Frederick Hutton (scientist)

Captain Frederick Wollaston Hutton  (16 November 1836 – 27 October 1905) was an English-born New Zealand scientist who applied the theory of natural selection to explain the origins and nature of the natural history of New Zealand. Whilst an army officer, he embarked on an academic career in geology and biology, to become one of the most able and prolific nineteenth century naturalists of New Zealand.

Early life
Frederick Hutton's biographical accounts assert that he was born at Gate Burton, Lincolnshire, on 16 November 1836, and by parish records was baptised there on 27 January 1837; the second son of the Rev. Henry Frederick Hutton and his wife Louisa Wollaston, daughter of the Rev. Henry John Wollaston. Paternal grandfather, William Hutton, was the owner of the Gate Burton estate. His signed military statement of services, however, records that he was born at Bracknell, Berkshire, England, on 16 November 1836.

He received his early education through Southwell Grammar School, Notinghamshire, and, with a view to entering the Royal Navy, the Royal Naval Academy at Gosport, Hampshire. After brief service as a midshipman in Green's Merchant Service, with three voyages to India in the Alfred, he went on to civil engineer studies at the applied science department of King's College London in 1854–55.

Career

Military
At the age of 18.5 years, Hutton purchased a commission as ensign in the 23rd (Royal Welsh Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot on 18 May 1855. Stationed at Malta, November 1855–8 March 1856, he moved on to take part in the Crimean War, 9 March–21 July 1856, and Indian Mutiny, 28 September 1857–22 May 1858. Following Crimea, and having advanced to rank of lieutenant by purchase on 27 March 1857, the regiment embarked for the war in China but as with other forces, was diverted at Singapore to Calcutta for the mutiny in India. Joining the army at Lucknow on 14 November, Hutton was present at the second relief of Lucknow, the defeat of the Gwalior Contingent in the second battle of Cawnpore and the retaking of Lucknow in March 1858, under the command of General Sir Colin Campbell. He was issued the Indian Mutiny Medal with two clasps—Relief of Lucknow, Lucknow.

Transferred to 2nd Battalion of his regiment on 22 May 1858, he returned home in June 1858 to help raise it. After passing, through the School of Musketry, Hythe, Kent, he was appointed Instructor of Musketry to his battalion on 2 November 1858, and accompanied his regiment to Malta.

Back in England in 1860, and having devoted some study to geology, Hutton was elected a Fellow of the Geological Society of London (FGS). Over the next few years he completed military training at Staff College, Sandhurst, and Woolwich. He'd also taken a six month chemistry course in inorganic analysis with Professor George Downing Liveing, Cambridge, then teaching at Sandhurst.

In 1862, he was attached first to the Royal Horse Artillery and thereafter to the 9th Lancers. Following elevation to rank of captain by purchase on 2 December 1862, he married Annie Gouger Montgomerie, at Holy Trinity, Paddington, London, on 4 February 1863. He re-joined his regiment at Malta but was appointed to the staff of Ireland from 11 September 1863, as Brigade Major, 2nd Infantry Brigade, at the Curragh. That year he published the paper, The Importance of a Knowledge of Geology to Military Men, in the Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. After some nine months at the Curragh, Hutton moved to head quarters in Dublin as Deputy Assistant Quarter Master General from 1 July 1864, then, in November 1865, resigned and sold out of the army.

During those years he had "geologised, more or less, in the British Isles, parts of Germany, France, Italy, Sicily, Crimea, Gibraltar, and Switzerland in Europe; Madeira, St. Vincent (one of the C de Verde Isls) and Cape Colony in Africa; and in some parts of the Province of Bengal as far north as Lucknow and Futteghur". His latest work on Malta, "Sketch of the Physical Geology of the Maltese Islands", was published by The Geological Magazine in April 1866, following his service.

Science
The Huttons—Frederick, Annie, their children Alice and Gilbert, and two servants—left Gravesend, on the clipper Queen of the North, on 17 January 1866, bound for new opportunities in New Zealand. After a tedious voyage, passing Tristan da Cunha, Cape of Good Hope, Île Saint-Paul, South Cape of Tasmania, Three Kings and North Cape of New Zealand, the clipper came to anchor off Queen Street wharf, Auckland, on Monday, 11 June.

