alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Krill

Krill are small shrimp-like crustaceans  about an inch or so long, found in all the oceans of the world. In areas with nutrients, they occur in huge swarms, with more than 10,000 krill per cubic meter. They feed on phytoplankton and to a lesser extent zooplankton. 

Krill are ecologically very important, because they are near the bottom of the food chain. They make up the largest part of the diet of  many animals. In the Southern Ocean, one species, the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, makes up an estimated biomass of over , roughly twice that of the human race. They are eaten by many animals, including whales, seals, penguins, birds, fish, squid, and whale sharks. Of this, over half is eaten by each year, and is replaced by growth and reproduction. 

Most krill species make large vertical migrations. They are distinguished from other crustaceans such as true shrimp by their externally visible gills.

Taxonomy 
The order Euphausiacea is divided into two families, Bentheuphausiidae and Euphausiidae. the first has one species, the second has 85 species. Well known species are the Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), Pacific krill (Euphausia pacifica) and Northern krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica).

Bioluminescence 
Except for Bentheuphausia amblyops, krill are bioluminescent. They have organs called photophores which emit light. The light is made by an enzyme-catalysed chemiluminescence reaction. A luciferin (a kind of pigment) is activated by a luciferase enzyme. Krill probably get this substance as part of their diet, which contains dinoflagellates. Krill photophores are complex organs with lenses and focusing abilities, and can be rotated by muscles. The exact function of these organs is not known. The possibilities include mating, social interaction or as a form of camouflage to compensate for their shadow against the overhead light.

References
Subaru

Subaru is a car company that is part of a larger Japanese company called Fuji Heavy Industries, who also makes other things like buses and airplanes. Subaru builds cars in Japan and also builds cars in the state of Indiana.

Their cars are known for having all-wheel drive, which means that the engine drives all four wheels, instead of just the wheels in the front or in the back. They also have boxer engines, which means that the pistons and the cylinders in the engine fire left to right instead of up and down or at an angle.

The name Subaru is a Japanese word for a star cluster in the sky named Pleiades, and the company logo has the stars in its picture in the same place as they are in the sky.

History

Fuji Heavy Industries in 1954 built a car called the Subaru P-1. It was named by the person who was CEO, Kenji Kita. From 1954 to 1997 the company designed and built other vehicles including the tiny 360 (1958), the Sambar (1961), the 1000 (1965), the R2 (1969), the Leone (1971), the Domingo (1983), the Alcyone (1985), the Legacy (1989), the Impreza (1993), the Sambar EV electric van (1995), and the Forester (1997).

 
1954 establishments in Asia
1950s establishments in Japan
Giant isopod

Giant isopods are big crustaceans that live at the bottom of the ocean. They can grow up to 45 cm long and weigh up to 1.7 kg. Currently about 9 different species are known. Giant isopods usually eat dead whales, fish and squid. They may also be active scavengers, and hunt slow-moving prey, such as sea cucumbers, sponges, nematodes. Perhaps they even catch live fish. They live in depths between 170m to about 2200m. Over 80% can be found between 365 m and 730 m  of depth. They probably prefer a muddy or clay ocean floor environment, and lead solitary lives.

References

Isopods
Elementary algebra

Elementary algebra is the most basic form of algebra taught to students. It is often one of the next areas of mathematics taught to students after arithmetic. While in arithmetic only numbers and operators like +, −, ×, and ÷ occur; in algebra, variables (like a, x, y) are used to stand for numbers. This is useful because:
 It lets people solve problems about "unknown" numbers. This means learning about equations and how to solve them (for example, "find a number x where ").
 It allows the generalization of the rules from arithmetic. While some students understand that , it helps to prove that  for all a and b. This makes algebra a good step to learning about abstraction (learning general ideas from many examples).
 It helps people understand and create functional relationships (also sometimes called cause and effect). An example of this is "if x tickets are sold, then the profit will be  dollars".

These three are the main strands of elementary algebra. Elementary algebra is often used in many other subjects, like science, business, and building. Abstract algebra, a much more advanced topic, is generally taught late in college.

Simple algebra problems
If an equation has only one number that is unknown it is sometimes easy to solve. The unknown number is called "x":

To solve a simple equation with one unknown amount add, subtract, multiply, or divide both sides of the equation by the same number in order to put the unknown amount, x, on one side of the equation.  Once x is by itself on one side, use arithmetic to determine the amount on the other side of the equation.  For example, by subtracting 4 from both sides in the equation above:

getting:

Dividing both sides by 2:

getting:

It may help to think of this equation as a see-saw or balance, what you do to one side, you must do to the other and your main aim is to get x by itself.

Definitions 
 has the following components:
1 : Exponent (power), 2 : Coefficient, 3 : term, 4 : operator, 5 : constant,  : variables

Notes

Algebra
Kesälahti

Kesälahti is a former municipality in Finland. It is part of the North Karelia region. There are almost 2,700 people living in Kesalahti.

History 
Kesalahti is the southernmost municipality of North Karelia. It was officially founded in 1873. The area of the municipality is 582.67 km². 195.42 km² of it is water.

Kesälahti is advertised as a popular summer destination for families enjoying camping. The Puruvesi lake shores host three active camping grounds with cabins,¨and tent and trailer lots to let. The name of the municipality can be translated as 'summer bay'.

The current mayor is Jorma Turunen.

It was merged with Kitee on 1 January 2013.

Villages 
Hummovaara, Kesälahti (centre), Marjoniemi, Purujärvi, Salokylä, Sarvisalo, Suitsansaari, Totkunniemi, Varmonniemi, Villala

Other websites 
 The official Kesalahti page  
 Advocate of Kesälahti and North Karelian culture 

Former municipalities of Finland
North Karelia
1873 establishments in Europe
1870s establishments in Finland
Eckerö

Eckerö is a municipality in the Åland Islands, Finland. As of March 2006, there are 926 people living in Eckerö.

