alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Zürich Bible

The Zürich Bible (Zürcher Bibel, also Zwinglibibel) is a Bible translation historically based on the translation by Huldrych Zwingli. Recent editions have the stated aim of maximal philological exactitude.

It is thought to be the first Bible to contain a map.

Froschau Bible
Zwingli's translation grew out of the Prophezey, an exegetical workshop taking place on every weekday, with the participation of all clerics of Zürich, working at a German rendition of Bible texts for the benefit of the congregation.

The translation of Martin Luther was used as far as it was already completed. This helped Zwingli to complete the entire translation four years before Luther. At the printing shop of Christoph Froschauer, the New Testament appeared from 1525 to 1529, and later parts of the Old Testament, with a complete translation in a single volume first printed in 1530, with an introduction by Zwingli and summaries of each chapter. This Froschauer Bible, containing more than 200 illustrations, became notable as a masterpiece of printing at the time. The translation is mainly due to Zwingli and his friend Leo Jud, pastor at the St. Peter parish.

The translation of the Old Testament was revised in 1540, that of the New Testament in 1574. Verse numbering was introduced in 1589.

In 1975, Amos Hoover of Denver, Pennsylvania, reprinted the 1536 edition, and the 1531 edition appeared under the imprint of the Theologischer Verlag Zürich in 1983.

Revisions
Up to 1665, the language of the translation was based on the written variant of High Alemannic (Swiss German) used for official documents. In 1665, this was abandoned for the emerging Standard German of the chancery of the prince-electorate Saxony-Wittenberg.

Fraumünster pastor Johann Caspar Ulrich (1705–1768) in the 1755/1756 revision added commentaries, interpretations and concordances. From this edition, the Bible became known as the Zwinglibibel.
From 1817, the edition was in the hands of the 
Zürich Bible and Missionary Society (Zürcher Bibel- und Missionsgesellschaft). Another revision dates to 1868, reprinted in 1892.

1931 revision
In 1907, a commission was formed with the purpose of another revision, with the aim of considering as much as possible recent result of biblical scholarship. The revision was completed in 1931, constituting essentially a new translation.

2007 revision
In 1984, on the 500th anniversary of Zwingli's birth, another revision was initiated by the General Synod of the Protestant Reformed Church of the Canton Zürich. However, it soon was decided to undertake a new translation of the entire Bible. At a total cost of four million Swiss francs, the project was completed in early 2007, and the Bible was published in printed and electronic form in June 2007.

See also
Luther Bible
German Bible translations
Reformation in Zürich

References

Online versions
   1531 version
 1534 version

External links

1536 Bachman Froschauer Bible

History of Zürich
1531 books
Bible translations into German
Huldrych Zwingli
Oriental scops owl

The oriental scops owl (Otus sunia) is a species of scops owl found in eastern and southern Asia.

Description
This is a small, variably plumaged, yellow-eyed owl with ear-tufts which are not always erect. It can be distinguished from the collared scops owl by its whitish scapular stripe, well-marked underparts, and lack of pale collar. There are two colour morphs, grey and rufous; intermediate forms also occur. Sexes are similar in appearance. Individuals may freeze with eyes half-closed when disturbed. The species has a repeated liquid call sounding like "tuk tok torok". Adults have higher-pitched calls than juveniles.

Distribution and habitat
The species has an extremely wide distribution across eastern and southern Asia, and is found in dry deciduous forests from Russia to Thailand. The owl nests in holes in trees, especially Mahua trees, during February–April.

References

oriental scops owl
Birds of East Asia
Birds of South Asia
Birds of Southeast Asia
oriental scops owl
Taxa named by Brian Houghton Hodgson
Valerius of Trèves

Saint Valerius of Treves (†320) was a semi-legendary Bishop of Trier. His feast day is 29 January.

Legend

According to an ancient legend, St. Valerius was a follower of Saint Eucharius, the first bishop of Trier. Eucharius was sent to Gaul by Saint Peter as bishop, together with the deacon Valerius and the subdeacon Maternus, to preach the Gospel.

They came to the Rhine and to Ellelum in Alsace, where Maternus died. His two companions hastened back to St. Peter and begged him to restore the dead man to life. St. Peter gave his pastoral staff to Eucharius, and, upon being touched with it, Maternus, who had been in his grave for forty days, returned to life. The Gentiles then converted in large numbers. After founding many churches the three companions went to Trier where evangelizing progressed so rapidly that Eucharius chose that city for his episcopal residence. An angel announced to him his approaching death and pointed out Valerius as his successor.

Valerius was bishop for fifteen years and was succeeded by Maternus, who had in the meantime founded the dioceses of Cologne and Tongeren, remaining Bishop for forty years. The staff of St. Peter, with which he had been raised to life, was preserved at Cologne till the end of the tenth century when the upper half was presented to Trier and was afterwards taken to Prague by Emperor Charles IV.

Traditions
In medieval times the foundation of a diocese was often referred to as early a date as possible, in order thereby to increase its reputation, perhaps also its rights. In time, especially through the ravages of the Normans, the more reliable earlier accounts were lost. When at a later period the lives of primitive holy founders, e. g. the saints of ancient Trier, came to be written anew, the gaps in tradition were filled out with various combinations and fanciful legends. In this way there originated in the monastery of St. Matthias near Trier the famous chronicle of Trier, the Gesta Treverorum, in which there is a curious mixture of truth and error. It contains the account of the life of St. Eucharius given above. An amplification thereof, containing the lives of the three saints in question, is said to have been written by the monk Goldscher or Golscher, who lived in that monastery about the year 1130. From the "Gesta" the narrative passed unchallenged into numerous medieval works. Later criticism has detected many contradictions and inaccuracies in these ancient records, and it is almost universally believed at present that, with few exceptions, the first Christian missionaries came to Gaul, to which Trier then belonged, not earlier than about 250. Following Hontheim, Calmet and others, the Bollandists, with Marx, Aloys Lütolf, and other historians refer these bishops of Trier to a period following 250, though not all of them consider this as fully established.

