alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Kothammuriyattam

Kothammuriyattom is a village folk art form of northern Kerala, India. It is in fact Godavariyattom. Basically it is a theyyam (a popular ritual form of worship of North Malabar), with the image of a cow-face attached to mid part of the body. Usually a boy is selected to do this. Special hair work, face pack, and costumes accompany this. Paniyas also assist the main character. It is believed that, after this play, the country becomes prosperous with more yields and increased number of livestock. With drum patterns serving as the music, the speech is both socially conscious and humorous.

See also
 Arts of Kerala
 Kerala Folklore Akademi

Dances of Kerala
Ritual dances
Arts of Kerala
Charadupinnikkali

Charadupinnikali (Malayalam: ചരടുപിന്നിക്കളി - literally 'string dance') or Urikkali is a dance form practiced in South Kerala and by ex-pat communities in other countries. The play is performed holding the cords hung at the place of performance. At the end of play, the cords become a rough form of uri and later the uri is undone. This makes a part of Thiruvathira.

References

External links
Gurukripa Folk Arts Centre

See also
 Arts of Kerala

Dances of Kerala
Arts of Kerala
NILP

NILP may refer to one of the following:
National Institute for Latino Policy, USA
Northern Ireland Labour Party
Labour Party of Northern Ireland
GTE Midwest

GTE Midwest, Inc. was a GTE operating company formed in 1993 upon the split off of some GTE local telephone operations from GTE North. GTE Midwest served Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, and Minnesota, and included the former operations of Contel in Iowa and Missouri.

History
In 1995, GTE Midwest's Minnesota operations were transferred to Contel of Minnesota, Inc. Contel of Minnesota had always been a separate company from GTE Midwest. 

In 2000, GTE completed the sale of some of its Missouri lines to Spectra Communications Group, which was an investment of CenturyTel. Also occurring that year Bell Atlantic acquired GTE, renaming the merged company Verizon. Upon the completion of the merger, Iowa operations of GTE Midwest were sold to Iowa Network Service, and Nebraska operations were sold to Citizens Utilities (Citizens Telecommunications Company of Nebraska). By the end of 2000, GTE Midwest only served Missouri, and GTE Midwest began doing business as Verizon Midwest.

Dissolution
In 2002, Verizon sells its operations in Missouri to CenturyTel, becoming CenturyTel of Missouri (remaining separate from Spectra Communications Group). 

On August 31, 2002, Verizon discontinued Verizon Midwest as an operating company, with all of its operations transferred to different operating companies within former GTE operating, or the operations being sold off.

Sources
  GTE Midwest, Inc. dba Verizon Midwest, Inc.

Verizon Communications
Economy of the Midwestern United States 
Defunct telecommunications companies of the United States
Telecommunications companies established in 1993 
American companies established in 1993
Telecommunications companies disestablished in 2002 
American companies disestablished in 2002
Linnich

Linnich is a town in the district of Düren in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located on the River Rur (Roer river), approx. 10 km north-west of Jülich.

Economy
Linnich is the home of SIG Combibloc, the specialist for aseptic carton packaging.
On the same Industrial site Gascogne Laminates Germany is producing laminates packaging for the pharmaceutical industry.

Town twinnings
Since 1974, Linnich is twinned with the French town of Lesquin in the Nord département.

Transportation

Linnich has no direct connections to German Autobahns, but the exits Erkelenz-Süd of the BAB 46, Titz, Jülich-Ost or Aldenhoven of the BAB 44 can be used.

Linnich is connected to the Rurtalbahn since 2002, and has one station near the SIG-factory and one in the suburb Tetz.

Culture and landmarks

Museums
 Deutsche Glasmalerei-Museum (German Stained glass Museum)
 Museum of Local History

Born in Linnich

 Wolfgang Dahmen (born 1949), mathematician
 Udo Recker (born 1967), medieval archaeologist
 Elke Winkens (born 1970), actress

References

External links

Düren (district)
Districts of the Rhine Province
Glashaus

Glashaus is a German band consisting of lead singer Cassandra Steen, songwriter and rapper Moses Pelham, and producer Martin Haas. The trio is best known for their mixture of R&B, soul and pop music with lyrics in German language.

History 
In 2000, while searching for new talented singers, producers and label partners Moses Pelham and Martin Haas were introduced to vocalist Cassandra Steen (by then principally known for her appearances on the latest album by Freundeskreis). Although they soon started working on what was to be Steen's solo album, the project moved into a collaborative endeavor and as a result the trio decided to form a band – later named Glashaus.

After months of recording Glashaus finally released their debut single "Wenn das Liebe ist" in 2001. The song became the band's biggest hit to date when it debuted at No. 21 on the German singles charts, reaching its peak position of No. 5 in its third week. While the following singles, "Was immer es ist", Rio Reiser cover "Ohne dich", and "Trost (es tut weh)", failed to chart or sell notably, they helped keeping the band's self-titled debut album in the German media charts for over 30 weeks and got the band nominated for three ECHO Award.

Discography

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Singles

References

External links 

 

German musical groups
Greg Kasavin

Gregory A. Kasavin (; born August 21, 1977) is an American writer and designer for Supergiant Games, and the former site director and executive editor at the gaming website GameSpot for over 10 years.

Early life and education
Kasavin attended University of California, Berkeley.

