alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Economy of India

The economy of India is the sixth largest in the world with a GDP (a year's goods and services) of US$3.94 trillion. If considered PPP (purchasing power parity (how much that money can buy in India compared to other countries), the economy is the third largest (worth US$12.51 trillion).  Measured by population it was 125th in the world in 2022.

India's economy includes agriculture, handicrafts, industries, and a lot of services. The service sector is the main source of economic growth in India today, though two-thirds of Indian people earn their living directly or indirectly through agriculture. In recent times, due to its many well-educated people who can speak English, India became a pioneer in information technology.

For most of India's independent history, it had strict government controls in many areas such as telecommunications (communication over long distances), banking and foreign direct investment. In 1967 70% of the people earned less than 150 rupees a month. Since the early 1990s, India has slowly opened up its markets by reducing government control on foreign trade and investment. This was started by Manmohan Singh under the leadership of P. V. Narasimha Rao. From then, the Indian Economy grew at a rapid pace.

The Indian rupee (₹) is the money in India.  In 1947 an American dollar was worth about 3 rupees. In 2022 it was worth about 75 rupees.

The social and economic problems India faces are the increasing population, poverty, lack of infrastructure (buildings, roads, etc.) and growing unemployment.

References
Multiplayer video game

Multiplayer is a term for games, usually video games, meaning more than two person can play it.  It was popularized by gaming systems like the Nintendo 64 that allowed four joysticks to be plugged into a home console unit for head-to-head play, competitive, or cooperative play.

Types of video games
Video game gameplay
"Weird Al" Yankovic

Alfred Matthew "Weird Al" Yankovic (born October 23, 1959) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, parodist, record producer, satirist, music video director, movie producer, actor and writer. He is known mainly for his parodies of popular songs. He has also starred in the movie called UHF (1989). Yankovic had a children's program for a short time. It was named The Weird Al Show. He has made parodies of songs such as "American Pie" (his ever popular "The Saga Begins"), "Ridin'" ("White and Nerdy"), "Bad" ("Fat"), "Like a Virgin" ("Like a Surgeon") and "Gangster's Paradise" ("Amish Paradise").

He also has a band to help him perform his songs. His band members are: Jim West (guitar), Steve Jay (bass), Rubén Valtierra (piano), and Jon Schwartz (drums).

Yankovic has also written a children's book titled When I Grow Up.

Early life
Alfred was born in Downey, California. He was raised in the town of Lynwood, California. He is the only child of Nick Louis Yankovic (June 4, 1917 – April 9, 2004) and Mary Elizabeth Yankovic (née Vivalda; February 7, 1923 – April 9, 2004). His father was born in Kansas City, Kansas, of Yugoslavian ancestry, and began living in California after serving during World War II; he believed "the key to success" was "doing for a living whatever makes you happy" and often reminded his son of this philosophy.  Nick Yankovic married Mary Elizabeth Vivalda in 1949. Mary, who was of Italian and English descent, and had come to California from Kentucky, gave birth to Alfred ten years later.

References

Actors from Los Angeles County, California
American movie actors
Singer-songwriters from California
Comedians from Los Angeles County, California
Singers from Los Angeles County, California
1959 births
Living people
Musicians from Downey, California
Supertramp

Supertramp is a British rock band. They were created and managed by a Dutch millionaire and were very popular in the 1970s. The members of Supertramp included Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson, who wrote most of the songs. The band's best-known songs include "Dreamer", "Give a Little Bit", "The Logical Song", "Take the Long Way Home", and "It's Raining Again".

Albums 
 Supertramp (1970)
 Indelibly Stamped (1971)
 Crime of the Century (1974)
 Crisis? What Crisis? (1975)
 Even in the Quietest Moments... (1977)
 Breakfast in America (1979)
 ...Famous Last Words... (1982)
 Brother Where You Bound (1985)
 Free as a Bird (1987)
 Some Things Never Change (1997)
 Slow Motion (2002)

British rock bands
1471



Events 
 March – The Yorkist King Edward IV returns to England to reclaim his throne.
 April 14 – Battle of Barnet – Edward defeats the Lancastrian army under Warwick, who is killed.
 May 4 – Battle of Tewkesbury – King Edward defeats a Lancastrian army under Queen Margaret and her son, Edward of Westminster the Prince of Wales, who is killed. This practically destroys the Lancastrian cause.
 May 20 – Henry VI of England is murdered in the Tower of London and Edward IV becomes sole King of England.
 October 10 – Battle of Brunkeberg in Stockholm. The forces of Regent of Sweden Sten Sture the Elder with help of farmers and miners repel an attack by Christian I, King of Denmark.
 First Inca Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui of the Inca Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Tupac Inca Yupanqui.
 Pedro Escobar and João Gomes first visit São Tomé and Principe.
Sting

Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner  (born 2 October 1951) better known as Sting, is an English singer and musician. He first became famous as a member of the band, The Police.