Eckerö is the westernmost municipality of Finland. Mariehamn, the capital of Åland, is located 35 km away. 95 % of the people in Eckerö speak Swedish as their first language.

Other websites 
 The official Eckerö page, in Swedish, Finnish, English and German

Municipalities of Finland
Åland Islands
Utsjoki

Utsjoki is a municipality in Lapland, Finland. Utsjoki is the only municipality in Finland where most people speak Sami as their first language.

As of February 2005, 1,373 people lived in Utsjoki. The municipalities next to it are Inari in Finland and Karasjok, Tana and Nesseby in Norway. Nuorgam in Utsjoki is the northernmost village in Finland and the European Union.

In the Northern Sami language, the municipality is known as Ohcejohka.

Population growth

References

Municipalities of Lapland (Finland)
Savitaipale

Savitaipale is a Finnish municipality in the South Karelia region. As of January 2014, more than 3,700 people lived in Savitaipale.
Savitaipale has an area of 690.78 km². 151.63 km² of it is water. The municipality is on the coast of the Lake Kuolimo. Helsinki is 220 km away. Neighbouring municipalities are Kouvola, Lemi, Luumäki, Mikkeli, Mäntyharju, Puumala and Taipalsaari. The municipality was established in 1639.

Villages 
Havola, Hyrkkälä, Jokeinmaa, Kaihtula, Karhula, Kaskeinkylä, Kaulio (Kauliala), Kokkola, Korhola, Korpela, Koskeinkylä, Kuivanen, Kunttula, Kurhila (Järviä), Kylliälä, Kärpänen, Laksiainen, Lamminpää, Luotola, Luotolahti, Lyytikkälä, Marttila, Monola, Niinimäki, Paukkula, Peltoinlahti, Pettilä, Purtoismäki, Pöntylä, Rahikkala, Rantala, Ratasalo, Savitaipale, Solkeinkylä, Susivuori, Säänjärvi, Tukiala, Uiminniemi, Valkolanmäki, Virmajärvi, Välijoki

Other websites 

 The official Savitaipale page

Municipalities of South Karelia
Vantaa

Vantaa () is the fourth largest city in Finland (after Helsinki, Espoo and Tampere). It is part of the Greater Helsinki area. The most important parts of Vantaa are Tikkurila, Hakunila, Koivukylä, Korso, Martinlaakso and Myyrmäki. Tuusula, Kerava, Sipoo, Helsinki, Espoo and Nurmijärvi are neighbour communities and cities of Vantaa.

Vantaa has been a city since 1974. As of April 2014, the population was about 208,800. The current mayor is Juhani Paajanen.

The biggest airport in Finland, Helsinki-Vantaa, is in Central Vantaa.

Finnish and Swedish are the official languages of Vantaa. In 2006 Swedish was the mother language of 3.1 percent of population of Vantaa.

Mayors of Vantaa 

 Lauri Lairala 1974-1989
 Pirjo Ala-Kapee 1989-1997
 Erkki Rantala 1997-2003
 Juhani Paajanen 2003-

Population growth

People who were born in Vantaa 

 Patrik Antonius, a professional poker player
 Sampsa Astala, a musician on Lordi
 Valtteri Filppula, a ice hockey player
 Jaakko Hintikka, a professor in Boston University
 Mika Häkkinen, Formula 1 world champion
 Sami Kapanen, an ice hockey player
 Ville Peltonen, an ice hockey player
 Jarkko Ruutu, an ice hockey player
 Tuomo Ruutu, an ice hockey player
 Eicca Toppinen, a cellist on Apocalyptica
 Ossi Väänänen an ice hockey player

Other websites 
 The official Vantaa page , in Finnish, Swedish and English

References
Karstula

Karstula is a municipality in Central Finland. More than 4,900 people live in Karstula.

Karstula is located 100 kilometres from the city of Jyväskylä. The municipality was founded in 1867.

The municipalities next to it are Kannonkoski, Kivijärvi, Kyyjärvi, Saarijärvi and Soini.

Villages 
Karstula, Oinoskylä, Kiminki, Rantakylä, Vahanka, Vastinki, Kangasaho, Humppi and Aho-Vastinki.

Population growth

References

Other websites 

 The official Karstula page, in Finnish and English

Municipalities of Central Finland
1867 establishments in Finland
Dimmu Borgir

Dimmu Borgir is a black metal band created in 1993 in Norway. Its name is Icelandic for a "dark castle". 

The band's first recordings were in Norwegian, but today, most of the recordings are in English. The newest studio album is "Abrahadabra" (2010). The studio album In Sorte Diaboli (2007) entered the Norwegian album chart at No. 1 — the first time a black metal band has ever got to the No. 1 position on a national album chart anywhere in the world.  Dimmu Borgir's previous release, "Death Cult Armageddon", as well as Satyricon's "Now, Diabolical" previously reached No. 2 position on the Norwegian album chart.

A week after "In Sorte Diaboli" reached No. 1 on the Norweigan album charts, the album attained No. 43 on The Billboard 200, making them the first Norwegian band since the 80's pop group 'A-HA' to enter the U.S. Top 50.

"In Sorte Diaboli" features the London Philharmonic Orchestra.  Strangely, the album has been banned by the UK album charts for questionable reasons.

