alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Molotov-Ribbentrop pact

The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, otherwise known as the Nazi-Soviet Pact, was signed by Vyacheslav Molotov (Stalin's Soviet foreign minister) and Joachim von Ribbentrop (Hitler's German foreign minister) on 23 August 1939. The agreement promised that neither the Soviet Union nor Nazi Germany would attack each other.

A secret part established spheres of interest in Eastern Europe, and a border between both countries existed after they had invaded and divided Poland.

Only nine days later, on 1 September 1939, the German invasion of Poland began. On 17 September, the Soviet invasion of Poland began. 

About 250,000 to 454,700 Polish soldiers and policemen were captured and interned by the Soviet authorities. About 125,000 were imprisoned in camps run by the NKVD, and 43,000 soldiers born in western Poland, which was under German control, were transferred to the Germans. In turn, the Soviets received 13,575 Polish prisoners from the Germans, which showed how close the co-operation was between the Germans and the Soviets. 

On 3 September, France and the United Kingdom declared war soon because both had promised to defend Poland if it was attacked. Since neither of them was ready for war, they did nothing to help Poland for some time, but the Second World War clearly had started on that day.

Hitler later broke the pact in June 1941 by invading the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. The war would end by the Soviet victory in 1945.

References 

1930s treaties
World War II
Nazi Germany
1930s in the Soviet Union
Treaties of Germany
1930s in Germany
Vyacheslav Molotov

Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Molotov (;  in Kukarka – November 8, 1986 in Moscow) was a Soviet politician and diplomat who served as the Premier of the Soviet Union from 1930 to 1941. He was a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s, when he came to power.  He worked for Joseph Stalin from 1924 to 1953 when Stalin died, and for Georgy Malenkov from March-September 1953.  He worked for Nikita Khrushchev until Khrushchev dismissed him from office in 1956.

Molotov was the main Soviet signatory of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939. The pact was signed between Germany and the Soviet Union, and both countries promised not to attack each other. The pact lasted about two years until Germany started the invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941.

The Molotov Cocktail, which was invented by Finns fighting in the Winter War against the Soviet invasion of Finland, is named after him. 

1890 births
1986 deaths
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Soviet people of World War II
Heads of government of the Soviet Union
Joachim von Ribbentrop

Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop ("von" was added only later) (30 April 1893 in Wesel,Rhine Province,Prussia,Germany/16 October 1946 in Nuremberg,Bavaria, Germany) was the foreign minister of Germany from 1938 to 1945. He was executed by hanging for war crimes after the Nuremberg trials.

Drom 1936 to 1938, before the Second World War, he had been the ambassador to the United Kingdom.

Other websites 

1893 births
1946 deaths
Executed German people
Executed Nazis
Ambassadors of Germany
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Holocaust perpetrators
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
People executed by hanging
People from Wesel
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
Politicians of the Nazi Party
SS officers
German Lutherans
Noise

Noise is another word for sound. It usually means it is not wanted. Noise is perceived by our ears. They can be damaged by noise. Noise is created through any object, which produces vibration unnecessarily. 

Noise can also mean data (information) that typically does not have a meaning, like white noise. Loudspeaker measurements can use white noise for measuring loudspeakers frequency response.

Noise can also refer to some math that makes random numbers. Click here to learn about it.

In electronics, heat produces noise in resistors. Depending on the type of resistor, the amount of noise may differ. Most audio devices are designed not to produce noise.

Related pages 
 Noise (electronics)
Earplug

Sound
Western hemisphere

The western hemisphere is a geographical term for the half of the Earth that is west of the Prime Meridian. Pretend that the earth is cut in half, from the North Pole, through England, to the South Pole. The Western Hemisphere is the half to the west. The other half is called the Eastern Hemisphere.

Related pages
 The Americas
 New World
 Eastern hemisphere
 Northern hemisphere
 Southern hemisphere
 Prime Meridian

References 

Hemispheres
Flammability

Flammability or inflammability means that something can be set on fire easily. It will burn easily. The words come from Latin. The word at the base is in-flammare (late Latin). It means something like "to put fire to a thing".

Inflammable and flammable are used to mean the same thing. People sometimes get confused and think that inflammable means "not flammable" because the prefix in is often used to mean not. For example, something that is inhuman is not human. Since many people do not know that inflammable means "burns easily", flammable is used more often in public places as a warning.

Flammability can be tested. Paper, for example, is more flammable than wood, and less flammable than natural gas.

Thermodynamics
Arson

Arson is a crime. When someone deliberately sets fire to anything (such as a building or vehicle) they do not own and they want to cause damage, it is called arson. A person who commits arson is an arsonist. Arsonists usually use gasoline or kerosene to start a fire. 

Arsonists use matches, Molotov cocktails and fire starters to start a fire. Arson is common in violent protests and retaliations against the government and other powers.  

Arsonists deliberately burn things for benefits that they want. This includes personal reasons, reasons related to money, or political reasons.

