alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Genus

A genus is a rank in the biological classification (or taxonomy). It is above species, and below families. A genus can include more than one species. When biologists talk about a genus, they mean one or more species of animals or plants that are closely related to each other.

As with other taxa, the plural is different from other English words because it is a Latin word. 'Genus' is the singular, and 'genera' is the plural form of the word.

When printing the scientific name of an organism, the name is always in italic. A name of species has two parts, with the genus first. For example, in "Felis silvestris", Felis is the genus. The genus name always begins with a capital letter. In "Felis silvestris catus", the third word is the subspecies, which is not often used.

As a common word 
In writing, genus names in Latin may be 'anglicised' to form a common name. For example, the genus Pseudomonas is "pseudomonad" (plural: "pseudomonads"). In practice, most really common animals and plants already have a common name. So instead of saying 'felids', or 'felines', one says 'cats' both for the family pet, and for all the cat family (Felidae).

Taxonomy
Cretaceous

The Cretaceous period is the ninth and longest period in the Phanerozoic eon, lasting 80 million years from 145 to 65 million years ago (mya). It followed the Jurassic period, and is the third and last period of the Mesozoic era. After it came the Cainozoic era. 
The Cretaceous period has just two very long epochs:
 Upper Cretaceous 100.5 million years ago (mya) to 65 mya
 Lower Cretaceous 145.5 mya to 100.5 mya.
The Lower Cretaceous at ~45 million years, is the longest epoch in the Phanerozoic eon.

Though famous for its land fauna, the Cretaceous sea level rose much higher than today. North America was partly covered by an epicontinental inland sea, and half of Britain was under water. One account goes as follows: "During the Late Cretaceous (94–64 mya) sea level was up to 650 metres higher than at the start of the Albian, when it was perhaps about the same as it is today... The peak transgressions (sea levels) can be seen world-wide. There were rises of sea level of about 10–90 metres per m.y." 

In the Upper Cretaceous, chalk, a type of limestone, was laid down in warm shallow seas. Chalk is 95% to 99% made up of coccoliths, the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) plates which tiny single-celled algae (coccolithophorids) produce.
At its end came the famous meteorite strike which, with the volcanic flood basalts spewed out in the Deccan Plateau (India), ended so many of the dominant life-forms: see K/T extinction event.

References
Textbook

A textbook is a book used for the study of a subject. People use a textbook to learn facts and methods about a certain subject. Textbooks sometimes have questions to test the knowledge and understanding of the learner.

A workbook is a type of textbook that has only practice questions and exercises. Workbooks are designed not to teach but to provide practice and to highlight areas which need more learning. A revision guide is a type of textbook that is used to remind the learner about the subject and give him/her extra practice, especially before an examination.

A textbook is usually lent to students by a school to accompany a course the school is teaching. Sometimes, especially at university, students have to buy the textbooks they need themselves or borrow them from a library.

Most textbooks are only published in printed format. However, some are now available online as electronic books.

Learning
Axiom

An axiom is a concept in logic. It is a statement which is assumed to be true without question, and which does not require proof. It is also known as a postulate (as in the parallel postulate). The axiom is to be used as the premise or starting point for further reasoning or arguments, usually in logic or in mathematics.

This means it cannot be proved within the discussion of a problem. So inside some discussion, it is thought to be true. There are many reasons why it has no proof. For example,
 The statement might be obvious. This means most people think it is clearly true. An example of an obvious axiom is the principle of contradiction. It says that a statement and its opposite cannot both be true at the same time and place.
 The statement is based on physical laws and can easily be observed. An example is Newton's laws of motion. They are easily observed in the physical world.
 The statement is a proposition. Here, an axiom is any mathematical statement that serves as a starting point from which other statements are logically derived. This means the emphasis is on what happens if the axiom is true. Whether the proposition is empirically true is not the goal of logic. This is a more modern definition of an axiom.

Logic can be used to find theorems from the axioms. Then those theorems can be used to make more theorems. This is often how math works. Axioms are important because logical arguments start with them.

Euclid's axioms 
Euclid of Alexandria was a Greek mathematician. Around the year 300 BC, he made the earliest list of axioms which we know of. The following are just a few of them:
 Two numbers that are both the same as a third number are the same number.
 If A and B are two numbers that are the same, and C and D are also the same, A+C is the same as B+D.
 If A and B are two numbers that are the same, and C and D are also the same, A-C is the same as B-D.
 Two shapes that fill exactly the same space are the same shape.
 If you divide a number by anything more than 1, the quotient (result) will be less than the original number.

Related pages 
 Axiom of choice, an axiom in set theory

Notes 

Mathematics
Maldives

The Maldives are a group of islands in the Indian Ocean. They are southwest of India. They are made up of the Maldive and Suadive archipelagos, with over 1,200 islands. These islands are a part of 26 atolls. And they are divided to 20 administrative atolls. People live on about 200 of the islands. It has more than 1126 coral reefs. It is the flattest country in the world. The highest point in the Maldives is only  high above the level of the sea.

Malé is the capital, with a population of 150,000 people. Its official religion is Islam.

Climate

The Maldives has a tropical monsoon climate (Am) under the Köppen climate classification, which is affected by the large landmass of South Asia to the north. Because the Maldives has the lowest elevation of any country in the world, the temperature is constantly hot and often humid. The presence of this landmass causes differential heating of land and water. These factors set off a rush of moisture-rich air from the Indian Ocean over South Asia, resulting in the southwest monsoon. Two seasons dominate Maldives' weather: the dry season associated with the winter northeastern monsoon and the rainy season which brings strong winds and storms.