Career
Prior to working at GameSpot, he worked on Newtype Gaming Magazine. Kasavin also ran a small website called Arcadia Magazine, which reviewed video games and films, and eventually led to his internship at GameSpot. He joined GameSpot in November 1996. On January 3, 2007, GameSpot announced Kasavin's resignation from his position as editor-in-chief. Kasavin worked for Electronic Arts' Los Angeles Studio as associate producer for the PC version of Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars and as a producer for Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3 and its expansion Uprising. While working for EA-LA he hosted a program called Command School, part of Command & Conquer TV, which helps players gain experience at C&C games. He later took a position at 2K Games working as a publishing producer on Spec Ops: The Line.

Kasavin is working at Supergiant Games, and was the writer and creative director of Bastion, Transistor, Pyre, and Hades.

References

External links
Interview with Kasavin
State of Play interview
Getting To Know GameSpot, Episode IX: Greg Kasavin

1977 births
Living people
American male journalists
CNET
Electronic Arts employees
Nebula Award winners
Russian emigrants to the United States
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Video game producers
American video game designers
Video game writers
Magnus Moan

Magnus Hovdal Moan (born 26 August 1983) is a retired Norwegian Nordic combined skier who has competed since 2002 until 2019.

Background
Magnus moved from Lillehammer when he was two years old and has lived in Trondheim ever since. He skis with the Byåsen IL club. When he is not training or competing Moan works for a company called Doka Norge A/S. It is a sister-company of Doka Austria. They rent/sell shuttering accessories to building constructors. Moan is  tall, his weight is  .

Career
Moan finished second in the 2005–06 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup. Moan is a solid ski jumper, but his strength lies in his cross-country skiing. He won one world cup event in the 2005–06 season, in the sprint in Ramsau am Dachstein, Austria, and  finished a race outside of the top eight only once this season. In the 2004–05 season, he finished fifth, eighth in the 2003–04 season, and forty-first in the 2002–03 season.

Moan won an Olympic bronze medal in the Nordic combined on 11 February 2006 in the 15 km individual. He jumped 97.5 m and 97 m scoring 237.5 points after both jumps, leaving him one minute, forty seconds behind Georg Hettich, who won the ski jumping phase. He then skied the 15 km race in 39:44.6, 16.2 seconds behind the winner Hettich, beating fellow countryman Petter Tande in a photo finish. On 21 February 2006, Moan won a silver in the 7.5 km sprint. He completed the race in 18:34.4, 5.4 seconds behind winner Felix Gottwald of Austria.

Moan also has five medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with one gold (4 x 5 km team: 2005), two silvers (7.5 km sprint: 2005, 2007), and two bronzes (4 x 5 km team: 2007 and 2009). He also won the individual Nordic combined event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 2005.

External links

 – click Vinnere for downloadable pdf file 
Nordic Eagles biography of Moan
 , and 

1983 births
Living people
Skiers from Trondheim
Holmenkollen Ski Festival winners
Nordic combined skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Nordic combined skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Nordic combined skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Norwegian male Nordic combined skiers
Olympic Nordic combined skiers for Norway
Olympic gold medalists for Norway
Olympic silver medalists for Norway
Olympic bronze medalists for Norway
Olympic medalists in Nordic combined
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in Nordic combined
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Holmenkollen medalists
Nideggen

Nideggen () is a town in the district of Düren in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located on the river Rur, in the Eifel hills, approx. 15 km south of Düren.

Nideggen is known for its ruined, but partly restored castle (Burg Nideggen) and the sandstone rocks along the Rur. It is twinned with Thatcham in Berkshire, England. The first mention in history was in 1184.

The town was created in 1972 by amalgamation of eight until then independent communities: Abenden (782 inhabitants), Berg-Thuir (709), Brück (301), Embken (734), Muldenau (161), Nideggen (2,983), Rath (757), Schmidt (2,974), Wollersheim (637) (December 2014). It is situated between 250 and 450 metres above sea level.

Geographical position
Nideggen lies on the river Rur and at the banks of the Rurtalsperre, the second largest dam in Germany. The region is famous for its precipitous Early Triassic rocks of Buntsandstein in the valley of Rur and is situated between 250 and 450 metres over sea level.

Museums 
In the municipally-owned Nideggen Castle is the unique Castle Museum of the Rhineland. The Düren Gate (Dürener Tor), one of the symbols of the town, hosts regular art exhibitions.

References

Düren (district)
Districts of the Rhine Province
WSKG Public Telecommunications Council

The WSKG Public Telecommunications Council, Inc. (WSKG, Inc.) is a non-profit public broadcasting organization serving Central, Western, and the Southern Tier of New York State, and Northeast Pennsylvania, with offices based in Vestal (near Binghamton).

WSKG, Inc. owns and operates the following stations:

 WSKG-TV, a PBS member station operating on virtual channel 46, digital 31; repeated in digital on WSKA-DT channel 30 in Corning, New York
 WSKG-FM, an NPR member station, 89.3 FM, featuring news and public affairs, plus classical music
 WSQX-FM, an NPR member station, 91.5 FM, featuring news and public affairs from NPR, Pacifica, and other sources, plus jazz music.

Due to the hilly terrain of the Southern Tier region, WSKG's radio stations are retransmitted on various repeaters and translators throughout the region. WSKG originally also had a network of low-powered television repeaters as well, but were shut down due to high costs.

WSKG, Inc. was also a license holder for WIOX, 91.3 FM, in Roxbury, New York (Delaware County) until it was sold in 2018.

External links
WSKG Official Site

Television broadcasting companies of the United States
Radio broadcasting companies of the United States
Public broadcasting in the United States
Belgian Fourth Division A

The Belgian Fourth Division A was one of the four leagues at the fourth level of the Belgian football league system, the others being the Belgian Fourth Division B, C and D.  This division existed from the 1952-53 to 2015-16 seasons and was played every year with 16 clubs in each league. The league was replaced by Belgian Second Amateur Division.