Julio Gonzalez became one of the most prolific arsonists in history when he set fire to the Happy Land nightclub with only 6 of the 93 occupants making it out alive. Julio started the fire after the bouncer kicked him out late in the evening due to him quarreling with his girlfriend Lydia Feliciano after she recently quit her job there. She was one of the 6 people to survive the fire. The club also came under fire due to the club having no fire escapes or sprinklers.

References

Arson
Types of crime
Cocktail

A cocktail is a kind of mixed drink. Usually, it is made with alcoholic drinks such as vodka, gin or rum. Since such spirits do not have much taste of their own (at around 40% alcohol), other ingredients are added. Common ingredients are fruits, fruit juice, sugar, crushed ice, and ice cubes. If the cocktail is served in a bar or nightclub, it often comes with a piece of fruit on top. For example, a gin and tonic could have a lemon, a Piña Colada could have a pineapple and a cherry. A popular cocktail in Cornwall UK is the McVey, 440ml of strongbow and 125ml of Malibu.

Most cocktails were invented in the late 19th or early 20th centuries. People began drinking a lot of cocktails in the United States in the 1920s due to Prohibition. Around that time, cocktails from Cuba, such as the mojito, became popular around the world.

Cocktails made without alcohol are also made.

Because all the ingredients give their flavor to the finished drink, a cocktail is only as good as the worst ingredient.

Common cocktails 

There are many kinds of cocktails. They include:

 A martini is the most common cocktail. It is made with gin and vermouth, and served with an olive
There are many variations on a martini, which include a Gibson (martini with an onion instead of an olive), a Bronx (Martini plus orange juice), and an Appletini (made with apple liqueur instead of vermouth)
 The old-fashioned is thought to be the first cocktail. It is made with whiskey, sugar, bitters, and soda water
 A margarita is made with tequila, triple sec and lime juice. It came from Mexico, and is commonly served in Mexican cuisine.
A sidecar is similar to a margarita, but is made with cognac instead of tequila
 A Manhattan is made with rye whiskey, vermouth, and bitters
If it is made with scotch, it is called a Rob Roy
 A mojito is made with rum, lime juice, sugar, water and spearmint leaves.
A mint julip is similar to a mojito. It made with bourbon, sugar, water, and spearmint leaves. It is popular in the Southern United States, especially at the Kentucky Derby
 A daiquiri is made with rum and lime juice. Like many popular cocktails, it came from Cuba.
 A piña colada is an iced cocktail made with pineapple juice, coconut puree and rum. It came from Puerto Rico.
 A bloody Mary is made with tomato and lemon juices, plus vodka. It is different not only because of its blood-red color, but because it is served with a pickle or celery.

References

Other websites
 Wikibooks:Bartending for many recipes
1103

1103 was a common year.

Events 
 April 27 – Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, goes into exile after falling out with Henry I of England
 Amadeus III becomes Count of Savoy
 Bohemund I of Antioch is released from imprisonment among the Turks
 The Scandinavian city of Lund becomes a see within the Roman Catholic Church

Births 
 Emperor Toba of Japan
Sneeze

A sneeze is a reaction in the body that suddenly presses air out of lungs so it flows quickly out through the mouth and nose. Air and mucus (the liquid found in the nose) are forced out quickly. Sneezing often happens after breathing dust or other small things that irritate the membranes in the nose. The function of sneezing is to clean the space in the nose by removing the mucus and irritating things. Sneezing is mostly involuntary, which means that it happens without trying.

A sneeze consists of a deep inward breath that fills the lungs, a closing or partial closing of the throat, and a sudden increase in pressure in the lungs that forces air out. This increase in pressure is a result of muscles near the lungs that contract (tighten and shorten). Sneezing never happens during sleep because reflex signals do not pass to the part of the brain that causes muscles to move. When people sneeze, their eyes close. The speed of the air from sneezing is about 150 kilometers per hour or more.

Many animals sneeze, including human beings, cats, dogs, chickens and iguanas.

When a person sneezes, many small drops of saliva and mucus blow out from the nose and mouth. These tiny drops often contain viruses and bacteria. Some of these are germs, which can make other people sick. To keep this from happening as much, is important to block the sneezed air with something like cloth or tissue to catch the drops. It also helps to move away from other people, go outside, or face away.

A common thing to say to people when they sneeze is "Bless you!", or sometimes in the United States sometimes "Gesundheit!" (from German, meaning "Good health"). There is a story that the blessing started with Pope Gregory VII (540–604 AD). He said a blessing might stop people from getting the bubonic plague which was killing people in Rome at the time. There is a myth that when you sneeze your heart and all internal organs stop functioning.

The sound of a sneeze is written "achoo!" in English. Other languages write it differently. For example, in Swedish it is "atjoo!", in French it is "atchoum!" and in German it is "Hatschi!".

Some involuntary ways that people move air in or out of the lungs are: to sneeze, laugh, cough, hiccup, or yawn.

Related pages 
 Cough

References

Basic English 850 words
Physiology
Symptoms
Puma

Pumas (Puma concolor), also called cougars, mountain lions, catamounts, or brown panthers, are large wild cats that live in the western half of North America, along with Florida, and most of Central and South America. 

