alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Pac-Man

Pac-Man is an arcade video game that was made by Namco and designed by Toru Iwatani. It was released in 1980, and became very popular in the history of games. It is usually designated for kids between the ages of 2 - 12 years old.

In Pac-Man, the player makes a Pac-Man, a yellow disc, move around a maze. The ghosts are Blinky, Pinky, Inky, and Clyde. The goal is to eat every yellow pellet (circles) while not getting caught by the ghosts/monsters. For extra points, fruits that appear can also be eaten. When Pac-Man eats a big pellet, the ghosts turn blue for a short period of time and can be eaten. The time that the ghosts are blue generally decreases from one stage to the next. Beginning at stage 19, the ghosts do not turn blue at all when a power pellet is eaten. Even though the game has 256 stages, the last level can not be finished due to a problem with the creation of the game. 

The player begins the game with 3 lives, and lose one each time Pac-man collides with a ghost. The game ends when all lives are lost. Pac-man gets an extra life once the player gets 10,000 points.

The game is called Puck-Man in Japan. The game was renamed to Pac-Man in the United States so that nobody could change the "P" to "F". There were many sequels and remakes based on the game. Hanna-Barbera made a animated TV show airing on ABC in the early 1980s. The game was also part of Namco Museum games. There is a Namco Museum Remix for the Wii.

Pac-Man was one of the first games to have cutscenes. It has 3 cutscenes in total.

Playing Features 
 Add And Remove A Username!
 Create And Delete A Maze!
 Play The Multiplayer!

References 

1980 video games
Arcade games
Video game series
Namco video games
Game Gear games
Game Boy games
Game Boy Color games
Game Boy Advance games
PlayStation games
Xbox 360 games
Xbox One games
Wii U games
Nintendo Switch games
Commodore 64 games
Apple II games
Pot Noodle

Pot Noodle is a type of cup noodle sold in the United Kingdom. They contain noodles, soya pieces, vegetables, and seasoning powder with a packet of sauce that can be added to taste.

Available products 
Pot noodles are available in several varieties:
Beef and Tomato
Bombay Bad Boy
Chicken and Mushroom
Chow Mein
Hot Chicken Curry
Seedy Sanchez (Mexican fajita flavour)
Southern Fried Chicken
Spicy Curry
Sticky Rib 
Sweet and Sour
Sweet 'n' Spicy - formally "Nice 'n' Spicy"
The Sizzler (bacon flavour)
Mac n’ Cheese 
Chicken korma
Thai green curry

Fast food
Superman (1978 movie)

Superman is a 1978 movie based on the popular Superman superhero comic book. It was directed by Richard Donner, produced by Ilya Salkind, and the music was provided by John Williams. The movie starred Christopher Reeve, Margot Kidder, Marlon Brando, Gene Hackman, Ned Beatty, Phyllis Thaxter, Glenn Ford, and Jackie Cooper. It was very successful at the box office and with critics, and inspired three sequels along with the 2006 movie, Superman Returns.

Release Dates

Other websites

1978 movies
American action movies
Superman movies
Movies composed by John Williams
Movies based on comic book characters
English-language movies
Warner Bros. movies
American superhero movies
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies set in Kansas
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in Nevada
Movies set in San Francisco
Domestic violence

Domestic violence is a form of violence or abuse that happens among people living together in a common household. Very often, such people are married, or they live in a relationship. 

The relationship or marriage may be between people of opposite sex (a man and a woman), but it can also be among people of the same sex. There can also be children in the household.  

Violence between adult partners of a relationship is the most common type of domestic violence. There are also violent acts of adults against children, of children against adults, and violence against elderly people. 

The exact definitions of what is domestic violence vary by country. In general though, the legal definitions only include the acts, and their punishment. People from sociology and psychology also look at the motivations (why the person became violent).  

Like other forms of violence, domestic violence often has a repeating pattern, known as cycle of violence, or cycle of abuse. If violence is unreported, it may get worse over time.  

The person becoming violent often wants to get more power and more control over another person. When the cycle of violence starts people are said to be losing their temper. 

Domestic violence can be a cause for becoming homeless. 

Most of the time, the victims of domestic violence are  women. They may experience more severe forms of violence. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates 1 in 3 of all women are subject to domestic violence at some point in their life. Women are also more likely  than men to use intimate partner violence in self-defense.

Some countries do not have good laws covering domestic violence. In these countries domestic violence may be permitted, especially in the case where the woman is suspected of  infidelity. There seems to be a correlation between the level of gender equality, and the level of domestic violence. Countries with less gender equality have higher rates of domestic violence. 

Very often, incidents of domestic violence are not reported; this is true for both men and women. There is a social stigma: Most people believe that women are victims of domestic violence, most of the time. That way, healthcare providers often overlook men who are victims of domestic violence.

Children 
If we go back a century or two, we find that in some countries, children were often beaten, both at home and at school. Now that is much rarer, and may be forbidden in law. The key term to search for this topic is "corporal punishment".

Forms 
There are different forms of domestic abuse, not all of which are violent:
 Physical abuse: this usually means physical beating, but sometimes involves other serious actions, such as acid throwing
 Sexual abuse, many forms of rape
 Psychological abuse

References

Related pages 
 Domestic Abuse Advice
Cycle of abuse (patterns in relationships where there is domestic violence)
Istanbul Convention
Domestic violence
Women's rights
Violence against women
Emersons Green

Emersons Green is an area with lots of houses, just to the north of Bristol, in England.

