alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
LiveJournal

LiveJournal (often called LJ) is a website on which Internet users can keep a blog. It is also the name of the software that was designed to run it. LiveJournal is different from some other blogging sites, because a user can interact with friends in certain ways that are unique to the website (such as instant messaging in LJ Talk). It is based in San Francisco, California.

LiveJournal was started in 1999 by Brad Fitzpatrick as a way of keeping his high school friends updated on his activities. In January 2005, a blogging software company called Six Apart bought Danga Interactive, the company that was owned by Fitzpatrick, which operates LiveJournal.

Features 

LiveJournal has a service called a "friends list", which makes the site a way to socialise with friends and other people, even though it is a blog service too.

LiveJournal lets users change their accounts in several ways. A programming language called S2 can help users make their blogs look different. Users may upload small pictures (maximum 100 by 100 pixels) called userpics, which appear next to the username. People can pay to get more features, like extra userpics, the ability to record their voices into a post ("voice posts"), the ability to make polls, and better layouts.

Each user also has a "User Info" page, which may contain contact information, a biography of the user, and lists of friends, interests, communities, and even schools the user had attended.

Currently LiveJournal has five kinds of accounts. About 95% of all LiveJournal users use a non-paid account ("plus" accounts). People can pay for their accounts ("Paid" accounts) and get more features, or they can get a "sponsored" account, which is free and has more features, but has advertisements. "Early adopters" are the accounts of people who signed up for LiveJournal back in 1999 or 2000. There are also permanent accounts. Most people can not get a permanent account. LiveJournal only sells them sometimes, and they may not sell them again.

1999 establishments in California
Companies based in San Francisco
Websites
Gabriel

Gabriel in the Bible is an angel, specifically an archangel (arch means "highest" or "chief").  The name means "God is my strength" or "man of God", 

The greeting of the Angel Gabriel opens the prayer Ave Maria.

In the Christian calendar, the Archangel Gabriel is celebrated together with the Archangels Michael and Raphael on September 29th. 

Gabriel is also a given name.  Cognates: Hungarian: Gábor. Italian: Gabriele. Finnish: Kaapo.  The feminine form of the name Gabriel is Gabrielle.

Archangel Gabriel in the Bible 
Gabriel is first mentioned in the Bible, in the book of Daniel, when he appeared to Daniel. In the New Testament, St. Gabriel appears first in the book of Daniel in the Old Testament, the angel announced to Daniel the prophecy of the seventy weeks. And most famously, to Mary to announce the coming birth of Jesus. The Catholic feast of the Annunciation celebrates this visit every year, nine months before Christmas. 

The Bible does not say angels have wings, but Christian artists usually show them that way.

References 

Angels
Biblical people
Christian saints
Post office

A post office is a place that is made available by the postal system to post, receive, sort, handle, and to move or deliver mail. postage stamps can be bought to mail things like packages  or letters and drop them off there, and the employees deliver it to the destination.

References

Other websites 

 
 GRC Database Information: worldwide post office website links
 Photos of post offices around the world
 Royal Mail Chat 
 The British Postal Museum & Archive
 United Kingdom Post Office site 
 United States Postal Service
 Universal Postal Union
Postal services
Lahn

The Lahn is a river in Hesse, Germany with a length of .

Its source is in the Rothaargebirge.

It flows through the towns Marburg, Gießen, Wetzlar, and Limburg an der Lahn.

It joins the River Rhine  at Lahnstein, near Koblenz.

Geography of Hesse
Rivers of Germany
Anne Murray

Morna Anne Murrary  (born June 20, 1945) is a Canadian Pop and Country musician. She was born in Nova Scotia. She was a teacher in physical education. “I wasn’t all that young,” as she told later. “I did go to university and I did teach school for a year. I had my feet planted fairly firmly on the ground when it all began.” But also sang and made records. One of her records, "Snowbird", became a hit late in 1970. The song was not about Christmas, but was popular during the Christmas season. The record became a perennial through association with the holiday.

Murray later had hits with remakes of Beatles ("I'm Happy Just to Dance With You") and Monkees songs ("Daydream Believer"). She also recorded "Shadows in the Moonlight" and "A Little Good News", which became popular.

She publicly retired from a singer in the music industry in 2008 when she had the last concert tour.

Suggested reading 
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anne-Murray
https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/anne-murray-emc

Notes

Outer links 
Anne Murray - Official Website

1945 births
Living people
Canadian pop musicians
Canadian pop singers
Country musicians
Grammy Award winners
People from Nova Scotia
Personal computer

A personal computer (PC) is the common name for a type of computer that is most popular in offices and homes. The first PC called the "IBM PC" was made by the company called IBM in 1981, although many computers were made before like the Commodore PET. Smartphones and tablets are also computers for personal use, but they are not often called "personal computers".

Operating Systems 
Today, most PCs usually have a basic set of software called an operating system. The operating system is responsible for several tasks including providing a user interface (UI). The most popular operating system on PCs is Windows, sold by Microsoft Corporation. PCs made by a company called Apple Inc. use a different system of software called Mac OS that is also made by Apple Inc.

