alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
2003 Summer Universiade

The 2003 Summer Universiade, also known as the XXII Summer Universiade, took place in Daegu, South Korea.

Emblem
 The alphabet letter "U" and five stars, which is FISU's emblem, make up the basis of the emblem for the Daegu Universiade.
 It symbolizes the theme of "Dream for Unity" and the five goals (Dream, Advance, Equalize, Green and Unite) of the Games.
 The wide green stripe emphasizing Daegu's image as an environmentally friendly city.
 The Five-colored stripes symbolize Daegu as a city of textile and fashion.
 The soaring figure of the Universiade's five stars and five stripes in harmony symbolize the challenging spirit of youth across the globe, Daegu's upright spirit and vision for the bright future.

Mascot
 The mascot embodies the Image of Daegu Summer Universiade, a festival of the University Students on the global village.
 The rainbow colors symbolize the textile & fashion industry, environmentally friendly city and the dreams toward unity transcending all the barriers or differences.
 Cyber-typed Mascot represents the creativity and challenging spirit toward the future of the youth.

Venues

Daegu
Suseong
 Daegu Stadium — ceremonies, athletics, football
 Daegu Athletics Park Swimming Pool — water polo
 Daegu Athletics Arena — gymnastics
 Kyeongbuk High School Gymnasium — taekwondo
 Junghwa Girls' High School Gymnasium — basketball
 Suseong District Stadium — football
Buk
 Daegu Municipal Stadium — football
 Daegu Baseball Stadium — archery
 Daegu Citizens' Gymnasium — basketball
 Daegu Gymnasium — volleyball
 Daegu Il Middle School Gymnasium — volleyball
 Riverside Football Ground — football
 Daegu Expo Hall 1 — fencing
Dalseo
 Daegu Universiade Tennis Center — tennis
 Duryu Swimming Pool — swimming, diving
 Duryu Arena — judo
 Yeungnam High School Gymnasium — basketball
Nam
 Yeungnam College of Science & Technology Gymnasium — volleyball

Gumi
 Gumi Citizens' Stadium — football
 Park Chung Hee Gymnasium — basketball

Andong
 Andong Gymnasium — basketball

Gyeongju
 Sorabol College Gymnasium — basketball

Yeongcheon
 Yeongcheon Gymnasium — volleyball

Gyeongsan
 Kyungil University Gymnasium — volleyball
 Catholic University of Daegu Gymnasium — volleyball

Gimcheon
 Gimcheon Main Stadium — football

Sports
Events in a total of twelve sports were contested at this Universiade.
 Note: Numbers in brackets denote the number of different events held in each sport.

Obligatory sports

 Aquatics
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Artistic gymnastics (14)
 Rhythmic gymnastics (8)

Optional

Participants

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  (host)

Medal table

External links
 Official website (archived)

 
2003
Universiade
Universiade
Sports competitions in Daegu
Universiade
Multi-sport events in South Korea
August 2003 sports events in Asia
Pahvische

Pahvische is a 2002 album by the Finnish group Eläkeläiset.

Track listing 
 "Kiitokset humpasta" (Kristian Voutilainen) – 3:24
 "Hanurissa Arja" (Onni Varis) – 2:56
 "Kuuma humppa" (Lassi Kinnunen) – 3:19
 "Humppanautinto" (Martti Varis) – 3:25
 "Jenkkapolkkahumppa" (Voutilainen) – 3:21
 "Päivätanssit" (Kinnunen) – 2:54
 "Humpataan, jumalauta" (O. Varis) – 2:02
 "Miksei täällä humppa soi?" (Voutilainen) – 3:52
 "Ranttalihumppa" (M. Varis) – 3:50
 "Sukellan humppaan" (O. Varis) – 3:22
 "Bingohon" (Kinnunen) – 3:24
 "Kiikkustuolissa" (Voutilainen) – 2:22
 "Humpalle vaan" (M. Varis) – 3:15
 "Humppastara" (Kinnunen) – 3:25
 "Humppauskonto" (Voutilainen) – 3:33

The CD also contains a 25-minute extra track, not listed on the cover, consisting of radio noise mixed with speech and fragments of songs.  Some sources list this final track with the name "Humppaviritys".

References 
The official home page of Eläkeläiset.  URL accessed on 25 June 2008.
Russian Eläkeläiset fanclub
Texts from this album

External links 
 Eläkeläiset covers, a list of which band and song each track on the album parodies.

2002 albums
Eläkeläiset albums
Joviânia

Joviânia is a municipality in south-central Goiás state, Brazil.  The population was 7,402 (2020 IBGE) in a total area of 454.9 km2.

Location
Joviânia is 177 kilometers from the state capital, Goiânia.  It is located approximately halfway between Rio Verde and Morrinhos.  Highway connections with Goiânia are made by GO-040 / Aragoiânia / Cromínia / Pontalina / Aloândia / GO-320.  See Sepin for the list of distances in Goiás

The vegetation is typical cerrado with trees with twisted branches and thick bark.  The soil is rich in basalt and other unexplored minerals.

The climate is mild with average annual temperatures of around 23 °C.

Tourism
Most of the natural tourist spots are on private property.  There are several waterfalls, rivers, and a vast flora and fauna.