Members

Current 
 Shagrath (Stian Thoresen) - vocals
 Galder (Thomas Rune Andersen) - guitar
 Silenoz (Sven Atle Kopperud) - guitar

Former 
 Nicholas Barker - percussion
 Tjodalv - percussion
 Nagash - bass
 Astennu - guitar
 Stian Arstad - keyboards
 Brynjard Tristan - bass
 ICS Vortex - bass
 Mustis - keyboards
 Hellhammer - percussion
 Archon - guitar
 Snowy Shaw - bass

Session
 Daray (Dariusz Brzozowski) - drums
 Cyrus - keyboard

Discography

Albums 
 For All Tid (1994, 1997)
 Stormblåst (1996, 2005)
 Enthrone Darkness Triumphant (1997, 2002)
 Spiritual Black Dimensions (1999)
 Puritanical Euphoric Misanthropia (2001)
 Alive in Torment (2002)
 Death Cult Armageddon (2003)
 Stormblåst MMV (2005)
 In Sorte Diaboli (2007)
 Abrahadabra (2010)
Eonian (2018)

EP

 Inn I Evighetens Mørke (1994)
 Devil's Path (1996)
 Godless Savage Garden (1998)
 Alive in Torment (2002)
 World Misanthropy (2002)
 Interdimensional Summit (2018)

Live albums and other releases 

Alive in Torment (2001)
World Misanthropy (2002)
World Misanthropy (2002)
The Invaluable Darkness (2008)

References

Other websites 
 The official Dimmu Borgir page

Black metal bands
Norwegian heavy metal bands
Oslo
1993 establishments in Europe
Musical groups established in 1993
1990s establishments in Norway
Sonata Arctica

Sonata Arctica is a Finnish power metal band founded in 1996 in Kemi.

The band's original name was Tricky Beans. After releasing three demo recordings it was changed into Tricky Means. Afterwards the band adopted its current name.

Before they became as famous and popular as they are, they got attention from metal fans for touring and playing with the band Nightwish.

Sonata Arctica's first music album was Ecliptica. It was released on November 1999 in Finland and elsewhere in 2000. 30,000 copies were sold in Japan. The newest studio recording is
Stone grow her name (2012).

Line-up

Original members 
 Tony Kakko - vocals, keyboards
 Janne Kivilahti - bass
 Jani Liimatainen - guitar
 Tommy Portimo - percussion

Current members 
 Tony Kakko - vocals
 Henrik Klingenberg - keyboards
 Jani Liimatainen - guitar
 Marko Paasikoski - bass
 Tommy Portimo - percussion

Discography

Studio albums 
 Ecliptica (1999)
 Silence (2001)
 Winterheart's Guild (2003)
 Reckoning Night (2004)
 Unia (2007)
 The Days of Grays (2009)
 Stone grow her name (2012)
 Pariah's child (2014)
 The Ninth Hour (2016)
 Talviyö (2019)
 Acoustic Adventures – Volume 1  (2022)
 Acoustic Adventures - Volume 2  (2022)

Compilations 
 The End of This Chapter (2005 in Japan, 2006 in Europe)
 The Collection  (2006)

Live albums 
 Songs of Silence - Live in Tokyo (2002)
 For the Sake of Revenge (2006)
 Live in Finland (2011)

Mini Albums 
 Successor (2000)
 Orientation (2001)
 Takatalvi (2003)
 Don't Say a Word (2004)

Singles 
 Unopened (1999)
 Wolf and Raven (2001)
 Last Drop Falls (2001)
 Victoria's Secret (2003)
 Broken (2003)
 Don't Say a Word (2004)
 Shamandalie (2004)
 Replica 2006 (2006)
 Paid in Full (2007)
 The Last Amazing Grays (2009)
 Flag in the Ground (2009, promo)
 I Have a Right (2012)
 Shitload of Money (2012)
 Alone in Heaven (2013)
 The Wolves Die Young (2014)
 Cloud Factory (2014)
 Love (2014)
 Kingdom for a Heart (2014)
 Christmas Spirit (2015)
 Closer to an Animal (2016)
 Life (2016)
 A Little Less Understanding (2019)
 Cold (2019)
 The Rest Of The Sun Belongs To Me (2021)

Demo recordings 
 Agree Pamppers (1996)
 Friend till the End (1996)
 PeaceMaker (1997)
 Fullmoon (1999)

Other releases 
 Wolf & Raven (Music Video, 2001)
 Broken Live (Music Video, 2003)
 Don't Say a Word (Music Video, 2004)
 For the Sake of Revenge (DVD, 2006)
 Paid in Full (Music Video, 2007)

Other websites 
 The official Sonata Arctica page

Finnish musical groups
Power metal bands
Carpet

A carpet is a rectangular piece of woven textile.

Generally, carpets are used to make spaces more beautiful and to make walking on the floor quieter. Carpets are warmer and softer than hard floors such as hardwood, tile, or concrete. Carpets may be many different sizes. Rugs and carpets originated in Central Asia, but the idea of machine manufacture was invented in Europe. The oldest known carpet was found in the year of 1947 at excavations in Siberia. So there are two different kinds of things: one is hand-made by traditional methods, and the other woven by machine. This accounts for the very great difference in style and price between traditional rugs and modern wall-to-wall carpeting.

The name "carpet" comes from Old Italian carpita, "carpire" means to pluck. The term "carpet" is used mostly to describe textiles placed on the floor most of the times stretched from wall to wall.

Rugs are smaller in size, often placed over a carpet, and often decorated. In Islam, rugs are used as prayer mats, for people to kneel on when they pray.

It is common, especially in the Middle East, for rugs and carpets to be used as wall decoration, and they are designed with decoration in mind. Mass-manufactured carpets in western countries are utilitarian: for hard use on the floor, and usually self-coloured (that is one color over the whole carpet). Traditional rugs from the Middle East are hand-made and may be very expensive by the time they reach shops in the western world.