The shift from the dry northeast monsoon to the moist southwest monsoon occurs during April and May. During this period, the southwest winds contribute to the formation of the southwest monsoon, which reaches Maldives in the beginning of June and lasts until the end of August. However, the weather patterns of Maldives do not always conform to the monsoon patterns of South Asia. The annual rainfall averages  in the north and  in the south.

The monsoonal influence is greater in the north of the Maldives than in the south, more influenced by the equatorial currents.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Malé was 39.6 °C (103.3 °F) on 1 January 2000 and the lowest was 20.4 °C (68.7 °F) on 20 March 1989 and 21 January 2017.

References

Other websites 

Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Commonwealth member states
Prime Minister of Australia

The prime minister of Australia is the head of the executive branch of the government of Australia. The prime minister leads the cabinet of Australia and is the highest ranking minister of the Crown in the federal parliament. The prime minister is appointed by the monarch, who is advised by the governor-general.

The current prime minister of Australia, since May 2022, is Anthony Albanese.

Prime ministerial power and roles
 The prime minister can choose his or her own ministers;
 Can choose election dates;
 Represents the country;
 Spokesperson for the government, both domestically and internationally;
 Advisor to the Governor-General;
 Create bills in parliament

List of prime ministers

Former prime ministers

As of , there are seven living former Australian prime ministers.

References

Other websites
 Australia's Prime Ministers  / National Archive of Australia
 Biographies of Australia's Prime Ministers  / National Museum of Australia
 Official website of the Prime Minister of Australia

 
Australia
Lists of Australian politicians
1190s

The 1190s was a decade that began on 1 January 1190 and ended on 31 December 1199.

Events and trends 

 1192 – Minamoto no Yoritomo granted title of shogun, thereby officially establishing Kamakura shogunate, the first shogunate in the history of Japan.
 May 27, 1199 Friday – John Lackland (1167–1216) became King of England upon the death of his older brother Richard the Lion Hearted. His coronation took place in Westminster Abbey. Lackland was so called, because his inheritance of the Angevin Empire did not have land for him; he was the youngest son of Henry II, so this event could not happen..
Structure

In science, structure is a fundamental concept. It means the arrangement of parts. Examples are the organs in a body, or  crystals in a substance like granite. 

A structure may refer to buildings, machines and similar things made by people as well as to a rock or a mineral, atoms or sentences. It always reflects the hierarchy of its parts.

Related pages
Structural engineering
For structuralism, see Claude Lévi-Strauss

Notes

Chemistry
Engineering
Geology
Linguistics
Physics
Systems
Piero Gobetti

Piero Gobetti (; June 19, 1901, Turin – February 15, 1926, Neuilly-sur-Seine) was a young journalist, intellectual, and radical liberal person. He was a very  active critic during the years of crisis in Italy after the First World War and during the early years of Fascist rule. He had to leave Italy and settled down in Paris, where he soon died. He died because his health was bad, after the Fascists had terrorized him.

Italian people
Italian journalists
1901 births
1926 deaths
Manama

Manama is the capital city of Bahrain. It is also the largest city in Bahrain, having almost 150.000 residents.

History 
Manama has been a city since at least the 1300s, when it was mentioned in Islamic books. It was owned by Portugal from 1521 to 1602, by Persia from 1602 to 1783, and by the Al-Khalifa family for a long time after that. In 1971, Manama became the capital city of Bahrain.

Areas of Manama 
The city is divided into a few parts: 
 The Diplomatic Area has most of the banks and government offices. This area is very important, because most of Bahrain's economy is connected to banks. 
 Gudabiya is the oldest area of the city, and it has the building where the parliament meets. 
 Hoora is where most visitors go. There are many parties in the clubs here at night.

National capitals in Asia
Settlements in Bahrain
Capital Governorate, Bahrain
Protist

Protists are single-celled eukaryotes (which are organisms with a nucleus). The term Protista was first used by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. The protists are not a natural group, or clade, since they have no common origin. Like algae or invertebrates, they are often grouped together for convenience.

The term "protist" includes microorganisms from several distantly related phyla. Some are autotrophic (which means they make their own food by photosynthesis), and others are heterotrophic (which means they eat organic material).
 
Most protists are very small. They are made up of one or a few cells at most – they are microscopic and usually invisible to the naked eye. Some algae are protists, if they are single-celled. Many protists are part of the plankton and are very important for the ecosystem. The cells found in protists may be extremely complex, and are often little understood. It is now possible to do DNA sequencing, and a number of protists have been analysed. The results show that the Protista is not a monophyletic group. It is paraphyletic, and not a single clade. The taxonomy of the Protista is therefore rather confused. 

Some protists cause diseases. Plasmodium falciparum causes malaria; sleeping sickness is also caused by a protist.

An example of a single celled organism in the protist kingdom is the Paramecium or "slipper animalcule." The Paramecium moves using its small, hair-like fibers called cilia, and eats using the cilia to sweep the food into its food vacuole. Other protists can be amoebas, which move by extending pseudopods and flowing into them, or flowing around food particles and engulfing them.

