alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea is an island country located on the Pacific Ocean. It is the east half of New Guinea island, plus some nearby islands. The capital city of Papua New Guinea is Port Moresby. The population of Papua New Guinea are mostly the Indigenous peoples of the island.

The island is in both Australasia and Oceania, which are two different terms for the continent of islands in the Pacific area. It borders Indonesia to the west and near Australia to the south.

Papua New Guinea has more languages than any other country.

History 
Long ago, around 42,000 to 45,000 years ago, people came to Papua New Guinea. They were related to people who left Africa a long time ago and moved to other parts of the world. A study in 2016 found that it was about 50,000 years ago that these people came to a big land called Sahul, which is Australia and New Guinea combined. About 10,000 years ago, the sea level rose and New Guinea became an island. But even before that, the people in Australia and Papua New Guinea became different from each other about 37,000 years ago. Scientists found out that the ancestors of Papuans mixed with another group of people called Denisovans when they were in Asia a long time ago. They share 4% to 7% of their genes with these ancient people.

Around 9,000 years ago, people in New Guinea started growing their own plants and farming. This was one of the few places in the world where people did this without learning it from others. Later, around 2,500 years ago, some people who spoke Austronesian languages moved to the coasts of New Guinea. They brought new things like pottery, pigs, and fishing methods with them.

In the 18th century, traders brought a new kind of food called sweet potato to New Guinea. It was from South America and introduced by Portuguese traders to the Moluccas. People in New Guinea liked it and it became a popular food. Sweet potato gardens produced more crops than the traditional taro, and this helped societies grow and become more prosperous.

Divisions

Administrative divisions 
Papua New Guinea is divided into four regions.  These regions are important for government, commercial, sporting and other activities.

The nation has 20 province-level divisions: eighteen, the Autonomous Region of Bougainville and the National Capital District. Each province is divided into one or more districts.  The districts are divided into one or more Local Level Government areas.

The province-level divisions are as follows:

Parliament has approved two additional provinces by 2012: Hela Province, which will be part of the current Southern Highlands Province, and Jiwaka Province, which will be formed by dividing Western Highlands Province.

In Morobe (#11 on the map) there is a goldfield.

References

Other websites 

 Government of Papua New Guinea 
 Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea 
 
 Papua New Guinea focused wiki 
 

 
Current monarchies
English-speaking countries
Commonwealth realms
1975 establishments
1970s establishments in Oceania
Roman Forum

The Roman Forum is an area of the city of Rome which the ancient city developed around. It is the place where commerce, business, cult, and the administration of justice took place. 

It was for centuries the centre of Roman public life. It was the site of triumphal processions and elections; the venue for public speeches, criminal trials, and gladiatorial matches. It was also the heart of commerce. Here statues and monuments mark the city's great men. It has been called the most celebrated meeting place in the world, and in all history. 

The Forum is in the small valley between the Palatine and Capitoline Hills. Today it is a sprawling ruin of architectural fragments and excavations. It has 4.5 million sightseers each year.

Buildings in the Forum 
The Roman Forum is famous for the number of buildings and other ancient ruins that it contains. These include:
Temple of Castor and Pollux
Temple of Vesta

References 

Buildings and structures in Ancient Rome
Archaeological sites in Italy
Playwright

A playwright is a person who writes plays for the stage. Because the name of such a text is drama, another word for this person is dramatist. Sometimes, dramas are written to be read and not played. In that case, they are called closet dramas.

The word wright does not come from write. It is an ancient English term for a builder. For example, a wheelwright makes wheels. In a similar way, a playwright makes plays. When the term was first used, it was meant as an insult. Today it has lost this meaning.

History
The first playwrights in Western literature whose plays still exist were the Ancient Greeks. They were written around the 5th century BC. These playwrights are important as they wrote in a way that is still used by modern playwrights. Important among them are Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes.

The most famous playwright may be William Shakespeare. A lot of later work is based on his tragedies and comedies. For example, Kiss Me, Kate is based on Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew, and his Romeo and Juliet has been made again many times. Tom Stoppard created the play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead in 1966 which is a modern adaptation of Hamlet.

Modern playwrights 
Modern playwrights are usually less famous than past playwrights. Since television and movies were invented, theater has become less popular. Because it is less popular, not as many tickets are sold now, and producers often do not have enough money to make plays, and many playwrights are not known.

References 

 
Writing occupations
Iambe

Iambe was the goddess of rhyme and merriment in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of Pan and Echo.

Iambic pentameter 
Iambe is said to have created the iambic pentameter verse pattern in poetry. This is a metered verse with two different sounds, and it was named after Iambe. The iambic pentameter verse is used by many poets, one of which is William Shakespeare.

Demeter 
In the myth, Demeter, was sad about losing her daughter, Persephone. It was only Iambe who was able to make Demeter laugh. She did this by using poetry and wit to cheer Demeter up. When Demeter was not sad any more, the earth became fertile again. Iambe then became Demeter's first priestess.

Greek gods and goddesses
Triangle (musical instrument)

The triangle is a musical instrument with three sides and curved corners. There is always one corner where the sides do not join.  This makes it possible for the instrument to vibrate.

The player holds a small piece of string or leather from which the triangle is hanging, and he makes a sound by hitting the triangle with a triangle beater.  In orchestras, where the percussionist may be playing several percussion instruments, the triangle may hang from a stand so that the player can move quickly to another instrument.

Triangles come in different sizes. Smaller ones will sound higher than larger ones.

