alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
El Niño–Southern Oscillation

El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO in short) is a term for a natural event that takes place in the Pacific Ocean. It is also called El Niño and La Niña. In Spanish they mean "The boy" and "The girl".  

El Niño happens when the sea water temperature rises in surface waters of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Every two to five years the Pacific Ocean has this event. A weak, warm current starts around Christmas along the coast of Ecuador and Peru. It lasts for only a few weeks to a month or more. Every three to seven years, an El Niño event may last for many months. This can change the weather and have important effects around the world. Australia and Southeast Asia can have drought but the deserts of Peru have very heavy rainfall. East Africa can have both. In a La Niña event the weather patterns are reversed.

The Southern Oscillation was discovered by Sir Gilbert Walker in 1923. It is a "seesaw" of atmospheric pressure between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. There is an inverse relationship between the air pressure measured at two sites: Darwin, Australia, in the Indian Ocean and the island of Tahiti in the South Pacific. The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is the difference in sea-level pressure measured at Tahiti and Darwin. The Cold Tongue (CT) Index measures how much the average sea-surface temperature in the central and eastern Pacific near the equator varies from the annual cycle. The two measurements are anti-correlated, so that a negative SOI is usually together with an unusual warm ocean wind known as El Niño.

By the early 1980s it was clear that El Niño and the Southern Oscillation were related, and the acronym ENSO is used to describe this large-scale event.

The 2010-2011 Queensland floods were caused by a La Niña event which brought very heavy rain to the east coast of Australia. Other big floods in Australia have also happened during a La Niña, 1916, 1917, 1950, 1954-1956, and 1973-1975. The cost of the 2010-2011 Queensland floods has been worked out to A$30 billion.

Central Pacific El Niño
Not all El Niños happen in the Eastern Pacific. During recent decades, Central Pacific El Niños have been discovered. When these happen, the effects from CP El Niños are very different from traditional El Niños. Central Pacific El Niños took place in 1986–88, 1991–92, 1994–95, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2006–07, 2009–10 and 2015–16.

References

Weather events
Climate change
Pressure cooker

A pressure cooker is a type of pot with a very tight lid.

As the liquid in the cooker gets hot, pressure rises. Higher pressure results in a higher boiling point. Pressure cookers allow cooking at higher temperatures, which allows faster cooking.

Cooking appliances
1710

Year 1710 (MDCCX) was a year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events 
 Beijing becomes the largest city in the world.
 April 10 – The world's first copyright legislation became effective, Britain's Statute of Anne.
 June – Swiss and Palatine German Protestants under the leadership of Christoph von Graffenried travel to Bath County in the Province of Carolina. The settlers displace the native town of Chattoka and found New Bern, named for von Graffenried's hometown of Berne, Switzerland.
 June 8 – The Tuscarora nation sends a petition to the Province of Pennsylvania protesting the seizure of their lands and enslavement of their people by citizens of the Province of Carolina.
 October 10 – Estonia is annexed by Russia.

Births 
 January 3 – Richard Gridley, American Revolutionary soldier (died 1796)
 January 4 – Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Italian composer (died 1736)
 February 15 – King Louis XV of France (died 1774)
 April 15 – William Cullen, Scottish physician and chemist (died 1790)
 April 17 – Henry Erskine, 10th Earl of Buchan, British Freemason (died 1767)
 April 25 – James Ferguson, Scottish astronomer (died 1776)
 April 26 – Thomas Reid, Scottish philosopher (died 1796)
 April 30 – Johann Kaspar Basselet von La Rosée, Bavarian general (died 1795)
 May 14 – King Adolf Frederick of Sweden (died 1771)
 May 16 – William Talbot, 1st Earl Talbot, English politician (died 1782)
 June 10 – James Short, Scottish mathematician and optician (died 1768)
 July 21 – Paul Möhring, German physician and scientist (died 1792)
 August 20 – Thomas Simpson, British mathematician (died 1761)
 September 3 – Abraham Trembley, Swiss naturalist (died 1784)
 September 30 – John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford, British statesman (d. 1771)
 October 12 – Jonathan Trumbull, Governor of the Colony and the state of Connecticut (died 1785)
 October 16 – Andreas Hadik, Austro-Hungarian general (died 1790)
 October 24 – Alban Butler, English Catholic priest and writer (died 1773)
 November 8 – Sarah Fielding, English writer (died 1768)
 November 10 – Adam Gottlob Moltke, Danish statesman (died 1792)
 November 13 – Charles Simon Favart, French dramatist (died 1792)
 November 22 – Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, German composer (died 1784)
 November 27 – Robert Lowth, English bishop and amateur grammarian (died 1787)
 December 2 – Bertinazzi, Italian actor and writer (died 1783)

Deaths 
 January 16 – Emperor Higashiyama of Japan (born 1675)
 January 21 – Johann Georg Gichtel, German mystic (born 1638)
 February 16 – Esprit Fléchier, French writer and Bishop of Nîmes (born 1632)
 March 4 – Louis III, Prince of Condé (born 1668)
 April 28 – Thomas Betterton, English actor (born c.1635)
 June 1 – David Mitchell, British admiral (born 1642)
 September 19 – Ole Rømer, Danish astronomer (born 1644)
Pescozada

Pescozada is a hip-hop group from El Salvador. Their members are two men named Debil Estar and Fat Lui. They rap about gangs, politics, and the future of El Salvador. Their songs include "Primer Acto" and "I Could Fly". They rap in Spanish.