The final clubs

 — S.V.V. Damme admitted to fill vacancy after R.A.E.C. Mons' bankruptcy on winning repêchage play-offs.

See also
Belgian Third Division
Belgian Fourth Division
Belgian Provincial leagues
Belgian football league system

References

A
Boies

Boies is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:

Surname
David Boies (born 1941), lawyer and Chairman of Boies, Schiller & Flexner
Horace Boies (1827–1923), served as Governor of Iowa from 1890 to 1894
Jean-Christophe Boies, Canadian musician
Jean-Sébastien Boies, Canadian musician
Mary Boies, American lawyer and businesswoman
William Dayton Boies (1857–1932), former Republican congressman for Iowa

Given name
Boies Penrose (1860–1921), American lawyer and Republican politician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Jeremiah Smith Boies De Veber (1830–1908), Canadian politician and businessman

See also
Boies, Schiller & Flexner, American law firm founded by David Boies and Jonathan Schiller in 1997
Boie
Boyce (disambiguation)
Belgian Fourth Division B

The Belgian Fourth Division B was one of the four leagues at the fourth level of the Belgian football league system, the other ones being the Belgian Fourth Division A, C and D.  This division existed from the 1952–53 to 2015–16 seasons and was played every year with 16 clubs in each league. The league was replaced by Belgian Second Amateur Division.

The final clubs

 — RWDM's number 5479 was previously held by K. Standaard Wetteren which merged with R.R.C. Wetteren to become R.F.C. Wetteren.
 — R. Charleroi CF won the second round of the Belgian interprovincial play-off 
 — K.S.K. Halle won the Brabant Division One play-off

See also
Belgian Third Division
Belgian Fourth Division
Belgian Provincial leagues
Belgian football league system

References

B
Belgian Fourth Division C

The Belgian Third Division C was one of the four leagues at the fourth level of the Belgian football league system, the other ones being the Belgian Fourth Division A, B and D.  This division existed from the 1952-53 to 2015-16 seasons and was played every year with 16 clubs in each league. The league was replaced by Belgian Second Amateur Division.

The final clubs

 K.F.C. Nijlen won the Antwerp Division One promotion play-off.

See also
Belgian Third Division
Belgian Fourth Division
Belgian Provincial leagues
Belgian football league system

References

C
Belgian Fourth Division D

The Belgian Fourth Division D () was one of the four leagues at the fourth level of the Belgian football league system, the other ones being the Belgian Fourth Division A, B and C.  This division existed from the 1952–53 to 2015–16 seasons and was played every year with 16 clubs in each league. The league was replaced by the Belgian Second Amateur Division.

The season was divided into three periods of ten matches to make a total of 30 games.  The team with the most points was promoted to the Belgian Third Division as champion. The winners of each period (assuming they met the criteria) entered the playoffs (Eindronde in Dutch) with the other nine teams from Promotion A, B and C. The 6 winners went to the second round with the sides who finished 14th in the Third Division. The 4 winners qualified for the final and the 2 winning teams played in the Third Division the following season.

Teams who finished 16th, 15th and 14th were relegated to the Belgian Provincial Leagues. The 13th placed team had to playoff in order to stay in the division.

The final clubs

 — Promoted to replace R.C.S. Verviétois.
 — FC Richelle United finished first of the Liège Division One play-off, qualifying for the Belgian interprovincial play-off, which it won.
 — Promoted to replace C.S. Visé.

See also
Belgian Third Division
Belgian Fourth Division
Belgian Provincial leagues
Belgian football league system

References

D
Heinrich Hoffmann

Heinrich Hoffmann or Hoffman may refer to:

Hoffmann
Heinrich Hoffmann (photographer) (1885–1957), German photographer
Heinrich Hoffmann (author) (1809–1894), German psychiatrist and author
Heinrich Hoffmann (sport shooter) (1869–?), German Olympic shooter
Heinrich Hoffmann (pilot) (1913–1941), World War II German flying ace

Hoffman
Anglicized form
Heinrich Hoffman (1836–1894), American Civil War veteran

See also
Heinrich Hofmann (disambiguation)
Human Rights in Islam (book)

Human Rights in Islam is a 1976 book written by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, the founder of Jamaat-e-Islami.

In the book, Maududi argues that respect for human rights has always been enshrined in Sharia law (that the roots of these rights are to be found in Islamic doctrine) and criticises Western notions that there is an inherent contradiction between the two.

See also
 Human rights in Islamic countries
 Pact of Umar
 Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam

References 

1976 non-fiction books
Books by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
Human rights in Islam
Aldenhoven

Aldenhoven () is a municipality in the district of Düren in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located approximately 5 km south-west of Jülich, 5 km north of Eschweiler and 20 km north-east of Aachen.

Gallery

Notable people 

 Heinrich von der Mark (1784-1865), Bavarian lieutenant-general and minister of war
 Edmund Emundts (1790-1871) Lord Mayor of Aachen
 Jürgen Fliege (born 1947), television pastor, in the 1980s evangelical pastor in Aldenhoven
 Reinhold Yabo (born 1992), German footballer

Twin Town
Aldenhoven is twinned with the French town of Albert.

References

Düren (district)
West Fork of the Little Sioux River

The West Fork of the Little Sioux River is a river in the northwestern Iowa, United States. It is a tributary to the Little Sioux River through the Garretson Outlet Ditch within the Missouri River floodplain which it enters at .

