alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre

The King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre () (KFSH&RC) is tertiary referral hospital in Riyadh, the capital city of Saudi Arabia.

Overview
As a tertiary referral hospital, it offers primary and highly specialized inpatient and outpatient medical care and participates in clinical and research studies. Overall, it has been ranked 600th globally. A large portion of the patient population are referrals from other hospitals from across Saudi Arabia as a whole and the surrounding regions.

History
KFSH&RC was established in 1970 on land donated by King Faisal and was officially opened in 1975 by King Khalid. From 1973 to 1985, the hospital was administered by the Hospital Corporation of America (HCA). In 1985, following a Royal Decree, the contract with HCA ended and the responsibility for the administration and operation of the hospital's premises was undertaken by a national team.

The following are some key developments:

 In 1997, The King Fahd National Centre for Children's Cancer opened.
 In 2000, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre – Jeddah Branch opened.
 In 2002, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre becomes a corporation.
 In 2018, The King Abdullah Centre for Cancer and Liver Diseases opened.
 In 2019, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre – Madina branch opened.
 In 2021, KFSH&RC was transformed into an independent not-for-profit organization.

Notable events
 King Fahad died in August 2005.
 King Salman underwent surgery for his gallbladder in July 2020.
 Mohammad Bin Salman was admitted and underwent surgery for appendicitis in February 2021.

See also

 List of hospitals in Saudi Arabia
 List of things named after Saudi Kings
 King Saud Medical Complex

References

1975 establishments in Saudi Arabia
Hospital buildings completed in 1975
Hospitals established in 1975
Hospitals in Saudi Arabia
Buildings and structures in Jeddah
Buildings and structures in Riyadh
Organisations based in Riyadh
Companies based in Riyadh
Medical research institutes in Saudi Arabia
List of old-growth forests

This is a list of areas of existing old-growth forest which include at least  of old growth. Ecoregion information from "Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World".

(NB: The terms "old growth" and "virgin" may have various definitions and meanings throughout the world. See old-growth forest for more information.)

Africa

Australia

In Australia, the 1992 National Forest Policy Statement (NFPS) made specific provision for the protection of old growth forests. The NFPS initiated a process for undertaking assessments of forests for conservation values, including old growth values. A working group of state and Australian Government agencies took the NFPS definition into consideration in developing a definition that was accepted by all governments (JANIS 1997). 

In 2008, only a relatively small area (15%) of Australia's forests (mostly tall, wet forests) had been assessed for old-growth values.

Of the  of forest in Australia assessed for their old-growth status,  (22%) is classified as old-growth. Almost half of Australia's identified old-growth forest is in NSW, mostly on public land. More than 73% of Australia's identified old-growth forests are in formal or informal nature conservation reserves.

In 2001, Western Australia became the first state in Australia to cease logging in old-growth forests.

The term "old-growth forests" is rarely used in New Zealand, instead, "The Bush" is used to refer to native forests. There are large contiguous areas of forest cover that are protected areas.

Eurasia

North America

Canada

United States

Central America

Caribbean

South America

See also

List of oldest trees
Old-Growth Forest Network

Notes

References

Lists of forests

Forestry-related lists
Paréage

In Medieval France a paréage or pariage was a feudal treaty recognising joint sovereignty over a territory by two rulers, who were on an equal footing, pari passu; compare peer.  On a familial scale, paréage could also refer to the equal division of lands and the titles they brought between sons of an inheritance. 

Such a power-sharing contract could be signed between two secular rulers or, most usually, by a secular and an ecclesiastic ruler, as in the case of the most famous, the  Act of paréage of 1278 that founded a legal basis for the Principality of Andorra, signed by the Count of Foix and Viscount of Castellbo and the Bishop of Urgell. The Count and the Bishop were to receive taxes in alternate years, to appoint local representatives to administer justice jointly, and should forbear to make war within Andorra, where each might levy soldiers, nevertheless. The wording of a paréage, an exercise in defining reciprocity without sacrificing suzerainty, was the special domain of ministerial lawyers, being produced in the universities from the late eleventh century.

Contracts of paréage were very numerous in the regions of intensely protected local rights, Languedoc and Catalonia, during the high and late Middle Ages, especially between lay and clerical interests. Erecting new towns called  bastides repopulated "desert" or uninhabited lands: "in an effort to colonize the wooded wilderness of southwest France, almost seven hundred towns were founded during the two centuries between 1200 and 1400". A formal agreement of paréage was often necessary. By the terms of several paréages agreed upon between the Cistercian abbey of Bonnefont-en-Comminges on the one hand and the local seigneur or the king on the other, the Abbey granted the land from one of its outlying granges, the king granted certain liberties, such as market privileges, that made the new village attractive, and the two agreed to split tax revenues. An example of a paréage that was settled through the arbitration of William Durant the Younger, established the "paréage of Mende" (1307), between the bishop of Mende in the Lozère and Philip IV of France; it remained in effect until 1789.

Notes

Treaties by type
13th century in Andorra
European Speed Skating Championships for Women

The International Skating Union has organised the European Speed Skating Championships for Women since 1970, but they were discontinued after the 1974 tournament because of lack of interest. The European Championships for Women were reinstated in 1981.

