alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Larry Mullen Jr.

Larry Mullen Junior (born 31 October 1961) is an Irish drummer. He is a member of the rock band U2. Mullen was born in Dublin, Ireland. 

Besides U2, Larry has worked with other musicians, including: Nanci Griffith, Daniel Lanois, Emmylou Harris, Robbie Robertson, Paul Brady and B.B. King. Because of the Irish National Football team's bid for the World Cup in 1990, Mullen co-wrote and co-produced the anthem "Put 'Em Under Pressure." He also worked with U2's Adam Clayton on the theme for the 1996 movie Mission: Impossible. Mullen and Clayton joined with Mike Mills and Michael Stipe of R.E.M. to form the group "Automatic Baby" for Bill Clinton's Presidential inauguration in 1993 at MTV's Inaugural Ball.

References

1961 births
Living people
Irish rock musicians
Musicians from Dublin
Rock drummers
U2 members
Andrology

Andrology is the study of male health, especially male sexual organs and reproduction. 
It is similar to the study of women's health, called gynaecology. Andrology has only been studied since the late 1960s. The first specialist journal on the subject was the German periodical Andrologie, published from 1969 onwards.

Men are more susceptible to heart disease than women. They also usually have a slightly shorter natural average life span. However, men get many conditions, such as osteoporosis, less than women.

Notes

Other websites 
 International Society of Andrology
 The World of Andrology

Medical specialties
1503



Events 
Erasmus: Enchiridion militis chritiani ("Handbook of the Christian Soldier").

Births 
August 12 – Christian III of Denmark and Norway
Robert Reed

Robert Reed (October 19, 1932 – May 12, 1992) was an American actor. He is best known for his role as Mike Brady on The Brady Bunch. He also played major roles in The Defenders and Rich Man, Poor Man. He was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards during the 1970s.

Reed was born John Robert Rietz in Highland Park, Illinois. He also grew up in Muskogee, Oklahoma and Navasota, Texas.

Reed was gay but kept this private. He died on May 12, 1992, in Pasadena, California. He was 59 years old. His death was originally said to have been caused by colon cancer. It was later revealed to have been hastened by HIV.

References

Other websites
 
 
 

American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Cancer deaths in California
Deaths from AIDS
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT people from Illinois
LGBT people from Oklahoma
LGBT people from Texas
Actors from Highland Park, Illinois
Infectious disease deaths in California
1932 births
1992 deaths
People from Muskogee, Oklahoma
Actors from Oklahoma
Dishwasher

The word dishwasher means either the person who washes (cleans) dishes or a machine that does the same thing. A person could wash dishes either by hand or by operating a dishwashing machine.

Home appliances
Domestic work
Commercial kitchen equipment
Peter Fonda

Peter Henry Fonda (February 23, 1940 – August 16, 2019) was an American actor. He and Dennis Hopper starred in the motorcycle movies, The Wild Angels and Easy Rider. He appeared in many other movies, including Ulee's Gold, in which he was nominated for an Academy Award, Thomas and the Magic Railroad and The Passion of Ayn Rand.

Personal life
Fonda wrote an autobiography, Don't Tell Dad: A Memoir, which was published in 1998. He had a home in Paradise Valley, Montana in 1975. Fonda died of respiratory failure and lung cancer on August 16, 2019.

Filmography

References

Other websites

 
 
 Official Website: www.peterfonda.com

1940 births
2019 deaths
Actors from New York City
Actors from Omaha, Nebraska
American movie actors
American political activists
American screenwriters
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from respiratory failure
Democrats (United States)
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Movie directors from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
Writers from Nebraska
Dennis Hopper

Dennis Lee Hopper (May 17, 1936 – May 29, 2010) was an American actor, movie director, and photographer. He has appeared in many movies and television shows, since the 1950s.

Early life
Hopper was born on May 17, 1936 in Dodge City, Kansas. He spent his life in Kansas City, Missouri and in San Diego, California. Hopper studied to be an actor at Helix High School and at the Actors' Studio. Hopper has two brothers.

Career 
Hopper is probably best known for directing, co-writing, and starring in the Oscar-nominated movie Easy Rider (1969). In 1994, Hopper had a role in the thriller movie Speed. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Personal life
Hopper was married to Brooke Hayward from 1961 until they divorced in 1969. Hopper was then married to Michelle Phillips from 1970 until they divorced weeks later. He was married to Daria Halprin from 1972 until they divorced. He was later married to Katherine LaNasa from 1989 until they divorced in 1992. Hopper was married to Victoria Duffy from 1998 until they divorced in 2010, months before his death. Hopper had 3 daughters and a son.

Lawsuit
Hopper once insulted actor Rip Torn after he said "Texans are hippie-hatting rednecks" and was sued for a total of $475,000 dollars.

Illness and death
On October 29, 2009, his manager announced that Hopper had prostate cancer. He was terminally ill. He died of the disease on May 29, 2010 in Venice, California. He was 74. He was buried at Ranchos de Taos, New Mexico. Alpha and Omega was his last movie and was dedicated to his memory.

References

Other websites 

 

Actors from Kansas
Actors from Kansas City, Missouri
Actors from San Diego, California
American painters
American movie actors
American photographers
American sculptors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from prostate cancer
People from Dodge City, Kansas
Movie directors from California

Movie directors from Missouri
Writers from California
Writers from Kansas
Writers from Missouri 
1936 births
2010 deaths
Todd Rundgren

Todd Harry Rundgren (born June 22, 1948) is an American singer, songwriter, and record producer. Two of his best-known songs are "I Saw The Light" and "Hello It's Me". Both were on his 1971 album Something/Anything?. Most of the songs on that album were performed by Rundgren alone, using multitrack recorders and playing many musical instruments.

