alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Bozdoğan

Bozdoğan is a municipality and district of Aydın Province, Turkey. Its area is 859 km2, and its population is 32,607 (2022). It is  from the city of Aydın.

Bozdoğan is high on the side of Mount Madran, the source of the highly valued Pınar Madran mineral water, which is bottled and packaged at the source. The surroundings are also green and mildly forested. The local economy depends on organic agriculture, especially olives, figs, fruits and vegetables which are exported to the markets of Europe and America.

Bozdoğan itself is a small, quiet town of historic narrow cobble stone streets, and stone houses.

History
From 1867 until 1922, Bozdoğan was part of the Aidin Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire.

Composition
There are 55 neighbourhoods in Bozdoğan District:

 Akçay
 Akseki
 Akyaka
 Alamut
 Alhisar
 Altıntaş
 Amasya
 Asma
 Başalan
 Çamlıdere
 Çarşı
 Cumhuriyet
 Dömen
 Dutağaç
 Eymir
 Güneyköy
 Güneyyaka
 Güre
 Güvenir
 Haydere
 Hıdırbaba
 Hisar
 Hışımlar
 Kakkalan
 Kamışlar
 Karaahmetler
 Karabağlar
 Kavaklı
 Kazandere
 Kemer
 Kılavuzlar
 Kızılca
 Kızıltepe
 Konaklı
 Körteke
 Koyuncular
 Madran
 Olukbaşı
 Örencik
 Örentaht
 Örmepınar
 Örtülü
 Osmaniye
 Pınarlı
 Seki
 Sırma
 Tütüncüler
 Yakaköy
 Yazıkent
 Yeni
 Yenice
 Yeniköy
 Yeşil Yenice
 Yeşilçam
 Ziyaretli

References

External links 
  
  
 local information 

Populated places in Aydın Province
Districts of Aydın Province
Bozdoğan District
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Çine

Çine is a municipality and district of Aydın Province, Turkey. Its area is 820 km2, and its population is 48,466 (2022). It is  from the city of Aydın, on the road to Muğla.

History 
Throughout the ages this area has belonged to the Ionians, Caria, Lydians, Persia, Ancient Rome and Byzantium, was viciously fought over by the Seljuk Turks and Byzantines, eventually ending up in the hands of the Anatolian beylik of the Menteşe. The original settlement is 8 km south of the modern town.

In 1426 the area was brought into the Ottoman Empire by Murat II. From 1867 until 1922, Çine was part of Aidin Vilayet. The town grew in the 19th century when following the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 displaced Turks from Russia were resettled here by Sultan Abdul Hamid II. The town was destroyed by fire in 1900 and rebuilt.

Geography 
Formerly known as Kıroba, Çine is an attractive rural district in the southern part of the valley of the Büyük Menderes River, on the southern flank of Madran mountain. The local economy depends on mining of quartz and amethyst, forestry and agriculture. The Çine Dam and its hydro-electric power station were completed in 2013. The local cuisine features köfte and fish.

Composition
There are 72 neighbourhoods in Çine District:

 Akçaova
 Akdam
 Alabayır
 Altınabat
 Altınova
 Bağlarbaşı
 Bahçearası
 Bedirler
 Bereket
 Bölüntü
 Bucak
 Çaltı
 Camızağılı
 Çatak
 Çöğürlük
 Cumalı
 Cumhuriyet
 Dereli
 Doğanyurt
 Dorumlar
 Dutluoluk
 Elderesi
 Esentepe
 Eskiçine
 Evciler
 Gökyaka
 Hacıpaşalar
 Hallaçlar
 Hamitabat
 Hasanlar
 İbrahimkavağı
 Kabalar
 Kabataş
 Kadılar
 Kahraman
 Karahayıt
 Karakollar
 Karanfiller
 Kargı
 Kasar
 Kavşıt
 Kirazderesi
 Kırkışık
 Kırksakallar
 Kızılgüney
 Kuruköy
 Mutaflar
 Ovacık
 Özeren
 Sağlık
 Saraçlar
 Sarıköy
 Sarıoğlu
 Sarnıç
 Seferler
 Şevketiye
 Soğancılar
 Soğukoluk
 Söğütçük
 Subaşı
 Taşoluk
 Tatarmemişler
 Tepeköy
 Topçam
 Umur
 Ünlüce
 Yağcılar
 Yeni
 Yeniköy
 Yeşilköy
 Yolboyu
 Yörükler

References

External links 
 the district governor 

Populated places in Aydın Province
Districts of Aydın Province
Çine District
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Karacasu

Karacasu is a municipality and district of Aydın Province, Turkey. Its area is 727 km2, and its population is 17,620 (2022). It is  from the city of Aydın.