History
The origin of the town is related to the devotion that a rancher,  Antônio Miguel da Costa, had for the Catholic representation of the Virgin, Nossa Senhora Abadia.  The pioneer donated lands in the name of the "saint" with the intention of starting a town near Goiatuba and about 170 kilometers from Goiânia.  In 1942 the town of Bela Vista was formed.  Joviânia became a district of Goiatuba with the name "Joviânia" in 1953, the name being chosen in homage to Joviano Ferreira Barbosa, one of the first founders.  In 1958 it became a municipality.

Political Data
Mayor:  Romeu José Gonçalves (January 2005)
Vice-mayor:  Juscelino Fernandes da Silva
Number of council members:  9 
Number of eligible voters: 5,510 (2007)

Demographics
Population density: 14.80  inhabitants/km2 (2007)
Urban and rural population in 2007: 6,086 and 645
Urban and rural population in 1980: 4,110 and 2,210
Population in 1980: 6,320     
Population growth rate 1996/2007:  0.13%

Economy
The economy is based on modest commerce, public employment, cattle raising, and agriculture.  There was one dairy in 2005.

Economic Data
(All economic data are from Sepin)
Number of Industrial Establishments: 6 (June/2007) 
Dairies: Laticínios Terra Nova Ltda (07/06/2007) 
Banking Establishments:  - Banco do Brasil S.A. - Banco Itaú S.A.  
Number of Retail Commercial Establishments: 107 (August/2007) 
Automobiles: 823
Cattle (head) 38,285 (2006)
Farms: 320 with 32,300 ha., of which 13,930 ha. were cultivated (2006)
Pasture land: 12,291 ha.
Woodland and forests: 5,939 ha.
Workers in agriculture: 490
Corn: 1,500 ha.
Sorghum: 2,000 ha.
Soybeans: 21,600 ha.
Modest production of wheat and beans

Education (2006)
There were 1,324 students in primary schools and 246 students in middle and secondary schools.  
Literacy Rate: 87.2%

Health (2007)
Hospitals:  1
Beds: 12
Walk-in health clinics:  1
Infant mortality rate: 19.67 (in 1,000 live births)

Municipal Human Development Index
MHDI:  0.786
State ranking: 19 (out of 242 municipalities in 2000)
National ranking: 897 (out of 5,507 municipalities in 2000)

For the complete list see Frigoletto.com

See also 
 List of municipalities in Goiás
Meia Ponte Microregion

References

Frigoletto
 Sepin

Municipalities in Goiás
London Buddhist Centre

The London Buddhist Centre (LBC) is a temple in Bethnal Green in East London, is the main base for the London Triratna Buddhist Community, formerly known as the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order. It opened in 1978, and is located in an ornate, vernacular redbrick Victorian fire station, completed in 1888, and in use by the London fire service until 1969. The building was fire-damaged in the 1970s, before being renovated by volunteers for its current use. Further major improvements were completed in 2009.

The centre teaches meditation and Buddhism and offers drop-in lunchtime meditation sessions Monday-Saturday, and evening sessions on Tuesdays and Wednesdays, open to beginners. The centre also explores the teaching of the Buddha (dharma) and its relevance in today's society through seminars, courses, classes and retreats. Regular retreats are run at its retreat centre in Suffolk, Vajrasana.

In addition to this the centre also runs courses and retreats using mindfulness based cognitive therapy approaches. Its courses for depression, based on the mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral therapy methodology of Jon Kabat-Zinn at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, featured in the Financial Times in 2008.  This initiative is supported by the local authority, the London borough of Tower Hamlets. The Times has also reported on the centre's work with those affected by alcohol dependency 

The building's ground floor areas include a library, bookshop and reception room, with painted murals, as well as two ornate shrine rooms with Buddha figures, or "rupas", sculpted by Chintamani, a member of the Triratna Buddhist Order. A third, basement, room for meditation and classes, primarily used by a project called "Breathing Space", opened in 2009. The building's upper floors house Buddhist residential communities.

The LBC is a UK-registered charity (255420), and is part of a local network of Buddhist businesses and organisations within the Bethnal Green area. This includes Buddhist communities, a charity shop and an arts centre.

The former fire station is a Grade II listed building.

References

External links
London Buddhist Centre website

Religion in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Buddhist temples in London
Buddhist organisations based in the United Kingdom
Grade II listed buildings in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Grade II listed religious buildings and structures
Bethnal Green
Defunct fire stations
Haut-Katanga Province

Haut-Katanga (French for "Upper Katanga") is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning.  Haut-Katanga, Haut-Lomami, Lualaba, and Tanganyika provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Katanga province.  Haut-Katanga was formed from the Haut-Katanga district and the independently administered cities of Likasi and Lubumbashi.  Lubumbashi retained its status as a provincial capital.

The new province's territory corresponds to the historic Katanga-Oriental that existed in the early period after independence between 1963 and 1966.

Territories
Its current territories are:
 Kasenga	
 Kipushi	
 Mitwaba
 Pweto	
 Sakania

Approximate correspondence between historical and current province

References

 
Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2015 establishments in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Centre for Cities

The Centre for Cities is an independent, non-partisan urban policy research unit and a charity registered in England. The Centre's main goal is to understand how and why economic growth and change takes place in the United Kingdom's cities.

History
The Centre for Cities was launched in March 2005 as part of IPPR and became independent in November 2007.

Since 2017, Andrew Carter has been the CEO for Centre for Cities. With his 20 years of experience in urban economic policies for public and private developers.

