alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Area codes 205 and 659

Area codes 205 and 659 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the western and central parts of the U.S. State of Alabama, including the cities of Birmingham and Tuscaloosa.

Area code 205 was one of the original North American area codes created in 1947 when AT&T created the first continental telephone numbering plan. The numbering plan area comprised the entire state, making Alabama one of 34 states served by a single area code. By the 1990s, 205 was nearing exhaustion of central office prefixes due to the state's growth and the proliferation of cell phones and pagers. In 1995, area code 334 was created to serve the area from Montgomery southward, reducing the geographic extent of 205. The numbering plan area was further reduced in 1998, when the northern and eastern portions were assigned area code 256. 

In October 2019, area code 659 was added as a second area code to the 205 numbering plan area, creating as an overlay plan for the region. This change mandated ten-digit dialing for all calls.

Service area
Counties:

Bibb (most; part of Bibb County is in area code 334)
Blount
Chilton (most; part of Chilton County is in area code 334)
Choctaw
Etowah (part; most of Etowah County is in area code 256/area code 938)
Fayette
Franklin (part; most of Franklin County is in area code 256/area code 938)
Greene
Hale
Jefferson
Lamar
Marion
Perry
Pickens
St. Clair
Shelby
Sumter
Tuscaloosa
Walker
Winston

Cities and towns:

 Alabaster
 Birmingham
 Bessemer
 Brent
 Brilliant
 Butler
 Calera
 Carbon Hill
 Centreville
 Chelsea
 Clanton
 Columbiana
 Double Springs
 Eutaw
 Fairfield
 Fayette
 Fultondale
 Gardendale
 Gilbertown
 Greensboro
 Guin
 Haleyville
 Hamilton
 Helena
 Homewood
 Hoover
 Hueytown
 Irondale
 Jasper
 Jemison
 Leeds
 Lisman
 Livingston
 Montevallo
 Moundville
 Mountain Brook
 Needham
 Northport
 Oneonta
 Pelham
 Pell City
 Pennington
 Pleasant Grove 
 Silas
 Sumiton
 Toxey
 Trussville
 Tuscaloosa
 Vestavia Hills
 Vincent
 Warrior
 Winfield
 York

See also
List of Alabama area codes
List of NANP area codes

References

External links

Telecommunications-related introductions in 1947
205
205
One Lap of America

The Brock Yates' One Lap of America is an annual motorsports event in the United States that has been held since 1984. It is the successor to the Cannonball Baker Sea-to-Shining-Sea Memorial Trophy Dash, an underground auto race of the 1970s.

The original premise for both was to drive cross-country, but One Lap of America now respects speed limits, and has become a set of time trials at racetracks around the country, with overnight road trips between tracks. A minimum of two drivers are required. Cars must be street-legal and run one set of street tires the entire event.

Both events are the creation of automotive journalist Brock Yates. One Lap of America is currently sponsored by Tire Rack and organized by Brock Yates, Jr.

History 
Competition occurs as time trials held at various race tracks around the country. The competitors drive from track to track overnight, without the benefit of support crews. The field is divided into several classes based primarily on original manufacturers suggested retail prices and number of doors. Competitors may make any modifications to their vehicles as they see fit but must run on a single set of tires, typically provided by the race sponsor, throughout the entire event, and vehicles must remain street legal with the modifications. Race track events are time trials with up to eight cars on track at a time. Competition is for fastest time rather than wheel-to-wheel racing.

The first One Lap in 1984 circumnavigated the lower forty-eight United States with the scoring based on comparing the entrants' declared mileage with that of the organizer's ("guess Brock's mileage"). From 1985 through 1991 competition was a series of road rallies: time-speed-distance events conducted on public roads. The length of One Lap of America has been as long as  over ten days (1989) to just under  over six days.

The One Lap of America has attracted such famous drivers as Parnelli Jones, Price Cobb, Brian Makse, John Buffum, Elliott Forbes-Robinson, and Hurley Haywood.  It is sanctioned by the National Auto Sport Association and since 2013 benefits the Alzheimer's Association, as founder Brock Yates suffered from the disease for nearly 12 years until his death in 2016.

Previous Winners

References

External links
 http://www.onelapofamerica.com/

Auto races in the United States
Bzyb

Bzyb, Bzyp, Bzyph or Bziphi may refer to the following entities in Abkhazia, Georgia:

 Bzyb (region), a historical region of Abkhazia
 Bzyb (village)
 Bzyb Abkhaz, a sub-group of the Abkhaz people
 Bzyb dialect, a dialect of the Abkhaz language
 Bzyb Range, a mountain range bounded by the Bzyb river
 Bzyb River, a river in the region
43rd Academy Awards

The 43rd Academy Awards ceremony, presented by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, was held on April 15, 1971, and took place at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion to honor the best films of 1970. The Awards, without a host for the third consecutive year, were broadcast by NBC for the first time in 11 years.

George C. Scott, winner of Best Actor for Patton, became the first actor to refuse an Oscar, having previously protested his nomination for Best Supporting Actor for The Hustler (1961) and quoted as saying that the Academy Awards were "a two-hour meat parade, a public display with contrived suspense for economic reasons."

With her Best Supporting Actress win for Airport, Helen Hayes became the first performer to win Oscars in both lead and supporting categories (having won Best Actress 38 years before for The Sin of Madelon Claudet). Her win set a record for the biggest gap between acting wins, subsequently broken by Katharine Hepburn (48 years between her first and last wins).

The documentary film Woodstock garnered three Oscar nominations, making it the most nominated documentary film in Oscar history (its record was later tied by Flee, 51 years later).