The triangle can always be heard clearly above the sound of the orchestra or band.
 
percussion instruments
Bernie Little

Bernie Little (born in McComb, Ohio on circa 1926 - died April 25, 2003) was the most successful owner in Unlimited Hydroplane racing history. His Miss Budweiser team won 134 of the 354 hydroplane races they entered. They won the high points championship 22 years in 40 years of competition, and the Gold Cup 14 times.

Racing career 
Little's team is also known for making an enclosed driver's seat to improve driver safety, after driver Dean Chenoweth was killed in a crash during a race in 1982.

His team employed some of the biggest names in their field, including designer Ron Jones, and driver Chip Hanauer who won more Gold Cup races than any other driver. He is second only to Bill Muncey in total races won.

Awards and recognition 
Little has been inducted into the Unlimited Hydroplane Hall of Fame, the Florida Sports Hall of Fame, and the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America. Chenoweth, Hanauer, and another driver for Little, Tom D'Eath, are also in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America.

References 
Bernie Little obituary  - from the American Boat Racing Association website
Bernie Little - King of Boats - by Fred Farley - APBA Unlimited Historian

1926 births
2003 deaths
Sportspeople from Ohio
Perseus

Perseus () is a hero in Greek mythology. He is the legendary founder of Mycenae and is most famous for killing the Gorgon Medusa. He is a demigod, the son of Zeus and the mortal princess Danaë. With his wife, the Ethiopian princess Andromeda, his children are the sons Perses, Alkaios, Sthenelos, Elektryon, and the daughter Gorgophone. Perseus is also the great-grandfather of Herakles, as well as his half-brother.

Birth
King Akrisios of Argos was told by an oracle that he would be killed by his grandchild. Because of that he put his daughter Danaë in a tower where no one was allowed to enter, so she could not have a child. But the god Zeus could enter in the form of a golden rain, and with him her child was Perseus.

Akrisios then put Danaë and her baby Perseus in a box and threw it into the sea. But Zeus tells the sea-god Poseidon to help them, and so Danaë and her son come to the island Seriphos. There they are found by Diktys, who lets them live with him.

A long time after that, the grown up Perseus takes part in some funeral games. During the games Perseus throws a discus, which accidentally hits Akrisios. Akrisios is killed by it: he was killed by his grandchild, like the oracle's prophecy said.

Perseus and Medusa 

Perseus was sent to retreive Medusa's head by King Polydectes, who wanted him dead so he could marry his mother. To do this, he was advised by Athena to seek the Gray sisters, who told him how to fight Medusa when he stole their eye. Hermes lent Perseus winged sandals, Hades lent him his helm of darkness (which makes the wearer invisible), and Athena lent him a shield which he could see Medusa's reflection in, since whoever looked her in the eye would turn to stone. With all these magic items, Perseus was able to cut off Medusa's head. On the way back home, he fights a sea monster to save Andromeda, who is chained to a cliff as a sacrifice, and marries her.
People in Greek mythology
Violet (plant)

The violet is a genus of flowering plants. The common blue violet (Viola sororia) is the state flower of the U.S. state of Illinois. There is also a famous poem that refers to violets. It goes "Roses are red, violets are blue", and then the poet adds his or her own lines to it. It is also February's birth flower.

Some Viola species are perennial plants, some are annual plants, and a few are small shrubs. Many species, varieties and cultivars are grown in gardens for their flowers. 

In horticulture, the term pansy is  used for the multi-coloured cultivars often used in bedding by professional gardeners. The terms 'viola' and 'violet' are normally used for small-flowered annuals or perennials, and the wild species.

Flowers
Winnie the Pooh

Winnie the Pooh, also called Pooh Bear, is a fictional anthropomorphic teddy bear. He was created by A. A. Milne. He is based on a stuffed toy that belonged to Milne's son, Christopher Robin Milne. The toy was named after "Winnipeg" ("Winnie" for short), who was a black bear at the London Zoo, and "Pooh", which was a nickname Milne and his son had given to a swan. The first book was published in 1926. Other books were published later. Walt Disney made a series of cartoons based on the books. The Walt Disney Company still owns the character.

Pooh is a small yellow bear. He is nearly  tall. He wears an old red t-shirt. His favorite food is honey. The first thing he says when he gets up in the morning is "What's for breakfast?". He invented the game "Poohsticks".

Pooh has several friends. Their names are Piglet, Eeyore, Tigger, Rabbit, Kanga and Roo, Owl, Gopher, and Christopher Robin. Piglet is a small timid pig. Eeyore is an old grey donkey. Tigger is an energetic tiger. Rabbit is a kind-hearted rabbit. Kanga is a female kangaroo. Roo is Kanga's son.

The first book, Winnie-the-Pooh, was published on October 15, 1926 by Methuen & Company. The second book was The House at Pooh Corner, which was published on October 11, 1928. The poetry book When We Were Very Young was published in 1924 and Now We Are Six was published in 1927. Return to Hundred Acre Wood was written by David Benedictus and published on October 5, 2009. The Best Bear in All the World was published in 2016 to mark the 90th anniversary of the first Winnie-the-Pooh book.

There have been quite a few series created by Walt Disney based on these books. The stories are translated into many languages.

A Disney movie about Pooh, The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, was made in March 1977. Winnie the Pooh was made in July 2011. A live-action movie directed by Marc Forster and based on A. A. Milne's books, entitled Christopher Robin, was released in 2018. An Horror Film made By Rhys Frake-Waterfield titled Winnie-the-Pooh: Blood and Honey Premiered on February 15,2023.