Apple Records hired Rundgren to produce an album, Straight Up, for the band Badfinger during 1971. Badfinger had not heard of Rundgren and did not know his music, until they bought copies of some of his records. They liked what they heard, and when Rundgren met the band, they got along well, and worked well together.

In the early 2000s, Rundgren replaced Ric Ocasek as bandleader of The Cars, when they reunited to tour.

Actress Liv Tyler used to believe that Rundgren was her father.

References

1948 births
Living people
American record producers
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
American singer-songwriters
Singers from Pennsylvania
1066

1066 was a year which brought great changes in England. The land had four kings during the year. The year started under Anglo-Saxon rule, and ended under Norman rule. This was the only occasion since Roman Britain when the entire country was successfully invaded.

There were four kings during the year: Edward the Confessor (to 5 January 1066), Harold Godwinson (to 14 October 1066), Edgar the Ætheling (to 10 December 1066), and finally William I, Duke of Normandy.

Events 
 6 January – Harold II crowned King of England
 25 September – Harold II defeats Tostig and Harald Hardraada at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. Tostig and Harald Hardraada are killed
 14 October – At the Battle of Hastings, William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy) defeats Harold. Harold is killed. In England, this heralds the start of the Middle Ages.

 The Viking port of Hedeby, a town on the Baltic Sea, is destroyed by Slavs.

Deaths 
 4 or 5 January – King Edward the Confessor of England dies
 25 September – killed at the Battle of Stamford Bridge:
 King Harald III of Norway (b. 1015)
 Tostig Godwinson, Earl of Northumbria
 14 October – killed at the Battle of Hastings:
 King Harold II of England
 Leofwine Godwinson, brother of King Harold II
 Gyrth Godwinson, brother of King Harold II

 John Scotus (bishop of Mecklenburg (Johannes Skotus) (born around 990)
 10 November – Sacrificed to Radegast:
1497

1497 was a common year.

Events 
 July 8 – Vasco da Gama leaves Lisbon, Portugal for is first trip through the Cape of Good Hope to India.
 Spanish Empire: Melilla is captured by Castile.
 Girolamo Savonarola, priest and leader of Florence, Italy burns what he believes is immoral art in Piazza della Signoria. Savonarola is excommunicated and burned alive in that same location later in the same year.

Deaths 
 February 6 – Johannes Ockeghem, Belgian composer (b. 1410)
1559

1559 was a common year.

Events 
January 15 – Elizabeth I of England is crowned in Westminster Abbey.
March 23 – Emperor Gelawdewos of Ethiopia, defending his lands against the invasion of Nur ibn Mujahid, Sultan of Harar, is killed in battle. His brother Menas succeeds him as king.
April 3 – Peace of Cateau Cambrésis – France makes peace with England and Spain.  France gives up most of its gains in Italy (including Savoy), keeping only Saluzzo, but keeps the three Lorraine bishoprics of Metz, Toul, and Verdun, and the formerly English town of Calais.
July 10 – Francis II becomes King of France following the death of his father, Henry II in a jousting accident.
End of the Italian Wars.
 The Decameron expurgated.
 A royal edict in France makes heresy punishable by death.
 Elizabeth I establishes the Church of England, with the Act of Uniformity 1559 and the Act of Supremacy 1559.
1581



Events 
 January 16 – English Parliament outlaws Roman Catholicism
 April 4 – After going around the world Sir Francis Drake is knighted by Elizabeth I.
 July 26 – The Northern Netherlands becomes free from Spain in the Oath of Abjuration.

Births 
 January 4 – James Ussher, Anglo-Irish priest and scholar
 February 17 – Fausto Poli, Italian Catholic priest
 March 16 – Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft, Dutch historian
 October 9 – Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac, French mathematician
 October 21 – Domenico Zampieri, Italian painter

Deaths 
 April 25 – Okabe Motonobu, Japanese warrior
 May 31 – Jan Kostka, Polish noble
 June 2 – James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, regent of Scotland
 July 11 – Peder Skram, Danish senator and naval officer
 July 22 – Richard Cox, English bishop
 August 21 – Sakuma Nobumori, Japanese retainer and samurai
 September 1 – Guru Ram Das, fourth Sikh Guru
 September 30 – Hubert Languet, French diplomat and reformer
 October 9 – Saint Louis Bertrand, Spanish missionary to Latin-America, patron saint of Colombia
 October 23 – Michael Neander, German mathematician and astronomer
 November 7 – Richard Davies, Welsh bishop and scholar
1509

1509 was a common year.

Events 
February 2 – Battle of Diu took place near Diu, India.
April 22 – Henry VIII becomes King of England on the death of his father, Henry VII.
April 27 – Pope Julius II places Venice under interdict and excommunication for refusing to cede part of Romagna under Papal control
May 14 – Battle of Agnadello – French forces defeat the Venetians.
 June 11 – Henry VIII of England marries Catherine of Aragon
June 24 – King Henry VIII of England's and Queen consort's Catherine of Aragon coronation ceremony.