Origin and taxonomy 

Protists are not a monophyletic clade. The term is a convenient holdall for about 20 different kinds of single-celled eukaryotes. They differ in their cell organelles, specialised units which carry out well-defined functions, like mitochondria and plastids. This proves they have made the transition from prokaryotes in different ways. It is fairly clear now that all or most of these organelles have their origin in once-independent prokaryotes (bacteria or archaea), and that the eukaryote cell is a 'community of micro-organisms' working together in 'a marriage of convenience'. Admittedly, the Protista is a collection of disparate single-celled forms, but while a more sophisticated taxonomy is in flux (changing), Protista is still a useful term.

References 

 
Cell biology
The Apple Dumpling Gang

The Apple Dumpling Gang is a Disney movie from 1975, in which three orphan children find gold during California's Gold Rush. Tim Conway and Don Knotts also star in it as two gangsters.

The movie is based on the book of the same name by Jack Bickham.

References

Other websites 
 
 

1975 movies
Disney movies
Movies based on books
0s

The 0s only had nine years which began in 1 AD and ended in 9 AD.

Significant people 
Those people had significant influence on things in this decade.
 Erato, Artaxiad Dynasty Queen of Armenia, r. 8–5 BC, 2 BC–2 AD, 6–11
 Ariobarzan of Atropatene, Client King of Armenia, r. 1 BC–2 AD
 Artavazd V, Client King of Armenia, r. 2–11
 Tigranes V, Artaxiad Dynasty King of Armenia, r. 2–6
 Ping Di, Emperor of Han Dynasty China, r. 1 BC–5 AD
 Ruzi Ying, Emperor of Han Dynasty China, r. 6–9
 Wang Mang, Usurper Emperor of the short-lived Xin Dynasty in China, r. 9–23
 Antiochus III, King of Commagene, r. 12 BC–17 AD
 Arminius, German war chief
 Crimthann Nia Náir, Legendary High King of Ireland, r. 8 BC–9 AD
 Cairbre Cinnchait, Legendary High King of Ireland, r. 9–14
 Strato II and Strato III, co-kings of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, r. 25 BC–10 AD
 Natakamani, King of Kush, r. 1 BC–20 AD
 Abgar V of Edessa, King of Osroene, r. 4 BC–7 AD, 13–50
 Ma'nu IV, King of Osroene, r. 7–13
 Phraates V, King of the Parthian Empire, r. 2 BC–4 AD
 Musa of Parthia, mother and co-ruler with Phraates V, r. 2 BC–4 AD
 Orodes III, King of the Parthian Empire, r. 4–6
 Vonones I, King of the Parthian Empire, r. 8–12
 Artabanus of Parthia, pretender to the Parthian throne and future King of Parthia
 Caesar Augustus, Roman Emperor, r. 27 BC–14 AD
 Gaius Caesar, Roman general
 Livy, Roman historian
 Ovid, Roman poet
 Quirinius, Roman nobleman and politician
 Hillel the Elder, Jewish scholar and Nasi of the Sanhedrin, in office c. 31 BC–9 AD
 Shammai, Jewish scholar and Av Beit Din of the Sanhedrin, in office 20 BC–20 AD
 Tiberius, Roman general, statesman, and future emperor
 Hyeokgeose, King of Silla, r. 57 BC–4 AD
 Namhae, King of Silla, r. 4–24

References
1001

1001 (MI) was .

Events 
 Grand Prince Stephen I of Hungary is named the first King of Hungary by Pope Silvester II.
 Canonisation of Edward the Martyr, King of England.
 Robert II, King of France marries for the third time to Constance Taillefer d'Arles.
 Khmer king Jayavarman V is succeeded by Udayadityavarman I and/or Suryavarman I.
 Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor has Charlemagne's vault opened (see Aachen Cathedral).

Births 
 King Duncan I of Scotland, Scottish royal (died 1040)

Other
 The first reference is made to Khotyn, Ukrainian town, and to Nyalka, Hungarian village, as to Chimudi.

References
1009

1009 (MIX) was a common year when the Julian calendar was used. It was the ninth year of the 2nd millennium and the 11th century.

Events 
 February 14: First known mention of Lithuania, in the annals of the monastery of Quedlinburg.
 October 18: The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is destroyed by Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.
 The Ly dynasty, Vietnam's first independent dynasty, is proclaimed.
 Sergius IV succeeds John XVIII as Pope.
 Suleiman II succeeds Mohammed II as Caliph of Cordoba.
 Provinces of Goryeo (modern-day Korea) are redistributed.

Births 
 Goda of England, Duchess of Brittany, sister of Edward the Confessor (died 1063)
 Saint Osmund, Bishop of Salisbury, second Lord Chancellor of England (died 1099)

Deaths 
 Pope John XVIII

References
1024

1024 (MXXIV) was a common year when the Julian calendar was used. It was the twenty-fourth year of the 2nd millennium and the 11th century.

Events 
 The Salian Dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire is founded by Conrad II.
 John XIX succeeds his brother as Pope
 Battle of Lemnos:  Kievan Viking raiders (800 men) sail through the straits at Abydos to the Aegean Sea. From there they made for the island of Lemnos, but are defeated by a Byzantine fleet of the Cibyrrhaeot Theme.

References
Quentin Tarantino

Quentin Jerome Tarantino (born March 27, 1963) is an American filmmaker. He was born in Knoxville, Tennessee. Tarantino is an independent movie maker. He wrote, directed, and acted in Pulp Fiction, Reservoir Dogs and Kill Bill among others. His movies have become famous for violence and humor. He won Academy Awards for Best Original Screenplay in 1994 for Pulp Fiction and 2012 for Django Unchained.