Notes

 

320 deaths
Saints of Germania
Burials at St. Matthias' Abbey
4th-century Christian saints
Roman Catholic bishops of Trier
Year of birth unknown
3rd-century bishops in Germania
2005 GP Ouest-France

The 2005 GP Ouest-France was the 69th edition of the GP Ouest-France cycle race and was held on 28 August 2005. The race started and finished in Plouay. These are the results, in which American George Hincapie edged out AG2R's Alexandre Usov.

General Standings

References

External links
Race website

2005 UCI ProTour
2005
2005 in French sport
August 2005 sports events in France
Roman Catholic Diocese of Helsinki

The Diocese of Helsinki () is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church based in Helsinki, which comprises the whole of Finland.  The diocese is divided into eight parishes.

The bishopric has been vacant since May 2019 when Bishop Teemu Sippo resigned due to poor health. As of 2018 there are 15,000 registered and 10,00 unregistered Catholics living in Finland. There are more than 6,000 Catholic families in the country; 50 percent are Finnish and 50 percent are of international origin.

Parishes

St. Henry's Cathedral, Helsinki (Sub Centres - Tapanila (Vantaa), Porvoo)
St. Mary's Church, Helsinki (Sub Centres - Olari (Espoo), Hyvinkää, Karis)
St. Brigit & Blessed Hemming Church, Turku (Sub Centres - Åland, Eurajoki, Pori)
St. Olav's Church, Jyväskylä
Holy Cross Church, Tampere (Sub Centres - Hämeenlinna, Kokkola, Kristinestad, Jakobstad, Seinäjoki, Vaasa)
St. Ursula's Church, Kouvola (Sub Centres - Hamina, Kotka, Lahti, Lappeenranta)
Holy Family of Nazareth Church, Oulu (Sub Centres - Rovaniemi, Tornio, Kemi, Kajaani)
St. Joseph's Church, Kuopio (Sub Centres - Mikkeli, Savonlinna, Joensuu, Lieksa)

There is a high demand for starting a new parish at Northern Finland at Rovaniemi as it is the major tourist destination for Lapland and Santa Claus.

History
In 1550, the episcopate of the last Roman Catholic bishop of Åbo ended. Thereafter Lutheranism prevailed in Finland. The Reformation in the sixteenth century caused the loss of almost all of Northern Europe from the Roman Catholic Church. In 1582 the stray Catholics in Finland and elsewhere in Northern Europe were placed under the jurisdiction of a papal nuncio in Cologne. The Congregation de propaganda fide, on its establishment in 1622, took charge of the vast missionary field, which - at its third session - it divided among the nuncio of Brussels (for the Catholics in Denmark and Norway), the nuncio at Cologne (much of Northern Germany) and the nuncio to Poland (Finland, Mecklenburg, and Sweden).

In 1688, Finland became part of the Apostolic Vicariate of the Nordic Missions. In 1783, the Apostolic Vicariate of Sweden was created out of parts of the Nordic Missions comprising then Finland and Sweden. In 1809, when Finland came under Russian rule, the Roman Catholic jurisdiction passed on to the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Mohilev (then seated in St. Petersburg). In 1920, the Vatican established the Apostolic Vicariate of Finland which was upgraded to the Diocese of Helsinki in 1955.

Episcopal ordinaries

Apostolic Vicars of Finland 
 Henri Buckx, SCI (1923–1933)
 Willem Cobben, SCI (1933–1955)

Bishops of Helsinki 
 Willem Cobben, SCI (1955–1967)
 Paul Verschuren, SCI (1967–1998)
 Józef Wróbel, SCI (2001–2008)
Teemu Sippo, SCI (2009–2019 )
 Raimo Goyarrola (2023 - )

See also
Catholic Church in Finland
St. Henry's Cathedral
St. Mary's Church, Helsinki

References

External links
Diocese of Helsinki website
GCatholic.org
Catholic Hierarchy

Catholic Church in Finland
Organisations based in Helsinki
Christian organizations established in 1955
Roman Catholic dioceses in Nordic Europe
1955 establishments in Finland
Marie Henry Mackenzie

Marie Henrie Mackenzie (August 3, 1878 in Rotterdam – December 30, 1961 in Hilversum) was a Dutch painter.
He was a student of the Art School in Rotterdam and later on of the famous Dutch painter George Hendrik Breitner in Amsterdam.

Having made a career at an oil company, Mackenzie completely devoted himself after 1931 to painting. He then was at the age of 43 years. Mackenzie was a painter of landscapes, figures, portraits and harbour views. In addition, he is well known for his impressionist cityscapes of Amsterdam.

Mackenzie's work was included in the 1939 exhibition and sale Onze Kunst van Heden (Our Art of Today) at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.

His work can be found in the Goois Museum, Hilversum and the Rijkscollectie (Governmental collection of the Netherlands).

References

1878 births
1961 deaths
Painters from Rotterdam
Willem de Kooning Academy alumni
20th-century Dutch painters
Kooks (song)

"Kooks" is a song written by English singer-songwriter David Bowie, which appears on his 1971 album Hunky Dory.  Bowie wrote this song to his newborn son Duncan Jones. The song was a pastiche of early 1970s Neil Young because Bowie was listening to a Neil Young record at home on 30 May 1971 when he got the news of the arrival of his son.