Pumas are mainly tan-color, and can be up to 9 feet long, although average length is 6 – 8 feet. They can weigh from 29 kilograms to 90 kilograms.  (The males are larger.)  Most pumas live up to 21 years. Although pumas are very large and some are larger than humans, the puma is classified as a small cat. That means that, in scientific terms, the puma is more closely related to the domestic cat than they are to lions. Unlike the big cats in the genus Panthera, the puma cannot roar. Instead, it can growl, hiss, screech, and purr. Since pumas are, in the biological sense, small cats, they are capable of purring continuously. The big cats can only purr while breathing out. 

Pumas are carnivores because they eat only meat. Pumas are apex predators. They prey on deer, elk, raccoons, squirrels, foxes, rabbits, and skunks.  They can also prey on mice, beavers, coyotes, bobcats, birds, porcupines, fish, and bear cubs. They will sometimes prey on livestock such as cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs. They hunt at night. Cougars can see better at night than people can.  They can hear well too.  Pumas stalk their prey, which means they walk slowly and quietly, they hide and then when close, they jump or run fast to catch their prey by surprise.  They live and hunt alone. Female cougars take care of their babies until they are old enough to take care for themselves. Baby cougars are called cubs or kittens.

Pumas live in the mountains and forests far from people. However, encounters with humans happen sometimes. 26 people have been killed by cougars in North America in the last 30 years. However, many more cougars have been killed by humans. Cougars used to be found all in eastern North America, but they were hunted to extinction there by the beginning of the 1900s. Also, recent sightings of cougars have been reported from Michigan, New Brunswick, southern Indiana, Kentucky, and Vermont. For now, the only confirmed, population of cougars east of the Mississippi River is in Florida, where a subspecies of the cougar lives.

Related pages
Florida Panthers

Sources

Other websites 
 IUCN 

 Information on Pumas 

Felines
Mammals of North America
Mammals of South America
Big cats
Armour

Armour (or armor U.S.) is a protective covering or clothing to prevent injury from attack. Armour can be worn by a person, or it can be used to protect machines, animals, even buildings. Armour has always been made from the strongest materials available at the time, but weight has always been a problem. Early body armour was made from leather. Later, metals were used (e.g. mail or plate armour). Some modern armour, like bullet-proof vests, are made from plastics that do not stretch or break, such as Kevlar. These plastics may be woven into a cloth and used in layers, which makes them even stronger.

Plastic lamination (layers) is often used to protect windows against bullets.  Many jewellery stores, embassies, and vehicles have bullet-proof glass with this feature.

For vehicles 
Armour put on vehicles is usually made of metal and can include one layer over another with open spaces in between (spaced armour) or multiple layers of metal; ceramics (baked clay), and other materials. Another type of armour uses blocks of explosive that explode when another explosion goes off near it. This explosive armour protects by pushing against the other explosion. Vehicle armor is often angled to increase the amount of armour that must be shot through to get inside and to make the shot bounce off rather than piercing the armour.

Tanks have the heaviest armour of all land vehicles. Other military vehicles have armour, but not as much as a tank. 

Sometimes armour is put in non-military vehicles, such as limousines used by leaders of a country or by anyone who thinks they might be attacked, e.g. film stars or presidents of major companies.

For animals 
In the past, armour has also been used in wars to protect animals such as dogs, elephants, and horses. Today, police dogs and horses sometimes wear woven plastic bullet-proof vests.

For sports
Many sports involve violent physical contact and may be highly dangerous if the players are unprotected. Such sports include ice hockey, American football and kendo. Sports armour is usually made from hard plastic.
North Star Computers

North Star Computers was one of the earliest manufacturers of microcomputers. Before they started making their first computer, the North Star Horizon, they made floppy disk drives for S-100 bus computers. They included a disk operating system called North Star DOS (or N*DOS). The Horizon used the North Star disk controller and operating system. It was one of the first microcomputers that had multi-user features.

Their second computer, called the North Star Advantage, ran CP/M, and had the keyboard and monitor built-in. The graphics were very powerful for their time. When the IBM PC came out, North Star made an MS-DOS compatible processor card that could be added to the Advantage.

Their third computer, the North Star Dimension, was multi-user like the Horizon, but MS-DOS based.

Because their products in the early 1980s were only MS-DOS compatible, not fully PC compatible, they never sold very many, and the company went out of business.

American technology companies
Companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
1976 establishments in California
1985 disestablishments in the United States
Mario Bros.

Mario Bros. is a video game made in 1983. In the game, Mario and/or Luigi must defeat enemies by jumping on them from below and then kicking them, when they are knocked down. It is the first game to feature Luigi as a playable character as well as the first game in which Mario is named Mario. In Donkey Kong, Mario was called Jumpman. It was later remade for other game consoles at the time. Mario Bros. was also included with the four Super Mario Advance games.

Mario platform games
1983 video games
Oval

An oval is a shape. It is round but a bit longer in one direction. 

 An oval can look like an egg or an ellipse.

Shapes
Manx language

Manx, or Manx Gaelic, (known in Manx as "Gaelg" or "Gailck"), is a language spoken in the Isle of Man.

It is a Celtic languages of the Gaelic language family. It is in the same family as Scottish Gaelic and Irish Gaelic.