History

Distances used
 In the years 1970–1982, four distances had to be skated: 500 m – 1,000 m – 1,500 m – 3,000 m (the mini combination).
 From 1983 to 2017, four distances had to be skated: 500 m – 1,500 m – 3,000 m – 5,000 m (the small combination).
 Starting in 2017, in odd years, a separate competition with four distances is held: 500 m – 1000 m – 500 m – 1000 m (the sprint combination).
 Starting in 2018, in even years, a single distance championships with seven events will be held: 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 3000 m, team pursuit, mass start, and team sprint.

Ranking systems used
 Since 1970, the samalog system has been in use.

Medal winners
Numbers in brackets denotes number of victories in corresponding disciplines. Boldface denotes record number of victories.

Allround championships

Sprint championships

500 metres

1000 metres

1500 metres

3000 metres

Mass start

Team pursuit

Team sprint

All-time medal count

Allround and Sprint Championships (1970–2023)

Single Distance Championships (2018–2022)

Combined all-time medal count (1970–2023)

Multiple medalists
Boldface denotes active skaters and highest medal count among all skaters (including these who not included in these tables) per type.

Allround and Sprint Championships

All events

See also 
 European Speed Skating Championships for Men
 World Allround Speed Skating Championships for Women

References
Footnotes

Medal Winners in European Allround Championships. International Skating Union (2006-04-24). Retrieved on 2007-08-25.

Recurring sporting events established in 1893
All-round speed skating
Braubach

Braubach is a municipality in the Rhein-Lahn-Kreis, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the right bank of the Rhine, approx. 10 km southeast of Koblenz.  Braubach has assorted medieval architecture intact, including portions of the town wall, half-timbered buildings, and castle Marksburg on the hill above.

Braubach was the seat of the former Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Braubach.

History
In 1276 King Rudolf of Habsburg made Braubach a free city under Count Gottfried of Eppstein. Count Eberhard I of Katzenelnbogen bought the city and castle in 1283. Until 1479, the Counts rebuilt the castle constantly. The castle was never conquered and never destroyed. The City of Braubach was the administrative centre of the Katzenelnbogen wine production with Rhens, Spay, Boppard, Horchheim and Salzig and an amount of 33000 L of wine in 1438 and 84000 L of wine in 1443.

In the 1845 travel guide Le Rhin, Victor Hugo notes: "Then comes Braubach, named in a charter of 933, fief of the Counts Arnstein of Lahngau; an Imperial city under Rodolph in 1270, a domain of the Counts of Katzenelnbogen in 1283; accruing to Hesse in 1473; to Darmstadt, in 1632, and in 1802 to Nassau. Braubach, communicating with the baths of the Taunus, is charmingly situated at the foot of a high rock, crested by Marksburg, the castle of which is now a state prison.

Partner cities
  Villeneuve-sur-Yonne

Notes and references

External links
 Homepage

Medieval German architecture
Populated places on the Rhine
Towns in Rhineland-Palatinate
Rhein-Lahn-Kreis
Middle Rhine
Boxpok

A Boxpok is a steam locomotive wheel that gains its strength through being made of a number of box sections rather than having traditional solid spokes (the name is a variation on "box-spoke").  Being hollow, they allow better counterbalancing and stability  than conventional drivers, which is important for fast locomotives.  The Boxpok wheel was patented by General Steel Castings Corporation of Granite City, Illinois.

Other wheels
The Boxpok was the most common of the four disk wheels in use by US steam locomotive designers, the others being the Baldwin and Scullin. A fourth design, the Universal, was used in locomotive rebuilds. All vary slightly in appearance but are essentially the same in structure.

The term "Boxpok" is also sometimes used to describe the Bulleid Firth Brown (BFB) wheel in use on British railways at that time, but this is incorrect; while the BFB is similar to the Boxpok, one side of each box section is left open, so is not a true box structure unlike the Baldwin, Boxpok and Scullin drivers.

See also
SCOA-P wheel

References

 

Train wheels

de:Eisenbahnrad#Boxpok-Räder
Eduardo Mendoza

Eduardo Mendoza may refer to:

Eduardo Mendoza Goiticoa (1917-2009), Venezuelan scientific researcher, politician, and statesman
Eduardo Mendoza Garriga (1943-), Spanish novelist
Robert Saunders

Robert, Rob, or Bob Saunders may refer to:
 Robert Saunders (Irish lawyer) (c. 1650–1708), Serjeant-at-law
 Robert Saunders Jr. (1805–1868), American academic and politician
 Robert Alan Saunders, American computer scientist and professor
 Robert Hood Saunders (1903–1955), mayor of Toronto
 Rob Saunders (born 1968), Irish rugby union player
 Bob Saunders (American football), American football coach
 Bob Saunders (baseball) (1902–1983), baseball pitcher in the Negro leagues
 Bob Saunders (politician) (1929–2016), American politician
Christian Falster

Christian Falster (January 1, 1690 – October 24, 1752) was a Danish poet and philologist, born at Branderslev (island of Laaland).   He became rector of the school at Ribe.  He preferred to live there, refusing to accept better positions, and keeping his rectorship.  He published translations of Ovid (1719) and the Satires of Juvenal (1731); 11 original satires on his times, often reprinted (1720–39); and in Latin a number of works, such as Viglia Prima Noctium Ripensiun (1721); Memori Obscur (1722); Amnitates Philologic (three volumes, 1821–32).