Live versions
 Before the studio recording of the song was made, it was recorded for the BBC In Concert radio show with John Peel, on 3 June 1971 (broadcast on 20 June 1971). In 2000 this recording was released on the Bowie at the Beeb album.
 The song was recorded again for the BBC "Sounds of the 70s" radio show with Bob Harris on 21 September 1971 (broadcast on 4 October 1971).

Personnel
David Bowie: lead and backing vocals, acoustic guitar, alto sax
Mick Ronson: string arrangement
Trevor Bolder: bass, trumpet
Mick Woodmansey: drums
Rick Wakeman: piano

In popular culture

 The first three lines of the song ("Will you stay in our lovers' story / If you stay, you won't be sorry / 'Cause we believe in you") are used as a repeated motif in Miranda July's 2015 novel The First Bad Man
 The British indie band The Kooks named themselves after the song.
The song appears in the Futurama episode "Children of a Lesser Bog".

References

Notes

Other sources 
 Pegg, Nicholas (0200), The Complete David Bowie, Reynolds & Hearn Ltd, 

1971 songs
David Bowie songs
Songs written by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by Ken Scott
Song recordings produced by David Bowie
Neeli Cherkovski

Neeli Cherkovski (born Nelson Cherry; July 1, 1945) is an American poet and memoirist, who has resided since 1975 in San Francisco.

Biography
Born in Santa Monica, California, Cherkovski grew up in San Bernardino, California. In the 1970s he was a political consultant in the Riverside area, who came to San Francisco to work on the staff of then-State Senator George Moscone. Cherkovski has written biographies of Lawrence Ferlinghetti, and Charles Bukowski, with whom he co-edited the Los Angeles zine Laugh Literary and Man the Humping Guns.. Cherkovski produced the first San Francisco Poetry Festival, and in the early-1990s helped to found Café Arts Month, a yearly event celebrating San Francisco's café culture.

Poetry critic Gerald Nicosia said of Cherkovski: "...in the end, what stamps Cherkovski’s poetry as unique is its unbounded lyricism, a lyrical gift easily greater than that of any other poet of his generation."

Cherkovski is the author of Whitman's Wild Children, a collection of essays about twelve poets he has known: Michael McClure, Charles Bukowski, John Wieners, James Broughton, Philip Lamantia, Bob Kaufman, Allen Ginsberg, William Everson, Gregory Corso, Harold Norse, Jack Micheline, and Lawrence Ferlinghetti. This book combines biography, personal stories, and poetry analyses.

Cherkovski was a writer-in-residence at the New College of California in San Francisco. He taught literature and philosophy there until the school closed in 2008. His body of poetry includes Animal, Elegy for Bob Kaufman and Leaning Against Time, for which he was awarded the 15th Annual PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award in 2005. In 2017 he was awarded the Jack Mueller Poetry Prize by Lithic Press. Cherkovski's papers are housed at the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

Bibliography
 Don't Make a Move (Tecumseh Press, 1974)
 The Waters Reborn (Red Hill Press, 1975)
 Public Notice (Beatitude, 1975)
 Ferlinghetti, a biography (DoubleDay, 1979)
 Love Proof (Green Light Press, 1980)
 Juggler Within (Harwood Alley Monographs, 1983)
 Clear Wind (Avant Books, 1984)
 Whitman's Wild Children (Lapis Press, 1989)
 Hank: The Life of Charles Bukowski (Random House, 1991)
 Animal (Pantograph Press, 1996)
 Elegy for Bob Kaufman (Sun Dog Press, 1996)
 Leaning Against Time (R.L. Crow Publications, 2004)
 Naming the Nameless (Sore Dove Press, 2004)
 From the Canyon Outward (R.L. Crow Publications, 2009)]  
 From the Middle Woods (New Native Press, 2011)
 Manila Poems (Bottle of Smoke Press, 2013)
 Elegy for My Beat Generation (Lithic Press, 2018)
 In the Odes (Magra Books, 2018)
 Coolidge & Cherkovski: In Conversation (Lithic Press, 2020)

References

External links
Twitter
www.neelicherkovski.net own website

A Prison Poem, a 2004 poem by Cherkovski
A few selected poems
Interview with Cherkovski.

1945 births
Living people
American male poets
Beat Generation writers
New College of California
PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award winners
20th-century American poets
21st-century American poets
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
No Rest for the Wicked

No Rest for the Wicked may refer to:
A translated proverb From the Book of Isaiah verses 48:22 and 57:20-21 Quoted in biblical sense for centuries, humorous secular sense popularized from 1930s,

Music

Albums
 No Rest for the Wicked (Helix album) (1983)
 No Rest for the Wicked (New Model Army album) (1985)
 No Rest for the Wicked (Ozzy Osbourne album) (1988)
 No Rest for the Wicked, a 1992 album by  Mentallo and the Fixer

Songs
 "No Rest for the Wicked" (song), a 2014 song by Lykke Li from I Never Learn
 "No Rest for the Wicked", a 1982 song by Nomeansno from Mama
 "No Rest for the Wicked", a 1995 song by Cypress Hill from Cypress Hill III: Temples of Boom
 "No Rest for the Wicked", a 1995 song by Leæther Strip from Legacy of Hate and Lust
 "No Rest for the Wicked", a 1995 song by Bloodhound Gang from Use Your Fingers
 "No Rest for the Wicked", a 2006 song by Godsmack from IV
 "No Rest for the Wicked", a 2010 song by (hed) p.e. from Truth Rising
 "No Rest for the Wicked", a 2011 song by a Hawk and a Hacksaw from Cervantine
 "No Rest for the Wicked", a 2011 song by Saxon from Call to Arms
 "No Rest for the Wicked", a 2016 song by Yngwie Malmsteen from World on Fire