Research
The Centre produces an annual Cities Outlook report assessing the economic performance of the 64 largest towns and cities in the United Kingdom. From 2016 onwards the Centre for Cities reevaluated its methodology for defining primary urban areas, based on this it now recognises 63 primary urban areas in the UK:
 Grimsby and Hastings removed
 Basildon, Exeter and Slough added
 Bolton and Rochdale merged with the Manchester PUA.

In 2018, the Centre for Cities released a report challenging the Government's approach to improving UK business productivity. They suggest that the Government should focus on the UK's weaker regions to attract more productive exporters, and not just focus on the UK's least productive companies in general.

Funding 
In November 2022, the funding transparency website Who Funds You? gave Centre for Cities a B grade (rating goes from A to E).

References

External links
 Centre for Cities

National institutes of urbanism
Urban planning organizations
Charities based in London
Elizabeth, Lady William Russell

Elizabeth Anne, Lady William Russell (2 October 1793 – 10 August 1874) was the wife of Lord George William Russell and a well-known socialite.

Early life 
Elizabeth Anne Theophila Rawdon was born on 2 October 1793, child of Frances (née Hall-Stevenson) and Captain the Hon. John Theophilus Rawdon (died 1808), the brother of Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings. 

She was baptised at St Mary, Staines, Middlesex, on 4 October 1793. She spent much of her childhood in Europe, particularly Vienna and 'received an education more suited to a boy than a girl' at that time, including a deep knowledge of French, German, Spanish, and Italian, Greek and Latin as well as botany, astronomy and classical literature.

Adult life 
Elizabeth Anne Rawdon married Lord George William Russell on 21 June 1817. A beautiful and energetic cosmopolitan who had enjoyed a broad European education, Lord Byron praised her in Beppo as "[one] whose bloom could, after dancing, dare the dawn". However, her outspoken Tory sympathies won her few friends among her husband's Liberal circle. Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux described her as '"that accursed woman'".

She and Russell had three sons, all of whom she tutored at home, perhaps lending them a rather distinctive approach to life:
Francis Russell, 9th Duke of Bedford;
Lord Arthur John Edward Russell;
Odo Russell, 1st Baron Ampthill.

Benjamin Disraeli said in conversation "I think she is the most fortunate woman in England, for she has the three nicest sons".

She died on 10 August 1874.

Commemoration 
A biography of Elizabeth, Lady William Russell was published by the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography in December 2020.

Bibliography

References 

1793 births
1874 deaths
English socialites
Wives of knights
Wives of younger sons of peers
Full Sail (Loggins and Messina album)

Full Sail is the third album by singer-songwriter duo Loggins and Messina, released in 1973. It showed the versatility of the duo, with everything from 1950s retro to island-style to soft ballads. The single "My Music" charted at No. 16, and the follow-up, "Watching the River Run", made it to No. 71. The album as a whole did better, reaching No. 10 on the Pop Charts.

Track listing

Side one
"Lahaina" (Jim Messina) – 2:32 (lead singer: Jim Messina)
"Travelin' Blues" (Messina) – 3:44 (lead singer: Jim Messina)
"My Music" (Kenny Loggins, Messina) – 3:04 (lead singer: Jim Messina)
"A Love Song" (Loggins, Dona Lyn George) – 3:11 (lead singer: Kenny Loggins)
"You Need a Man/Coming to You" (Messina) – 5:22/3:48 (No track split) (lead singers: Kenny Loggins [You Need a Man]/Jim Messina [Coming to You])

Side two
"Watching the River Run" (Messina, Loggins) – 3:27 (lead singers: Kenny Loggins, Jim Messina)
"Pathway to Glory" (Messina) – 8:37 (lead singer: Jim Messina)
"Didn't I Know You When" (Loggins, Michael Omartian) – 2:40 (lead singer: Kenny Loggins)
"Sailin' the Wind" (Daniel Loggins, Dann Lottermoser) – 6:09 (lead singer: Kenny Loggins)

Personnel
 Kenny Loggins – vocals, rhythm guitar, acoustic guitar, harmonica
 Jim Messina – vocals, lead guitar, acoustic guitar, mandolin

Loggins & Messina band
 Jon Clarke – oboe, baritone saxophone, bass saxophone, soprano saxophone, tenor saxophone, flute, alto flute, bass flute, bass clarinet, English horn
 Al Garth – violin, bass clarinet, recorder, alto saxophone, tenor saxophone
 Larry Sims – bass, backing vocals
 Merel Bregante – drums, timbales, backing vocals

Additional musicians
 Michael Omartian – keyboards
 Vince Charles – steel drums
 Milt Holland – percussion

Production
 Producer – Jim Messina
 Photography – Ed Caraeff
 Art Direction – Ron Coro
 Illustrations – Joe Garnett
 Engineers – Jim Messina and Alex Kazanegras
 Quadraphonic Mix – Larry Keys and Alex Kazanegras
 Quadraphonic Mix Supervision – Al Lawrence and Alex Kazanegras

Charts
Album – Billboard (United States)

Singles – Billboard (United States)

References

Loggins and Messina albums
1973 albums
Albums produced by Jim Messina (musician)
Columbia Records albums
Albums recorded at Wally Heider Studios
Kasaï-Oriental

Kasaï-Oriental (French for "East Kasai") is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning. Kasaï-Oriental, Lomami, and Sankuru provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Kasaï-Oriental province.  Kasaï-Oriental was formed from the Tshilenge district and the independently administered city of Mbuji-Mayi which retained its status as a provincial capital.

The new province's territory corresponds to most of the historic Sud-Kasaï province which existed in the early period after independence between 1963 and 1966.