Manx is spoken mainly by people who learn it through interest. It died out as a natural community language in the 20th century. The last of the old native speakers died in 1974.

Manx is protected under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.

History 
Manx began to separate from Middle Irish in about 900–1600 AD, and it is called Yn Ghaelg / Yn Ghailck by its speakers. There became fewer and fewer speakers during the 19th century, when the language was replaced by English. In 1901, 9% of the people in the Isle of Man were said to speak Manx, but in 1921, the number had dropped to only 1%.

Today, Manx is used as the only language taught at five of the Isle of Man’s preschools. Manx is taught as a second language at all of the Isle of Man's primary and secondary schools.

Today 
There is now a school that teaches all of its lessons in Manx. The census of 2001 said that 2.2% of the population of the island could speak the language. There are currently 54,000 second-language speakers, mainly on the Isle of Man.

References

Celtic languages
Languages of Europe
Goidelic languages

The Goidelic languages or Gaelic languages are a group of  Celtic languages. They are spoken in Scotland, Ireland and the Isle of Man.

There are three Goidelic languages:

 Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)
 Irish (Gaeilge)
 Manx (Gaelg)

Celtic languages
Languages of Europe
Manx cat

The Manx is a breed of domestic cat. It either has no tail at all, a "rumpy", or it has a very short tail, a "stumpy". This is because of a natural difference in spine length. The back legs are also longer than the front legs. The breed comes from the Isle of Man, where it was found as early as three hundred years ago.

The Manx's character is nervous. The Manx's appearance is round on the whole. They are skilled hunters.

Other websites 

Cat breeds
Natural cat breeds
Horn

Horn can mean several things:

Horn (anatomy), something some animals have on their heads
Horn (musical instrument)
A car has a horn on the steering wheel to warn people of danger.

Places
Horn, Switzerland, a place in Switzerland
Horn of Africa, a peninsula in East Africa

Basic English 850 words
Agave

Agave is a type of succulent plant from Mexico and the southwestern parts of the United States. They have thick, sharp leaves. Agave plants flower only once, produce seeds and then die. Before flowering they usually live for 10 to 25 years. Because they live for a long time they are sometimes called "century plants".

Agave is used to make things like tequila, agave syrup and pulque. They were an important food for many indigenous people in the southwestern United States, such as the Navajo and the Hokoham.

Images

Agavaceae
Apple sauce

Apple sauce (or applesauce) is a sauce made from stewed and mashed apples.  Peeled or unpeeled apples can be used and different spices or additives like cinnamon can be used.  

Sugar or high fructose corn syrup is often added to the applesauce to sweeten it.  Applesauce can be fine or coarse textured, and can include large pieces of apple.  It is easy to make at home, and it is also sold ready-made in supermarkets. 

It is a common food or snack for children and people who have problems eating solid food. Parents often feed it to their babies because teeth are not needed to eat it.

In the United Kingdom, apple sauce is normally used as a sauce for ham, pork, and gammon.

Use and availability
Apple sauce was once a food prepared for winter, since it keeps well.

Apple sauce can be used in baking as a substitute for fat (such as butter or oil) or eggs.

References

Apple products
Sauces
Charles Richter

Charles Francis Richter (April 26, 1900 – September 30, 1985) was an American seismologist (someone who studies earthquakes) and a physicist. He is known for creating the Richter scale of magnitude, which says how big an earthquake is.

Childhood 
Richter went to work at the Carnegie Institute in 1927 after Robert Millikan offered him a position as a research assistant there, where he began a collaboration with Beno Gutenberg. The Seismology Lab at the California Institute of Technology wanted to begin publishing regular reports on earthquakes in southern California and had a pressing need for a system of measuring the strength of earthquakes for these reports. Together, Richter and Gutenberg devised the scale that would become known at the Richter scale to fill this need, based on measuring quantitatively the displacement of the earth by seismic waves, as Kiyoo Wadati had suggested.

Other websites
Charles Richter interview, at USGS
Charles F. Richter Papers, Caltech Archives

1900 births
1985 deaths
American physicists
Scientists from Ohio
1104

1104 was a leap year.

Events 
 September 3 – St. Cuthbert reburied in the Durham Cathedral
 The Venice Arsenal, is founded in Venice.
 Alfonso I of Aragon becomes King of Aragon and Navarre.
 Historian Guibert of Nogent becomes abbot of Notre Dame de Nogent.
 Baldwin I of Jerusalem captures Acre.
 Baldwin II, count of Edessa, is taken prisoner by the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Harran; Tancred becomes regent.
 Kilij Arslan I, Sultan of Rüm, starts a war with the Danishmends.
Crunk

Crunk is a sub-genre of hip hop music that started in the clubs of Memphis, Tennessee in the mid-1990s. The word 'crunk' is the past tense version of the word 'crank' as in "crank the music up". It can also be used as an adjective. It is a mixture of Miami bass, Southern rap, and electronica with a lot of yelling and chanting. Lil Jon is the most popular crunk artist. His song 'Get Low' with the Ying Yang Twins is the song that made crunk music mainstream. After this song came out, crunk became a really popular style of music and it saw it's heyday in the mid-2000s. It was replaced with trap music in the 2010s.