The editors of The Classical Journal wrote that:
Falster thought that all learning should be brought to bear upon theology,
and, like Erasmus, he  that classical authors could contribute
much toward sound religion.  Falster's work covered a broad field from the
history of Greek literature on the one hand, to Latin lexicography on the
other, recognizing that philology, in the narrow sense, and literature
are inextricably interwoven.

References

Danish male poets
18th-century Danish philologists
18th-century Danish translators
1690 births
1752 deaths
18th-century Danish poets
18th-century male writers
People from Lolland Municipality
People from Lolland
Julius Wess

Julius Erich Wess (5 December 19348 August 2007) was an Austrian theoretical physicist noted as the co-inventor of the Wess–Zumino model and Wess–Zumino–Witten model in the field of supersymmetry and conformal field theory.  He was also a recipient of the Max Planck medal, the Wigner medal, the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize, the Heineman Prize, and of several honorary doctorates.

Life and work 

Wess was born in Oberwölz Stadt, a small town in the Austrian state of Styria.  He received his Ph.D. in Vienna, where he was a student of Hans Thirring.  His Ph.D. examiner was acclaimed quantum mechanics physicist Erwin Schrödinger. After working at CERN in Switzerland and at the Courant Institute of New York University, United States, he became a professor at the University of Karlsruhe. In later life, Wess was professor at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. After his retirement he worked at DESY in Hamburg.

His doctoral students include Hermann Nicolai.

Julius Wess died at the age of 72 in Hamburg, following a stroke.

Publications
 
 
Scientific articles authored by Julius Wess recorded in INSPIRE-HEP.

References

Further reading
 Julius Wess Nachruf
 Die Fakultät für Physik trauert um ihren Kollegen Prof. Dr. Julius Wess 
 Wess Nachruf HU Berlin

1934 births
2007 deaths
People from Murau District
20th-century Austrian physicists
20th-century German physicists
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners
Members of the Austrian Academy of Sciences
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
Winners of the Max Planck Medal
People associated with CERN
Super Cub

Super Cub may refer to:

 Backcountry Super Cubs Super Cub, an American amateur-built aircraft design
 Honda Super Cub, a light motorcycle, and the most produced motor vehicle in history.
 Piper PA-18 Super Cub, an American light aircraft design.
 Super Cub, a Japanese light novel, manga, and anime series
 Supercub the lion, a foster lion cub who was adopted from a zoo in Kenya East Africa and became friends with Christian the lion and other lions being cared for by George Adamson.
R. M. Garrett

Robert Major ("R. M.") Garrett (1807-1885),  was a doctor and Virginia politician who served as mayor of Williamsburg, Virginia, from 1859 to 1863.  Garrett was educated at the College of William & Mary, and, in addition to serving as mayor, he was a physician and the administrator of Eastern State Hospital.

References

Mayors of Williamsburg, Virginia
1807 births
1885 deaths
College of William & Mary alumni
19th-century American politicians
Dùn Aluinn

Dùn-Àluinn (1912) by Iain MacCormaic (1860–1947) was the first full-length novel in Scottish Gaelic literature. It was first published as a weekly serial in the People's Journal May - September 1910. Iain MacCormaic had also published a novella, Gun d'thug i speis do'n Armunn a few years before. The name is sometimes anglicised as Dunaline.

It was closely followed by Angus Robertson's An t-Ogha Mòr, which had actually been serialised prior to Dun Aluinn's publication, and so vies for the position of first novel.

Plot summary
It is about the horror of the Highland Clearances, and the heir of a despotic landlord, Cailean Og, who is disinherited. The most interesting character is the Church of Scotland minister who gives a sermon about social rights. For a novel of its period, it is fairly cosmopolitan, and the action ranges to locations as exotic as gold mines in New Zealand.

References
DÙN-ÀLUINN

Scottish novels
1912 British novels
Scottish Gaelic literature
Novels first published in serial form
Works originally published in British magazines
Scottish Gaelic novelists
Highland Clearances
Ross Smith

Ross Smith may refer to:

Australian rules footballers
 Ross Smith (b. 1942), Australian rules footballer for St Kilda
 Ross Smith (b. 1965), Australian rules footballer for North Melbourne

Association footballers
Ross Smith (Scottish footballer) (born 1992), Scottish association football player
Ross Smith (soccer) (born 1980), Canadian association football player

Other sportspeople
Ross Smith (ice hockey) (born 1953), Canadian ice hockey player
Ross Smith (badminton) (born 1985), Australian badminton player
Ross Smith (darts player) (born 1989), English darts player
Ross Smith (rugby union) (1929–2002), New Zealand rugby union player

Others
Ross Macpherson Smith (1892–1922), Australian aviator
Ross Smith (Australian politician) (born 1938), member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly

See also
Ross Smith Secondary School, Australia, named after the aviator
Bhitarkanika Mangroves

Bhitarkanika Mangroves  is a mangrove wetland in Odisha, India, covering an area of  in the Brahmani River and Baitarani River deltas.

History 
The Bhitarkanika Mangroves were zamindari forests until 1952, when the government of Odisha abolished the zamindari system, and put the zamindari forests in the control of the state forest department. In 1975, an area of  was declared the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary. The core area of the sanctuary, with an area of , was declared Bhitarkanika National Park in September 1998. The Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary, which bounds the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary to the east, was created in September 1997, and encompasses Gahirmatha Beach and an adjacent portion of the Bay of Bengal. Bhitarkanika Mangroves were designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance in 2002.