Cast and characters in adaptations

Other websites 

Characters in written fiction
Fictional bears
Anthromophic characters
Disney characters
Kingdom Hearts characters
Winnie the Pooh
Aleksander Kwasniewski

Aleksander Kwaśniewski (; born 15 November 1954) is a Polish politician. He served as President for two terms (1995-2000 and 2000-2005). He was, before being elected first time, member of the Democratic Left Alliance, but after assumed duties he became an independent. Before 1989 he was a member of Polish United Workers Party (communist). He was preceded by Lech Wałęsa and succeeded by Lech Kaczyński.

He was born in Białogard in Northwest Poland. Before became a politician, he was a journalist. Before became president, he was minister and deputy to the Sejm. In the late 1980s, he participated in the Polish Round Table Agreement.

In 1995 election, he won in the second round, but five years later he won in the first round.

Other websites 

 Official web page 

1954 births
Living people
Presidents of Poland
Viola sororia

Viola sororia, also known as Viola papilionacea, common blue violet, common meadow violet, and purple violet is a species of  violet. It is a perennial flowering plant that lives in most of eastern North America.

The common blue violet is the state flower of the U.S. states of Rhode Island, Illinois, and New Jersey.

In developed areas it is often said to be a weed because it grows well in lawns.

References
Viola sororia  from the Connecticut Botanical Society
Viola sororia  from the Virginia Tech Weed Identification Guide

Violets
Perennials
NAND gate

A NAND gate is a logic gate used to build digital logic circuits.
It is a combination of an AND and NOT gate.
The name refers to this.
The NAND gate is a “universal gate”, that means all other types of logic gates can be obtained by wiring exclusively one or more NAND gates in a particular manner.

Behavior 
Given two inputs, A and B, A NAND B will be true if at most one of A and B is true.
In other words, A NAND B is false if both A and B are true, and true otherwise.

Symbols 
There are three symbols for drawing NAND gates in electrical circuit schematics:
the "distinctive shape" symbol, the “military” symbol, and the “rectangular” symbol.
For more information see logic gate symbols.

Application 
Since a NAND gate is a universal gate, microprocessors can be built using this type of gate only.
For example:
 the negation can be represented by ¬A ≡ A ⊼ A
 and the disjunction can be obtained by A ∨ B ≡ (A ⊼ A) ⊼ (B ⊼ B)

Logic gates
Under the Rainbow

Under the Rainbow is a 1981 comedy movie starring Chevy Chase, Carrie Fisher, Eve Arden, and Billy Barty.

The plot is loosely based on the gathering of little people in a Hollywood hotel, to audition for roles as "munchkins" in the movie The Wizard of Oz. The movie also has nobility, assassins, spies, and tourists.

The movie was nominated for Razzie Awards for Worst Musical Score and Worst Supporting Actor (Billy Barty).

Sources

Other websites 

1981 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Movies set in California
Gillidanda

Gilli "िगल्ली" -danda "डन्डा" is a game played by children in India and Pakistan. It is usually played by using a small round stick, about as long as a baseball or cricket bat. This is the danda. There is another smaller stick, round in the middle and tapering towards the ends. This is the gilli. The game gilli-danda is similar to cricket. It is also believed to be the origin of cricket.

Players
This game is also know as Viti Dandu, Kitti Pul and by other variations as well. It is a sport originated from the Indian subcontinent and is also played in the rural areas as well as in small towns over southern Asia, Cambodia, Turkey, South Africa, Italy, Poland and in some Caribbean Islands like Cuba.

Rules
To play the game, one team uses the "danda" to hit one of the tapered ends of the "gilli" with force. This causes the "gilli" to flip through the air. While the "gilli" is airborne, the opposing team's hitter attempts to smack it like one would as if playing cricket. The one who hits the "gilli" the farthest will wins. It is played with two teams. One side pitches the "gilli" using the big "danda" (not the bare hands), to the other team's hitter. The hitter, using his "danda" then hits the "gilli". In the course of the play, if the "gilli" is caught, then those players who pitched with the big "danda" to the hitter, are out of the game.If the gilli falls on the ground the fielder closest to the gilli gets an opportunity to make the hitter out.He has to throw the gilli towards the danda if the danda is been hit by the gilli it means the striker is out if not then the fielder gains 1 point.When the striker gains 1 point he will get 3 tries to hit the danda if the gilli still doesn't hit the danda the striker is out.If he is successful,the 1 point which he gained will continue.At the end who has the maximum points wins the game.It was most popularly played around 1970 to 1980 throughout India and Pakistan and is played to this day.

Games
Indian culture
Pakistani culture
Southern United States

The Southern United States (also known as the Southern States or The South among Americans) is a term for the Southeastern part of the United States. All Confederate states were in the South, but not all Southern states joined the Confederacy; those that did not join were called border states. The States farthest to the south are called the "Deep South". Even though Arizona, New Mexico and southern California are  geographically southern parts of United States, they are usually classified as the Southwestern United States and not the South (the climate, culture and ethnic makeup of the Southwest are also different from the South).

Most of the South is a land of long, hot summers. Winters are mostly short and cool. There is much rainfall. This combination gives the South a long growing season. Important crops include cotton, tobacco, peanuts, and peaches.

The cuisine of the Southern United States is distinct from other regions.