History
Kasai-Oriental is inhabited by members of the Luba tribe.

Congo obtained independence from Belgium in 1960. Friction with Congo's other ethnic groups and encouragement by Belgian corporations hoping to keep their mining concessions led to the secession of the province of South Kasai as a separate state headed by Albert Kalonji.

After being repulsed, the Congo occupied the province in September 1961. Several thousand people were killed during the "pacification" of South Kasai, which lasted through the spring of 1962.

The population of Mbuji-Mayi grew rapidly with the immigration of Luba people from other parts of the country.

Diamond mining
The region in which Mbuji-Mayi is situated annually produces one-tenth in weight of the world's industrial diamonds, with mining managed by the Société Minière de Bakwanga. This is the largest accumulation of diamonds in the world, more concentrated than those at Kimberley, South Africa. Mbuji-Mayi handles most of the industrial diamonds produced in the Congo.

Political divisions
The province consists of the following five territories:
 Kabeya-Kamwanga
 Katanda
 Lupatapata
 Miabi
 Tshilenge

Languages
French is the official language. Tshiluba is one of the four national languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Tshiluba is spoken by about 6.3 million people in the Kasai-Oriental, Kasai-Occidental and Kasaï-Central provinces.

See also
 Kasai region
 List of governors of Kasaï Oriental Province

References

 
Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Kasaï Province

Kasaï is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning.  Kasaï and Kasaï-Central provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Kasaï-Occidental province.  Kasaï was formed from the Kasaï district and the independently administered city of Tshikapa which became the capital of the new province.

There are 5 administrative territories within the province, which include:

 Dekese
 Ilebo
 Kamonia (Tshikapa)
 Luebo
 Mweka

See also
 Kasai region
 Kamwina Nsapu rebellion

References

 01
Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Technique (band)

Technique were a British synthpop band from the mid-1990s featuring Kate Holmes of Frazier Chorus and singer Xan Tyler. The band was named after New Order's 1989 album of the same name, and they were signed to Creation Records, the record label owned by Holmes's husband, Alan McGee.

Formation
Holmes and Tyler met at Butterfly, the studio owned by legendary producer and former Killing Joke member Youth, where Tyler was working as a session backing vocalist. They began work on the group's debut album, with synthpop veteran Stephen Hague and Oasis producer Owen Morris handling production duties alongside Holmes herself. Other notable contributors to the album included Ash frontman Tim Wheeler, vocalist Kirsty Hawkshaw and Youth himself on bass.

Releases
Technique released two singles on Creation in the summer of 1999: "Sun is Shining" and "You & Me". "Sun is Shining" reached No. 64 in the UK Singles Chart in April 1999 and "You & Me" got to No. 56 in August of the same year. The album, by now entitled Pop Philosophy, was promo-ed but never officially saw the light of day after McGee decided to close the label. Technique lay dormant for several years while McGee set up his new venture, Poptones. Holmes and Tyler contributed to Mission Control's Dub Showcase album (produced by Holmes' long-term associate Mad Professor), which featured several unreleased songs from Pop Philosophy.

In 2000, C-pop singer Coco Lee had a huge hit on the Asian market with a cover of Technique's second single, "You and Me". Following this, Poptones released a truncated version of Pop Philosophy in Germany and Asia, featuring seven tracks plus two remixes by Matt Darey. "Sun is Shining" and "You & Me" were also re-released in Germany to capitalise on the new found interest, and the band toured extensively during 2001.

Disbandment
Technique disbanded, and Tyler was unable to take part in a tour supporting Depeche Mode. Kate Holmes replaced her with Sarah Blackwood from Newcastle-upon-Tyne band Dubstar, and shortly thereafter the two decided to collaborate and write material together. The new band, electro-pop band Client, signed a deal with Andy Fletcher's Toast Hawaii record label.

References

English synth-pop groups
Creation Records artists
Kasaï-Central

Kasaï-Central is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning.  Kasaï-Central and Kasaï provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Kasaï-Occidental province.  Kasaï-Central was formed from the Lulua district and the independently administered city of Kananga which retained its status as a provincial capital.

The new province's territory corresponds to the historic Luluabourg Province which existed in the early period after independence between 1963 and 1966.

Within this province, there are 5 territories which are named:

 Demba                    4. Kazumba
 Dibaya                    5. Luiza
 Dimbelenge

See also
 Kasai region
 Kamwina Nsapu rebellion

References

 01
Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Lualaba Province

Lualaba  Province (Jimbo la Lualaba, in Swahili) is one of the 21 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning.  Lualaba, Haut-Katanga, Haut-Lomami, and Tanganyika provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Katanga province.  Lualaba was formed from the Lualaba and Kolwezi districts.  Kolwezi was a hybrid city/district which was separated from its two territories and the city proper became the capital of the new province.

Former province
Lualaba Province was separated from Katanga Province on 30 June 1963. Then, on 24 April 1966, it was united with Katanga Oriental to form Sud-Katanga Province, which was later merged back into Katanga. The President of Lualaba, from 1965 the governor, was Dominique Diur who held office from 23 September 1963 until 24 April 1966.

References

External links

 
Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Christoph Ruckhäberle

Christoph Ruckhäberle (born 1972, Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm, West Germany) is an artist based in Leipzig. Ruckhäberle studied at the California Institute of the Arts from 1991 to 1992, and received his BFA in painting in 1995 and his MFA in 2002  from Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst in Leipzig. He is associated with the New Leipzig School.