Approximately  long, it courses through northwest Iowa. The headwaters arise north of Marcus in Cherokee County () and flows generally southwest through farmland in Plymouth and Woodbury counties until the meandered (old) streambed finally meets the Little Sioux River near Turin in Monona County.

However, the lower portion of the river, where the stream leaves the Loess Hills and enters the Missouri River floodplain near Holly Springs, Iowa, has been extensively channelized. Across this floodplain, most of the flow is actually carried by the Garretson and West Fork drainage ditches, which join to become the Monona-Harrison Ditch, which in turn enters the Missouri just upstream from the mouth of the Little Sioux in Harrison County.

See also
List of Iowa rivers

References

External links 
Geography of Woodbury County, including West Fork of the Little Sioux watershed

Rivers of Iowa
Rivers of Cherokee County, Iowa
Rivers of Plymouth County, Iowa
Rivers of Woodbury County, Iowa
Rivers of Monona County, Iowa
Rivers of Harrison County, Iowa
Tributaries of the Missouri River
Hürtgenwald

Hürtgenwald is a municipality in the district of Düren in the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the Eifel hills, approx. 15 km south-west of Düren. Much of the area is covered by forest (Hürtgenwald in literal translation means Hürtgen Forest).

Hürtgenwald is composed of the villages Bergstein, Brandenberg, Gey, Großhau, Horm, Hürtgen, Kleinhau, Raffelsbrand, Schafberg, Simonskall, Strass, Vossenack and Zerkall (in alphabetical order). Kleinhau with the town hall is not only the administrational center of the community, but has  become the commercial center as well (shops and a few supermarkets).

In World War II, Hürtgenwald was the theater of what is considered one of the a major battle. Two large war graves (one in Hürtgen, one in Vossenack) are places to commemorate those who fell.

Nowadays, the pleasing landscape of forested hills, lakes and rivers attracts a lot of people from nearby densely populated areas, e.g. from the Cologne area and the Ruhr Area, for recreational reasons.

See also

 Battle of Hürtgen Forest
 1944 Hürtgen Forest Museum

References

Düren (district)
List of Numbers episodes

Numbers is an American television series produced by brothers Ridley and Tony Scott. It premiered on CBS on Sunday, January 23, 2005 at 10:00 pm with its pilot episode then moved to its Friday slot five days later. It remained in that slot for the rest of its run. The series is set in Los Angeles, California, and follows the stories of a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) team and a mathematics professor, focusing on relationships between FBI Special Agent in Charge Don Eppes (Rob Morrow), his brother Professor Charlie Eppes (David Krumholtz) and their father, Alan Eppes (Judd Hirsch), and on the brothers' efforts to fight crime. A typical episode begins with a crime, which is subsequently investigated by Don's team and mathematically described by Charlie. The insights provided by Charlie's mathematics are almost always crucial to solving the crime.

In total, six complete seasons consisting of 118 episodes were broadcast. The first season, a mid-season replacement for Dr. Vegas, was the shortest of the six, and spanned 13 episodes from January to May 2005. Seasons two and three aired from September to May of the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 seasons respectively, but season four was cut short by the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. Twelve episodes were originally produced and aired from September 2007 to January 2008. Six more episodes were aired in April and May 2008 after the strike ended. Season 5 began airing on October 3, 2008 and continued through to May 2009. Season six began in late September 2009 and concluded in March 2010.

In addition to being broadcast on television, Numbers is available on DVD. All seasons have been released encoded for Region 1 and Region 2, and seasons one, two, three, four, and five have been released encoded for Region 4. Individual episodes of Numbers can also be purchased by registered members of the US iTunes Store and as video on demand from Netflix and Amazon Unbox, now Amazon Prime. CBS also streams the episodes on its website.

Series overview

Episodes

Season 1 (2005)

Season 2 (2005–06)

Season 3 (2006–07)

Season 4 (2007–08)

Season 5 (2008–09)

Season 6 (2009–10)

References
General

Specific
NOTE: Refs Need Archive Backup URLs @ https://archive.org/web/

External links

Mathematical description of Numbers

Lists of American crime drama television series episodes
The Rights of Minorities in the Islamic State

The Rights of Minorities in the Islamic State () is a book written by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, published in Lahore, Pakistan in 1954.

In it Maududi references the millet system and its organization along communal lines as a possible way the Islamic state would deal with minority rights according to the sharia concept of dhimma.

References 

1954 non-fiction books
Books by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
Minorities
System of Government Under the Holy Prophet

System of Government Under the Holy Prophet is a book written by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi.

References

Books by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
Political systems
Islamic Law and its Introduction in Pakistan

Islamic Law and its Introduction in Pakistan is a book written by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi and was originally published in 1955 and reprinted in 1983.

This book discusses the step by step introduction of Islamic law i.e. Sharia in Pakistan and its possible impact. It also discusses the criticism harsh punishment that are main concern of the opponents. It discusses British civil and criminal procedure codes introduced during the British colonial rule and still enforced in Pakistan. This book discusses Sharia in detail and its implementation in the modern world.

Versions
The first edition, Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1955.
The second edition, Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1960.
The third edition, Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1970.
The fourth edition, Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1983.

References

External links
 Islamic Law and its Introduction in Pakistan 

1955 non-fiction books
Books by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
Law of Pakistan
1983 non-fiction books
Qadiani Problem

Qadiani Problem is a book written by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi. It was first published in 1953. The term "Qadiani" is a religious slur which refers to members of the Ahmadiyya branch of Islam.