Many free operating systems are available. Some are called Linux operating systems. There are over 300 different Linux "distributions". Each one has a different purpose/feel. Ubuntu Linux is the most-used Linux distribution.

Parts of a personal computer 
A modern PC has a minimum set of parts to be useful. The "base unit" or "tower" (case) houses the computer parts. Usually, a mouse and keyboard are used for input, however some operating systems need only a keyboard. A monitor is usually needed to view output. In a laptop computer these parts are all together.

Inside the base unit or tower there are many electronic parts. The main parts are the motherboard, CPU, memory, and a data storage device, such as a hard disk or solid-state drive.

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) follows the instructions in the operating system and application programs. The memory, or RAM (random access memory), is for moving information (or data) quickly to and from the processor. The hard disk or solid-state drive hold programs and data while the computer is powered off. Floppy drives, CD-ROM drives, and USB flash drives are used for portable data storage.

Computers sometimes have a modem to send and receive data over a phone line, or more recently, over cable television lines. Computers can also be connected to a computer network using a network card.

Modern PCs have various sockets called ports. The most common ports are known as USB ports.

Uses for personal computers 
Computers may be used for work, including doing research using the internet, keeping records; or writing documents. Other uses include communicating, with people across the world using Instant messaging, e-mail or Skype or recreation activity such as playing computer games.

Computers
Time People of the Year
MS-DOS

MS-DOS is a discontinued 16-bit computer operating system by Microsoft Corporation. It stands for "Microsoft Disk Operating System".  The operating system implements a command-line interface for the user to input commands (which ran from disk).  It was popularly used in PCs before GUI operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows, came out, and still is used in some places today.

MS-DOS is a text-based operating system, meaning that a user works with a keyboard to input data and receives output in plain text.  Later, MS-DOS programs were often made to allow control by using a mouse and graphics (even without additionally running Microsoft Windows) especially for video games or to make work more simple and quick (some people still believe that working without graphics is really more efficient).

MS-DOS is called a disk operating system because it was mainly made to interact with the disk (to implement a file system for users and programs); it was loaded into a computer's memory with a floppy disk each time the computer is started (booted) up.

MS-DOS was released as proprietary software, but decades later after most users had gone to other systems, it was released as free software.

History and details 
MS-DOS stands for "Microsoft Disk Operating System", and came from an operating system Microsoft bought called 86-DOS, originally called QDOS, or "Quick and Dirty Operating System."

OS/2 was made to replace MS-DOS, but that replacement did not succeed.  MS-DOS was used to run the Windows operating systems until an operating system known as Windows XP.

How-To Books 

Many books were written on how to use MS-DOS.  A popular introductory book was MS-DOS for Dummies, by Dan Gookin, the book in the For Dummies series of easy to follow instruction books.

References

Microsoft operating systems
DOS

A disk operating system (DOS) will load from a floppy disk each time a computer starts, and will access that disk for software to complete operations. MS-DOS is probably the most well-known DOS, and was purchased by Microsoft Corporation from a system known as QDOS. As operating systems became more complicated and took up more space, they began to be permanently installed on hard drives, which are faster and more reliable than floppy disks, and can store more data. This was encouraged by a steady drop in hard drive prices.

DOSes are usually text-based and without graphics to save space on a floppy disk. Although DOSes have mostly been replaced by Windows, Macintosh, and Linux systems, among others (sporting a GUI, or Graphical User Interface), they are still in use in some places, mostly on older computers. This may be because of a lack of money, the need to use software which still runs on a DOS system, nostalgia for an older operating system, or the belief that text-based systems are more efficient.

Although GUIs are more popular, in times of emergency or when one needs to install special software, a boot disk allows a user to start his or her computer into a DOS.

Operating systems
Internet service provider

An Internet service provider, or ISP, maintains, installs and provides internet connection to residential or commercial areas. Some examples of ISP clients include - homes, coffee shops, hotels, libraries, offices. They usually charge a fee for installing the connection and a monthly fee for maintaining it.

The internet is basically a web of interconnected networks - which are maintained by a huge number of different ISPs. They keep connected around the world by giving their clients access to other ISP networks. This is called peering.

Many ISPs have other services such as e-mail and web hosting service.

ISPs offer different types of connections such as dial-up, DSL, through optical fiber wires, through a cable television connection, or wireless. Communications satellite connections are used mainly in remote areas. Dial-up is the slowest connection, while a direct fiber-optic connection is usually the fastest.

References
National Women's Hockey League (1999–2007)

The National Women's Hockey League (NWHL) was an ice hockey league in Canada that was formed in 1999 and ended in 2007.  The best female players in the world played in this league and in the Western Women's Hockey League.  The mayor of Brampton, Ontario, Susan Fennell, was the NWHL's commissioner (president).