In some countries carpets are designed in a way to tell stories. They can tell history of family or something important that happened.

References

Cloth
Digon

In geometry, a digon  is a polygon with two sides (edges) and two vertices. Its construction is degenerate in a Euclidean plane because either the two sides would coincide or one or both would have to be curved; however, it can be easily visualised in elliptic space.

A regular digon has both angles equal and both sides equal and is represented by Schläfli symbol {2}. It may be constructed on a sphere as a pair of 180 degree arcs connecting antipodal points, when it forms a lune.

The digon is the simplest abstract polytope of rank 2.

A truncated digon, t{2} is a square, {4}. An alternated digon, h{2} is a monogon, {1}.

Shapes
2
Great circle

A great circle is the largest possible circle that can be drawn on a sphere, one that divides the surface into equal halves, called hemispheres. It is a circle that has the same diameter as the sphere it was drawn on. These curves are geodesics in the sphere and all have the same circumference, that is, the length around of the circle.

There are an infinite number of great circles that can be drawn on any perfect sphere. The longitude lines on a globe all form great circles that pass through the same two points (the North Pole and the South Pole). The Equator is another great circle.

Great Circles can be used to determine the shortest surface distance between two points on a sphere (or on the Earth).

A straight line from plane Euclidean geometry corresponds to a Great Circle in non-Euclidean spherical geometry.

Other websites
Great circle   

Shapes
John Dalton

John Dalton (6 September 1766–27 July 1844) was a British chemist and physicist.  He was born in Cumberland to a Quaker family.  He is best known for his discoveries in atomic theory.  He also made the first important studies of color blindness.

Dalton's atomic theory 
Dalton's Atomic theory is a scientific theory about atoms. Dalton made the theory to explain why the elements would combine in certain ways The idea of atoms was already known at the time, but not widely accepted.  Dalton's theory of atoms was based on actual observation. Before this, ideas about atoms were based more on philosophy. 

His theory stated that:
Everything is made from atoms
Nothing can be smaller than an atom
Atoms can not be made or destroyed
Chemical reactions are made when atoms are moved around, put with other atoms or taken away from a group of other atoms
Atoms of the same element are the same, because they have the same atomic mass.
Atoms can only be joined in special ratios (see Law of definite composition)

Further readings 
 Claus Bernet: John Dalton (1766-1844), in: Biographisches-bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon, 31, 2010, 309-332.

References

Other websites 
 John Dalton -Citizendium 

1766 births
1844 deaths
English chemists
English physicists
British nuclear physicists
Kauniainen

Kauniainen () is a city in Uusimaa, Finland. It is part of the Greater Helsinki area. Kauniainen has an area 6.0 km² and is fully located within Espoo. 

Kauniainen has the lowest local taxation rate in Finland (16,5 %). A lot of rich people live there.

Kauniainen was officially founded in 1920. It became a city in 1972. There are about 8,550 people living in Kauniainen. Most of them (57 %) speak Finnish as their first language. 39 % have Swedish as their mother tongue.

Kauniainen has very good bus and train connections. There is a railway station. Many buses drive through Kauniainen.

Other websites 
 The official Kauniainen page, in Finnish, Swedish and English

Cities in Finland
Municipalities of Uusimaa
1920 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in Finland
Nummi-Pusula

Nummi-Pusula is a former municipality in Finland. It was formed in 1981 from the existing municipalities of Nummi and Pusula. The municipality is in Uusimaa and in the province of Southern Finland. On 1 January 2013, it became a part of Lohja.

Nummi-Pusula has an area of .  of it is water. About 6,175 people lived there as of 31 December 2012.

Other websites 
 The official Nummi-Pusula page , in Finnish, English, German and Estonian

Former municipalities of Finland
1981 establishments in Europe
1980s establishments in Finland
Medicine man

A medicine man is a traditional Native American healer. Healing was only part of their function. Another part of their role was as guardian of their belief system, and their rituals. 

A very similar role was played in many other mesolithic and neolithic societies, such as pre-modern Africa and New Guinea. This person, man or woman, might help cure physical, mental, or spiritual health problems. A term such as shaman or witch doctor reflects the supernatural element in such roles.

References 

Native Americans
Religious people
Healthcare
Basement

The basement is the lowest level or levels in some buildings, almost always below the ground. There is another type of basement, called a subbasement. or subcellar A subcellar is just like a basement, but more below it.

Most basements have lights.

History 
The first famous basements were made sometime in the 1950s. After that, many other kinds of basements were built and made. Later, most basements were used to have washing machines and other items in basements.

Soon, basements were used to contain or save water.

Basement uses 
Throughout history and even today, basements have been put to multiple uses. The most common uses for basements include storage, holding utilities, and conversion to different types of living space, such as game rooms.

References

Construction
Landfill

A landfill is a place where waste is kept. Waste is usually buried in landfills, but it may first be sorted to remove any recyclable materials.

Landfills have a bad smell and look bad, therefore are usually located far away from where people live. 

Once the waste is crushed into very small pieces, it is buried, but without oxygen, a dangerous gas called methane is created. This process is called anaerobic digestion. In some countries, the methane from landfills is used to generate energy.

Large landfills in the United States 

Roosevelt Regional Landfill, Roosevelt, Washington.
Denver Arapahoe Disposal Site, Aurora, Colorado.
Columbia Ridge Landfill, Arlington, Oregon.
Pine Tree Acres, Lenox, Michigan.

Other large landfills
Smokey Mountain in Manila, Philippiness

References

Waste
Human reproductive system

For a wider discussion see sexual reproduction. For more information, see female reproductive system and male reproductive system.