Quentin Tarantino's filmmaking style is characterized by non-linear narratives, sharp dialogue, pop culture homage, strong female characters, graphic violence, eclectic soundtracks, masterful pacing, playful narrative references, lush visuals, and narrative closure. These elements contribute to his unique and influential cinematic signature.

Movies 
 Reservoir Dogs (1992)
 Pulp Fiction (1994)
 Jackie Brown (1997)
 Kill Bill, Vol. 1 & 2 (2003)
 Death Proof (2007)
 Inglourious Basterds (2009)
 Django Unchained (2012)
 The Hateful Eight (2015)
 Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019)

References

Other websites 

Actors from Knoxville, Tennessee
American movie actors
American movie directors
1963 births
Living people
Leander-class frigate

The Leander-class frigate or Type 12M is a type of ship that was used by the Royal Navy.

The class became well known through the Warship BBC television drama series.

Other websites 
 Leander (Type 12) class frigate website
 Hazegray.org on the Leander class
 An unofficial Leander Class Frigate Site 

British warships
Spacecraft

A spacecraft is a vehicle that can carry people and cargo beyond the Earth's atmosphere, through space to other planetary bodies, space stations, or orbits and back home again. Spacecraft which are launched from the surface of a planet are called launch vehicles and usually take-off from launch pads at spaceports. 

Most spacecraft today are propelled by rocket engines, which shoot hot gases opposite to the direction of travel. Other forms of propulsion are used when appropriate. Spacecraft which do not need to escape from strong gravity may use ion thrusters or other more efficient methods. 

Because of the very large amount of energy needed to leave the Earth's gravity, spacecraft are usually very expensive to build, launch, and operate. Plans for future spacecraft often focus on reducing these costs so more people can participate in space. But today, costs are still very high, and until recently all spacecraft were sponsored by  national governments.

Human spaceflight vehicles 

Most expensive of all is to send people in to space, due to their needs for food, water, air, living space, safety, and control. People participating in this way have special names: Americans call themselves astronauts; Russians call themselves cosmonauts; Chinese call themselves taikonauts.

 The American agency NASA used a launch vehicle called the Space Shuttle. Currently, they go on Soyuz with the cosmonauts.
 The Russian agency RFSA uses a launch vehicle called Soyuz.
 The Ukrainian agency UASA uses a launch vehicle called Zenit. 
 The Chinese agency CNSA uses a launch vehicle called Shenzhou.
 A private firm Virgin Galactic is building a launch vehicle called SpaceShipTwo.
A space company SpaceX is building a launch vehicle called Starship.

Satellites 

Some of the most important spacecraft today are artificial satellites. Artificial satellites are smaller, unmanned spacecraft. Some go into Low Earth orbit to look at the Earth or for other purposes. Others are sent to geostationary orbit to relay radio signals from one part of Earth to another, or to watch events on Earth from a high point of view. Communications satellites are important for television and other communications, and other satellites help with weather prediction and other jobs.

Related pages 
 Spaceflight
 Space probe
Acoustics

Acoustics is a science. It studies the mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids.  These waves can make echo, vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound.

A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician.  Someone who works with acoustics technology may be called an acoustical engineer. 

Sound
Public finance

Public finance is the study of how the government raises funds and spends its money, and their economic effect.

Economics
Budget

Budget is the money to be spent on a project, or by a person or organization in a time period. It usually lists the various things that are to be done, and how much to spend on each. For example, a construction budget may list the various kinds of material and labor and the money to spend on each. A budget may also list estimated revenues. When spending is less than revenues, it is a surplus budget. When spending is more than revenues, it is a deficit budget. When they are the same, it's a balanced budget.

An organization's budget is usually for a fiscal year.

The common usage of the word "budget" refers to a financial plan by an individual or an organization based on their projected income and expenses.It also is used in the sense of the amount that individual or organization can spend.

Related pages
 Political economy

References 

Economics
Accounting
Indirect tax

An indirect tax is a tax that is paid as part of a product. Many countries tax gasoline or cigarettes, but they do so indirectly. Because of the tax, the product will be more expensive. In turn, the shops will then pay the tax for the number of packets of cigarettes they sold, or for the amount of gasoline. This is opposed to a direct tax, which is directly paid by the consumer.

Related pages 
 Tax
 Direct tax
 Sales tax
 Value Added Tax

Taxation
Erode

Erode is a city in Tamil Nadu, India. It is the capital of the Erode district. About 500,000 people live in the city.
Erode District in Tamil Nadu State is very important market centre for Turmeric. Turmeric is received, not only from Erode district, but also from the other parts of Tamil Nadu and adjoining district like Mysore in Karnataka State. 

Erode is well known for marketing of textile products of Handloom, Powerloom and Readymade Garments. The Handloom and Powerloom product such as Cotton Saree,  Bed Spreads, Carpets, Lungies, Printed Fabrics, Towels, Dhotis are marketed here.

Kangeyam is famous for Bulls and Oil Mills. Kangeyam cows are not noted for their yield but their availability was in large numbers has helped the district to make a mark in the field of dairy development

Erode district
Cities in Tamil Nadu
Sky Sports

Sky Sports is a group of ten channels. The channels are owned by a major company named British Sky Broadcasting. It is the most powerful sports television company in the United Kingdom.