In May 1867, Captain Hutton volunteered to take charge of Auckland Museum, articles of which had been suffering in its Grafton Road cottage, and sought to put the institution in good order with its relocation to the very large basement room of the new Provincial Government offices on the corner of Princes Street and Victoria Quadrant—The Northern Club building. Accepted as Honorary Curator by the Superintendent of Auckland Province, John Williamson, he worked his way through arranging and classifying the confused and inconsistently recorded collections. Additionally, he prepared exhibition of the objects, received further specimens, artefacts etc. and worked towards establishing a museum library.
Hutton and Thomas Gillies initiated the inaugural public meeting of 6 November 1867, held in the Board Room of the Auckland Board of Commissioners, to establish the Auckland Philosophical Society; soon renamed Auckland Institute. The meeting was called immediately following a conversation they'd had in relation to the action taken by the General Assembly of New Zealand in constituting the New Zealand Institute. James Hector, manager of the Institute in Wellington, had recently suggested to Gillies the propriety of establishing branches throughout New Zealand, especially in Auckland. Auckland Institute was formally incorporated with the New Zealand Institute on 10 June 1868. Auckland Museum was transferred to the Auckland Institute in October 1869.

In 1867 he was employed by the Superintendent of Auckland to carry out a geological survey of the lower Waikato. On 8 June 1869, he reported the discovery of substantial coalfields between the Maramarua and Whangamarino rivers, which another settler intended to work for his flax mill. Later in 1869, Hutton and family sold their Epsom home in Auckland and moved to the Waikato, where he'd erected a steam-powered flax mill at Churchill, a station on the western bank of the Waikato River, near Whangape Stream. Hutton's venture, however, proved uneconomic and in consequence his flax mill with 500 acres of flax land, along with a farm of 2,000 acres situated on Lake Whangape, were put up for sale in March 1872.

He'd joined the Geological Survey of New Zealand in 1866, becoming Provincial Geologist of Otago in 1874. At the same time, he was made lecturer in geology at the University of Otago and curator of the museum there. After the 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera he wrote one of the official reports and postulated the eruption was due to moltern material reaching the surface in a volcanic dyke.  Hutton became professor of biology at Canterbury College in 1880, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1892. The following year, he also took on the curatorship of the Canterbury Museum. Towards the end of his life, Hutton was made president of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union. He was awarded the Clarke Medal by the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1891. He was the first President of the New Zealand Institute (which later became the Royal Society of New Zealand), from 1904 to his death in 1905; he was followed by Sir James Hector. He was one of the inaugural vice-chairmen of the New Zealand Alpine Club, which was founded in July 1891.

He worked successively at the Colonial Museum, Wellington (1871–1873) (now called Te Papa Tongarewa Museum of New Zealand); Otago Museum, Dunedin (1874–1879); and the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch (1887–1905).

Hutton died on the return voyage on the SS Rimutaka from England on 27 October 1905, and was buried at sea off Cape Town, South Africa. 

He is commemorated in the Hutton Medal and Hutton Memorial Fund, awarded for scientific works bearing on the zoology, botany or geology of New Zealand. Hutton's shearwater (Puffinus huttoni), a sea bird, was named after him and the cave wētā Neonetus huttoni.

Evolution
In 1860, he wrote a supportive review of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species for the journal, The Geologist. In 1861, he wrote an article defending Darwinism in the same journal. Hutton defended Darwin from the objections of creationist Adam Sedgwick, which he described as "gross ironical misrepresentations". He wrote that creationism was a "mere assertion, an evasion of the question, a cloak for ignorance."

Throughout his life, Hutton remained a staunch exponent of Darwin's theories of natural selection, and Darwin himself expressed his appreciation in a letter to Hutton.

Taxa
Taxa described and named by Hutton include:

Cabalus modestus (Hutton, 1872) – the Chatham rail
Callochiton empleurus (Hutton, 1872) – a chiton
Ericentrus rubrus (Hutton, 1872) – the orange clinid
Phosichthys argenteus Hutton, 1872 – a lightfish
Stegnaster inflatus (Hutton, 1872) – a sea star
Bittium exile (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Colistium guntheri (Hutton, 1873) – the New Zealand brill
Comitas trailli (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Dentalium nanum Hutton, 1873
Herpetopoma bella (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail

Leptonotus elevatus high-body pipefish Leptonotus elevatus  (F. W. Hutton, 1872)