The reproductive system is the part of an organism that makes them able to sexually reproduce. Humans and other animals use their reproductive systems to have sexual intercourse as well as reproduce. The reproductive system is one of the human organ systems. 

The illustrations here show only human reproductive systems. Other mammals have similar reproductive systems.
Rectum

The rectum is a part of the large intestine which forms a part of the gastrointestinal system. The rectum ends in the anus which is the end of the gastrointestinal system. It is where feces or stools are stored temporarily before coming out of the anus.

Body temperature can also be taken in the rectum. Rectal temperature can be taken by inserting a medical thermometer not more than 25 mm (1 inch) into the rectum via the anus. Normal rectal temperature generally ranges from 36 to 38 °C (97.6 to 100.4 °F) and is about 0.5 °C (1 °F) above oral (mouth) temperature and about 1 °C (2 °F) above axilla (armpit) temperature and 3 degrees warmer than vaginal temperatures. 

The rectum was featured in film series, 'The Human Centipede,' a horror movie about the face of loss in a world of deep connection and interesting cuisine. Within the film it is stated that, "Humans have a profound desire for other rectums." Often this is due to the G-stop for men being located between the Anus and the testicles, giving men a desire to be anally penetrated in the rectum, this form of rectal pleasure first ever documented in the journal of Henry IV.

References 

Anatomy of the digestive system
County seat

A county seat is the location of a county government, and is usually the largest, oldest, or most central town or city within a county. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the name county town is used rather than county seat. 

In the U.S. state of Louisiana, counties are called parishes and have parish seats rather than county seats; while in Alaska, counties are called boroughs and have borough seats.

Related pages
County town

Local government
Large intestine

The Large intestine is also called the colon or large bowel. It connects the small intestine to the rectum and anus. It is about 1.5 meters long or 5 feet. It is shorter than the small intestine, but its diameter is larger.

Water is absorbed here and the remaining waste material is stored as faeces before being removed by defecation.

References

Anatomy of the digestive system
Joensuu

Joensuu is a city in Finland. It is the centre of the region of North Karelia. Joensuu has an area of 2.751,13 km² and a population of around 77,000 people. 369.3 km² of the area is water. 

The Finnish capital, Helsinki is located 437 km away from Joensuu. There is a university in Joensuu.

The municipalities of Tuupovaara and Kiihtelysvaara were merged with Joensuu on January 1 2005. In 2009 the municipalities of Eno and Pyhäselkä were merged with Joensuu.

Other websites 
 The official Joensuu page 

Cities in Finland
Municipalities of North Karelia
Tuupovaara

Tuupovaara was a municipality in the North Karelia region of Finland. It was merged with Joensuu on January 1 2005. Before 1913 the place was known as Kovero.

In 2004 there were 2,217 people living in Tuupovaara.

Villages 
Eimisjärvi, Hartiovaara, Heinäaho, Herajärvi, Hoilola, Kinnasniemi, Kokinvaara, Konnunniemi, Kortevaara, Kovero, Luutalahti, Mannervaara, Pirttijärvi, Revonsonkaja, Saarivaara, Sonkajanranta, Tuupovaara, Öllölä

Former municipalities of Finland
Urine

Urine (pee) is a liquid created by the body, in the kidneys. It is stored in the bladder and comes out of the human body through the urethra, a tube which leads from the bladder to the urethral meatus (meatus is an opening in the body), at the tip of the penis (men) or the vulva (women). Urinating is how the body gets rid of unwanted or unneeded substances in the blood. Urine is the liquid that these substances are put in. After the blood has circulated through the body, its composition has changed, because some substances in the blood have been absorbed by the body and because the body has released other substances into the blood. The blood has also absorbed substances produced from our food. The liver removes many toxins (harmful substances) and adds other substances that the blood needs (amino acids, proteins, coagulation factors, hormones, etc.). Then the kidneys remove excess amounts of urea, salts, etc. by putting them into the urine. After the blood has passed through the liver and the kidneys, it has the correct composition that the body needs.

Urine is mostly water, and contains mineral salts, and about 2% urea, which is produced in the liver to remove ammonia, which is a very toxic substance. Urea has very low toxicity, although a continuously high level of urea in the blood (a condition called hyperuremia) can cause disease.

The color of urine normally ranges from colourless to yellow. The yellow color is caused by urobilins, which are produced by the breakdown of hemoglobin, the substance that gives blood its red color. If a person is dehydrated, less urine will be produced (maybe less than one liter per day), and it will be more concentrated. If a person drinks a lot of water, more urine will be produced (maybe as much as two liters per day) and it will be less concentrated.

Urine lets the body get rid of:

 Extra water
 Extra electrolytes (salts)
 Urea (mostly not needed by the body)
 Drugs
 Toxins (poisons in the body)( Note that most toxins are removed in the bile of the liver, which transfers the toxins to the feces. Many descriptions of urine say that some toxins are removed in urine, but do not say what toxins these are).
Some slang terms for urine are "pee", "wee", "wee wees" and "piss".

Related pages 

 Urination

Urinary system
Rudolf Vrba

Rudolf "Rudi" Vrba (September 11, 1924 – March 27, 2006), was a professor in the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics at the University of British Columbia in Canada. His birth name was Walter Rosenberg. In April 1944, he escaped from the Auschwitz concentration camp. After escaping, he passed information to the Allies who were fighting the Axis Powers during the Second World War. He informed the authorities about the mass murder that was taking place at the camp.