Flora and fauna

About 62 mangrove species occur in the Bhitarkanika Mangroves, including Avicenna, Bruguiera, Heritiera and Rhizophora. Reptiles present in the mangroves include saltwater crocodile, king cobra, Indian python and water monitor. Between August 2004 and December 2006, 263 bird species were recorded, encompassing 147 resident and 99 migrant species. A heronry encloses about , where 11,287 nests were counted in 2006.

Olive ridley turtles arrive in January to March for nesting at Gahirmatha Beach. An average of 240,000 nests per season was estimated between 1976 and 1996. Up to 80,000 individuals were captured every year until 1982. Since 1983, collecting and marketing turtles and their eggs is banned.

References

External links
 Bhitarkanika.org 
 Mangroves of Orissa (Orissa State Forest Department: Wildlife Organisation)
 Bhitarkanika Trip report - Wildlife Times
 Bhitarakanika : Tourists Place in Odisha
 YouTube Video

Mangrove ecoregions
Ecoregions of India
Environment of Odisha
Forests of Odisha
Forests of India
Wildlife sanctuaries in Odisha
Western Indo-Pacific
Wetlands of India
Ramsar sites in India
Indomalayan ecoregions
Tourism in Odisha
The Barrelman

The Barrelman was a name adopted by Joseph Smallwood for his fifteen-minute radio program on the Broadcasting Corporation of Newfoundland to promote pride in Newfoundland's history and culture. The show began as a column in the Daily News newspaper, and later appeared as a radio show on St. John's radio station VONF (Now CBN) in 1937 and became part of BCN's schedule when the network was established two years later. Within a week of its 1937 premiere, it had gathered an appreciative audience that it caught the attention of F.M. O'Leary Limited who began sponsoring it. The program was aired six nights a week and remained on the air for seven years.

The opening introduction was always; F.M. O'Leary Limited presenting The Barrelman in a program of making Newfoundland better known to Newfoundlanders.   The show consisted of The Barrelman (Smallwood) telling anecdotes and tales illustrating the culture and likeable attributes of the Newfoundland people in a historical context.

The program made Smallwood a household name throughout Newfoundland. In November 1943 Smallwood left the program to operate a pig farm in Gander, and was succeeded as the Barrelman by journalist Michael Harrington. Harrington continued the show until 1955. Subsequently, Smallwood became a leading figure in Newfoundland politics.

A barrelman is an individual who was stationed in the crow's nest of a ship and was the first to spot any sign of danger and the one who first sighed land. It was an appropriated term to distinguish Smallwood's relay to his message of making Newfoundland better known to Newfoundlanders.

References and notes

External links
The Best of The Barrelman (1938–1940)

Culture of Newfoundland and Labrador
1937 radio programme debuts
1955 radio programme endings
Canadian talk radio programs
1930s Canadian radio programs
1940s Canadian radio programs
1950s Canadian radio programs
Sophie Milman

Sophie Milman (born 1983) is a Russian-born Canadian jazz vocalist.

After emigrating from Russia in the early 1990s, Milman, who is Jewish, spent most of her childhood years in Israel where she listened extensively to jazz. Her family later emigrated to Toronto, Canada.

Milman's self-titled debut album was released on October 12, 2004, in Canada by Linus Entertainment and in 2006 in the United States by Koch. She graduated from the University of Toronto in 2011 with a Bachelor of Commerce degree.

Milman is married to lawyer, professor, and musician Casey Chisick. He was executive producer on her albums Make Someone Happy (2007) and Take Love Easy (2009) as well as her concert DVD Live in Montreal (2008).

Milman's recording of "So Long, You Fool" is used in commercials for Air Wick's Winter Collection candles.

Milman won 2008 Juno Award for Vocal Jazz Album of the Year for Make Someone Happy. She earned a Grammy Award nomination in 2018 for her involvement with Yiddish Glory.

Discography
 Sophie Milman (Linus Entertainment, 2006)
 Make Someone Happy (Linus, 2007)
 Take Love Easy (Linus, 2009)
 In the Moonlight (eOne, 2011)
 Live at the Winter Garden Theatre (Linus, 2013)

References

External links

 
 

1983 births
Living people
Jewish Canadian musicians
Jewish singers
Canadian women jazz singers
Canadian people of Russian-Jewish descent
Juno Award for Vocal Jazz Album of the Year winners
Russian Ashkenazi Jews
Russian emigrants to Israel
Israeli emigrants to Canada
Singers from Toronto
Jewish jazz musicians
21st-century Canadian women singers
Abraham Nicholas

Major Abraham Nicholas (died Sunday, September 3, 1738) served as mayor of Williamsburg, Virginia from 1735 to 1736. He married a woman named Ann and had at least one son, Abraham Nicholas who died on March 5, 1751.

Nicholas was the first Adjutant-General of the Virginia Colony from 1 November 1728, until his death ten years later. (Succeeded by Isham Randolph, appointed Adjutant-General by Governor William Gooch, who was approved by the Council on 9 November 1738.)