As defined by the United States Census Bureau, the states that make up "The South" are:
 Alabama
 Arkansas
 Delaware
 Florida
 Georgia
 Kentucky
 Louisiana
 Maryland
 Mississippi
 North Carolina
 Oklahoma
 South Carolina
 Tennessee
 Texas
 Virginia
 Washington, D.C. (although not a state)
 West Virginia

The border state Missouri is also sometimes considered Southern, although the Census classifies it as a Midwestern state.

Demographics
Except for Florida and Texas, most of the South did not have as many immigrants arriving from other countries as the rest of the United States did, in the late 19th and 20th centuries.  Most of the people in the South are of English, Scottish, or Irish ancestry, or the descendants of African-American slaves. Some Southerners identify themselves as being of "American" ancestry.

Census Regions of the United States
Hick

A hick is a term for an American stereotype, which is also used in Canada to a lesser degree. It is a term for people who live in rural areas, especially on farms and ranches and is usually meant as an insult and considered offensive to most people. It is mostly used to describe people in the south-central United States, including Texas, Missouri, Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Tennessee, Kentucky, Kansas, Iowa, and Nebraska.

Other forms of the word 'hick' are 'redneck', 'yokel', 'hillbilly', and 'hayseed'. 

Pejoratives
Greenhouse gas

Greenhouse gas reflects radiation that the Earth emits, preventing it from escaping into space. This occurrence is known as the "greenhouse effect".

Many greenhouse gases are natural, with water vapor being the most common and responsible for most of the greenhouse effect on Earth. Other significant greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs)  and ozone. 

Without greenhouse gases, life as we know it on earth would likely not be possible as heat is essential for sustaining life. Natural emissions of greenhouse gases vary, and events like massive volcanic eruptions such as those which created Siberian Traps around a  quarter billion years ago, might have released enough gases to contribute to the Permian–Triassic extinction  which caused to destructive effects on life on earth. 

However, humans are introducing additional greenhouse gases to the atmosphere,  leading to an enhanced greenhouse effect and increase in the  planet's average temperature.The most significant greenhouse gas that contributed by humans is carbon dioxide, currently composing approximately 0.04% of the atmosphere. Human activities like burning fossil fuel such as oil, coal and natural gas for transportation, energy production and industrial processes are the main sources of carbon dioxide emission.  The major contributor to these emissions is the industrial sector.   The Food and Agriculture Organization has reported that emissions associated with livestock, contribute to 7.1 gigatons (GT) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-eq) per year, accounting for 14.5% of all human-caused greenhouse emissions. This exceeds the 13% that contributed by global transportation (including cars and planes) each year.

Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas, and it responds to climate changes. When the atmosphere is warm, it holds more water vapor, which increase the probability of cloud formation and precipitation. 

In addition to burning fossil fuels, human activities also reduce the earth's capacity to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by deforestation. Methane emission is also increase due to the activities like raising cattle and other farm animals, including as geese, turkeys, pigs, chickens, and sheep. Scientists have shown that producing 1 kg of beef generated more CO2 emissions than a three-hour drive with all household lights on. Further, human activity introduces water vapor to the atmosphere through increased evaporation from cooling towers in thermal cycle power plants and creation of artificial lakes which contributes to the  global warming.

References

Other websites 
 The Climate Change Guide easy-to-understand information on the Greenhouse gases
Omaha hold'em

Omaha Hold 'Em is a poker game, similar to Texas Hold 'Em. In Omaha, each player is given four cards. Then there is a round of betting. Then three community cards are placed on the table. Another round of betting is after that. Then a fourth community card is put down. After this, there is another round of betting. Then there is the final community card put down, there is a last round of betting, and each player uses exactly two cards from the hand and three from the table to form a five-card poker hand. Whoever has the best hand wins all the money put in the middle during betting.

Variations
Omaha can also be played as Omaha Hi Lo, where the best hand and the lowest hand splits the pot.
The low hand's cards have to be 8 or lower .

Other websites 
Omaha Holdem Poker versus Texas Holdem Poker
Habanero Poker
Omaha Poker Strategy

Poker
Leverkusen

Leverkusen (Low Franconian: Leverkuuse) is a city near Cologne at the river Rhine in Germany. As of October 2005, about 162,000 people lived there.

References

Other websites 
 Leverkusen
Tocotronic

Tocotronic is a German indie rock band. They were founded in 1993 in Hamburg.

German rock bands
Indie rock bands
Hamburg
Bolesław Prus

Bolesław Prus () (20 August 1847 – 19 May 1912), real name Aleksander Głowacki, was a Polish writer.

He was born in Hrubieszów and died in Warsaw.  As a 15-year-old high-school student, he fought in Poland's January 1863 Uprising.

Prus is best known for his novels, Lalka (The Doll) and the historical novel Faraon (Pharaoh). He also wrote "Anielka," Placówka (The Outpost), Emancypantki (The New Woman), and many other stories and novels. He was an advocate of Positivist philosophy and social progressivism.

Prus is regarded as one of the greatest Polish writers, and one of the world's most prominent.

Prus, Bolesław
1847 births
1912 deaths
2040

2040 (MMXL) will be .

Predicted events

February 
 February 6 – Early Macintosh computers cannot recognise dates after this day.

May 
 May 2 – Partial solar eclipse

September 
 September 8 – Major alignment of the planets

November 
 November 4 – Partial solar eclipse

Unknown Dates 
 2040 Summer Olympics will be held.
 If the United States had not returned land for bases on Bermuda in 2002, a ninety-nine year lease (signed in 1941) would have expired.