Sky Sports is known for its major football coverage and helped launch the FA Premier League in 1992.

Sky Sports has a series of well known shows such as Soccer AM, which is a morning chat show with jokes, it is sponsored by Gillette Soccer Saturday.

On 22 August 1999, Sky Sports launched Sky Sports Active. The first game was Arsenal vs Manchester United. It gave the viewer to focus either on one player, or look at different camera angles. It soon proved to be successful, and Sky decided to continue it. It can be accessed by pressing the Red Button on your Sky Digital Remote. On 26 August 2014, Sky Sports Active closed and was replaced by Sky Sports split screen (Only on Sky Q 1TB Box and Sky Q 2TB Box)

On 24 November 2002, Sky Sports won the rights to air the UEFA Champions League, with ITV. They had beaten channels such as the BBC and Channel 4 to win it. Part of the deal had stated that ITV would air two games on a Sunday and Sky Sports would air 2 games on a Monday. Sky soon launched an 8-screen 'Champions League Interactive' channel which showed 8 live games.

In November 2006, Sky Sports launched their News advertisement. This ad, with the text "THE UK's FIRST SPORTS NEWS STATION" ran until January 2007 in the UK and Ireland. Sky Sports News launched on TV at the time.

British television networks
Sport in the United Kingdom
British Sky Broadcasting
Skill

A skill or technique is  a learned ability to do something. 
It could be playing a musical instrument or playing a kind of sport or even doing something simple like using a corkscrew.  Someone who is trying to do something but not succeeding may be using the wrong technique.  Skill does not always have to be something physical: it may refer to the way a person approaches a problem.

Examples of skills are:
Being able to handle a bow or a gun
Being able to speak a language
Reading and writing
Knowing how to use a computer program

Relating page 
Education
Human capital

Skills
Hamas

Hamas (, acronym of Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya, , literally "Islamic Resistance Movement") is a Palestinian Sunni Islamist militant group. It was started in 1987 during the First Intifada by Ahmed Yassin and Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi as the Gaza branch of the Muslim Brotherhood organization in Egypt. In the 2006 Palestinian election, Hamas got 74 of 132 seats in parliament and controls the Gaza Strip. The group wants to build a Palestinian state based on Sharia law in the area that is now Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza Strip. Hamas does not recognize the State of Israel. it has been designated a terrorist organization by many countries due to its attacks, including suicide bombings and rocket attacks.

Name 
Hamas is an acronym of the Arabic phrase , or Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya or "Islamic Resistance Movement". The Hebrew meaning of the name Hamas (חמס; as used in the Hebrew Bible) is "violence".

Violence 
Hamas is known for its military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, which plans and carries out attacks on Israel. Because of its policy of suicide bombings and rocket attacks on civilians in Israel, the United States, European Union and other countries call it a terrorist organisation. The country of Jordan has made the group illegal. 

Many non-state groups support the use of “terrorist organization” to describe Hamas; Zionist organizations and other pro-Israel groups in particular support this. These groups also exert pressure on the international press to use this language.However, many of the international press, including the English-language edition of the Israeli daily newspaper Haaretz and until 20th October 2023, the BBC, refer to Hamas members by the more neutral term "militants” instead.

Popularity 
In early 2006, Hamas won a clear victory in the vote for the Palestinian parliament. Voters saw Hamas as an alternative to exchange the long-ruling Fatah party, the main part of the PLO. Fatah had not improved the Palestinian people's conditions and reached statehood, and was thought to be corrupt.

Local work 
Hamas has shown its organizational ability by building health, education, and social services to help the population in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, where there is much poverty. Such efforts have increased its support. In the first half of 2007, Hamas gained political control of the Gaza Strip, while Fatah keeps its headquarters in the West Bank.

Hamas is also associated in some way with Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine headed by Ahmed Jibril.

References 

Arab–Israeli conflict
Gaza Strip
National liberation movements
Nationalist organizations in Palestine
Political parties in Asia
Politics of Palestine
Sunni organizations
1987 establishments in Asia
Islamic terrorism
Suicide attack

A suicide attack is an attack where the attacker (either one person or a group of people) plans on killing people and/or destroying property while also dying in the process. In a suicide attack, the attacker dies as a result of the attack, for example in an explosion or a crash.

Nowadays, suicide attacks are often done with a vehicle or an explosive material such as a bomb (a suicide bombing), or sometimes both (i.e. a car filled with explosives). If everything goes according to plan, the attacker is killed as soon as their attack is complete (when their vehicle crashes or their bomb detonates).

Suicide attacks are often done in a crowded place so that as many people as possible are killed. They are common in the Middle East and South Asia. Most attacks on Israel, carried out by Hamas or other Palestinian terrorist groups are suicide bombings. The kamikaze were suicide attacks by Japanese pilots during World War II.

Suicide attacks
NBC

The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an American television network that started in 1926 as a radio company. NBC started airing Its first television programs in 1944. NBC is owned by Comcast, and was previously owned by General Electric and Universal Studios. NBC owns the cable news channels CNBC and MSNBC.

It is nicknamed "The Peacock Network" because of the animal in its logo.

The network is famous for its three-note chimes, and NBC Sunday Night Football, which is the most watched TV series after American Idol. Some famous NBC shows are Saturday Night Live, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Law and Order, 30 Rock, Frasier, ER, Cheers, Will and Grace, Meet the Press, and Today.

