Haplogroup W

Haplogroup W is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin
Haplogroup W is believed to have originated around 23,900 years ago in Western Asia. It is descended from the haplogroup N2.

Distribution

Haplogroup W is found in Europe, Western Asia, and South Asia. It is widely distributed at low frequencies, with a high concentration in Northern Pakistan. Haplogroup W is also found in the Maghreb among Algerians (1.08%-3.23%) and in Siberia among Yakuts (6/423 = 1.42%).

Additionally, the clade has been observed among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Ptolemaic Kingdom.

The W5 subclade has been found in a fossil associated with the Starčevo culture (Lánycsók site; 1/1 or 100%).

Ancient DNA analysis found that the medieval individual Sungir 6 (730-850 cal BP) belonged to the W3a1 subclade.

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup W subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.

W
W1 – Italy, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Finland, Spain, Qashqai people of Iran
W1a – Finns
W1b
W1b1 – Finns
W1-T119C
W1c – Poland, Persians from Iran
W1c1
W1d
W1e
W1e1
W1e1a
W1f – Italy
W1g – England, Belgium, Portugal, Gitanos (Roma people of Spain)
W1h – Nordic countries, England, Croatia, Ashkenazi Jews
W1h1 – Italians
W-C194T
W3 - Turkey, Azerbaijan, India (Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu)
W3a
W3a1 – Armenians, Turkey (Turkish, Kurd), France (Toulouse, Sarthe), Italy (Tuscany, Sardinia, Sicily, Umbria, Campania, Trentino-Alto Adige), Hungary, Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia (Sunghir6 from 750 - 900 ybp Vladimir Oblast, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Omsk Oblast, Ingushetia, Volga Tatar, Chechens), Denmark, Berbers from Morocco, Pakistan (Pashtun, Kho), India, Singapore, United States
W3a1a
W3a1a1 – Polish people, Ashkenazi Jews
W3a1a2 - Russia (Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Tatar from Buinsk)
W3a1a3 - Poland (Podkarpackie), United States
W3a1a+T9090C - Pakistan (Kho)
W3a1a+A15325G - Italy (Napoli)
W3a1b – Pakistan (Pashtuns, Sindhi, Azad Kashmir), India (New Delhi, Andhra Pradesh), Bangladesh (Bengali), Thailand (Mon, Thai), China (Shanghai), United States (Hispanic)
W3a1-T199C
W3a1c - England, United States, Slovakia, Russia (Ryazan Oblast, Tambov Oblast, Bashkortostan), Kazakhstan, China (Daur)
W3a1d – Hungarians, Serbia, Republika Srpska, Latvia, Poland, Ukraine, Russia (Ulyanovsk Oblast, Yakuts), New Zealand
W3a2 – France (Seine-Maritime), Poland, India, Uygurs from China
W3b – Italy (Calabria), Albania, Serbia, Romania (Bucharest), Bulgarians, Turkey, Iraq (Assyrian), Iran, Armenians, Kurds, Tajiks (especially Wakhis and other Pamiris), Pakistan (Burusho, Kho, Makrani), Cambodia, Uyghurs
W3b1 – Austrians, Ashkenazi Jews
W4 - Denmark, Poland, Italy (Sardinia, Umbria), Pakistan (Sindhis), India (Jammu and Kashmir), Mongolia, United Kingdom (ancient Orkney)
W4a - England (St Mary Spital, pre-Black Death medieval London, ca. 725 years before present), Ukraine (Russian speaker from Kharkiv Oblast), India, China (Xinjiang ca. 1412 - 1529 years before present)
W4a1 – Finns, Sweden (Dalarna County), Poland (Mazowieckie), Turkey, England, United States
W4b - Italy, Mongolia
W4c - Italy, Poland, India
W4d - Albania, Turkey (Kurds), Iraq (Baghdad), Iran (Lorestan), Pakistan (Kho)
W5 - Denmark, Poland, Serbia, Algeria (Batna), Morocco (Berber), Iran (Persian), United States
W5a - Germany, Denmark
W5a1
W5a1a – Flemish people, Norway (Rogaland), Denmark, Italy (Tuscany), Canary Islands, Brazil, Irish people, Polish people, Russia (Belgorod Oblast), Canada, United States
W5a1a1 - England, Estonia, Russia (Adyghe in Kabardino-Balkaria)
W5a1a1a
W5a2 - United Kingdom, Denmark, Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia), Poland
W5a2b
W5b - Portugal (Azores, Leiria)
W5b1 - Denmark
W5b1a
W6 – Italy, Kuwait, Persians from Iran, Russia (North Ossetia, Belgorod Oblast), Kazakhstan, Mongolia
W6a
W6b
W6b1 – Iran, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia
W6c – Greece, England, Ireland, Ingushetia
W6c1 – Armenians from Turkey
W6c1a – Armenians from Turkey, Kurds, Greece
W7 – Armenians
W8 – Bedouin of Israel, Yemen, Iran
W9
W9a – Armenians from Turkey

See also 

Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Human mitochondrial genetics
Population genetics

References

External links 
General
Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
The India Genealogical DNA Project
Haplogroup W
Spread of Haplogroup W, from National Geographic
mtDNA Haplogroup W Project

W