His work has been shown in many exhibitions including the 2nd Prague Biennale, plus the LIGA Gallery in Berlin and Marianne Boesky in New York City.  Ruckhäberle has also exhibited at galleries including Arario Gallery in Korea, Nicolai Wallner in Copenhagen, Denmark and Ghislaine Hussenot in Paris, France.  Ruckhäberle is represented by Campoli Presti in London and Paris, Nicolai Wallner in Copenhagen, Galerie Kleindienst in Leipzig and Zieher Smith & Horton in New York.

External links
Christoph Ruckhäberle at Zieher Smith & Horton
Christoph Ruckhäberle CV
Review of Christoph Ruckhäberle at ZieherSmith
Review of Christoph Ruckhäberle at Zach Feuer Gallery
Christoph Ruckhäberle at Campoli Presti
Christoph Ruckhäberle at Nicolai  Wallner
Christoph Ruckhäberle – Painting – Saatchi Gallery
Christoph Ruckhäberle at Galerie Kleindienst

1972 births
20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
German male painters
21st-century German painters
21st-century German male artists
Living people
German contemporary artists
People from Pfaffenhofen (district)
Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig alumni
Lord George Russell

Major-General Lord George William Russell  (8 May 1790 – 16 July 1846) was a British soldier, politician and diplomat. He was the second son of the 6th Duke of Bedford and brother to John Russell, the Whig and Liberal Prime Minister. His children were Blanche Russell, Francis Russell, 9th Duke of Bedford, Arthur Russell the Whig and Liberal MP for Tavistock and Odo Russell, the British diplomat and first British Ambassador to the German Empire.

Life
Upon gaining the rank of lieutenant in the 1st Dragoon Guards, Russell was appointed aide-de-camp (ADC) to Sir George Ludlow on his Copenhagen Expedition in 1807. During the Peninsular War he fought in the Battle of Talavera on 27 July 1809 where he was wounded. He was then ADC to General Thomas Graham in 1810 and fought at the Battle of Barossa in 1811. He was ADC to Viscount Wellington (later the Duke of Wellington) in 1812 and again in 1817, when the Duke was Ambassador in Paris.

The second son of John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford and brother of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Lord John Russell, he sat as Member of Parliament (MP) for Bedford from 1812 until 1830. He was invested as a Companion, Order of the Bath (CB) in 1831. He held the office of Minister to Lisbon in August 1833, the office of Minister to Württemberg in November 1833 and the office of Ambassador to Berlin in 1835. He was invested as a Knight Grand Cross, Order of the Bath (GCB) in 1838 and gained the rank of major-general in November 1841.

Russell married Elizabeth Anne Rawdon, granddaughter of Elizabeth Rawdon, Countess of Moira.  The couple were the parents of Blanche Russell, Francis Russell, 9th Duke of Bedford, Lord Arthur John Edward Russell and Odo Russell, 1st Baron Ampthill.

References

Bibliography
Lloyd, E. M. & Seccombe, T. "Russell, Lord George William (1790–1846)", rev. James Falkner, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 , (Retrieved 28 Feb 2006) (subscription required)

External links 

 

1790 births
1846 deaths
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Prussia
British Army major generals
British Army personnel of the Peninsular War
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
G
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
UK MPs 1812–1818
UK MPs 1818–1820
UK MPs 1820–1826
UK MPs 1826–1830
Younger sons of dukes
Till Gerhard

Till Gerhard (born 1971) is a German artist based in Hamburg.

Life and work
Till Gerhard was born in Hamburg, Germany. He studied at Muthesius Hochschule fur Kunst und Gestaltung, Kiel (1992–93) and the Hochschule fur angewandte Wissenschaften, FB Gestaltung Professor Dieter Glasmacher, Hamburg (1993–98).

Gerhard paints large-scale canvases of rural communities, but with an unsettling atmosphere. Images include a cabin in the woods or a skyline dotted with refineries. He uses delicate spills of colour and heavy brushwork, as well as drips, splashes and smears.

He has exhibited in shows including Ohne uns hatte man Beton at SKAMraum, Hamburg, Nerdism at Zeughaus, Hamburg and Ein Tag, Ein Raum, Ein Bild at Sebastien Fath Contemporary in Mannheim.  Gerhard has shown at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Arndt & Partner in Zurich and Stellan Holm Gallery in New York.

He is represented by Stellan Holm [Gallery New York], Galleri K in Oslo and Ikon Ltd. in California.

See also
 List of German painters

References

External links
Gerhard at the Saatchi Gallery, London
Stellan Holm Gallery, New York
Galleri K, Oslo

1971 births
20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
German male painters
21st-century German painters
21st-century German male artists
Living people
Docstring

In programming, a docstring is a string literal specified in source code that is used, like a comment, to document a specific segment of code. Unlike conventional source code comments, or even specifically formatted comments like docblocks, docstrings are not stripped from the source tree when it is parsed and are retained throughout the runtime of the program. This allows the programmer to inspect these comments at run time, for instance as an interactive help system, or as metadata.

Languages that support docstrings include Python, Lisp, Elixir, Clojure, Gherkin, Julia and Haskell.