Hip hop bands
Salvadoran people
1998 establishments in North America
20th-century establishments in El Salvador
Rhyme

Rhyme means words that sound the same or similar in their endings. Poems and popular song lyrics often use rhyme. A simple poem can also be called a rhyme.

Many examples of rhyme are in folk songs, children's songs, and of course in nursery rhymes. Rhymes at the ends of the lines in a song or poem are normal:

Roses are red, violets are blue,
Sugar is sweet, and so are you.

Mary had a little lamb, its fleece was white as snow,
And everywhere that Mary went, the lamb was sure to go.

The counting song

One, two, buckle my shoe,
Three, four, shut the door,
Five, six, pick up sticks,
Seven, eight, lay them straight...

uses "internal rhymes," rhymes that fall within a single line instead of at the end of lines. In another children's poem,

With a knick-knack, paddy-whack, give the dog a bone,
This old man came rolling home...

knack and whack give another example of internal rhyme. Also, the rhymes at the ends of the lines, bone and home, are not "exact rhymes."  Exact rhymes are the same in everything but the first sound. Exact rhymes are the most common type of rhyme and can be formed easily with common sounds in English:

pay / day / way / say / may / bay / play / pray / stay ...
me / we / be / see / tree / knee ...

Other rhymes are not exact but only similar:

Goosey goosey gander, whither will you wander,
Upstairs, downstairs, in my lady's chamber...

Here, the rhymes are not exact rhymes. Also, gander and wander are "sight rhymes," words that look like rhymes when printed but do not sound quite alike. Sight rhymes are more common in poetry meant to be read, than in songs or verse meant to be sung or spoken aloud and heard by listeners.

Rhymes can be made up of more than one word, as in the short poem Rondeau by James Henry Leigh Hunt:

Jenny kissed me when we met,
Jumping from the chair she sat in;
Time, you thief, who love to get
Sweets into your book, put that in:
Say I'm weary, say I'm sad,
Say that health and wealth have missed me,
Say I'm growing old, but add,
Jenny kissed me.

Along with simple normal rhymes, met and get, sad and add, and one internal rhyme, health and wealth, Hunt creates sets of clever two-word rhymes.

Some poets and writers use very unusual rhymes. Well-known examples are in the song lyrics to the 1939 MGM film version of L. Frank Baum's The Wizard of Oz. The lyrics, written by E. Y. "Yip" Harburg, use many odd rhymes, plus internal rhymes, complex rhyme patterns, and other tricks of language. W. S. Gilbert, the lyricist for the Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas, wrote the same way. The books of Dr. Seuss are also famous for their many strange rhymes.

Poets who choose to avoid rhyme write in blank verse or free verse.

Related pages
rhythm
verse

Other websites
Orange Rhyming Words
Rhyming Dictionary 
French Rhyme Dictionary : Rimes.fr

Poetry
Lock

For  locks on a river or canal, see Lock (water transport)

A lock keeps things closed. It keeps people from opening something, such as a door or a box. Keys open locks. Sometimes an electronic card or secret numbers will open a lock. The verb to lock means to set the lock so the door or object is closed. A person who works on locks is called a locksmith.

Types of lock mechanisms 
A key lock is a lock that uses a key (a piece of metal with teeth like a little saw) to open it. Someone must put the key in the lock and turn it to open the lock. This lock is used in doors and locks for boxes. Key locks can be defeated by picking them.

A combination lock is a lock that uses a dial (a knob with numbers all around it) to open it. Someone must turn the dial to the right numbers in the right order. This is called the "combination." This lock is used on safes and locks for bicycles.

An electronic lock is a special lock that can only be opened with a message from a computer. This message can be stored in a computer chip on a card (called a "key card" or "security card"). Or it can be made by a computer looking at someone's fingerprint or eye.

Time locks are used in banks. They prevent anyone opening the vault until a preset time. This defeats burglary attempts when the bank is closed.

Types of lock 
Padlocks are probably the most common type of lock. They are opened either with a key or a combination. The best way to break them is to snap the hoop with a long-handled bolt cutter.

Pin tumbler locks, commonly called 'Yale locks', are very common for fastening doors. They were indeed invented by Linus Yale Jnr in the 1860s.

Deadbolts are locks which cannot be moved to the open position except by rotating the cylinder.

Spring latch lock. The common door latch which locks when you pull the door closed. It is much less secure than a deadbolt lock, but more convenient.

Security 
No lock is completely safe, though some are safer than others. Locks can be defeated by brute force or by lock picking. The most common brute force tool is the crowbar, commonly called (UK) a jimmy or jerry or (US) a wrecking bar.

Picking involve tools such as pin-tumbler lock picks, skeleton keys, bump keys, pick guns etc. Carrying these tools, especially after dark, is an arrestable offence in most countries except if the owner is a registered locksmith.

References

Other websites 
 The Restoration of Antique Lock and Key by Abha Vardhan (2019)
 Picking Locks Popular Mechanics

Basic English 850 words
Knob

A knob is a round handle that can be turned or pulled. A doorknob is a round handle that is turned to open a door. A cabinet knob is a small handle that is pulled to open a cabinet door or drawer. A control knob can turn a lamp on and off or make the volume on a radio go up or down.