This was the only time since the 6th Academy Awards that all five nominees for Best Actress were first-time nominees, and was the last time that either lead acting category was entirely composed of new nominees until the 95th Academy Awards. It was also the first time since the 7th Academy Awards in which none of the nominees for the Best Actor had a previous nomination in that category.

As of 2023, this is the most recent ceremony in which the 4 highest-grossing films of the year were nominated for Best Picture (Love Story, Airport, M*A*S*H and Patton).

Winners and nominees

Nominees were announced on February 23, 1971. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface and indicated with a double dagger ().

Films with multiple wins and nominations

Academy Honorary Award
 Lillian Gish
 Orson Welles

Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award
 Ingmar Bergman

Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award
 Frank Sinatra

Presenters and performers
The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers.

Presenters

Performers

See also
 28th Golden Globe Awards
 1970 in film
 13th Grammy Awards
 22nd Primetime Emmy Awards
 23rd Primetime Emmy Awards
 24th British Academy Film Awards
 25th Tony Awards

References

Academy Awards ceremonies
1970 film awards
1971 in Los Angeles
1971 in American cinema
April 1971 events in the United States
Volsky

Volsky (masculine), Volskaya (feminine), or Volskoye (neuter) may refer to:

People
Arkady Volsky (1932–2006), Russian politician
Lavon Volski (b. 1965), Belarusian musician and poet
Paula Volsky, American fantasy writer
Tamara Volskaya, Russian musician
Vasily Volsky (1897–1946), Soviet general

Places
Volsky District, a district of Saratov Oblast, Russia
Volskaya (rural locality), a rural locality (a village) in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia
Volskoye, a rural locality (a village) in Tver Oblast, Russia

See also
 
Volsk, a town in Saratov Oblast, Russia
Volesky, a surname
Wolski, Polish last name

Russian-language surnames

ru:Вольский
Bzyb Range

Bzyb Mountain Range (, Ageish'kha; ) is a mountain range in Abkhazia on the southern slope of the western part of Greater Caucasus. The ridge is about 50 km long.

Geography 
The Bzyb Range's length is about 50 km and elevation is up to 3,033 m, it is made mainly of limestone with pronounced karst landscape. It is bounded by the valley of the Bzyb River from the north and west and partially by the valley of Kelasuri River, which separates it from the Abkhaz Range.

The highest point is mountain Khimsa (3032 m), the second highest is Mount Dzishra (2623 m). There are a number of passes, including Dow - 1387 m, Himsa - 2454 m, Gudauta. The ridge contains many karst wells, mines and caves.

From the north and west it is delimited by the Bzyb river valley, from the east - by a slight depression behind the mountain Himsa (Amtkel pass) and the river valley Amtkel, delimiting it from Abkhaz Range. To the south, it gradually decreases to the Black Sea plains. The northern slope of the ridge is steep, the southern slope is gentle and is divided into separate spur and river valleys of Hipsta, Aapsta, Western Gumista , Eastern Gumista, Kelasur.

Flora 
Bzyb Range slopes are covered with broadleaved and coniferous forests. At a higher elevations there are alpine meadows.

Tourist attractions 
One of the attractions is the  , the most speleologically complex in the whole former Soviet Union. It is the fourth in the list of deepest caves in the world.

See also 
Gagra Range
Kodori Range

Notes

References 

Mountain ranges of the Caucasus
Mountain ranges of Georgia (country)
Mountain ranges of Abkhazia
Marshall Chapman

Marshall Chapman (born January 7, 1949) is an American singer-songwriter and author.

Biography

Early life
Marshall Chapman was born in Spartanburg, South Carolina, United States. She was the daughter of a cotton mill owner. After she attended a concert by Elvis Presley in 1956, she became interested in rock and roll. She was educated at Salem Academy in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. She then graduated from Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee in 1971.

Career
She embarked upon a music career in the 1970s. Her songs have been recorded by such diverse artists as Conway Twitty, Joe Cocker, Jimmy Buffett, Emmylou Harris, Wynonna, Jessi Colter, John Hiatt, Dion, Olivia Newton-John, Irma Thomas, and Ronnie Milsap. Her song "Betty’s Bein’ Bad" was a hit for Sawyer Brown.

Her 1978 album, Jaded Virgin (Epic), was voted Record of the Year by Stereo Review. In 1998, Marshall and Matraca Berg contributed 14 songs to Good Ol' Girls, a country musical based on the stories of Lee Smith and Jill McCorkle. The musical continues to play theaters throughout the South.

She has written two books. Her memoir, Goodbye, Little Rock and Roller, was published in 2003 by St. Martin's Press. Her second book, They Came to Nashville, was published in 2010 by Vanderbilt University Press – Country Music Foundation Press. It is a 2010 Fall Okra Pick of the Southern Independent Booksellers Association.

Discography
Me, I'm Feelin' Free – Epic/CBS – 1977
Jaded Virgin – Epic/CBS – 1978
Marshall – Epic – 1979
Take It On Home – Rounder – 1982
Dirty Linen – Tall Girl – 1987
Inside Job – Tall Girl – 1991
It's About Time… – Tallgirl/Island/Margaritaville – 1995
Love Slave – Tallgirl/Island/Margaritaville – 1996
Goodbye, Little Rock And Roller – Tall Girl – 2003
Live! The Bitter End – Tall Girl – 2004
Mellowicious! – Thirty Tigers/Tallgirl – 2006
Big Lonesome – Tall Girl – 2011
Blaze Of Glory – Tall Girl – 2013
Songs I Can't Live Without – Tall Girl – 2020

References

External links
Official website 
IMDb

Musicians from Spartanburg, South Carolina
American memoirists
American women country singers
American country rock singers
American country singer-songwriters
Vanderbilt University alumni
Salem Academy alumni
Living people
1949 births
American women memoirists
Guitarists from South Carolina
20th-century American guitarists
Country musicians from South Carolina
20th-century American women guitarists
Singer-songwriters from South Carolina
Japan Electronic Industries Development Association

The  (Formerly ) was an industry research, development, and standards body for electronics in Japan. It was merged with EIAJ to form JEITA on November 1, 2000.