Teams in the NWHL

Brampton Thunder
British Columbia Breakers
Calgary Oval X-Treme
Edmonton Chimos
Montreal Axion
Montreal Jofa Titan
Minnesota Whitecaps
Oakville Ice
Ottawa Raiders
Laval Le Mistral
Quebec Avalanche
Saskatchewan Prairie Ice
Scarborough Sting
Strathmore Rockies
TELUS Lightning
Toronto Aeros
Vancouver Griffins

NWHL Champions

1999–2000 - Beatrice Aeros
2000-01  - Beatrice Aeros
2001-02  - Beatrice Aeros
2002-03 - Calgary X-Treme
2003-04 - Calgary X-Treme
2004-05 - Toronto Aeros
2005-06 - Montreal Axion
2006-07 - Brampton Thunder

Other websites 
NWHL/COWHL website for 2000-01
NWHL website

Ice hockey leagues in Canada
Western Women's Hockey League

The Western Women's Hockey League (WWHL) is an ice hockey league in North America.  It was formed in 2004.  The best female players in the world play in this league and in the National Women's Hockey League (NWHL).  Some WWHL teams began in the NWHL. The Minnesota Whitecaps and the Manitoba Maple Leafs continue to be active teams and are playing a number of exhibition games as the league expands to include several new teams.

Teams in the WWHL
 Manitoba Maple Leafs
 Minnesota Whitecaps

Champions
 2010-11 - Minnesota Whitecaps
 2009-10 - Minnesota Whitecaps 
 2008-09 - Minnesota Whitecaps 
 2007-08 - Calgary Oval X-Treme 
 2006-07 - Calgary Oval X-Treme 
 2005-06 - Calgary Oval X-Treme 
 2004-05 - Calgary Oval X-Treme

Other websites 
WWHL website
Manitoba Maple Leafs 
Minnesota Whitecaps 

Ice hockey leagues in Canada
Yukon

The Yukon is a territory of Canada, north of British Columbia, west of the Northwest Territories, and east of the American state of Alaska. Its population is 31,000. Most of the territory's people live in the capital of Whitehorse. Many of the people are native Canadians (First Nations).

The Yukon became a territory in 1898. It was part of the Northwest Territories from 1870 to 1898. Many people came to live in the Yukon during the Yukon Gold Rush of the 1890s.

Mount Logan, at 5959 metres above sea level, is Canada's highest mountain.

The most important industry in the Yukon is mining.

References

 
1898 establishments
1890s establishments in Canada
Saanich

The District of Saanich is a region of Greater Victoria, British Columbia. It is north of the City of Victoria. Over 100,000 people live in Saanich. It is named after the Saanich First Nation.

Some communities within Saanich include Gordon Head, Royal Oak, Cordova Bay, Tillicum-Gorge, Cadboro Bay, Broadmead, Cedar Hill, and Ten-Mile Point.

Saanich Commonwealth Place, a recreation centre first used for swimming and diving at the 1994 Commonwealth Games, is located in Saanich.

Saanich celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2006.

The mayor of Saanich is Richard Atwell.

Cities in British Columbia
Emily Carr

Emily Carr (December 13, 1871 – March 2, 1945) was a Canadian artist and writer.

Biography
Emily Carr was born in Victoria, British Columbia in 1871.  Her parents died while she was a young teenager.  She began art lessons when she was sixteen.  When she was nineteen, she went to study art in San Francisco. She also studied art in England but she got sick and came back to Victoria.  After she got better, she went to France to continue her art studies.  She saw paintings by many French artists who were experimenting with new ways of painting.  She was most influenced by French impressionism and post-impressionism, though.

When Carr came back to Canada, she had trouble selling her paintings because they looked unusual to many people.  Her paintings were even laughed at.  She had to make money to support herself so she ran a small apartment house.  She was so busy that she did not have much time to paint.

In 1927, she met a famous group of Canadian painters called the Group of Seven.  They were impressed by her paintings and she became respected for her art.

In the later years of her life, Carr started writing books.  Klee Wyck was the title of one of these books.  It won the Governor General's Award which is an important award for literature in Canada.  She also wrote The Book of Small. She died in 1945 in Victoria.

Themes and influences
Carr painted scenes from nature and from First Nations culture.  For example, she painted many Haida and Tlingit totem poles.  The Tlingit people called her Klee Wyck, which means "the laughing one."  She went on long trips by canoe to visit First Nations villages.

She also liked to paint Canadian nature.  She believed it was important that Canadian paintings have a different style than paintings from Europe.  She liked the paintings of the Group of Seven because of their originality.

One of Carr's most famous paintings is The Raven.  The Emily Carr Institute of Art and Design was named after her and two schools are also named after her.  She is considered one of Canada's most famous artists.

References

1871 births
1945 deaths
Canadian painters
People from Victoria, British Columbia
Writers from British Columbia
Hatikvah

"Hatikvah" (, , meaning "The Hope") is a Jewish folk song that is the national anthem of Israel. The words of the song were written by Naftali Herz Imber in 1877, and about a decade later, his words were put to music by Shmuel Cohen. The words of the song are based on a longer poem written by Imber himself.

