alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Vonetta Flowers

Vonetta Flowers (; born October 29, 1973) is an American bobsledder. In 2002 Winter Olympics, Flowers became the first African American and the first Black athlete from any country to win a gold medal at a Winter Olympics.

Career
Flowers was a star sprinter] and long jumper at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, and originally aspired to make the U.S. Summer Olympics. After several failed attempts, Flowers turned to bobsledding, and found success as a brakewoman almost immediately. At the 2002 Winter Olympics, she, along with driver Jill Bakken, won the gold medal in the two-woman event, becoming the first African American woman to win a gold medal in the Winter Olympics. After the Salt Lake City Games, Flowers gave birth to twins and took some time off from the sport. In 2003, she returned to competition with new driver Jean Prahm. Flowers and Prahm competed in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, finishing sixth.

Flowers also won the bronze medal in the two-woman event at the 2004 FIBT World Championships in Königssee. She retired from competition after the 2006 Winter Olympics.

In December 2010, she was elected to the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame. She was inducted as a member of the Class of 2011 in May.

Since retiring from competition in 2006, Flowers has been living in Jacksonville, Florida with her husband, Johnny, and her three sons.

References

2006 bobsleigh two-woman results
Bobsleigh two-woman Olympic medalists since 2002 
Bobsleigh two-woman world championship medalists since 2000
FIBT profile
Official website
United States Olympic Committee profile 
Alabama Sports Hall of Fame Class of 2011

1973 births
Living people
African-American female track and field athletes
American female bobsledders
Bobsledders at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Bobsledders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in bobsleigh
Sportspeople from Birmingham, Alabama
University of Alabama at Birmingham alumni
American female sprinters
American female long jumpers
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
People from Helena, Alabama
21st-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American women
Nonanol

Nonanol is a type of simple alcohol. Its isomers include: 

 1-Nonanol
 2-Nonanol

Nonanols
Ortaca

Ortaca () is a municipality and district of Muğla Province, Turkey. Its area is 285 km2, and its population is 54,478 (2022). Formerly a township part of Köyceğiz district, it was made into a separate district in 1987.

Ortaca's economy is based on agriculture. It lies midway between Dalaman and Köyceğiz. Its name literally means "the town in the middle", possibly a reference to its location in the middle of the surrounding plain and is indeed a regional hub. The town pulls benefits from this fertile plain and the economy largely depends on tomatoes, citrus fruits, cotton and pomegranates.

Composition
There are 27 neighbourhoods in Ortaca District:

 Akıncı
 Arıkbaşı
 Atatürk
 Bahçelievler
 Beşköprü
 Çaylı
 Cumhuriyet
 Dalaklı
 Dalyan
 Dereköy
 Dikmekavak
 Ekşiliyurt
 Eskiköy
 Fevziye
 Gökbel
 Gölbaşı
 Güzelyurt
 Karaburun
 Karadonlar
 Kemaliye
 Mergenli
 Okçular
 Sarıgerme
 Tepearası
 Terzialiler
 Yerbelen
 Yeşilyurt

See also
 Blue Cruise
 Foreign purchases of real estate in Turkey
 Lycia

References

External links
 District municipality's official website 

 
Populated places in Muğla Province
Turkish Riviera
Districts of Muğla Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
The Gazette (Maryland)

The Gazette published weekly community newspapers serving Montgomery, Prince George's, Frederick, and Carroll counties in Maryland, including a subscription-based weekend edition covering business and politics throughout the state. The group of papers consistently won awards from the Suburban Newspapers of America, as well as regional awards. It was based in Gaithersburg.

In June 2015, Nash Holdings said it would close the newspapers.

History
The community newspaper group published ten Montgomery County editions (Germantown, Silver Spring/Takoma Park, Gaithersburg, Bethesda, Potomac, Burtonsville, Wheaton, Rockville, Olney and Damascus), two Carroll County editions (Mount Airy and Sykesville/Eldersburg) and eight Prince George's County editions (Largo, Hyattsville, College Park, Upper Marlboro, Bowie, Landover, Laurel and Clinton). The Gazette had been publishing weekly newspapers in the Maryland suburbs since 1959.

The Frederick County editions ceased publication in May and October 2013.

Jeff Bezos purchased the Gazette newspapers on August 5, 2013, as part of his $250 million cash purchase of the media holdings of The Washington Post Company. The transaction completed on October 1. Bezos established Nash Holdings LLC to acquire and control the Gazette.

In 2015, Nash Holdings announced it would close the Gazette, and cease publishing both its Montgomery County and Prince George's County editions. The closure, which was effective June 18, 2015, affected 69 employees and 12 reporters.

Editions
Montgomery Gazette

References

External links
 
 

Newspapers published in Maryland
The Washington Post
Newspapers established in 1959
1959 establishments in Maryland
Publications disestablished in 2015
Defunct weekly newspapers
Defunct newspapers published in Maryland
Cataviña

Cataviña is a town in San Quintín Municipality, Baja California.

Geography
It is located 118 km (74 mi) south of El Rosario and 106 km (66 mi) north of the junction of Federal Highway 12 to Bahía de los Ángeles. It is accessible by Federal Highway 1.

Economy

The local economy is dependent on tourism, ranching (Rancho Santa Inés, on the outskirts of the town, is an ejido held in common by the residents), and a couple of private vendors selling gasoline from 55 gallon barrels.

Tourism
Cataviña has a first-rate hotel developed by the National Fund for the Promotion of Tourism in the Mexican government.  Nearby are some cave paintings and a field of giant rocks, mixed with desert vegetation, which make the area a place visited for lovers of ecotourism.

Those planning a trip that includes Cataviña, need to make sure to purchase enough fuel to get from El Rosario to Villa Jesús María, to avoid the necessity of buying the private vendor gasoline just mentioned (the Pemex station in Cataviña is closed, permanently.)

Missions
 Misión San Fernando Rey de España de Velicatá
 Misión Santa María de los Ángeles

See also
 Boojum tree
 Cardón cactus

External links

 Global Positioning System 

Cities in San Quintín Municipality
Delaval Astley

Major Delaval Graham L'Estrange Astley, CB, DL (7 December 1868 – 17 May 1951)  was a Major in the British Army. He has been claimed to have won a medals at the 1924 Winter Olympics for both the British and Swedish Curling teams. Despite being on the reserve British team, he made no appearances for either team during the Olympics and therefore was not eligible for a medal.