References 

Year of birth unknown
1738 deaths
Abraham Nicholas
Mayors of Williamsburg, Virginia
Virginia colonial people
Inside the Asylum

Inside the Asylum is a 2004 book by former US Undersecretary of Defense Jed Babbin, which accuses the UN and "Old Europe" of anti-Americanism.

Babbin accuses the UN of having links to terrorist organizations and selling its moral legitimacy for oil and enriching itself at the expense of the Iraqi people but undermining American pressure on Saddam Hussein.

Babbin suggests that the US should leave the UN and focus on forming alliances with countries that he considers are really for freedom and democracy.

Babbin accuses Kofi Annan and his "wasteful bureaucracy of UN employees" of acting not in the name of the UN Charter to promote world peace and global security but instead channeling dirty money such as from Iraq's Oil for Food program, supporting terrorist causes, and using the Security Council to attempt to shackle the American sovereignty in its own international affairs and thereby illegitimately expanding its own vastly-overreaching political power.

Publication information 
 Jed Babbin. 2004. Inside the Asylum: Why the United Nations and Old Europe Are Worse Than You Think. Regnery Publishing, Inc. .

See also
 World peace

2004 non-fiction books
Criticism of the United Nations
Hahnstätten

Hahnstätten is a municipality in the Rhein-Lahn-Kreis, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the association community of Aar-Einrich. It is situated on the river Aar, approx. 10 km south of Limburg an der Lahn, and 35 km east of Koblenz. In 1949 the conductor Bruno Weil was born here.

Hahnstätten was the seat of the former Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Hahnstätten.

There is a large limestone quarry, operated by Schaefer Kalk.

References

Rhein-Lahn-Kreis
John Holloway (Virginia politician)

John Holloway (c.1666 – December 14, 1734) was a politician and lawyer in the British colony of Virginia. He served as Speaker of the House of Burgesses (1720–34), having represented at various times, King and Queen County, York County and Williamsburg. He also served as the first mayor of Williamsburg, Virginia (1722–23), and treasurer of the colony (1723–34).

Early and family life
Born probably in London, and the grandson of George Holloway of Oxford, Holloway was educated and became a lawyer. He also served as a soldier in King William's army in Ireland, and invested in a business venture that failed.

Holloway emigrated to the Virginia colony from England around 1700. He married Elizabeth Cocke, widow of Dr. William Cocke, the Secretary of State, and sister of Mark Catesby. However, they had no children.

Career
Holloway first settled in King and Queen County and its voters elected him as one of their representatives to the House of Burgesses in the 1710-1712 and 1712-1714 sessions.

Some time during the 1710s, Holloway and fellow attorneys  John Clayton and William Robertson prepared a collection of Virginia statues in force, which Clayton later revised and William Parks published in 1733.

Midway during the decade, Holloway moved to the colony's capital at Williamsburg, part of which is in York County, and part in James City County. York County voters elected Holloway as one of their representatives in the House of Burgesses in 1720, and fellow burgesses elected him as their speaker, and kept re-electing him until his death. When the legislature incorporated Williamsburg as a town in its own right, Holloway became its first mayor, as well as its sole representative in the House of Burgesses (for a couple of terms, after which he resumed as one of York County's representatives).

Holloway also served as the colony's treasurer until his death, and was succeeded as both Speaker and as treasurer by John Randolph of Charles City County an attorney whom some considered as his political rival.

References

1666 births
1734 deaths
Speakers of the Virginia House of Burgesses
Mayors of Williamsburg, Virginia
Politicians from Williamsburg, Virginia
Colony of Virginia
House of Burgesses members
Colonial Williamsburg
Groff (software)

groff ( ) (also called GNU troff) is a typesetting system that creates formatted output when given plain text mixed with formatting commands. It is the GNU replacement for the troff and nroff text formatters. 

Groff contains a large number of helper programs, preprocessors, and postprocessors including  eqn, tbl, pic and soelim. There are also several macro packages included that duplicate, expand on the capabilities of, or outright replace the standard troff macro packages.

Groff development of new features is active, and is an important part of free, open source, and UNIX derived operating systems such as Linux and 4.4BSD derivatives — notably because troff macros are used to create man pages, the standard form of documentation on Unix and Unix-like systems.

OpenBSD has replaced groff with mandoc in the base install, since their 4.9 release, as has macOS Ventura.

History 
groff is an original implementation written primarily in C++ by James Clark and is modeled after ditroff, including many extensions. The first version, 0.3.1, was released June 1990. The first stable version, 1.04, was announced in November 1991. groff was developed as free software to provide an easily obtained replacement for the standard AT&T troff/nroff package, which at the time was proprietary, and was not always available even on branded UNIX systems. In 1999, Werner Lemberg and Ted Harding took over maintenance of groff.

See also 

TeX
Desktop publishing

Notes

References

External links
 
 groff mailing list archive (searchable)
 Groff Forum, hosted by Nabble, archiving the groff mailing list into a searchable forum (sadly none of the emails are visible today).
  gives background and examples of troff, including the GNU roff implementation.
 Home page of mom macros

GNU Project software
groff
Free typesetting software
Edward Barradall

Edward Barradall (c. 1703–1743) was a British attorney, admiralty judge and politician who represented the College of William and Mary in the House of Burgesses, and compiled the first volume of decisions of the general Court of the Colony of Virginia.

Early and family life
Born in England to Henry Barradall and his wife Catherine Blumfield, who had married in 1676, Barradell studied law and was admitted to the bar at the Inner Temple.