Other uses
 No Rest for the Wicked (film), a 2011 Spanish film
 No Rest for the Wicked (webcomic), a webcomic by Andrea L. Peterson
 "No Rest for the Wicked" (Supernatural), a 2008 episode of Supernatural
 No Rest for the Wicked, a novel by Kresley Cole

See also
 "Ain't No Rest for the Wicked", a 2008 song by Cage the Elephant
 "No Peace for the Wicked", a 1978 song by Rory Gallagher from Defender
 "No Peace for the Wicked", a 1984 song by Thompson Twins from Into the Gap
 "No Rest 4 The Wicket", a 2009 song by Esham from I Ain't Cha Homey
Surgeon-superintendent

A surgeon-superintendent was a position, held by a surgeon officer of the Royal Navy, on board convict transport ship and ships transporting indentured labour, with overall authority in all non-nautical matters.

Before 1792, authority over convicts during transportation was wielded by the ship captain. For various reasons this arrangement resulted in neglect of the convicts' health and well-being, and there were many deaths. Often the deaths during a single voyage would number in the hundreds. In 1792, the decision was made to appoint the ship's surgeon to a position of authority in all matters not directly related to the sailing of the ship. This was an immediate success, reducing the death rate to no more than around ten per voyage.

A surgeon-superintendent was a role that comprised 57 duties covering embarkation, voyage, and arrival for all assisted and bounty ships sailing under the Colonial Land and Emigration Commission. This was a system whereby Australian land was sold to raise money in order to assist English, Scottish and Irish emigrants who were free, without indenture, yet could not afford the full passage of the trip to Australia.

Officially styled "superintendent", the responsibilities of the surgeon-superintendent were largely equivalent to that of a Naval Agent.  However they also continued to fulfill the role of a naval surgeon, and so were commonly referred to by the title "surgeon-superintendent".

References

Convictism in Australia
Military medicine in the United Kingdom
Nautical terminology
Quicksand (David Bowie song)

"Quicksand" is a song written by English singer-songwriter David Bowie and released on his 1971 album Hunky Dory.

Background
"Quicksand" was recorded on 14 July 1971 at Trident Studios in London. This ballad features multi-tracked acoustic guitars and a string arrangement by Mick Ronson. Producer Ken Scott, having recently engineered George Harrison's album All Things Must Pass, attempted to create a similarly powerful acoustic sound with this track.

Bowie said of the song, "The chain reaction of moving around throughout the bliss and then the calamity of America produced this epic of confusion. Anyway with my esoteric problems I could have written it in Plainview or Dulwich" and that it was a mixture of "narrative and surrealism".

Lyrically the song, like much of Bowie's work at this time, was influenced by Buddhism ("You can tell me all about it on the next Bardo"), occultism, and Friedrich Nietzsche's concept of the Superman. It refers to the magical society Golden Dawn and name-checks one of its most famous members, Aleister Crowley, as well as Heinrich Himmler, Winston Churchill and Juan Pujol (codename: Garbo).

Reception
NME editors Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray have described it as "Bowie in his darkest and most metaphysical mood", while a contemporary review in Rolling Stone remarked on its "superb singing" and "beautiful guitar motif from Mick Ronson".

Live performances
Bowie performed the song during his 1997 Earthling Tour. A live recording from one show on 20 July 1997, recorded at Long Marston, England during the Phoenix Festival, was released in a live album entitled Look at the Moon! in February 2021. Bowie performed the song occasionally during his 2003-04 A Reality Tour.

Bowie performed the song at his 50th birthday concert in 1997 along with Robert Smith of The Cure

Other releases
The song was released as the B-side of the single "Rock 'n' Roll Suicide" in April 1974. RCA included the song in the picture disc set Life Time. A studio demo version of the song was released as a bonus track on the Rykodisc release of Hunky Dory in 1990. A November 1996 tour rehearsal recording of the song, which originally aired on a BBC radio broadcast in 1997, was released in 2020 on the album ChangesNowBowie.

Personnel
 David Bowie – lead vocals, acoustic guitar
 Mick Ronson – acoustic guitars, Mellotron, string arrangement
 Trevor Bolder – bass
 Mick Woodmansey – drums
 Rick Wakeman – piano

Notes

References
Pegg, Nicholas, The Complete David Bowie, Reynolds & Hearn Ltd, 2000, 

1970s ballads
1971 songs
David Bowie songs
Folk ballads
Pop ballads
Songs written by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by Ken Scott
Song recordings produced by David Bowie
Songs about criminals
Raphana

Raphana (Ραφάνα in Ancient Greek), was one of the Decapolis cities mentioned by Pliny the Elder, within his Naturalis Historia (Book V.74). 

Raphana was sought for the last two millennia, after no one could identify this ancient settlement, as it was mostly omitted from maps or in scientific literature. 

Some connected it with Raphon of the Macabbees. Some other looked for a substitution and chose the  site of Abila at the northern Jordanian valley of Wadi Queilbeh, because of Abila's important history and its attested connection to the Decapolis region. But, there is no archaeological evidence that Abila has ever had any other ancient name than Abila dekapoleos, Abila Seleukia or also Abila viniferos (mentioned by Eusebius in his Onomastikon (Abila), 12 miles east of Gadara).