Synopsis
The book deals with some of the interpretations of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad who claimed to be a prophet. It discusses the finality of prophethood, the claimed prophethood of Ahmad, and its consequences in Muslim society. It also mentions the status of the Ahmadiyya Community and the political plans which Maududi associated with them.
In one of the appendices of the book, a discussion has been given which is claimed to have occurred between Allama Iqbal and Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru. In this discussion Allama Iqbal is said to have expressed his views regarding followers of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and have rationalised his view that followers of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad be given a status of a different religious community in India.

Reception 
A comprehensive rebuttal was published by the second Ahmadiyya leader at the time because the book was considered to be hate speech by the Ahmadiyya branch of Islam.

Legacy 
In 1953, Maududi and his Jamat e Islami party participated in a campaign against the Ahmadiyya community in Pakistan, joined by traditionalist ulama who wanted Ahmadi Muslims designated as non-Muslims. Ahmadis such as Muhammad Zafarullah Khan sacked from all high level government positions, and intermarriage between Ahmadi Muslims and other Muslims prohibited. The campaign generated riots in Lahore, leading to the deaths of at least 2000 Ahmadis, and selective declaration of martial law.

Maududi was arrested by the military deployment headed by Lieutenant General Azam Khan and sentenced to death for his part in the agitation. However, the anti-Ahmadi campaign enjoyed much popular support, and strong public pressure ultimately convinced the government to release him after two years of imprisonment. According to Vali Nasr, Maududi's unapologetic and impassive stance after being sentenced, ignoring advice to ask for clemency, had an "immense" effect on his supporters. It was seen as a "victory of Islam over un-Islam", proof of his leadership and staunch faith.

References

Books by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
1953 non-fiction books
Towards Understanding Islam

Towards Understanding Islam is a book written by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi which gained its author a reputation as a religious teacher and major thinker. This book has been translated into a number of languages. Jamaat-e-Islami claims that it has been translated into 13 languages. One English translation of this book is by Prof Khurshid Ahmad.

Under the subtitle Editor's Introduction in November 1979 Prof. Kurshid Ahmad tries to introduce the book: "Originally written in 1932 in Urdu, under the title Risala-e-Diniyat, the book was intended as a textbook for students of the higher classes and for the general public. It served an important need and became a popular Islamic reader. Most of the schools and colleges of the South Asia adopted it as a textbook in theology and made its study a part of their curricula.  It has been translated into many of the world's languages, including: English, Arabic, Hindi (titled as इस्लाम धर्म) , Persian, German, French, Italian, Turkish, Portuguese, Swahili, Indonesian, Japanese, Malayalam, Tamil, Pashto, Balochi, Bengali, Gujarati and Sindhi. It is also translated in Telugu, Kannada, Marathi
and Albanian.

Description
Mawdudi argues that Islam is about much more than daily rituals and habits, and that it is to be regarded as a dynamic system for the whole of life. The purpose of the book is to provide both Muslims and non-Muslims with a brief but comprehensive view of Islam. The book also tries to provide a rational basis for Islamic beliefs.

About the author

Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi (1903-1979), one of the chief architects of the contemporary Islamic resurgence, was a prominent Islamic thinker and writer of his time. He devoted his entire life to expounding the meaning and message of Islam and to organizing a collective movement to establish the Islamic Order.

In this struggle, he had to pass through all kinds of suffering. Between (1948-1967), he was put behind bars on four occasions, spending a total of five years in different prisons in Pakistan. In 1953, he was also sentenced to death by a Martial Law Court for writing a "seditious" pamphlet, this sentence being later commuted to life imprisonment. In 1941, he founded Jamaat-e-Islami, of which he remained Amir until 1972 and which is one of the most prominent Islamic movements today. He authored more than one hundred works on Islam, both scholarly and popular, and his writings have been translated into more than forty languages.

References 

Books by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
Ozoir-la-Ferrière

Ozoir-la-Ferrière () is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is located in the urban area of Paris  east-southeast from the center.

Demographics
Inhabitants are called Ozoiriens or Ozophoriciens.

History
During the French Revolution, Ozoir-la-Ferrière was temporarily renamed Ozoir-la-Raison, meaning "Ozoir the Reason".

Transportation
Ozoir-la-Ferrière is served by Ozoir-la-Ferrière station on Paris RER line .

Twin cities
Ozoir-la-Ferrière is twinned with the town of Swords, the county town of Fingal, in Dublin, eastern Ireland.

See also
Communes of the Seine-et-Marne department

References

External links

Official website 
1999 Land Use, from IAURIF (Institute for Urban Planning and Development of the Paris-Île-de-France région) 

Communes of Seine-et-Marne
Jawahar Planetarium

The Jawahar Planetarium is located in the city of Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh, India. It was built in 1979 and is situated beside Anand Bhavan the former residence of the Nehru-Gandhi family and now a museum. It is managed by the 'Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund' (established 1964), which has its headquarters at Teen Murti House, New Delhi.

Each year, the prestigious 'Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Lecture' is also held at the planetarium, organised under the auspices of Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund on the birth anniversary of India's first prime minister, 14 November.

See also

 Astrotourism in India
 Nehru Planetarium
 Swami Vivekananda Planetarium, Mangalore
 List of tourist attractions in Prayagraj
 List of planetariums

References 

Planetaria in India
Buildings and structures in Prayagraj
Tourist attractions in Prayagraj
1979 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
Education in Prayagraj
Science and technology in Prayagraj
Monuments and memorials to Jawaharlal Nehru
Ramez Naam

Ramez Naam is an American technologist and science fiction writer. He is best known as the author of the Nexus Trilogy. His other books include The Infinite Resource: The Power of Ideas on a Finite Planet and More than Human: Embracing the Promises of Biological Enhancement. He is currently co-chair for energy and the environment at Singularity University.