Notable crunk artists 
 Lil Jon & The East Side Boyz
 Ying Yang Twins
 Three 6 Mafia
 Soulja Boy
 Lil Scrappy
 Pastor Troy
 Youngbloodz
 Petey Pablo

Hip hop genres
Pimp

A pimp is a person who makes money from other people prostituting themselves. Usually, the prostitutes make money for themselves, but the pimp takes a percentage of the money in exchange for providing them with security and other services. Pimps has gotten connected to a special look, often a male with fancy and colorful clothes with gold accessories.

Pimps has been portrayed in many movies, such as Taxi Driver where the pimp is called "sport"

References

Prostitution
Allan Kardec

Allan Kardec  (Hippolyte Léon Denizard Rivail 3 October 1804  31 March 1869) was a French philosopher and teacher.

Works
He dedicated the last 15 years of his life to organise a philosophical doctrine called Spiritism. He spread the educational ideas  of Pestalozzi in the 19th century. He published books on grammar, mathematics and suggestions for the improvement of public education in France. He was a teacher of physiology, astronomy, physics and chemistry. The classes were at his home in Paris.

In 1854, Kardec started studying phenomena which some people call "paranormal" or "supernatural". This were quite common at that time.

In his philosophy the spiritual manifestations were useful to the social and moral improvement of men.

Other websites 

 Allan Kardec Educational Society 
 ALLAN KARDEC: spiritisme, spiritism... 
  Allan Kardec Biographic Information 
 The Spirits' Book  by Allan Kardec
 Le Livre des Esprits  (PDF file)
 The Book on Mediums  by Allan Kardec (PDF file)
 The Gospel According to Spiritism  by Allan Kardec (PDF file)

1804 births
1869 deaths
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
French esotericists
Occultists
Writers from Lyon
19th-century French philosophers
French teachers
Parapsychology
Pseudonyms
Hyves

Hyves is a website where people can have contact with friends online. It can be used to make new friends or to stay in touch with old friends. It was started in 2004 and has over 9 million users; most of them are Dutch. That is the reason why it is very popular in the Netherlands.
Pictures and videos can be put and shared on it. Hyves is similar to Facebook or the German VZ Networks.

Other websites
 http://www.hyves.nl

Social networking
Laurence Olivier

Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier,  (22 May 1907 – 11 July 1989) was an English actor and director.  He was one of the most famous and revered actors of the 20th century. He was the youngest actor to be knighted and the first to be raised to the peerage. Olivier married English actresses Jill Esmond, Vivien Leigh and Joan Plowright.

Actor Spencer Tracy said that Olivier was 'the greatest actor in the English-speaking world'. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Olivier among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, at number 14 on the list.

Olivier had many awards: twelve Oscar nominations, with two wins (for Best Actor and Best Picture for the 1948 film Hamlet), plus two honorary awards including a statuette and certificate. He was awarded five Emmy Awards. He was a three-time Golden Globe and BAFTA winner. In 1976 he received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award.

Olivier's ashes are buried in Westminster Abbey.

References

1907 births
1989 deaths
Actors from Surrey
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in England
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English theatre directors
Knights Bachelor
Order of Merit
People buried in Westminster Abbey
United Kingdom Life Peers
Academy Award winning actors
Emmy Award winners
Golden Globe Award winners
BAFTA Award winners
Spiritism

Spiritism is a doctrine promoted by the French professor Allan Kardec. His first two books were:
The Spirits' Book — Defines the guidelines of the doctrine, covering points like God, Spirit, Universe, Man, Society, Culture, Morals and Religion.
The Mediums' Book — Details the mechanics of the spiritual world, the processes involved in channeling spirits, techniques to be developed by mediums, etc.

Other characteristics ideas of his were:
 Promoting the dialog between the three classical forms of knowledge (science, philosophy and religion) for achieving a more complete comprehension of the reality;
 Submitting the fundamental points of the religious systems to a critical and empirical exam, for separating fantasy and reality. This way, men can avoid materialism and dogmatism at once, being critical and spiritual.
 Emphasizing human power and responsibility for acting, creating and changing the world around.

Although Kardec claimed it was distinct, spiritism is similar to spiritualism. Kardec's books were based on reporting séances in which he claimed to observe phenomena which he attributed to incorporeal intelligence (spirits). Arthur Conan Doyle included a chapter about Spiritism in his book History of Spiritualism. This said that Spiritism is Spiritualist (but not vice-versa). As a consequence, many Spiritualist works are widely accepted in Spiritism, particularly the works of scientists Sir William Crookes and Oliver Lodge.

Other websites 
The Spirits' Book  by Allan Kardec (PDF file)
The Sator Formula engraved on a human skull

References 

New religious movements
Occult
Alexa

Alexa was an Internet service that measures how many Internet users visit a website. At Alexa.com, people entered a website address and Alexa showed them how well-visited the website is. It can also tell them how its popularity has changed over time.
Alexa had 6 million unique visits monthly.