A "knob" can also be any small, round thing that sticks out.

Hardware (mechanical)
The Sims 2

The Sims 2 is a 2004 video game and the sequel to The Sims. It is a simulation game made by Maxis and EA Games.

The game features a full 3D graphics engine. Like the first The Sims game, it has many expansion packs.

EA released a sequel, The Sims 3, in June 2009.

Changes
There are now six life stages: baby, toddler, child, teenager, adult, and elder. An additional young adult stage is added when you get the university expansion pack. Sims can now grow up and eventually die. In the first game, Sims would stay children forever and adults would stay adults forever. Teenagers can hold jobs as well as go to school.

Careers have gone under many changes. There is now a schedule; there are seven days in a week, and Sims at school are off on Saturday and Sunday. Sims can now get paid vacation days and start working 4–5 days a week. A meter measures job performance (their mood when they get to work). A new thing called "chance cards" lets the player pick what to do in a situation. Sims can gain/lose skill points, gain/lose money, or be promoted, demoted, or even fired.

Children and teenagers now bring homework home and their grades rise or fall depending on whether they finish it or not. Teenagers can hold jobs as well as go to school, but if their grades drop too low they can lose their job.

Other new things are wants and fears. These change when a want or fear is done or when the Sim wakes up from sleep.

Also, Sims can have aspirations (big things they want to do) like to have a family, to have many friends, to fall in love, to learn a lot, or to have a lot of money. A player can choose which aspiration they want their Sim to have, and the aspirations will affect their wants and fears. For example, a Sim with the family aspiration might want to have a child, but a Sim with the money aspiration might want to get a job instead.

Like in the first Sims game, a mother Sim and a father Sim can have a child. Also, children can be made at the start of the game or got from the adoption service.

One of the biggest changes in Sims 2 is that a Sim can go to a community lot (a place in the town like a store or a park). They can go there by using the phone to call a taxi.

Expansion packs
These are addons to the game which add new items, new places and new features. They are listed in the order that they came out in the shops. They are meant to come out 2 times a year.

There are eight expansion packs in total.

Stuff packs
These are packages that add only items to the game. They are less expensive than the regular expansion packs.

The Sims
2004 video games
Eintracht Frankfurt

Eintracht Frankfurt is a German sports club from Frankfurt am Main, best known for the football section.

The club plays in the Bundesliga. They have won the German Championship once and German Cup (DFB-Pokal) 5 times (last time in 2018) and the UEFA Cup twice.

They were founded in 1899. The team colours are red, black and white. They play at Deutsche Bank Park (former Waldstadion). The current captain of the side is midfielder Sebastian Rode from Germany.
The coach of Eintracht Frankfurt is Dino Toppmöller.

Eintracht has also 18 other sections such as athletics, basketball and ice hockey.

The players in the season 2023–24

Other websites 
 Official site

1899 establishments in Germany
Frankfurt
Fußball-Bundesliga
German football clubs
Sport in Hesse
Commonwealth of Nations

The Commonwealth of Nations (also known only as "Commonwealth") is a confederation of countries. Originally, it was called the  British Commonwealth  which was founded in 1926 when the British Empire began to break up. Now, there are 56 member countries of the Commonwealth. 

Only countries which were part of the British Empire are allowed to become members of the Commonwealth (although an exception was made for Rwanda, Mozambique and Gabon which were never colonised by Britain, when they were allowed to become members). Members are free to leave and rejoin the Commonwealth. However, joining or rejoining the Commonwealth can become difficult, when the candidate country has serious human rights violations.

Origin 

The term the Commonwealth of Nations originated in 1884. Lord Rosebery was on a visit to Australia in 1884. At Adelaide he said that over a period of time a number of colonies of the British Empire will become free and many may become more independent. He further said that all of these countries would then become the Commonwealth of Nations.

Purpose 

The Commonwealth of Nations is not a political organization. King Charles III is also head of state of 16 Commonwealth countries, referred to as Commonwealth realms. Canada and Australia are two of the largest realms.  A Secretary General manages the day-to-day matters of the Commonwealth of Nations. Patricia Scotland is the Secretary General since 2015. However, the United Kingdom or the Secretary General does not have any direct or indirect control over these countries. In fact, almost all the 53 members are independent countries with their own governments and hold Commonwealth Games. These countries have come together to form an association with some common aims. Such common aims include:
 To increase economic cooperation among the member countries.
 To encourage democracy in the member countries.
 To ensure that member countries follow human rights.

Some information 

 The total population of all the 54 countries of the Commonwealth is about 2.245 billion. This is almost a third of the population of the whole world. About half of these live in India.
 The four largest Commonwealth nations by population are India at 1.37 billion, Pakistan at 230 million, Nigeria at 174 million, and Bangladesh at 166 million.
 Tuvalu and Nauru are the smallest members, each with less than 11,000 people.
 These 53 countries cover an area of 12.1 million square miles. This is about 21 % of the total land area of the world.
 The three largest Commonwealth nations by area are Canada at 3.8 million square miles, Australia at 3.0 million square miles, and India at 1.3 million square miles.
 The economy of these countries is about 16 % of the world economy.
 Based on the purchasing power parity, the four largest economies are India at 2,600 billion US dollars, the United Kingdom at 1,500 billion US dollars, Canada at 930 billion US dollars, and Australia at 520 billion US dollars.

