alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Alfonso V

Alfonso V may refer to:
 Alfonso V of León (999–1028)
 Alfonso V of Aragon (1416–1458), The Magnanimous
 Afonso V of Portugal (1432–1481), The African
August Wilhelm Ambros

August Wilhelm Ambros (17 November 181628 June 1876) was an Austrian composer and music historian of Czech descent.

Life 
He was born in Mýto, Rokycany District, Bohemia. His father was a cultured man, and his mother was the sister of Raphael Georg Kiesewetter (1773–1850), the musical archaeologist and collector. Ambros studied at the University of Prague and was well-educated in music and the arts, which were his abiding passion. He was, however, destined for the law and an official career in the Austrian civil service, and from 1839 he occupied various important posts under the ministry of justice, music being an avocation.

From 1850 onwards, he became well known as a critic and essay-writer, and in 1860 he began working on his magnum opus, his History of Music, which was published at intervals from 1862 in five volumes, the last two (1878, 1882) being edited and completed by Otto Kade and Wilhelm Langhans.

Ambros was a professor of the history of music at Prague from 1869 to 1871. Also in Prague, he sat on the board of governors in the Prague Royal Conservatory. By 1872, he was living in Vienna and was employed by the Department of Justice as an officer and by Prince Rudolf's family as his tutor. Through his work in Vienna, he was given a leave of absence for half the year in order to let him travel the world to collect musical information to include in his History of Music book. He was an excellent pianist, and the author of numerous compositions reminiscent of Felix Mendelssohn.

Ambros died at Vienna, Austria at the age of 59.

Notes

1816 births
1876 deaths
People from Mýto
19th-century Austrian musicians
19th-century Austrian male musicians
19th-century classical composers
19th-century Czech musicians
Austrian classical composers
Austrian male classical composers
Austrian people of German Bohemian descent
Charles University alumni
Czech male classical composers
German Bohemian people
Czech Romantic composers
Josquin scholars
19th-century musicologists
Anacharsis

Anacharsis (; ) was a Scythian prince and philosopher of uncertain historicity who lived in the 6th century BC.

Life
Anacharsis was the brother of the Scythian king Saulius, and both of them were the sons of the previous Scythian king, Gnurus.

Few concrete details are known about the life of the historical Anacharsis. He is known to have travelled to Greece, where he possibly became influenced by Greek culture.

Anacharsis was later killed by his brother Saulius for having sacrificed to the Scythian ancestral Snake-Legged Goddess at her shrine in the country of Hylaea by performing an orgiastic and shamanistic ritual at night during which he wore images on his dress and played drums.

The ancient Greek author, Herodotus of Halicarnassus, claimed that Anacharsis had been killed because he had renounced Scythian customs and adopted Greek ones, although this claim was likely invented by Herodotus himself. The religious rituals practised by Anacharsis instead corresponded more closely to those of the transvestite Anarya priesthood of the Scythians.

Legacy
An amphora found in the western  at Pontic Olbia where was located the temple of Apollo Iētros () recorded the dedication of "paternal honey" to this god by a Scythian named Anaperrēs (), who may have been the son of Anacharsis.

The nephew of Anacharsis, Idanthyrsus, who was the son and successor of Saulius, would later become famous among the Greeks in his own right for having resisted the Persian invasion of Scythia in 513 BC.

In Graeco-Roman philosophy
Later Graeco-Roman tradition transformed Anacharsis into a legendary figure as a kind of "noble savage" who represented "Barbarian wisdom," due to which the ancient Greeks included him as one of the Seven Sages of Greece. Consequently, Anarcharsis became a popular figure in Greek literature, and many legends arose about him, including claims that he had been a friend of Solon.

The ancient Greek historian, Ephorus of Cyme, later used this image of Anacharsis to create an idealised image of the Scythians.

Eventually, Anacharsis completely became an ideal "man of nature" or "noble savage" figure in Greek literature, as well as favourite figure of the Cynics, who ascribed to him a 3rd century BC work titled the .

Due to the transformation of Anacharsis into a favourite character of Greek philosophers, nearly all of the ancient writings concerning him are about Greek literature, which makes the information regarding the historical Anacharsis himself difficult to assess.

References

Sources

External links

Jean Jacques Barthelemy's The Travels of Anacharsis the Younger in Greece (French)

6th-century BC Greek philosophers
Ancient Greeks who were murdered
Immigrants to Archaic Athens
Male murder victims
Presocratic philosophers
Scythian people
Seven Sages of Greece
6th-century BC Iranian people
Ancient Iranian philosophers
Ancyra (planthopper)

Ancyra is a small genus of planthoppers of the family Eurybrachidae and the only genus in the tribe Ancyrini. Species in this genus occur in southeast Asia.

Description
Members of the genus are well known for having a pair of prolonged filaments at the tips of the forewings that arise near a pair of small glossy spots; this creates the impression of a pair of antennae, with corresponding "eyes" (a remarkable case of automimicry). The "false head" effect is further reinforced by the bugs' habit of walking backwards when it detects movement nearby, so as to misdirect predators to strike at its rear, rather than at its actual head.

Taxonomy
The genus Ancyra was first named in 1845 by Scottish zoologist Adam White. It is the only genus of the tribe Ancyrini (subfamily Platybrachinae, family Eurybrachidae). The type species is Ancyra appendiculata, the species name meaning bearing appendages.