As a solo musician and a member of the Police, Sting has received 17 Grammy Awards: he won Song of the Year for "Every Breath You Take", three Brit Awards, including Best British Male Artist in 1994 and Outstanding Contribution in 2002, a Golden Globe, an Emmy and four nominations for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. In 2019, he received a BMI Award for "Every Breath You Take" becoming the most played song in radio history. In 2002, Sting received the Ivor Novello Award for Lifetime Achievement from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors and was also inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Police in 2003. In 2000, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for recording. In 2003, Sting received a CBE from Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace for services to music. He was made a Kennedy Center Honoree at the White House in 2014, and was awarded the Polar Music Prize in 2017.

With the Police, Sting became one of the world's best-selling music artists. Solo and with the Police combined, he has sold over 100 million records. In 2006, Paste ranked him 62nd of the 100 best living songwriters. He was 63rd of VH1's 100 greatest artists of rock, and 80th of Q magazine's 100 greatest musical stars of the 20th century. He has collaborated with other musicians on songs such as "Money for Nothing" with Dire Straits, "Rise & Fall" with Craig David, "All for Love" with Bryan Adams and Rod Stewart, "You Will Be My Ain True Love" with Alison Krauss, and introduced the North African music genre raï to Western audiences through the hit song "Desert Rose" with Cheb Mami. In 2018, he released the album 44/876, a collaboration with Jamaican musician Shaggy, which won the Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album in 2019.

Studio albums 
 The Dream of the Blue Turtles (1985)
 Bring On the Night  (1986)
 ...Nothing Like the Sun  (1987)
 The Soul Cages  (1991)
 Ten Summoner’s Tales  (1993)
 Mercury Falling  (1996)
 Brand New Day  (1999)
 Sacred Love  (2003)
 Songs from the Labyrinth  (2006)
 If on a Winter’s Night...  (2009)
 Symphonicities  (2010)
 The Last Ship  (2013)
 57th & 9th  (2016)
 Sting & Shaggy: 44/876  (2018)
 My Songs  (2019)
The Bridge (2021)

1951 births
Living people
English guitarists
English movie actors
English rock musicians
English singer-songwriters
English television actors
Singers from Newcastle upon Tyne
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
The Police
New wave singers
Starbucks

Starbucks is a chain of stores that sell coffee. A chain is many stores owned by the same company. Many of the stores look the same, and all stores sell the same items, often at the same prices. As well as coffee, Starbucks sells beverages and baked goods.

Starbucks started in Seattle in the United States in 1971. The number of stores has grown quickly. There are over 9,000 Starbucks stores all over the world. Most of these stores are in the United States. Some large cities in the U.S. have many Starbucks stores. Sometimes they open so many stores in one city that there are two Starbucks within a few blocks of each other.

Starbucks sells many kinds of drinks. There are 5 sizes: short, tall, grande, venti and trenta. There are many ways to customize each drink. A frappuccino, for example, is a cold drink. Flavored syrup and cream is added to coffee or juice and stirred with ice.

Some stores sell special items, such as mugs related to the city they are located in.

International growth

The first Starbucks in Japan opened in Ginza in 1996. There were 985 stores in Japan in 2012.

References 

American food companies
Coffee houses
1971 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Washington (state)
Companies based in Seattle
Frasier

Frasier is an American sitcom starring Kelsey Grammer. The series aired on NBC from 1993 to 2004. It was a spin-off from Cheers. Story based upon the intellectual, mild mannered psychiatrist and his life. Revolving around his personal life and hilarious interpersonal interactions with his father (Martin Crane, an ex-cop who got shot in the hip, so he needs a cane), his eccentric brother Niles, who is also a psychiatrist, his father's attractive English health care worker Daphne Moon and a host of folks he regularly runs into / works with at the radio station (including his producer Roz Doyle) where he hosts a community psychiatric call-in show.

Cast :
Dr. Frasier Crane (Kelsey Grammer)
Daphne Moon (Jane Leeves)
Dr. Niles Crane (David Hyde Pierce)
Roz Doyle (Peri Gilpin)
John Mahoney (Martin Crane)

Other websites 

1993 American television series debuts
2004 American television series endings
1990s American sitcoms
2000s American sitcoms
American television spin-offs
NBC network shows
Television series about brothers
Television series about families
Television series set in Seattle
English-language television programs
Spin-off

A spin-off is something new that comes from something already present. If military technology finds civilian use, for example, that is one kind of spin-off. It is often used for video games, movies, and television programmes, but it can also be used when talking about companies or organisations.  A spin-off may have the same people, places, themes or ideas as the original.

Spin-offs in television
 Frasier (spin-off from Cheers)
 Angel (spin-off from Buffy the Vampire Slayer)
 The Facts of Life (spin-off of Diff'rent Strokes)
 She-Ra: Princess of Power (spin-off from He-Man and the Masters of the Universe)
 Daria (spin-off from Beavis and Butthead, which was a spin-off from Liquid Television)
 The Simpsons (spin-off from The Tracey Ullman Show)
 Torchwood (spin-off from Doctor Who)
Jack and the Pack and All Engines Go (spin-off from Thomas and Friends)
 A.N.T. Farm (spin-off from Kids Incorporated)
 Sam & Cat (spin-off from iCarly and Victorious)
 The Jeffersons (spin-off from All in the Family)

Entertainment
Bauxite

Bauxite is the main ore of aluminium. It is mostly aluminium oxide.