JEIDA was similar to SEMATECH of the US, ECMA of Europe.

JEIDA developed a number of standards, including the JEIDA memory card, and the Exif graphical file format.

History
The association was established as Ryoko Communications Association Co., Ltd. in 1967. In 1989, Ryoko Communications Association Co., Ltd. was re-branded into Japan Electronic Industries Development Association. In 2000, JEIDA became a Pending merger with EIAJ and was Reorganized into JEITA.

External links
 JEITA Press Releases: JEITA inaugurated today, on November 1, 2000

Electronics industry in Japan
Trade associations based in Japan
Standards organizations in Japan
Organizations based in Tokyo
Organizations established in 1967
Organizations disestablished in 2000
1967 establishments in Japan
2000 disestablishments in Japan
Defunct organizations based in Japan
Chiyoda, Tokyo
Accommodation of Crews (Fishermen) Convention, 1966

Accommodation of Crews (Fishermen) Convention, 1966 is  an International Labour Organization Convention.

It was established in 1966, with the preamble stating:

Ratifications
As of 2022, the convention has been ratified by 23 states. Six ratifying states have denounced the treaty by automatic action.

External links 
Text.
Ratifications.

International Labour Organization conventions
Treaties concluded in 1966
Treaties entered into force in 1968
Treaties of Azerbaijan
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Brazil
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of Djibouti
Treaties of France
Treaties of West Germany
Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
Treaties of Greece
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of Panama
Treaties of the Soviet Union
Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
Treaties of Yugoslavia
Treaties of Sierra Leone
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of Francoist Spain
Treaties of Tajikistan
Treaties of North Macedonia
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Admiralty law treaties
Treaties extended to Aruba
Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
Treaties extended to Greenland
Treaties extended to French Comoros
Treaties extended to French Guiana
Treaties extended to French Somaliland
Treaties extended to French Polynesia
Treaties extended to Guadeloupe
Treaties extended to Martinique
Treaties extended to New Caledonia
Treaties extended to Réunion
Treaties extended to Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1966 in labor relations
A8 autostrada (Poland)

The A8 motorway () or Wrocław Motorway Bypass (, ) is a  motorway bypass of the city of Wrocław, Poland. The motorway includes the  high Rędziński Bridge over the Oder river.

Outside of Wrocław, A8 continues in an expressway standard as Expressway S8.

The motorway opened to traffic on 31 August 2011. It is not planned to be subject to tolling.

Route description

Route history
Initial plans had the A8 motorway ran the entire route between Wrocław and Łódź, with a southern portion of the road continuing towards the Czech Republic to provide access to Prague. In 2000, the motorway was truncated to its current length bypassing the western and northern portions of Wroclaw, while the rest of the route was decided to be completed in an expressway standard as Expressway S8. During the campaign for the 2007 parliamentary elections, the Civic Platform party pledged to upgrade the connection to motorway standard, thus extending the A8 motorway. However, after forming a government following its victory, the party abandoned the idea, explaining that the required changes in planning would unacceptably delay the construction by many years.

On 1 September 2011, the Ministry of Infrastructure published draft regulation on the motorway's tolling. According to the ministry, the A8 motorway will not be subject to tolling for motorists, however the entire route of the motorway is subject to electronic toll collection system mandatory for vehicles heavier then 3.5 tons, known as e-TOLL.

Images

See also
European route E67

References

External links

  Official page of the project
 Route map on the official project page (low resolution)
 Map of the motorway (high resolution, pdf format)

Motorways in Poland
Proposed roads in Poland
Taiki Seto

is a Kansai Ki-in professional Go player.

Biography 
Seto became a professional player in 2000 for the Kansai Ki-in. In his first 5 years at the Kansai Ki-in, he had a spectacular record in the Oteai with 51 wins and just 3 losses through 2005. In 2000, he scored 12 wins and 0 losses. In 2001, he also scored 12 wins and 0 losses. In 2002 he finally lost his first Oteai match with a record of 11 wins and 1 loss. In 2002 his record was 8 wins and 2 losses. In the final year of the Oteai, his record was 8 wins and 0 losses. This amounted his Oteai career record to a 94.4% winning percentage. His run was stopped after the Oteai was replaced with a similar system used by the Nihon Ki-in of promotion through title winning. He won the Nagai award in 2000, along with an award for his run of wins. He is currently 8 dan and one of the strongest young players in Japan.

External links
GoBase Profile
Sensei's Library Profile
Kansai Kin-in profile (in Japanese)

1984 births
Japanese Go players
Living people
People from Mie Prefecture
Maximum Weight Convention, 1967

Maximum Weight Convention, 1967 is  an International Labour Organization Convention.

It was established in 1967, with the preamble stating:

Ratifications
As of 2013, the convention was ratified by 29 countries.

References

External links 
Text.
Ratifications.