Early life
Delaval Astley was born in Aylsham, Norfolk, on 7 December 1868 to Frederic Astley and Emma Schreiber.

He was commissioned a lieutenant in the Welch Regiment, and after he retired from the regular army was appointed a captain in the North Somerset Yeomanry on 11 July 1895. He later served as aide-de-camp to Colonel Boyle, Commander of the West Counties Brigade Volunteer Infantry.

Sporting career

Curling
Curling made its first appearance at an Olympic Games at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France. Four teams took part, one from Great Britain, one from France and two teams from Sweden. Astley appeared on the reserve team for the British. It was claimed that Astley had played at some point for the British team thus becoming eligible, and also playing for Sweden in a playoff match with the French team. This would have meant that Astley won both a gold and silver medal for different countries in the same sport - the only time this would have occurred. However, Astley actually made no appearances during the 1924 Winter Olympics for any teams and was not eligible for medals of any type.

References

1868 births
1951 deaths
People from Aylsham
20th-century British Army personnel
19th-century British Army personnel
Military personnel from Norfolk
Welch Regiment officers
North Somerset Yeomanry officers
Curlers at the 1924 Winter Olympics
Deputy Lieutenants of Norfolk
Olympic curlers for Great Britain
Sportspeople from Norfolk
Osmancık

Osmancık is a town in Çorum Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey, located 59 km north of the city of Çorum. It is the seat of Osmancık District. Its population is 30,537 (2022).

Geography
Located on an important crossing of the River Kızılırmak on the ancient Silk Road to the orient, Osmancık has long had a strategic value, and is still today a popular stopping-place on the road from Istanbul to the Black Sea city of Samsun and further east.

Today, Osmancık is known for its rice production, being especially suitable for a new strain of rice developed especially for the region by the Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and named "Osmancık-97."

The North Anatolian Fault zone runs through the valley, making Osmancık very vulnerable to earthquakes.

The town consists of 18 quarters: Gemici, Güney, Kızılırmak, Ulucami, Yazı, Yeni, Yeşilçatma, Şenyurt, Gürleyik, Temençe, Karapınar, Çiftlikler, Cumhuriyet, Çay, Esentepe, Eymir, Hıdırlık and Koyunbaba.

History
The area was settled by the Kayı clan of the Oghuz Turks as they migrated westwards into Anatolia from their heartland of Central Asia. Osmancık was one of the important destination points in the Ottoman period. Because of a number of earthquakes the city could not keep its ancient architecture. In the last century, there have been 4-5 heavy earthquakes. Being on the path of the Kızılırmak made the city an important settlement point since early history. Osmancık was known as Pimolisa during Roman and Byzantine eras. From 1867 until 1922, Osmancık was part of Angora vilayet.

Population

Notable natives
Osmancıklı İmamzade Halil Pasha, 15th-century Ottoman statesman, in the court of Mehmed I
Osmancıklı (Amasyalı) Koca Mehmed Nizamüddin Pasha, 15th-century Ottoman statesman
Pakçemüezzin Baltacı Mehmet Pasha, 18th-century Ottoman statesman, rumored to have been a lover of Catherine I of Russia
General Ahmet Çörekçi, Former Head Commander of Turkish Air Force
Gürkan Coşkun a.k.a. "Komet" - Famous Turkish artist
Bilal Kısa, Turkish football player, still playing for Galatasaray SK

Places of interest
In the village of Ardıç, to the west of Osmancık, there is a road cut by the Ancient Romans through a rock named Çalınkaya
Koyunbaba Bridge over the Kızılırmak, built in 1489 
The Seljuk Turk castle of Kandiber, in the town center 
The Ottoman period tomb of Sufi mystic Koyunbaba
The Trojan war hero Achilles was said to have been finally buried on the hill of Adatepe

External links
Municipality's official website
Osmancikgundem.com - City News Portal
Osmancık Haber - Weekly Local Newspaper
Osmancık - Weekly Local Newspaper

References 

 
Populated places in Çorum Province
Osmancık District
District municipalities in Turkey
Ronnie Caldwell

Ronald Louis Caldwell (December 27, 1948 – December 10, 1967) was an American soul and R&B musician.

A keyboard player, Caldwell was the only white member of the Bar-Kays musical group based in Memphis, Tennessee. The group recorded with and also accompanied singer Otis Redding. According to James Alexander, Caldwell was fully accepted within Memphis' black community, to the point that Caldwell felt free to go about in public with his black girlfriend, despite the attitude of racial segregation prevalent at that time.

Caldwell died on December 10, 1967, seventeen days prior to his 19th birthday, of a plane crash in Lake Monona with Redding and three other band members (Phalon Jones, Carl Cunningham and Jimmie King), their valet Matthew Kelly and the pilot Richard Fraser while on their way to a performance in Madison, Wisconsin.

Caldwell is interred in the Memorial Park Cemetery in Memphis.

External links

1948 births
1967 deaths
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
American funk keyboardists
Musicians from Memphis, Tennessee
The Bar-Kays members
20th-century American musicians
20th-century American keyboardists
Burials at Memorial Park Cemetery (Memphis, Tennessee)

Musicians killed in aviation accidents or incidents

Accidental deaths in Wisconsin
Accidents and incidents involving the Beechcraft Model 18
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1967
Osmaneli

Osmaneli is a town in Bilecik Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. It is the seat of Osmaneli District and has a population of 16,192 (2021). Its neighbours are Pamukova from north, Geyve from north-east, Gölpazarı from south-east, Bilecik from south, Yenişehir from south-west and İznik from west.

Situated on a hillside at a point where the Karasu, flowing down from Kandilli Dağ, enters the Sakarya River, this small town was known in antiquity as Leukai and more recently as Lefke. South of the town is a narrow and very beautiful river gorge with rocky walls up to 100 m/328 ft high, contributing to some spectacular scenery.