 Climatologists predict that sometime in 2040 the Arctic Ocean will be free of ice, at least during the autumn. (News reports, December 2006).

Fictional events 
The anime series Macross Plus and Bubblegum Crisis Tokyo 2040 are both set in this year.
 In the universe of Star Trek: The Next Generation, the television becomes obsolete.
 A collection of Doctor Who short stories, Short Trips, is also set in that year.

2040
Wayne Mixson

John Wayne Mixson (June 16, 1922 – July 8, 2020) was an American politician. He was born in New Brockton, Alabama, but was raised in Jackson County, Florida. He was a democrat.

He served in Florida's House of Representatives. In 1978 he was elected a lieutenant governor (deputy governor) to governor Bob Graham. They were reelected in 1982. Mixson served as lieutenant governor from 1979 to 1987. During his second term he was also state Secretary of Commerce. In 1987, Graham resigned from office to become U.S. Senator. Mixson was sworn in as governor for three days, from January 3 to January 6, when governor-elect Bob Martinez (Rep.) took over.

During the 2004 presidential election, Mixson crossed party lines to endorse the re-election of President George W. Bush. 

Mixson died on July 8, 2020 in Tallahassee, Florida at the age of 98.

References

1922 births
2020 deaths
Governors of Florida
Lieutenant Governors of Florida
Politicians from Alabama
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
State legislators of the United States
Neustadt an der Weinstrasse

Neustadt an der Weinstraße is a town in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It has about 54,000 people. The main parts of the town's economy are tourism and winegrowing. Every year the town is the location of the German wine harvest festival with the election of the German wine queen.

Districts 
Its districts are
 Diedesfeld,
 Duttweiler,
 Geinsheim,
 Gimmeldingen,
 Haardt,
 Hambach,
 Königsbach,
 Lachen-Speyerdorf,
 Mußbach, and
 Winzingen.

Culture and sights 
 Hambach Castle
 Saalbau
 Elwetritsch fountain
 Railway Museum
 Villa Böhm
 Wolfscastle

Traffic 
Neustadt have two on-ramps (North and South) of the highway A 65.
Except for the central station, the town have a second railroad station (Böbig) and a third (South).

Economy 
Neustadt is the seat of the Hornbach Holding AG and Team Rosberg.

Twin towns 
 , Lincoln
 , Mâcon
 , Musange
 , Manchester, New Hampshire
 , Mersin-Yenisehir
 , Wernigerode
 , Quanzhou

References

Other websites

  

Cities in Rhineland-Palatinate
Districts of Rhineland-Palatinate
Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate
Towns in Rhineland-Palatinate
Reubin Askew

Reubin O'Donovan Askew (September 11, 1928 - March 13, 2014) was an American politician. He was a democrat from Florida. He was born in Muskogee (Oklahoma), but since 1937 he lived in Florida. He was a lawyer. He served both in US Army and US Air Force.

Early life
Askew was born in Muskogee, Oklahoma. He studied at Florida State University and at University of Florida Levin College of Law. Askew married Donna Lou Harper in August 1956.

Career
Prior to becoming governor, Askew served as state representative (1959-1963) and state senator (1963-1970). For a year (1969-1970) he was president pro tempore of this body.

He was elected governor in the same year and assumed duties in January 1971. He was one of the first southern governors (alongside Jimmy Carter of Georgia) yo openly support desegregation. In 1972 then-democratic Presidential nominee, senator George McGovern of South Dakota offered him vice presidency, but Askew declined it. McGovern lost to Richard Nixon.

Askew was reelected in 1974 and served until early 1979. After leaving office he was, for two years, United States Trade Representative under President Carter.

In 1984 he ran for president, but was defeated in the primary.

Personal life
Askew had two children; one son and one daughter. Askew lived in Tallahassee, Florida.

Death
Askew died at the age of 85 on March 13, 2014 at his Tallahassee home, after a recent stroke.

Legacy
He was regarded by many (including Harvard Scholars) as one of the best U.S. governors in the 20th Century.

References

Other websites

 Official Governor's portrait and biography from the State of Florida
 Florida DeMolay hall of Fame website
 DeMolay hall of Fame website 
 NYTimes obituary

1984 United States presidential candidates
Military people from Florida
United States Trade Representatives
Askew, Reubin
Deaths from stroke
1928 births
2014 deaths
Politicians from Muskogee, Oklahoma
Florida State University alumni
Trabant

The Trabant (or Trabi) was a series of cars built in the German Democratic Republic. When the first cars were released, people saw them as being innovative. The cars were also easy on fuel, they did not need much fuel. Trabant had a two-stroke engine. The outside of the Trabant was not made with steel or iron, because the German Democratic Republic did not want to import steel and iron for the cars, because that would have been too expensive. Instead, the Trabant was made of Duroplast, a special kind of plastic, made by mixing formica and bakelite, and made stronger with fibres of cotton. They could afford some steel from Russia, and this was used for the engine and the floor, and to give the plastic strength. After the Berlin Wall was opened the Trabant did not sell as much as before, because the people wanted bigger cars that they could get after the wall was opened. Trabants can still be found in East Europe, for example in Hungary.

Criticism 
The Trabant was a small car, good for driving in the city. The two-stroke engine created lots of air pollution, but because of the plastic body, it was stronger and safer than western cars of the same time. It was famous for being better in a crash test than a VW Polo.