It used to be just farming land between Mangotsfield and Downend, but in the 1990s houses, schools and shops were built.

Emersons Green is in South Gloucestershire.

There is a large shopping area in Emersons Green, including Sainsbury's, Boots, Lidl and Argos.  There are also restaurants, three pubs and some cafés.

Villages in Gloucestershire
Mosel-Saar-Ruwer

Mosel-Saar-Ruwer is a German wine-growing-region in the valleys of the rivers Moselle, Saar and Ruwer near Koblenz and Trier, Rhineland-Palatinate. It is famous for its wines of Riesling, Elbling and Müller-Thurgau grapes. 

There are the following six sub-regions with 19 large vineyards: 

Region Cochem / Untermosel
Weinhex
Goldbäumchen
Rosenhang
Grafschaft
Schwarze Katz (Zell)

Region Bernkastel / Mittelmosel
Vom heißen Stein (Reil)
Schwarzlay
Nacktarsch (Kröv)
Münzlay
Badstube (Bernkastel)
Beerenlay
Kurfürstlay 
Michelsberg
St. Michael
Probstberg
Römerlay

Region Ruwer

Region Saar

Region Obermosel
Königsberg
Gipfel

Region Moseltor
Schloß Bübinger (Perl)

Other websites 

Mosel-Saar-Ruwer

German food
Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate
Geography of Saarland
Wine regions
Ruwer River

The Ruwer is a river in Germany with a length of , a tributary of the Mosel River.  The valley of the Ruwer is a part of the wine-growing region Mosel-Saar-Ruwer near Trier in Rhineland-Palatinate. It is famous for its Riesling wines.

At the lower Ruwer valley are the villages Waldrach, Kasel, Mertesdorf, Eitelsbach and Ruwer.

Tributaries
Tributaries are Alkenbach, Altbach, Altweiherbach, Apfelbach, Avelbach, Bausbach, Benninger Bach, Bingelbach, Burg Heider Bach, Burkelsbach, Eitelsbach, Enterbach, Eschbach, Eselsbach, Flonterbach, Gimpelbach, Gondersbach, Grindelbach, Großbach, Hinzerter Bach, Kittelbach, Klinkbach, Kreidbach, Kundelbach, Labach, Lehbach, Misselbach, Moertschelbach, Mühlscheider Bach, Pehlbach, Rauruwer, Rimperterbach, Riveris, Rothbach, Siebenbornbach, Thielenbach, Waldbach, Waschbach, Weiherbach, Wenigbach, Wenzelbach and Weschbach.

Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate
Rivers of Germany
Slug

Slug is a general term for a gastropod mollusc which has no shell, or just a small internal shell. 

Slugs belong to several different families which also include snails with shells. Snails are gastropods with a coiled shell large enough for the animal to pull back inside. The families of land slugs are not very closely related, despite looking similar. The shell-less slug type is an example of convergent evolution, and so the category "slug" is  not a taxonomic category.

The name "slug" is used for air-breathing land slugs, while the marine forms are usually known as sea slugs. Land gastropods with a shell that is too small to hide the body are sometimes called semislugs.

Body parts and behaviour 

Like land snails, most slugs have four 'feelers' or tentacles on their head. The upper two (the "optical tentacles") see light and have eyespots at the ends, while the lower two (the "sensory tentacles") are used for smelling. The tentacles are retractable, and can regrow if lost. 

On top of the slug, behind the head, is a body part called the mantle, and under this are the genital opening and anus. On one side (almost always the right side) of the mantle is a breathing hole, which is easy to see when open, but difficult to see when closed. Inside the mantle in some species is a very small, flat shell.

The bottom of a snail is called a "foot". Like other snails, a slug moves by rhythmic waves of muscle contraction on the bottom of its foot. At the same time, it secretes a layer of mucus on which it travels, which helps prevent damage to the foot. Around the edge of the foot is the 'foot fringe'. 

Some slug species hibernate underground during the winter in places with cold winters, but in other species, the adults die in the autumn.

Gastropods
Ruwer (municipality)

Ruwer is a municipality (a convention community called Verbandsgemeinde Ruwer) on the River Ruwer. The administrative offices are in the town of Waldrach, and it should not be confused with the nearby town of Ruwer, which is for administrative purposes a part of the city of Trier.

Members

Photos

Related pages 
Ruwer-Hochwald-Radweg

Other websites 

 Homepage of the municipality
 Touristinformation Ruwer

Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate
Gunpowder

Gunpowder (or gun powder) is a mix of chemical substances (75%  saltpeter, 15% charcoal and 10% sulfur). It is used primarily in firearms, burns very quickly, and creates gases. Those gases use up more space than the gunpowder they come from, so they push outward. If the gunpowder is in a small space, the gases will push on the walls of the space, building up pressure. In a gun, the pressure pushes against a bullet, causing it to fly out at high speeds. If the pressure became too high, it could destroy the gun barrel.