Health treaties
International Labour Organization conventions
Treaties concluded in 1967
Treaties entered into force in 1970
Treaties of Algeria
Treaties of the military dictatorship in Brazil
Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
Treaties of Chile
Treaties of Ecuador
Treaties of Costa Rica
Treaties of France
Treaties of Guatemala
Treaties of Honduras
Treaties of Hungary
Treaties of India
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Lebanon
Treaties of Lithuania
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of Madagascar
Treaties of Malta
Treaties of Nicaragua
Treaties of Panama
Treaties of Peru
Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
Treaties of Portugal
Treaties of the Socialist Republic of Romania
Treaties of Francoist Spain
Treaties of Thailand
Treaties of Tunisia
Treaties of Turkey
Treaties of Venezuela
Occupational safety and health treaties
1967 in labor relations
Subsynchronous orbit

A subsynchronous orbit is an orbit of a satellite that is nearer the planet than it would be if it were in synchronous orbit, i.e. the orbital period is less than the sidereal day of the planet.

Technical considerations
An Earth satellite that is in (a prograde) subsynchronous orbit will appear to drift eastward as seen from the Earth's surface.

Economic importance in commercial spaceflight

The Geosynchronous-belt subsynchronous orbital regime is regularly used in spaceflight.  This orbit is typically used to house working communication satellites that have not yet been deactivated, and may be still be used again in geostationary service if the need arises.

See also
Supersynchronous orbit
List of orbits

References

Orbits
Dr. Howard A. Kelly Park

Dr. Howard A. Kelly Park, often called Kelly Park, is a protected area which is owned by Orange County, Florida. It lies about 17 miles (27 kilometers) northwest of Orlando. It shares some of its boundaries with Wekiwa Springs State Park and Rock Springs Run State Reserve. The Rock Springs Run, a 10-mile (16 km)-long tributary of the Wekiva River, has its source near the northern boundary of Kelly Park.

Much of the park is shaded by temperate-zone trees such as red maple, American sweetgum, several species of hickory and oak, and one of the southernmost natural populations of tulip tree. Many subtropical plants are also present with cabbage palmetto prominent among them. The forests are supported by poorly drained soils which have developed from marine sands and clays. The topsoils are usually dark gray or black fine sands which are acidic (slightly so in some cases). The gray or brownish gray subsoils range in texture from sand to sandy clay, and are less acid than the topsoils. Some are moderately alkaline with free calcium carbonate.

The park's largest animals are alligator, white-tailed deer and possibly black bear. Many species of smaller animals also occur.

See also
 Howard Atwood Kelly

References
Orange County website for Kelly Park
Kelly Park in La Floridiana

Parks in Orange County, Florida
Seowoncheon

The name Seowoncheon is also applied to the portion of the Jungnangcheon which separates Seoul from Gyeonggi Province.

The Seowoncheon is a stream which flows through Iseo-myeon in Cheongdo County, southern Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea.  It is a third-level tributary of the Nakdong River, as it flows into the Cheongdocheon, which in turn flows into the Miryang River, which in turn flows into the Nakdong.  It rises from the slopes of Bonghwasan, which stands on the border of Cheongdo County and Daegu.

The Seowoncheon takes its name from two seowon near its course.  These are the Heungseon Seowon and Geumho Seowon.  Seowon were the principal form of private education during the Joseon Dynasty.

The Seowoncheon is best known for the Cheongdo Bullfighting Festival, which is held once a year on its broad and sandy banks.

See also
List of rivers in South Korea
Geography of South Korea

Landforms of North Gyeongsang Province
Rivers of South Korea
Cheongdo County
Athigaratty

Athigaratty (also known as Adigaratty) is a hamlet located in the Nilgiri Hills in the state of Tamil Nadu. One of the  largest villages in the Nilgirs South India with over 800 households.

Athigaratty is located 10 km from Udagamandalam and 18 km from Coonoor. It is one of the largest Badaga Hattis (villages) in the Nilgiris in terms of the number of houses, next only to village of Nanjanadu. The major occupation of the people of Athigaratty is tea plantation. The local dialect of the Nilgiris is Badaga and Tamil Athigaratty is popular for 'Ther Abba' (Ther = chariot, Abba = Festival) procession, an annual carnival which draws a large crowd from around the Nilgiris.

References 

Villages in Nilgiris district
Rafael Addison

Rafael Addison (born July 22, 1964) is a retired American professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and other leagues. He was listed at 6'7" and 215 lbs.

Addison attended Syracuse University and was drafted in the second round of the 1986 NBA draft by the Phoenix Suns.

He has played professionally in Italy for Allibert Livorno (1987–1991, Serie A2 in 1989–91, also known as Garessio 2000 Livorno and Tombolini Livorno) and Benetton Treviso (1993–94, won the Italian Cup).

NBA career statistics

Regular season 

|-
| align="left" | 1986–87
| align="left" | Phoenix
| 62 || 12 || 11.5 || .441 || .320 || .797 || 1.7 || .7 || .4 || .1 || 5.8
|-
| align="left" | 1991–92
| align="left" | New Jersey
| 76 || 8 || 15.5 || .433 || .286 || .737 || 2.2 || .9 || .4 || .4 || 5.8
|-
| align="left" | 1992–93
| align="left" | New Jersey
| 68 || 15 || 17.1 || .443 || .206 || .814 || 1.9 || .8 || .3 || .2 || 6.3
|-
| align="left" | 1994–95
| align="left" | Detroit
| 79 || 16 || 22.5 || .476 || .289 || .747 || 3.1 || 1.4 || .7 || .3 || 8.3
|-
| align="left" | 1995–96
| align="left" | Charlotte
| 53 || 0 || 9.7 || .467 || .000 || .773 || 1.3 || .6 || .2 || .2 || 3.2 
|-
| align="left" | 1996–97
| align="left" | Charlotte
| 41 || 3 || 8.7 || .402 || .400 || .786 || 1.1 || .8 || .2 || .1 || 3.1 
|-
| align="left" | Career
| align="left" | 
| 379 || 54 || 15.0 || .449 || .282 || .772 || 2.1 || .9 || .4 || .2 || 5.8
|}