References

Other websites 

 Commonwealth of Nations -Citizendium 

1949 establishments
Nuclear meltdown

A nuclear meltdown describes a malfunction of a nuclear reactor. The term "nuclear meltdown" is commonly used by the public and by news media, but nuclear engineers usually refer to it as a core melt accident. A nuclear meltdown occurs when the middle portion of the nuclear reactor containing the fuel rods (its "core") is not properly cooled.   This can occur when the cooling system fails or is otherwise defective.  If this happens, uranium or plutonium or similar materials inside the nuclear reactor become hot and may start melting or dissolving.   It is this melting that is a nuclear meltdown. Due to decay heat, a nuclear meltdown can occur even in a reactor that is shut down. The uranium and plutonium liquified in a nuclear meltdown, mixed with fission products, melted zirconium from the fuel rod cladding, and other materials, is called corium. Corium is highly radioactive and remains hazardous for many centuries after a meltdown. The zirconium is a hazard because at high temperatures, it can react with the cooling water and make flammable hydrogen gas.

Meltdowns 
Around the world, some nuclear meltdowns have occurred.  Some of them were mild, but few of them were very serious. Nuclear meltdowns can kill people from radiation poisoning.

The very last accident was the Fukushima nuclear disaster in March 2011. Four reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant had cooling problems after back-up diesel generators were destroyed by the tsunami.

In 1986, a nuclear meltdown occurred in a place named Chernobyl (Ukraine). In this case, all the people living in the towns and the villages (near the defective nuclear reactor) had to move to far away places. The Chernobyl meltdown created a mass of corium which has been nicknamed "the Elephant's Foot" and is one of the most radioactive objects in the world.

Most large submarines get power from nuclear reactors inside them.  These are nuclear submarines. Some Russian nuclear submarines have faced nuclear meltdown.

Sometimes, the nuclear meltdown may happen immediately. For example, the nuclear reactor at Chernobyl. Sometimes, the nuclear meltdown may take many hours to happen. For example, the nuclear meltdown at Three Mile Island, (Pennsylvania, United States) took many hours to happen.

A nuclear meltdown is sometimes called the "China syndrome", which refers to a scenario, not meant to be taken literally, where a reactor core could melt through the Earth "all the way to China". The movie The China Syndrome is named after this scenario. There is no way such an event could happen in the real world. A reactor core could not melt through the Earth's crust, and even if it did melt to the center of the Earth, it would not go back up to the surface against gravity.

Notes

Nuclear energy
Zoroaster

Zoroaster, or Zarathushtra, was an ancient prophet who lived in Persia. He founded a religion named Zoroastrianism. This religion has a long history. It was the national religion of Sassanid Empire of ancient Iran. In Persian language, the name takes the form of Zartosht.

Most scholars agree that Zoroaster was a real person who lived long ago. No one is certain about the time when he lived. One estimate is that he lived about 3200 years ago, around 1200 BC. Some other estimates are that Zarathushtra may have lived anywhere between the 18th century BC and the 6th century BC.

Other websites 
 Zoroaster -Citizendium 

Zoroastrianism
Iranian people
Ancient people
Russian Empire

The Russian Empire (1721-1917), also called Imperial Russia, was a country in Europe as well as Asia. It started in 1721 when Peter I of Russia founded it. Before that, it was known as the Tsardom of Russia. It lasted until it was declared a republic in March 1917 after the Russian Revolution. It was an absolute monarchy ruled by Russian emperors known as 'Tsars'. They were members of the House of Romanov and believed that they had the divine right of kings over their people.

In 1914, the area of the Russian Empire was about 21,799,825 km². In 1897, its population was 128,200,000 (1897 year). Its official language was the Russian language. Its official church was the Russian Orthodox Church.

The Russian Empire was led by a Tsar who had complete control of the nation. In this autocracy, only the Tsar could make or cancel laws. In 1905 the Tsar granted a new constitution in which he shared some power with a partly elected parliament called the Duma. The Russian Empire was a great power, and one of the biggest empires that ever existed.

Russian society 
Most people in Imperial Russia were peasants. They lived mainly in rural areas until the late 19th century, when the Emancipation of the Serfs freed them from the farms where they had to stay. They were allowed to marry whomever they wanted, own property, and vote.

A few people were nobility, also called boyars. They were educated and held higher prestige than the peasants.  Towards the end of the 19th century, many of the educated wanted to remove the Tsar and give people more power.

History

Russo-Japanese War to the Russian Revolution 
In 1904 Russia led Nicholas II got permission from the Qing dynasty to build the Trans-Siberian railway to extend the Railway into Qing Dynasty China and Korea however the Empire of Japan led by Emperor Meiji saw this as a threat and the Japanese declared war on Russia and won the war in 1905. In 1914 Russia declared war on Austria-Hungary and Germany since the Franco-Russian Alliance Of 1894 they made with the France. In 1917, World War I caused the bad conditions for workers in factories to become even worse with a food shortage. People blamed it on the Tsar and rebelled against his government. There were riots in cities such as St Petersburg and Moscow. The Tsar was soon forced to abdicate in the February Revolution in 1917. After the October Revolution he was assassinated with his family during the Russian Civil War. In 1922 most of the Russian Empire became the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or USSR when a communist government won the Russian Civil War. Some counties in the Empire escaped, but the biggest ones were forced into the USSR.