Raphana itself was unidentified. Recent research has found a plausible position for Raphana at the northeastern-edge of the Decapolis region. This fits also to the history of Flavius Josephus, who describes the forts around a place called Raepta, which is very plausibly the predecessor settlement of Raphana. For the mentioned connection see also the Pleiades Database for "Raphana" at stoa.org. In some online sites you can read that Raphana was at the "Abilene plain" and some mixed this name again with Abila at Wadi Queilbeh south of the Yarmuk, but the Abilene Plain describes a completely different region and the area around Abila Lysaniae, which is north-west of Damascus and always connected with the Paneas region too. But Abila Lysaniae and its history also have nothing to do with Raphana. The notation at the Notitia Dignitatum at "Arefa" shows us for a later date that there was a military unit, an ala at that location. This connection (with Arefa) you will also find at the above-mentioned Pleiades Database. That such a military camp was normally situated at the border of the ancient empires seems to be clear. Therefore with a very high plausibility Raphana of the Decapolis, with its predecessor Raepta and its successor Arpha/Arefa, can be found at the Khirbet ar-Rafi'ah ("Ar-Rafi'ah Ruins"), positioned at Ard al-Fanah, at the border between the Arabian desert and the fertile Ghouta south of Damascus.

For a time the city seems to have been the base camp of the 12th Roman legion, Legio XII Fulminata, as well as of Legio III Gallica.

References
Decapolis tour reference

External links

Populated places in Irbid Governorate
Decapolis
Roman towns and cities in Jordan
Former populated places in Southwest Asia
Roman fortifications in Arabia Petraea
Saint-Sever-de-Rustan

Saint-Sever-de-Rustan is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in south-western France.

See also
Communes of the Hautes-Pyrénées department

References

Communes of Hautes-Pyrénées
Bridges Hall

Bridges Hall may refer to:
 Bridges Hall of Music, at Pomona College, Claremont, California, U.S.
 Ruby Bridges Hall (born 1954), an American civil rights activist
 Bridges Hall, a hall of residence at the University of Reading, England
 Bridges Hall, at Pace Academy, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
Président à mortier

The président à mortier () was one of the most important legal posts of the French Ancien Régime. The présidents were principal magistrates of the highest juridical institutions, the parlements, which were the appeal courts.

They numbered 11 in 1789. They were spread over chambers, comprising those who were counsellor to the parliament, who assessed and dispensed justice, and présidents who chaired sessions.

The most important chamber was the Grand'Chambre. Its presidents, to mark their status as superior to that the presidents of lower chambers, took the mortier, a black velvet toque with two gold braid ribbons.

The position was venal, being freely bought, sold and inherited, subject to payments to the King. In practice, the parlements''' consent was needed, and a law examination was required. This limited candidates to those with an academic background in law. After 20 years, the position brought entry to the noblesse, but in fact, the purchase of the office ensured that it was held only by nobles.

Typically, the presidents served under a premier président'', who was a royal appointee, not a purchaser of the office. This led to constant tensions.

References 

Law of the Ancien Régime
Offices in the Ancien Régime
Ministry of Trade (Greece)

The Ministry of Trade () was a government department of Greece. From August 8, 1991, until September 15, 1995, the Minister for Trade was also Minister for Industry, Energy and Technology. From February 1, 1996, the Ministry of Trade was officially merged with the Ministry for Industry, Energy and Technology and the Ministry for Tourism to create the Ministry for Development.

List of ministers (1974–1995)

See also
 Cabinet of Greece

Defunct government ministries of Greece
Lists of government ministers of Greece
Greece
Song for Bob Dylan

"Song for Bob Dylan" is a song written by English singer-songwriter David Bowie for his 1971 album Hunky Dory. The song references Bob Dylan's 1962 homage to Woody Guthrie, "Song to Woody".  Yet while Dylan opens with "Hey, hey, Woody Guthrie, I wrote you a song," Bowie addresses Dylan by his birth name saying, "Now, hear this, Robert Zimmerman, I wrote a song for you."

In the song, Bowie  also describes Bob Dylan's voice "like sand and glue" which is similar to how Joyce Carol Oates described it upon first hearing Dylan: "When we first heard this raw, very young, and seemingly untrained voice, frankly nasal, as if sandpaper could sing, the effect was dramatic and electrifying."

History and recording

Bowie premiered "Song for Bob Dylan" on 3 June 1971 during a BBC concert session, with George Underwood (King Bees bandmate and school friend) singing lead vocals. During broadcast, Bowie introduced the song as "Song for Bob Dylan – Here She Comes."

The song was first recorded at Trident Studios for Hunky Dory on 8 June 1971, with Bowie singing lead vocals and the title changed to "Song for Bob Dylan." During the Hunky Dory sessions the song went through numerous rejected retakes, with the final version recorded on 6 August.

When asked about the song at the time of Hunky Dorys release, Bowie said, "This is how some see BD."  Bowie later revealed his true intention for writing the song in a 1976 Melody Maker interview saying, 
"There's even a song – Song for Bob Dylan – that laid out what I wanted to do in rock. It was at that period that I said, 'okay (Dylan) if you don't want to do it, I will.' I saw that leadership void. Even though the song isn't one of the most important on the album, it represented for me what the album was all about. If there wasn't someone who was going to use rock 'n' roll, then I'd do it."