Alexa was created in 1996 by American businessman Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat.
In 1999, Alexa was bought by Amazon.com for about US$250 million in Amazon stock.
Alexa provided a free API that is used by services and toolbars all around the world to easily display Alexa Rating.

Some virus companies mark Alexa toolbar as adware (McAfee), trackware (Symantec) and potentially unwanted Program.

At December 2021 Amazon announced that they will turn Alexa off. Service was discontinued May 1 of 2022.

Sources

Other websites
 Alexa 

Websites
Amazon (company)
Poodle

A poodle is a breed of dog. Poodles are one of the smartest dogs. Miniature and toy poodles are two sizes. The original poodle is the Standard poodle. Miniature and toy poodles are not related to Standard poodles. They do not share DNA.  If the owner does praise it, it will start liking the owner even more, and doing things for the owner. Many people that own them show them at dog shows. Poodles were once used as hunting and sporting dogs, but now they are mostly pets. Poodles do not shed their fur as some dogs do, so they are good pets for people who are allergic to dogs.

Colors 
Poodles are also popular because they come in many different colors and sizes. Their coats are most often white or black; but can be apricot, dark gray, called "blue"; and other colors. There are also some rare colors, such as chocolate brown, and brindle. In Japan, apricot color is the most liked.

Sizes 
Poodles are bred in many different sizes. The four main sizes from largest to smallest are Standard, Miniature, Medium and Toy. There are also other sizes, like the very small Teacup, that are not official. This means that these other sizes cannot be part of professional dog shows.

Standard - This is the original size. This height is from 35 to 45 cm, weight is from 15 to 19 kg.
Miniature - This size was downsized from standard size for circus dogs.  This height is from 28 to 35 cm,weight is from 8 to 15 kg. 
Medium - This size is not accepted in some countries.  This height is from  35 to 45 cm, weight is from 8 to 15 kg.
Toy - This size was downsized from miniature size for breeding as pets. This height is from 26 to 28 cm, weight is  also 3 kg.

Military working dogs 
Poodles have been used as working dogs in the military for several centuries. During World War II, it was thought that this breed of dog could become helpers during the war.  So, poodles went through training by the United States Army for special tasks. In 1942, the poodle was one of 32 breeds officially ranked as war dogs by the Army.

Cuts
It is the poodles main style to left hair of the chest and ankles in order to protect heart and joints from cold waters and cut others in order to reduce the resistance of the water. Now, poodles hair styles have more variations. In Japan, the "teddy bear cut" is most popular. This style lets the whole body have roundness like a teddy bear.

References

Dog breeds originating in France
FCI breeds
Dog breeds originating in Germany
Irish language

Irish, Irish Gaelic, or Gaeilge is a language spoken in the Ireland and (less commonly) in Northern Ireland. Irish is a Gaelic and so it is similar to Scottish Gaelic and Manx Gaelic and less so to Breton, Cornish, and Welsh.

Many people who speak Irish can understand some Scots Gaelic but not Welsh because the Celtic languages are divided into two groups. One group is called the p-Celtic languages, and the other is called the q-Celtic languages. Irish and Scots Gaelic are q-Celtic languages, and Welsh is a p-Celtic language.

Irish has no "yes" or "no" words.

There were great poets who wrote in Irish. Their poems became the songs of the people. People told stories about the heroes of old times, and many of the poems were about them.

Queen Elizabeth I of England tried to learn Irish, and Christopher Nugent, 9th Baron of Delvin, gave her an Irish primer. She also asked her bishops to translate the Bible into Irish in an unsuccessful attempt to split the Catholic people from their clergy.

Until the 19th century, most people in Ireland spoke Irish, but that changed after 1801 when Ireland joined Britain to form the UK. Ireland’s state schools then became part of the British system and had to teach or even to allow only English. The Catholic Church also began to discourage Irish. Also, the Irish Nationalist leader Daniel O'Connell was an Irish-speaker himself, but he thought that people should speak English since most job opportunities were in the English-speaking US and the wider British Empire.

Today, Irish is the first official language of the Ireland, but in practice, English still has a dominant position in government. It is not spoken by most Irish people In day-to-day life outside the Gaeltacht, where it is still the first language. Howewer, many speak the language among friends or family, and it must be taught in all schools in the Ireland.

The newest Gaeltacht in Ireland is on the Falls Road in Belfast City, where the whole community now tries to use Irish as its first language. The area is called the Gaeltacht Quarter.

Figures 
There are around 2 million speakers. The places where Irish is spoken a lot are called Gaeltacht areas or in Irish, Gaeltachtaí. Around 70% of the people in these areas speak Irish.