Playoffs 

|-
| align="left" | 1991–92
| align="left" | New Jersey
| 1 || 0 || 9.0 || .286 || .500 || – || .0 || 1.0 || .0 || .0 || 5.0
|-
| align="left" | 1992–93
| align="left" | New Jersey
| 5 || 0 || 10.6 || .333 || – || 1.000 || 1.2 || 1.0 || .6 || .0 || 3.4 
|-
| align="left" | Career
| align="left" | 
| 6 || 0 || 10.3 || .321 || .500 || 1.000 || 1.0 || 1.0 || .5 || .0 || 3.7
|}

External links 
College & NBA stats @ basketballreference.com
Player Profile @ orangehoops.org
Italian League profile

1964 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Greece
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Jersey City, New Jersey
Charlotte Hornets players
Detroit Pistons players
Henry Snyder High School alumni
New Jersey Nets players
Pallacanestro Treviso players
P.A.O.K. BC players
Phoenix Suns draft picks
Phoenix Suns players
Shooting guards
Small forwards
Syracuse Orange men's basketball players
Live on Stage (Chuck Berry album)

Live On Stage is a Chuck Berry album released in 2000 by Magnum Records.

Track listing
 "School Days" – 3:09
 "Sweet Little Sixteen" – 2:58
 "Roll Over Beethoven" – 3:36
 "Every Day I Have The Blues" – 4:00
 "Bio" – 3:01
 "Medley: Maybellene/Mountain Dew" – 2:46
 "Let It Rock" – 3:42
 "Medley: Carol/Little Queenie" – 4:15
 "Key To The Highway" – 5:07
 "Got My Mojo Working" – 3:29
 "Reelin' & Rockin'" – 8:59
 "Johnny B. Goode" – 2:53

References

Chuck Berry live albums
2000 live albums
Dehn's lemma

In mathematics, Dehn's lemma asserts that a piecewise-linear map of a disk into a 3-manifold, with the map's singularity set in the disk's interior, implies the existence of another piecewise-linear map of the disk which is an embedding and is identical to the original on the boundary of the disk.

This theorem was thought to be proven by , but   found a gap in the proof.  The status of Dehn's lemma remained in doubt until   using work by Johansson (1938) proved it using his "tower construction".  He also generalized the theorem to the loop theorem and sphere theorem.

Tower construction

Papakyriakopoulos proved Dehn's lemma using a tower of covering spaces. Soon afterwards  gave a substantially simpler proof, proving a more powerful result. Their proof used Papakyriakopoulos' tower construction, but with double covers, as follows:

Step 1: Repeatedly take a connected double cover of a regular neighborhood of the image of the disk to produce a tower of spaces, each a connected double cover of the one below it. The map from the disk can be lifted to all stages of this tower. Each double cover simplifies the singularities of the embedding of the disk, so it is only possible to take a finite number of such double covers, and the top level of this tower has no connected double covers.
Step 2. If the 3-manifold has no connected double covers then all its boundary components are 2-spheres. In particular the top level of the tower has this property, and in this case it is easy to modify the map from the disk so that it is an embedding.
Step 3. The embedding of the disk can now be pushed down the tower of double covers one step at a time, by cutting and pasting  the 2-disk.

References

External links
 proof by Papakyriakopoulos from 1957

3-manifolds
Lemmas
E.Town Concrete

E.Town Concrete, or sometimes called E-Town, is an American hardcore punk band from Elizabeth, New Jersey.

History
They formed in 1995 and shortly thereafter released Time 2 Shine, their first full-length album, in 1999 on the Resurrection A.D. label. They have since released four more albums on various record labels, such as Razor & Tie and Ironbound Recordings. The band broke up in 2006, playing their last show on May 20 of that year.

On October 12, 2008, the band's Myspace page indicated that "The Return" was coming. Two reunion shows at Starland Ballroom in Sayreville, New Jersey, were announced on October 13, 2008, scheduled for February 20 and 21, 2009. They played Starland Ballroom again on February 13, 2010, with The Acacia Strain, Ill Bill, Reign Supreme, Razorblade Handgrenade and others. They returned for a fourth time to play at Starland Ballroom with Hatebreed on January 8, 2011.

The band returned to Starland Ballroom on February 17, 2012, with native New York Hardcore bands Biohazard and Madball as opening acts. A new, self-released, EP (four tracks) was sold at the show. The following year they played with 40 Below Summer, Bane, a reunited Nora, and Judge the Fallen.

According to an interview given by Anthony Martini to radio station WSOU on February 13, 2015, the band is now in retirement, and is not actively working on any new material or touring. However, as a tradition the band plays a show in New Jersey once a year, and will occasionally play festivals "for fun". The band has played a number of different festivals all across America such as This is Hardcore in Philadelphia and FYA fest in Tampa. At their Starland Ballroom show on October 8, 2022, the band confirmed that a new song had not been released yet. It is currently known as "Level Up" and the band played it live for the first time. This will more than likely be some of the band's first new material in nearly 20 years.