Bauxite is the most important aluminium ore. It is largely made up of the minerals Gibbsite Al(OH)3, Boehmite γ-AlO(OH), and Diaspore α-AlO(OH), together with the iron oxides Goethite and Hematite, the clay mineral Kaolinite and small amounts of Anatase TiO2. It was named after the village Les Baux-de-Provence in southern France, where it was first discovered in 1821 by geologist Pierre Berthier. Today the four biggest producers are Australia, Brazil, China and India.

Kinds 

There are two main kinds of bauxite ores: carbonate bauxites (karst bauxites), and silicate bauxites (lateritic bauxites). Carbonate bauxites were discovered earlier, and occur mainly in Europe and Jamaica above carbonate rocks such as limestone and dolomite.

Lateritic bauxites occur in many countries of the tropical belt. They were formed from various silicate rocks such as granite, gneiss, basalt, syenite, and shale.

For bauxite to be created there must be intense weathering conditions and very good drainage. Bauxite deposits with highest aluminium content are frequently located below an iron-bearing surface layer. In lateritic bauxite, the aluminum hydroxide contained in laterite deposits is almost entirely a form called gibbsite.

Rocks
Ores
Chalcopyrite

Chalcopyrite is the main ore of copper. It is mostly copper iron sulfide. It is also known as peacock ore or peacock copper. It is often mistaken for bornite.

Minerals
Copper compounds
Hematite

Hematite or haematite is the main ore of iron. It is mostly iron(III) oxide. Millions of tons are dug up every year. This is usually to feed to blast furnaces to make steel. It is a mineral related to corundum. It is an oxide.

It has a metallic luster. It has no cleavage (the way a mineral breaks). It has a fracture. The fracture is irregular and uneven. Hematite on the hardness scale is 5 to 6. It has a bright red to dark red streak. To find the streak, you take the mineral and run it across a plate of unglazed porcelain. The colours can be metallic grey to a dark, rough and earthy red colour. Hematite has the chemical formula of Fe2O3.

Related pages

 Corundum

Iron(III) oxide
Rust

Minerals
Ores
Iron compounds
Galena

Galena is the main ore of lead. It is mostly lead(II) sulphide.
Galena is one of the most common and widely used sulfide minerals. It crystallizes in the cubic crystal system often showing octahedral forms. It is often found with the minerals sphalerite, calcite and fluorite.

Minerals
Ores
Lionel Richie

Lionel Richie (born June 20, 1949) is an American R&B singer-songwriter. He is best known for his 1980s songs.

Early life
Richie was born in Tuskegee, Alabama. His family is of African American, Cherokee Native American, English, French-Canadian and Scottish descent. He spent his childhood there. He spent his teenage years in Joliet, Illinois.

Career
He started his career with The Commodores; between him and the band, Three Times a Lady is their best remembered song. His self-titled debut album was one of the biggest music successes of 1982. More successful was its follow-up, Can't Slow Down.

In 1984, as a surprise guest, he sang All Night Long to a worldwide audience of over two billion at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.

After a few years break, Richie returned to the music industry in 1996 with Louder than Words. Another album of his, Renaissance, came out four years later and featuring the song Angel.

Richie made a dramatic comeback to the top of the charts in 2012 with Tuskegee, a country album made up of new versions of many of his biggest hit songs, each featuring a different guest artist. It became his first Number 1 album on the Billboard 200 chart since 1986, and also reached Number 1 on the Billboard country album chart. Tuskegee also became his first album since 1986 to be certified as platinum (more than 1 million copies sold) by the Recording Industry Association of America.

Personal life
In 1990, Richie adopted Nicole Escovedo. Her name is now Nicole Richie. She co-starred on Fox's The Simple Life with Paris Hilton.

Television
 American Idol (2018) - Judge

References

Other websites 

1949 births
Living people
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
African American musicians
American pianists
American pop musicians
American R&B singers 
American soul musicians
Golden Globe Award winning composers
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Alabama
Singers from Illinois
Writers from Joliet, Illinois
Lionel Richie
Walt Disney Pictures

Walt Disney Pictures is a movie studio from the United States that makes family-friendly movies with a G or PG rating from the MPAA, like Pinocchio and The Nightmare Before Christmas.  A few Disney movies were rated PG-13: Pirates of the Caribbean and its sequels, and John Carter (movie).

Walt Disney Pictures started as a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Studios in 1985. Before that, Disney movies were released under the Walt Disney Productions name.

Part of film distributor Buena Vista Motion Pictures Group, the studio also has Walt Disney Feature Animation and Disney MovieToons.

Related pages
List of Disney movies
List of Disney animated movies

Other websites 
The Official Site
The Big Cartoon DataBase page for Disney animated movies

American animation studios
Disney companies
1923 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Burbank, California
Scrotum

The scrotum is the bag that holds the testicles (commonly called balls) in male mammals. It is made of skin and muscle and is found between the penis and anus. It is often covered in pubic hair and becomes tight when the male is aroused. The scrotum has a seam or slightly raised line of skin which is called the raphe.