On January 5, 1736, in Virginia, Barradell married Sarah, the daughter and granddaughter of planters named William FitzHugh, and sister of Burgess William Fitzhugh. They had a son, Edward Barradall, Jr., orphaned as a child but who reached adulthood and had children.

Career

Barradall emigrated from England with his two brothers and sisters to the Colony of Virginia. He developed a successful legal practice in Williamsburg and Lord Fairfax, who had vast land claims sometimes known as the Northern Neck Proprietary was one of his clients. Barradell succeeded John Clayton as the Attorney General of Virginia in 1737. 

That same year, Sir John Randolph who represented the College of William and Mary in the House of Burgesses (and was also its Speaker) died, and Barradell succeeded him as burgess for the next sessions, until his death. Barradell also served as Judge of the Admiralty Court. and mayor of Williamsburg, Virginia (1736-1737).

Edward Barradall is sometimes called Virginia's first law reporter, for a manuscript of his notes concerning cases adjudicated by the General Court of Virginia between April 1733 and October 1741 was published long after his death, although the original manuscript is now lost.

In 1739 one of Barradall's indentured servants, John Davis, a West Country man imported from Bristol, ran away, so Barradall advertised for his return, noting that since he had lived in Philadelphia he might be trying to run back there. He offered a cash reward and a pistol for Davis' return.

Death
Barradall died about 1743 in Virginia, as did his wife Sarah. Both are buried together in the same tomb in the churchyard of historic Bruton Parish Church in Williamsburg.

References 

1703 births
1743 deaths
Fitzhugh family of Virginia
Mayors of Williamsburg, Virginia
Virginia lawyers
Virginia Attorneys General
American people of English descent
House of Burgesses members
Norm N. Nite

Norm N. Nite (born Norman Durma, January 25, 1941), is the author of the Rock On: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Rock N' Roll book series. Nite began his career as a disk jockey at WGAR (AM) in Cleveland and later at WMJI there. He went on to host shows at WCBS-FM and WNBC in New York City. Nite's historical interest in Rock & Roll led him to compile, as the first volume of "Rock On" describes it, "an exhaustive array of data on more than 1,000 of the most popular artists of the fifties and early sixties. Any singer who had a top 100 single during the golden days of rock n' roll can be found in (the) book." Subsequently, due to the popularity of this volume, first released in 1974, he authored a second volume in 1978, covering, as described on the dust jacket, "The Modern Years: 1964-Present" with an introduction by Wolfman Jack. In 1985 Rock On Volume 3 was released and billed "Rock On Volume 3 – The Video Revolution: 1978 – Present". During 1988 he narrated the radio program Solid Gold Scrapbook. From 1988-1990, Nite hosted a nationally syndicated oldies radio program on the Unistar Radio Network called U.S. Hall of Fame.

In July 2005, Nite began broadcasting live from the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland on Sirius Satellite Radio Channel 5 (Sirius Gold, now known as Sirius XM 50s on 5), which is also available on channel 9905 on the Dish Network. His show had originally aired Wednesdays through Sundays, but in August 2006, he cut back his on-air schedule to Fridays through Sundays from 3-6 p.m. US Eastern time (12-3 p.m. Pacific time).

From 2005 to 2014, Nite broadcast on Saturday and Sunday afternoons, presenting "Remember Then", an hour dedicated exclusively to the music that was on the charts on the corresponding date during a designated year, mainly between 1956 and 1963. The "Remember Then" hour aired between 4-5 p.m. Eastern (1-2 p.m. Pacific). Nite was an enthusiastic cheerleader of the music and its artists, and also did much to promote the 50s on 5 channel and its other on-air talent. In February 2014, SiriusXM made a sudden management move to drop live deejays from virtually all of its 50s on 5 programming, ending Nite's broadcasts without the chance to have a farewell broadcast. (Some deejays from the 50s on 5 New York studio were reassigned to weekday shifts on SiriusXM's more-favored 60s on 6 channel, including Pat St. John.)

Although Nite once split his time between New York City, New York and Cleveland, Ohio, he now lives in Cleveland full-time.

References

External links
Norm N. Nite official website
The Silhouettes website

1941 births
Living people
Sirius Satellite Radio
Radio personalities from Cleveland
John Harmer (mayor)

John Harmer served as mayor of Williamsburg, Virginia from 1737 to 1738.

Harmer was mayor of Williamsburg in 1738 and 1746, a churchwarden for Bruton Parish Church, and Burgess for Williamsburg from 1742 to 1747. He also served as a justice of the York County Court.

Notes

References
 Tyler, Lyon Gardiner, ed. Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography. Volume 1. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1915. . Retrieved July 15, 2011.

Mayors of Williamsburg, Virginia
Ciarduna

Ciarduna is a type of Italian pastry.

Ciarduna siciliana is a traditional sweet pastry from the province of Agrigento, Sicily (Italy). It consists of an almond cookie shell filled with a ricotta filling.

Traditional ingredients
 flour 
sugar
Strutto
vanilla
active yeast
Ammonia Baking Powder (ammonium bicarbonate)
Homogenized milk 
crushed almonds
Cinnamon
icing sugar (when decorating the tops of the ciarduna's)

See also
 List of almond dishes

References

Cuisine of Sicily
Italian pastries
Cheese dishes
Almond desserts
George Gilmer Sr.