Gunpowder was invented by the Chinese. The first references of black powder, the original form of gunpowder, date to the 9th century. According to legend, Chinese alchemists were looking for a formula to create the elixir of life, or the mythical potion that causes whoever drinks it to become immortal, when they accidentally created gunpowder. Because the powder was highly flammable, or burned very easily, they decided to call it "fire medicine" (Simplified Chinese: 火药 / Traditional Chinese: 火藥). The Chinese soon weaponized the substance, or made weapons out of it. In later centuries they made many weapons using gunpowder, including rockets, bombs, flamethrowers, and land mines, before making cannons and guns. The oldest weapon that uses gunpowder dates back to a bronze handheld cannon made in northeastern China in 1288. The first mention in Europe was in the 13th century when Roger Bacon described the formula of black powder. Gunpowder was extremely valuable to the Chinese civilization, in fact so valuable that sometimes it was traded for gold.

Other websites 
 Gunpowder -Citizendium

References 

Firearms
Mayor

A mayor is a person who is in charge of the administration of a city.  Some mayors are elected by the people who live in that city.  For other cities, a central government body may choose the mayor.  Some large cities have a Lord Mayor.

In federal countries like Germany the mayor can also be head of the government of a city state. The Mayor of Hamburg runs the government just like the Minister President of Bavaria runs the Bavarian government. In some big cities such as Tokyo the Mayor is a Governor.

In many countries, such as the United Kingdom and Australia, the mayor is not in charge of the daily functions of a city or town. That job is done by a Town Clerk or Chief Executive, who is appointed to a full-time paid job. The mayor works part-time, usually without payment, and represents the city at events and civic functions. 

 
Government occupations
Churning of the Ocean

Churning of the Ocean is a mythical story of Hinduism and Hindu mythology. It is described in many Hindu scriptures, especially in the Mahabharata and the Puranas. The story tells about the churning of the ocean by the gods and the demons. From this churning of the ocean, several things came out of the ocean. Some of them were:

Surabhi: She was a cow. She was called the cow of plenty.
Varuni: He was the goddess of wine.
Parijata: It was a tree. The story tells that this tree granted all the wishes of the person standing below it.
Apsaras: They were beautiful women. They would never grow old. They used to dance in the court of Indra, a god of the Indo-Aryan period.
The moon: The Hindu scriptures name the moon as the Chandra. It rose from the ocean when the gods and the demons were churning the ocean. 
Kalakuta: It was a dangerous poison. When it came out of the ocean, Shiva drank it.
Dhanvantari: He was the first physician of Ayurvedic system of medicine and medication.
Lakshmi: She came out of the ocean seated on a lotus. She is a goddess of Hindus.
Uchchaishravas: It was a horse with seven heads. The legend states that it pulls the chariot of the sun-god, Surya.
Airavata: It was a three-headed elephant. It was taken by Indra.
Kaustuba: It was a very important gem. God Vishnu kept it.

The Hindu scriptures and the Hindu mythology tell that all the above things came out of the ocean for the good of human beings.

References
Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend () by Anna Dallapiccola

Hindu mythology
Martha Washington

Martha Dandridge Custis Washington (June 2, 1731 – May 2, 1802) was the wife of George Washington, the first President of the United States.  Although people only started using the term decades after her death, Martha Washington is considered to be the first First Lady of the United States.

Early life
She was born  on June 2, 1731, at Chestnut Grove Plantation near Williamsburg, Virginia.  Her parents were John Dandridge, an immigrant from England, and his wife Frances Jones. Her education consisted of the womanly arts such as needlework and playing musical instruments. Later in life, she would learn to manage a plantation.

Marriage 
At 18, she married Daniel Parke Custis, a wealthy tobacco planter 20 years older than her. She bore him four children. Only two, John "Jacky" and Martha "Patsy", survived to young adulthood. She was widowed in 1757 at age 26. In 1759, she married George Washington, a colonel in the colonial militia. Their marriage was one of mutual affection and respect, but not one of passion.  The Washingtons had no biological children.

Personal life
During the American Revolutionary War, Martha visited the cold and starving Continental troops spending the winter at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. She donated as much food as possible, and sewed clothing for the soldiers.  She nursed those who were ill or dying. She urged local women to do the same. Her commitment to the welfare of the veterans of the Revolution would remain lifelong. They addressed her as "Lady Washington."

First Lady
Washington was unanimously elected president in 1789. Martha served as First Lady from April 30, 1789 to March 4, 1797. She found the job unpleasant. She complained of the journalists who followed her everywhere (even to the circus with her grandson), and of the many restrictions placed upon her as First Lady (she was not allowed to accept dinner invitations, for example).

She set many of the customs and standards that were observed by future First Ladies. She retired to Mount Vernon with her husband after serving her country.

Death
She died in Mount Vernon on May 22, 1802. Her obituary (death notice) was widely printed in regional newspapers. She is buried in the vault at Mount Vernon. She was the first historical female figure to be depicted by the United States government on postage stamps and currency.

Gallery

References

1731 births
1802 deaths
18th-century American people
First Ladies of the United States
People from Virginia
Abigail Adams

Abigail Smith Adams (November 11, 1744 – October 28, 1818) was the wife of John Adams, the second President of the United States. She was also the mother of John Quincy Adams, the sixth president. Later on, people started to address the wife of the president as the First Lady. So, she became the second First Lady of the United States. She was born in Weymouth, Massachusetts. She belonged to a famous family of Massachusetts (the Quincy Family).