Implementation examples

Elixir
Documentation is supported at language level, in the form of docstrings. Markdown is Elixir's de facto markup language of choice for use in docstrings:
def module MyModule do
  @moduledoc """
  Documentation for my module. With **formatting**.
  """

  @doc "Hello"
  def world do
    "World"
  end
end

Lisp
In Lisp, docstrings are known as documentation strings. The Common Lisp standard states that a particular implementation may choose to discard docstrings whenever they want, for whatever reason. When they are kept, docstrings may be viewed and changed using the DOCUMENTATION function. For instance:
 (defun foo () "hi there" nil)
 (documentation #'foo 'function) => "hi there"

Python
The common practice of documenting a code object at the head of its definition is captured by the addition of docstring syntax in the Python language.

The docstring for a Python code object (a module, class, or function) is the first statement of that code object, immediately following the definition (the 'def' or 'class' statement). The statement must be a bare string literal, not any other kind of expression. The docstring for the code object is available on that code object's __doc__ attribute and through the help function.

The following Python file shows the declaration of docstrings within a Python source file:
"""The module's docstring"""

class MyClass:
    """The class's docstring"""

    def my_method(self):
        """The method's docstring"""

def my_function():
    """The function's docstring"""

Assuming that the above code was saved as , the following is an interactive session showing how the docstrings may be accessed:
>>> import mymodule
>>> help(mymodule)
The module's docstring
>>> help(mymodule.MyClass)
The class's docstring
>>> help(mymodule.MyClass.my_method)
The method's docstring
>>> help(mymodule.my_function)
The function's docstring
>>>

Tools using docstrings
cobra -doc (Cobra)
doctest (Python)
Epydoc (Python)
Pydoc (Python)
Sphinx (Python)

See also
Literate programming – alternative code commenting paradigm
Plain Old Documentation – Perl documentation

References

External links
Python Docstrings at Epydoc's SourceForge page
Documentation in GNU Emacs Lisp
Section from the doxygen documentation about Python docstrings

Programming constructs
Lisp (programming language)
Python (programming language)
Software documentation
String (computer science)
Constituency Boundaries Commission (Fiji)

Fiji's Constituency Boundaries Commission was a civil service body charged under the 1997 Constitution of Fiji with determining the boundaries of electoral constituencies for the House of Representatives.

The Commission was established by Sections 75 through 77 of the Constitution.  It had three members. One was chosen by the Prime Minister and one by the Leader of the Opposition.  The third member was the Chairperson, chosen by the President, after consulting with both the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition.

The chairperson must possess the qualifications required of a member of the Judiciary.  Barred from membership were persons who are or have been in the preceding four years members of either house of Parliament or of a municipal council, or employed as civil servants.  This was to safeguard the political impartiality of the commission.

The last commission was appointed in March 2005 for a term of twelve months.  Its membership was as follows:

 Barrie Sweetman (chairman)
 Ratu Epeli Kanaimawi
 Rajeshwar Singh

Malakai Nagia served as secretary to the commission.

The commission recommended changes to its functions.  The Fiji Live news service reported on 28 February 2006 that it proposed sitting in the year following a parliamentary election.  It also called for changes allowing for it to be appointed three years before a subsequent election, and for its work to be completed a year before an election.

The commission became redundant with the 2013 Constitution, which established a single multi-member constituency for all 50 Members of Parliament.

Boundaries Commission
Barnaby Furnas

Barnaby Furnas, (born Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1973), is an American painter and former graffiti artist who lives and works in New York City. He studied at the School of Visual Arts in New York and received a BFA in 1995 before going on to study at Columbia University in New York, receiving an MFA in 2000. He makes his own paint from pigment mixed with urethane.

Exhibitions
Furnas’s work has been exhibited widely internationally at galleries and museums such as the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art in Gateshead in the UK, Kunsthalle Wien in Austria, Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, Museo d'Arte Moderna di Bologna, The Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, and The Royal Academy in London. He is represented by Marianne Boesky Gallery in New York and Victoria Miro Gallery in London.

External links
The Saatchi Gallery Information on Barnaby Furnas including artworks, text panels, articles, and full biography
Artforum review, November, 2003.

1973 births
Living people
Painters from Philadelphia
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
21st-century American male artists
School of Visual Arts alumni
Columbia University School of the Arts alumni
20th-century American male artists
Lomami Province

Lomami is one of the 21 new provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo created in the 2015 repartitioning.  Lomami, Kasaï-Oriental, and Sankuru provinces are the result of the dismemberment of the former Kasaï-Oriental province.  Lomami was formed from the Kabinda district and the independently administered city of Mwene-Ditu.  The town of Kabinda was elevated to capital city of the new province.

See also
Kasai region

References

External links
Archive of official website in 2017

 01
Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2015 establishments in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Johannes Wohnseifer

Johannes Wohnseifer (born 1967) is a German artist based in Cologne.

Early life and education 
Wohnseifer was born in Cologne, Germany.

Work 
Wohnseifer often draws reference to the German history of his youth, such as the 1972 Summer Olympics and the Red Army Faction. He creates smooth, glossy, billboard-like paintings.

Exhibitions 
Wohnseifer has exhibited in shows including Irresistible Impulse at Galerie Gisela Capitain in Cologne, Intervention at Sprengel Museum in Hanover, Hein, Schellberg, Wohnseifer at Schnittraum  in Cologne.  He has shown at the Hara Museum of Contemporary Art in Tokyo, Union Gallery in London and Galerie Yvon Lambert in Paris.

Art market 
Wohnseifer is represented by Casey Kaplan in New York, Johann König in Berlin, Praz-Delavallade in Paris/Los Angeles and Nicolas Krupp in Basel.