George Gilmer (1700 – January 15, 1757) served as mayor of Williamsburg, Virginia, from 1746 to 1747.

Biography

Gilmer was born near Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1700. He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh. In 1731, Gilmer emigrated to Virginia, settling in Williamsburg. In the mid-1730s, Gilmer owned and ran an apothecary in Williamsburg and owned several lots.

He married three times. He first married a Miss Ridgeway and secondly Mary Peachy Walker. His third wife, Harrison Blair, was the daughter of Archibald Blair.

Gilmer died in Virginia on January 15, 1757.

Dr George Gilmer was the great-grandfather of both George Rockingham Gilmer of Georgia and Thomas Walker Gilmer of Virginia.

References 

1700 births
1757 deaths
College of William & Mary faculty
Mayors of Williamsburg, Virginia
Politicians from Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Scottish emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
TIM (owarai)

TIM is the name of a Japanese comedy unit (kombi). The unit consists of  and . They are most famous for their antics on the owarai show Uchimura Produce, as well as various children's shows such as . The two are also members of the owarai and music group NO PLAN. Red, the tsukkomi, is originally from Kyoto, and Golgo, the boke, hails from Saitama.

As tsukkomi, Red is easily embarrassed and blushes quickly, which is where he gets the name. At the end of every episode of Uchimura Produce, the host, Teruyoshi Uchimura would shout, "And today's Red is..." to which Red would insert some strange (often embarrassingly un-funny) pseudo-English or meaningless Japanese phrase. Occasionally Red was given his own corner, "Red's World" (a play on Summers' Ōtake's "Ōtake World") in which he would perform weird and nonsensical ad libs (e.g. "Ariga-ton, ton, Washington!" and "Pan! Pan! This is Japan!"). Red is a graduate of Bukkyo University in Kyoto.

Golgo (named after the famous manga Golgo 13) is the boke and is also known for being confusing and rather odd. Golgo is known for his physical and set-up gags, contrasting the more verbal and corny mental humor of Red. Formerly, Golgo was often seen with an un-lit cigar on-air (although he hates tobacco), and he also always sports a small, chaplin-esque moustache. A famous gag of Golgo's has him crying out, "Ah... Inochi!" and then spreading out his arms and lifting one leg in an attempt to mimic the shape of the kanji , meaning "life".

History
TIM was formed by the two in 1994 as an acronym for Time Is Money after close apartments in Tokyo brought the two together. Both went to the Japanese National High School Baseball Championship; Red with the winner of the Kyoto Prefectural Baseball Tournament, and Golgo with the winner for Saitama.

External links 
Watanabe Entertainment (Official)

Japanese comedy duos
Watanabe Entertainment
Dipterocarpus coriaceus

Dipterocarpus coriaceus is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae endemic to Kalimantan, Sumatra and peninsular Malaysia. This very large tree occurs in mixed dipterocarp forests on hillsides and undulating land. This species was reported in the New Straits Times to be extinct in Peninsular Malaysia in July 2013 as its last natural habitat in Bikam Forest Reserve in Perak was de-gazetted and cleared for oil palm cultivation.

References

 

coriaceus
Trees of Sumatra
Trees of Peninsular Malaysia
Dipterocarps of Borneo
Critically endangered flora of Asia
Whichford

Whichford is a village and civil parish in Warwickshire, England, about  southeast of Shipston-on-Stour. The parish adjoins the county boundary with Oxfordshire and the village is about  north of the Oxfordshire town of Chipping Norton.

The parish includes the hamlet of Ascott, about  east of Whichford village. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 336.

Manor and toponymy
The Domesday Book of 1086 records Wicford as a manor of 15 hides. In a document of about 1130 the name is spelt Wicheforda. Its etymology is not certain but it may mean "Ford of the Hwicce", who were an Anglo-Saxon tribe that settled and founded a kingdom in the area in the latter part of the 6th century AD.

Ascott is a common English name meaning "eastern cottage(s)".

Parish church
The oldest part of the Church of England parish church of St Michael is the 12th-century Norman south doorway. The nave and part of the chancel are also 12th-century. In the 13th century the chancel was enlarged and the north aisle was added. There were many alterations in the 14th century including the addition of the northwest tower, south chapel and insertion of several new windows. The nave clerestory was added in the 15th century. St Michael's is a Grade II listed building.

St Michael's west tower has a ring of eight bells. William Bagley of Chacombe, Northamptonshire cast the sixth bell in 1695. William Taylor, who at the time had bell-foundries at Loughborough and Oxford, cast the seventh bell in 1848. John Taylor & Co of Loughborough cast the third, fourth, fifth and tenor bells in 1904. At the time these completed a ring of six bells. The ring was increased to eight in 1998, when John Taylor & Co cast and hung the present treble and second bells. St Michael's has also a Sanctus bell that William Bagley cast in 1706.

Whichford House

Whichford House was built in the 17th century as St Michael's rectory. In the 18th century it was enhanced with an open stairwell, and a stone chimneypiece and wooden panelling in one of the principal rooms. The House is a Grade II* listed building.

Notable people
 George Rainbird (1905-1986), British publisher, lived at Whichford House

Amenities

Whichford has a pub, the Norman Knight.