History
Leukai was a town located on the road from Nicaea to Dorylaion and thus part of both the Byzantine Military Road and the Pilgrim's Road, the land route taken typically by Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land. The town was then conquered from the Byzantine Empire by the Ottomans in 1313. Turks and Rums (Anatolian Greeks) lived here together until the War of Independence after which also the name of the town was changed from Lefke to Osmaneli.

Places to see

In the west part of Osmaneli is the well-preserved ruins of a large Rum Orthodox church of the 1890s not far from it, a building that was used as a silk-spinning mill, and also the owner's house. There are several Ottoman-style homes available and watermelon festivals each year being celebrated, which is also worth seeing.

The only structure in Osmaneli left from such Rums, was a church, named Hagios Georgios (i.e. Saint George, turk. Aya Yorgi), located on Cumhuriyet Avenue. It is understood from the archived documents that this 19th-century structure had passed through several different construction cycles. It is written in detail in those documents that the first structure had a basilica type crushed wooden roof, and following the privileges granted to Greek people as a result of Royal Edict of Reform, the current plan was implemented. This plan, in the shape of a Greek cross, currently does not have the top cover. The most remarkable point of the structure is the towers on both sides of the entrance, on the western side. These towers, covered with small domes, are used not only for climbing to the second floor but also as bell tower. Such type of twin towers at western sides of the buildings is common until the first years following Christ. These towers, which can also be seen in early Byzantium era churches, have also been integral parts of Romanic, Gothic, and Baroque cathedrals in European architecture since the days of the Carolingian Empire. It is also possible to see in Greek churches of the 19th century located in Istanbul and Anatolia during the Ottoman Empire that such towers were being used for the same functions and in the same shapes as they were being used in Europe. The most beautiful representative of this trend is this Greek Church in Osmaneli.

References

External links
Osmaneli municipality's official website 

Populated places in Bilecik Province
District municipalities in Turkey
Osmaneli District
Hutcheson Stakes

The Hutcheson Stakes is an American Thoroughbred horse race held annually at Gulfstream Park in Hallandale Beach, Florida. An event raced on dirt, it is open to three-year-old horses.

Historical notes
Inaugurated on March 31, 1954, the Hutcheson Stakes was named in honor of labor leader William Levi Hutcheson (1874–1953) who served as a member of the Gulfstream Park Advisory Board. It has been one of several prep races for the Grade 1 Florida Derby.

Spectacular Bid captured the Hutcheson on his way to winning the 1979 Kentucky Derby as did Swale in 1984. Another notable winner of this race was Holy Bull who won the event in his first start of 1994 then went on to earn 1994 American Horse of the Year honors. Like Spectacular Bid, Holy Bull was voted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame.

On February 11, 2012, Starlight Racing's Thunder Moccasin won the Grade 2 Hutcheson Stakes. For trainer Todd Pletcher, it marked his seventh win of this event and for jockey John Velazquez it was his sixth. Both are records that still stand through 2020.

Records
Speed  record: 
 1:09.57 @ current distance of 6 furlongs: Awesome Banner (2016)
 1:20.80 @ 7 furlongs: Shecky Greene (1973) & Sensitive Prince (1978)

Most wins by an owner:
 2 - Michael Tabor (2001, 2003)
 2 - Meadow Stable (1958, 1965)

Most wins by a jockey:
 6 - John Velazquez (2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006,  2012)

Most wins by a trainer:
 7 - Todd A. Pletcher   (2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2012)

Winners

See also 
Hutcheson Stakes top three finishers and starters

References

External links
 The Hutcheson Stakes at Pedigree Query

1954 establishments in Florida
Horse races in Florida
Gulfstream Park
Flat horse races for three-year-olds
Recurring sporting events established in 1954
Takezaki Suenaga

was a retainer of the Higo Province, Japan who fought in both the Battle of Bun'ei and the Battle of Kōan during the Mongol invasions of Japan. Suenaga commissioned the Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba, an illustrated handscroll, in order to provide a pictorial account and chronicle his valor in battles against the Mongols, and to praise his commanders and the gods for his success during his campaigns.

Fighting the Mongols

During the Mongol invasion of 1274, Suenaga fought at Hakata under Muto Kagesuke. Suenaga went to great lengths to achieve what he viewed as the honor of the warrior. Although under orders from Kagesuke to pull back at the beginning of the engagement, Suenaga disobeyed, saying “Waiting for the general will cause us to be late to battle. Of all the warriors of the clan, I, Suenaga will be the first to fight from Higo.”  He later encountered Kagesuke, whose retainer gave Suenaga a personal order to withdraw. So ordered to dismount from his horse, he refused, citing his desire to be the first into battle.

Pursuing recognition

To receive rewards for valor, others had to witness the deeds and report them directly to the shogunate. As record of his performance against the Mongols authored by the local commander was not sent to the shogunate, his deeds went unrecognized. Suenaga sold his horses and saddles to pay for a trip to Kamakura to report his deeds in battle to the shogunate. His petition was successful and he later commissioned illustrated scrolls of his military prowess and his administrative grievance and its resolution in his favor.

By his own account in the scrolls, Suenaga says, “Other than advancing and having my deeds known, I have nothing else to live for,” showing that, first, he wanted to advance in terms of measurable money and rank, and that, just as importantly, he sought fame and recognition.

References

External links
http://digital.princeton.edu/mongol-invasions/ Scrolls of the Mongol Invasions of Japan - Full digitized scans of the scrolls, multiple versions, including commentary, animated maps and translations. An annotated version is also accessible. http://digital.princeton.edu/annotatedscrolls/

 Takezaki Suenaga Samurai-archives.com

See also
Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba
Battle of Bun'ei
Battle of Kōan
Mongol Invasions of Japan
Genko Borui

People of Kamakura-period Japan
Samurai
1246 births
1314 deaths
People from Kumamoto Prefecture
Otlukbeli

Otlukbeli is a municipality (belde) and seat of Otlukbeli District of Erzincan Province in Turkey. It had a population of 2,036 in 2021. It is divided into the neighborhoods of Fatih, Mehmet Akif Ersoy and Şehitler.