Background
The song tells about the Jews' two-thousand-year-old hope of returning to their homeland of Israel. The words of the song are based on a nine-stanza poem called "Tikvatenu" (,  , meaning "Our Hope"), which was written by Imber himself. "Hatikvah" uses only the first stanza and the refrain of Imber's poem. The last line of the refrain was changed, and the words were put to music. The music is from a very old and popular folk song that Samuel Cohen, a Jew born in Spain, found himself humming one day. It is played in a minor key. The words to the song are about the Jews' hope that one day their sadness will be turned into joy.

Lyrics

English translations

References

Other websites
Hatikvah performed by Xander Greene
Hatikvah on guitar
Hatikva by Enrico Macias
MIDI versions

Israeli music
1870s songs
Asian anthems
National symbols of Israel
Stanley Cup

The Stanley Cup is a trophy given to the champion of the National Hockey League (NHL) every year.

It was bought by Lord Stanley, the Governor General of Canada, in 1892, for $50.  The first team to win it was the Montreal A.A.A. in 1893.  Other teams could challenge for it. By 1915, it was awarded on a yearly basis.

The names of players and others such as coaches are put on the cup every year.  As a result, the NHL had to make the cup bigger, by adding layers to the bottom.  When the first cup was full of names, they made a copy of it, which is now what is awarded.

Today, there are 32 teams in the NHL who each play 82 regular season ice hockey games per year. 16 teams make the playoffs every year; these teams are made up of the top 3 teams from each division by regular season points as well as 2 wildcard teams from each conference . There are 4 best of 7 ice hockey playoff rounds that a team must win to win the Stanley Cup.

The Montreal Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup 24 times, the most of any team.  They also won the most in a row:  five between 1955-56 and 1959-60.

Henri Richard of the Montreal Canadiens appears the most on the Stanley Cup, 11 times.

The Stanley Cup was not awarded in 2005:  there was no NHL season because of a labour disagreement.  It was not awarded in 1919, either, because of the influenza epidemic.

Recent Stanley Cup winners 
 2023 Vegas Golden Knights
 2022 Colorado Avalanche
 2021 Tampa Bay Lightning
 2020 Tampa Bay Lightning
 2019 St. Louis Blues
 2018 Washington Capitals
 2017 Pittsburgh Penguins
 2016 Pittsburgh Penguins
 2015 Chicago Blackhawks
 2014  Los Angeles Kings
 2013  Chicago Blackhawks
 2012  Los Angeles Kings
 2011  Boston Bruins
 2010  Chicago Blackhawks
 2009  Pittsburgh Penguins
 2008  Detroit Red Wings
 2007  Anaheim Ducks
 2006  Carolina Hurricanes
 2005  Season cancelled
 2004  Tampa Bay Lightning
 2003  New Jersey Devils
 2002  Detroit Red Wings
 2001  Colorado Avalanche
 2000  New Jersey Devils
 1999  Dallas Stars
 1998  Detroit Red Wings
 1997  Detroit Red Wings
 1996  Colorado Avalanche
 1995  New Jersey Devils
 1994  New York Rangers
 1993  Montreal Canadiens
 1992  Pittsburgh Penguins
 1991  Pittsburgh Penguins
 1990  Edmonton Oilers
 1989  Calgary Flames
 1988  Edmonton Oilers
 1987  Edmonton Oilers
 1986  Montreal Canadiens
 1985  Edmonton Oilers
 1984  Edmonton Oilers
 1983  New York Islanders
 1982  New York Islanders
 1981  New York Islanders
 1980  New York Islanders
 1979  Montreal Canadiens
 1978  Montreal Canadiens
 1977  Montreal Canadiens
 1976  Montreal Canadiens
 1975  Philadelphia Flyers
 1974  Philadelphia Flyers
 1973  Montreal Canadiens
 1972  Boston Bruins
 1971  Montreal Canadiens
 1970  Boston Bruins
 1969  Montreal Canadiens
 1968  Montreal Canadiens
 1967  Toronto Maple Leafs

 
Ice hockey trophies and awards
National Hockey League trophies and awards
Militarization

Militarization is when society gets ready for war and violence. It is connected to militarism, which is a belief that a country should have a strong military. The process of militarization affects many different parts of society and is complex.

Geopolitical 

The amount of danger that is thought to exist affects how much a country needs to be able to fight and protect itself. If a country does not feel like it is in danger, for example: Canada, it might not have as big of a military or as many weapons. But in Israel, because there is a risk of attack from other countries nearby, the military and defense are important and get a lot of money and people.
This danger could come from:

 Other countries being more powerful (like in Europe before World War I)
 Terrorism, countries that don't follow international laws, weapons of mass destruction and state terrorism (governments that use violence to control their or other governments people)
 Interests of a country being threatened, like control of an area with a lot of oil, or stopping an idea that is different from the country's own ideas (like how the USA used CIA to weaken governments that were communist)

Political 

Militaristic ideas are used in non-military situations. For example, when President Lyndon B. Johnson talked about fighting poverty, and President Richard Nixon talked about fighting drugs, they were not talking about real wars with an enemy that can be defeated. They were talking about how much work, effort, and dedication is needed to solve these problems. Sometimes, politicians use militaristic ideas when they create teams of government workers to solve important political or social problems. These teams are often called "task forces." Using militaristic ideas can also help politicians to have more power, because in war time, the leader of the country has more power than usual.