Versions 

Between 1957 and 1990, about 3 million Trabants were built. As of January 2005, about 67.000 such cars were still registered.

Gallery 

Automobiles
Postum

Postum is a drink first made by C. W. Post in 1895. It is a powder substitute for coffee that is mixed with water. The ingredients are wheat bran, wheat, molasses, and corn dextrin.

It is advertised as a healthier choice of drink than coffee.

Drinks
Brok

Brok nad Bugiem (English: Brok near Bug) is a small town in Mazowsze Voivodship, Poland. Brok is in Ostrowian County (head town of this region is Ostrów Mazowiecka). Brok is one of the smallest places in Europe with town status (since 1500).

 Area: 28,05 km²
 Number of people (as of 2004): 1882
 Community: Brok
 Post code: 07-306
 Current Mayor: Stanisław Bębenek (since 2002)

Brok is regarded by many as one of the most beautiful places in this part of Poland. This is a tourist town near two rivers: Bug and one also named Brok.

Attractions include:
 Gothic Church (built 1560)
 Old Jewish Cemetery
 Location (Puszcza Biała, White Wood)
 Many old houses

Towns in Masovian Voivodeship
Ostrowian County (Poland)
1480



Events 
 March 6 – Treaty of Toledo – Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain recognize African conquests of Afonso of Portugal and he cedes the Canary Islands to Spain
 Great standing on the Ugra river – Muscovy becomes independent from the Golden Horde and Moscow becomes the capital of Russia.
 Ludovico Sforza becomes Regent of Milan (reigns until 1499)
 Concorts and co-rulers Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile initiate the Spanish Inquisition (looking for heretics in converted Jews)
 Leonardo da Vinci invents the parachute
 Mohamed II fails in his attempt to capture Rhodes from the Knights of Rhodes
 Magdalen College School, Oxford starts.
 The Inca Empire conquers northwest Argentina.

Births 
 Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese explorer who was the first to sail around the world.
 Pier Gerlofs Donia, a huge pirate who fought for the independence of Friesland.
 Pir Sultan Abdal, Turkish poet.
 Peter Henlein, German inventor who may have first invented the watch.

Deaths 
 Antonio Squarcialupi, Italian composer
1099



Events 
 Siege of Jerusalem during the First Crusade:
 July 8 – 15,000 starving Christian soldiers march around Jerusalem.
 January 13 – Crusaders set fire to Mara, Syria.
 July 15 – Christian soldiers under Godfrey of Bouillon, Robert II of Flanders, Raymond IV of Toulouse and Tancred take Jerusalem after a difficult siege, killing nearly every inhabitant.
 August 12– the crusaders defeat the Fatimids at the Battle of Ascalon.
Herb Alpert

Herb Alpert (born March 31, 1935 in Los Angeles, California) is an American musician. He is known for his trumpet playing with his group, Tijuana Brass. He is also the co-founder and one of the heads of A&M Records.

References

Other websites

Musicians from Los Angeles
American trumpeters
1935 births
Living people
Hangul

Hangeul () (formerly Hangul 한굴) is the alphabet (or alphabetic syllabary) used for the Korean language.

It was made by Sejong the Great, the 4th King of the Joseon Dynasty in 1443. It is still being used now. When Hangeul was spreading, King Sejong published Hunminjeong'eum Haeryebon (훈민정음 해례본). It was picked as the 'Memory of the World' by UNESCO in 1997. 

In this book, the design ideas of Hangeul and information about its use were written down in detail. The book Hunminjeong'eum Haeryebon states the two design ideas of Hangeul. The first one is that the consonants of Hangeul look like vocal organs. The second one is that the vowels of Hangeul are based on Cheonji'in (천지인). Cheonji'in refers to the three elements of philosophy which are sky (천), earth (지) and human (인). Because of these ideas, Hangeul is well known for being easy to learn.

Although it was only used by the lower classes at first, Hangeul became the official writing script of Korea in the late 19th century. Today it is the most used writing system of both North Korea and South Korea. North Korea abolished the use of Hanja, and today North Koreans write only in Hangeul. In South Korea, people write mostly in Hangeul, but sometimes Hanja is still used.

Vowels 
Vowels are letters like A, E, O and so on

There are 21 letters for vowels in Hangul.
 10 simple ones,  ㅏㅓㅣㅑㅕ  and  ㅗㅜㅡㅛㅠ.
 11 more complicated combinations:  ㅐㅒㅔㅖ and ㅘㅙㅚㅝㅞㅟㅢ.

Meaning:

{|
|-----
| ㅏ || ㅓ || ㅣ || ㅑ || width="40" | ㅕ || ㅗ || ㅜ || ㅡ
| ㅛ || width="40" | ㅠ || ㅐ || ㅒ
| ㅔ || width="40" | ㅖ || ㅘ || ㅙ || ㅚ || ㅝ
| ㅞ || ㅟ
ㅢ
|-----
| a || eo || i || ya || yeo || o || u || eu
| yo || yu || ae || yae || e || ye || wa || wae || oe || wo
| we || wi
eui
|-----
|}
Those with two small lines are pronounced with an extra "y" first.

Consonants 
Consonants are letters like B, G, L, M, N, S and so on.There are 14 simple consonants: ㄱㄴㄷㄹㅁㅂㅅㅇㅈㅊㅋㅌㅍㅎThey can be written two next to each other. Meaning:

The consonants the Korean language uses written in Latin letters are:
B, D, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, R, S, T, W, Y.