References

External links

Johannes Wohnseifer at Johann König
Johannes Wohnseifer at Saatchi Gallery

1967 births
Living people
German painters
German male painters
Bion 11

Bion 11 was a Russian biological research satellite that was part of the Bion programme. Scientists from France, Russia and United States conducted the experiments. Bion 11 was launched from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome aboard a Soyuz-U launch vehicle. It carried two monkeys named Lalik and Multik. The spacecraft type was based on the Zenit reconnaissance satellite and launches of Bion satellites began in 1973 with primary emphasis on the problems of radiation effects on human beings. Launches in the program included Kosmos 110, 605, 670, 782, plus Nauka modules flown on Zenit-2M reconnaissance satellites. 90 kg of equipment could be contained in the external Nauka module.

Mission 
It carried newts, snails, Drosophila flies and other insects, bacteria, and two macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta), Lapik and Multik. Both monkeys were safe at landing but Multik died of a heart attack during medical tests under general anaesthetic on 8 January 1997.

The Magee-8 scientific equipment was designed to study the basic features of electrostatic modular protection system. Other equipment was used to maintain the temperature and humidity within the specified range, the atmospheric regeneration, physiological parameters of the monkeys were recorded and transferred them to the ground in TV picture.

Bion 12 
A similar mission "Bion-12" was scheduled for December 1998 but did not take place due to cessation of participation of the United States.

See also 

 1996 in spaceflight
 Animals in space

References

External links 
 Bion Experiment Profile, Payload profile: Bion 11

Bion satellites
Kosmos satellites
Spacecraft launched in 1996
1996 in spaceflight
1996 in Russia
Galeria Valeria

Galeria Valeria (died 315) was the daughter of Roman Emperor Diocletian and wife of his co-emperor Galerius.

Biography
Born as Valeria to Diocletian and Prisca, she married Galerius in 293, when her father elevated him to the position of Caesar. This marriage was clearly organized to strengthen the bonds between the two emperors.

Valeria was raised to the title of Augusta and Mater Castrorum in November 308. Since Galerius fathered no child with her, Valeria adopted her husband's illegitimate son, Candidianus, as her own. In her honor, Galerius renamed the province of Upper Pannonia Valeria, which he had improved by draining marshes and removing forests.

When Galerius died, in 311, Licinius was entrusted with the care of Valeria and her mother Prisca. The two women, however, fled from Licinius to Maximinus Daia, whose daughter was betrothed to Candidianus. After a short time, Valeria refused the marriage proposal of Maximinus, who arrested and confined her in Syria and confiscated her properties. At the death of Maximinus, Licinius ordered the death of both women. Valeria and Prisca fled, hiding for a year, until they were recognized by residents in Thessaloniki. She and her mother were captured by Licinius' soldiers, beheaded in the central square of the city, and their bodies thrown in the sea.

Valeria was sympathetic towards Christians, while Galerius persecuted them. She was canonized as a Christian saint with her mother (see Saint Alexandra).

Gallery

See also
 Women in ancient Rome

References

External links 

 "Prisca, Galeria Valeria, and Candidianus", s.v. "Diocletian", De Imperatoribus Romanis.

3rd-century births
315 deaths
Galeria
Murdered ancient Roman empresses
3rd-century Roman women
4th-century Roman empresses
Year of birth unknown
Augustae
Deaths by decapitation
Valerii
Diocletian
266 births
Daughters of Roman emperors
Jeff Dunne

Jeffrey Dunne (14 May 1956 – 14 September 2020) was an Australian rules footballer who played 102 games for St Kilda and Richmond in the top tier Victorian Football League during the 1970s and 1980s. Recruited from the North Ballarat Football Club in the Ballarat Football League, he played for St Kilda as a hard running back pocket and later represented Victoria in State of Origin matches. He won the club's best and fairest award in 1979 and 1980. He went on to coach East Launceston and North Launceston in the Tasmanian Football league in the mid 1980s.

Dunne died of a heart attack in September 2020, aged 64.

References

External links
 Bio at Saints Hall of Fame
 
 

Trevor Barker Award winners
St Kilda Football Club players
Richmond Football Club players
1956 births
2020 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Ballarat
North Launceston Football Club coaches
Television Tonga

Television Tonga is a Tongan television channel operated by the Tonga Broadcasting Commission. It was founded on July 4, 2000 by King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV. 

The TV Tonga studios and broadcast facilities are located in Fasi-moe-afi, near the Tongan capital Nukualofa. They currently broadcast across Tongatapu, 'Eua and other closely surrounding islands, such as Pangaimotu and 'Atata.

TV Tonga produces a weeknightly national TV news program from Monday to Friday in two versions, English and Tongan; and a week-in-review program on Saturday. They also cover local sports and events of national interest.

While TV Tonga is working in affiliation with overseas broadcasters and becoming more of a relaying station, in 2008 it launched a second channel, Television Tonga 2, for its domestic service. General Manager 'Elenoa 'Amanaki has stated that the second English program channel would leave the original channel, formerly broadcasting 60% in English, 40% in Tongan, for Tongan language programs only.

TV Tonga maintains a website, with an online news service.

References

External links 
 Official website for Radio & Television Tonga

Television stations in Tonga
Journal of Peace Research

The Journal of Peace Research is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes scholarly articles and book reviews in the fields of peace and conflict studies, conflict resolution, and international security. It was established by Johan Galtung in 1964 and has been published since 1998. Nils Petter Gleditsch was editor-in-chief from 1983 to 2010; between 2010 and 2017 the editor was Henrik Urdal, and as of July 2010 the editor is Gudrun Østby (all researchers at the Peace Research Institute Oslo).