See also
Battle of Otlukbeli
Battle of Otlukbeli Martyrs' Monument

References

Populated places in Erzincan Province
Otlukbeli District
District municipalities in Turkey
Confederacy of Ruined Lives

Confederacy of Ruined Lives is the fourth studio album by sludge metal band Eyehategod, released on September 19, 2000. The track "Jack Ass in the Will of God" is a reworking of the title track to Southern Discomfort.

Track listing

Personnel
Eyehategod
Mike IX Williams – vocals
Brian Patton – lead guitar
Jimmy Bower – rhythm guitar
Danny Nick – bass
Joe LaCaze – drums

Production
Dave Fortman – producer, mixing
Tom Bejgrowicz – artwork, design, layout

References

2000 albums
Eyehategod albums
Century Media Records albums
Albums produced by Dave Fortman
Ovacık

Ovacık (literally "little plains" or "little lowlands" in Turkish) may refer to the following places in Turkey:

Districts
 Ovacık District, Karabük, a district of Karabük Province
 Ovacık District, Tunceli, a district of Tunceli Province

Municipalities
 Ovacık, Karabük, a small town in Karabük Province
 Ovacık, Tunceli, a town in Tunceli Province

Villages

 Ovacık, Ardanuç, a village in the district of Ardanuç, Artvin Province
 Ovacık, Aşkale
 Ovacık, Başmakçı, a village in the district of Başmakçı, Afyonkarahisar Province
 Ovacık, Biga
 Ovacık, Çanakkale
 Ovacık, Çankırı
 Ovacık, Çine, a village in the district of Çine, Aydın Province
 Ovacık, Çubuk, a village in the district of Çubuk, Ankara Province
 Ovacık, Elmalı, a village in the district of Elmalı, Antalya Province
 Ovacık, Fethiye, a village in the district of Fethiye, Muğla Province
 Ovacık, Honaz
 Ovacık, Kahta, a village in the district of Kahta, Adıyaman Province
 Ovacık, Kemer, a village in the district of Kemer, Antalya Province
 Ovacık, Kuyucak, a village in the district of Kuyucak, Aydın Province
 Ovacık, Lüleburgaz, a village in the district of Lüleburgaz, Kırklareli Province
 Ovacık, Nazilli, a village in the district of Nazilli, Aydın Province
 Ovacık, Samsat, a village in the district of Samsat, Adıyaman Province
 Ovacık, Silifke, a village in the district of Silifke, Mersin Province
 Ovacık, Tavas
 Ovacık, Vezirköprü, a village in the district of Vezirköprü, Samsun Province
 Ovacık, Yapraklı

See also
 Yeşilovacık, a town in the district of Silifke, Mersin Province, Turkey
Ödemiş

Ödemiş is a municipality and district of İzmir Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,019 km2, and its population is 132,740 (2022). It is located 113 km southeast of the city of İzmir.

About 4 km north of Ödemiş town are the ruins of Hypaepa. The historical importance of the region is also reflected by the small town of Birgi, east of Ödemiş, which was the capital of the Aydınids, which has examples of Seljuq and Ottoman architecture. Birgi has been on the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage list since 1994, and points of interest here include Çakırağa Mansion, İmam-i Birgivi Medrese and Sultanşah Mausoleum.
Ödemiş is famous for its potatoes, which has the best quality in Turkey, as well as its "Ödemiş Kebab". The city is the biggest potato grower of Turkey with its annual 350,000 tons of potato production.

History
From 1867 until 1922, Ödemiş was part of the Aidin Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire.

Composition
There are 99 neighbourhoods in Ödemiş District:

 3 Eylül
 Akıncılar
 Alaşarlı
 Anafartalar
 Artıcak
 Atatürk
 Bademli
 Balabanlı
 Bayırlı
 Bengisu
 Beyezitlar
 Bıçakçı
 Birgi
 Bozcayaka
 Bozdağ
 Bucak
 Bülbüller
 Büyükavulcuk
 Çağlayan
 Çamlıca
 Çamyayla
 Çayır
 Çaylı
 Cevizalan
 Çobanlar
 Cumhuriyet
 Demircili
 Demirdere
 Derebebekler
 Dereuzunyer
 Dolaylar
 Emirli
 Emmioğlu
 Ertuğrul
 Gerçekli
 Gereli
 Gölcük
 Güney
 Günlüce
 Hacıhasan
 Hamam
 Horzum
 Hürriyet
 İlkkurşun
 İnönü
 Işık
 Karadoğan
 Karakova
 Kayaköy
 Kaymakçı
 Kazanlı
 Kemenler
 Kemer
 Kerpiçlik
 Kışla
 Kızılca
 Kızılcaavlu
 Köfündere
 Konaklı
 Köseler
 Küçükavulcuk
 Küçükören
 Küre
 Kurucuova
 Kutlubeyler
 Kuvvetli
 Mescitli
 Meşrutiyet
 Mimarsinan
 Mursallı
 Ocaklı
 Oğuzlar
 Orhangazi
 Ortaköy
 Ovacık
 Ovakent
 Pirinççi
 Sekiköy
 Seyrekli
 Şirinköy
 Suçıktı
 Süleyman Demirel
 Süleymanlar
 Tekke
 Tosunlar
 Türkmen
 Türkönü
 Üçkonak
 Umurbey
 Üzümlü
 Uzundere
 Veliler
 Yeniceköy
 Yeniköy
 Yeşilköy
 Yılanlı
 Yolüstü
 Yusufdere
 Zafer

Transport
See also:
 Ödemiş railway station
 Basmane-Ödemiş Regional – the railway service from Basmane Terminal in İzmir.

Notable people
 Muzafer Sherif  (1906-1988), a Turkish-American social psychologist
 Çakırcalı Mehmet Efe (1872 kayaköy-Ödemiş – ö. 17 Kasım 1911 ) the legendary hero
 Gökçen Efe (1881-1919), folk hero of the Turkish War of Independence
 Şükrü Saracoğlu, 5th Prime Minister of Turkey

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20080415075630/http://www.odemisnet.com/

Populated places in İzmir Province
 
Districts of İzmir Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Özalp, Van

Özalp () is a municipality and district of Van Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,430 km2, and its population is 59,851 (2022).