Blocks 
The consonants and vowels are combined into blocks of syllables. A syllable means one vowel and a few consonants, like "han" and "geul".

The blocks look like these examples: 서울 한글 평양

Examples

References

Other websites 

 

Alphabets
Korea
1443 establishments
15th-century establishments in Asia
Korean language
Sascha Fischer

Sascha Fischer (born 24 December 1970 in Stuttgart) is a German rugby union player. He started with volleyball, then he began to play rugby for DSV 1878 Hannover (Lower Saxony). Right now he is playing in France as a pro for C.A. Périgueux-Dordogne. With his former team, C.S. Bourgoin-Jallieu, he took part at Heineken Cup. He is 6 feet, 8 inches tall (2.08 meters) and one of the tallest rugby players in Europe. He is a 27 time national player for Germany. He is a very aggressive player and with his height, he can overlook the whole rugby field.

1970 births
Living people
Rugby union players
Sportspeople from Stuttgart
Bob Graham

Daniel Robert "Bob" Graham (born November 9, 1936) is a retired American politician. He was a well known member of the Democratic Party.

Graham has never lost an election. His career started with being a state legislator (Representative 1966-1969, and Senator 1971-1979).

Career

Early career 
In 1978 he was elected Governor of Florida. His Lt. Governor was Wayne Mixson. Graham was reelected in 1982, when he won 65% over a Republican candidate, Skip Bafalis.

He was a popular Governor. He did much to protect the environment. He also oversaw restart of state executions (as first time since 1964), when 16 people were electrocuted. The first of them, John Spenkelink, was the first to die in the electric chair since 1966 in the United States. He was the second to be executed since 1967 (after Gary Gilmore in Utah in January 1977).

Later career 
Graham was elected to the United States Senate in 1986, defeating sitting Senator Paula Hawkins. He served as Senator from 1985 to 2005, when he retired. He resigned from governorship on January 3, 1985, three days before the swearing-in of the governor-elect, Republican Robert Martinez. For this time Mixson assumed his duties, making him the shortest serving governor in Florida history.

From 2001 to 2003 Graham was a chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence.

Attempted careers 
In early 2003 he decided to run for President but, after poor results in an opinion polls, he resigned and later supported John Kerry, who won the Democratic nomination. He was regarded as possible Kerry Vice Presidential candidate, but Kerry chose John Edwards.

Graham voted in 2002 against intervention in Iraq.

Personal 

 He was born in Dade County (now Miami-Dade County)
 He married Adele Khoury in 1959

United States senators from Florida
Governors of Florida
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
1936 births
Living people
2004 United States presidential candidates
Americans

Americans are citizens of the United States.

Also, there are other groups that did not immigrate to the United States but became American because of American expansion in the late 19th century. In addition to the United States, Americans and people of American descent can be found around the world. Three to seven million Americans are estimated to be living outside the United States.

Most Americans are of European descent. The number of Latin Americans and Asians is more than ever. About 13% of Americans are of African descent. People from many cultures, religions, and ethnic groups live in the U.S. This is why the United States is called the "Melting Pot".

The United States is a diverse country. Six races are officially recognized by the U.S. Census Bureau for statistical purposes: White, Black or African American, American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian, and other Pacific Islander.

The current population of Americans in the U.S. is over 331 million people as of 2022.

References

Other websites
Ohio Wesleyan University

Ohio Wesleyan University is a private university in Delaware, Ohio and a member of the Five Colleges of Ohio. Wesleyan was founded in September 1844.

Colleges and universities in Ohio
Five Colleges of Ohio
Great Lakes Colleges Association
Oberlin Group of Libraries
1844 establishments in the United States
1840s establishments in Illinois
Lakshmi

Lakshmi is the goddess of money, wisdom and good luck in Hinduism. Most Hindus pray to her on Diwali, which is a festival in India. She is regarded as an equivalent goddess of Emoinu, her Meitei counterpart.

Lakshmi has four arms, fair skin and sits on a lotus flower and is normally surrounded by elephants. She is covered in jewellery.

She also has several avatars (means a god coming to the earth in the form of a human being or in any other form). Her husband is the Hindu god Vishnu but her other avatars are usually married to Vishnu's avatars:
 Sita, wife of Rama
 Radha, the lover, and Rukmini, the first wife and queen of Krishna

Related pages
 Hindu Goddess

Further reading

References

Other websites 

 Maha Lakshmi Purana
108 Aspects of Wealth
 The Online mandir of Mahalakshmi 
 Know about Goddess Sri Lakshmi 
 Hymns and eulogies on Lakshmi 
 Lakshmi Puran

Hindu gods and goddesses
Dreamtime

In Australian Aboriginal culture, life is based on a foundation of beliefs which are called the Dreamtime, or The Dreaming. This is a complex set of ideas with deep levels of meanings. The Dreamtime has four parts: The beginning of everything; the life and power of the ancestors; the way of life and death; and power in life. Dreamtime was all four of these things at the same time because it is more powerful than time and space. In it all things exist at once. The Aboriginal peoples call Dreamtime the all-at-once time because they think it is the past, present, and future at the same time. It is a beginning that has no end.

They meet The Dreamtime by doing special dances and singing special songs. Aboriginals believe that people have a part of them that will live forever. This part existed before a person was born and will exist after they die. It exists in The Dreamtime. 