Use 

The function of the scrotum is to keep the testicles less warm than the rest of the body. Human testicles work best at 36.8 degrees Celsius (98 degrees Fahrenheit) when normal body temperature is 37 degrees Celsius (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit). Higher temperatures than 36.8 degrees will damage the sperm inside the testicles.

The temperature is controlled by moving the testicles closer to the abdomen when they are too cold, and away when too hot. This is done by muscles contracting or relaxing. This lifts and lowers the testicles inside the scrotum. The scrotum will usually tighten during erection. The testicles can also be lifted by tightening the anus and pelvic muscles. 

Some men put jewelry on the scrotum, mainly for decoration.

Temperature 
The best temperature for the testes varies between species, but usually it is a bit cooler than body temperature. This means that the testicles have to be held outside of the body in most male mammals.

Protection
The scrotum may move the testes closer to the abdomen when in danger. Testes are extremely sensitive, and hitting or injuring them causes extreme pain. Males avoid this by involunatirly moving the testes closer. 

Another explanation for the location of the scrotum is to that their exterior location protects the testes from jolts and being crushed inside the body. Animals that have slow movements - such as elephants, whales, and moles - have internal testes and no scrotum.

When the scrotum is hanging loosely, the testicular cords that the testicle hangs from can get twisted. This is especially prone to happen during exercise.  This is called testicular_torsion. It is a medical emergency.

Gallery

Related pages
 Sex organ
 Castration
 Penis

References 

Anatomy of the male reproductive system
Ministry (band)

Ministry is an American industrial metal band from Chicago, Illinois. It was started in 1981 by musician Al Jourgensen. After 27 years and 11 albums, Al disbanded the group in 2008. However, the band reformed in 2011 for a new album and tour.

1981 establishments in the United States
1980s American music groups
1980s establishments in Illinois
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Electronic music bands
Musical groups established in 1981
Musical groups from Chicago
Thrash metal bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2008
2008 disestablishments in the United States
2000s disestablishments in Illinois
Musical groups established in 2011
2011 establishments in the United States
2010s establishments in Illinois
Ingot

Ingots are bars of metal, formed by pouring the molten metal into a mould. This is done after it has been taken from the ore. Gold ingots are often seen in movies. 

Metals
Westlife

Westlife is an Irish boy band who formed in 1998. Its members once were Shane Filan, Kian Egan, Nicky Bryne, and Mark Feehily. Then Bryan McFadden left the band on March 9, 2004 to give more of his time to his family life with the British TV personality and former Atomic Kitten member Kerry Katona, although he has subsequently separated from her and changed the spelling of his first name back to 'Brian'.

Westlife did not manage success in America, although their debut single, "Swear It Again" was a minor hit on mainstream radio and MTV. Its video made MTV's Total Request Live briefly, and it managed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 in the summer of 2000, going up to No. 20 on the chart. Their debut American album was also released in 2000, but flopped. Beyond Europe and the US, Westlife's fan base is truly global, including Canada, Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Australia.

Like most other boy bands, Westlife was primarily marketed to teenagers, besides girls there were approximately 20% of Westlife fans are male. They also had a large following among gay men, and performed numerous times at gay venues in the UK.

It was announced in October 2011 that Westlife would split in 2012. They had their last concert in Dublin, Ireland in 2012. Tickets for it sold out in 5 minutes.

Members 
 Shane Filan
 Nicky Byrne
 Mark Feehily
 Kian Egan

Past members
 Brian McFadden

Success 
The band has been very successful since it was started and is popular in both Ireland and United Kingdom, with hits like:

 "Swear It Again" (1999)
 "If I Let You Go" (1999)
 "Flying Without Wings" featuring BoA (appeared on the Pokémon 2000 soundtrack) (1999)
 "I Have A Dream"/"Seasons In The Sun" (covers of ABBA and Terry Jacks respectively) (1999)
 "Fool Again" (2000)
 "Against All Odds (Take A Look At Me Now)" (with Mariah Carey) (cover of Phil Collins) (2000)
 "My Love" (2000)
 "Uptown Girl" (cover of Billy Joel) (2001)
 "Queen Of My Heart" (2001)
 "World of Our Own" (2002)
 "Unbreakable" (2002)
 "Mandy" (cover of Barry Manilow) (2003)
 "You Raise Me Up" (2005)
 "The Rose" (2006)

Not every single of theirs has gone to No. 1 in the UK:

 "What Makes a Man" (2000) #2
 "Bop Bop Baby" (2002) #5
 "Hey Whatever" (2003) #4
 "Obvious" (2004) #3
 "Home" (2007) #3
 "Us Against The World" (2008) #8
 "What About Now" (2004) #2
 "Safe" (2010) #10

The band have also won ITV's Record of the Year competition on a record four occasions, with "Flying Without Wings", "My Love", "Mandy" and "You Raise Me Up".