 August 8, 1509, Krishna devaraya became the ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire, the greatest emperor, scholar and writer.
1521



Events 
 April 17 – Martin Luther speaks to the assembly at the Diet of Worms, refusing to recant his teachings.
 May 17 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason.
 August 13 – The ruler of the Aztec Empire surrenders to Spanish conquistadors.  This ends the Aztec Empire.
 August 29 – The Ottoman Turks capture Nándorfehérvár, now known as Belgrade

Births 
July – Juan Ponce Enrile (b. 1460)
August 4 – Pope Urban VII (d. 1590)

Deaths 
 April 21 – Ferdinand Magellan (b. 1480)

References
Al-Qaeda

al-Qaeda (, al-qāʿidah, "the base") is an Islamist jihadist multinational organization that was founded around August 1988 and late 1989.p75 It works as a network, as a stateless army, and a radical Sunni Muslim movement calling for global Jihad. Most of the world thinks it is a terrorist organization.

Members of al-Qaeda have performed many acts of terrorism. Most of these have been done against the United States and Shias. Some of its most well-known attacks have been the September 11 attacks, the bombings of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998, and the attack on the U.S. Navy ship USS Cole in 2000. al-Qaeda has done suicide attacks and simultaneous (at the same time) bombings of different targets.

Among al-Qaeda's goals is for other countries to stop influencing Muslim countries and for a new Islamic caliphate to be made. There have been reports that al-Qaeda believes that Christian and Jewish Islamophobia is trying to destroy Islam and that the killing of bystanders and civilians is religiously justified in jihad.

There have been guesses that there are 500–1,000 operatives in Afghanistan and around 5,000 worldwide. However, there is no confirmation of this.

History
In June 2001, al-Qaeda and Egyptian Islamic Jihad, which had been associated with each other for many years, merged into 'Qaeda al-Jihad'.

"...the members of Islamic Jihad and its guiding figure Ayman al-Zawahiri have provided the backbone of [al-Quaeda's] leadership. According to officials in the C.I.A. and the F.B.I., Zawahiri has been responsible for much of the planning of the terrorist operations against the United States".

Death of Osama Bin Laden Laden and current leadership
Egyptian Ayman al-Zawahiri was the highest-ranking surviving member of al-Qaeda's leadership after Osama bin Laden was killed on May 2, 2011.

Death of Abu Yahya al-Libi
Senior al-Qaeda leader Abu Yahya al-Libi was killed in a drone strike on June 4, 2012. He ranked second to Ayman al-Zawahiri at the time. The strike was carried out in the northwest tribal area of Waziristan. The Pakistan Government has protested to the U.S. about the strike.

References

Other websites
 Council on Foreign Relations al-Qaeda 
 

1980s establishments
 
Rebel militia groups
Shiaphobia
Sunni organizations
1863



Events 
 Battle of Gettysburg
 Founded Red Cross.

Births 
 January 17 – David Lloyd George, British politician; Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (died 1945)
 April 5 – Victoria of the United Kingdom, British royal (died 1950)
 June 19 – John Goodall, English footballer (died 1942)
 July 30 – Henry Ford, American businessman; founder of Ford Motor Company (died 1947)
1905

1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

Art, music, theatre, literature 
 October 15 – Little Nemo in Slumberland debuts in American newspapers.
 A Little Princess is published

Events 
 January 22 – "Bloody Sunday" in St. Petersburg (Russia). First Russian Revolution has started.
 April 1 – SOS, the Morse code signal for distress, is created by Germany.
 June 7 – Norway becomes an independent country.
 October 28 – Cardiff, Wales becomes a city in the United Kingdom.
 Albert Einstein publishes his special theory of relativity.
 A workers' revolt, supported by the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin, takes place in Odessa, Russia.

Births

January 

 January 2 – Michael Tippett, English composer (d. 1998)
 January 14 – Takeo Fukuda, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1995)
 January 21 – Christian Dior, French fashion designer (d. 1957)

February 

 February 1 - Emilio G. Segre, Italian-American physicist (d. 1989)
 February 2 – Ayn Rand, American writer (d. 1982)

March 

 March 9 – Rex Warner, English writer (d. 1986)
 March 12 – Takashi Shimura, Japanese actor (d. 1982)
 March 19 – Albert Speer, German architect (d. 1981)
 March 25 – Pote Sarasin, Prime Minister of Thailand (d. 2000)

April 
 April 21 – Pat Brown, 32nd Governor of California (d. 1996)

May 

 May 15 – Joseph Cotten, American actor (d. 1994)
 May 16 – Henry Fonda, American actor (d. 1982)
 May 26 – Seni Pramoj, Prime Minister of Thailand (d. 1997)

June 

 June 21 – Jean-Paul Sartre, French philosopher (d. 1980)

July 

 July 15 – Chaudhry Muhammad Ali, Prime Minister of Pakistan (d. 1980)
 July 29 – Clara Bow, American actress (d. 1965)
 July 29 – Dag Hammarskjöld, 2nd Secretary-General of the United Nations (d. 1961)

August 
 August 24 – Arthur Crudup, American blues musician (d. 1976)
 August 25 – Faustyna Kowalska, Polish nun and mystic (d. 1938)

September 

 September 18 – Greta Garbo, Swedish actress (d. 1990)

October

November

December 

 December 4 – Emílio Garrastazu Médici, President of Brazil (d. 1985)
 December 5 – John Whedon, American screenwriter (d. 1991)
 December 11 – Erskine Hamilton Childers, 4th President of Ireland (d. 1974)
 December 21 – Anthony Powell, English writer (d. 2000)
 December 22 – Kenneth Rexroth, American poet (d. 1982)

Deaths 
 March 24 – Jules Verne, French writer (b. 1828)

 

nv:1901 – 1950
1915

1915 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events 
 January 26 - President Woodrow Wilson says yes to making Rocky Mountain National Park.
 February 8 - The Birth of a Nation is released.
 April 24 – The Armenian genocide begins.
 May 23 - The Italian Campaign of World War I begins.
 November 17 - Morocco starts using its current flag.