References

Former empires
Former monarchies of Asia
Former monarchies of Europe
Former monarchies of North America
History of Russia
1721 establishments
1917 disestablishments
1720s establishments in Europe
1720s establishments in Asia
1910s disestablishments in Europe
20th-century disestablishments in Asia
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is a movement to save human life and health. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland.

Although it is a big international organisation, it is privately run. No government controls the Red Cross.

The Red Cross has a special job, given by international law. It is the only private group to have its jobs set out by international law.

Three things make up the movement:

 The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) was created in 1863 in Geneva. Its job, under international law, is to protect the life and dignity of the victims of war.
 The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) was founded in 1919. It tries to make sure the national Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies can work together and organise relief assistance missions in case of large-scale emergencies. The International Federation Secretariat is also based in Geneva, Switzerland.
 There is a Red Cross and Red Crescent society in nearly every country in the world. 186 National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies are recognized by the ICRC and admitted as full members of the Federation. Each one works in its home country, following the ideas of international humanitarian law and the statutes of the international Movement. If possible National Societies can take on additional humanitarian tasks that are not directly defined by international humanitarian law or the mandates of the international Movement. The British Red Cross Society, for example, organises volunteer ambulances at public events. The German Red Cross operates a blood bank and a professional full-time ambulance service for hospitals.
75px
The Red Cross, the Red Crescent and the Red Crystal,the three international symbols of the Red Cross

Goals
According to the Geneva conventions, there are five goals for International red cross and red crescent movements;
To monitor compliance of warring parties with the Geneva Conventions
To organize nursing and care for those who are wounded on the battlefield
To supervise the treatment of prisoners of war and treat them
To help with the search for missing persons in a war (tracing service)
To organize protection and care for normal people
To make peace between groups in war

Other websites

International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement Official Website  

Red Cross
Organizations based in Geneva
Doha

Doha (Arabic: الدوحة;, Ad-Dawḥah or Ad-Dōḥah) is the capital city of Qatar. It has a population of 400,051 (2005), and is at 25.3° N 51.5333° E, on the Persian Gulf. The city has an airport called Doha International Airport. Doha also has major oil and fishing industries. Doha has an area devoted to research and education called  Education City. Doha was the host of the 2006 Asian Games, a major Asian sporting event. Doha's leader is a sheikh named Sheikh Tamim. The official language of Doha is English and Arabic. The biggest mall in Qatar is Qatar mall.

Climate

Doha has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with long, extremely hot summers and short, warm winters. The average high temperatures between May and September surpass 38 °C (100 °F) and often approach 45 °C (113 °F). Humidity is usually the lowest in May and June. Dewpoints can surpass 30 °C (86 °F) in the summer. Throughout the summer, the city averages almost no precipitation, and less than 20 mm (0.79 in) during other months. Rainfall is scarce, at a total of 75 mm (2.95 in) per year, falling on isolated days mostly between October to March. The winter's days are relativity warm while the sun is up and cool during the night. The temperature rarely drops below 7 °C (45 °F).

Borders 
Doha is bordered by Saudi Arabia on its south. On its north, it is bordered by the Persian Gulf. The nearest oversea country is Bahrain.

Education 
 HEC Paris in Qatar

References
Bandar Seri Begawan

Bandar Seri Begawan is the capital city of Brunei and the largest city. It has a population of 140,000 (2010 estimate). The city is the home of producers of furniture, textiles, handcrafts, and timber. It is the site of the Royal Ceremonial Hall or Lapau, Royal Regalia Building, the Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque, the Malay Technology Museum, and the Brunei History Center.

Geography of Brunei
National capitals in Asia
Thimphu

Thimphu (ཐིམ་ཕུ་) is the capital city of Bhutan. It is the name of the surrounding valley and dzongkhag, the Thimphu District. It has a population of 50,000 (2003), it is the largest population center in the country. Thimphu is located at 27°28′00″N, 89°38′30″E.

National capitals in Asia
Settlements in Bhutan
Colombo

Colombo (; ) is the largest city of Sri Lanka. It is the city which is economically most important to the country. It has 642,163 people. It is on the west coast close to the capital city of Kotte.

The name Colombo is borrowed from Sinhala language name Kola-amba-thota which means "harbor with leafy mango trees". Traveller Ibn Batuta in the 14th century referred to it as Kalanpu.

Related pages
 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings

References 

Capital cities in Asia
Cities in Sri Lanka
Western Province, Sri Lanka
Malé

The article about one of two sexes can be found at Male

Malé (Dhivehi: މާލެ) is the capital city of the Maldives. It has a population of 133,412 (2014). The city is on Malé Island in the Kaafu Atoll. Although Malé is in Kaafu Atoll, administratively it is not considered part of it. There is a commercial harbor in the Island. It is the center of all commercial activities in the country. Many government buildings and agencies are on the waterfront. Malé International Airport is close to Hulhule Island which includes a seaplane base for internal transportation.
and male' has the most beautiful reefs on earth. Male's current president is Ibrahim Solih and it is known as the smallest city on earth. It is quite a dense city.