Discography 
 1999 "Westlife" #2 UK, #129 US
 2000 "Coast to Coast" #1 UK
 2001 "World of Our Own" #1 UK
 2002 "Unbreakable - The Greatest Hits - Vol. 1" #1 UK
 2003 "Turnaround" #1 UK
 2004 "Allow Us To Be Frank" #3 UK
 2005 "Face to Face" #1 UK
 2006 "The Love Album" #1 UK
 2007 "Back Home" #1 UK
 2009 "Where We Are" #2 UK
 2010 "Gravity" #3 UK
 2011 "Greatest Hits" #4 UK

1990s Irish music groups
2000s Irish music groups
2010s Irish music groups
Boy bands
Irish pop music groups
Musical groups disestablished in 2012
Musical groups established in 1998
Musical quartets
Musical quintets
Ulcer

An ulcer is a kind of open wound. Ulcers can be on surfaces of the body. They can be on skin. They can be mucous membranes like the surface of the stomach or inside the mouth.

Ulcers start when the top layer (surface) of skin or mucous membrane is damaged. The top layer dies. When it dies, the skin or mucous membrane opens. This leaves an open sore called an ulcer.

Ulcers can be from infection with germs.  
Ulcers can be from pressure on a part of the skin.  Ulcers can be from substances that will burn skin or mucous membranes.  Peptic ulcers are sometimes from burning by the acid in the stomach.  Ulcers can be from cancer.  Ulcers can be from diseases of blood vessels.  If not enough blood goes to a body part, it can get an ulcer.  Stress can also sometimes cause ulcers.  Ulcers are often very painful. 

diseases
Symptom

Symptoms are used in diagnosis. The term is used in medicine, and in other fields such as fault-finding in engineering. 

In medicine, it refers to things the patient feels or notices. It contrasts with signs, which are changes which a doctor sees in a patient. What a patient feels is subjective, whereas what a doctor sees is objective.

In diagnosis, all symptoms and signs are brought together to make a hypothesis as to what is going wrong. This might suggest further investigation or treatment. A complete investigation ends with a diagnosis that  summarizes all this.

 Pain is a symptom, and red color a sign, of a skin burn.
 Feeling sick is a symptom, and vomiting and diarrhea are signs, of food poisoning, cholera and other causes.
 Pain in the chest is a symptom, and cyanosis (blue color of skin) is a sign, of heart disease.
 Headaches, aching muscles and nausea are symptoms of influenza.

Similar terms 
Symptomatic: having or showing symptoms.
Asymptomatic: not showing symptoms.
Asymptomatic carrier has the disease but shows no symptoms.
Medical diagnosis

A medical diagnosis (an. Greek δια-γνωστικος — able to recognize) is when a doctor finds out what is making someone sick. Sometimes doctors can diagnose a sickness by asking the person questions and looking at the person's body. Sometimes doctors do tests. Tests can mean taking a small bit of blood, urine, or tissue which is sent to a hospital laboratory where it is tested. X-rays are another form of test. Tests are ways to see how the body is working.

When a diagnosis has been made, the doctor may recommend treatment.

Process 
The process of diagnosis begins from the very beginning of the patient's examination in a medical institution or during a call to the doctor at the patient's place of residence. Diagnosis of the disease begins with the collection of medical history. After collecting the anamnesis, the doctor examines the patient, during which he performs percussion and auscultation of the patient, palpation of the disease, measures the patient's blood pressure, heart rate and respiration rate, and measures the patient's body temperature.

Laboratory examination methods include general clinical tests, which include a general blood test, a general urine test, and a stool test. Laboratory methods of examination also include biochemical methods of examination, during which the level of glucose, creatinine, urea, bilirubin, liver enzymes, blood lipids is determined; coagulogram, which analyzes the indicators of blood clotting; blood hormone tests; determination of tumor markers; tests of blood and other biological materials for infectious diseases; allergological, toxicological, cytological and parasitological examinations.

Instrumental methods of examination include X-ray, endoscopic, ultrasound, methods of recording the electrical activity of organs (including ECG and EEG) and a number of other methods of examination.

To diagnose disorders of some systems and organs, methods of recording the electrical activity of organs are used, which include, in particular, ECG and EEG.

References

Medicine
True Jesus Church

The True Jesus Church is a Christian church. It was started during the early 20th century. It is an independent Church. It split from the Pentecostal movement in China. The Pentecostal movement is an evangelical movement within Christianity.

This group practices faith healing, speaking in tongues, baptism by putting a person completely under water, feet washing and the Saturday Sabbath. By 1949 they claimed 120,000 members; those members met in 700 churches.

The True Jesus Church was banned in the People's Republic of China in 1958 along with all the other Christian churches, but they were allowed to reopen in 1985. Since then, they have grown quickly and have spread across the whole country. They are strongest in Jiangsu, Hunan and Fujian provinces.

They say that daily prayer is very important, both private and public. They engage in vigorous evangelism.

Currently their churches are found in forty eight countries and six continents. Followers of the Church believe that God has only a divine nature, so they therefore reject the idea of the Trinity.

Christian holidays were often near the dates of pagan ones. This is also true for Easter, Christmas and Good Friday. The feast of Sol invictus was on the 25th of December. It was a very important holiday in Ancient Rome. Because of the pagan origins of the holidays, the True Jesus Church does not celebrate Easter and Christmas. The movement has between 1.5 and 2.5 million followers.