In the local elections of March 2019 Yakup Almaç from the Peoples ' Democratic Party was elected mayor(HDP). Abdulkadir Çelik was appointed Kaymakam by president Recep Tayyip Erdoĝan in August 2019. However Almaç was dismissed in November 2019 and Çelik appointed as well as the trustee of the municipality of Özalp. Following his appointment as a trustee, he dismissed also 28 municipality workers.

Composition
There are 58 neighbourhoods in Özalp District:

 Aksorguç
 Altınboğa
 Aşağıakçagül
 Aşağıbalçıklı
 Aşağıkoçkıran
 Aşağımollahasan
 Aşağıtulgalı
 Aşağıyorganlı
 Bağrıaçık
 Bodurağaç
 Boğazkesen
 Boyaldı
 Çamurlu
 Çavuşlar
 Çırakköy
 Çubuklu
 Cumhuriyet
 Dağdeviren
 Damlacık
 Dönerdere
 Dorutay
 Eğribelen
 Emek
 Eski Emek
 Gözdeğmez
 Gültepe
 Günyüzlü
 Hacıali
 Hacıkışlak
 Hazine
 İstasyon
 Kalecik
 Kargalı
 Karlıyamaç
 Kaşıkara
 Kırkçalı
 Mahmudiye
 Mehmetalan
 Mollatopuz
 Oymaklı
 Sağmalı
 Sarıköy
 Savatlı
 Şehittepe
 Şemsettin
 Seydibey
 Sugeçer
 Tepedam
 Yarımkaya
 Yavuzlar
 Yukarıayazca
 Yukarıbalçıklı
 Yukarıçavdarlık
 Yukarımollahasan
 Yukarıtulgalı
 Yukarıyorganlı
 Yumruklu
 Yürkuşak

References

Populated places in Van Province
Districts of Van Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Kurdish settlements in Turkey
Özvatan

Özvatan (formerly Çukur and Siricha (Ancient Greek: Σάριχα or Σιριχά) is a municipality and district of Kayseri Province, Turkey. Its area is 270 km2, and its population is 3,819 (2022). It is located in the north east of the province, almost 70 km from Kayseri and 12 km east of Felahiye. It has a harsh climate being too cold in winter and too hot in summer. The mayor is Halit Demir (MHP).

History 
The oldest ruins in the district are the Harsa and Zırha Castles, which are located on the side of the river Kızılırmak and are thought to belong to Hittites. It is known that mining and trade were engaged in the region during the Hittites period. Around 430 BC, Zırha Castle was added to the territory of Rome, so it is possible to come across traces of Roman Civilization in the region.

Composition
There are 13 neighbourhoods in Özvatan District:

 Alparslan
 Aşağıboğaziçi
 Bahçelievler
 Cumhuriyet
 Güney
 Kale
 Kavaklı
 Kermelik
 Küpeli
 Taşlıkköy
 Tuğlaşah
 Yeni
 Yukarıboğaziçi

References

Populated places in Kayseri Province
Districts of Kayseri Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Charles Bourseul

Charles Bourseul (28 April 1829 – 23 November 1912) was a pioneer in development of the "make and break" telephone about 20 years before Bell made a practical telephone.

Bourseul was born in Brussels, Belgium, and grew up in Douai, France. His father was a French army officer.  Charles worked for the telegraph company as a civil engineer and mechanic.  He made improvements to the telegraph system of L. F. Breguet (a French instrument maker) and Samuel F. B. Morse.  Charles Bourseul experimented with the electrical transmission of the human voice and developed an electromagnetic microphone, but his telephone receiver was unable to convert electric current back into clear human voice sounds.

In 1854 Bourseul wrote a memorandum on the transmission of the human voice by electric currents that was first published in a magazine L'Illustration (Paris), though no prototype was built. That is about the same time that Meucci later claimed to have created his first attempt at the telephone in Italy. 

Bourseul explained: “Suppose a man talks near a moving disc that is flexible enough not to lose any of the vibrations of the voice, and that this disc periodically interrupts the current of a battery; then, at a certain distance, we could have another disc that simultaneously executes the same vibrations. The passage of an electric current through a metal wire transforms into a magnet a piece of soft iron placed in the vicinity of the wire. As soon as the current stops, the soft iron is demagnetized. This magnet, the electromagnet, can thus alternatively attract or repel a metal plate. It would be perfectly possible to arrange this second metal plate, so as to make it repeat the same vibrations as the first; this result would be exactly the same as if the person had spoken in the immediate vicinity against this second plate. In other words, the ear would be affected, as if the sounds had reached it directly through the first metal disc. [...] It is certain that, in a more or less distant future, speech will be transmitted by electricity. I have made  experiments in this direction; they are delicate and demand time and patience, but the approximations obtained promise a favourable result.”

Bourseul died in Saint-Céré, France, at the age of 83.

See also 

 Johann Philipp Reis
 Alexander Graham Bell
 Antonio Meucci
 Invention of the telephone

References
 History of Telecommunications 1874-1930
 (fr) Charles Bourseul, « Transmission électrique de la parole », L'Illustration, 26.08.1854.
 (fr) G. Babin, « Le téléphone, invention française », L'Illustration, 21 novembre 1908.
 (fr) R. Camboulives, « Un Occitan d'adoption : Charles Bourseul, inventeur du téléphone ». Communication faite à l'Académie des Sciences, Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres de Toulouse dans sa séance du 8 novembre 1978.

1829 births
1912 deaths
19th-century French inventors
Bobby April

Robert April, Jr. (born April 15, 1953) is an American football coach.  He has held various special teams coaching positions in the National Football League (NFL).

Coaching career

College career
April coached college football at Southern Mississippi, Tulane, Arizona, Southern California, Ohio St. and LSU.

Professional career
April has coached at the NFL level with the Atlanta Falcons, Pittsburgh Steelers, New Orleans Saints, St. Louis Rams, Buffalo Bills, Philadelphia Eagles, Oakland Raiders, New York Jets and Tennessee Titans. 

He has won two NFL Special teams coach of the year awards, one in 2004, and another in 2008.

Personal life
His son, Bobby April III, is a college and NFL coach.