Formerly known as "Yenişehir", Karacasu is reached by turning off the Aydın - Denizli road south-east at Kuyucak and following the Dandalaz River upstream into the hills. The road is windy and the surrounding countryside is planted with olives, citrus fruits and as you get higher up, pines. 

The ruins of the ancient city of Aphrodisias are located within the boundaries of Karacasu, near the small town of Geyre. The area was first settled in the Bronze Age and reached its peak in the Roman and Byzantine eras as a centre of marble working. The ruins include a stadium, Temple of Aphrodite, theatre, agora and a bath with the heating system still visible. The city also contains the grave of archaeologist Kenan Erim of New York University who did so much to excavate the site. 

The district is also notable for its rich emery mines. 

Karacasu itself is a small town of nearly 6,000 people, and is thought to be the site of the lost city of Gordiouteichos.

Composition
There are 38 neighbourhoods in Karacasu District:

 Alemler
 Aşağıgörle
 Ataeymir
 Ataköy
 Bahçeköy
 Bereketli
 Bingeç
 Büyükdağlı
 Cabi
 Çamarası
 Çamköy
 Cuma
 Dedeler
 Dereköy
 Dikmen
 Esençay
 Geyre
 Görle
 Güzelbeyli
 Güzelköy
 Hacıhıdırlar
 Işıklar
 Karabağlar
 Karacaören
 Küçükdağlı
 Nargedik
 Palamutçuk
 Tekeliler
 Tepecik
 Yaykın
 Yaylalı
 Yazır
 Yenice
 Yeniköy
 Yeşilköy
 Yeşilyurt
 Yolaltı
 Yolüstü

References

Populated places in Aydın Province
 
Districts of Aydın Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Karpuzlu

Karpuzlu is a municipality and district of Aydın Province, Turkey. Its area is 286 km2, and its population is 10,590 (2022). It is  from the city of Aydın. It became a district centre after separation from Çine in 1990.

Karpuzlu is reached by turning off the road from Aydın to Çine. There is infrequent public transport (by minibus) from both towns to Karpuzlu, which can also be reached by the mountain road from Bodrum or Milas. This latter route is popular with tourists on "jeep safaris" coming to see the ruins of Alinda.

The town is partially situated on the slopes of a hill on the top of which can be seen the well-preserved ruins of the ancient acropolis of Alinda. 

The modern district of Karpuzlu covers part of the Çine plain that is part of the southern reaches of the fertile Menderes River (Maeander) valley. The main crops are cotton, corn and many other grains and vegetables. 

Karpuzlu (former Demircidere) itself is a very small town of 2,300 people.

Composition
There are 23 neighbourhoods in Karpuzlu District:

 Abak
 Akçaabat
 Bayraktepe
 Çobanisa
 Cumalar
 Ektirli
 Gölcük
 Güneyköy
 Hatıpkışla
 Işıklar
 Kovuk
 Meriçler
 Mutluca
 Ömerler
 Orta
 Ovapınarı
 Şenköy
 Tekeler
 Tütünlük
 Ulukonak
 Umcular
 Yahşiler
 Yeni

See also
 Alinda
 Gülkız Ürbül

References

External links 
 the municipality
 the district governorate

Populated places in Aydın Province
 
Districts of Aydın Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Koçarlı

Koçarlı is a municipality and district of Aydın Province, Turkey. Its area is 455 km2, and its population is 21,832 (2022). It is  from the city of Aydın.

Geography
Koçarlı is a small town and although there is an institute of Adnan Menderes University and thus a small student population, the population of the area is shrinking as people take their families to seek education and careers in Turkey's larger cities. This is an attractive district of agricultural villages in the middle of the Büyük Menderes River valley on hillsides above the Koçarlı River. The main crops are cotton, olives and pine nuts, other activities include grazing animals and producing other crops including figs and chestnuts. Industry is basically factories for processing these crops and repairing farm implements with the exception of an aluminum processing plant nearby.

Composition
There are 52 neighbourhoods in Koçarlı District:

 Adnan Menderes
 Akmescit
 Atatürk
 Bağarcık
 Bağcılar
 Birci
 Bıyıklı
 Boğaziçi
 Boydere
 Büyükdere
 Çakırbeyli
 Çakmar
 Çallı
 Çeşmeköy
 Cincin
 Çulhalar
 Dedeköy
 Dereköy
 Esentepe
 Evsekler
 Gaffarlar
 Gözkaya
 Güdüşlü
 Gündoğan
 Hacıhamzalar
 Halilbeyli
 Haydarlı
 Karaağaç
 Karacaören
 Karadut
 Kasaplar
 Kızılcabölük
 Kızılkaya
 Kullar
 Kuşlarbeleni
 Mersinbeleni
 Orhaniye
 Orta
 Şahinciler
 Sapalan
 Satılar
 Şenköy
 Sobuca
 Taşköy
 Tekeli
 Tığıllar
 Timinciler
 Yağcıdere
 Yağhanlı
 Yeni
 Yeniköy
 Zeytinköy

Places of interest
 Koçarlı is notable for a mosque, tower, and other landmark buildings built by the 18th century - 19th century feudal lords (derebey) of the region who were native to Koçarlı, the Cihanoğlu family. Their biggest monument is the castle in the village of Cincin. 
 The ruins of the ancient city of Amyzon (Mazın), in the village of Akmescit, 30km south of Koçarlı. 
 The Traditional Pine Nut Festival attracts many visitors to the town, held every year at the end of May.