In 1801, the couple retired and lived in Quincy. Abigail died in 1818, at age 74 of typhoid fever.

Early life 
Abigail Adams advocated for an equal education in public schools for boys and girls. In her earliest years, she was often in poor health. She spent most of her time reading. In addition to that, she corresponded to family and friends before getting married. 

Adams did not get any formal education in any school or college. Her father had a big library, so she studied many books and became smart that way. She married John Adams in 1764. In the next ten years, she had five children (a sixth was stillborn). One of her children was John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the United States.

Political involvement 
Adams was a vital confidant and adviser to her husband John Adams. She opposed slavery and supported women's rights. In 1776, her husband participated in the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia. There, Adams wrote her most famous letter to the Founding Fathers "remember the ladies." 

In 1784, Adams joined at her husband at his diplomatic post in Paris. She became interested in the manners of the French. After 1785, she filled the difficult role of wife of the First US Minister to Great Britain. She did so with dignity.

References

Other websites 

1744 births
1818 deaths
18th-century American people
19th-century American people
First Ladies of the United States
Second Ladies of the United States
John Adams
People from Massachusetts
Martha Jefferson Randolph

Martha Washington Jefferson Randolph (September 27, 1772 – October 10, 1836) was the daughter of Thomas Jefferson and his wife Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson. Thomas Jefferson was the third President of the United States. Because her father was a widower, Martha Washington Jefferson Randolph acted as the First Lady of the United States from March 4, 1801 to March 3, 1809.

Martha was born in Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia. She was named Martha Washington in honor of Martha Washington, the wife of the first President of the United States, George Washington. She was educated in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Paris.

In 1790, Martha married Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. They had twelve children. Shortly before her death, she and her husband developed differences. She died in 1836 in Albemarle County, Virginia at the age of 64.

People from Virginia
1772 births
1836 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
Children of Presidents of the United States
Thomas Jefferson
Aracaju

Aracaju is the modern capital city of the state of Sergipe in the northeastern region of Brazil. It has about 470.000 inhabitants (estimate 2003) and lies between the cities of Salvador and Maceio, also in the northeast of Brazil. It was planned and built to be the state capital in 1855.

Cities in Sergipe
Capitals of Brazilian states
1855 establishments
19th-century establishments in Brazil
1850s establishments in South America
Leprosy

Leprosy is a contagious disease. It has been known for a very long time. Today, it is mostly called Hansen's disease, named after the person who discovered the bacterium, Gerhard Armauer Hansen. It is caused by a bacterium, Mycobacterium leprae. A person with leprosy is called a leper.

As of 2004, the estimated number of new infections was about 400,000.

Getting the disease is hard, since it requires close contact with someone who has it, over a long period of time. In addition, about 95% of people seem to be naturally immune to it.

Most cases of leprosy occur in India, and other developing countries. It has known to have been in the US before. There are practically no cases of leprosy in the developed world. This is because there are excellent drugs and people regularly take antibiotics which will kill the leprosy bacteria.

In former times, leprosy was seen as a divine punishment for sins committed.

Symptoms 
The symptoms of leprosy are irregular spots and patches on the skin. These are either lighter colored than the surrounding skin, or reddish in color. On those patches, hair will fall out, and they will feel numb to the patient. Nerves will form knots there.
With the illness progressing the sense of touch will become less and less (until the patient feels completely numb). So called leptomes and ulcers will eat away the skin, the flesh and the organs on the patches.

Usually people do not die of leprosy, but of secondary infections and diseases they get.

For many years there was a leprosy colony on the Hawaiian Island of Molokai called Kalaupapa. Tens of thousands of people from the United States that had the disease were sent there.

Gallery

Diseases caused by bacteria
Dolley Madison

Dolley Payne Todd Madison (May 20, 1768 – July 12, 1849) was the wife of US President  James Madison. James Madison was president from 1809 to 1817 while Dolley Madison was the First Lady of the United States. She is best known for saving Washington's portrait when the British burned the White House in the War of 1814. Though she is also a famous entertainer, the first to serve ice cream in the White House.

Dolley was born in New Garden. Now the place is known as Guilford County. It is in North Carolina. Some other account tells that she was born in a village named Payne’s Tavern. It is in Person County, North Carolina.

Her father’s name was John Payne. As an unsuccessful farmer, he always faced shortage of money. Dolley’s mother was Mary Coles.

Dolley spent her teenage years in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. On January 7, 1790, she married John Todd, Jr. (1764-1793). Todd was a lawyer. They had two sons. Their names were John Payne (1792-1852) and William Temple (born and died in 1793). William died in a yellow fever epidemic. In the same year, her husband also died of the same yellow fever epidemic.

Dolley Todd married James Madison on September 14, 1794. They had no children, but they raised Dolley's son from her first marriage, John Payne Todd. John Payne Todd was a notorious drunkard and gambler, which caused his mother many financial problems, especially after Madison died.

In 1814, the British army had burnt the White House. Fleeing from her burning home, Dolley saved many records and papers. Legend states she also saved a painting of George Washington, though had to break it out of its frame.