Species
, lists the following seven species in the genus Ancyra:

Ancyra annamensis  – Vietnam
Ancyra appendiculata  – Myanmar
Ancyra histrionica  – Cambodia, Myanmar
Ancyra luangana 
Ancyra nigrifrons  – Malaysia
Ancyra vicina  – Vietnam
Ancyra xiengana

References

Fauna of Southeast Asia
Eurybrachidae
Auchenorrhyncha genera
Anastasius I

Anastasius I or Anastasios I may refer to:
Anastasius I Dicorus ( – 518), Roman emperor
Anastasius I of Antioch (d. 599), Patriarch of Antioch
Pope Anastasius I (died 401), pope of Rome
Alexander Anderson (mathematician)

Alexander Anderson ( in Aberdeen –  in Paris) was a Scottish mathematician.

Life
He was born in Aberdeen, possibly in 1582, according to a print which suggests he was aged 35 in 1617. It is unknown where he was educated, but it is likely that he initially studied writing and philosophy (the "belles lettres") in his home city of Aberdeen.

He then went to the continent, and was a professor of mathematics in Paris by the start of the seventeenth century. There he published or edited, between the years 1612 and 1619, various geometric and algebraic tracts. He described himself as having "more wisdom than riches" in the dedication of Vindiciae Archimedis (1616).

He was first cousin of David Anderson of Finshaugh, a celebrated mathematician, and David Anderson's daughter was the mother of mathematician James Gregory.

Work
He was selected by the executors of François Viète to revise and edit Viète's manuscript works. Viète died in 1603, and it is unclear if Anderson knew him, but his eminence was sufficient to attract the attention of the dead man's executors. Anderson corrected and expanded upon Viète's manuscripts, which extended known geometry to the new algebra, which used general symbols to represent quantities.

Publications
The known works of Anderson amount to six thin quarto volumes, and as the last of them was published in 1619, it is probable that the author died soon after that year, but the precise date is unknown. He wrote other works that have since been lost. From his last work it appears he wrote another piece, "A Treatise on the Mensuration of Solids," and copies of two other works, Ex. Math. and Stereometria Triangulorum Sphæricorum, were in the possession of Sir Alexander Hume until the after the middle of the seventeenth century.

1612: Supplementum Apollonii Redivivi
1615: Ad Angularum Sectionem Analytica Theoremata F. Vieta
1615: Pro Zetetico Apolloniani
1615: Francisci Vietae Fontenaeensis
1616: Vindiciae Archimedis
1619: Alexandri Andersoni Exercitationum Mathematicarum Decas Prima

See also
 Marin Getaldić
 Denis Henrion
 Frans van Schooten

References

Attribution:

Further reading
 

1580s births
1620 deaths
People from Aberdeen
Algebraists
British geometers
Scottish mathematicians
17th-century Scottish people
Scottish scholars and academics
Academic staff of the University of Paris
17th-century Scottish scientists
17th-century Scottish mathematicians
Andrea Andreani

Andrea Andreani (1540–1623) was an Italian engraver on wood, who was among the first printmakers in Italy to use chiaroscuro, which required multiple colours.
 
Andreani was born and generally active in Mantua about 1540 (Brulliot says 1560) and died at Rome in 1623. His engravings are scarce and valuable, and are chiefly copies of Mantegna, Albrecht Dürer, Parmigianino and Titian. The most remarkable of his works are Mercury and Ignorance, the Deluge, Pharaoh's Host Drowned in the Red Sea (after Titian), the Triumph of Caesar (after Mantegna), and Christ retiring from the judgment-seat of Pilate after a relief by Giambologna. He was active 1584–1610 in Florence.

Andreani's work is held in several museums worldwide, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the Cleveland Museum of Art, the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, the Ackland Art Museum, the Clark Art Institute, the Harvard Art Museums, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Albright–Knox Art Gallery, the National Gallery of Canada, the Davis Museum at Wellesley College, the Cooper Hewitt, the University of Michigan Museum of Art, the Bowdoin College Museum of Art, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Princeton University Art Museum, and the British Museum.

References

Sources
"Andrea Andreani" in the Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th Edition, Vol. II, p. 20.
 Getty ULAN entry.

Further reading

 artnet

1540 births
1623 deaths
Artists from Mantua
16th-century Italian artists
17th-century Italian artists
Italian engravers
16th-century engravers
17th-century engravers
Andronicus of Cyrrhus

Andronicus of Cyrrhus or Andronicus Cyrrhestes (Latin; , Andrónikos Kyrrhēstēs; ) was a Hellenized Macedonian astronomer best known for designing the Tower of the Winds in Roman Athens.

Life
Little is known about the life of Andronicus, although his father is recorded as Hermias. It is usually assumed that he came from the Cyrrhus in Macedonia rather than the one in Syria.

Work
Andronicus is usually credited with the construction of the Tower of the Winds in the Roman forum at Athens around  a considerable portion of which still exists. It is octagonal, with figures of the eight principal winds (Anemoi) carved on the appropriate side. Originally, a bronze figure of Triton was placed on the summit that was turned round by the wind so that the rod in his hand pointed to the correct wind direction, an idea replicated with subsequent wind vanes. The interior housed a large clepsydra and the exterior housed multiple sundials so that it functioned as a kind of early clocktower.

He also built a multifaced sundial for the Temple of Poseidon on the island of Tinos.

References

Citations

Bibliography
 
 .

External links
Tenos island - Epigraphical Database - IG XII,5 891

Ancient Greek astronomers
Ancient Macedonian scientists
Ancient Macedonians in Athens
Roman-era Macedonians
2nd-century BC births
1st-century BC deaths
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
2nd-century BC astronomers
Andronicus of Rhodes

Andronicoos of Rhodes (; ; ) was a Greek philosopher from Rhodes who was also the scholarch (head) of the Peripatetic school. He is most famous for publishing a new edition of the works of Aristotle that forms the basis of the texts that survive today.

Life
Little is known about Andronicus' life. He is reported to have been the eleventh scholarch of the Peripatetic school. He taught in Rome, about 58 BC, and was the teacher of Boethus of Sidon, with whom Strabo studied.