All Australian Aboriginals believe in the Dreamtime. Each group and each person has their own stories and traditions. In Central Australia, the Pitjantjatjara call it the Tjukurpa. The Tjukurpa provides the answers for questions about life. It also gives the rules for behaviour and how to live together. It explains the complex relationship between the people, animals, plants and the land. It teaches the how and why the land is to be looked after. It provided the information about what could be eaten, the rules of marriage, of growing up and the rituals of death. Some parts of the Dreamtime are only known to those who have inherited the right to the knowledge.

Dreamtime is often used to describe the time before time, or the time of the creation. Most Aboriginals believe that all life is connected to the great spirit ancestors of the Dreamtime. Every hill, water hole, river, the sky, every feature was created in the Dreamtime. The journeys of the ancestors across the country created the landscape, and populated it with plants and animals. These journeys are often told in cycles of stories, songs and dances, known as iwara, or songlines. These great spirit ancestors have not gone, they are still present, even if they can not be seen. The ceremonies of songs and dance keep the people in contact with the spirits. "Without ceremony the land soon dies..."

References

Australian mythology
Indigenous Australian culture
Creation myths
Southern rock

Southern rock is a kind of rock music from the southern part of the United States. Some southern rock music groups include: Lynyrd Skynyrd, The Allman Brothers Band and Molly Hatchet.

Notable Artist
The Allman Brothers Band
Lynyrd Skynyrd
Atlanta Rhythm Section
Wet Willy
Molly Hatchet
Blackfoot
Black Oak Arkansas

Rock music
Ostrów Mazowiecka

Ostrów Mazowiecka is a main town of Ostrów County, Masovian Voivodeship, Poland.

 Population (as of 2008):  a. 23 540
 Area: 22,09 km²
 Town status: Since 1434
 Postal code: 07-300, 07-302, 07-310
 Current Mayor: George Bauer (Jerzy Bauer)
 Community: Ostrów
 Twin town: Brembate di Sopra (Italy), Iziaslav (Ukraine), Ryazan (Russia)

Related pages
Brok

Towns in Masovian Voivodeship
Ostrowian County (Poland)
100

100 or one hundred (Roman numeral: C) is a common year of the Gregorian calendar. It started on a Friday. It was also a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).

Events 
 Roman Empire
 Pliny the Younger advances to consulship
 Tiberius Avidius Quietus rule as governor of Roman Britain ends
 Timgad (Thamugas) founded by Emperor Trajan
 The Roman Army reaches 300,000 soldiers
 Bricks become the primary building material in the Empire

 Europe
 Lions have become extinct in Europe by this year

 Asia
 Pakores, last king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom, becomes king
 In China, the wheelbarrow is first used 

 Americas
 Hopewell culture begins in what is now Ohio (uncertain date)
 Teotihuacan at the center of Mexi reaches a population of 50,000

 Arabia
 Kingdom of Himyarite is conquered by the Hadramaut

 Religion
 The Temple of the God of Medicine is built in Anguo, China
 Fourth Buddhist Council begins
 The making of the Kama Sutra begins in India

Births

Deaths 
 Josephus, Jewish historian
 Agrippa II of Judea

References
Niue

Niue is a sovereign island country in the south Pacific. 

It is located between Tonga, Samoa and the Cook Islands, it is commonly known as "Rock of Polynesia". 

It has its own government, but it is an associated state of New Zealand. This means that Niue's head of state is New Zealand's sovereign (king) in right, and most diplomatic relations are conducted by New Zealand on Niue's behalf.

The territory is 2,400 kilometres northeast of New Zealand in a triangle between Tonga, Samoa, and the Cook Islands.

Related pages
 Niue national football team

References

 
Commonwealth dependent states
1994 establishments in Oceania
Reichstag

Reichstag is the name of:

 Reichstag (building), building where the former German legislature met
 Reichstag (institution), former parliament of Germany
The Last Supper

The Last Supper is a painting by Leonardo da Vinci.  It is a picture of the last supper of Jesus and his disciples. It shows how they reacted when Jesus said that one of them would betray him. Each disciple has their own expression showing their own reaction to what Jesus has just told them.

The painting is a mural on the wall of the Santa Maria delle Grazie rectory in the dining room in Milan, Italy. It measures 460 X 880 cm.  Da Vinci began painting it in 1495 and finished it in 1498, but did not work on it all the time between these years.  Some people think the painting has secret messages.

Paintings with Christian themes
Paintings by Leonardo da Vinci
15th-century paintings
Thomas the Apostle

Saint Thomas is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. His name means "the twin".

Doubting Thomas

Thomas is most famous for not being present when the other apostles (Jesus's followers and friends) first saw Jesus after he has been risen from the dead. Thomas was not there and when he heard about it, he did not believe his friends, and he said he wanted to see it for himself, even the marks in his hands where Jesus had been nailed to the cross. Jesus did return and showed Thomas. The phrase "Doubting Thomas" (a term for a person who does not believe something at first) comes from this story. Thomas didn't believe Christ had returned until he was invited by the risen Jesus to put his finger into the nail holes in Jesus' hands and his hand into Jesus' wounded side.

Missionary Travels

Though not recorded in the Bible, there are many stories about Thomas working as a missionary.  The Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala, India believe that Thomas came to India to preach in 52 A.D. He is regarded as the patron saint of India. Other ancient accounts tell of him going to China and Indonesia.

References

Related pages
Twelve Apostles

Thomas, Saint
Thomas, Saint
70s deaths
1st-century births