphabet. There are similarities to the old English letter yogh (Ȝȝ). The table shows where the letter "y" came from.

Meanings for Y 
 In chemistry, Y is the symbol for yttrium.
 In Mathematics, y is another unknown variable, used as a second unknown variable ("x" is used as the first unknown variable)

References

Vowel letters
Z

Z is the twenty-sixth (number 26) and last letter in the English alphabet. The small letter, z, is used as a lowercase consonant. Z is not used much. It is the most rarely used letter in the English language. The same letter of the Greek alphabet is named zeta.

How it is said 
The letter is said as zed . The first way of saying it comes from the Greek zeta. Even in American English, Z is given the nickname "ze" , because it comes from a late 17th century English speech.

Where it came from

Semitic
The name of the Semitic symbol was zayin and was the seventh letter. It might have meant "weapon". It could have helped form English and French's z.

Greek
The Greek form of Z was a close copy of the Phoenician symbol I. It stayed like this for a long time. The Greeks called it zeta, a new name made from the Greek letters eta (η) and theta (θ).

Etruscan
In Etruscan, Z may have been .

Latin
In Old Latin,  (written s) became  and the symbol for  became useless. It was taken away from the alphabet by Appius Claudius Caecus, and a new letter, G, was put in.

In the 1st century BC, Z was put in the alphabet again at the end of the Latin alphabet. This was done to accurately represent the sound of the Greek zeta. The letter Z appeared only in Greek words, and is the only letter besides Y that the Romans took from Greek.

Meanings for Z 
 In cartoons, Z means the sound of sleeping or snoring, like in "ZZZzzzz...".
 In particle physics, Z stands for the Z boson.
 In chemistry, Z stands for the atomic number.

References
Fuck

Fuck is a common English language swear word. It can be used to either mean the act of sex or as an expression. However, the word fucking is used as an intensifier before a word (e.g. I fucking hate this game).

It is commonly used to express anger and frustration (e.g. when something is not going in your favour or if someone is frustrating you)

Related pages 
 Arse
 Ass
 Bitch
 Cunt
 Motherfucker
 Shit

English profanity
Microprocessor

A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. 

Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems.  The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances.  Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when opened.  A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.

Microprocessor operation 
Like other central processing units, microprocessors use three steps commonly called Fetch, Decode, and Execute. In the Fetch step, an instruction is copied from the computer memory into the microprocessor. In the Decode step, the microprocessor figures out what operation the instruction is meant to do. In the Execute step, this operation is performed.  Different computers can have different instruction sets.

Facts and figures 
 Transistors in a microprocessor can be less than one micrometer wide—one millionth of a meter. By comparison, a single hair can be over 100 micrometers wide.
 The transistors are mostly MOSFETs
 Modern microprocessors run billions of instructions every second.
 Microprocessors are made from silicon, quartz, metals, and other chemicals. 
 From start to finish, it takes about 2 months to make a microprocessor.
 Microprocessors are classified by the size of their data bus or address bus. They are also grouped into CISC and RISC types.

Brief history 
 1823	Baron Jöns Jacob Berzelius discovers silicon (Si), which today is the basic component of electronics.
 1903	Nikola Tesla patents electrical logic circuits called "gates" or "switches".
 1947	John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invent the first transistor at the Bell Laboratories on December 23, 1947.
 1956	John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley are awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for their work on the transistor.
 1958	The first integrated circuits are developed by Robert Noyce and Jack Kilby. 
 1960	IBM develops the first automatic mass-production facility for transistors in New York.
 1971  Intel 4004, first commercially available microprocessor .

References

Other page 
Moore's law

Electronic components
Microprocessor design
Heat

Heat, or thermal energy, is the sum of the kinetic energy of atoms or molecules. In thermodynamics, heat means energy which is moved between two things, when one of them has a higher temperature than the other thing.

Adding heat to something increases its temperature, but heat is not the same as temperature. The temperature of an object is the measure of the average speed of the moving particles in it.  The energy of the particles is called the internal energy.  When an object is heated, its internal energy can increase to make the object hotter.  The first law of thermodynamics says that the increase in internal energy is equal to the heat added minus the work done on the surroundings.