Births

January 

 February 1 – Stanley Matthews, English footballer (d. 2000)

February

March

April 

 April 21 – Anthony Quinn, Mexican-American actor (d. 2001)
 April 27 – Hovhannes Shiraz, Armenian poet (d. 1984)

May 

 May 6 – Orson Welles, American movie director, screenwriter and actor (d. 1985)

June 

 June 4 – Modibo Keïta, 1st President of Mali (d. 1977)
 June 28 – David Honeyboy Edwards, American blues guitarist and singer

July 
 July 28 - Frankie Yankovic, American polka musician (d. 1998)

August 

 August 29 – Ingrid Bergman, Swedish actress (d. 1982)

September 

 September 6 – Franz Josef Strauß, German politician (d. 1988)

October 
 October 24 – Bob Kane, American cartoonist (d. 1998)

November 

 November 25 – Augusto Pinochet, Chilean ruler (d. 2006)

December 

 December 12 – Frank Sinatra, American singer and actor (d. 1998)
 December 19 – Édith Piaf, French singer (d. 1963)

Deaths 
 April 27 – Alexander Scriabin, Russian composer (b. 1872)
 November 14 – Booker T. Washington, American inventor, educator, and writer (b. 1856)
Tallinn

Tallinn is the capital of Estonia. It is on the north-eastern coast of Estonia and borders the Gulf of Finland. The city is next to many lakes. The largest of these lakes is called Lake Ülemiste, and most Tallinnites get their drinking water from this lake.

Tallinn's Old Town, which is the historic town center, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

History 

Tallinn first appeared on a map in 1154, when the cartographer Muhammad al-Idrisi, calling the city Qlwn, added it to his map of the world.  After being conquered by the Danes, the city was known as Reval until Estonia became an independent nation in the 1920s.

In 1285, the city became a part of the Hanseatic League. As a result, in the Middle Ages Tallinn was an important stop on the trade routes between Europe and Russia. During its history Estonia has been ruled at times by Sweden and by Russia. It became independent in 1918 after World War I, but after World War II it was ruled by the USSR. In March 1944 Tallinn was bombed by Soviet Air Force, killing 436 civilians and totally destroying 5073 buildings. Since 1991, Tallinn has been the capital of an independent Estonia.

Today more than 400,000 people live in Tallinn, which is one third of the population of Estonia. It is a big sea port. Its food and textile industries are important. The town has many pretty, old buildings.

Climate
The chart below shows the climate of Tallinn.

Gallery

References

World Heritage Sites in Europe
Lombardy

Lombardy (/ˈlɒmbərdi, ˈlʌm-/ LOM-bər-dee, LUM-; Italian: Lombardia [lombarˈdiːa]; Lombard: Lombardia, Western Lombard: [lũbɐ̞rˈdiːɑ], Eastern Lombard: [lombɐ̞rˈdiːɑ, -ˈdeːɑ]) is a region in the northern part of Italy. It is the most populated region of the country, and has almost 9.4 million people. The capital is Milan. Lombardy has provinces within it. 

To the north of Lombardy is the country of Switzerland (Canton Ticino and Grigioni). To the west is the region of Piedmont. To the east are the regions of Veneto and Trentino - Alto Adige. To the south is the region of Emilia-Romagna.

Name 
In the Italian language, Lombardy is called Lombardia. This name comes from an old German word: Langbardland and means "country of the Lombards".

Geography 
In the north of Lombardy there are very high mountains, (40% of the territory is mountains) the highest mountains are almost 4.000 meters in the Bernina Range.

In the south of the region flows the Po river, which is the longest river in Italy. The most important rivers are the Adda river, the Mincio and the Ticino river, all of them end in the Po river.

There are also a lot of lakes, the largest are the lake Maggiore, the Lake of Varese, the lake Como, and the lake Garda.

Provinces 
Lombardy is divided into 12 provinces:
 Bergamo
 Brescia
 Como
 Cremona
 Lecco
 Lodi
 Mantova
 Milano
 Monza e Brianza
 Pavia
 Sondrio
 Varese

References

Other websites 
 Official Site (IT)
Regions of Italy

Italy is a country in the south of Europe. It is divided into 20 regions. A region is a part of the country with a government and a president.

In Italy, regions can decide some things. They can give money to local business. They can decide some things about hospitals, schools, and transport.

In some regions, people speak other languages. In Alto Adige/Südtirol a lot of people speak mainly German. So this region is "special" and can decide more things. 

Sardinia and Sicily are islands. They have different problems than other regions. They have also some different laws.
These regions are called "regions with special laws" ().