Members
Current
Anthony Martini – vocals (1995–Present)
David "DeLux" Mondragon – guitar (1995–Present)
Eric DeNault – bass (1997–Present)
Theodore "Ted P." Panagopoulos – drums (1995–Present)

Former
Ken Pescatore – guitar (1995–1998)
Henry W. Hess IV – bass (1995–1997)

Discography

References

Other sources
 "E. Town Concrete Reunites at Starland Ballroom" - Asbury Park Press

External links 
 E.Town Concrete at Resurrection A.D.
 E.Town Concrete at Purevolume

American nu metal musical groups
American rap metal musical groups
Hardcore punk groups from New Jersey
Triple Crown Records artists
Iseo-myeon

Iseo-myeon can refer to three different myeon in South Korea:

Iseo-myeon, Cheongdo County, in Cheongdo County, North Gyeongsang Province
Iseo-myeon, Wanju County, in Wanju County, North Jeolla Province
Iseo-myeon, Hwasun County, in Hwasun County, South Jeolla Province
Nostrand Avenue Line

Nostrand Avenue Line may refer to the following public transit lines:
IRT Nostrand Avenue Line, a rapid transit line of the IRT division of the New York City Subway running under Nostrand Avenue, Brooklyn, New York
Nostrand Avenue Line (surface), a public transit line in Brooklyn, New York, running mostly along Nostrand Avenue between Sheepshead Bay and Williamsburg; originally a streetcar line, now a bus route
Relish (disambiguation)

Relish is a cooked and pickled condiment made from chopped fruit or vegetables
 Henderson's Relish, a spicy and fruity condiment sauce made in Sheffield
 Gentleman's Relish, an anchovy paste
Relish may also refer to:

People
 John Relish (born 1953), English football manager and former player
 Nickname of Arielle Gold, American world champion and Olympic bronze medalist snowboarder
Fictional characters

Books
 Relish (magazine), an American magazine, website, and cooking show

Music
 Relish (Northern Irish band), a Northern Irish rock band
 Relish (American band), an American rock band
 Relish (album), an album by Joan Osborne

Film
Relish (film), a 2019 American film

Other uses
 A common translation of the word "" opson, the part of a meal not constituting the staple starch, in discussions of ancient Greek cuisine

See also
AC/DC (video)

AC/DC for General Exhibition, released only in Australia in 1989, is a video album by Australian hard rock band AC/DC. In March 2005, all nine tracks were issued on the DVD compilation Family Jewels.

Track listing 
All tracks written by Malcolm Young, Angus Young and Bon Scott.
"High Voltage"
"Jailbreak"
"Let There Be Rock"
"Riff Raff"
"Dog Eat Dog"
"Highway to Hell"
"Shot Down in Flames"
"Touch Too Much"
"If You Want Blood (You've Got It)"

Personnel 
Bon Scott – lead vocals
Angus Young – lead guitar
Malcolm Young – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
George Young – bass guitar on track 1
Cliff Williams – bass guitar and backing vocals on tracks 6–9
Phil Rudd – drums, percussion
Mark Evans – bass guitar  on tracks 2–4

Certifications

References

1989 video albums
AC/DC video albums
JEIDA memory card

The JEIDA memory card standard is a popular memory card standard at the beginning of memory cards appearing on portable computers. JEIDA cards could be used to expand system memory or as a solid-state storage drive.

History 
Before the advent of the JEIDA standard, laptops had proprietary cards that were not interoperable with other manufacturers laptops, other laptop lines, or even other models in the same line. The establishment of the JEIDA interface and cards across Japanese portables provoked a response from the US government, through SEMATECH, and thus PCMCIA was born. PCMCIA and JEIDA worked to solve this rift between the two competing standards, and merged into JEIDA 4.1 or PCMCIA 2.0 in 1991.

Usage 
The JEIDA memory card was used in earlier ThinkPad models, where IBM branded them as IC DRAM Cards.

The interface has also been used for SRAM cards.

Versions
Version 1.0 is an 88-pin memory card. It has 2 rows of pin holes which are shifted against each other by half the pin spacing. The card is 3.3mm thick.
Version 2.0 is only mechanically compatible with the Version 1.0 card. Version 1.0 cards fail in devices designed for Version 2.0.
Version 3 is a 68-pin memory card. It is also used in the Neo Geo.
Version 4.0 corresponds with 68-pin PCMCIA 1.0 (1990).
Version 4.1 unified the PCMCIA and JEIDA standards as PCMCIA 2.0. v4.1 is the 16-bit PC Card standard that defines Type I, II, III, and IV card sizes.
Version 4.2 is the PCMCIA 2.1 standard, and introduced CardBus' 32-bit interface in an almost physically identical casing.

See also
 Japan Electronic Industries Development Association
 Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association
 Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
 Compact Flash

References

External links 
 IC DRAM Card - Thinkwiki.org

Computer buses
Motherboard
PCMCIA
2004 Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council election

The 2004 Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council election took place on 10 June 2004 to elect members of Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council in South Yorkshire, England. The whole council was up for election with boundary changes since the last election in 2003 reducing the number of seats by 3. The Labour party stayed in overall control of the council.

Election result

This resulted in the following composition of the council:

Ward results

References

2004 English local elections
2004
2000s in South Yorkshire
Mark Alarie

Mark Steven Alarie (born December 11, 1963) is an American former professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was listed at 6'7" and 217 lb.

Playing career
Alarie attended Brophy College Preparatory, where he was the Arizona Player of the Year for 1982 after averaging 29.9 points and 17.3 rebounds per game. Alarie was named the state's No. 4 player on The Arizona Republic's All-Century team in 2000 and was inducted into the azcentral High School Sports Hall of Fame in 2008.

After high school, he went to Duke University, where he was a two-time All-Atlantic Coast Conference first team selection and a third team All-American as a senior in 1986, when Duke played in the NCAA championship game. Alarie was drafted in the first round, as the 18th pick of the 1986 NBA draft, by the Denver Nuggets (playing there one season).

Alarie's fourth season was his best, averaging 10.5 points and 4.6 rebounds per game for the Washington Bullets (1987–1991, retired aged 27 due to recurring knee injuries).

Personal life
Alarie is married to Rene Augustine, who was appointed Acting Deputy Assistant Attorney General of the Antitrust Division at the Department of Justice in 2019.