References

Bibliography

External links

Whichford and Ascott

Civil parishes in Warwickshire
Villages in Warwickshire
Manavadar

Manavadar is a city and a municipality in Junagadh district of India.

History 

Bantva Manavadar was a princely state of British India. Founded in 1733, it became a British protectorate in 1818. On 25 September 1947, it acceded to the newly formed Pakistan. However, Indian forces entered the area on the grounds that the state was a vassal of the Junagadh state, which was itself a vassal of the Baroda state that had acceded to India.  This land is still considered a disputed area between India and Pakistan.

It was also known as the Asia's third center for cotton ginning. It contained almost around more than 75 ginning factories of cotton.

Pakistan's government has maintained its territorial claim on Manavadar, along with Junagadh State and Sir Creek in Gujarat, on its official political map.

Geography 
Manavadar is located at . It has an average elevation of 24 metres (78 feet).

Demographics 
 India census, Manavadar had a population of 27,559. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Manavadar has an average literacy rate of 82%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 76%, and female literacy is 63%. In Manavadar, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

It has developed cotton industry and cotton and groundnut are the most cash crops of the area. The town was famous once upon a time  due to its vegetable ghee industries, but in winds and sweeps of economic reform in India, all three units has been closed. Manavadar taluk have big towns or villages like Bantwa, Nanadiya, Khambhla, Nakara, Pajod, Jilana, Sardargadh, Kodvav (List of Indian Princely States), Mitdi, Limbuda, Indra, Sherdi, Bhimora, Bodka (Swamina), Galvav, Sanosara, Koyalana (Ghed), Zinzari, Chudva, Khadiya, Vadala, Sitana, Bhitana, and Padaradi (Ghed) (પાદરડી-ઘેડ).

References

Cities and towns in Junagadh district
Former capital cities in India
Territorial disputes of Pakistan
John Amson

John Amson (1698 – death unknown, possibly 1765) was an English physician and amateur botanist who moved to Virginia and served as alderman and mayor of Williamsburg, during the Colonial period, from 1750 to 1751.

Biography 
Amson owned lots 212–217 in Williamsburg from 1746 to around 1758. In 1762, he bought 180 acres of land from Henry Tyler, of the noted Tyler family.

In 1760, a perennial flower, the genus of Amsonia Blue Star, was named after Amson. It came about after then-General George Washington, on campaign during the French and Indian War, contracted what he believed to be the consumption, called tuberculosis today. In 1758, on his way to Williamsburg, Washington sought a definitive answer as to his illness, stopped for a medical consultation at the Governor's Palace, where Dr. Amson lived on the north-west edge of town. Amson diagnosed Washington with a common cold and convinced him he was not going to die.

Legacy 
To commemorate Amson, John Clayton, clerk of courts for Gloucester County and author of the book Flora Virginica, named the native flora Amsonia after the doctor, and sent the seeds to botanist John Bartram for his seed and plant business.

References

External links
 Williamsburg Government - PAST MAYORS AND GOVERNORS

Mayors of Williamsburg, Virginia
18th-century American people
18th-century English medical doctors
18th-century English people
1698 births
18th-century deaths
Johnny McElhone

John Francis McElhone (born 21 April 1963 in Glasgow, Scotland) is a Scottish guitarist and songwriter.

He has played with three bands who have enjoyed a top-20 presence in the UK Singles Chart; the new wave bands Altered Images and Hipsway, and the alternative/pop rock band Texas. Altered Images and Texas have had top-20 UK Albums Chart hits.

McElhone contributed the musical part of co-writing the bulk of Texas's material.

He is the son of Scottish Labour MPs Frank and Helen McElhone. He is the father of child actor Jack McElhone, who co-starred with Gerard Butler and Emily Mortimer in the 2004 film Dear Frankie.

References

External links
IMDb Biography
British Hit Singles - 14th Edition - 
The Guinness Book of British Hit Albums - 7th Edition - 
Guinness Rockopedia - 
The Great Rock Discography - 5th Edition - 

1963 births
Living people
Scottish bass guitarists
Musicians from Glasgow
Scottish new wave musicians
Scottish rock guitarists
Male bass guitarists
Scottish male songwriters
People educated at Holyrood Secondary School
Texas (band) members
Dipterocarpus cornutus

Dipterocarpus cornutus is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae native to peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra and Kalimantan. Reaching heights of up to 50 meters tall, it is known for having large leaves. Its flowers are around 4 cm in diameter and of a pale yellow colouration. It drops seeds with green holes in the middle.

References

cornutus
Flora of Kalimantan
Flora of Sumatra
Flora of Malaya
Critically endangered flora of Asia
Dipterocarps of Borneo
Dipterocarpus costulatus

Dipterocarpus costulatus is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae. It grows up to  tall.

Distribution and habitat
Dipterocarpus costulatus is native to Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo and Sumatra. Its habitat is in lowland kerangas forest or hill forest from sea level to  altitude.

Conservation
Dipterocarpus costulatus is threatened by logging and habitat loss, particularly in Borneo. The tree is logged for its hardwood. Forests where the species is present are being cleared for agricultural or plantation development. More frequent fires threaten lowland populations.

References

costulatus
Trees of Sumatra
Trees of Peninsular Malaysia
Dipterocarps of Borneo
Plants described in 1927
Flora of the Sundaland heath forests