Police 

Militarization of police means when police officers use military equipment and tactics. This includes things like armored vehicles, assault rifles, sniper rifles, grenades, and SWAT teams. It is also connected to when police gather information on the public and political activists in the same way as intelligence agencies and when police use more aggressive methods. A criminal justice professor named Peter Kraska defines the militarization of police as when the police start to act more like the military and follow their ways of doing things.

See also 

 Militarism
 Martial law

References 

Military
Tour de France

The Tour de France () is a well known bicycle race. It began in 1903. It is held in France, every summer. In recent years it has ended with a race through the centre of Paris, past the Eiffel Tower. It is among the most famous, and has some of the highest prizes, of bike races in Europe. Recently, it was in the media, because some athletes were doping. The race goes around France, but can have some parts in other countries, including England, Belgium, or Spain as they race in the Pyrenees mountains.

The tour lasts about three weeks. At the end of each day's race the leader is given a yellow shirt, the best sprinter is given a green shirt, and the best rider in the mountain races is given a polka dot jersey. He is sometimes called the King of the Mountains. The best young rider, who must be under 26, gets a white jersey. The winner is the one who finishes the race to Paris in the fastest time. There is a lot of prize money for the teams of the winners of the Tour, but the winner of each day's race also gets prize money.

Related pages
 List of Tour de France winners

1903 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in France
Joseph Smith

Joseph Smith, Jr. (December 23, 1805 – June 27, 1844) was the founder and first president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He and five associates formally organized the Church in Fayette, New York on April 6, 1830. He presided over the Church until his was martyred. 

Joseph Smith married Emma Hale on January 18, 1827. They were married 17 years, they were the parents of 11 children, 2 were adopted. Joseph and Emma's first 3 children passed away shortly after their birth. In 1831, they adopted twins, one of which, a boy, died before his first birthday. Over the next 12 years, Emma gave birth to six sons, four of them survived infancy and their youngest child was born five months after Joseph's death.

Joseph and his older brother Hyrum were shot to death on 27 June 1844 by a mob of 150 to 200 men. They had been imprisoned in an Illinois jail on false charges of riot and treason after surrendering themselves to the law. Joseph was 38; Hyrum was 44. On 28 June, the bodies of Joseph and Hyrum were prepared and laid out for the estimated 10,000 mourners to view, and on the following day were buried secretly to avoid further attacks or desecration by mobs.

Book of Mormon 
When Joseph Smith was 17 years old, an angel named Moroni.  appeared to him one night and told him about a hidden record containing the sacred history of an ancient American civilization.

Shortly after Joseph married Emma Hale an angelic messenger entrusted Joseph with gold plates and an Urim and Thummim to aid in the translation of the Book of Mormon. God provided a Urim and Thummim to His prophets in ancient times (see Exodus 28:30; 1 Samuel 28:6; Ezra 2:63).

When the Book of Mormon was almost finished, the Lord instructed Joseph Smith to formally organize a church. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, was established on April 6, 1830. Joseph published the Book of Mormon, which is a compilation of ancient scripture and is comparable to the Bible.

Mormon Church 
On April 6, 1830, he started The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is often called the Mormon Church. Joseph Smith said that God wanted him to be a prophet and teach other people the things that he learned from God. This church still exists today, with millions of members around the world.

Joseph Smith taught some things that some people did not like. He said that other churches were only partly true. He also said that men could have more than one wife if God commanded them, just like was taught in the Old Testament of the Bible. The Mormons also did not always get along with their neighbors.

Death
Joseph and his older brother Hyrum were shot to death on 27 June 1844 by a mob of 150 to 200 men. They had been imprisoned in an Illinois jail on false charges of riot and treason after surrendering themselves to the law. Joseph was 38; Hyrum was 44. On 28 June, the bodies of Joseph and Hyrum were prepared and laid out for the estimated 10,000 mourners to view, and on the following day were buried secretly to avoid further attacks or desecration by mobs.

References

1805 births
1844 deaths
American Latter Day Saint leaders
Anastasia

Anastasia or Anastacia [an-uh-stey-zhuh, ah-nuh-stah-shuh; Russian uh-nuh-stah-syi-yuh] is a Female name that comes from the Koine Greek. In English, it means "She who shall rise up again", but it is also used to mean "resurrection". The name, and its similar male name, Anastasius, were given to children born during Easter in the early years of Christianity.Ranked #181 in the nation for newborn prevalence in 2021.

The names "Stacey" (also spelled "Stacie", "Stacy" or "Stacee"), "Tasia", and "Stasia" are short for Anastasia. The name “Nastya” are also common shortname for those named Anastasia. 

It is also the name of several important women in history.

 Anastasia, daughter of Constantius I (a Roman emperor) and Flavia Maximiana Theodora
 Anastacia of Russia (died 1560), married to Ivan the Terrible
 Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia (1901-1918), daughter of Nicholas II of Russia.
 Eugenia Smith said she was the Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia
 Anna Anderson said she was the Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia
 Anastasia is the title of a movie telling the story of a pretender to the identity of the Grand Duchess.
 An animated movie version of the story was made in 1997.
 Albert Anastasia (1902-1957) was a Mafia boss who headed Murder, Inc. with Louis Buchalter.