Margarella antipoda rosea (Hutton, 1873) – a subspecies of marine snail
Margarella fulminata (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Novastoa lamellosa (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Pterotyphis eos (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Pterotyphis zealandicus (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Pupa kirki (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Rhombosolea retiaria Hutton, 1873 – the black flounder
Scorpis violacea (Hutton, 1873) – the blue maomao
Thoristella chathamensis (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Trichosirius inornatus (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Uberella vitrea (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Xymene plebeius (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Xymene traversi (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Zeacolpus symmetricus (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Zeacolpus vittatus (Hutton, 1873) – a marine snail
Jasus edwardsii (Hutton, 1875) – a spiny lobster
Paratrachichthys trailli (Hutton, 1875) – the sandpaper fish or common roughy
Bidenichthys consobrinus (Hutton, 1876) – the grey brotula or orange cuskeel
Anomia trigonopsis Hutton, 1877 – a marine bivalve
Notolabrus cinctus (Hutton, 1877) – the girdled wrasse
Eudyptes filholi Hutton, 1879 – the eastern rockhopper penguin
Leuconopsis obsoleta (Hutton, 1878) – a land snail
Proxiuber australe (Hutton, 1878) – a marine snail
Proxiuber hulmei (Hutton, 1878) – a marine snail
Thoristella oppressa (Hutton, 1878) – a land snail
Gallirallus philippensis macquariensis (Hutton, 1879) – the Macquarie Island rail
Pseudaneitea papillata (Hutton, 1879) – a slug
Patelloida corticata (Hutton, 1880) – a limpet
Latiidae Hutton, 1882 – a family of freshwater molluscs
Cytora calva (Hutton, 1883) – a land snail
Cytora pallida (Hutton, 1883) – a land snail
Cytora pannosa (Hutton, 1883) – a land snail
Homalopoma fluctuata (Hutton, 1883) – a marine snail
Lamellaria cerebroides Hutton, 1883 – a marine snail
Rhytida australis Hutton, 1883 – a land snail
Rhytida citrina Hutton, 1883 – a land snail
Rhytida patula Hutton, 1883 – a land snail
Fossarina rimata (Hutton, 1884) – a marine snail
Micrelenchus caelatus (Hutton, 1884) – a marine snail
Otoconcha Hutton, 1884 – a land snail genus
Leuconopsis Hutton, 1884 – a land snail genus
Microvoluta marginata (Hutton, 1885) – a marine snail
Powelliphanta lignaria (Hutton, 1888) – a land snail
Argosarchus Hutton, 1898 – a stick insect genus
Hemideina ricta (Hutton, 1896) – a tree weta
Isoplectron armatus (Hutton, 1896) – a cave wētā
Paprides armillaus (Hutton, 1897) – an alpine grasshopper
Paprides australis (Hutton, 1897) – an alpine grasshopper
Paprides torquatus (Hutton, 1897) – an alpine grasshopper
Exsul singularis Hutton, 1901 – an alpine fly

Publications
 
 
 
 
  Accompanied by Plates VIII and IX, Figures 1–9.
 
 
 
 
  Includes Notes on the Edible Fishes of New Zealand by James Hector.
 
 
  With appendices by J. G. Black and James McKerrow.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  A complete list of all animals recorded in New Zealand.
  A popular edition.
  A revised and enlarged edition.

Family
Hutton married Annie Gouger Montgomerie, daughter of William Montgomerie and his wife Elizabeth Graham, at Trinity Church, Paddington, London, on 4 February 1863; William had been Superintending Surgeon of the HEIC Bengal Medical Service, and had received the Gold Medal of the Society of Arts for introducing gutta percha into Europe as a general utility. Their children included Gilbert Montgomerie Hutton (1865–1911) of the Royal Engineers.

Arms of Frederick Wollaston Hutton
Armorial bearings—Or, on a fesse sable, surmounted by a pale invected of the last, pierced of the field, three stags' heads caboshed counterchanged. Mantling sable and or. Crest—On a wreath of the colours, in front of a fern-brake proper, a stag's head caboshed or. Motto—Post tenebras spero lucem (After darkness, I hope for light)

Crest—A stag's head caboshed or. Motto—Post tenebras spero lucem (After darkness, I hope for light).

References

External links

 
 
 
 Various digitised writings of F. W. Hutton held by the Biodiversity Heritage Library

1836 births
1905 deaths
Alumni of King's College London
British Army personnel of the Crimean War
British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
British carcinologists
Critics of creationism
English biologists
English geologists
New Zealand Fellows of the Royal Society
New Zealand biologists
New Zealand zoologists
New Zealand ornithologists
People educated at Southwell Minster Collegiate Grammar School
People from West Lindsey District
People who died at sea
Royal Welch Fusiliers officers
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Academic staff of the University of Canterbury
Academic staff of the University of Otago
Burials at sea
Directors of Canterbury Museum, Christchurch
Presidents of the Royal Society of New Zealand
20th-century New Zealand scientists
19th-century New Zealand scientists
People associated with the Auckland War Memorial Museum
People associated with Otago Museum