List of the regions 
Every region has a capital. Here is the list of the regions, the capital and other information.
1886



Events 
 February 6 – A large demonstration about unemployment at Trafalgar Square led to riots at Pall Mall
 March 1 - Anglo-Chinese School was founded in Singapore by Bishop William Oldham.
 April 6 – Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada becomes a city.
 October 4 – Johannesburg, South Africa was founded.
 October 28 – France gave the Statue of Liberty to the United States

Births 
 January 1 – Garegin Njdeh, Armenian politician (d. 1955)
 January 30 – Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez Castelao, Spanish writer (d. 1950)
 March 18 - Edward Everett Horton, American actor (d. 1970)
 April 26 – Gabdulla Tukay, Tatar poet (d. 1913)
 May 3 – Marcel Dupré, French composer (d. 1971)
September 13 - Alain LeRoy Locke, American writer (d. 1954)
 October 16 – David Ben-Gurion, first Prime Minister of Israel(d. 1973)
   October 16   – Armin T. Wegner, German writer and polictical activist (d. 1978)
 December 8 – Diego Rivera, Mexican painter (d. 1957)

Deaths 
 July 31 – Franz Liszt, Hungarian composer (b. 1811)
 May 15 – Emily Dickinson, American poet (b. 1830)
 November 18 – Chester A. Arthur, 21st President of the United States (b. 1829)

Books 
 Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde – Robert Louis Stevenson
 Little Lord Fauntleroy - Frances Hodgson Burnett
Vladimir Nabokov

Vladimir Nabokov (April 22, 1899 – July 2, 1977) was a Russian-American writer. He wrote his first books in Russian, and after he moved to the United States, he wrote in English. His most famous book is Lolita, but others have also become famous, such as Pnin, Pale Fire, and Ada or Ardor.

Nabokov was born in Saint Petersburg, Russia, the first of five children. In 1919, he and his family went to Europe. In 1945, he became an American citizen. He died in Montreux, Switzerland.

Life
Nabokov's father was a lawyer and politician. As a child, Vladimir learned Russian, English, and French. After the October Revolution, the family moved a few times, but settled in Berlin in 1920. Two years later, his father was shot and killed by mistake, because he had blocked the person the gunman was trying to murder. His mother and sister moved to Prague, but Vladimir stayed in Berlin. He wrote for other Russians who had left Russia to live there. He met Véra Slonin, a woman from a Jewish-Russian family, in 1923. They married in 1925. In 1934, they had their only child, Dmitri.

In 1937, Nabokov started to look for another job. He left for France that year, and his family followed. They all fled to America in 1940, except his brother Sergei, who died in a Nazi concentration camp.

Butterflies 
Nabokov was an expert on butterflies. As a child he had read books by entomologist Maria Sibylla Merian which he found in the attic of his family's country home in Vyra.

During the 1940s, he was a research fellow in zoology. He organized the butterfly collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University. His specialty was the tribe Polyommatini of the family Lycaenidae.

The genus Nabokovia was named after him in honor of this work, as were a number of butterfly and moth species (e.g. many species in the genera Madeleinea and Pseudolucia have names alluding to Nabokov or names from his novels). In 1967, Nabokov commented: "The pleasures and rewards of literary inspiration are nothing beside the rapture of discovering a new organ under the microscope or an undescribed species on a mountainside in Iran or Peru. It is not improbable that had there been no revolution in Russia, I would have devoted myself entirely to lepidopterology and never written any novels at all".

Related pages
List of Russian language poets
List of Russian-language novelists
List of Russian novelists

References

Other websites 
 Nabokov Library (in Russian and English)

1899 births
1977 deaths
American novelists
Disease-related deaths in Switzerland
Writers from Saint Petersburg
Russian novelists
American entomologists
Abingdon, Oxfordshire

Abingdon is a town in England. It is in the Thames Valley in southern England, 5.5 miles (8.9 km) south of Oxford. It is the seat (place of the government) of the Vale of White Horse district in Oxfordshire. Abingdon was once the county town of Berkshire. It is one of several places which claim to be Britain's oldest occupied town.

History
Abingdon is at a place where people were able to easily cross the Thames. The area has been lived in since the Bronze Age. The bridge over the Thames at Abingdon is more than 550 years old. Work started on the bridge in 1416, and it replaced an old wooden bridge.

The Abingdon Abbey was built in 675 AD by the Benedictines who called it Abbandun. By 1538 it was the sixth richest abbey in Britain. Most of it was destroyed after 1538 when King Henry VIII closed the monasteries. The gatehouse and several smaller buildings are still standing.

There is a market in Abingdon every Monday, which first started in 1556. A canal was built in 1810 to join Abingdon to other towns including London, Bristol and Birmingham. The canal was in use until 1906.

The MG motor cars were made in Abingdon for 50 years until the factory closed in 1980. However the headquarters of the MG Car Club are still in the town.

References

Towns in Oxfordshire
County towns in England
Yeadon

Yeadon is a town near Leeds in England. It is in West Yorkshire and part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. It is home to Leeds Bradford International Airport.

Towns in West Yorkshire
George Washington Carver

George Washington Carver (c. January 1860 – January 5, 1943) was an American educator, botanist (someone who works with plants), and inventor. He is best known for his work with peanuts, sweet potatoes, and other crops.

Carver's reputation is based on his research into and promotion of alternative crops to cotton, such as peanuts, soybeans and sweet potatoes, which also aided nutrition for farm families. He wanted poor farmers to grow alternative crops both as a source of their own food and as a source of other products to improve their quality of life. 

The most popular of his 44 practical bulletins for farmers contained 105 food recipes using peanuts. He also developed and promoted about 100 products made from peanuts that were useful for the house and farm, including cosmetics, dyes, paints, plastics, gasoline, and nitroglycerin. He received numerous honors for his work, including the Spingarn Medal of the NAACP.

He was born into slavery in January 1864 in Diamond, Missouri. The exact date of his birth is unknown. He studied in Simpson College when he was 22. Much of Carver's fame is based on his research. He died on January 5, 1943 after a fall he had in his home in Tuskegee, Alabama on January 5, 1943.