Works of Aristotle
Andronicus is of special interest in the history of philosophy, from the statement of Plutarch, that he published a new edition of the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus, which formerly belonged to the library of Apellicon, and were brought to Rome by Sulla with the rest of Apellicon's library in 84. Tyrannion commenced this task, but apparently did not do much towards it. The arrangement which Andronicus made of Aristotle's writings seems to be the one which forms the basis of our present editions and we are probably indebted to him for the preservation of a large number of Aristotle's works.

Writings
Andronicus wrote a work upon Aristotle, the fifth book of which contained a complete list of the philosopher's writings, and he also wrote commentaries upon the Physics, Ethics, and Categories.  None of these works is extant.  Two treatises are sometimes erroneously attributed to him, one On Emotions, the other a commentary on Aristotle's Ethics (really by Constantine Paleocappa in the 16th century, or by John Callistus of Thessalonica).

Notes

References

Further reading

External links
 The Rediscovery of the Corpus Aristotelicum with an annotated bibliography

Attribution

1st-century BC Greek philosophers
Commentators on Aristotle
Roman-era Peripatetic philosophers
Roman-era philosophers in Rome
Philosophers in ancient Rhodes
Roman-era Rhodians
Ancient Greek ethicists
Andronicus

Andronicus or Andronikos () is a classical Greek name. The name has the sense of "male victor, warrior". Its female counterpart is Andronikè (Ἀνδρονίκη). Notable bearers of the name include:

People
Andronicus of Olynthus, Greek general under Demetrius in the 4th century BC
Livius Andronicus (), Greco-Roman dramatist and epic poet who introduced drama to the Romans and produced the first formal play in Latin
Andronicus ben Meshullam, Jewish scholar of the 2nd century BC
Andronicus of Pergamum, 2nd-century BC diplomat
Andronicus of Macedonia, Macedonian governor of Ephesus in 2nd century BC
Andronicus of Cyrrhus (fl. ), Greek astronomer
Andronicus of Rhodes (fl. ), Greek philosopher
Andronicus of Pannonia (Saint Andronicus), Christian apostle of the seventy mentioned in Romans 16:7
Andronicus (physician), Greek physician of the 2nd century
Andronicus (poet), Greek writer of the 4th century
Saint Andronicus, 4th-century Christian martyr
Andronicus of Alexandria, soldier, martyr, saint and companion of Faustus, Abibus and Dionysius of Alexandria
Coptic Pope Andronicus of Alexandria (reigned 616–622)
Andronikos I Komnenos (–1185), Byzantine emperor
Andronikos II Palaiologos (1258–1332)
Andronikos III Palaiologos (1297–1341)
Andronikos IV Palaiologos (1348–1385)
Andronikos V Palaiologos (), co-emperor with his father, John VII Palaiologos
Andronikos Palaiologos (son of Manuel II) (1403–1429), Byzantine prince and governor
Andronikos I of Trebizond (), emperor of Trebizond
Andronikos II of Trebizond ()
Andronikos III of Trebizond ()
 Andronicus of Veszprém, 13th-century Hungarian cleric
 Andronikos Euphorbenos (), Byzantine aristocrat and military commander
 Andronikos Kakoullis (born 2001), Cypriot footballer

Fictional characters
Titus Andronicus, a play by William Shakespeare, possibly inspired by one of the above-listed emperors
Andronicus, or the Unfortunate Politician, a 1646 satire by Thomas Fuller

See also
Andronikos Komnenos (disambiguation)
Andronikos Palaiologos (disambiguation)
Alfred

Alfred may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

Alfred J. Kwak, Dutch-German-Japanese anime television series
Alfred (Arne opera), a 1740 masque by Thomas Arne
Alfred (Dvořák), an 1870 opera by Antonín Dvořák
"Alfred (Interlude)" and "Alfred (Outro)", songs by Eminem from the 2020 album Music to Be Murdered By

Business and organisations
 Alfred, a radio station in Shaftesbury, England
Alfred Music, an American music publisher
Alfred University, New York, U.S.
The Alfred Hospital, a hospital in Melbourne, Australia

People
 Alfred (name) includes a list of people and fictional characters called Alfred
 Alfred the Great (848/49 – 899), or Alfred I, a king of the West Saxons and of the Anglo-Saxons

Places

Antarctica
 Mount Alfred (Antarctica)

Australia
 Alfredtown, New South Wales
 County of Alfred, South Australia

Canada
 Alfred and Plantagenet, Ontario
 Alfred Island, Nunavut
 Mount Alfred, British Columbia

United States
 Alfred, Maine, a New England town
 Alfred (CDP), Maine, the main village in the town
 Alfred, New York, a town
 Alfred (village), New York, within the town of Alfred
 Alfred, North Dakota
 Alfred, Texas
 Lake Alfred, Florida

Other uses
HMS Alfred, the name of several ships of the Royal Navy
USS Alfred, launched in 1774 as Black Prince
Alfred (software), an application launcher for macOS
ALFRED (nuclear reactor), lead-cooled fast reactor demonstrator
Allele Frequency Database, an electronic database of genetic alleles

See also
Alfredo (disambiguation)
HMS King Alfred
HMS Royal Alfred (1864)
ABM

ABM or Abm may refer to:

Companies
 ABM Industries, a US facility management provider
 ABM Intelligence, a UK software company
 Advantage Business Media, a US digital marketing and information services company
 Associated British Maltsters, acquired by Dalgety plc

Computing
 Advanced Bit Manipulation, an instruction set extension for x86
 Agent-based model, a computational model for simulating autonomous agents
 Asynchronous Balanced Mode, an HDLC communication mode