History 
The Maldives are named after the capital city Malé. The city used to be called Mahal, and it had walls and defences around it. Recently, the island has become much bigger due to filling the ocean beside it with land.

References

National capitals in Asia
Geography of the Maldives
Islamabad

Islamabad (, abode of Islam) is the Federal capital city of Pakistan, and is in the Pothohar Plateau in the northwest of the country. Islamabad Town is also a town in Jammu and Kashmir. It is in the Islamabad Capital Territory, though the area has historically been a part of the crossroads of the Punjab region and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province (the Margalla Pass being a historic gateway to the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and the Pothohar Plateau historically is a part of the Punjab region).
This city is rich in nature. It is surrounded by the Margalla Hills. It has a humid subtropical climate (Cwa in the Köppen climate classification). Islamabad is an expensive city to live in as the prices of most of fruits, vegetable and poultry items increased in Islamabad during the years 2015-2020.

Places worth seeing
The places that attract the tourists include:
Shah Faisal Mosque
Daman-e-Koh
Peer Sohawa
Shakar Parian
Fatimah Jinnah Park
Rose and Jasmine Garden
Pakistan National Monument 
Rawal Lake (and Rawal Dam)
Japanese Park
Marghazar Zoo
National Archives of Pakistan

Educational institutions
Islamabad has a large number of educational institutions including colleges, universities and technical education and training bodies.Some of them are:

Allama Iqbal Open University
National University of Modern Languages
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology
International Islamic University
National Defence University
National University of Sciences and Technology
National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
National University of Modern Languages
Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences
Pakistan Institute of Medical Science 
Quaid-i-Azam University
Shifa College of Medicine
The Sophia Institute

Gallery

References

Islamabad
Khyber Pass

The Khyber Pass (also called the Khaiber Pass or Khaybar Pass) () is a pass between Pakistan and Afghanistan; National Border Pass (International). It is the National Pass of Pakistan, and connects the frontiers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, to Afghanistan.

Throughout history it has been an important trade route between Central Asia and South Asia, and a strategic military pass. The actual summit of the pass is 5 kilometers inside Pakistan at Landi Kotal. The pass cuts through the Safed Koh mountains which are a far southeastern extension of the Hindu Kush range.the height of the khyber pass is 1,070m and width is 140m.

The area around the Pass is inhabited by a number of Pashtun tribes, especially the Afridis.

Things to see around Khyber Pass 

 Michni Post at the Pak-Afghan border
 Landikotal FC Mess
 Torkham Car Market
 Haji Ayub Afridi Compound
 Ali Masjid Fort
 Sphola Stupa
 Shagai Fort
 Khyber Steam Safari

References

Mountain passes of Pakistan
Ground zero

Ground zero is the name for the exact place where an explosion occurs. It is the place where the most damage happens. The farther away from ground zero, the less damage there is. Sometimes, people say "ground zero" about a famous explosion, like the atomic bomb in Hiroshima or the September 11 attacks. These places can have special markers at ground zero.

Physics
Anne Rice

Anne Rice (born Howard Allen O'Brien, October 4, 1941 – December 11, 2021) was an American author of horror/fantasy novels. Interview with the Vampire and The Queen of the Damned are among her best-known works. She wrote four series, including The Vampire Chronicles and Christ the Lord.

Rice was born in New Orleans, Louisiana to Irish Roman Catholic parents. One of her sisters was novelist Alice Borchardt (1939–2007). Rice was married to poet Stan Rice (1942–2002) from 1961 his death. They had a daughter, Michele (1966–1972) and a son, novelist Christopher (born 1978).

Rice died on December 11, 2021, of complications from a stroke. She was 80.

References

Other websites 

 
 Anne Rice's spiritual journey site
 

1941 births
2021 deaths
American novelists
Writers from New Orleans
Deaths from stroke
Necktie

A necktie (or a tie) is an article of clothing worn by men. A tie is part of an ensemble (or outfit) of clothing called the "suit and tie." This outfit is worn in Western countries by men in professional jobs such as business, law, and politics.

A necktie is usually made of silk or polyester, and it usually has a color or pattern on it. Men tie a knot in neckties and wear them with dress shirts in order to make them look more formal.

Bow ties 
The bow tie is a type of necktie. It is a ribbon of fabric tied around the collar in a symmetrical manner such that the two opposite ends form loops. 

Ready-tied bow ties are available, in which the distinctive bow is sewn and a band goes around the neck and clips to secure. Some "clip-ons" dispense with the band altogether, instead clipping to the collar. 

Accessories
Joke

A joke is something said, written or done to make people laugh. There are many kinds of jokes; they can be questions with surprising answers or stories with unexpected endings. The humour of a joke comes from the surprise. 

Jokes can be about anything. Jokes can be found anywhere: on the Internet, in books or heard from friends. Some jokes are about groups of people and can hurt people's feelings, for example if they are racist, homophobic or sexist.

Jokes are used in comedy, plays and movies.

Jokes could take the form of sarcasm or even try to poke fun at something to get a point across. People sometimes get hurt by jokes at them. If a joke is used to show a problem in someone's thought, it is normally called satire.

There are also practical jokes.

Related pages 
April Fools' Day
Lie

Other websites 

 

Humor
Brother-in-law

A brother-in-law is the brother of someone's wife or husband. A brother-in-law is also someone's brother's or sister's husband.