References

1860s births
1943 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls in the United States
American activists
American adoptees
American botanists
American Christians
American inventors
Scientists from Missouri
1744

1744 was a common year.

Deaths 
January 25 - Domenico Sarro
 April 25 – Anders Celsius
Julian calendar

The Julian calendar, proposed by Julius Caesar in 46 BCE (708 AUC), was a reform of the Roman calendar. It was first used in 1 January 45 BCE. It was the main calendar in most of the world, until Pope Gregory  replaced that with the Gregorian calendar in 4 October 1582.

During the 20th and 21st centuries, the date according to the Julian calendar is 13 days behind the Gregorian date.

Year length; leap years
The Julian calendar has two types of year: common years of 365 days and leap years of 366 days. There is a simple cycle of three common years followed by a leap year and this pattern repeats forever. However, the rule was not followed in the first years after the reform in 45 BCE. Due to a counting error, every 3rd year was a leap year instead of the 4th. The leap years were:
 45 BCE (709 AUC)
 42 BCE (712 AUC)
 39 BCE (715 AUC)
 36 BCE (718 AUC)
 33 BCE (721 AUC)
 30 BCE (724 AUC)
 27 BCE (727 AUC) 

 24 BCE (730 AUC)
 21 BCE (733 AUC)
 18 BCE (736 AUC)
 15 BCE (739 AUC)
 12 BCE (742 AUC)
 9 BCE (745 AUC)
However, in 8 BCE (746 AUC), emperor Augustus Caesar corrected the problem. The next leap year was 7 CE (160 AUC).

Criticism 
With the simple cycle, the length of the Julian year is exactly 365.25 days (365 days and 6 hours), but the actual time it takes for the Earth to go around the Sun once is closer to 365.2422 days (about 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds). This difference is about 365.25 - 365.2422 = 0.0078 days (11 minutes and 14 seconds) each year, although Greek astronomers knew that. This made the seasons get out of track, since the real first day of spring in western Europe (the equinox - day and night the same length) was happening earlier and earlier before the traditional 21 March as the centuries went by. By the 1500s, it was starting around 11 March, ten days 'too early' according to the calendar.

Reform

From Roman calendar 
The first step of the reform was to realign the 25 December with the Winter solstice by making 46 BCE (708 AUC) 445 days long. In ordinary Roman calendar, the common year had 355 days and the leap year (one year after the common year) had 378 days. The 46 BCE was a leap year, according to the calendar. Julius Caesar added 67 more days by adding two extra months (those are called Prior and Posterior in letters of Cicero) between November and December.

References 

Calendars
Southern hemisphere

The Southern hemisphere is the half of Earth that is south of the equator. 

It has about 10 percent of world's population and only a small part of the world's land. A very small part of Asia, one-third of Africa, 90 percent of South America, and all of Australia and Antarctica are in this hemisphere.

Related pages
Northern hemisphere
Eastern Hemisphere
Western Hemisphere
Seasons
Solstice and equinox
Equator
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
Arctic Circle
Antarctic Circle

Hemispheres
Antonio Prohias

Antonio Prohias (January 17, 1921 – February 24, 1998) was a Cuban-born cartoonist. He is best known as the creator of Spy vs. Spy. The running gag is of two incompent spies-one in black clothing-one in white clothing-who consisity try to outdo each other in comic mayhem. Although one comic only identies their countries as Black/White  another one tells their nationalities are given in an International border cartoon in which the Black Spy from the "East" tries to sneak over to the "West" [Guarded by the "White Spy."]-although a later cartoon identies their countries as "Black SpyLand" (and presumedly "White Spyland")  Likewise the Spys parents  and their Children are cloathed as Black/white Miniature copies of their fathers Even in childhood and old age the two spys began their mayhem against one another-although their feuding goes back to Caveman times and the Roman Empire In the Spy Vs Spy World even innocenet human bystanders  toys  and the Spys animals are cloathed in Black/White They even have their own Spy Cemeteries [ID only as Agent Number but no names]; and Fan Clubs; their newspapers are called "Spy News" The Spys weopons could be anything-from antique Biplanes to Jets Each spy would be attached to either their own embassy or their respective Spy Hq-a running gag is that each spy would try to steal secrets from the enemy spy embassy  On occasion Prohias would introduce a variation in which one Spy would embaress -but not kill-the enemy spy Other variations-more than One spy of the same color vs enemy Spy; and occasionally the introduction of a third Spy..the femme fatalee female "Grey Spy" would always trick the two love struck bumblers to their doom. In Honor of St Patricks Day another Spy was introduced the "Green Spy". When "Mad Magazine" had its own TV Show they would show 3D Cartoons of Spy Vs Spy shorts. After Prohias demise the Cartoon has been drawn by Kupper

References

Cartoonists
Cuban people
1921 births
1998 deaths
Chancellor

Chancellor is the head of the government in some European countries including Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The title "Chancellor" means the same thing as "Prime Minister". For example, Italy has a Prime Minister while Germany has a Chancellor but they have roughly the same job.  

In the United Kingdom, the Chancellor of the Exchequer is the person in charge of the country's finances (taxes and spending). Also in the United Kingdom, there is a Lord Chancellor. 

Chancellor is also a title given to public officials in some other countries. For example, Daijō-daijin or Chancellor of the Realm was a government position in Japan in the late Nara and Heian periods.