On the National First Lady Library she says, "There is one secret, and that is the power we have in forming our own destinies."

References

1768 births
1849 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
James Madison
American Christians
People from Greensboro, North Carolina
People from Virginia
Quakers
Elizabeth Monroe

Elizabeth Kortright Monroe (June 30, 1768 – September 23, 1830) was the wife of James Monroe. James Monroe was the fifth President of the United States.

Elizabeth Monroe was born in an old family of New York. When she was a girl of 17 years, she married James Monroe. At that time, Monroe was a lawyer. He was aged 27 years. Once, the government sent Monroe as an envoy to Versailles. She also went along with her husband. 
                                 
During her last years, Elizabeth Monroe became very sick. She could not take part in social functions. She became more distant from people. Some people thought her to be a snob. But, her husband always understood her problems. After a long illness, she died on September 23, 1830 at her home in Oak Hill at age 62.

1768 births
1830 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
James Monroe
Celestia

Celestia is a free 3D astronomy program for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. It was created by Chris Laurel and is licensed under the GPL.

The program is based on the Hipparcos Catalogue (118,218 Stars) and allows users to display objects from artificial satellites to entire galaxies in three dimensions in OpenGL. Different from other planetarium software, the user is free to travel in the universe.

NASA and ESA have used Celestia, but it is not to be confused with Celestia 2000, ESA's own program.

On 31st October 2022, a Chinese game developer named Linfeng Li created a mobile version of Celestia for android devices.

Related pages 
 Astronomy

References

Software
Astronomy
Bill Cullen

Bill Cullen (February 18, 1920 – July 7, 1990) was an American television game show host.  His full name was William Lawrence Cullen.

Cullen was originally from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  He suffered from polio as a child. He had a limp for the remainder of his life.

Cullen was best known for hosting the original version of The Price is Right on the television networks NBC and ABC.  That show is now on CBS and hosted by Drew Carey.  He also hosted a version of The $25,000 Pyramid, Child's Play, and Blockbusters.

Bill Cullen died in Bel Air, California in 1990 from lung cancer after smoking for most of his life.

American radio personalities
American television presenters
Deaths from lung cancer
American game show hosts
Actors from Pittsburgh
1920 births
1990 deaths
Rudi Carrell

Rudi Carrell (real name Rudolf Wijbrand Kesselaar) was a very successful comedian, singer and television presenter. He was born on December 19, 1934 in Alkmaar, in the Netherlands. He died of lung cancer on July 7, 2006 in Bremen, Germany. He was very popular in Germany, for shows like Die Rudi Carrell Show.

He was awarded various prizes, amongst others the Goldene Kamera for a lifetime of good work, in February of 2006 (which was his last public appearance) as well as the Bundesverdienstkreuz (the only award given by the Federal Republic of Germany, for extraordinary achievements in politics or culture) in 1985.

Other websites 

1934 births
2006 deaths
Cancer deaths in Germany
German comedians
Deaths from lung cancer
Dutch singers
Dutch television presenters
Musicians from North Holland
People from Alkmaar
Lung cancer

Lung cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in one or both of the lungs. Cigarette smoking causes most lung cancers when smoke gets in the lungs. Lung cancer kills 1.8 million people each year, more than any other cancer. It has a 80-90% death rate, and is the leading cause of cancer death in men, and the second leading cause of cancer death in women. 

The large majority of people who get lung cancer have smoked for many years. However, there are types of lung cancers that appear in otherwise healthy patients who have never smoked. 

There are two main types of lung cancer, small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Small cell lung cancer typically responds well to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and non-small cell lung cancer is more commonly treated with surgical removal of the lung tumor.

Non-small cell lung cancer

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) account for about 85% to 90% of lung cancer cases. People who have a deficient low pigment count have a higher chance of contracting lung cancer. There are three types of non-small cell lung cancer: 
Squamous cell (epidermoid) carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Large cell (undifferentiated) carcinoma

Symptoms:
Chest pain
Coughing
Congestion 
Heart burn

References 

Cancer
Whitchurch, Shropshire

Whitchurch is a small market town in the north of the county of Shropshire, England. It is the oldest town inhabited in Shropshire.  The town lies 2 miles (3 km) east of the Welsh border. As of 2011, the town has a population of 9,781. 

The town was founded by the Romans and there are still some Roman artefacts that can be visited in a Museum.

The town has a railway station on the Welsh Marches Line.

Gallery

References

Towns in Shropshire
Civil parishes in Shropshire
Panthera

Panthera is a genus of the family Felidae.
It has five living species, which are the biggest cats in the Felidae.  The tiger is the largest Panthera species, and the largest of all cats. The leopard is the smallest Panthera species.

Results of genetic analysis indicate that the snow leopard also belongs to the Panthera, a classification that was accepted by IUCN assessors in 2008. The genus Neofelis is also closely related.

Taxonomy 
 Genus Panthera
 Lion, Panthera leo
 Jaguar, Panthera onca
 Leopard, Panthera pardus
 Tiger, Panthera tigris
 Snow leopard, Uncia uncia, now Panthera uncia

References
Superpower

A superpower is a country that is one of the most powerful countries in the world. It is more powerful than a great power and less powerful than a hyperpower. Right now, only the United States is a superpower. However, China may become a superpower in the future. Some say it is already one. Others say that it will not become a superpower.