References

External links
Nicholls State bio
LSU bio 
Atlanta Falcons bio
Buffalo Bills bio
New Orleans Saints bio
New York Jets bio
Philadelphia Eagles bio
Pittsburgh Steelers bio
St. Louis Rams bio

1953 births
Living people
Players of American football from New Orleans
Nicholls Colonels football players
Arizona Wildcats football coaches
LSU Tigers football coaches
Ohio State Buckeyes football coaches
Southern Miss Golden Eagles football coaches
Tulane Green Wave football coaches
USC Trojans football coaches
Atlanta Falcons coaches
Buffalo Bills coaches
New Orleans Saints coaches
New York Jets coaches
Oakland Raiders coaches
Philadelphia Eagles coaches
Pittsburgh Steelers coaches
St. Louis Rams coaches
Tennessee Titans coaches
High school football coaches in Louisiana
Trinidad and Tobago at the 1992 Summer Olympics

Trinidad and Tobago competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. Five track and field athletes and two cyclists represented Trinidad and Tobago. The team was headed by chef de mission Hasely Crawford, the winner of the gold medal in the 100 metres at the 1976 Summer Olympics.

Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

Athletics

Men's 100m metres
Ato Boldon 
 Heat — 10.77 (→ did not advance)

Men's 4 × 400 m Relay
Alvin Daniel, Patrick Delice, Neil de Silva, and Ian Morris   
 Heat — 3:01.05
 Final — 3:03.31 (→ 7th place)

 Robert Guy

Cycling

Men's sprint
 Maxwell Cheeseman

Men's 1 km time trial
 Gene Samuel

Men's points race
 Gene Samuel

See also
Trinidad and Tobago at the 1991 Pan American Games

References

External links
Official Olympic Reports

Nations at the 1992 Summer Olympics
1992
Summer Olympics
Pamukova

Pamukova is a municipality and district of Sakarya Province, Turkey. Its area is 289 km2, and its population is 30,482 (2022). The mayor is İbrahim Güven Övün (SP). The town has been identified as the Byzantine assembly place of Malagina.

Composition
There are 33 neighbourhoods in Pamukova District:

 Ağaççılar
 Ahılar
 Akçakaya
 Bacıköy
 Bakacak
 Bayırakçaşehir
 Çardak
 Cihadiye
 Çilekli
 Cumhuriyet
 Eğriçay
 Elperek
 Eskiyayla
 Fevziye
 Gökgöz
 Gonca
 Hayrettin
 Hüseyinli
 İsabalı
 Kadıköy
 Karapınar
 Kazımiye
 Kemaliye
 Mekece
 Oruçlu
 Özbek
 Paşalar
 Pınarlı
 Şahmelek
 Şeyhvarmaz
 Teşvikiye
 Turgutlu
 Yenice

References

 
Populated places in Sakarya Province
Districts of Sakarya Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Pancha Tattva (Vaishnavism)

Pancha Tattva (Devanagari: पञ्चतत्त्व; IAST: pañca-tattva, from Sanskrit pañca meaning "five" and tattva "truth" or "reality") in the Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition of Hinduism refers specifically to the Five aspects of God or Absolute Truth.

Background
In Gaudiya Vaishnavism, these five features of God (Krishna) are believed to have incarnated on Earth as five people in the late 15th century: Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Nityananda, Advaita Acharya, Gadadhara Pandit and Srivasa Thakur. They famously spread the Krishna mantra and the practise of devotion (bhakti) towards Krishna throughout India.

The Five Features
 Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu is Kṛṣṇa Himself (Svayam Bhagavan).
 Śrī Nityānānda Rāma Prabhu is Kṛṣṇa's first personal expansion with the combined power of Balarama.
 Śrī Advaita Ācārya is the combined power of Śri Viṣṇu & Śri Śiva (Harihara).
 Śrī Śrīvāsa Thakura is Kṛṣṇa's pure devotee and symbolizes devotion (Bhakti).
 Śrī Gadadhāra Pandita is the combined power of Kṛṣṇa's internal energy (Śakti).

Pancha Tattva mantra
Within the Gaudiya tradition, a mantra formed from the names of the five members of the Pancha Tattva is often spoken or sung as a means of devotional worship, or japa. Often, this mantra is sung or chanted prior to the Krishna mantra. It is believed by followers to be the most merciful mantra available in this age of Kali.

śrī-kṛṣṇa-caitanya prabhu-nityānanda,
śrī-advaita gadādhara śrīvāsādi-gaura-bhakta-vṛnda

An alternative version features another name for Chaitanya, "Gauranga":

śrī-gaurāṅga nityānānda, śrī-advaita-candra, 
gadādhara śrīvāsādi-gaura-bhakta-vṛnda

See also
 Bhakti Yoga
 Chaitanya Charitamrita
 Panchatattva (Tantra)
 Six Goswamis of Vrindavan
 Vaishnava

References

 Rosen, Steven J. Sri Pancha Tattva: The Five Features of God 1994  Folk Books, New York

Gaudiya religious leaders
Medieval Hindu religious leaders
Indian Hindu spiritual teachers
Vaishnavism
Bengali Hindus
People from West Bengal
16th-century Indian people
Trinidad and Tobago at the 1988 Summer Olympics

Six athletes from Trinidad and Tobago competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. Three track and field athletes, two cyclists and one swimmer represented the Caribbean nation.

Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.

Athletics

 Patrick Delice
 Ian Morris
 Angela Williams

Cycling

Two cyclists represented Trinidad and Tobago in 1988.

Men's sprint
 Maxwell Cheeseman

Men's 1 km time trial
 Gene Samuel

Men's points race
 Gene Samuel

Swimming

Women's 50m Freestyle
 Karen Dieffenthaler
 Heat – 27.27 (→ did not advance, 28th place)

Women's 100m Freestyle
 Karen Dieffenthaler
 Heat – 58.64 (→ did not advance, 35th place)

Women's 200m Freestyle
 Karen Dieffenthaler
 Heat – 2:07.09 (→ did not advance, 31st place)

References

External links
Official Olympic Reports
International Olympic Committee results database

Nations at the 1988 Summer Olympics
1988
Summer Olympics
Over the James

Over the James is the fourth studio album by punk rock band Avail. It was released in 1998 on Lookout! Records. The album was re-released in 2006 by Jade Tree Records.  The re-release contains the songs from Avail's split record with the (Young) Pioneers, as well as two tracks recorded for compilations.