Composition and analysis
While there is debate as to whether the tribute to Bob Dylan is a eulogy or a "harangue", Bowie invokes Dylan-esque musical progressions in "Song for Bob Dylan." The song is in A major and the "Dylanesque, though neither passively imitative nor parodistic"  coda is described as "attain[ing] ectasy when...electric guitar weaves tipsy arabesques over broken chord pulses on two acoustic guitars." The simple, descending bass line that accompanies the folk-chord progression invokes Dylan circa 1965. Bowie also imitates Dylan's adenoidal voice throughout the song and the lyrics reflect Dylan's style of starkly contrasting narrow range-verse and swelling chorus.

Other releases
Released on a picture disc in the RCA Life Time picture disc set.
Released on BBC Pick Of The Pops (349), a rare recording produced by the BBC of David Bowie's appearance on the BBC show Pick Of The Pops (Show #349, 1971), hosted by John Peel.

Personnel
David Bowie – lead vocals, acoustic guitar
Mick Ronson – electric guitars, backing vocals
Trevor Bolder – bass
Mick Woodmansey – drums
Rick Wakeman – piano

References

David Bowie songs
1971 songs
Songs about Bob Dylan
Songs written by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by Ken Scott
Song recordings produced by David Bowie
John Apthorp

John Dorrington Apthorp  (born 25 April 1935) is a British businessman specializing in frozen food and alcoholic beverages, as well as a philanthropist.

Career 
He first enjoyed success as a founding member and managing director of the family business of frozen food stores Bejam, which became a market leader in the United Kingdom, trading from hundreds of stores across the country. In 1989, Apthorp sold the company, which was still doing very well, to its rival Iceland. He also co-founded Wizard Wines (now Majestic Wines), a chain of off-licences.

It was reported in both 2002 and 2003 (and again in 2009) that the wealth of Apthorp and his family was over £100 million. In 2015 the specialist magazine SelectUS Wines reported that his wealth has been maintained despite an overall decline in company revenues.

Already an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), Apthorp was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2014 New Year Honours for charitable services, particularly in Hertfordshire.

He was a councillor for Edgware from 1968 to 1974, and was given "Freedom of the Borough of Barnet" in 2008.

He was previously a trustee of the Milly Apthorp Charitable trust, which is now closed. He now runs the John Apthorp Charity, which funds projects in Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire, and Buckinghamshire.

Notes

External links 

 John Apthorp Charity

1935 births
Living people
British businesspeople
British retail company founders
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Thorpdale, Victoria

Thorpdale is a town in the Gippsland area of eastern Victoria in the Shire of Baw Baw. Famous for its potatoes, it is located amongst the rich farmland of the Latrobe Valley. Thorpdale spuds are eaten around the country and also exported overseas. The name "Thorpdale" means "village in a valley". The soil in the area is particularly rich as the town is located in a former volcanic crater. It is administered by the Shire of Baw Baw.  At the , Thorpdale and the surrounding area had a population of 447.

History
 
The Thorpdale district, known at first as the Narracan district, was settled by Europeans in the 1870s. The first European settlers arrived from the old Melbourne – Sale Road via McDonalds Track, a stock route that had been surveyed in 1862 through the hills from Lang Lang to Morwell Bridge, but which later became disused and very much overgrown. Land selection began at Narracan (near the eastern end of the track) in 1873, and progressed steadily along the track, reaching Narracan West in 1876.

A Post Office opened on 1 October 1879 as Narracan West. It was renamed Thorpdale in 1884, Thorpdale South in 1888, and closed in 1968. The present town of Thorpdale (situated about 2 km north of the old town) was founded in 1888, following the opening of a branch railway line from Moe. A new Thorpdale Post Office opened in 1888 near the railway station. The railway line closed in December 1958.

At its height, Thorpdale was a business centre for all the farming activity that surrounded it. Much of the old town was destroyed during the large Red Tuesday (20 January 1898) bushfire that ravaged Gippsland and the Otway Ranges.

The Town today
Today, the Thorpdale township is becoming smaller and smaller as more farming families opt to live in larger townships such as Trafalgar. The national decline in consumption of potatoes is making even farming difficult in the small town.

The town has an Australian rules football team competing in the Mid Gippsland Football League.

Potato farming
In late 2008, the town was hit by the news that a potato disease (potato cyst nematode) had been found among its crops. The disease is not harmful to humans but can significantly reduce crop yields. Thorpdale farms were quarantined and banned from exporting potatoes interstate and overseas. Interstate trade has since resumed.

Attractions
The township holds the Thorpdale Potato Festival every second year on the Sunday before Victorian Labour Day holiday in March, although it was not held from 2002 to 2015, after the insurance cost became too great for the small community to bear. The festival features potato sack races, Historic machinery, eating contests, market stalls, and much more. The lush farming surrounds give the town a peaceful rural atmosphere and there are several scenic sights nearby, including the Narracan Falls, Trafalgar South Lookout and Henderson's Gully.

References

External links

The Spud Shed
Thorpdale growers in talks with supermarkets
Giant Trees photographs

Towns in Victoria (state)
Shire of Baw Baw
Alexander Hyde

Alexander Hyde (1598–1667) was an English royalist clergyman, Bishop of Salisbury from 1665 to 1667.

Life
Hyde was born at Salisbury in 1598, the second-born of the four most prominent sons of Lawrence Hyde. At the age of 12 (1610) he entered Winchester College as a scholar, and matriculated 17 November 1615 at New College, Oxford. In 1617, he was admitted perpetual fellow there, and afterwards graduated Bachelor of Civil Law (BCL) 24 April 1623, and Doctor of Civil Law (DCL) 4 July 1632.

In 1634, Hyde was made rector of Wylye and Little Langford, Wiltshire. In May 1637, Hyde became subdean and prebendary of Salisbury Cathedral, stall of South Grantham (4 March 1639). Like other members of his family, he was a staunch royalist and was sequestered from his livings under the Commonwealth, but reoccupied them at the Restoration. According to his epitaph, he gave generously to the repairs of the cathedral after its desecration by the soldiers of the parliament.