Anastasia is also the name of:
 
 a 1956 song by Alfred Newman and Paul Francis Webster
 an American pop singer (a.k.a. Anastacia Newkirk) from Chicago, Illinois
 a music band from Macedonia
 a play
 Anastasia Myskina,a professional tennis player from Russia.
 Anastasia Zavorotnyuk,a Russian actress and television presenter
 Anastasia Verkhoglyadova,Russian water polo player
 Anastasia Gorshkova, is a designer and sculptor, known in professional circles

References

Given names
Band

In music, a band is a group of people (usually musicians) that get together to sing songs, or perform music. There are different kinds of bands that use different groups of instruments.

Types of bands
A rock band is usually a group of 4 people with 1 or 2 electric guitars, a bass guitar, a drum kit and a singer. Some rock bands have only 3 members, like Rush.
A brass band is a group of about 20 - 30 people with brass instruments and drums.
A concert band is a large group of 20 - 60 people with woodwind instruments, brass instruments, drums and percussion instruments.
A marching band has similar instruments to the concert band. Instead of sitting down to play, they march in parades or at American football matches.
A folk band uses traditional styles of music from around the world. It can include a guitar, violin, tin whistle, flute, accordion, lagerphone and tea chest bass, and many other makeshift instruments. A lagerphone is a percussion instrument which uses bottle tops to make a sound. A tea chest bass is a one string instrument that uses a large wooden tea box to make the sound louder.

References

Other websites

 
Basic English 850 words
Demographics of Nicaragua

About 86 per cent of Nicaraguans are European (but not limited to Spanish) or mixed European and of native ancestry. Most Nicaraguans have Spanish ancestors, but the 19th century saw several waves of immigration from other European countries (mainly from Germany). Most of the Mestizo and European population live in the western and central regions of the country and especially in the cities of Managua, Leon and Granada.

About 9 per cent of Nicaragua's population is black or afro-nicaragüense and they are concentrated in the country's eastern coast, and were brought mostly from Jamaica and Haiti when the region was a British protectorate. There is also a smaller number of Garifuna, a people of mixed African, Caribbean, Angolan, Congoan and Arawak descent.

Just 5 per cent of the population are of pure native descent. Nicaragua's pre-Columbian population consisted of the Nahuatl-speaking Nicarao people of the west, and six ethnic groups including the Miskitos, Ramas and Sumos in the Caribbean region. While very few pure-blooded Nicarao people still exist, the Caribbean peoples have remained distinct. In the mid-1980s, the government divided the eastern half of the country - the former department of Zelaya - into two autonomous regions and granted the African and indigenous people of the region limited self-rule.

There is also a small Middle Eastern-Nicaraguan community of Syrian, Armenian, Palestinian and Lebanese people in Nicaragua with a total population of about 30,000, and an East Asian community of Japanese, Taiwanese and Chinese people of almost 8,000. The minorities speak Spanish and maintain their ancestral languages as well.

Spanish is spoken by about 90% of Nicaraguans; the Nicaraguan dialect has many similarities to Galician, and also has similarities to Argentinian Spanish which uses "vos" instead of "tu", along with the "vos" conjugation. The black population of the east coast region has English as its first language. Several indigenous peoples of the east still use their original languages.

Roman Catholicism is the major religion, but evangelical Protestant groups have grown recently, and there are strong Anglican and Moravian communities on the Caribbean coast. 0.1% of Nicaragua is Buddhist and the religion has been growing in recent years.

Ninety per cent of Nicaraguans live in the Pacific and central lowlands and the adjacent interior highlands. The population is 54% urban.

Nicaragua
Nicaragua
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi

Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (9 December 1920 in Livorno, Italy – 16 September 2016 in Rome, Italy) was the 10th President of the Italian Republic. His work started in 1999 and ended in 2006. He was followed by Giorgio Napolitano

He is appreciated very much by the Italian people because of his equality and rightness.

Since 1979 he had been President of the Bank of Italy, but his task ended in 1993.

He was also Prime Minister of the Italian government, but his task lasted just a few months, because it was just a technical government,which purpose was to lead the country in a moment of difficulties.

Ciampi died at a hospital in Rome from multiple organ failure caused by pneumonia, aged 95.

References

.

1920 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Deaths from pneumonia
People from Livorno
Politicians from Tuscany
Presidents of Italy
Prime Ministers of Italy
Recipients of the Order pro merito Melitensi
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Barry Sadler

Barry Sadler (November 1, 1940 – November 5, 1989) was an American soldier, songwriter and writer. In 1966, He recorded a song called "The Ballad of The Green Berets". It was the biggest selling song that year. He later helped write the "Casca" series of books. He died after being shot in the head by a robber.