Related pages
Affinity (law)
Sister-in-law

Family
Sister-in-law

Someone's sister-in-law is the wife of his or her brother or sister. Someone's sister-in-law is also his or her spouse's sister.

Related pages
Affinity (law)
Brother-in-law

family
Tuxedo

A tuxedo is an ensemble (or outfit) of clothing which includes a white dress shirt, a bow tie, dress pants, a tuxedo suit jacket (sometimes called a dinner jacket), leather dress shoes, and sometimes a vest or cummerbund, top hat and gloves.  In European countries, this outfit is called black tie. Many men wear this outfit in Western countries on formal occasions like a marriage ceremony or a fancy party or dance.

The white dress shirt is usually made of cotton or linen. A dress shirt has a stiff collar and it is ironed before it is worn. A bow tie is usually made of silk or polyester, and it is usually black or white. Dress pants are made of wool or polyester, and they are ironed before they are worn. A tuxedo suit jacket is usually made of wool or polyester. Suit jackets have a collar, pockets, and a silk or polyester lining. Leather dress shoes are usually made of dark-colored leather which is polished. Sometimes, a person wearing a tuxedo will also wear a sleeveless vest with buttons in the front, a black top hat, and white gloves.

Some men wear a tuxedo for their jobs, such as symphony orchestra musicians or waiters in expensive restaurants.

Since most men do not wear tuxedos very often, they rent them when needed instead of buying them.  Sometimes, men's tuxedo vests and ties match the dress of the woman he is with. They are mainly worn to big events such as weddings, dinner parties or some sort of smart dressed do.

Related pages 
Dress code

Costumes
Experience points

'Experience points, commonly known as ‘xp’ or 'exp', are numbers used in certain role-playing games. Gaining enough experience points usually leads to the player "leveling up." Each "level up" means that the player is more powerful than before. They can use better weapons, armor, and magic. Most games have a maximum level that the player can achieve, which means they can not get any more experience points.

References 

Games
Hide (musician)

, better known by his stage name hide, was a Japanese musician, singer, songwriter and record producer, the lead guitarist of the band X Japan. He was also a successful solo artist, once contributing to the American-based band Zilch. He is regarded as very influential to modern Japanese music. His music can be classified as glam rock and pop. X Japan was one of the main bands to develop the musical movement called visual kei.

hide was born at Yokosuka, in Kanagawa Prefecture. He lived and created music in Tokyo and Los Angeles. He died in Tokyo on 2 May 1998, after a night of drinking. He committed suicide.

Spread Beaver
hide's solo project was called hide with Spread Beaver. It was formed at the start of 1998, and was based in Los Angeles. They released three single CDs and one album. The first single was "Rocket Dive", released on 28 January 1998. The other two singles were recorded by the end of April, and were scheduled to be released in May. hide travelled to Tokyo to promote the new songs, but he died on 2 May before they were released. The two new singles were released on 13 May and 27 May. They were called "Pink Spider" and "Ever Free". "Pink Spider" entered the Oricon charts at #1 and eventually received the year's MTV video music award. hide's studio album, Ja, Zoo,  was released in November 1998. His band played their promotion tour live in Japan as scheduled.

hide's backing musicians were:
 – percussion, programming (1993–98, 2008)
 – guitar (1994–96)
 – bass guitar (1994–98, 2008)
 – drums (1994–98, 2008)
 – keyboards (1994–98, 2008)
 – guitar (1996–98, 2008)
 – guitar (1998, 2008)

References

1964 births
1998 deaths
Japanese singer-songwriters
Musicians who committed suicide
Suicides by hanging
Singers from Kanagawa Prefecture
Japanese guitarists
Measurement

Measurement means compare to a fix standard value. To measure something is to give a number to some property of the thing. Measuring something puts the amount of the thing into numbers. Measurement can be written using many different units. For example, if we want to compare two different sized container for holding a given quantity of liquid, we can ask: Are both containers the same size? Will they hold the same amount of liquid?

What can be measured? 
Many things can be measured. Some properties of things that can be measured:
 Distance: For example, distance measurements can be used to answer the following questions;
 How far is the city from here?
 How far apart are these two trees?
 How long is this stick?
 Weight: For example, weight measurements can be used to answer the following questions;
 What is heavier, this group of apples or that group of bananas?
 Did John lose weight in the last year?
 Will putting this rock in the boat make the boat sink?
 Temperature: For example, temperature measurements can be used to answer the following questions;
 Where is hotter today? In London or in Paris?
 Will this ice turn into water if I put it inside?
 Is Sally sick? Does Sally have a fever?
 Volume: For example, volume measurements can be used to answer the following questions;
 How many pails of water do I need to fill up the bath tub?
 How much olive oil do I put in this food I am making?
 How many blocks can I fit in this box?
 Pressure: For example, pressure measurements can be used to answer the following questions;
 How much air should I put in this automobile tire?
 Will the weather stay good or will we have a storm?
 Will my ears pop when I climb that hill?

One can measure many other things.

Units of measurement 

Most properties are measured using a number and a unit of measurement. The unit of measurement is a standard amount. The number compares the property to the standard amount.

Measure theory 
There is an advanced part of mathematics that is about measuring things with unusual characteristics. This is called measure theory.

Measurement can be the capacity, how long something is, or distance, etc.