Military
 Air Battle Manager, US Air Force rated officer position
 Anti-ballistic missile
 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 1972 arms control treaty between the US and USSR

Organizations
 Abahlali baseMjondolo, movement of South African shack dwellers
 Anglican Board of Mission - Australia, the national mission agency of the Anglican Church of Australia
 Ansar Bait al-Maqdis, an Egyptian jihadist group

Other uses
 Abanyom language of Nigeria, ISO 639-3 code
 ABM (video game), 1980 video game
 Account-based marketing, strategic approach to business marketing
 Activity-based management, method of identifying and evaluating activities that a business performs
 Agaricus blazei Murill, a species of mushroom
 Automated banking machine, Canadian term for automated teller machine
 IATA airport code for Northern Peninsula Airport, in Queensland, Australia
 Atmospheric Black Metal
ATP

ATP may refer to:

Science, technology and biology 
Adenosine triphosphate, an organic chemical used for driving biological processes
ATPase, any enzyme that makes use of adenosine triphosphate
Advanced Technology Program, US government program
Anti-tachycardia pacing, process similar to a pacemaker
Alberta Taciuk process, for extracting oil from shale, etc.
Automated theorem proving, method of proving mathematical theorems by computer programs

Companies and organizations 

 Association of Tennis Professionals, men's professional tennis governing body
ATP Tour
 American Technical Publishers, employee-owned publishing company
 Armenia Tree Project, non-profit organization
 Association for Transpersonal Psychology
 ATP architects engineers, architecture- and engineering office for integrated design
 ATP Oil and Gas, defunct US energy company

Entertainment, arts and media 
Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (band), Japanese alternative rock/pop band
All Tomorrow's Parties (festival), UK organisation
ATP Recordings, record label
Alberta Theatre Projects, professional, not-for-profit, Canadian theatre company
Associated Talking Pictures, former name of Ealing Studios, a television and film production company

Transport 
British Aerospace ATP, airliner
 Airline transport pilot license
 ATP Flight School, US
 ATP (treaty), UN treaty that establishes standards for the international transport of perishable food
 Aitape Airport, Papua New Guinea, IATA code
 Anti-trespass panels, meant to deter pedestrians from walking on or adjacent to train tracks
 Automatic train protection, system installed in trains to prevent collisions through driver error
Automatic Train Protection (United Kingdom), method of beacon based railway cab signalling

Economics 
 Available-to-promise, responding to customer order enquiries
 , a Danish pension
 , a Swedish pension

Other uses 
 Around-the-post, a term used in the game of pickleball
Actium

Actium or Aktion () was a town on a promontory in ancient Acarnania at the entrance of the Ambraciot Gulf, off which Octavian gained his celebrated victory, the Battle of Actium, over Antony and Cleopatra, on September 2, 31 BCE.

History

Actium belonged originally to the Corinthian colonists of Anactorium, who probably founded the sanctuary of Apollo Actius. This temple was of great antiquity.  In the 3rd century BCE it fell to the Acarnanians, who subsequently held their religious summits there.

There was also an ancient festival named Actia, celebrated here in honour of the god. Augustus after his victory enlarged the temple, and revived the ancient festival, which was henceforth celebrated once in five years (πενταετηρίς, ludi quinquennales), with musical and gymnastic contests, and horse races. We learn from a Greek inscription found on the site of Actium, and which is probably prior to the time of Augustus, that the chief priest of the temple was called Ἱεραπόλος, and that his name was employed in official documents, like that of the first Archon at Athens, to mark the date. Strabo says that the temple was situated on an eminence, and that below was a plain with a grove of trees, and a dock-yard; and in another passage he describes the harbour as situated outside of the gulf. On the opposite coast of Epirus, Augustus founded the city of Nicopolis in honour of his victory. After the foundation of Nicopolis, a few buildings sprang up around the temple, and it served as a kind of suburb to Nicopolis.

Archaeology
On October 8, 1980, the Greek Ministry of Transport and Communications reported that shipwrecks from the Battle of Actium had been located at Actium near the entrance to the Ambracan Gulf.

In Summer 2009, archaeologists discovered the ruins of the Temple of Apollo and found two statue heads, one of Apollo, one of Artemis (Diana).

See also
Battle of Actium
 List of ancient Greek cities
 Preveza the nearest modern town, connected by a 1.5 km long tunnel

References

External links

Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Greece
Archaeological sites in Western Greece
Corinthian colonies
Former populated places in Greece
Roman towns and cities in Greece

Populated places in ancient Acarnania
Amalric

Amalric or Amalaric (also Americ, Almerich, Emeric, Emerick and other variations) is a personal name derived from the tribal name Amal (referring to the Gothic Amali) and ric (Gothic reiks) meaning "ruler, prince". 

Equivalents in different languages include:
French: Amaury (surname/given name), Amalric (surname), Amaurich (surname), Maury (surname)
German: Amalrich, Emmerich
Italian: Amerigo, Arrigo
Hungarian: Imre
Latin: Amalricus, Americus, Almericus, Emericus
Greek: Emerikos
Polish: Amalaryk, Amalryk, Emeryk
Dutch: Emmerik, Amerik, Hamelink, Hamelryck
Portuguese: Amauri, Américo, América
Spanish: Américo
Serbo-Croatian: Emerik

Given name
 Amalaric (502–531), King of the Visigoths from 526 to 531
 Malaric (fl. 585), King of the Suevi
Amaury, Count of Valenciennes (fl.953-973)
 Amalric of Nesle (fl. 1151–1180), Patriarch of Jerusalem from 1158 to 1180
 Amalric I of Jerusalem (1136–1174), King of Jerusalem from 1162 to 1174
 Amalric II of Jerusalem (fl. 1155–1205), King of Jerusalem from 1197 to 1205
 Amalric of Bena (f. 1200–1204), French theologian
 Arnaud Amalric (fl. 1196–1225), seventeenth abbot of Citeaux
 Amaury de Montfort (disambiguation), several individuals including:
 Amaury de Montfort (died 1241) (1195–1241), crusader
 Amalric, Lord of Tyre (c. 1272 – 1310), Governor of Cyprus from 1306 to 1310
 Amerigo Vespucci (1451-1512),  Italian merchant, explorer, and navigator from the Republic of Florence, from whose name the term "America" is derived.