Earlier in his life, Naam was a computer scientist at Microsoft for 13 years and led teams working on Outlook, Internet Explorer, and Bing.

Early life 
Naam was born in Cairo, Egypt to a Coptic Christian family, and came to the United States when he was three years old. He has worked as a lifeguard. Naam worked at Microsoft for 13 years, and led teams working on Outlook, Internet Explorer, and Bing.

Career 
Ramez Naam is an adjunct professor at Singularity University, where he lectures on energy, environment, and innovation. He has appeared on Sunday morning MSNBC, Yahoo! Finance, China Cable Television, BigThink, and Reuters.FM. His work has appeared in, or has been reviewed by, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Los Angeles Times, The Atlantic, Slate, Business Week, Business Insider, Discover, Popular Science, Wired, and Scientific American.

Naam's book Nexus was one of NPR’s best books of 2013. Nexus and its sequels explore the risks and potential rewards of a technology allowing humans to link their mind directly to one another.

Awards 

In 2005 he received the H.G. Wells Award for Contributions to Transhumanism.

In 2014 Nexus won the Prometheus Award, and he was nominated for the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer. In 2015 Apex won the Philip K. Dick Award.

Books

Non-fiction 
 More than Human: Embracing the Promise of Biological Enhancement. Broadway Books, 2005
 The Infinite Resource: The Power of Ideas on a Finite Planet. University Press of New England, 2013

Fiction

The Nexus Trilogy
 Nexus (December 2012)
 Crux (August 2013)
 Apex (May 2015)

References

External links
 
 Interview with O’Reilly Radar Podcast
 Interview with BookBrowse
 Naam's law

American computer businesspeople
American nanotechnologists
American computer specialists
Living people
Egyptian emigrants to the United States
Writers from Seattle
American transhumanists
Year of birth missing (living people)
American male novelists
Coptic Christians from Egypt
Uwe Kreisel

Uwe Kreisel is a writer and textbook author in the fields of linguistics, ESL, and cross-cultural topics.

Bibliography 
 1992: English One. 
 1993: English Two. 
 1996: Net Jargon. 
 1997: E-mail English. 
 1997: Ultimate Idioms. 
 2000: Fluessiges Englisch. 
 8th edition published 2009.
 2002: American Slang in letzter Minute. 
 2003: Kulturschluessel USA.  
 2003: MultiLingua Classics: English One & Two, 2 CD-ROMs. 
 updated edition, 1st edition published 1995
 2004: Viimase minuti ameerika släng. 
 Estonian version of American Slang 2004: Kulturschluessel China. 
 2007: China erleben und verstehen. 
 2009: Smarte Sprüche: USA. 
 2011: Englisch ganz leicht. Urlaubskurs.''

External links 
 Uwe Kreisel's website

1961 births
Living people

Washington University in St. Louis alumni
German male writers
Inden, North Rhine-Westphalia

Inden is a municipality in the district of Düren in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located on the river Inde, approx. 10 km north-west of Düren. In the area around Inden lignite is extracted in open-pit mines. One mine is being rehabilitated with lake, park, solar power and energy storage. Several hundreds of inhabitants have been resettled in the 1990s and 2000s because of these activities.

Town division 
Districts:
Frenz
Inden/Altdorf
Lamersdorf
Lucherberg
Schophoven
Viehöven

References

External links

Düren (district)
Kreuzau

Kreuzau is a municipality in the district of Düren in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located on the river Rur, approx. 5 km south of Düren.

Geography

Neighbouring communities 
Kreuzau is surrounded by the following settlements, listed clockwise beginning in the north: the county town of Düren and the municipalities of Nörvenich, Vettweiß, Nideggen and Hürtgenwald, all in the county of Düren.

Municipal subdivisions 
The municipality Kreuzau includes the following civil parishes (Ortsteil):
 Bogheim
 Boich
 Drove
 Kreuzau (incl. Schneidhausen) with 5,150 inhabitants on 31 October 2015
 Leversbach
 Obermaubach (incl. Schlagstein)
 Stockheim
 Thum
 Üdingen
 Untermaubach (incl. Bilstein)
 Winden (incl. Bergheim and Langenbroich)

In addition there was the now extinct village of Hemgenberg.

Twin towns
Kreuzau is twinned with:

  Obervellach, Austria
  Plancoët, France

References

Düren (district)
Solitude (disambiguation)

Solitude is a state of personal isolation from others.