American singer-songwriters
Writers from New Mexico
Military people from New Mexico
Singers from New Mexico
1940 births
1989 deaths
Nancy Sinatra

Nancy Sandra Sinatra (born June 8, 1940) is an American singer and actress. She was born in Jersey City, New Jersey. She is the elder daughter of Frank Sinatra. She is best known for the song "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'".

She had a younger brother, Frank Sinatra, Jr. and has a younger sister, Tina Sinatra.

References 

1940 births
Living people
Actors from New Jersey
American movie actors
People from Jersey City, New Jersey
Singers from New Jersey
Frank Sinatra
The Rascals

The Rascals (formerly known as The Young Rascals) were an American pop-soul group popular in the 1960s.

They are known for their songs: Good Lovin', Groovin', A Beautiful Morning, and People Got To Be Free. Their members were: Felix Cavaliere (lead vocals and keyboard), Eddie Brigati (vocals), Gene Cornish (guitar) and Dino Danelli (drums).

Dino Danelli died on December the 15, 2022, at the age of 78 years old. He died from an illness in a hospice in New York.

Other websites

Rascals, the
Soul bands
Musical groups from New Jersey
Percy Sledge

Percy Sledge (November 25, 1940 – April 14, 2015) was an American R&B singer. He was born in Leighton, Alabama. He was best known for his song "When a Man Loves a Woman".

Sledge died of liver cancer in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, aged 74.

References

Other websites

[ Percy Sledge] at Allmusic
Percy Sledge at Discogs

1940 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from liver cancer
singers from Alabama
Tommy Roe

Tommy Roe (born May 9, 1942) is an American singer and guitarist. He was popular in the 1960s. His best known songs were "Sweet Pea" and "Dizzy".

Singers from Atlanta
Musicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
American guitarists
1942 births
Living people
The Box Tops

The Box Tops were a 1960s pop music group, from Memphis, Tennessee. Their best known songs are "The Letter" and "Cry Like A Baby".

Discography

Albums 
 The Letter/Neon Rainbow (November 1967) – US #82
 Cry Like a Baby (April 1968) – US #59
 Non-Stop (July 1968)
 Dimensions (September 1969) – US #77
 Tear Off! (1998)

Compilations 
 Super Hits (December 1968) – US #45
 The Box Tops' Greatest Hits (1982)
 The Ultimate Box Tops (1987)
 The Best of the Box Tops – Soul Deep (1996)
 Playlist (2013)

American rock bands
Soul bands
Musical groups established in 1967
1967 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Tennessee
Pumpkinhead II

Pumpkinhead II: Blood Wings is a 1994 movie about a young boy named Tommy, a misfit and deformed teenager who had no friends.

Plot

One day, Tommy is killed by a gang of bad boys from his home town for no reason at all. Miss Ossie was an old lady who used to take care of Tommy from the very beginning. When the young boy is killed, she decides to bury him in her backyard as a way to keep him around anyway. Several years later in the 1990s, a bunch of teenagers go to Miss Ossie's house and they do something that brings Tommy back to life. Some kind of spelling that resurrect the deformed kid. For some reason, Tommy comes back as an angry and even more grotesque creature who wants to take revenge on the people who killed him in the past and innocent people as well.

Other websites 
 

1994 horror movies
American horror movies
English-language movies
THX 1138

THX 1138 is a 1971 movie and was the first feature movie directed by George Lucas and executive produced by Francis Ford Coppola and Coppola's production company American Zoetrope.

It was based on a short film Lucas made in college in 1967 called Electric Labyrinth THX 1138 4EB.

Other websites 
 

1971 science fiction movies
American science fiction movies
1970s English-language movies
Dystopian movies
Movies directed by George Lucas
Warner Bros. movies
Movies about mind control
Movies about rebellions
Movies about security and surveillance
Miguel de Cervantes

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (29 September 1547 – 23 April 1616) was a Spanish writer. His most famous book was Don Quijote de la Mancha. It is considered the first modern novel, and therefore Cervantes was the first novelist. The book has been published in 65 countries. The work is considered among the most important in all of literature. He is sometimes called "The Prince of Satire".

Military history and captivity 

Nobody knows for sure the reasons that forced Cervantes to leave Castile. Whether he was a "student" of the same name, a "sword-wielding fugitive from justice", or fleeing from a royal warrant of arrest, for having wounded a certain Antonio de Sigura in a duel, is another mystery.<ref>'The Enigma of Cervantine Genealogy, 118</ref> 

In any event, in going to Italy, Cervantes was doing what many young Spaniards of the time did to further their careers. Rome would reveal to the young artist its ecclesiastic pomp, ritual, and majesty. In a city teeming with ruins Cervantes could focus his attention on Renaissance art, architecture, and poetry (knowledge of Italian literature is readily discernible in his own productions) and on rediscovering antiquity. He could find in the ancients "a powerful impetus to revive the contemporary world in light of its accomplishments". Thus, Cervantes' continuing desire for Italy, as revealed in his later works, was in part a desire for a return to an earlier period of the Renaissance.