References 

Pentecostalism
Protestant denominations
Religion in China
Homer Simpson

Homer Simpson is a cartoon character in the animated television series The Simpsons. He is voiced by Dan Castellaneta. He first appeared, along with the other members of the Simpson family on The Tracey Ullman Show in the Simpson Short "Good Night". He is the father of Bart Simpson, Lisa Simpson, and Maggie Simpson. He is also the husband of Marge Simpson. He lives in the fictional town known as Springfield.

Characteristics 
Homer is clumsy, fat and very lazy. He is also an alcoholic, and is not very intelligent. He works as a Safety Inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant. Homer is one of the most popular and famous fictional characters and is thought of as one of the greatest comedic animated characters of modern times. Although Homer seems selfish, he does actually care for his family. In one episode he entered Lisa in a beauty contest so she could feel better about herself. He is often heard saying "D'oh!" which has become an often used word when things go wrong. He likes to drink Duff Beer and is often seen hanging out at Moe's Tavern with his best friends Carl Carlson, Lenny Leonard, and Barney Gumble.

Creation 
Homer’s name derives from the Greek Homeros (Ὅμηρος). Homer is the name of the Greek poet who wrote the epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey. Homer is named after Simpsons creator Matt Groening's own father. Matt Groening first drew the Simpson family in the lobby of James L. Brooks' office. After he had decided not to do his "Life in Hell" cartoon series, he quickly sketched out his version of a dysfunctional family and named the characters after members of his own family, with Homer being named after his father. Homer's middle initial "J," which was discovered to stand for "Jay", was a "tribute" to Bullwinkle J. Moose from Rocky and Bullwinkle, a show Matt Groening loved as a child. In a TV Guide poll, Homer was named as the second greatest cartoon character, behind Bugs Bunny.

Homer Simpson syndrome 
A five-year study of more than 2,500 middle-aged people in France found a possible connection between weight and brain function, named as the "Homer Simpson syndrome". Results from a word memory test showed that people with a BMI of 20 (considered to be a healthy level) remembered an average of 9 out of 16 words. Meanwhile, people with a BMI of 30 (inside the obese range) remembered an average of 7 out of 16 words.

References

Other websites 
 Biography from the official Simpsons website

Fictional characters introduced in 1987
The Simpsons characters
Animated human characters
A Series of Unfortunate Events

A Series of Unfortunate Events is a series of 13 books written for children by the author Lemony Snicket. They tell the story of three unlucky orphans (Violet Baudelaire, Klaus Baudelaire, and Sunny Baudelaire) and their lives after the death of their parents. The main villain of the books is Count Olaf who wants to steal Baudelaires' inheritance (the money their parents left behind). Count Olaf uses many disguises to get their fortune.

In other media
In 2004, there was a movie version, "Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events," from Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon movies, starring Jim Carrey as Count Olaf.

In 2012, a new series from Lemony Snicket named All the Wrong Questions was written. The series tells the story of Lemony Snicket, a member of a group named V.F.D which is an important part of the series, when he was a child.

In 2016, the series was broadcast through Netflix (children's section).

Other websites 

Lemony Snicket's website

 
American children's books
2004 movies
Paramount Pictures movies
Black comedy
Membrane

A membrane is a thin soft layer of material. A membrane separates two things.

In biology a membrane can mean two things: a tissue membrane or the membranes of a cell. The membranes of cells are very small, while tissue membranes are larger.

Tissue membranes
A membrane can mean a thin layer of cells or tissue. This layer covers the body or an organ, or separates, or lines a body cavity. An example is the mucous membrane that is the skin that lines the inside of your nose and mouth. An epithelial membrane has two parts, one part is epithelial tissue and the other is connective tissue.

Membranes of cells

There are many different types of membranes in a cell. The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, covers one cell. Membranes also divide the cell into different spaces called organelles. Organelles are special areas of the cell that do different work. For example, the nucleus holds the DNA in a cell. The mitochondria make energy for the cell.

Membranes in cells are made of lipids (fats) and protein. The lipids keep the inside of the cell or the organelle separate from the outside. The proteins do many things. Plasma membranes give the cell messages from outside. They let some things (like glucose, calcium, and potassium) go into and out of the cell.

Cell biology
Plant anatomy
Voltaire

François-Marie Arouet (also known as Voltaire) was a French philosopher. He was born in 1694 and grew up in Poitou. He died in Paris in 1778.

Voltaire did not like France at the time because he thought that it was old fashioned. He also did not like the Church and thought that people should be allowed to believe what they want. However he did not like democracy either and thought that a country needed to be led by a wise and strong king. Voltaire had to live in exile in England for three years from 1726 to 1729 where these ideas were more common. He liked the philosophy of John Locke.

Voltaire was also a writer. He wrote many books, poems and plays, some of which are still liked today. A lot of his work was against France and the Church. This meant that he was unpopular at first but became more popular towards the time of the French Revolution. He also studied science and wrote a lot about people and places he knew. His writings later led to the French revolution, which changed France from a Hereditary Monarchy into a Republic. 

Voltaire believed in a God but did not believe in a God personally involved in people's lives, like the Christian God. This is called Deism.