Alarie's daughter Isabella, known as Bella, attended Princeton and played on the basketball team from 2016 to 2020. She received numerous Ivy League honors during her first year and went on to be named Ivy League Player of the Year in her final three seasons. In the WNBA draft, Bella was selected fifth overall by the Dallas Wings.

References

External links

Mark Alarie business bio

1963 births
Living people
All-American college men's basketball players
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Phoenix, Arizona
Denver Nuggets draft picks
Denver Nuggets players
Duke Blue Devils men's basketball players
Navy Midshipmen men's basketball coaches
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
Small forwards
Sportspeople from Phoenix, Arizona
Washington Bullets players
Amanda Hearst

Amanda Randolph Hearst (born January 5, 1984), sometimes called Amanda Hearst Rønning, is an American socialite, activist, fashion model, and heiress to the Hearst Corporation, William Randolph Hearst's media conglomerate. Hearst previously worked as an associate market editor at Marie Claire and is the founder of Friends of Finn, an organization dedicated to stopping the inhumane treatment of dogs in puppy mills. She also served as a co-chair of Riverkeeper's Junior Council. Hearst co-founded Maison de Mode in 2015, an ethical luxury fashion online retailer. In 2018, Hearst co-founded the charity Well Beings, focusing on animal welfare, conservation and other humane initiatives.

Family and early life
Amanda Hearst is the daughter of Anne Hearst, the niece of Patty Hearst, and a great-granddaughter of media mogul William Randolph Hearst. Her father, Richard McChesney, separated from her mother before Hearst's birth. She is also the stepdaughter of novelist Jay McInerney and a cousin of Lydia Hearst-Shaw.

Hearst attended the Chapin School in New York City and graduated from Choate Rosemary Hall, a boarding school. After a brief stint at Boston College, she dropped out to pursue modelling. She was eventually persuaded to return to school, and she attended Fordham University, graduating in 2008 with a B.A. in art history.

Personal life
Amanda married Joachim Rønning on August 2, 2019. She lives in Los Angeles, where the couple owns a house together. On June 6, 2022, she gave birth to their first child, a son named Haakon "Hawk".

Modeling
As a former IMG model, Hearst has appeared on the covers of Town & Country, International Harper’s Bazaar, Cosmopolitan, and other major magazines, and has been featured in Vanity Fair.

References

External links

1984 births
Female models from New York (state)
American socialites
Amanda
Living people
Choate Rosemary Hall alumni
Boston College alumni
Fordham University alumni
Activists from New York (state)
American editors
American women editors
Founders of charities
Nonprofit businesspeople
Chapin School (Manhattan) alumni
Socialites from New York City
Photo Mechanic

Photo Mechanic is a front-end photo ingesting, tagging, and browsing tool by Portland, Oregon-based company Camera Bits.

Photo Mechanic supports the initial capture of photos from the camera, previewing and making selections, and tagging each photo with various types of IPTC metadata such as captions, keywords, and copyright notices.

While Photo Mechanic has basic support for simple image edits, such as crops, it is meant to be used in concert with a dedicated photo editing program, such as Adobe Photoshop or Adobe Photoshop Lightroom. In contrast to competing products such as iView Media Pro, Adobe Bridge, or Extensis Portfolio, Photo Mechanic does not include photo cataloging or asset management features.

Photo Mechanic uses the Metadata (IPTC) Template to label its photos.

References

External links
 

MacOS graphics software
Windows graphics-related software
Digital photography
Image organizers
Chironomoidea

The Chironomoidea are a superfamily within the order Diptera, suborder Nematocera, infraorder Culicomorpha. This superfamily contains the families Chironomidae, Ceratopogonidae, Simuliidae, and Thaumaleidae.

Description 
Chironomoidea have four life stages: the egg, the worm-like larva, the pupa and the winged adult.

Ecology 
Chironomoidea show a range of habitats and diets. Using the family Chironomidae as an example, larvae occur most commonly in aquatic vegetation and benthic debris, but also in sand covered in fine organic material, pools on granite outcrops, wood snags, muddy lake beds and hygropetric seepages. Pupae may occur near the surface of water, in submerged substrata or amongst benthic debris. Larvae may feed on deposits of organic detritus (gathering collectors), filter diatoms and fine particles of detritus from the water column (filtering collectors), chew or bore into live or dead plant matter (shredders), scrape algae, bacteria and diatoms from surfaces (scrapers) or prey on other invertebrates (predators).

Adults generally feed on sugar-rich substances such as nectar. Adult females of the families Ceratopogonidae and Simuliidae also feed on blood and can transmit diseases.

Phylogeny 
The phylogeny of the Chironomoidea is disputed. Analyses of the male genital tract, ribosomal RNA and transcriptome have showed that the superfamily is not monophyletic.

Evolution 
A fossil chironomoid larva of the genus Anisinodus (family unknown) indicates that the superfamily existed during the early Middle Triassic.

References 

 
Diptera superfamilies
Iseo-myeon, Cheongdo County

Iseo-myeon is a myeon, or township, in western Cheongdo County, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea.  It borders Daegu on the north.  It is connected to both Daegu and central Cheongdo by Local Highway 30, which crosses under the Paljoryeong pass as it descends from Daegu to its terminus in Gangnam-myeon.  Iseo-myeon is composed of 17 ri.

The region has a long history of human habitation, and may have been the site of the Samhan era polity of Bukgobuguk.  However, it was not constituted as Iseo-myeon until the general reorganization of local government under the Japanese occupation in 1914.