Solitude may also refer to:

Music
 Solitude Aeturnus, formerly Solitude, an American metal band

Albums
 Solitude (Billie Holiday album) or the title cover of the Duke Ellington song (see below), 1956
 Solitude (King Midas Sound album), 2019
 Solitude (The The album) or the title song, 1993
 Solitude (EP), by Tori Kelly, 2020
 Solitude, by Frank Duval, 1991
 Solitude, by Gunmetal Grey
 Solitude, by Kosheen, 2013
 Solitude, by Morris Albert, 1981

Songs
 "(In My) Solitude", composed by Duke Ellington, 1934
 "Solitude" (Candlemass song), 1986
 "Solitude", by Black Sabbath from Master of Reality, 1971
 "Solitude", by Days of the New from Days of the New, 1997
 "Solitude", by Jerry Cantrell from Degradation Trip Volumes 1 & 2, 2002
 "Solitude", by Joe Satriani from Black Swans and Wormhole Wizards, 2010
 "Solitude", by Gothminister from Anima Inferna, 2011
 "Solitude", by Northlane from Discoveries, 2011
 "Solitude", by M83 from Junk, 2016

Places
 Solitude, Indiana, an unincorporated community in Posey County, Indiana
 Solitude, Kentucky, an unincorporated community in Bullitt County, Kentucky
 Solitude, United States Virgin Islands, a settlement on the island of Saint Croix in the United States Virgin Islands
 Solitude, Virginia, an unincorporated community in Botetourt County, Virginia
 Solitude (Blacksburg, Virginia), a historic home located on the campus of Virginia Polytechnic Institute
 Solitude Mountain Resort, a ski area in Utah

Other
 Solitude (football ground), the oldest football stadium in Ireland
 Solitude Racetrack (Solitudering), a former racetrack in Stuttgart, Germany (1903–1965)
 "Solitude" (Supergirl), an episode of the CBS television series Supergirl
 Solitude Trilogy, a 1992 documentary by pianist Glenn Gould
 "Solitude", a poem by Ella Wheeler Wilcox
 Solitude (Bazovský), a painting by Miloš Alexander Bazovský from 1957
 La Mulâtresse Solitude, a Guadeloupean freedom fighter
 Solitude, the capital city of Skyrim in The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim

See also
 Solitary (disambiguation)
 The Solitude Mansion, a colonial-era mansion in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia (named after Castle Solitude)
 Castle Solitude (Schloss Solitude), a rococo palace in Stuttgart, Germany
 Solitudes, a brand of music created by Dan Gibson
 Zolitūde, a city district of Riga (Latvia)
 Zolitūde Station, railway stop in Zolitūde district of Riga
Sonny King (singer)

Sonny King (April 1, 1922 – February 3, 2006) was an American lounge singer of Italian descent.

He was born as Luigi Antonio Schiavone on April 1, 1922, in Brooklyn, New York. He was the sidekick of Jimmy Durante for 28 years until Durante's death in 1980. They appeared together on The Ed Sullivan Show five times in the 1960s. King shared a New York apartment with Dean Martin when the two were struggling entertainers, and is credited with introducing Martin to a young comedian Jerry Lewis.

Although not an official Rat Pack member, he was close friends with many Rat Pack entertainers and appeared in movies such as Robin and the Seven Hoods and Sergeants 3.  He recorded an album "For Losers Only" and shared the stage with jazz greats such as Louis Armstrong, Lena Horne, Joe Williams and many more.  King moved to Las Vegas in the early 1950s and was a fixture on the strip and local clubs until his death on February 3, 2006, from cancer. He was 83 years old.

Being brought up in vaudeville and trained in operatic vocals and comedy, all these elements composed the foundation of what became the quintessential "Vegas lounge singer" persona.

Sonny had seven children: Thomas Stephens, Michael Stephens, Craig Unger, Shannon Ward, Antoinette Schiavone, Louis Schiavone II and Christopher Schiavone.

Discography

Filmography

References 

1922 births
2006 deaths
American male film actors
Singers from Brooklyn
Musicians from the Las Vegas Valley
American people of Italian descent
Deaths from cancer in Nevada
20th-century American singers
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American male singers
Langerwehe

Langerwehe is a municipality in the district of Düren in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located approximately 10 km west of Düren. It is a twin town of Exmouth, United Kingdom.

Nearby is Holzheim Castle, now a farm and riding stables.

References

Düren (district)
Merzenich

Merzenich is a municipality in the district of Düren in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located approximately 4 km north-east of Düren.

Mayor
Georg Gelhausen (CDU) was elected in September 2015, and re-elected in September 2020.

References

Düren (district)
Castle Rising

Castle Rising is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. The village is situated some  north-east of the town of King's Lynn and  west of the city of Norwich. The River Babingley skirts the north of the village separating Castle Rising from the site of the lost village of Babingley.

History
Castle Rising's name is of Norman and Anglo-Saxon origin, deriving from a mix of the Old English and Norman French for a castle close to the settlement of Risa's people.

In the Domesday Book, Rising is listed as a settlement of fourteen households in the hundred of Grimshoe. The village was owned by William de Warenne.

Castle Rising Castle was built in the 1140s on the orders of William d'Aubigny and was most famously the residence of Queen Isabella after her role in the murder of King Edward II. The castle was subsequently passed to Edward of Woodstock and is now in the possession of Greville Howard.

Prior to the Reform Act of 1832, Castle Rising was a parliamentary borough yet due to its small population it was often labelled as an example of a rotten borough. Samuel Pepys was the member for Castle Rising between 1673 and 1679 as was Robert Walpole between 1701 and 1702

Geography
In the 2011 Census, Castle Rising was reported as having 216 residents living in 116 households.

Castle Rising lies within the constituency of North West Norfolk and is thus represented by James Wild MP of the Conservative Party at Parliament.

St. Lawrence's Church
Castle Rising's Parish Church is of Norman origin and is dedicated to Saint Lawrence. The font dates from the Twelfth Century yet the church was heavily restored in the Nineteenth Century by Anthony Salvin and George Edmund Street.

In popular culture
Castle Rising appeared as a Danish village in Out of Africa.

Castle Rising was also the setting for Grass, a 2003 spin-off of The Fast Show.