NBC Television Shows

 This is Us
 Good Morning Miss Bliss
 City Guys
 The Golden Girls

Stations

WTHR Indianapolis, Indiana

WNBC New York City, New York

KNBC Los Angeles, California

References

Other websites

 Official site

NBC
1926 establishments in the United States
American television networks
Companies based in New York City
Media in the United States
Miso

Miso (味噌 or みそ) is a thick or solid paste. It is a traditional Japanese seasoning.

Miso is similar to the Korean doenjang. It is made by fermenting soy beans with sea salt or salt and kōji. Kōji is the product of fermenting rice, barley, or soybeans with a mold culture, Kōji-kin (Aspergillus oryzae). Often, grains such as barley or rice, and sometimes other ingredients, are added. Miso is high in protein and rich in vitamins and minerals. Miso tastes salty and, depending on the grains used and fermentation time, may also be sweet. Miso is used to make miso soup.

Miso is a very important part of Japanese food. There are different kinds of miso. Kome miso  (米味噌) is made from rice and beans. Mame miso (豆味噌) is made from beans. Mugi miso (麦味噌) is made from barley  and beans. Awase miso (合せ味噌) is a mix of these misos.

History 
Miso first came to Japan from China or the Korean peninsula. Ancient Chinese jan (醤) is the origin of miso. Jan is an ancient fermented seasoning. According to classical scholars, jan was called hishio or kuki in the Edo era. In China, jan was written about in the Shurai.

Miso existed in the Jomon era in Japan. Jan is the Japanese original seasoning. In the Nara era, jan was found in Nishi city, Heiankyo. Miso was used for seasoning porridge made of rice and vegetables. In the Sengoku period, Miso was important to preserved food.

Many Japanese used to make miso in their own homes. This was called Temae-miso. In the Muromachi era, it was used as a food preservative and as a seasoning. Miso was an important source of nutrients for soldiers. In the Edo era, industrial mass production method of miso began. Temae-miso became less common. "Temae-miso" nowadays also used when a person is proud of something.

There are many different flavors of miso. It depends on regions. Shiromiso (白味噌) is popular in the western Kansai region, especially in Kyoto. Akamiso is popular in the eastern Kantō region or northern region. Shinshumiso (信州味噌) is generally popular after the second world war, because it is mass-produced in factories and sold in supermarkets in over Japan.

Gallery

References 
http://miso.or.jp/misoonline/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/miso-english-leaflet.pdf
Japan Federation of Miso Manufacturers Cooperatives - official site

Japanese food
Miso soup

in Japanese) is a traditional Japanese soup. It is made from a kind of broth or stock, called "dashi" into which  miso paste is dissolved. Various solid ingredients like wakame, seaweed, tofu from soybeans, and sometimes mushrooms, potatoes, and eggplants are added to make the finished soup. The soup is usually served in bowls, sometimes in lacquer bowls. They can be drunk directly from the bowl without using a spoon. Solid ingredients are eaten with chopsticks (箸). Different types of miso produce distinctive soups.  There are three main types of miso: dark-brown, white, and a combination of the two.

Related pages 
Miso (味噌)

Other websites 
 Miso soup recipe (with photo) 
 Kosher Miso soup recipe chabad.org

Soups
Japanese food
Wakame

Wakame (Japanese: わかめ or 若布) is a type of kelp. People eat it. Its scientific name is Undaria pinnatifida.

It is sold either dried or salted. It is often used in miso soup and salads. In Korea it is called miyeok. It is used in salads, or as the main ingredient in miyeok soup. In China it is called qundaicai. Chinese production is concentrated around Dalian.

In New Zealand Undaria pinnatifida is a very serious weed, and is one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world. It was first seen in Wellington Harbour in 1987. It probably arrived accidentally in the late 1980s, on ships from Asia, in ballast water. It is native to cold temperate coastal areas of Japan, Korea and China, but recently it has also spread to France, Britain, Spain, Italy, Argentina and Australia.

Undaria is now found around much of south-eastern New Zealand, and as far north as Auckland. It spreads in two ways. Naturally, through the millions of microscopic spores released by each fertile plant; and attached to vessel hulls and marine farming equipment.

Undaria is a highly successful and fertile species, which makes it a serious invader.

Other websites 
 Seaweeds used as human food 
 AlgaeBase link

Algae
Vegetables
Kelp

Kelp is a type of marine seaweed. It is a brown algae. There are many different kinds of kelp. Kelp grow in large forests, usually near the surface of the water. It grows in nutrient rich saltwater. Some kelps grow very fast (up to 30 cm a day). Kelp can reach a length of up to 60 metres. The blades are kept afloat by gas-filled bladders.

Kelp plays an important role as food and habitat for fish and other forms. It may be eaten as a vegetable.

Kelp is found in many places. People put it in aquariums. In the Monterey Aquarium there is a large forest of kelp.

In some parts of the Pacific Ocean, sea urchins have eaten so much kelp that the kelp forests become urchin barrens.

References

Algae
Vegetables
Tofu

Tofu (豆腐), sometimes also called doufu (usually used in Chinese recipes) or bean curd (literal translation), is a food made from soybeans. In fact, it is a very complex process. Tofu is made by coagulating soy milk, and then pressing the resulting curds into blocks. The making of tofu from soy milk is similar to the technique of making cheese from milk. Wheat gluten, or seitan, in its steamed and fried forms, is often mistakenly called "tofu" in Asian or vegetarian dishes.