Surname
 Arnaud Amalric (died 1225), Cistercian abbot 
 Catherine Amalric (born 1964), French politician 
 Mathieu Amalric (born 1965), French actor and director
 Leonid Amalrik (1905–1997), Soviet animator
 Andrei Amalrik (1938–1980), Soviet dissident

See also
 Amaury (disambiguation), a French alternative spelling
 Emery (name)

Masculine given names
Anthemius of Tralles

Anthemius of Tralles (, Medieval Greek: , Anthémios o Trallianós;  – 533  558) was a Byzantine Greek from Tralles who worked as a geometer and architect in Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. With Isidore of Miletus, he designed the Hagia Sophia for Justinian I.

Life
Anthemius was one of the five sons of Stephanus of Tralles, a physician. His brothers were Dioscorus, Alexander, Olympius, and Metrodorus. Dioscorus followed his father's profession in Tralles; Alexander did so in Rome and became one of the most celebrated medical men of his time; Olympius became a noted lawyer; and Metrodorus worked as a grammarian in Constantinople.

Anthemius was said to have annoyed his neighbor Zeno in two ways: first, by engineering a miniature earthquake by sending steam through leather tubes he had fixed among the joists and flooring of Zeno's parlor while he was entertaining friends and, second, by simulating thunder and lightning and flashing intolerable light into Zeno's eyes from a slightly hollowed mirror. In addition to his familiarity with steam, some dubious authorities credited Anthemius with a knowledge of gunpowder or other explosive compound.

Mathematics
Anthemius was a capable mathematician. In the course of his treatise On Burning Mirrors, he intended to facilitate the construction of surfaces to reflect light to a single point, he described the string construction of the ellipse and assumed a property of ellipses not found in Apollonius of Perga's Conics: the equality of the angles subtended at a focus by two tangents drawn from a point. His work also includes the first practical use of the directrix: having given the focus and a double ordinate, he used the focus and directrix to obtain any number of points on a parabola. This work was later known to Arab mathematicians such as Alhazen.

Eutocius's commentary on Apollonius's Conics was dedicated to Anthemius.

Architecture

As an architect, Anthemius is best known for his work designing the Hagia Sophia. He was commissioned with Isidore of Miletus by Justinian I shortly after the earlier church on the site burned down in 532 but died early on in the project. He is also said to have repaired the flood defenses at Daras.

Notes

References
 .

Attribution:

Further reading
 
 Editions of Anthemius's "On Burning-Glasses":
 . 
 . 
 .

External links 
 .
 

470s births
6th-century deaths
Byzantine architects
5th-century mathematicians
6th-century mathematicians
Greek Christians
People from Tralles
Justinian I
5th-century Byzantine people
5th-century Byzantine scientists
6th-century Byzantine scientists
6th-century Byzantine writers
6th-century architects
Hagia Sophia
Ambroise

Ambroise, sometimes Ambroise of Normandy, (flourished ) was a Norman poet and chronicler of the Third Crusade, author of a work called , which describes in rhyming Old French verse the adventures of  as a crusader.  The poem is known to us only through one Vatican manuscript, and long escaped the notice of historians.

The credit for detecting its value belongs to Gaston Paris, although his edition (1897) was partially anticipated by the editors of the , who published some selections in the twenty-seventh volume of their Scriptores (1885). Ambroise followed Richard I as a noncombatant, and not improbably as a court-minstrel. He speaks as an eyewitness of the king's doings at Messina, in Cyprus,  at the siege of Acre, and in the abortive campaign which followed the capture of that city.

Ambroise is surprisingly accurate in his chronology; though he did not complete his work before 1195, it is evidently founded upon notes which he had taken in the course of his pilgrimage.  He shows no greater political insight than we should expect from his position; but relates what he had seen and heard with a naïve vivacity which compels attention. He is by no means an impartial source: he is prejudiced against the Saracens, against the French, and against all the rivals or enemies of his master, including the Polein party which supported Conrad of Montferrat against Guy of Lusignan. He is rather to be treated as a biographer than as a historian of the Crusade in its broader aspects. Nonetheless he is an interesting primary source for the events of the years 1190–1192 in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Books 2–6 of the Itinerarium Regis Ricardi, a Latin prose narrative of the same events apparently compiled by Richard, a canon of Holy Trinity, London, are closely related to Ambroise's poem. They were formerly sometimes regarded as the first-hand narrative on which Ambroise based his work, but that can no longer be maintained.

Published edition

 Ambroise, L´Estoire de la guerre sainte. Paris, 1897: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6517331f.r
 Ambroise, Itinerarium regis Ricardi. London, 1920: https://archive.org/details/itinerariumregis00richuoft
 Ambroise, The History of the Holy War, translated by Marianne Ailes, Boydell Press, 2003.

See also
Anglo-Norman literature
Norman language

Notes

12th-century deaths
Anglo-Norman literature
Medieval writers about the Crusades
Year of birth unknown
12th-century French poets
Christians of the Third Crusade
Alexius

Alexius is the Latinized form of the given name Alexios (, polytonic , "defender", cf. Alexander), especially common in the Byzantine Empire. The female form is Alexia () and its variants such as Alessia (the masculine form of which is Alessio) in Italian.