Abstracting and indexing 
Journal of Peace Research is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2017 impact factor is 2.419, ranking it 14th out of 86 journals in the category "International Relations" and 32nd out of 169 journals in the category "Political Science".

See also 
 List of political science journals

References

External links 
 
 Journal page at the Peace Research Institute Oslo

International relations journals
SAGE Publishing academic journals
Bimonthly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1964
Viliame Cavubati

Viliame Cavubati (born 1945 on Lakeba Island, Lau) is a former Fijian politician and Cabinet Minister.  He was a member of the Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei.

His first foray into politics was in 1968, when he began working for the then-ruling Alliance Party.  He was Minister for Works in the government of Sitiveni Rabuka in the 1990s, but lost the Lau Fijian Communal Constituency to Adi Koila Nailatikau in the 1999 parliamentary election.

In February 2006, the National Alliance Party announced that Cavubati would challenge Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase, who held Cavubati's old seat, in the general election held from 6 to 13 May.  Cavubati was trounced, gaining less than 7 percent of the vote.

A former schoolteacher, Cavubati was educated at Queen Victoria School, and worked first as a field officer and subsequently as traffic officer and wharf manager of Ellington, for the Fiji Sugar Corporation. He w

References

I-Taukei Fijian members of the House of Representatives (Fiji)
1945 births
Living people
Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei politicians
Government ministers of Fiji
Alliance Party (Fiji) politicians
National Alliance Party of Fiji politicians
Politicians from Lakeba
Timothy Blair Pardee

Timothy Blair Pardee,  (December 11, 1830 – July 21, 1889) was an Ontario lawyer and political figure. He represented the riding of Lambton in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1867 to 1874 and Lambton West from 1875 to 1889 as a Liberal.

He was born in Grenville County in Upper Canada in 1830. After his studies, he began articling in the law office of William Buell Richards, but, in 1849, he joined the California Gold Rush. A few years later, he headed off to the Victorian Gold Rush in Australia. Finally, he returned to Canada, articled in Sarnia and was called to the bar in 1861. He was appointed crown attorney in Lambton County but resigned in 1867 to run for a seat in the provincial parliament. In October 1872, he became provincial secretary in Oliver Mowat's cabinet. In December 1873, he was named Commissioner of Crown Lands. He became a Queen's Counsel in 1876. In 1878, he introduced an Act to Prevent the Forests from Destruction by Fire, the first forest protection legislation for the province. He resigned in January 1889 due to ill health.

He died in Sarnia later that year.

His son Frederick Forsyth later served in the Canadian House of Commons.

References

External links
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

1830 births
1889 deaths
Canadian King's Counsel
Ontario Liberal Party MPPs
People from Lambton County
Provincial Secretaries of Ontario
Back to My Roots

"Back to My Roots" is a song by American dance music singer and drag queen RuPaul, released as the fourth single from his album Supermodel of the World, released on April 27, 1993. Although the single failed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100, it reached number one on the Hot Dance Club Play chart in July 1993 and helped to further establish RuPaul's popularity, particularly with both the dance music and LGBT audiences in the United States.

The house/dance track is a tribute to black women's hairstyles as well as to the tradition of community often found in urban hair salons. The song was originally entitled "Black to My Roots", but the record company changed it fearing controversy. Within the song RuPaul name-checks a variety of hairstyles such as braids, hair extensions, afro-puffs and cornrows. She also names several of her relatives including her mother Ernestine Charles, who at the time owned a hair salon in Atlanta, Georgia.

The single was released primarily as a CD but with various 12-inch versions. It also featured a new remix of the hit single "Supermodel (You Better Work)", as well as a pastiche of the track called "Strudelmodel", which changed the theme of the original to a "model for the Der Wienerschnitzel Corporation".

An accompanying music video showcased extreme drag versions of all of these hairstyles. Though it was played occasionally on MTV, it received far more play in dance clubs. It also featured noted comedian LaWanda Page as Ms. Ernestine Charles.

Critical reception
Larry Flick from Billboard described it as "a festive house ditty that extolls the creativity of African-American hair fashion." He added, "Eric Kupper's production is heavy on smart beats and disco charm, while Ru unleashes a flood of charisma and funny raps. An instant club hit poised for radio success." Sam Wood from Philadelphia Inquirer felt the song succeed at "being more than celebrations of surface".

Track listing
(Tracks vary according to release; this listing reflects the tracks on the American CD version, which sold the most copies.)

 "Back to My Roots" (7" version)
 "Back to My Roots" (Jheri Curl Juice Mix)
 "Back to My Roots" (Murk's Curl Activator Mix)
 "Supermodel (You Better Work)" (Work It Mr. DJ Tribal Mix)
 "Back to My Roots" (Oscar G's Dope Dub)
 "Back to My Roots" (Jheri Curl Juice Dub)
 "Strudelmodel"

Italian promo vinyl (listed as "Back to My Roots - Remix")

Side One (Secchi Side):
 "Back to My Roots" (Secchi's Extended Mix) [6:05]
Side Two (Statement Side):
 "Back to My Roots" (Back to Our Concept Mix) [6:16]
 "Back to My Roots" (Back to Our Concept Mix - Instrumental) [6:16]

Charts

References

1992 songs
1993 singles
RuPaul songs
Songs written by Jimmy Harry
Tommy Boy Records singles
African-American hair