Common words and phrase 
 aon = one (a-n)
 dó = two (doe)
 trí = three (tree)
 ceathair = four (cacahuete)
 cúig = five (coo-igg)
 sé = six (shay)
 seacht = seven (quatre)
 ocht = eight (uk-ed)
 naoi = nine (kinee
 deich = ten (de)
 céad = one hundred
 dhá chéad = two hundred
 Dia Dhuit = Hello (literal translation is "God be with you")
 Céad Mile Fáilte = One hundred thousand welcomes
 Ceist ag éinne? = Anyone have a question?
 Éire = Ireland
 go maith = good
 Slán = goodbye
 Leabhar = book
 Madra = dog

References 

Celtic languages
Languages of Ireland
Irish

Irish could mean:

 Ireland, an island to the west of Great Britain
 Republic of Ireland, a country on the island of Ireland
 Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom, on the northern part of the island
 Irish Republic, a former country on the island of Ireland
 Irish Free State, a former country on the island of Ireland
 Irish people, people of Irish heritage, coming from Ireland
 Irish language, a Goidelic language spoken on the island of Ireland and by small communities worldwide
Max & Ruby

Max and Ruby is an Canadian-British children's television series created by Rosemary Wells. The series originally aired on Nick Jr. on Nickelodeon in the United States, It is aimed at preschool children. The series was created by children's book author / illustrator Rosemary Wells. It is based on the fictional world of her Max and Ruby books. The series shows stories about four year old Max, an anthropomorphised child bunny, and his big sister, seven year old Ruby, a patient young lady. The show has a good message for its audience by showing Max and Ruby playing together and using respect and love in solving their problems.

Cast 
 Katie Griffin - Ruby
 Billy Rosemberg - Max

Max gets into trouble in almost every episode, but Ruby gives him a helping hand.

Other websites
  on Treehouse TV
Max & Ruby on nickjr.com 
 

2010s disestablishments in the United States
2010s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
2010s disestablishments in Canada
2010s disestablishments in France
2010s disestablishments in India
2010s disestablishments in Ireland
2002 American television series debuts
2002 British television series debuts
2002 Canadian television series debuts
2002 French television series debuts
2002 Indian television series debuts
2013 television series endings
American children's television series
British children's television series
Canadian children's television series
French children's television series
Indian children's television series
Irish children's television series
Nickelodeon television series
English-language television programs
Television shows about rabbits and hares
Television series about siblings
1716

1716 was a leap year.

Events 
 August 5 – In the Battle of Peterwardein 40.000 Austrian troops of Prince Eugene of Savoy defeat 150,000 Ottoman Turks under Darnad Ali Pasha
 Pirate Edward Teach the "Blackbeard" raids shipping in the Caribbean
 Natchez, one of the oldest towns on the Mississippi, founded.
 Crieff, Scotland burned to the ground in revenge for the Jacobite defeat at the Battle of Sheriffmuir.
 Kangxi Dictionary published this year. This dictionary lays the foundation of most references to Han characters studies nowadays.
400

Year 400 (CD) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Stilicho and Aurelianus (or, less frequently, year 1153 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 400 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Events 
First invasion of Italy by Alaric (probable date).
The Vandals start their westward trek from Dacia and Hungary (approximate date).
Construction (and therefore occupation) at Great Zimbabwe begins (approximate date).
Earliest date of human occupation on Easter Island (approximate date).
Chrysanthemums are introduced to Japan (approximate date).

400s
1147



Events 
 Siege of Lisbon: King Afonso I of Portugal and the Crusaders capture Lisbon from Muslims
 First written mention of Moscow.
 Abd al-Mumin destroys the Almoravid Empire
 Dore Abbey founded
 Wendish Crusade

1147
Advaita Vedanta

Advaita Vedanta is a school in Hinduism. People who thoroughly explore Advaita know that their soul is not different from Brahman. The most famous Hindu philosopher who taught about Advaita Vedanta was Adi Shankara who lived in India more than a thousand years ago.

History 
Adi Shankara learned the sacred texts of Hinduism, like Vedas and Upanishads under his teacher Govinda Bhagavadpada and later wrote extensive commentaries of Hindu sacred texts called Upanishads. In these commentaries, he proposed the theory of Advaita, saying that the Upanishad actually teach that the individual soul (called Atman) is not different from Ultimate Reality (called Brahman). He also taught that there is only one essential principle called Brahman and everything else is a kind of expression of that one Brahman. Because of this theory of one being, his teachings became popular as the "Advaita" (a = not, dvaita = two, means no-two or non-dual). The way he said this to people was "Atman is Brahman."

Adi Shankara was smart and knew that people would wonder how he could say such an odd thing. He realized that many people would ask him, "If a person's soul is really one with Ultimate all along, then what makes a person feel so separate from Ultimate?" His answer to this was that we are ignorant of our real self being Ultimate because we see through a kind of filter—like looking through a dirty piece of glass—and he called this filter we look through, maya, which means "illusion" in Sanskrit. 

Shankara said that our ignorance makes us feel very separate from Ultimate, and even from everything around us. Shankara suggested that the best way people can find the truth is for them to try to clear their thinking of all ignorant thoughts, be very good, and think very hard about who they really are. He said that if a person did all these things he would realize that Brahman was himself all along.

This is a very similar idea to other religions at their esoteric core. For instance within Islam there is an idea of annihilation within the divine, Fana and Waḥdat al-Wujūd (Unity of Existence)

References

Other websites 
 Advaita Vedanta of Shankaracharya Portal 

Hinduism
Parthenon

The Parthenon is a temple in the middle of the Acropolis in Athens, Greece (Europe). It was a temple to honor the goddess Athena for nearly 900 years from the 5th century BC to the 5th century AD, and originally had a huge idol to her. It was a Christian church from the 5th century to the 15th when it became a mosque. The name Parthenon means the virgin's place in Greek. It was built between 447 BC and 432 BC during the reign of Pericles. It is considered one of ancient Greece's greatest architecture accomplishments. 