The name belongs to the most ancient attested Greek names (a-re-ke-se-u in the Linear B tablets KN Df 1229 and MY Fu 718).

Rulers 
 Alexios I Komnenos (1048–1118), Byzantine emperor
 Alexios II Komnenos (1167–1183), Byzantine emperor
 Alexios III, Byzantine emperor
 Alexios IV, Byzantine emperor
 Alexios V Doukas, Byzantine emperor
 Alexios I of Trebizond, Emperor of Trebizond
 Alexios II of Trebizond, Emperor of Trebizond
 Alexios III of Trebizond, Emperor of Trebizond
 Alexios IV of Trebizond, Emperor of Trebizond
 Alexios V of Trebizond, Emperor of Trebizond
 Alexius Mikhailovich (1629–1676), Tsar of Russia
 Alexius Petrovich (1690–1718), Russian tsarevich

Religious figures
 Alexius, Metropolitan of Moscow (1354–1378)
 Patriarch Alexius I of Constantinople (1025–1043)
 Alexius (c. 1425–1488), Russian archpriest who converted to Judaism
 Patriarch Alexius I of Moscow and All Russia (r. 1945–1970)
 Patriarch Alexius II of Moscow and All Russia (r. 1990–2008)
 Alexius of Nicaea, metropolitan bishop
 Saint Alexius of Rome, fifth-century eastern saint
 Alexius, a monk and saint of Kiev - see Abraham and Onesimus of Kiev

Other
 Alexios Apokaukos, Byzantine statesman
 Alexios Aspietes, Byzantine governor
 Alexios Branas, Byzantine general
 Alexios Halebian, American tennis player
 Alexius Meinong, Austrian philosopher
 Alexios Mosele (Caesar), Byzantine heir-apparent
 Alexios Palaiologos (despot), Byzantine heir-apparent
 Alexios Philanthropenos, Byzantine general
 Alexios Raoul (protovestiarios), Byzantine general
 Alexios Strategopoulos, Byzantine general
 Alexios Xiphias, Byzantine Catepan of Italy
 Alexios (Assassin's Creed), a fictional character in Assassin's Creed: Odyssey

Given names of Greek language origin
Greek masculine given names
Masculine given names
Given names
Africa Alphabet

The Africa Alphabet (also International African Alphabet or IAI alphabet) is a set of letters designed as the basis for Latin alphabets for the languages of Africa. It was initially developed in 1928 by the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures from a combination of the English alphabet and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Development was assisted by native speakers of African languages and led by Diedrich Hermann Westermann, who served as director of the organization from 1926 to 1939. The aim of the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures, later renamed the International African Institute (IAI), was to enable people to write for practical and scientific purposes in all African languages without the need of diacritics.

The Africa Alphabet influenced the development of orthographies of many African languages, serving "as the basis for the transcription" of about 60 by one count. Discussion of how to harmonize these with other systems led to several largely abortive proposals such as the African reference alphabet and the World Orthography.

Overview
The Africa Alphabet was built from the consonant letters of the English alphabet and the vowel letters, and any additional consonants, of the IPA. Capital forms of IPA letters were invented as necessary. Thus J and Y are pronounced  and  as in English, while Ɔ, Ɛ and Ŋ are pronounced ,  and  as in the IPA.

Characters

See also
African reference alphabet
Latin-script alphabet
Dinka alphabet
ISO 6438
Pan-Nigerian alphabet
Standard Alphabet by Lepsius
Writing systems of Africa

Notes

References
Coulmas, Florian, The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems, 1996, Blackwell, Oxford
IIACL, Practical Orthography of African Languages, Revised Edition, London: Oxford University Press, 1930
Sow, Alfa I., and Mohamed H. Abdulaziz, "Language and Social Change," Ch. 18 in Ali A. Mazrui (ed.) Africa Since 1935 (UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. 8). University of California Press, 1993.

Latin alphabets
Writing systems of Africa
Writing systems introduced in 1928
Orthography
Annealing

Annealing may refer to:

 Annealing (biology), in genetics
 Annealing (glass), heating a piece of glass to remove stress
 Annealing (materials science), a heat treatment that alters the microstructure of a material
 Quantum annealing, a method for solving combinatorial optimisation problems and ground states of glassy systems
 Simulated annealing, a numerical optimization technique
Antwerp (disambiguation)

Antwerp is a city in Belgium and capital of the Antwerp province.

Antwerp may also refer to:

In Belgium
 Antwerp (district)
 Antwerp (province)

In the United States
 Antwerp, Ohio
 Antwerp Township, Michigan
 Antwerp, New York
 Antwerp (village), New York

In Australia
Antwerp, Victoria

Other 
Port of Antwerp
Royal Antwerp FC, a football club
Antwerp (novel), by Roberto Bolaño
Antwerp, a poem by Ford Madox Ford

See also
Aquila

Aquila may refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media

 Aquila, a series of books by S.P. Somtow
 Aquila, a 1997 book by Andrew Norriss
 Aquila (children's magazine), a UK-based children's magazine

 Aquila (journal), an ornithological journal
 Aquila (TV series), a BBC TV production for children based on the Norriss book

 Aquila Theatre, a theatre company of New York

Fictional entities 

 Aquila, a ship in the video game Star Ocean: The Last Hope
 Aquila, a ship in the video game Assassin's Creed III
 Aquila Yuna, a character in the anime Saint Seiya Omega
 Aquila, a medieval city in the fantasy film Ladyhawke (1985)

People

 Aquila (name), a given name or surname

Places
 Aquila, Michoacán, a town in Mexico
 Aquila, Switzerland, a former municipality
 Aquila, Veracruz, a municipality in Mexico
 L'Aquila, sometimes Aquila, the regional capital of Abruzzo in Italy
 Province of L'Aquila, Italy