In the years following World War II, the United Nations was formed. The 5 countries that would later have nuclear bombs – those who would be able to start a nuclear war – were all given permanent seats on the Security Council. This means they are on the Security Council forever. They were also all given equal veto power over decisions in the Security Council. These five countries were: United States, United Kingdom, China, France, and the Soviet Union.

For most of the 1900s, the Soviet Union was a superpower. After the Soviet Union split into a lot of smaller countries in 1991, it was not a superpower anymore. Russia got most of the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons, and also its permanent seat in the Security Council. Some other countries also have nuclear weapons now, and can also start a nuclear war just as well, but they are not permanent members with veto power. The Republic of India, and Pakistan are a few countries like this. In order to be a superpower, a country must dominate economic, cultural, and military as well as diplomatic influence.

Related pages
 Great power
Hyperpower

References

Country classifications

International politics
Yonkers, New York

Yonkers is the 4th largest city in the American state of New York. It is the southwestern part of Westchester County

Yonkers borders the New York City borough of The Bronx and is 2 miles (3 km) north of Manhattan. Broadway runs through all three, and railroads also connect them to Grand Central Terminal. The Bronx River separates Yonkers from Mount Vernon, New York on the east. The Hudson River is on the west. The city's best-known attraction is Yonkers Raceway, a harness racing track. There is a large shopping area along Central Park Avenue. It is sometimes called "Central Avenue" by area residents.

Sources 

 
1640s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
17th-century establishments in New York
Louisa Adams

Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams (February 12, 1775 – May 15, 1852) was the wife of the 6th President of the United States, John Quincy Adams. As the wife of the president of the United States, she was the First Lady of the United States from 1825 to 1829.

She was born in London. Her mother, Catherine Nuth Johnson was an English lady. Her father, Joshua Johnson, was from the US and a citizen of the USA. Louisa Adams was then the only First Lady not born in the United States. John Adams, the second president of the US, was her father-in-law.

In 1794, John Quincy Adams met Louisa in London. At that time, Adams was a US diplomat. After about three years, they married. The couple also lived in Berlin where Adams got a posting. Louisa along with her husband arrived to the US in 1801. They lived in different places before her husband became the President.She went to school in London and France.

She died in 1852, aged 77. She is buried in the United States Parish Church, Quincy, Massachusetts.

1775 births
1985 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
John Quincy Adams
Angelica Van Buren

Angelica Singleton Van Buren (February 13, 1818 – December 29, 1877) acted as the First Lady of the United States. She was the daughter-in-law of Martin Van Buren, the 8th president of the USA. Angelica Singleton had married the President's son, Abraham Van Buren. She took over the role of the First Lady, as the president's wife had died 17 years earlier.

Angelica Singleton belonged to a high society. She was also related to Dolley Madison, wife of US President James Madison. Angelica brought a special style to her role as the First Lady.

She and Abraham Van Buren married in 1838. After marriage they took a long tour of Europe. When they came back to the US in 1839, she took up the role of the First Lady during the presidency of her father-in-law. In 1841, Martin Van Buren was defeated, she and her husband shifted to Kinderhook, Lindenwald. During the winter, they lived in their family home in South Carolina. From 1848 until her death in 1877, she lived in New York City.

Angelica was from the cream of southern society and was the great-granddaughter of Gen. Richard Richardson and Mary Cantey (Richardson). Gen. Richardson was the progenitor of six South Carolina governors, three Manning and three Richardson governors. One descendant, Elizabeth Peyre Richardson, was so closely related to all of these governors that she appears in Ripley's Believe it or Not. Angelica's sister, Marion, has a bio that, although sad, is actually more interesting than hers. See "A Tale of Two Sisters," by Joseph C. Elliott, Sandlapper: The Magazine of South Carolina.

First Ladies of the United States
1818 births
1877 deaths
Martin Van Buren
Jane Irwin Harrison

Jane Irwin Harrison (July 23, 1804 – May 11, 1846) was the First Lady of the United States for a very brief period. She was married to William Henry Harrison Jr. William was the son of William Henry Harrison, ninth President of the United States. As the daughter-in-law of the president, she acted as the First Lady for about a month in 1841. She acted as his official hostess during his brief tenure in office, which lasted for a month in 1841. President’s wife Anna Harrison was very ill, and she could not go out of their home in Ohio, when her husband moved to take up the presidency.

1804 births
1846 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
People from Pennsylvania
Mary Todd Lincoln

Mary Ann Todd Lincoln (née Todd; December 13, 1818 – July 16, 1882) was the wife of the sixteenth President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, and was First Lady of the United States from 1861 to 1865.

Early life
She was born in Lexington, Kentucky. Her father was Robert Smith Todd and her mother was Eliza Parker. Her parents were prominent residents of the city. Mary's paternal great-grandfather, David Levi Todd, was born in County Longford, Ireland, and emigrated through Pennsylvania to Kentucky. Her great-great maternal grandfather Samuel McDowell was born in Scotland, and emigrated to Pennsylvania. Other Todd ancestors came from England. When she was around twenty years old, Mary came to Illinois where her sister Elizabeth lived. There she met Abraham Lincoln. He was a young lawyer at that time.