Related pages
Chancellor of Germany
University Chancellor

References

Heads of government
 
Titles
Government occupations
MUD

In terms of computer games, a MUD (short for Multi-User Dungeon, Multi-User Dimension or Multi-User Domain) is a multiplayer online game that is usually completely text-based.

Types of video games
Video game genres
Grenada

Grenada ( ; Grenadian Creole French: Gwenad) is an island country in the Caribbean Sea that received its independence from the United Kingdom in 1974. Its capital is St. George's.

History 
Before it was discovered, Grenada was inhabited by indigenous people. In 1649, it was colonised by France. Over a century later in 1763, Grenada was given to the United Kingdom.

In 1974, Grenada became an independent country led by Prime Minister Eric Gairy. In 1983, Grenada was invaded by the United States in an effort to stop communism on the island. 

In 2004, a hurricane named Ivan destroyed most of the island's resources. Grenada is called the Spice Island on account of its most famous export, the nutmeg.

Politics 
Grenada is a monarchy with Charles III as king. Grenada has a parliament made up of a senate (13 seats) and a House of Representatives (15 seats). The senators are appointed by the representatives, who are elected by the people.

Related pages
 Grenada at the Olympics
 Grenada national football team
 List of Grenadian people
 List of rivers of Grenada
 List of subdivisions of Grenada

References

Other websites 
 Official Government Website
 Official Website of the Tourism Board 
 General Tourism Website 

 
Current monarchies
Caribbean Community
English-speaking countries
Commonwealth realms
1974 establishments in North America
Accrington

Accrington is a town in Lancashire, England. It is in North West England. The town had a population of 35,203 in the 2001 census. The Accrington Stanley Football Club play here.

Towns in Lancashire
Yateley

Yateley is a suburban town in England in the county of Hampshire. It had a population of 21,011 according to the 2001 census.

Location 
It is on the borders with Berkshire and Surrey. It lies some 35 miles (56 km) west-south-west of London and 15 miles (24 km) south of Reading. Other local towns and villages include Eversley, Finchampstead, Hartley Wintney, Blackwater, Camberley, Sandhurst, Crowthorne, Farnborough and Fleet.

Uses 
Yateley mainly serves as a dormitory town for workers in London, Reading, Guildford, Farnborough and Camberley.

Transport 
Public transport in Yateley is limited to a bus that serves Blackwater, Camberley and Aldershot. There is no train station.

Education 
There are two secondary schools in the town, Yateley School and Frogmore School, and many infant and primary schools.

References

Other websites

Towns in Hampshire
Stratford-upon-Avon

Stratford-upon-Avon is a town in England.  It is famous as the birthplace of William Shakespeare. It lies on the River Avon, 22 miles (35 km) south east of Birmingham and 8 miles (13 km) south west of the county town, Warwick.

Towns in Warwickshire
Sites associated with William Shakespeare
Pune

Pune is the 8th largest metropolis in India. It is on the Deccan Plateau in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The city is famous for the great Maratha king Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.  It is also the birthplace of spiritual teacher Meher Baba.  Mutha are the two rivers that flow through the city. 

It has a major Information Technology (IT) center. This city is managed by the Pune Municipal Council (PMC).
Pune is a city of knowledge and often known as the Oxford of the east. In Marathi, it is known as vidyeche maherghar. It means the hometown of education. The population of Pune was 8,242,142 by 2015.

Name 
The name Pune comes from the Sanskrit word - . It means "city of virtue".  Pune is known for its educational facilities, having more than hundred educational institutes and nine universities.  Pune has well-established glass, sugar and metal forging industries since the 1950s.  Pune is also known as the "Oxford of the East."  Pune was once the centre of power for the Maratha Empire. It is known to have existed as a town since 847 AD. Pune was the first capital of Shivaji Maharaj.

It is the cultural capital of Maharashtra. There are many historic places like Shaniwar Wada, Lal Mahal and many museums like the Aga Khan Palace, Raja Kelkar Museum, and the National War museum.

The climate of Pune is suitable to reside in, so many people settled there. Today, Pune has many complexes, shopping malls and multiplexes. There are many research centres present in Pune.

Students not only from other cities and States come here to study, but international students from various countries are also found here. There are many clubs for different sports activities in this city. The main attraction of the city is the Ganesh Festival which is celebrated with great joy. 

There are many educational institutions like Symbiosis, SP and Fergusson. Many people in Pune are food lovers, there are many famous Bhelpuri and Vada pav centres.

References
Beer, Devon

Beer is the name of a village in Devon, South West England. It is famous for underground quarries started by the Romans which have supplied stone for many of England's Historic buildings. Fishing was also a large industry with smuggling connections and the ladies of Beer made the lace for Queen Victoria's wedding dress.

References

Villages in Devon
Fly

A fly (plural: flies) is an insect of the order Diptera. The Diptera is a large order of advanced flying insects.

Their most obvious difference from other insects is in their flight. A normal fly has two flight wings on its thorax and a pair of halteres. The halteres, which evolved from the hind wings, act as flight sensors: they are balance organs. Also flies have large eyes with excellent wide-angle vision.

With the help of their eyes and halteres, flies are exceptional fliers. They can avoid most predators, and are among the hardest insects to capture by hand. Their jinks, dives and turns to avoid their predators is their main adaptation. "These flies do a precise and fast calculation to avoid a specific threat and they are doing it using a brain that is as small as a grain of salt".... "And they can fly like an ace at birth. It's like putting a newborn baby in the cockpit of a fighter aircraft and it knowing what to do".