Note

Other websites 

 An analysis of Voltaire's texts (in the "textes" topic) (in French)
 
 Voltaire's writings from Philosophical Dictionary
 Société Voltaire
 Voltaire's Candide and Leibniz 
 VisitVoltaire.com 
  Voltaire, his work in audio version  

1694 births
1778 deaths
17th-century philosophers
French deists
French philosophers
Pen names
Missouri

Missouri is one of the 50 states in the United States. Its capital is Jefferson City. Its largest cities are Kansas City and Saint Louis.  Some other cities are Columbia (which is where the University of Missouri is), and Springfield.

Missouri officially became a state on August 10, 1821.

Missouri's edges touch a total of eight states: Iowa lies to the north; to the east, across the Mississippi River, are Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee; Arkansas lies to the south; and on the west are Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska (Kansas and Nebraska are across the Missouri River).

History
Native Americans first settled in Missouri before the arrival of Europeans.

Related pages
 List of counties in Missouri

References

Other websites

 
 
 Missouri State Guide, from the Library of Congress
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
1821 establishments in the United States
South Dakota

South Dakota is a state in the United States. South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889. Its capital is Pierre and largest city is Sioux Falls. Other important cities are Rapid City and Aberdeen.  Famous attractions include Mount Rushmore, the Black Hills, and the Wall Drug Store.  The Corn Palace is also famous, and it is in Mitchell. About 890,000 people lived there in 2020.

South Dakota is bordered to the north by North Dakota, to the south by Nebraska, to the east by Iowa and Minnesota, and to the west by Wyoming and Montana.

There are nine Native American tribes that live in South Dakota.

Related pages
 Colleges and universities in South Dakota
 List of counties in South Dakota

References

Other websites 

 The Official Home Page of South Dakota 

 
1889 establishments in the United States
Mersey Beat

The Mersey Beat or Mersey Sound or Liverpool Sound is the name for a type of music that came out in the city of Liverpool, England in the early 1960s. 

Maybe the first group to be thought of as a part of genre were Kingsize Taylor and the Dominoes. The most famous group of this genre were The Beatles. Other important groups include Gerry and the Pacemakers, The Searchers and the female singer Cilla Black.

Other websites 
http://www.merseybeat.co.uk/ 
http://www.merseybeatnostalgia.co.uk/ 
http://www.merseybeatabd.co.uk/ 
Newsreel footage of The Fourmost 
Short news story on Mersey Sound 

Music genres
Musical groups from Liverpool
1078

Year 1078 (MLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 The Tower of London is built.
 Philaretos Brachamios does not keep his claim to the Byzantine Empire after he becomes duke of Antioch.
 August 7 – Battle of Mellrichstadt between Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor and the German anti-king Rudolf of Swabia

Births 
 King Alexander I of Scotland, Scottish royal (died 1124)
 Constance of France, daughter of King Philip I of France (died 1118)
1766



Events 
 March 18 – Britain repeals the Stamp Act after American protests.

Births
 February 14 – Thomas Malthus, English demographer and economist (died 1834)
 April 6 – Charles Louis de Fourcroy, Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, French Mathematician and Scholar
 April 22 – Anne Louise Germaine de Stael, French writer (died 1817)
 May 30 – Robert Darwin, Medical doctor and father of Charles Darwin (died 1848)
 July 8 – Dominique Jean Larrey, French surgeon (died 1842)
 August 6 – William Hyde Wollaston, English chemist (died 1828)
 September 6 – John Dalton, English chemist and physicist (died 1844)
 October 23 – Emmanuel, marquis de Grouchy, French marshal (died 1847)
 November 2 – Joseph Radetzky von Radetz, Austrian field marshal (died 1858)
 December 3 – Barbara Fritchie, U.S. patriot in Civil War (died 1862)

Deaths
The Adventures of Pete and Pete

The Adventures of Pete and Pete was an American television show on the Nickelodeon network in the early 1990s. It was about two brothers with the same first name who grow up together.

Other websites 
  The Website of Pete and Pete

Comedy television series
Nickelodeon television series
1993 American television series debuts
1996 American television series endings
1990s television series
American comedy television series
American comedy-drama television series
American drama television series
English-language television programs
427 BC

Year 427 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events 
 Sparta's King Archidamus II is succeeded by his son Agis II.
 Cleon says Mytilene must be destroyed. He decides not to kill the people.
 Plataea surrenders to the Spartans and Thebans. Over 200 prisoners are put to death and Plataea is destroyed.
 The civil war in Corcyra results in a victory of the democrats over the oligarchs.
 The Quaestorship is opened to the Plebs.

Births 

 Plato, Greek philosopher (d. c. 347 BC)
 Xenophon, Greek historian, soldier, mercenary and an admirer of Socrates (d. 354 BC)

Deaths 

 Archidamus II, king of Sparta
Motorcycle

A motorcycle (or motorbike) is a vehicle used to transport people from one place to another. It does not have 4 wheels like a car. It has 2 wheels like a bicycle, and it has a motor like a car. A motorcycle is usually driven by one person. A passenger can also ride on the back of the motorcycle. Some motorcycles have a sidecar that can carry another passenger.