Due to the influence of the Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon (his first cousin), he was at the Restoration rewarded by the deanery of Winchester (installed 8 August 1660) and, on the death of John Earle in 1665, was appointed to the See of Salisbury. He resigned the subdeanery of Salisbury in 1661 and his prebend there in 1665. His consecration as a bishop took place 31 December 1665 in New College Chapel, Oxford. Hyde died in St Giles in the Fields (near London), on 22 August 1667, aged 69, and was buried in the south aisle of the nave of Salisbury Cathedral, beneath a black marble slab bearing a Latin inscription.

Family
His father, Lawrence Hyde, was the second son of Lawrence Hyde of Gussage St Michael, Dorset, who was third son of Robert Hyde of Norbury, Cheshire. His mother was Barbara Castilion of Benham, Berkshire. His brothers were Edward Hyde (a priest), Robert Hyde (a judge), and Henry Hyde (a diplomat), who was beheaded in London in 1650. His first cousin was Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon.

By his wife, Mary, daughter of Robert Tounson, and niece of John Davenant, Hyde had three daughters and a son, Robert (1650–1722), who ultimately succeeded to the family estates. His daughter, Margaret, was married to the paternal grandfather of vice-admiral Hyde Parker.

References

Attribution

1598 births
1667 deaths
Fellows of New College, Oxford
Bishops of Salisbury
Deans of Winchester
17th-century Church of England bishops
Mohamed Harbi

Mohamed Harbi (born June 16, 1933) is an Algerian historian who was a member of the FLN during the Algerian War of Independence.

Mohamed Harbi was born in 1933 into a wealthy family in El Harrouch, Algeria. At the age of 15, he joined the MTLD (ex.PPA). According to his later memoirs, Harbi lived underground in France and gathered support for the Algerian independence. 1954-1962 he was in a prominent position in the FLN.

After the Algerian War of Independence, he became an advisor to new president, Ahmed Ben Bella and later a member of his cabinet. Harbi's Marxism was fiercely opposed by many veterans of the war, as well as by the army. According to his memoirs, Harbi tried to resist the increasingly authoritarian approach of the new government and urged Ben Bella to arm the people to avert a military coup. He believed, like many Marxists in his generation, that popular militias were needed to revolutionize society as well as resist the impending coup. However, his own insistence on Marxist dogma helped fuel popular as well as political opposition toward him, which culminated in the very coup he had feared.

In June 1965 Houari Boumedienne seized power and arrested Ben Bella. Two months later Harbi was also imprisoned. For the next six years he was transferred between prisons until he was placed in house arrest in 1971. In 1973 he escaped to Tunisia with a false Turkish passport and from there moved to Paris.

In France, Harbi began to teach political science in the University of Paris.

During his house arrest, Harbi had begun to write the history of the independence movement and in 1975 published a book The history of FLN. His inside view of the movement was not the one FLN cherished and he began to receive death threats from three sides; Algerian secret police, Algerian Islamic militants and French ultra nationalists.

Currently Harbi lives in Paris, retired from the university. The first part of his memoirs was published in 2003.

External links
 copy of a New York Times article "An Arab Gadly With a Memorable Bite"

1933 births
Living people
Algerian historians
Historians of Africa
Members of the National Liberation Front (Algeria)
People from Skikda Province
Academic staff of the University of Paris
21st-century Algerian people
Unspunnen

Unspunnen can refer to:

the ruins of Unspunnen Castle
the Unspunnenfest held there since 1805
the Unspunnen Stone, symbol of the Unspunnenfest
Ministry for the Press and the Media

The Ministry for the Press and the Media of Greece () was a government department of Greece.

History
The ministry has its origins in the Department of Press and Tourism formed on 29 August 1936. Until 1974, the Department functioned in various organisational forms, such as General Directorate of Press and Information, the Department of Press and Information, the Ministry of Press and Information, either as a self-contained department, or under the Office of the Prime Minister, sometimes as part of the government presidency, and other times under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

From 1974 to 1994, it functioned as the Secretariat General of Press and Information under the Ministry of the Presidency of the Government. In 1994, under Presidential Decree 181, it was consolidated as the Ministry of Press and Mass Media.

In 2004, the ministry was dissolved and two General Secretariats under the Prime Minister were established: The Secretariat General of Communication and the Secretariat General of Information, which incorporated the functions of the defunct ministry.

On 26 May 2004, the prime minister placed the two secretariats under the aegis of the Minister of State.

List of ministers (1994–2004)

References

Defunct government ministries of Greece
Lists of government ministers of Greece
Hubertus Brandenburg

Hubertus Brandenburg (17 November 1923 – 4 November 2009) was a Catholic bishop of Stockholm. He was ordained priest in Osnabrück on 20 December 1952. On 12 December 1974, he was appointed by Pope Paul VI as auxiliary bishop of Osnabrück. On 21 November 1977, he was appointed as Bishop of Stockholm. He resigned in 1998, and was succeeded by Bishop Anders Arborelius.

Biography 
Brandenburg was born in Osnabrück, Germany, in 1923.  After graduation at the Carolinum High School in Osnabrück, he was drafted into military service. As a Marine soldier, he rose to speed boat commander. Brandenburg studied law and economics after the war. He then moved to the Catholic Theology Faculty of the University of Münster. Ordained a priest in 1952, he was a chaplain in Hamburg Winterhude 1955 to 1958, and completed a PhD in Rome. In 1967 he was appointed a canon, then appointed to the finance director in Osnabruck.