Reception and legacy
Brian Raftery of AllMusic gave Over the James a three star review praising cuts like "Sanctuary 13" and "August" but noting the band's stagnation. Zach Baron of Pitchfork gave the album 7.7 out of 10 praising the album's production, stating: "slicker, slower, longer-- epic, sorta pretentious-- but also the apotheosis of their sound, more or less: All chorus, all the time".

In May 2019, Decibel inducted Over the James into their Hall of Fame, calling it a melodic hardcore classic that was popular among emo and metal fans alike.

Track listing
All tracks by Avail.

2006 Re-Release Bonus Tracks
<li> "Lombardy Street (Acoustic)"
<li> "You May Be Right" (Billy Joel Cover)
<li> "Suspicious Minds" (Elvis Presley Cover)
<li> "Said Gun" (Embrace Cover)

Personnel
 Tim Barry - lead vocals
 Beau Beau Butler - backing vocals
 Joe Banks - guitars
 Justin "Gwomper" Burdick - bass
 Erik Larson - drums

References

Avail albums
1998 albums
Lookout! Records albums
Trinidad and Tobago at the 1984 Summer Olympics

Trinidad and Tobago competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States. Sixteen competitors, eleven men and five women, took part in fourteen events in five sports.

Athletics

Men's 100 metres
 Hasely Crawford 
 Heat — 10.48q (Heat 1, 4th place)
 Quarterfinals — 10.56 (QF 1, 4th place→ did not advance)

Men's 400 metres 
 Michael Paul  
 Heat — 46.18
 Quarterfinals — 45.84
 Semifinals — 45.60 (→ did not advance)

 Anton Skerritt  
 Heat — 46.30
 Quarterfinals — 46.93 (→ did not advance)

 Ali St. Louis   
 Heat — did not finish (→ did not advance)

Men's 4×400 metres Relay
 Anton Skerritt, Michael Puckerin, Derek Archer, and Michael Paul

Women's 100 metres
 Gillian Forde
 Angela Williams

Women's 200 metres
 Angela Williams

Women's 400 metres
 Gail Emmanuel

Women's 4×100 metres Relay
 Janice Bernard, Gillian Forde, Esther Hope-Washington, and Angela Williams

Boxing

Men's Featherweight
 Nirmal Lorick

Men's Light-Heavyweight
 Don Smith

Cycling

One cyclist represented Trinidad and Tobago in 1984.

Sprint
 Gene Samuel

1000m time trial
 Gene Samuel

Sailing

Mixed One Person Dinghy
 Jean-Marc Holder

Swimming

Men's 100m Breaststroke
 Paul Newallo
 Heat — 1:06.12 (→ did not advance, 28th place)

Men's 200m Breaststroke
 Paul Newallo
 Heat — 2:28.88 (→ did not advance, 32nd place)

References

External links
 Official Olympic Reports
 International Olympic Committee results database

Nations at the 1984 Summer Olympics
1984
Summer Olympics
Sugar Bowl Stakes

The Sugar Bowl Stakes is an American race for Thoroughbred horses run near Christmas at the Fair Grounds Race Course in New Orleans, Louisiana. Set at a distance of six furlongs on the dirt for two-year-olds, the Sugar Bowl currently offers a purse of $100,000.

Although it is an ungraded event, it is still considered a prep to the Kentucky Derby, albeit a minor one.

Past winners

 2017 - Land Battle (Jose Valdivia, Jr.)
 2016 - Proforma (Florent Geroux)
 2015 - Taylors Angiel (Roberto Morales)
 2014 - Cinco Charlie (Robby Albarado)
 2013 - Alabano
 2012 - Tour Guide
 2011 - Exfactor
 2010 - Archarcharch
 2009 - Cool Bullet
 2008 - Ask Joe (Miguel Mena)
 2007 - Sok Sok (Shaun Bridgmohan)
 2006 - Teuflesberg (Robby Albarado) (run on Christmas Eve)
 2005 - Catonight
 2004 - Storm Surge
 2003 - Wildcat Shoes
 2002 - Saintly Look
 2001 - Mapp Hill
 2000 - Wild Hits
 1999 - Littlexpectations
 1998 - Show Me The Stage (Filly)
 1997 - Hailley's Prince
 1996 - Gold Case
 1995 - Valid Expectations
 1994 - Timeless Honor
 1993 - NO RACE
 1992 - Tonkas Mean Streak
 1991 - Ecstatic Ride
 1990 - Big Courage
 1989 - Jamie Boy
 1988 - Nooo Problema
 1987 - Dee Dee Lance
 1986 - Stage Door Avie
 1985 - Dr. Bee Jay
 1984 - Exclusive Pond
 1983 - Triple Sec
 1982 - Explosive Wagon
 1981 - El Baba (multiple stakes winner, undefeated in 5 races at 2, and in his first 7 races.)
 1980 - Top Avenger (multiple stakes winner, holds fastest fractions ever run in the Kentucky Derby, 1981)
 1979 - Real Emperor
 1978 - Clever Trick
 1977 - Cabrini Green (defeated John Henry three times)
 1976 - Clever Tell
 1975 - Go East Young Man
 1974 - Rustic Ruler
 1973 - Crimson Ruler
 1972 - Rocket Pocket
 1971 - No Le Hace (Grade I stakes winner)
 1970 - Alhambra Gal (filly)
 1969 - Oplayboy
 1968 - Six Mark
 1967 - Ranch to Market
 1966 - Tom's Favor
 1965 - Imam
 1964 - Bay Phantom
 1963 - Grecian Princess (filly)
 1962 - Blaze Starr
 1961 - Fortunate Isle (filly)
 1960 - Market Road
 1959 - Road House 
 1958 - Namon
 1957 - Pemberton
 1956 - Shan Pac
 1955 - Reaping Right 
 1954 - Speed Rouser
 1953 - Fast Charger
 1951 - Gushing Oil
 1950 - Bugledrums

References

External links
 

Fair Grounds Race Course
Ungraded stakes races in the United States
Horse races in New Orleans
Horse racing
Recurring sporting events established in 1950
1950 establishments in Louisiana
Patnos

Patnos (Armenian:  Բադնոց, Latin transliteration: Badnoc‘ or Patnoc‘, Kurdish: Panos) is a city of Ağrı Province of Turkey on a plain surrounded by high mountains including Süphan, watered by tributaries of the Murat River. It is 82 km south of the city of Ağrı on the road to Van. It is the seat of Patnos District. Its population is 61,837 (2021). The mayor is Emrah Kılıç (HDP).