China 
China has more kinds of tofu than Japan and various tofu foods.

Japan 
In Japan, tofu is a common food, used often in miso soup or as a hot dish. People in Japan has created various kinds of tofu. One of them is 絹こし豆腐 (or soft tofu), 木綿豆腐 (or firm tofu, or solid tofu) and "凍み豆腐" (or dried tofu). It is said that the way to make tofu from soybeans was taught by the Chinese a several hundreds years ago. you can find its very first history in a diary of 奈良春日大社 in 1183 of the Heian period.

America 
In the United States, tofu is becoming more popular. Today, Americans buy tofu at the grocery store. The word “tofu” takes root in common use.

Others 
In South Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar and Indonesia, tofu is daily food.

Nutrition 
Tofu is rich in textured vegetable protein and is relatively low in calories. Dietary fiber is a little for process. More and more Americans and Europeans use it as health food.

Popular tofu dishes 
Cold tofu
Boiled tofu
Sukiyaki
Hot dish
Oden

Notes

References

Chinese food
Japanese food
Soy milk

Soy milk (also called soymilk, soya milk, soybean milk, soy bean milk, soy drink, or soy beverage) is a milk-like product made from soybeans.
 
Soy milk originated in China where the soybean was native. Later on, the soybean and soybean foods came to Japan.

Related pages
 Soy milk maker

Plant milks
Dashi

Dashi (出汁、だし) is a kind of stock or broth mainly used for soup or dishes in Japanese cooking. The most common form of dashi is a simple broth or stock made by kombu (edible kelp) or katsuobushi (flakes of dried skipjack tuna) in boiling water. niboshi (煮干し) is also used, too. It is not always necessary to strain the resulting liquid. Dashi can be a basis for miso soup, Japanese noodle (うどん or そば) soup, and many other Japanese simmering (or boiling) liquids. Fresh dashi made from kelp and katsuobushi is not so popular today in Japan. Some people use instant substitutes to add boiled water.

Other kinds of dashi stock are made by soaking (or putting) kelp, shiitake, or niboshi in cool water for many hours. Or they are made by heating them in water nearly to boiling and then straining the resulting broth. Kelp stock or konbu dashi is made by soaking kelp, or sea tangle, in water. Shiitake dashi stock is made by soaking dried shiitake mushrooms in water. Niboshi dashi stock is made by soaking dried small sardines. Some use niboshi after taking off (or pinching off) their heads and entrails in water, but others use whole niboshi as this way get tasty dashi, too.

Other important Japanese flavors include shoyu, mirin, rice vinegar, miso, and sake.

Related pages 
Broth

References 

 
Food ingredients
Soups
Japanese food
Shiitake mushroom

The shiitake mushroom, or simply called "shiitake"(椎茸) (Lentinus edodes or Lentinula edodes) is also known as Chinese black mushroom or black forest mushroom. It is also called "black mushroom". It is an edible mushroom, which is typically grown on the tree, such as shii, kunugi and oak.

There are two variant names. For high grades of shiitake is dōnggū (冬茹: どんこ) ("winter mushroom"). And another is huāgū ("flower mushroom," (香信: こうしん) which has a flower-like cracking pattern on the mushroom's upper surface). Both are produced at colder temperatures. There are many cultivated varieties, which grow-up in a temperature at 7C - 26C, most cultivars like cooler tempertatures.

Notes 

Edible fungi
Mushrooms
Soy sauce

Soy sauce (US) or soya sauce is a fermented sauce made from soy beans (soya beans), roasted grain, water and salt. It is commonly used in Chinese, Japanese and Korean cuisine. It appears in some Western cuisine dishes, especially as an ingredient in Worcestershire sauce. Real soy sauces are fermented with kōji (麹, the mold Aspergillus oryzae or A. sojae) and other related microorganisms. 
Almost all soy sauce has some alcohol added during bottling. This acts as a preservative to protect it from going bad. For this reason, soy sauce should always be kept in the fridge. It should also not be put in direct light. An opened bottle of soy sauce that has been left unrefrigerated could become slightly bitter.

Although there are many types of soy sauce, all are salty and earthy-tasting brownish liquids used to season food while cooking or at the table. What some westerners can only describe as a flavorful, kind of sweet taste is a distinct basic taste called "umami" by the Japanese and "xian-wei" (鲜味, lit. fresh taste) by the Chinese.

Although this seasoning was first used in China, it is used several cuisines across Asia and is a particularly important flavoring in Japanese cuisine. There are many types of sauce.

Soy links
About Chinese food
Health information 

Condiments
Sauces
Bowl

A bowl is a container for food. It can hold liquids, such as soups and solids, like popcorn. People also prepare salads in it. A bowl is like a ball cut in half. Bowls are usually made from glass, ceramic, wood or plastic. There is a lot of history regarding bowls, but they are known to first be found in China, 20,000 years ago.

Kitchenware
Oktoberfest

The Oktoberfest (also called Wiesn) is a German festival that takes place on the Theresienwiese, a public place in the center of Munich, Bavaria. It is every year, in late September and early October. It is a big social event. There is lots of eating and drinking. It is on for sixteen days ending on the first Sunday in October. If this is the first or the second the festival is extended to the end on 3 October, the Day of German Unity. This is the day when East Germany and West Germany joined into one country again in 1990.