Related pages
 Size

Other websites

 Measurement Citizendium
Alligator clip

Alligator clips are toothed clips on the ends of electric wires.  They are hinged near the back, making them look like alligator jaws. Sometimes they are also called crocodile clips. Usually those clips are used in measuring to temporarily connect a meter to an electrical circuit or a single component.

Electrical connectors
tools
Gordon Brown

James Gordon Brown (born 20 February 1951) is a British politician. He served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and was the leader of the British Labour Party. He was the Labour MP Representative for the Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath UK Constituency.

He was born at Orchard Maternity Nursing Home in Giffnock, Scotland and is married to Sarah Macaulay.  Their daughter Jennifer Jane died as a baby. They have two sons, John Macaulay and James Fraser. Brown is blind in his left eye after a sports injury but he has a replacement eye made of glass.

Brown took over as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom after Tony Blair resigned on 27 June 2007. Before this, he had been Chancellor of the Exchequer since May 1997.

Brown has a PhD in history from the University of Edinburgh. He spent his early career working as a television journalist. He has been a Member of Parliament since 1983. At the beginning for Dunfermline East and since 2005 for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath. As Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, he was also First Lord of the Treasury and the Minister for the Civil Service.

Brown's time as Chancellor was marked by major reform of Britain's financial and fiscal policy architecture. For example, was the interest rate setting power transferred to the Bank of England. This was done by a wide extension of the powers of the Treasury to cover much domestic policy and by giving the responsibility for banking supervision to the Financial Services Authority. Controversial moves included the abolition of Advance Corporation Tax (ACT) relief in his first budget, and the removal in his final budget of the 10 per cent "starting rate" of personal income tax which he had introduced in 1999.

After an initial rise in opinion polls, Brown's time as Prime Minister saw his approval ratings fall. The Labour Party suffered its worst local election results in 40 years. Despite public and parliamentary pressure on his leadership, he remained leader of the Labour Party. He announced on 6 April 2010 that there would be a general election on 6 May 2010, in which Labour came second, with 258 seats. Brown resigned, and Conservative leader David Cameron became Prime Minister.

On 14 July 2012, United Nations Secretary-General Ban ki-moon named Brown UN Special Envoy for Education.

In 2017, he made a statement about Scotland having a "full blown mental health emergency" citing the hiring of mental health staff by a charity.

References

1951 births
Living people
British Protestants
Calvinists
Chancellors of the Exchequer
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Leaders of the Labour Party (UK)
Politicians from Glasgow
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Scottish Christians
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
Dallas Cowboys

The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American Football team from the Dallas, Texas, USA area.  Their stadium, AT&T Stadium is in Arlington, Texas, which is just outside of Dallas County, Texas. Before 1970 they played at the Cotton Bowl Stadium before 1971.  From 1970 to 2008 they played at Texas Stadium in Irving, Texas, which is just outside of Dallas.  They were started when they joined the NFL in 1960. They have won 5 Super Bowls, and they are currently owned by Jerry Jones. Their uniform is white silver and blue with a blue star on their helmet. Troy Aikman was a great quarterback for the Cowboys. Emmitt Smith and Tony Dorsett were notable runningbacks. The Cowboys are often known as "America's Team."

The team's current starting quarterback is Dak Prescott, with Cooper Rush as their second string. Their head coach is Mike McCarthy.

Pro Football Hall of Famers
 Bob Lilly Class of 1980 (DT 1961–74)
 Roger Staubach Class of 1985 (QB 1969–79)
 Tom Landry Class of 1990 (Head Coach 1960–88)
 Tex Schramm Class of 1991 (Pres/GM 1960–89)
 Tony Dorsett Class of 1994 (RB 1977–87)
 Randy White Class of 1994 (DT 1975–88)
 Mel Renfro Class of 1996 (S/CB 1964–77)
 Troy Aikman Class of 2006 (QB 1989–2000)
 Rayfield Wright Class of 2006 (OT 1967–1979)
 Michael Irvin Class of 2007 (WR 1988–1999)
 Bob Hayes Class of 2009 (WR 1965–1975)
 Emmitt Smith Class of 2010 (RB 1990–2002)
 Larry Allen Class of 2013 (OG 1994-2005)

Other websites
 Official team site

 
1960 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Texas
Duncanville, Texas

Duncanville is a city in Texas that is right next to Dallas, Texas, USA. It has about 37,000 people. It is known as "The City of Champions," and "D'ville".

Cities in Dallas County, Texas
Koror City

Koror is the former capital city of Palau. Palau is divided into sixteen states, and Koror is one of the states in Palau. The state of Koror has about 90% of the population of the country. Koror is also the largest town, with a population of 14,000 (2004).

Capital cities in Oceania
Settlements in Palau
Palikir

Palikir is the capital city of the Federated States of Micronesia. It is on the island of Pohnpei. About 7,000 people live there.

References 

National capitals in Oceania
Federated States of Micronesia
Atari XL

The Atari XL was a series of 8-bit home computers introduced in 1983. They were an improved version of the Atari 400 and Atari 800 computers from 1979.

Their main CPU was a MOS Technology 6502. There were 3 versions- the 1200XL, the 600XL and the 800XL. All three used a normal television as a display.

Historical computers
Atari hardware

en:Atari 8-bit family