Marriage and family
She married Abraham Lincoln on November 4, 1842.
 
The Lincolns loved one another very much. But, at times, their relationship became troubled. The Lincolns had four children:
Robert Todd Lincoln
Edward (Eddie) Baker Lincoln
William (Willie) Wallace Lincoln
Thomas (Tad) Lincoln

The last person known to be of direct Lincoln lineage, Robert's grandson "Bud" Beckwith died in 1985.

First Lady
Mary Lincoln was well-educated lady. She was also interested in public affairs. She also shared her husband’s ambition. At times, she became touchy and irritated. The newspapers sometimes criticized her for spending the government’s money to buy new furniture for the White House. She went to the hospitals during this time, to help wounded soldiers.

Personal life
After the assassination of her husband in 1865, the death of her two sons, Willie and Thomas, had made her very sad. She became very depressed. His son Robert wanted to take control of his mother's money. He sent his mother to an insane asylum. After three months, she was freed. She never forgave her son. She spent about four years in France in a city named Pau. She also traveled to many parts of Europe.

Health
During her last years, her health became very weak. In 1879, she suffered spinal cord injuries when she fell from a stepladder. She also got cataracts and her eyesight became weak.

Death

During the early 1880s, Mary Lincoln was confined to the Springfield, Illinois residence of her sister Elizabeth Edwards. She died there on July 16, 1882, at age 63. She was interred in the Lincoln Tomb in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield alongside her husband.

References

Other websites

Mary Todd Lincoln Research Site
ESPECIALLY FOR STUDENTS: A One Page Summary of Mary Todd Lincoln's Life
White House profile

Mary Todd Lincoln Quotes
Original Manuscript Letters: Mary Todd Lincoln Shapell Manuscript Foundation

First Ladies of the United States
Lincoln, Abraham
1818 births
1882 deaths
People from Lexington, Kentucky
19th-century American people
Bornean orangutan

The Bornean  orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) is a species of orangutan native to the island of Borneo.

References 

Hominids
Mammals of Asia
Missile

In military terminology, a missile is a guided airborne ranged weapon capable of self-propelled flight. In general, a missile may refer to anything thrown or launched object at a target like a javelin or darts. Nowadays, it means, mostly, a self-propelled guided weapon system. Missiles are used in war to destroy military targets. Missiles can carry explosives or other destructive loads. The loads a missile may carry are called a "payload". It is not always harmful to people.

For example, cruise missiles have carried "graphite bombs" to destroy electrical power systems without much collateral damage. Missiles are also one of the causes of explosions.

Types of missiles
The two main kinds of missiles are simple "rockets" and "guided missiles". A rocket is no longer controlled once it has been launched. Most guided missile are also propelled by a rocket engine but can be controlled after it has been launched. Some missiles used in anti-aircraft warfare, such as the AIM-9 Sidewinder, guide themselves with temperature. Others guide themselves by radar or are under radio control. 

Cruise missiles are big missiles that carry large payloads to hit ground targets or to badly damage/sink ships. Ballistic missiles look similar, but they keep the engine off and don't stay at a lower height to be more accurate like cruise missiles do. Instead, they go high up to the edge of space and turn off the engine. Since there's no air friction in space, they don't need the engine on to continue moving forward at the same speed. They then crash into the target from the sky. The Topol M is the missile in the picture and is a ballistic missile. In short, cruise missiles have an engine always running and fly low through the atmosphere to get to a target. Ballistic missiles go to the edge of space and turn off their engine to fall to a target. You could say cruise missiles fly while ballistic missiles fall.  

The V-1 flying bomb was an early cruise missile, a little pilotless airplane with a bomb, propelled by a jet engine instead of a rocket.

Related pages
 Intercontinental ballistic missile
 Scramjet
 V-2 rocket

References

Missiles
1290s

The 1290s was a decade that began on 1 January 1290 and ended on 31 December 1299.

Events 
 Mongol invasion of Russia, Hungary, and Poland
The Nightmare Before Christmas

The Nightmare Before Christmas is a 1993 stop-motion animated dark fantasy movie directed by Henry Selick and produced/co-written by Tim Burton. It is a 31st movie. It tells the story of Jack Skellington, a skeleton from "Halloween Town" who opens a portal to "Christmas Town".This new town makes Jack realize he wants to do something different than Halloween every year. Jack tries Christmas out but soon realizes that Christmas may not be for him. Danny Elfman wrote the music to the movie and provided the singing voice of Jack, as well as other characters. Other voices in the movie include Chris Sarandon, Catherine O'Hara, William Hickey, Ken Page and Glen Shadix.

Cast 
 Chris Sarandon as Jack Skellington
 Danny Elfman as Jack Skellington (singing voice) / Barrel / Clown with the Tearaway Face
 Catherine O'Hara as Sally / Shock
 William Hickey as Doctor Finkelstein
 Glenn Shadix as Mayor of Halloweentown
 Paul Reubens as Lock
 Ken Page as Oogie Boogie
 Ed Ivory as Santa Claus

References

Other websites 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 The Nightmare Before Christmas  at The Tim Burton Collective
 

1993 movies
2000s 3D movies
American family movies
Disney animated movies
1990s American musical movies
Christmas movies
Movies composed by Danny Elfman
The Nightmare Before Christmas
3D re-releases
Crumple zone

Crumple zones in a car help to reduce the impact of force on the people in the car when the car crashes into a solid object or another vehicle. The car is designed to crumple in a way so it absorbs energy to decelerate for longer and so reduce the force and severity of the crash on the people in the car.