History
The first Oktoberfest was on 12 October 1810. The feast was for the wedding of King Ludwig I of Bavaria and Therese of Sachsen-Hildburghausen. The feast lasted for 5 days. There was music, eating and drinking. At the end of it there was a big horse-race. The next years they had this horse-race and the feast again, because the people had liked it so much.

On 26 September 1980, a right-wing lone wolf terrorist killed 12 people and himself using a bomb.

Today
Today the Oktoberfest is the world's largest fair, and it has become very famous and popular. About six million people visit it every year. Many people and tourists from all over the world come to Munich for Oktoberfest. Other cities have copied the Oktoberfest, and now they also hold feasts that are similar to the Oktoberfest.

One of the famous attractions is a big dipper called the "Wilde Maus" which means "Wild mouse" in English.

The tents

There are 14 main tents at the Oktoberfest.

1810 establishments in Europe
1810s establishments in Germany
Festivals in Germany
Munich
Beer-related culture
Tomb Raider

Tomb Raider is a computer and video game series. Originally the games were made by Core Design. Now they are being made by Crystal Dynamics. The first game was sold in 1996 for PC, PlayStation and Sega Saturn.

The main character of the game is a woman called Lara Croft. She is an archeologist and explores ancient places, searching old relics, often fighting a great danger to the world.

Since 2001, Paramount Pictures has made two movies like the game, starring Angelina Jolie. And 2018 movies, Angelina Jolie has been switch into Alicia Vikander.

Games in the series
The first six games in the series was made by Core Design. In 2003, parent company Eidos moved development of the Tomb Raider games from Core Design to Crystal Dynamics, another Eidos-owned studio, after the sixth game, Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness, was met with dislike from critics.

Main games
Tomb Raider (1996)
Tomb Raider II (1997)
Tomb Raider III (1998)
Tomb Raider: The Last Revelation (1999)
Tomb Raider Chronicles (2000)
Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness (2003)
Tomb Raider: Legends (2006)
Tomb Raider: Anniversary (2007)
Tomb Raider: Underworld (2008)
Tomb Raider (2013)
Rise of the Tomb Raider (2015)
Shadow of the Tomb Raider (2018)

Spin-offs
Tomb Raider (2000)
Tomb Raider: Curse of the Sword (2001)
Tomb Raider: The Prophecy (2002)
Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light (2010)

Released Tomb Raider movies
Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001)
Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life (2003)
Tomb Raider Reboot (2018)

References

Video game series
Constipation

Constipation is when it is very hard to pass stool (defecate): that is, get rid of digested food waste (feces). Constipation can be caused by many things. One is eating or drinking too much dairy products that use cow milk. To solve this problem many people use a laxative or eat defecation-inducing foods such as plums. Another possible cause could be an obstruction somewhere along the digestive tract (the path that food travels inside the body). A person suffers from constipation if he or she passes stool three times in a week or more seldom. People suffering from constipation may defecate only once or twice in a week, and their stool is very solid and tough. Normally people defecate daily.

When a person is constipated their lower stomach and intestinal area will be blocked. People can usually conquer constipation by eating natural laxatives such a fruits, fruit juice and dietary supplements. Liquid will help get rid of constipation. Constipation can occur by eating hard food such as cheese or meat.

A good way on preventing constipation is to eat foods which contain fiber such as whole grain
Papaya and guava is very rich in fiber and potassium should be consume after meal everydayGet rid of constipation .

The seven types of stool are:

Type 1: Separate hard lumps, like nuts (hard to pass)
Type 2: Sausage-shaped, but lumpy, and passing it feels very painful, "like childbirth"
Type 3: Like a sausage but with cracks on its surface
Type 4: Like a sausage or snake, smooth and soft
Type 5: Soft blobs with clear cut edges (passed easily)
Type 6: Fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool
Type 7: Watery, no solid pieces. Entirely liquid

Types 1 and 2 indicate constipation, with 3 and 4 being the "ideal stools", especially the latter, as they are the easiest to defecate, and 5–7 tending towards diarrhoea.

Diseases and disorders of the digestive system
Ulm

Ulm is a city in Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg. It was started in about 850 AD.

Ulm is on the left side of the river Danube. Across the river on the right side is Neu-Ulm in Bavaria. Together they have more than 170,000 inhabitants. Ulm alone has about 120,000 inhabitants.

The university of Ulm was started in 1967. It has about 7,000 students.

The world's highest church tower is the Ulm Minster in Ulm. It is  tall. Also, Ulm has the oldest city theatre in Germany. Albert Einstein was born in Ulm.

References

Other websites

 
Imperial free cities
850s establishments
9th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Germany
9th century in Germany
Landlocked country

A country is landlocked if it has no access to any oceans or seas.  As an example, Austria is landlocked. France is not landlocked because it has access to the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean.  A sea is also landlocked if does not have access to an ocean.  This is also called an endorheic basin.  As an example, the Caspian Sea is landlocked.  The Gulf of Mexico is not landlocked because it has access to the Atlantic Ocean.

Examples of landlocked countries:
Armenia
Austria
Luxembourg
Chad

If a country is landlocked by landlocked countries (surrounded by landlocked countries), then it is doubly landlocked. Liechtenstein and Uzbekistan are the only two doubly landlocked countries in the world.

Related pages 

 Endorheic basin

 
Political geography