The only other order of insects bearing two true, working wings plus any form of halteres are the Strepsiptera, a small order of insects. In contrast to the flies, the Strepsiptera evolved their halteres from their front wings and their flight wings are their rear wings.

The presence of a single pair of wings distinguishes true flies from other insects with "fly" in their name, such as mayflies, dragonflies, damselflies, stoneflies, whiteflies, fireflies, sawflies, caddisflies, butterflies or scorpionflies.

Some true flies have become secondarily wingless, including some that live in social insect colonies.

Life cycle 
Flies are also holometabolous, with complete metamorphosis. This means their eggs turn into grubs, which eat voratious. Then they turn into pupae. Their bodies change while they are in the pupa.

Kinds of flies 
There are an estimated 1,000,000 species, although only about 150,000 species have been described.

There are many different kinds of flies. Scientists have named 125,000 kinds (species).
 Houseflies are grey or black and can be found wherever people are.
 Horse flies and deer flies can bite people and animals.
 Fruit flies can be found near fruit that is too ripe.
 Hoverflies look like small wasps, but they have no sting.

Some flies do not have the word fly in their name, so people may not know they are flies. 
 Mosquitoes are flies that bite people and can carry diseases, such as malaria.
 Midges are small flies, a bit like like mosquitoes, but not all midges bite.
 Gnats are small flies that sometimes are in big groups called swarms.

Some insects have the word fly in their names, but they are not flies at all.
 Fireflies are a kind of beetle that can make light.
 Dragonflies and damselflies are from the order Odonata and are not flies.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Flies
Dhikr

The Arabic word Dhikr means remembrance. Another word is Dhikrullah (remembrance of God).

Dhikr is a kind of worship to God. It is often performed by the Sufis in congregation, and each Sufi order has its special kind of Dhikr.
However all Muslims must do dhikr.There are many benefits of doing Dhikr according to Islamic theology.Such as the fact that it is a polisher of the heart, a way of gaining closeness to Allah, one can even gain trees in Paradise for it.

Islam
Jockey

A jockey is a person who rides horses in horse races. Most jockeys have to be under a certain weight and/or height, so they would not be too heavy on the horse.

Horse riding
Sports occupations
George Lazenby

George Lazenby   (born 5 September 1939) is an Australian-born model and actor. He was born in Goulburn, New South Wales. He is best known for his role as James Bond in the movie On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1968). He is the only actor to play the role of Bond only once in an official James Bond movie.

Other websites 

1939 births
Living people
Actors from New South Wales
Actors who played James Bond
Australian models
Australian movie actors
Australian television actors
Companions of the Order of Australia
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Cone

In common speaking and geometry, a cone is a solid object that one gets when one rotates a right triangle around one of its two short sides, the cone's axis. The disk made by the other short side is called the base, and the point of the axis which is not on the base is the cone's apex or vertex. An object that is shaped like a cone is conical.

In more technical terms, a cone is formed by a set of line segments, half-lines, or lines connecting a common point, the apex, to all of the points on a base that is in a plane that does not contain the apex. Depending on the author, the base may be restricted to be a circle, any one-dimensional quadratic form in the plane, any closed one-dimensional figure, or any of the above plus all the enclosed points. If the enclosed points are included in the base, the cone is a solid object; otherwise it is a two-dimensional object in three-dimensional space. In the case of a solid object, the boundary formed by these lines or partial lines is called the lateral surface; if the lateral surface is unbounded, it is a conical surface.

In the case of line segments, the cone does not extend beyond the base, while in the case of half-lines, it extends infinitely far. In the case of lines, the cone extends infinitely far in both directions from the apex, in which case it is sometimes called a double cone. Either half of a double cone on one side of the apex is called a nappe.  The volume  of a cone is one third of the product of the area of the base  and the height

Related pages
Conic section
Cylinder

References

Three-dimensional shapes
Grace Coolidge

Grace Anna Coolidge (née Goodhue; January 3, 1879 – July 8, 1957) was First Lady of the United States.  She was the wife of United States President Calvin Coolidge. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1923 to 1929.

Biography
Her parents were Andrew and Lemira B. Goodhue. She was their only child. She spent her childhood at Burlington, Vermont. She graduated from the University of Vermont in 1902. She then started teaching at a school for the deaf children. The name of that school was the Clarke School for the Deaf, Northampton, Massachusetts. There she met Calvin Coolidge. They married in October 1905. The name of their first son was John Coolidge. The name of their second, born in 1908, son was Calvin, Jr.  

During all these years, her husband was working as a lawyer. Then, he became the governor. During all these years, Grace Coolidge helped her husband actively. By 1921, her husband has become the Vice President. They moved to Washington. Grace Coolidge soon became very popular in the high society of Washington.

First Lady

President Warren G. Harding died in 1923, and Calvin Coolidge became the President of the United States. Suddenly, their second son aged died at the age of 16 years.

Later life
In 1929, the president retired, and the couple left Washington. They went to Northampton (Massachusetts) to live. 
USA’s National Institute of Social Sciences awarded her a gold medal. In 1931, many people of America selected her as one of America's living women.  

In 1933, her husband died, but she lived for many decades. She died in 1957 at the age of 78. She lived a private life. In between, she took her first airplane ride and a trip to Europe. 

1879 births
1957 deaths
19th-century American people
20th-century American people
Calvin Coolidge
People from Burlington, Vermont
First Ladies of the United States
Second Ladies of the United States
List of U.S. state flowers

The state flower is a symbol for each state in USA, the state flowers for each state are:

References 

Flowers, List of U.S. state
Flowers
Lists of plants