By 1570, Cervantes had enlisted as a soldier in a regiment of the Spanish naval elite corps, Infantería de Marina, stationed in Naples, then a possession of the Spanish crown. He was there for about a year before he saw active service. In September 1571 Cervantes sailed on board the Marquesa, part of the galley fleet of the Holy League, Spain, the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Duchy of Savoy, the Knights Hospitaller based in Malta, and others, under the command of King Philip II's illegitimate half brother, John of Austria, that defeated the Ottoman fleet on October 7 in the Gulf of Lepanto near Corinth, at great cost to both sides. Though taken down with fever, Cervantes refused to stay below, and begged to be allowed to take part in the battle, saying that he would rather die for his God and his king than keep under cover. He fought bravely on board a vessel, and received three gunshot wounds – two in the chest, and one which rendered his left arm useless. In Journey to Parnassus he was to say that he "had lost the movement of the left hand for the glory of the right" (he was thinking of the success of the first part of Don Quixote''). Cervantes always looked back on his conduct in the battle with pride; he believed that he had taken part in an event that would shape the course of European history.

References 

1547 births
1616 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Deaths from cirrhosis
Spanish writers
Pope Paul VI

Pope Paul VI (; ), born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 263rd Pope from 1963 until his death in 1978. Paul was a spiritual leader and the head of the church bureaucracy. Pope Benedict XVI declared in 2012 that Paul had lived “a life of heroic virtue.” Two years later he was beatified by Pope Francis. He was canonized by the same pope in October 2018.

Early life
Montini was born in Concesio. That is near Brescia in northern Italy.  His father was editor of a Roman Catholic newspaper.  He received degrees in civil and canon law, theology and philosophy.

Before the papacy
Montini was ordained and celebrated his first mass in 1920.  He worked in the Vatican diplomatic corps. During World War II, he was in charge of the Vatican's work for refugees and prisoners of war. He was made Archbishop of Milan in 1954. Pope John XXIII made Montini a cardinal in 1958.

Pope
Cardinal Montini was elected Pope in 1963. Pope Paul continued the Second Vatican Council which was begun by Pope John XXIII. His first encyclical is the only one in the Vatican archives which is in the handwriting of the pope who delivered it. Paul VI was known as the "pilgrim" pope for his numerous travels.  He was the first pope to fly in an airplane.  

In 1964, Paul was the first pope to travel from Rome to the Holy Land. He flew first to Amman in Jordan. Then he traveled by car to Jerusalem. In 1970, the pope visited Australia, the Phillipines, and Indonesia. In 1975, Paul declared 1975 to be a "jubilee" year with themes of renewal and reconciliation.

In 1978, Prime Minister Aldo Moro was kidnapped in Rome. Pope Paul VI made an offer to exchange his life for Moro's. The offer was not accepted. Moro was killed 55 days later.

Death
At the age of 80, Pope Paul VI died at Castel Gandolfo, Italy, from a heart attack.

Legacy
The Pope Paul VI Hall is the modern building in which mass papal audiences are held.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

More reading
Serafian, Michael. (1964). The Pilgrim. New York: Farrar, Straus. OCLC 386084?

Other websites

  Vatican webpage,  Paul VI biography
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Paul VI
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Montini

1897 births
1978 deaths

Paul 06
Christian saints
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from Lombardy
Macau

The Macao Special Administrative Region (Macau or Macao, ) is one of China's two Special Administrative Regions. (The other one is Hong Kong).  Macau is a small city in the southern coast in China. Like Hong Kong, Macau also has a large amount of autonomy, with its own passport, currency, economic rules, and constitution.

It consists of Macau Peninsula (Aomen Bandao), Taipa Island (Dangzai Dao), Coloane Island (Luhuan Dao) and Cotai (Ludangcheng), the new reclaimed land between Taipa and Coloane. It is very densely populated, with over half a million people living in just over 12 square miles.

Macau used to be a colony of Portugal. Although Portuguese is an official language alongside Chinese (as a result of it being a Portuguese colony in the past), very few Macanese actually speak Portuguese; only about 0.7% speak it at home. As a matter of fact, English is more commonly spoken, despite it not being an official language (about 2.3% speak it at home). Cantonese is the main dialect of Chinese spoken in Macau. However, Mandarin has also become more common since Portugal returned it to China in 1999.

Today, Macau mostly makes money from offshore gambling. In fact, Macau generated 7 times greater gambling revenue than Las Vegas in 2013.  People in Macau also make some money from exporting clothing.

As Macau was previously a Portuguese colony, you can easily find traces of how the Portuguese culture is presented in the city. One of them is itinerary for couples, who are intending to spend a day exploring Macau.

Economy of Macau
Macau’s economy relies on gambling. Eighty percent of the government’s revenue  is derived from gambling. The revenue generated by gambling  in 2019 was $36.5 billion, which is about 6 times larger than Las Vegas. Macau has 41 casinos including several  that belong to Wynn resorts and Sands.

Macau is the only part of China where gambling is legal. Many of the customers of casinos are wealthy Chinese.

Around 2020 Chinese new year  authorities closed down travel from China to Macau. Visits fell eighty percent. It is estimated by some observers that the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak will cost Macau between 5-15 percent of its gambling revenue.

References

 
People's Republic of China