The area is best known for the Cheongdo Bullfighting Festival, which is held annually on the banks of the Seowoncheon.  There are also four Joseon Dynasty institutions of education preserved in Iseo-myeon; these are the Heungseon Seowon (also called the Jagye Seowon), the Geumho Seowon, the Songgo Seodang and the Yonggang Seodang.  The seodang and seowon were both private academies, which focused principally on training children of the yangban class to pass the national civil service exam.  The Heungseon Seowon was erected in memory of Kim Il-son (김일손/金馹孫), who perished in the Muo purge of 1498.  The Geumho Seowon was erected in memory of Yi Un-ryong, who fought in the Seven Year War against Japan.

See also
Geography of South Korea
Subdivisions of South Korea

Notes

Cheongdo County
Towns and townships in North Gyeongsang Province
Actors' Orphanage

The Actors' Orphanage was started in 1896  and established as the Actors' Orphanage Fund in 1912. The fund continues but the orphanage closed in 1958.

History
The charity was started in 1896 by "Kittie" Carson and Mrs Clement Scott The first building was in Croydon. It was established as the Actors' Orphanage Fund in 1912.

In 1915 the Orphanage moved to Langley Hall at Langley (was in Buckinghamshire - now in Berkshire). The orphanage was both a home and a school to approximately 60 children. At ages 15–17 pupils sat the School Leaving Certificate of Cambridge University and if 10 subjects were taken to Matriculation.

The home and school was moved to Silverlands at Chertsey, Surrey in 1938 where it remained until 1940. In September 1940 the Orphanage was evacuated to the USA where the children were housed in New York City at the Edwin Gould Foundation, and the children were sent to local schools.

After the war ended the Fund established a home (once again at Silverlands, Chertsey). This arrangement ended in 1958 when the costs became too high and the Actors' Orphanage ceased to exist. The remaining children were moved to new houses in Hemel Hempstead Road, Watford. Some were placed in private schools.

Over the years many from the theatrical profession gave time and money to the running of the Orphanage. Past presidents of the Orphanage included Sir Gerald du Maurier, Noël Coward, Laurence Olivier and Richard Attenborough.

The 1912 fund was re-established as the Actors' Charitable Trust and financial and care help was offered to those in need.  It continues to exist today as ACT, the Actors' Children's Trust, awarding £750,000 in grants each year to the children of professional actors.

References

Further reading
 
  

Children's charities based in the United Kingdom
Charitable trusts
1896 establishments in the United Kingdom
Starwater Strains

Starwater Strains is a collection of short stories by American writer Gene Wolfe. While his previous collection, Innocents Aboard, contained fantasy and horror stories, this one largely consists of science fiction.

Contents
"Viewpoint"
"Rattler" (with Brian A. Hopkins)
"In Glory like Their Star"
"Calamity Warps"
"Shields of Mars"
"From the Cradle"
"Black Shoes"
"Has Anyone Seen Junie" Moon?"
"Pulp Cover"
"Of Soil and Climes"
"Dog of the Drops"
"Mute"
"Petting Zoo"
"The Fat Magician"
"Hunter Lake"
"The Boy Who Hooked the Sun"
"Try and Kill It"
"Game in the Popes Head"
"Empires of Foliage and Flower"
"The Armaspian Legacy"
"The Seraph and the Sepulchre"
'Lord of the Land"
"Golden City Far"

2005 short story collections
Science fiction short story collections
Short story collections by Gene Wolfe
Tor Books books
Model 1832 foot artillery sword

The Model 1832 foot artillery sword was a  short-sword with a straight, double-edged blade and brass-mounted leather scabbard.

History
The U.S. Model 1832 foot artillery short-sword has a  solid brass hilt, a  crossguard, and a blade usually  in length.  This model was the first sword contracted by the U.S. with the Ames Manufacturing Company of Springfield (later Chicopee), Massachusetts, with production starting in 1832. In later years, it was also imported and supplied by W.H. Horstmann & Sons of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. As a personal side arm, it was intended for use by the regular or foot artillery regiments of the United States Army and remained in service until 1872 for use of foot artillerymen. It was the issue sword for sergeants and musicians of infantry regiments from 1832 until 1840. As most artillery regiments were trained and equipped as infantry prior to 1861 a single weapon for both types of troops made sense. It replaced the earlier Starr pattern sword used throughout the 1820s. While the design was impractical for actual combat, it is believed that artillerymen put this weapon to other uses, such as clearing brush or creating trails.  It was an effective tool for cutting paths through the Florida swamps during the Second Seminole War, which occurred during the time it was issued to infantry sergeants, drummers and fifers. This is somewhat corroborated by the French nickname for their version of the sword, coupe choux (cabbage cutter). The last Ames contract for this sword was completed in 1862, although as a stock item it continued to be listed in company catalogs for decades afterwards.

The design was based on the French foot artillery short sword of 1816, which with minor changes was basically repeated in 1831.  The French model was largely inspired by the Roman gladius, the standard sword of the Roman legionaries.

Distinguishing features

French versions can be distinguished from American versions by the hilt design, manufacturers' marks (French manufacturers include Châtellerault, St. Etienne, Talabot, and Thiebaut), and the lack of U.S. markings. Swords supplied by Ames typically bore an eagle on the blade until the Mexican–American War, whereas those made during the civil war by Confederate arsenals were typically unmarked. The Ames Model 1832 has a hilt with an eagle cast into the pommel and a scaled grip surface. French versions have either textured grips (model 1816) or ringed grips (model 1831), and like later English models a plain or smooth pommel on the hilt.

References

External links
Union Army Uniforms and Insignia of the Civil War
Roman Weapons and Armor, by the Eclectic Historian, retrieved from Internet Archive

Blade weapons
Swords of the United States
American Civil War weapons