Transportation

Automotive
 Aquila Italiana, Italian car manufacturer or brand
 Aquila racing cars, a Danish firm
 Hyosung GV250, a cruiser motorcycle nicknamed the "Aquila"

Aviation

 Angus Aquila, a British aircraft

 Bristol Aquila, an aircraft engine 
 Aquila, an air traffic management services company owned by NATS Holdings 
 Aquila A 210, a German lightweight aircraft
 Aquila Airways, a British flying boat operator (1948–1958)
 Facebook Aquila, Facebook's design for an atmospheric satellite
 Lockheed MQM-105 Aquila, the U.S. Army's first battlefield reconnaissance drone

Boats
Aquila 27, a French sailboat design

Ships
 USS Aquila (AK-47), an Aquila-class U.S. Navy cargo ship
 USS Aquila (PHM-4), a U.S. Navy hydrofoil
 Italian aircraft carrier Aquila, a World War II Italian aircraft carrier

Other uses

 Aquila (bird), a genus of birds including some eagles

 Aquila (constellation), the astronomical constellation, the Eagle

 Aquila (Roman), a Roman military standard
 Aquila, Inc., a former electric and gas utility in Kansas City, Missouri, United States
 Aquila Capital, an independent investment firm in Hamburg, Germany

See also

 Aguila (disambiguation)
 Aquila College of Ministries, former name of Hillsong College
 Aquila Court Building of Omaha, Nebraska
 Aquileia, an ancient Roman city in Italy
 Aquilia (disambiguation)
 Aquilinus (disambiguation)
 Aquilla (disambiguation)
 Balanus aquila, a species of barnacle
 Dell'Aquila, a surname
 Macroglossum aquila, a species of moth
 Roman Catholic Archdiocese of L'Aquila, Italy
Auriga

Auriga or AURIGA can refer to:

 Auriga (constellation), a constellation of stars
 Auriga (slave), a Roman charioteer
 HMS Auriga (P419), a British submarine launched in 1945
 Auriga of Delphi, name of the statue Charioteer of Delphi
 USM Auriga, a spaceship in the film Alien Resurrection
 Auriga, a fictional planet in the Endless franchise by Amplitude Studios
 AURIGA, a gravitational wave detector in Italy
 Auriga-1.2V (Аурига-1.2В), a Russian satellite communications system, and a component of the MK VTR-016 (МК ВТР-016) mobile video transmission system
, a number of steamships with this name
Atmosphere (disambiguation)

An atmosphere is a gas layer around a celestial body.

Atmosphere may also refer to:

Science
 Atmosphere (unit), a unit of pressure
 Atmosphere of Earth
 Extraterrestrial atmospheres
 Stellar atmosphere

Arts, entertainment, and media

Music

Groups
 Atmosphere (music group), an American hip-hop duo from Minnesota
 Atmosphere (Polish band)

Albums
 Atmosphere (Atmosphere album) (1997)
 Atmosphere (Eloy Fritsch album) (2003)
 Atmosphere (Kaskade album) (2013), or the title song
 Atmosphere (Sevenglory album) (2007)
 Atmosphere, a 1969 album by Colours, produced by Dan Moore and Richard Delvy
 Atmospheres (album) (2014)

Songs and orchestral pieces
 "Atmosphere" (Drax Project song) (2023)
 "Atmosphere" (Joy Division song) (1980)
 "Atmosphere" (Kaskade song) (2013)
 "Atmosphere" (1975), from Let's Take It to the Stage by Funkadelic
 "Atmosphere" (2001), from Singularity by Joe Morris
 "Atmosphere" (1984), by Russ Abbot
 Atmosphères (1961), an orchestral piece by György Ligeti

Periodicals
 Atmosphere (journal), an open access scientific journal
 Atmosphere (magazine), the inflight magazine of Air Transat

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media
 Atmospheres (TV series)
 Atmospheric theatre, a type of cinema architecture
 Atmosphere, another term for a film extra
 Atmosphere (literature), a literary term referring to the mood surrounding a story
 Atmosphere (service),  a video on-demand service that provides content in a business-to-business capacity

Other uses
 Atmosphere (architecture and spatial design)
 Atmosphere (Kolkata), a residential superstructure in India
 Adobe Atmosphere, a computer graphics platform
 Atmosphere Visual Effects, a Canadian company

See also
 Atmosfear (disambiguation)
Attorney

Attorney may refer to:

 Lawyer
 Attorney at law, in some jurisdictions
 Attorney, one who has power of attorney
 The Attorney, a 2013 South Korean film

See also 

 Attorney general, the principal legal officer of (or advisor to) a government
 Attorney's fee, compensation for legal services 
 Attorney–client privilege
 Clusia rosea, Scotch attorney, a tropical and sub-tropical flowering plant species
Astronomer Royal

Astronomer royal is a senior post in the Royal Households of the United Kingdom. There are two officers, the senior being the astronomer royal dating from 22 June 1675; the junior is the astronomer royal for Scotland dating from 1834.

The post was created by King Charles II in 1675, at the same time as he founded the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. He appointed John Flamsteed, instructing him "."

The astronomer royal was director of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich from the establishment of the post in 1675 until 1972. The astronomer royal became an honorary title in 1972 without executive responsibilities, and a separate post of director of the Royal Greenwich Observatory was created to manage the institution.

The astronomer royal today receives a stipend of 100 GBP per year and is a member of the royal household, under the general authority of the Lord Chamberlain. After the separation of the two offices, the position of astronomer royal has been largely honorary, although the holder remains available to advise the Sovereign on astronomical and related scientific matters, and the office is of great prestige.

There was formerly a royal astronomer of Ireland, a post that seemingly ended with Irish independence.