1924 births
2006 deaths
Academics of the University of British Columbia
Canadian scientists
Czechoslovak people
Holocaust survivors
Jewish academics
Naturalized citizens of Canada
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Pharmacologists
Slovakian Jews
Joel Brand

Joel Brand (25 April 1906 – 13 July 1964) was a Jew from Hungary. He helped to save many lives of Jews of Hungary from death. He saved them from being sent to Nazi Germany’s death camp at Auschwitz concentration camp.

1906 births
1964 deaths
Hungarian Jews
Savukoski

Savukoski (Inari Sami: Suovâkuoškâis, Northern Sami: Suovvaguoika) is a Finnish municipality in the Province of Lapland. As of 2005, 1,326 people lived there. The area is 6,496.64 km². The municipality was founded in 1916.

Nearby municipalities are Pelkosenniemi, Salla and Sodankylä. The villages in Savukoski include Kuosku, Martti, Nousu, Seitajärvi, Savukoski, Tanhua, Lunkkaus, Viitaranta, Värriö, Rovala and Ruuvaoja.

Economy
Employers: Metsähallitus, Veljekset Karjalainen and Metsänhoitoyhdistys. In 1967, phosphorus was found in the area. It is planned to open a phosphorus mine after 2015.

Geography
One third of area is national parkland: Urho Kekkonen National Park, Värriö Strict Nature Reserve and Maltio Strict Nature Reserve.

Population growth

References

Other websites 
 The official Savukoski page

Municipalities of Lapland (Finland)
Friedrich Dürrenmatt

Friedrich Dürrenmatt (January 5, 1921 in Konolfingen, canton of Bern; † December 14, 1990 in Neuchâtel) was a writer and philosopher from Switzerland.

Personal life 
Dürrenmatt was the son of a protestant pastor. He was always interested in drawing. He went to school until 1941, afterwards he studied philosophy, sciences (deep point physics) and German literature at the University of Bern. He dropped studies in 1946, when he published his first written work.

One year later he married the Swiss actress Lotti Geissler (1919–1983). They had three children. The financial situation of the family got better, when Dürrenmatt began to write radio dramas and crime fiction.

In 1984 he married the German actress and television director Charlotte Kerr (1927–2011).

His world-wide success is based on two plays: The Visit and The Physicists.

Selected Works 
 Romulus the Great (Romulus der Große, 1950, play)
 The Judge and His Hangman (Der Richter und sein Henker, 1950, novella)
 Suspicion (Der Verdacht, 1951, also known as The Quarry, novella)
 The Tunnel (Der Tunnel, 1952, short story)
 The Marriage of Mr. Mississippi (Die Ehe des Herrn Mississippi, 1952, play)
 Theatre Problems (Theaterprobleme, 1954, essay)
 Once a Greek (Grieche sucht Griechin, 1955, novel)
 The Visit (Der Besuch der alten Dame, 1956, play)
 A Dangerous Game (Die Panne, 1956, novel / novella, also known as Traps)
 The Pledge (Das Versprechen, 1958, novella)
 The Physicists (Die Physiker, 1962, play)
 King John (König Johann, 1968, play)
 Play Strindberg (1969, play)
 Monster Lecture on Justice and Law (Monstervortrag, 1969, lecture)
 The Coup (Der Sturz, 1971, short story)
 Achterloo (1982, play)
 The Execution of Justice (Justiz, 1985, novel)
 The Assignment (Der Auftrag, 1986, novella)
 Switzerland, A Prison: A Speech for Václav Havel (Die Schweiz — ein Gefängnis, 1990, speech)

Secondary Literature 
 Goertz, Heinrich: Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Reinbek 1987, .
 Rüedi, Peter: Dürrenmatt oder Die Ahnung vom Ganzen, Zürich 2011, .

Other websites 
 Centre Dürrenmatt Neuchâtel
 National Library Switzerland

1921 births
1990 deaths
Swiss writers
People from the canton of Bern
20th-century philosophers
Kampala

Kampala is the capital of Uganda. More than 1,800,000 people live there. The city is on the shore of Lake Victoria.

The Ugandan National Theatre is in Kampala. There is also a university in the city.
The home team; Kampala City Council (KCC) Football Club is a leading Africa FIFA Club team player.

References

National capitals in Africa
Settlements in Uganda
1890 establishments
Common wombat

The common wombat, Vombatus ursinus, is one of three wombat species living in Australia. It is found the mountains and hills of southeast Australia, Tasmania, and Flinders Island in Bass Strait. They look like a small bear, which is what the name ursinus means. It is a marsupial, a type of mammal that carried its young in a pouch. It is the largest burrowing plant-eating mammal in the world. Its closest living relative is the koala.

Description
They are a short and muscular animal that walks on four strong legs. The feet and claws are designed to help the wombat dig tunnels in rocky ground. They are between 70 and 120 cm in length and weigh between 15 and 35 kg. It is covered in a very rough and coarse fur which can be anywhere from black to silver grey, from dark brown to sandy brown. Wombats have very tough skin on their rump.

Breeding
Wombats live alone but meet up to breed in April to June on mainland Australia. In Tasmania the breeding can occur at any time of the year. The young wombats are tiny, about two cm long, when they are born after a gestation of only 21 days, and move into the mother's pouch. Wombats normally only have one baby although the pouch has two nipples. Unlike a kangaroo, the pouch opens backwards, which would prevent it from filling with dirt as it crawls into its burrow. The young wombat lives in the pouch for about six months, and finally becomes independent of the mother at about 18 months of age. Wombats live for about five years, although some in captivity have lived for 26 years.

Diet

Wombats live in burrows that they dig with their sharp claws. They are nocturnal animals, and come out their burrows in the evening to look for food. It is a herbivore, so it only eats grass, tree and shrub roots, bark, leaves, and fungi. Wombat faeces are cube shaped. The wombat will use them to mark things in its territory, so it is common to find the cubes on top of leaves, rocks, and branches. Because of their shape they do not roll off.