In 1974, Brandenburg was appointed Titular Bishop of Strathernia and auxiliary bishop of Osnabrück by Pope Paul VI. He was consecrated by Bishop Helmut Hermann Wittler on 26 January 1975, co-consecrators were the Curia Bishop and President of the Pontifical Council for Social Communications, Andrzej Maria Deskur, and Auxiliary Bishop of Osnabrück John Albert von Rudloff.

On 13 May 1972 Brandenburg was invested in the Order of the Holy Sepulchre. In 1976, he became a member of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. 

In 1977 he was appointed bishop of the Diocese of Stockholm. He was a longtime vice chairman of the Nordic Bishops Conference. After his retirement, Brandenburg lived first in Helsingborg, before returning to his home town of Osnabrück.

Since 1946, Brandenburg was a member of the Catholic fraternity KDSt.V. Sauerlandia Munster, a Catholic student fraternity that belongs to the Cartellverband der katholischen deutschen Studentenverbindungen. He was a grandson of member of the German Reichstag Carl Brandenburg, who succeeded Ludwig Windthorst from 1891 to 1902 representing the constituency of Meppen in the Reichstag.

Brandenburg died aged 85 in Osnabrück.

External links
Catholic Hierarchy page

1923 births
2009 deaths
Clergy from Osnabrück
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Sweden
German emigrants to Sweden
People from the Province of Hanover
Roman Catholic bishops of Stockholm
20th-century German Roman Catholic bishops
20th-century German Roman Catholic priests
Members of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre
Harisinh Pratapsinh Chavda

Harisinh Pratapsinh Chavda (30 October 1930 – 29 June 2013) was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Banaskantha constituency of Gujarat and is a member of the Indian National Congress.

A brief introduction
He was born in the village called Ambod, Dist. Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India on 30 October 1930.
His high school education was at Killol - Patan, Gujarat, India.
He was a Member, Gujarat Legislative Assembly for two terms between 1975 and 1985.
He was a cabinet minister, Government of Gujarat from 1975 to 1980.
He was a member of Indian Parliament from 1991 to 1995.
He is also a sitting member in 14th parliament since 2004.
He is a Member of Indian National Committee on Human Resource Development.
He is widely travelled and has visited Austria, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Switzerland, U.K, and U.S.A.

Founder

Lokniketan and from this platform,   started three colleges ten High Schools, five ashram shalas, eight hostels, kindergartens, 
 
Founded "Nootan Bharati" Institute at Taluka Palanpur then handed over its management to the local people. Started Thakkarbapa and Sarvajanik Chhatralaya at Palanpur.

External links
 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website
 He is a founder of Lokniketan, a renowned non-profit organization in Gujarat

1930 births
2013 deaths
People from Gandhinagar
Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat
Lok Sabha members from Gujarat
India MPs 2004–2009
India MPs 1991–1996
Flower portrait

The Flower portrait is the name of one of the painted portraits of William Shakespeare. A 2005 investigation of the portrait led to the conclusion that it was a forged artwork painted in the 19th century.

The name originates with the painting's previous owners, the Flower family, who gave it to the Royal Shakespeare Company. The painting depicts Shakespeare gazing out of the picture and wearing a wide white collar. It has a signed date of 1609, but many art experts had been suspicious of its provenance before it was X-rayed in 2005.

The picture has been commonly used, for example, in the covers of Shakespeare's published plays. It is similar to, and most likely a copy of, the Droeshout engraving, which appeared in 1623 in the first folio publication of Shakespeare's plays.

History
According to statements by Edgar Flower, whose family had owned the painting, it was acquired sometime around 1840 by a Mr H.C. Clements, whose widow sold it to a member of the Flower family. Mrs C. Flower donated it to the Shakespeare Memorial Trust in Stratford, and it was exhibited at its picture gallery there in 1892. A number of experts who studied it at the time accepted that it was an authentic 17th-century painting. It was exhibited as the original from which the Droeshout engraving had been copied. Sidney Lee, in his 1898 biography of Shakespeare, declared that "no other pictorial representation of the poet has equally serious claims to be treated as contemporary with himself". However, in 1904, the art critic Marion Spielmann undertook a detailed analysis in which he demonstrated that the painting resembled Droeshout's revised second-state print rather than the original print, concluding that if Droeshout had copied the painting, then the first version would be more directly imitative. He took the view that the painting was an early copy of the print.

Many historians accepted this argument, but the painting still had its defenders. In 1966, an X-ray revealed that the portrait was painted on top of a 16th-century painting that depicts a Madonna and child with John the Baptist. In 2000, Hildegard Hammerschmidt-Hummel reasserted claims to the painting's authenticity, publishing a detailed argument in 2006.

2004 study
In 2004, experts of the National Portrait Gallery in London investigated three portraits of Shakespeare in preparation for the gallery's 150th anniversary exhibition. On April 21, 2005, investigators announced that the painting was not contemporary with Shakespeare.

Most of the pigments on the painting are those that were available in the 17th century, but the golden braid of the doublet was painted with chrome yellow, a pigment unavailable until about 1814. The particles of the chrome yellow are part of the normal layer of paint, meaning that it was not painted afterwards. Therefore, Tarnya Cooper, one of the curators of the Gallery, announced that the painting is a 19th-century forgery, dating from around 1818–1840.

References

External links
 "Flower portrait 'is a fake'", BBC News
 "Shakespeare Portrait Is A Fake", CBS

Portraits of William Shakespeare
Painting forgeries
19th-century portraits