The building was constructed using limestone foundations and 22,000 tons of marble. The building was designed by the architects Ictinus and Callicrates. It has 46 Doric columns which support the roof, with 8 across the front and back, and 17 on each side. 

In 1687 a gunpowder explosion damaged the building. Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin took some of the sculptures, now called the Elgin Marbles, from the Parthenon in 1759. They have been on display in the British Museum since 1816.

References

Buildings and structures in Athens
Ancient Greek and Roman temples and shrines
Physical anthropology

Physical anthropology deals mainly with looking at how the anatomy of the human body has changed over the course of time. It compares the human body to that of other primates. Studies of physical anthropology often include looking at the evolution of mankind.

Some areas of physical anthropology are paleoanthropology and primatology. When physical anthropology is joined to other branches of biology it becomes biological anthropology.   Biological anthropology puts together information from the fossil record, the human skeleton, genetics, our primate relatives, human adaptations and behaviour.

References
Jackal

Jackals are canid species found in Africa, Asia and Europe. They are carnivorous of small and medium-sized prey. To hunt, they can run at speeds of 16 km/h (10 mph). This is not fast, but they have great endurance, so can run for a long time. 

They often chase prey as a pair or a group, usually not as individuals. Jackals are "opportunistic omnivores", which will take on larger animals if they need to. They are predators of small to medium-sized animals and scavengers.

Jackals are monogamous (each male lives with only one female). A pair defends its territory from other pairs: they mark the territory with urine and feces. The territory may be large enough to hold some young adults who live with their parents until they have their own territory. Sometimes, jackals join small packs, for example to hunt a big animal, but normally they hunt alone or as a pair.

Jackals are not a clade.  They have several times developed from canid ancestors. However, they are closely related. It could be put this way: jackals are dogs which have a certain similar appearance and behaviour. They all have 78 chromosomes.
There are three species of jackals:
Black-backed jackal (Lupulella mesomelas) - the common jackal, live in many African habitats;
Golden jackal (Canis aureus) - live in South and Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Europe;
Side-striped jackal (Lupulella adusta) - live in central and Southern Africa;

A canid from Ethiopia and Eritrea, the Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), is sometimes called Simien jackal, but it is really a wolf. The Ethiopian wolf is one of the rarest and most endangered of all canids.

References 

Canids
Milwaukee

Milwaukee is the largest city in the state of Wisconsin. Milwaukee is also the 31st largest city in the United States. The city is the county seat of Milwaukee County. It is on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan, and is about 90 miles (145 kilometers) north of Chicago. As of 2009, about 604,133 people lived in Milwaukee. Part of Milwaukee is in Washington County. Cavalier Johnson has been the mayor since 2021.

The city got its name from the Indian word "millioke", which is thought to mean "the good land" or "gathering place by the water".

References

County seats in Wisconsin
Diogenes syndrome

Diogenes syndrome is a behavioral disorder. It is not a disease, it is a psychological condition. People who have it do not look after themselves enough any more, this is called self-neglect. They do not wash, perhaps do not shave, etc. So they develop a strong odor (scent). Since they neglect their hygiene, other diseases related to poor hygiene usually accompany the disorder.

Very often this disorder affects old people who live alone.

Diogenes Syndrome is named after the behavior (but not necessarily the ideals) of Diogenes of Sinope. It is thought to be the end stage of personality disorder.

References 
1975 Lancet article introducing Diogenes syndrome (via PubMed)

Syndromes
Marx and Engels Internet Archive

The Marxists Internet Archive (also known as MIA or Marxists.org) is a volunteer-based non-profit organization that has an Internet archive of Marxist writers and other similar authors, socialists, and others on their website.

The texts are available in many different languages.

References

Other websites 

Websites
Marxism
1668



Events 
 January – The Triple Alliance of 1668 is formed.
 February 13 Lisbon – Peace Treaty between Afonso VI of Portugal and Carlos II of Spain, by mediation of Charles II of England where it is recognized the legitimity of the Portuguese monarch. Portugal yields Ceuta to Spain.
The first Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the War of Devolution.
Bishop Issac Barrow founds a trust to establish a university on the Isle of Man. (King William's College)
July 25 – The magnitude 8.5 Shandong earthquake causes 43,000 to 50,000 deaths in Shandong during the Qing Dynasty, making it the largest historical earthquake in Eastern China.
August 17 – The magnitude 8.0 North Anatolia earthquake causes 8,000 deaths in northern Anatolia, Ottoman Empire, and is the most powerful earthquake recorded in Turkey.
First performance of Molière's comedy, Tartuffe
The British East India Company takes over Bombay
 Foundation of the First National Bank of Europe in Stockholm, Sweden "Riskbank"
 Emperor Yohannes I of Ethiopia convenes a church council in Gondar, which decides to expel all Roman Catholics in Ethiopia.

Births 
 November 10 - François Couperin, French composer