The astronomer royal is mentioned in H. G. Wells' novel The War of the Worlds and in George Orwell's Down and Out in Paris and London. He also makes an appearance in the lyrics of Gilbert and Sullivan'''s The Pirates of Penzance and plays an important role in Fred Hoyle's novel The Black Cloud''.

Astronomers royal

References

External links
 Official website

Ceremonial officers in the United Kingdom
Lists of British people
Positions within the British Royal Household
Astronomer Royal
Royal Observatory, Greenwich
Aeon

The word aeon , also spelled eon (in American and Australian English), originally meant "life", "vital force" or "being", "generation" or "a period of time", though it tended to be translated as "age" in the sense of  "ages", "forever", "timeless" or "for eternity". It is a Latin transliteration from the ancient Greek word  (), from the archaic  () meaning "century". In Greek, it literally refers to the timespan of one hundred years. A cognate Latin word  or  (cf. ) for "age" is present in words such as longevity and mediaeval.

Although the term aeon may be used in reference to a period of a billion years (especially in geology, cosmology and astronomy), its more common usage is for any long, indefinite period.  Aeon can also refer to the four aeons on the geologic time scale that make up the Earth's history, the Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and the current aeon, Phanerozoic.

Astronomy and cosmology
In astronomy, an aeon is defined as a billion years (109 years, abbreviated AE).
 
Roger Penrose uses the word aeon to describe the period between successive and cyclic Big Bangs within the context of conformal cyclic cosmology.

Philosophy and mysticism

In Buddhism, an "aeon" or  (Sanskrit: ) is often said to be 1,334,240,000 years, the life cycle of the world.

Christianity's idea of "eternal life" comes from the word for life,  (), and a form of  (), which could mean life in the next aeon, the Kingdom of God, or Heaven, just as much as immortality, as in .

According to Christian universalism, the Greek New Testament scriptures use the word  () to mean a long period and the word  () to mean "during a long period"; thus, there was a time before the aeons, and the aeonian period is finite. After each person's mortal life ends, they are judged worthy of aeonian life or aeonian punishment. That is, after the period of the aeons, all punishment will cease and death is overcome and then God becomes the all in each one (). This contrasts with the conventional Christian belief in eternal life and eternal punishment.

Occultists of the Thelema and Ordo Templi Orientis (English: "Order of the Temple of the East") traditions sometimes speak of a "magical Aeon" that may last for perhaps as little as 2,000 years.

Gnosticism

In many Gnostic systems, the various emanations of God, who is also known by such names as the One, the Monad, Aion teleos ("The Broadest Aeon", Greek: ), Bythos ("depth or profundity", Greek: ), Proarkhe ("before the beginning", Greek: ),  ("the beginning", Greek: ),  ("wisdom"), and  ("the Anointed One"), are called Aeons. In the different systems these emanations are differently named, classified, and described, but the emanation theory itself is common to all forms of Gnosticism.

In the Basilidian Gnosis they are called sonships ( ; singular:  ); according to Marcus, they are numbers and sounds; in Valentinianism they form male/female pairs called "" (Greek , from  ).

See also

 Aion (deity)
 
 Kalpa (aeon)
 
 Saeculum – comparable Latin concept

References

New Testament Greek words and phrases
Time
Units of time
Gnosticism
Aotus

Aotus (the name is derived from the Ancient Greek words for "earless" in both cases: the monkey is missing external ears, and the pea is missing earlike bracteoles) may refer to:
 Aotus (plant), one of the plant genera commonly known as golden peas in the family Fabaceae (bean family)
 Aotus (monkey), the genus of night monkeys in the family Aotidae
 AOTUS, the acronym for the Archivist of the United States
Andrea Alciato

Andrea Alciato (8 May 149212 January 1550), commonly known as Alciati (Andreas Alciatus), was an Italian jurist and writer.  He is regarded as the founder of the French school of legal humanists.

Biography

Alciati was born in Alzate Brianza, near Milan, and settled in France in the early 16th century. He displayed great literary skill in his exposition of the laws, and was one of the first to interpret the civil law by the history, languages and literature of antiquity, and to substitute original research for the servile interpretations of the glossators. He published many legal works, and some annotations on Tacitus and accumulated a sylloge of Roman inscriptions from Milan and its territories, as part of his preparation for his history of Milan, written in 1504–05.

Among his several appointments, Alciati taught Law at the University of Bourges between 1529 and 1535. It was Guillaume Budé who encouraged the call to Bourges at the time. Pierre Bayle, in his General Dictionary (article "Alciat"), relates that he greatly increased his salary there, by the "stratagem" of arranging to get a job offer from the University of Bologna and using it as a negotiation point .

Alciati is most famous for his Emblemata, published in dozens of editions from 1531 onward. This collection of short Latin verse texts and accompanying woodcuts created an entire European genre, the emblem book, which attained enormous popularity in continental Europe and Great Britain.

Alciati died at Pavia in 1550.

Works

 Annotationes in tres libros Codicis (1515)
 Emblematum libellus (1531)
 
 Opera omnia (Basel 1546–49)
 Rerum Patriae, seu Historiae Mediolanensis, Libri IV (Milan, 1625) a history of Milan, written in 1504–05.
 De formula Romani Imperii (Basilae: Ioannem Oporinum, 1559, editio princeps)

Quotation

References

External links

 
Alciato at Glasgow – Reproductions of 22 editions of Alciato's emblems from 1531 to 1621
Description, Reproduction and translation Memorial University of Newfoundland
Emblemata Latin text, Antwerp 1577, full digital facsimile, CAMENA Project

1492 births
1550 deaths
16th-century Italian jurists
16th-century writers in Latin
16th-century Italian historians
Italian Renaissance humanists
People from the Province of Como