In 1901, the first successful motorcycle was made by the company called "Indian motorcycles" in Springfield, Massachusetts. Since then, many other companies have made them.  Major manufacturers include Honda, Suzuki, Yamaha. A well known American manufacturer of motorcycles is Harley-Davidson.

Since motorcycles are lighter than almost all cars, they can accelerate more quickly. But it also makes them not as safe as cars, because they do not have a protecting chassis around them like cars. Very often motorcycle riders are injured heavily in accidents. Motorcycle riders should wear a helmet and other protective clothing like shoes and gloves, of which some have armor. This special clothing may reduce the rider's injuries in an accident. Motorcycles also do not protect riders against wind and rain. That makes it difficult to drive in winter or during bad weather.

In poor countries, motorcycles are used by many as a cheap method of transportation. Many people who do not have the money to buy a car can afford a small motorcycle. In rich countries, large powerful motorcycles are used more as a hobby or sport.

Off road 

On-road bikes (ones that are allowed on public roads) require the rider to have a special type of driver's license to be ridden legally. Off-road bikes are not allowed to be driven on public roads.

Speed and stunts are the main goals for off-road bike sports. Many on-road bikes are much faster than off-road bikes and can be used in sports such as motorbike racing.

Motocross is a form of motorcycle racing.  It is on an off-road circuit. The sport came from motorcycle trials competitions held in the United Kingdom.

References

 
Springfield, Massachusetts
1585

1585 was a common year.

Births 
 December 4 – John Cotton, American Puritan leader
Guinea pig

Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) are a kind of rodent. They are not pigs and are not from Guinea. The reason for why this is the name is unclear. They are also called cavies. They are domesticated animals which originated in the Andes. 

Studies on biochemistry and hybridization suggest they are descendants of a closely related species of cavy. They do not occur naturally in the wild.

Guinea pigs as pets 
In many parts of the world, people keep them as pets. In Peru, Bolivia, and several other countries, they are raised for food. The first people who domesticated the animals, did it for food. Besides being a pet and a source of food, in some places people think guinea pigs keep bad spirits away. In Quechua, the language of some the native tribes of Peru, they are called . The Spanish-speaking people of the region call them cuy (plural: cuyes).

Name
This perception of pigginess occurred in many languages other than English; the German word for them is Meerschweinchen, literally "little sea pigs" (sailing ships stopping to reprovision in the New World would pick up stores of guinea pigs, which provided an easily transportable source of fresh meat), the Russian and Polish word for them is similar, "morskaya svinka" (Морская свинка) and "świnka morska" respectively, meaning also "little sea pig" (it comes from archaic use of the word to mean "overseas"). However, this perception of pigginess is not universal to all languages or cultures. For example, the common Spanish term is 'conejillo de Indias' (Indian bunny rabbit).

Housing and breeding guinea pigs 
Guinea pigs need large open air cages in which to romp and frolic. They should have a diet of 1/8 cup of high quality grass-based guinea-pig pellets daily, as per manufacturer’s instructions. They should also have unlimited grass hay, and at least one cup of a variety of veggies. Guinea pigs like to be held in hand.
Guinea pigs should be kept in cages larger than 7.5 square feet or 10.5 square feet for 2 pigs. They should always have a friend as guinea pigs are social animals.
Breeding guinea pigs are not recommended as the rate of pregnancy complications is high.

For their diet guinea pigs generally prefer hay, fresh fruits and vegetables.

Other uses of the term 
Guinea pig is also slang for a person who is the first to try something. It can also mean the subject of an experiment. This is because guinea pigs are used by biologists as model organisms.

References

rodents
pets
Domesticated animals
Mammals of South America
1531



Events 
 The Spanish arrive in Peru.
 Death of Protestant reformer Huldrych Zwingli
Philip Glass

Philip Morris Glass (born January 31, 1937) is an American composer of modern music. He is one of the most influential music makers of the late 20th century.

Glass has created operas, music for quartets, dance, and much more. He is known for writing minimalist music.

Glass has described himself instead as a composer of "music with repetitive structures". Though his early music shares much with what is called "minimalist", he has since evolved stylistically.

References

Other websites 
 Official website

1937 births
Living people
21st-century American composers
20th-century American composers
Audioslave

Audioslave is an American rock band. The band is made up of Chris Cornell (vocals), who was with Soundgarden until 1997, and Tom Morello (guitar), Tim Commerford (electric bass) and Brad Wilk (drums), who were with Rage Against The Machine until 2000.

Their first album Audioslave was released in 2002 and the next one, named Out of Exile, followed in 2005. On May 6, 2005 Audioslave became the first American rock group to play in Cuba. Because of American laws against trade with Cuba, this concert had to be allowed by US authorities.

Studio albums 
 Audioslave (2002)
 Out of Exile (2005)
 Revelations (2006)

Other websites
Official website

2000s American music groups
American rock bands
American hard rock bands
Post-grunge bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Musical groups established in 2001
2001 establishments in California
Musical groups disestablished in 2007
2007 disestablishments in the United States
2000s disestablishments in California