Burrows
The burrows can be as small as two metres or as long as 30 metres. They dig with their front feet, kick the soil backwards with their back feet, and then use their rump like a bulldozer to push the dirt out of the burrow. Only one wombat lives in each burrow, but wombats may have up to four burrows in the area they live.

Living with wombats
Farmers see the Common Wombat as a pest. It often destroys fences by burrowing, and the burrow openings are a danger to grazing animals. It is still common in Australia, but the areas it lives in are being reduced because of land clearing for farms.

The common wombat has no natural predators. It is not scared of people and is often seen in camping areas. They can make good pets.

References

Marsupials of Australia
Bonobo

The bonobo (Pan paniscus) is a great ape and the smaller of the two species making up the genus Pan (the other is Pan troglodytes, the common chimpanzee). The bonobo is sometimes called the dwarf or pygmy chimpanzee. Although the name "chimpanzee" is sometimes used to refer to both species together, it is usually understood to mean the common chimpanzee, while Pan paniscus is usually referred to as the bonobo.

The bonobo lives in rain forest, in a  area south of the Congo River. This is in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central Africa.

The bonobo has high levels of sexual behavior. Sex functions in conflict appeasement, affection, social status, excitement, and stress reduction. It occurs in virtually all partner combinations and in a variety of positions. This may explain the lower levels of aggression in the bonobo as compared to the common chimpanzee and other apes. Bonobos are matriarchal and a male's rank in the social hierarchy is often determined by his mother's rank.

The two chimpanzee species are separated by the huge Congo River. Its formation 1.5–2 million years ago may have led to the speciation of the bonobo. Their population is between 29,000 and 50,000 individuals. The species is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. It is threatened by habitat destruction, human population growth and commercial poaching. The bonobo lives for about 40 years in captivity, though its lifespan in the wild is unknown.

References

Hominins
Mammals of Africa
Genoa

Genoa (, Ligurian: Zena, Zêna) is a city and capital of the Liguria region in Italy. The population of Genoa in 2006 was 620,316. It is the most important seaport in Italy. Before Italy was united into one country in the 1800s, Genoa was a republic that also included the island of Corsica. Genoa was famous for its merchants, or traders, who traded everywhere from England to Istanbul. Famous Genoese people include, Andrea Doria, Niccolò Paganini, and Christopher Columbus.

References

Other websites 
 Comune di Genova
Liguria

Liguria (/lɪˈɡ(j)ʊəriə/, Italian: [liˈɡuːrja]; Ligurian: Ligûria [liˈɡyːɾja]) is a region of Northern Italy. The capital is Genoa.
The population was about 1,610,134 in 2005.

Provinces 
 Province of Genoa (Genova) (capital)
 Province of La Spezia
 Province of Savona
 Province of Imperia

Sources

Other websites 
 Official Site (IT)
Royal Opera House

The Royal Opera House is a famous opera house  in London. Sometimes it is called  "Covent Garden" because it is in the area of London called Covent Garden.  The Royal Opera House is the home of the Royal Opera and the Royal Ballet.  There is an orchestra which plays there for all the operas and ballets.

The building that is now the Royal Opera House is the third building in that place.  The first theatre to be built there in 1732 was burnt down in 1808.  The second theatre opened in 1809 but was burnt down in 1856.  Today's building was built in 1858, although a lot of it was rebuilt between 1996 and 2000.  The auditorium (the main part where the audience sits) is nearly the same, but all the backstage rooms are new: the dressing rooms, rehearsal rooms, office space etc.  There is an extra small theatre called the Linbury Theatre which is used for smaller performances.  Together with the new restaurant areas it has helped to get more young people to come.

The Royal Opera House seats 2,268 people.  There are seats downstairs (the stalls), four tiers of boxes, a balcony and a gallery.

The conductor ("Musical Director") of the Royal Opera House Orchestra is Antonio Pappano who is a young British conductor.

Other websites 
 Royal Opera House
Opera houses
Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
Kalahasti

Kalahasti is a place in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a place of pilgrimage for Hindus. In Kalhasti, there is a famous and ancient temple of Shiva, a god of Hindus. The temple is one of the five such temples of Shiva in south India collectively known as Pancha Bootha Sthalams. The other four such temples are at Kanchipuram, Thiruvanaikaval, Tiruvannamalai, and Chidambaram.

In this temple, people worship Shiva in the form of a linga. There are many mythological stories about this linga. One of the stories tell that an elephant, a snake, and a spider used to worship this linga. The god Shiva blessed them with moksha (liberation).

Another story tells about a saint named Kannappa. He took out his eyes and offered the same to the linga. At this supreme sacrifice, Shiva became very happy. He appeared in the form of a human being, and restored the eyesight of Kannappa. Kannappa is worshipped as one of the 63 saiva saints in Tamil Nadu.

Sri Kalahasti temple, 36 km away is famous for its Vayudeva temple, which is the only shrine of the god of wind in India. Constructed in the 12th century by the Chola king, Rajarajendra, Vayu is incarnated as Lord Shiva and worshipped as Kalahasteeswara.

This is an important temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. This temple has one of the elemental lingas, the vayu (air) linga. There is a lamp inside the inner sanctum that is constantly flickering despite the lack of air movement inside. The air-linga can be observed to move even when the pujaris close off the entrance to the main Deity room, which does not have any windows. You can see the flames on several ghee lamps flicker as if blown by moving air. The linga is white and is considered Swayambhu, or self-manifested.