Notable residents
 William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel- Norman nobleman
 Adeliza of Louvain- Queen of England
 William d'Aubigny, 2nd Earl of Arundel- Anglo-Norman nobleman
 Isabella of France- Queen of England
 Greville Howard, Baron Howard of Rising- British politician

War Memorial
Castle Rising's War Memorials take the form of two metal plaques on two lanterns in the High Street. They bear the following names for the First World War:
 Corporal Arthur R. Chivers (d.1918), 10th Battalion, Tank Corps
 Private George Twaite (d.1917), 6th Battalion, Royal East Kent Regiment
 Private Eric J. Marsters (d.1915), 1/5th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
 Private Josiah Cooper (1885-1916), 9th Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment

And, the following for the Second World War:
 Gunner Albert D. Ward (1921-1942), 65th (Norfolk Yeomanry) Anti-Tank Regiment
 Private Hubert A. Bocking (1915-1944), 4th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment

References

External links

.

 
Villages in Norfolk
Civil parishes in Norfolk
King's Lynn and West Norfolk
Niederzier

Niederzier is a municipality in the district of Düren in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located approximately 10 km north of Düren, and 10 km south-east of Jülich.

Personalities 

 Viktor Schroeder (1922-2011), industrialist, patron and honorary citizen
 Karl Lauterbach (born 1963), doctor and politician (SPD), since 2005 Bundestag deputy 
 Andrea Tillmanns (born 1972), author

References

External links

Düren (district)
Nörvenich

Nörvenich is a municipality in the district of Düren in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located about  east of Düren.

See also 

Nörvenich Air Base

References

Düren (district)
Jason Sears

Jason Kemper Sears (23 January 1968 – 31 January 2006) was an American punk rock vocalist from Santa Barbara, California, best known for his work with Rich Kids on LSD (RKL), from 1982 to their first breakup in 1990 and again from 1993 to 2006. He was also a nationally ranked snowboarder at one time and sponsored by Barfoot snowboarding team.

Sears was one of many singers to contribute to the album Strait Up, made in memory of Lynn Strait, the late lead singer of the band Snot. Sears provided vocals for the track "Until Next Time".

In 2006, Sears died in a detoxification clinic in Tijuana, Mexico, of pulmonary thrombosis unrelated to the treatment. According to Mexican authorities he had been suffering from serious skin abscesses and an infection. He was being treated for addiction with ibogaine, a psychoactive compound with anti-addictive properties that is illegal in the U.S.

Sears is remembered by NOFX in the song "Doornails" from the 2006 album Wolves in Wolves' Clothing, a tribute to punk rock musicians from Southern California who have died. The Sears reference is in the line, "This Patrón's for Jason."

References

External links

1968 births
2006 deaths
American punk rock singers
Drug-related deaths in Mexico
Respiratory disease deaths in Mexico
Deaths from pulmonary thrombosis
20th-century American male singers
20th-century American singers
Rich Kids on LSD members
H.E.A.R.

H.E.A.R. is a non-profit organization dedicated to preventing hearing loss, mainly from loud rock music. The acronym stands for Hearing Education and Awareness for Rockers.  It was founded in 1988 by rock musician Kathy Peck and physician Flash Gordon, M.D. after Kathy developed tinnitus and hearing loss after playing with the band The Contractions.

The initial funding for the organization's formation was provided by guitarist and songwriter for The Who, Pete Townshend, who also developed tinnitus as a result of loud volumes at Who concerts, and a particular incident during a live performance of My Generation, when drummer Keith Moon set off some explosives inside his drum kit right next to Townshend.

Musician-producer Todd Rundgren appeared in a public service announcement for the organization.

Kathy Peck is a musician and was the bass player and singer for the San Francisco punk rock band The Contractions. Peck herself has hearing damage caused by years of playing loud music. She is an advocate and educator for the prevention of hearing loss, and in 1988 together with Dr. Flash Gordon founded the Hearing Educators and Awareness for Rockers (H.E.A.R.) organization, a non-profit that over the years has provided concertgoers with free earplugs and has organized prevention campaigns to educate the public. 
Peck's work is focused on educating and improving the quality of life for people with hearing loss or tinnitus. This disability can have a painful and debilitating output on the daily life of people with hearing loss. On the H.E.A.R. organization's web site you can find information about different types and features of earplugs, how to protect your hearing, levels or categories of deafness, and much more information pertaining to this topic. 
In March 2013, the Mayor of New York City Michael Bloomberg launched a campaign for hearing protection and preservation aimed at teenagers and young adults listening to loud music on MP3 players and earbuds, Peck showed support for the campaign and made reference to the fact that hearing damage or deafness is something that can happen at a young age, a loud blast or overexposure of loud sounds and/or music are contributing factors and prevention through hearing protection is the best way to avoid permanent ear damage.

References

External links
Official Site
 Music Life Radio Interview with Kathy Peck – June 2012
 NBC News Health News "Turn it Up? Musicians Run Far Higher Risk of Hearing Loss" by Jonel Aleccia, April 30, 2014
 Newsweek,"A Little Bit Louder, Please," by David Noonan, 10/11/2007
 Audiology Online, "Interview with Kathy Peck," 4 October 2000]
 East Bay Express, "The Metronome Diary: H.E.A.R.ing things," by Chris Baty, 25 May 2001
 Prevention, "Health Hero: Kathy Peck," by Katie Becker, 2007
 Kathy Peck NAMM Oral History Program Interview (2008)
National Association of Schools of Music (NASM) and the Performing Arts Medicine Association (PAMA) Advisories on Hearing Health.

Audiology organizations
Hearing loss