Heat can also be defined as the amount of thermal energy in a system. Thermal energy is the type of energy that a thing has because of its temperature. In thermodynamics, thermal energy is the internal energy present in a system in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium because of its temperature.  That is, heat is defined as a spontaneous flow of energy (energy in transit) from one object to another, caused by a difference in temperature between two objects; therefore, objects do not possess heat.

Properties of Heat 
Heat is a form of energy and not a physical substance.  Heat has no mass.

Heat can move from one place to another in different ways:
Conduction
Convection
Radiation

The measure of how much heat is needed to cause a change in temperature for a material is the specific heat capacity of the material. If the particles in the material are hard to move, then more energy is needed to make them move quickly, so a lot of heat will cause a small change in temperature. A different particle that is easier to move will need less heat for the same change in temperature.

Specific heat capacities can be looked up in a table, like this one.

Unless some work is done, heat moves only from hot things to cold things.

Measuring heat 
Heat can be measured. That is, the amount of heat given out or taken in can be given a value. The calorie is one of the units of measurement for heat but the joule is also used for all kinds of energy including heat.

Heat is usually measured with a calorimeter, where the energy in a material is allowed to flow into nearby water, which has a known specific heat capacity.  The temperature of the water is then measured before and after, and heat can be found using a formula.

References

Related pages 
 Entropy
 Heat transfer
 Radiation
 Internal energy
 Temperature
 Power
 Heat capacity
 Waste heat

Other websites 
Plasma heat at 2 gigakelvins - Article about extremely high temperature generated by scientists (Foxnews.com)
Heat and Thermodynamics - Georgia State University
Correlations for Convective Heat Transfer - ChE Online Resources
An Introduction to the Quantitative Definition and Analysis of Heat written for High School Students 

Basic English 850 words
 
Basic physics ideas
Thermodynamics
Shogun

is a military title in pre-Meiji period Japan. Shogun means general in the Japanese language. The full name was Seii Taishogun (Great General who fights against the Eastern savages and will win).

In the earlier times, Shogun were simply generals for emperors. The emperor had power over the shogun, choosing each shogun. Later however, the Shogun held much of the actual power. In 1192 a samurai, military leader Minamoto no Yoritomo got the title of Shogun from the last Emperor Go-Shirakawa. Excluding the later middle of the 16th century, Shogun was the real ruler of Japan.

The office of the Shogun is called the shogunate (bakufu, meaning office in a tent).-  This is because Shogun had originally been military leaders and he had his office in a tent on a battle field.

There were three shogunates in Japan.
 Kamakura shogunate, 1192–1333, founded by Minamoto no Yoritomo
 Muromachi shogunate (also known as the Ashikaga shogunate), 1338–1573, founded by Ashikaga Takauji
 Edo shogunate (also known as the Tokugawa shogunate), 1602–1868, founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu

In 1868 the 15th Shogun of Tokugawa Shogunate, Tokugawa Yosinobu gave up his office. Then the time of Shogun rule ended. It was the end of the feudal time of Japan.

References

History of Japan
Wellington

Wellington is the capital of New Zealand. It has been the capital since 1865. Before then Auckland was the capital. Wellington is the second largest city in New Zealand. In 2018, 202,737 people lived in the city and about twice that in its metropolitan area.

Wellington is in the middle of New Zealand, at the south end of the North Island. South of Wellington is Cook Strait, the sea between the North Island and the South Island. The city has a lot of hills and a deep harbour. The middle of the city is busier than most small cities and is easy for people to walk around. 

It was named for Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. Wellington became famous when The Lord of the Rings movie trilogy was made there. In Māori, the indigenous language, its name is Te Whanganui-a-Tara.

Climate
The city averages 2,068 hours of sunshine per year. The climate is a temperate marine one, (Köppen: Cfb ) is generally moderate all year round, and rarely sees temperatures above  or below . The hottest recorded temperature is , while  is the coldest. The city is notorious for its southerly blasts in winter, which may make the temperature feel much colder. Having an average windspeed of 29 km/h (18.1 mph), Wellington is generally windy all year round with high rainfall; average annual rainfall is , June and July being the wettest months. 

Frosts are quite common in the hill suburbs and the Hutt Valley between May and September. Snow is very rare at low altitudes, although snow fell on the city and many other parts of the Wellington region during separate events in July and August 2011.

References 

 
1865 establishments
1860s establishments in New Zealand