Kalahasti is surrounded by two sacred hills. The Durgamba temple is on the northern hill. On the south hill there is the shrine of Kannabeswara, in memory of the Sage Kannappa, who offered an eye to the Lord. When he tried to offer his other eye as well, the Lord mercifully stopped him. There is also a temple dedicated to Subramanya on one of the surrounding hills.

The main linga is untouched by human hands, even by the priest. Abhisheka (bathing) is done by pouring a mixture of water, milk, camphor, and panchamrita. Sandal paste, flowers and the sacred thread are offered to the utsava-murti, not the main linga. 

This temple is one of the most impressive Siva temples in India. It features an enormous, ancient gopuram (tower) over the main gate. The tower is 36.5m (120 feet) high. The entire temple is carved out of the side of a huge stone hill. It was built in1516 by King Krishnadeva Raya.

The temple is run by neatly dressed Saivite Brahmins.

Related pages
Linga

Hindu mythology
Raidas

Guru Ravidas, also spelt as Raidas, was an Indian saint and poet of 15th century. He belonged to a family of leather workers, he even claimed to be an achhoot or untouchable. Some of his verses found place in Guru Granth Sahib, the main text of Sikhism.

Mirabai, a Rajput lady of a royal family of Rajasthan, was one of the followers of Guru Ravidas. They follow his teachings and consider him their Guru, the teacher. 

Guru Raidas wrote poems in Braj Bhasha. A few of his poems are "ab kaise chutey ram nam", "aasi Lal tujh binu".

Guru Raidas refuted the prevalent Caste System of the time and stated that all people were equally cared upon by god. He also, like many contemporary Bhakti saints, refuted complex Brahminical Rituals and Sacrifices, in favour of true and complete devotion to god by means of song, dance, or japa (simple chanting of god's name).

Related pages 
BR Ambedkar

Buddhism
Indian poets
15th-century people
Rishi

Rishi is a word used in many Hindu scriptures. A simple translation of the word into English would mean a sage. Hindu scriptures and Hindu mythology tell about a number of rishis. They describe a rishi as an old person, with a lot of knowledge and wisdom. They also say that some of the rishis had great powers, and sometimes even some gods of Hindus like Indra were afraid of rishis. Some of the rishis were famous for becoming angry very quickly and easily. Their anger sometimes resulted in the rishis cursing people. A female is called a Rishika.

Rishis used to live in deep forests. Many young men from villages and towns also lived with them as their students and disciples. Rishis taught them in schools called Gurukuls. After education, these young men returned to live with their families. However, some of them shall always remain with the rishis as their disciples. Sometimes, even kings and other members of the ruling families would go to them to seek advice and blessings. Sometimes these rishis and their disciples would go to the royal courts and participate in discussions there. 

Seven such rishis were the most famous. Hindu scriptures have named them as saptarishis, that is, the seven sages. The seven sages were Kashyapa, Atri, Vashitha, Vishvamitra, Gautam, Jamdagni, and Bharadvaja. According to Hindu mythology, these seven sages had become like divine beings. Ancient astrology of Hindus identified these seven sages with the stars of the sky, the Great Bear. Their wives formed the Pleiades.

Related pages
 Atri
 Vishvamitra
 Gautam

References

Hindu mythology
Tiruvannamalai

Tiruvannamalai is a place in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is a place of pilgrimage for Hindus. In Tiruvannamalai, there is a famous and ancient temple of Shiva, a god of Hindus. The temple is one of the five such temples of Shiva in south India. 

In this temple, people worship Shiva in the form of a linga. Many Hindus go to this place all around the year. In the months of November and December, a festival lasting for ten days takes place. During this festival, people light up an entire hill near Tiruvannamalai.

Related pages
Linga

Other websites
Tiruvannamalai 

Hinduism
Hindu mythology
Tiruvannamalai district
Vishvamitra

Vishvamitra is the name of a rishi (sage) of ancient India. This is a Sanskrit word, and its translation is: "universal friend, that is, a friend of everybody". Vishvamitra wrote many verses of the Vedas, especially the Rig Veda and the Atharva Veda. 

The Hindu scriptures have many stories about Vishvamitra. One of them tell about the competition between another rishi named Vashistha. Both wanted to become priests of big royal families of ancient India.

Related pages
Hindu mythology
Vashistha

Hindu mythology
Genetic disorder

A genetic disorder is a health problem caused by abnormalities in the genome. They are heritable, and may be passed down from the parents' genes to their children and to later generations. If a genetic disorder is present from birth, it is described as a congenital defect. Some defects only show up in later life.  

The mutation responsible can occur spontaneously before the embryo develops, or it can be inherited from parents who are carriers of a faulty gene.

There are well over 6,000 known genetic disorders, and new genetic disorders are constantly being found. More than 600 genetic disorders are treatable. Around 1 in 50 people are affected by a known single-gene disorder, while around 1 in 263 are affected by a disorder caused by their chromosomes. Parts of a chromosome may be absent, or duplicated. 

About 65% of people have some kind of health problem as a result of congenital genetic mutations. About 1 in 21 people are affected by a genetic disorder classified as "rare" (less than 1 in 2,000 people). Most genetic disorders are rare in themselves. They may affect one person in every several thousands or even millions. Sometimes they are relatively frequent in a population. If they are frequent, it suggests these recessive gene disorders give an advantage in certain environments when only one copy of the gene is present. Sickle cell anaemia is an example of this.

The same disease, such as some forms of cancer, may be caused by an inherited genetic condition in some people, by new mutations in other people, and by nongenetic causes in still other people. A disease is only called a genetic disease if it can be inherited at birth. The particular defect may only show up later in life.

Related pages 
Birth defect
List of genetic disorders

References