Engineering
Harriet Lane

Harriet Rebecca Lane Johnston (May 9, 1830 – July 3, 1903), niece of lifelong bachelor United States President James Buchanan, acted as First Lady of the United States from 1857 to 1861. She was one of the few women to hold the position of First Lady while not being married to the President.

Early life
Her parents were Elliot Tole Lane and Jane Buchanan Lane. When she was 9 years old, her mother died. Two years later, her father also died. She became an orphan. She requested that her uncle, James Buchanan, be made her guardian.  Thus, Buchanan became her guardian. He arranged for her education. She received a very good education.

Personal life
In 1854 she went to London to live with her uncle, James Buchanan. There she attracted the attention of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. She gave her the title of “dear Miss Lane”.

First Lady
In 1857, her uncle became the President of the United States. She became the First Lady. She was a popular First Lady, and was very active. Women of that time even copied her hair style and style of dressing. People describe her as the first of the modern first lady.

After First Lady
After her uncle retired, they went to live in his big home at, Wheatland near Lancaster, Pennsylvania. From her young age, she had met many persons.

Within next 18 years, she saw many deaths: her uncle, her husband, and her two young sons. 
  
After this, she moved to Washington to live. She gifted a large collection of her art works to the government. An official of the Smithsonian Institute once described her as the First Lady of the National Collection of Fine Arts. She also donated a large amount to build a facility for invalid children at the  Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore.

Marriage
She married when she was 36. Her husband was Henry Elliot Johnston. Her husband was a banker from Baltimore.

Death
After her death, she was buried at Baltimore, Maryland.

James Buchanan
First Ladies of the United States
1830 births
1903 deaths
Afelia

Afelia is a Greek food. It is popular in the island nation of Cyprus. Afelia is made from pork, red wine, mushrooms, potatoes and coriander seed.

Other websites
 How to cook afelia – The Worldwide Gourmet

Greek food
President of Ireland

The President of Ireland (Irish: Uachtarán na hÉireann ) is the head of state of Ireland. It is mostly ceremonial and elections are held every seven years, a person can be elected for up to two terms. The current President of Ireland is Michael D. Higgins.

Duties
 Appoints the government: The President formally appoints the Taoiseach (head of government) and other ministers, and accepts their resignations. 
 Signs bills into law: The President cannot veto a bill that the Dáil and the Seanad have adopted.
 Power of pardon: The President, on the advice of the Government, has "the right of pardon and the power to commute or remit punishment".
 The President is ex officio President of the Irish Red Cross Society.
 The President appoints, on the advice of the Government, the Senior Professors and chairman of the council of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies;

List of presidents of Ireland

The functions of the President were exercised by the Presidential Commission from the coming into force of the Constitution on 29 December 1937 until the election of Douglas Hyde in 1938, and during the vacancies of 1974, 1976, and 1997.

Notes

References

Other websites
 

 
Government of the Republic of Ireland
Ireland
Sarah Childress Polk

Sarah Childress Polk (September 4, 1803 – August 14, 1891) was the wife of the US President James K. Polk. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1845 to 1849.

Early life and education
She was born in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. She was the elder daughter of her parents, Captain Joel and Elizabeth Childress. As a child, she lived on a plantation near Murfreesboro, Tennessee.  She got a good education and studied at Salem College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

Marriage and family
On 1 January 1824, she married James K. Polk. At the time of her marriage, she was 20 years old. Polk was aged 28 years. At the time of this marriage, Polk had just begun his first year's service in the Tennessee legislature.

The Polk couple did not get any children of their own. They raised a nephew, Marshall Polk (1831-1884). After her husband’s death, Sarah Polk raised a niece, Sarah Polk Jetton (1847–1924).

First Lady tenure
She also helped privately her husband in preparing his speeches and in his correspondence. During her term as the First Lady, the functions at the White House were famous for their calmness and soberness. One of the reasons being her young age when she became the First Lady. She became the First Lady when she was only 41. The other reason that she was having a good health.

After being First Lady
Her husband died just after three months of her retirement as the President. At that time the couple was living at their new home named Polk Place in Nashville. After her husband’s death she always dressed in black. She lived in that house for about 42 years, the longest retirement and widowhood of any former US First Lady.

Living longer
Only three other First Ladies, namely, Anna Harrison, Edith Bolling Wilson, Lady Bird Johnson and Bess Truman had lived longer than Sarah Polk. Sarah Polk, as the First Lady of the United States, even outlived several of her successors. She lived longer than Margaret Taylor, Abigail Fillmore, Jane Pierce, Mary Todd Lincoln, Eliza McCardle Johnson and Lucy Webb Hayes.

Death
She died in Nashville, Tennessee just three weeks before her 88th birthday.

Legacy
As the First Lady, and even after her retirement as the First Lady, she earned a lot of respect from all section of the society.

First Ladies of the United States
James K. Polk
1803 births
1891 deaths