The plain has been settled since at least 1300BC and this was a centre of the Urartu civilisation. The city has many historical ruins from Urartian period.

References

Populated places in Ağrı Province
Kurdish settlements in Turkey
Important Bird Areas of Turkey
District municipalities in Turkey
Trinidad and Tobago at the 1980 Summer Olympics

Athletes from Trinidad and Tobago competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, USSR.

Results by event
Men's 100 metres
Christopher Brathwaite
 Heat – 10.44
 Quarterfinals – 10.37
 Semifinals – 10.54 (did not advance)

Hasely Crawford
 Heat – 10.42
 Quarterfinals – 10.28 (did not advance)

Men's 4x400 metres Relay
 Joseph Coombs, Charles Joseph, Rafer Mohammed, and Mike Solomon
 Heat – 3:04.3
 Final – 3:06.6 (6th place)

References
Official Olympic Reports
International Olympic Committee results database

Nations at the 1980 Summer Olympics
1980
Summer Olympics
Pazarcık

Pazarcık is a municipality and district of Kahramanmaraş Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,253 km2, and its population is 70,173 (2022). It is in the southeastern part of the province. The mayor İbrahim Yılmazcan from the Justice and Development Party (AKP) was elected in the local elections 2019. Kaymakam of the district is Muhammed Kaya, appointed in 2023. The cement plant is a major source of greenhouse gas. The town includes Abdals of the Kara Hüseyinler tribe.

On 6 February 2023, a magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck Pazarcik.

Composition
There are 84 neighbourhoods in Pazarcık District:

 15 Temmuz
 Ahmet Bozdağ
 Akçakoyunlu
 Akçalar
 Akdemir
 Armutlu
 Aşağımülk
 Bağdınısağır
 Beşçeşme
 Bölükçam
 Büyüknacar Fatih
 Büyüknacar Kocadere
 Büyüknacar Merkez
 Çamlıca
 Çamlıtepe
 Cengiz Topel
 Çiçek
 Çiçekalanı
 Çiğdemtepe
 Cimikanlı
 Çöçelli
 Damlataş
 Dedepaşa
 Eğlen
 Eğrice
 Emiroğlu
 Evri Pınarbaşı
 Evri Taşbiçme
 Fatih
 Ganidağıketiler
 Göçer
 Göynük
 Hanobası
 Harmancık
 Hasankoca
 Hürriyet
 İncirli
 Kadıncık
 Karaağaç
 Karabıyıklı
 Karaçay
 Karagöl
 Karahüyük
 Keleş
 Kizirli
 Kızkapanlı
 Kuzeykent
 Mehmet Emin Arıkoğlu
 Memiş Özdal
 Memişkahya
 Menderes
 Mezraa
 Musolar
 Narlı Bahçelievler
 Narlı Cumhuriyet
 Narlı İsmetpaşa
 Nefsidoğanlı
 Ördekdede
 Osmandede
 Sadakalar
 Şahintepe
 Sakarkaya
 Sallıuşağı
 Salmanıpak
 Salmanlı
 Sarıerik
 Sarıl
 Şehit Nurettin Ademoğlu
 Soku
 Sultanlar
 Taşdemir
 Tetirlik
 Tilkiler
 Turunçlu
 Ufacıklı
 Ulubahçe
 Yarbaşı
 Yeşilkent
 Yiğitler
 Yolboyu
 Yukarıhöcüklü
 Yukarımülk
 Yumaklıcerit Bağlar
 Yumaklıcerit Cumhuriyet

Notable natives 
 Ferruh Bozbeyli (1927–2019), Turkish politician.
 Hasan Yükselir (1955–), Turkish singer and composer.
 Dilber Ay (1956–2019), Turkish singer.
 KC Rebell (1988–), German rapper of Kurdish origin.
 Ahmet Aksu (1887–1954), Turkish politician

References

External links

  District governor's official website
  District municipality's official website

 
Populated places in Kahramanmaraş Province
Districts of Kahramanmaraş Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Karl Moriz Diesing

Karl Moriz Diesing (also written as Carl Moritz Diesing; 16 June 1800 – 10 January 1867) was an Austrian naturalist and zoologist,  specializing in the study of helminthology.

Biography
Diesing was born on 16 June 1800 in Kraków. He studied medicine at the University of Vienna, earning his doctorate in 1826. Afterwards, he served as an assistant to botanist Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin, later working as an intern at the Hof-Naturalien-Cabinet (from 1829). In 1836, he became a curator of the zoological collections.

In the late 1840s, he began to suffer from serious eye problems, and shortly afterwards experienced permanent blindness.

His principal works include Systema Helminthum (2 vols., 1850–1851), and Revision der Nematoden (1861).

In his paper "Versuch einer monographie der Gattung Pentastoma" (Ann. Wien Mus. Naturges. 1836, 1–32), he was the first to establish the distinct nature of the Pentastomida, placing them in a new group which he called Acanthotheca.

The genera Diesingia  and Diesingiella  are named after him.

He died on 10 January 1867 in Vienna.

References

External links 
 
 IPNI List of plants described.

1800 births
1867 deaths
Austrian naturalists
Austrian zoologists
Scientists from Kraków
Polish emigrants to Austria
Pazarlar

Pazarlar is a town in Kütahya Province in the Aegean region of Turkey. It is the seat of Pazarlar District. Its population is 3,012 (2022).

References

Populated places in Kütahya Province
Pazarlar District
District municipalities in Turkey