References

External links 
 the municipality
 the district governorate

Populated places in Aydın Province
 
Districts of Aydın Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Köşk

Köşk is a municipality and district of Aydın Province, Turkey. Its area is 187 km2, and its population is 28,235 (2022). "Köşk" is a noun in Turkish and refers to an ornate wooden mansion, smaller than a palace.

Composition
There are 28 neighbourhoods in Köşk District:

 Ahatlar
 Akçaköy
 Altıeylül
 Baklaköy
 Başçayır
 Beyköy
 Çarşı
 Çiftlikköy
 Cumadere
 Cumayanı
 Gökkiriş
 Gündoğan
 Güzelköy
 Ilıdağ
 Karatepe
 Ketenyeri
 Kıran
 Kızılcaköy
 Kızılcayer
 Koçak
 Menteşeler
 Mezeköy
 Ovaköy
 Sarıçam
 Serdaroğlu
 Soğukkuyu
 Uzundere
 Yavuzköy

References

External links
 the municipality
 the district governorate

Populated places in Aydın Province
Districts of Aydın Province
 
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Kuyucak

Kuyucak is a municipality and district of Aydın Province, Turkey. Its area is 544 km2, and its population is 26,111 (2022). It is  from the city of Aydın on the E24 highway that connects İzmir and Denizli,  east of İzmir. Kuyucak is near the larger town of Nazilli.

Etymology
The word of Kuyucak probably comes from kuyuçok (means "many wells").

Geography
In the foothills of the Aydın mountains, the economy of Kuyucak is based on agriculture. The mountain districts produce olive oil, while the lowland plain of the Büyük Menderes River produces high quality oranges, figs and cotton.
Kuyucak itself is a small town of 7,200 people. 

Kuyucak has a typical Aegean climate, with hot summers, rainy autumns, chilly winters and sunny springs.

Composition
There are 36 neighbourhoods in Kuyucak District:

 Aksaz
 Aydınoğlu
 Azizabat
 Başaran
 Belenova
 Beşeylül
 Bucakköy
 Çamdibi
 Çobanisa
 Cumhuriyet
 Dereköy
 Fatih
 Gencelli
 Gencellidere
 Horsunlu
 İğdecik
 Karapınar
 Kayran
 Kurtuluş
 Kurtuluş (Horsunlu)
 Merkez Beşeylül
 Musakolu
 Mustafapaşa
 Ören
 Ovacık
 Pamucak
 Pamukören
 Sarıcaova
 Taşoluk
 Yakuppaşa
 Yamalak
 Yaylalı
 Yeni
 Yeşildere
 Yöre
 Yukarıyakacık

Transportation
There are regular buses from İzmir Adnan Menderes Airport, Nazilli and Denizli (70 km to the west). The town is also on the Izmir-Denizli railway line and there is a daily train service.

History
A few km southeast of Kuyucak lie the ruins of Antioch on the Maeander, an ancient Byzantine city.
Independence day is celebrated on 5 September, the date that Kuyucak was liberated at the end of the Turkish War of Independence.

Kuyucak in popular culture
 "Kuyucaklı Yusuf" (Yusuf of Kuyucak) is the title of a major novel published in 1937 by Sabahattin Ali about the small-town life in Turkey. The story was made into a film in 1985 by Feyzi Tuna.

References

External links 
 the municipality
 the district governorate

Populated places in Aydın Province
Districts of Aydın Province
 
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey
Bluna

Bluna is an orange soft drink produced by the German Mineralbrunnen Überkingen-Teinach AG, the same company, which produces the better-known Afri-Cola, since 1994.

In 1952, the company F. Blumhoffer Nachfolger GmbH started to produce Bluna. It became a hit among consumers. In 1965, it also started being sold in cans.

Today, Bluna is sold in four flavors: orange (the original flavor), lime, lemon, and mandarin orange. It is sold in both 1- or 2-Liter bottles in stores and smaller 0.33-Liter bottles for restaurants.

Advertisement slogans for Bluna like "Sind wir nicht alle ein bisschen Bluna?" ("Aren't we all a bit Bluna?") and "Wie Bluna bist Du?" ("How Bluna are you?") have been very successful and the former has found its way into everyday language as shown by it being mentioned on several different internet forums and blogs.

Bluna was exported to Saudi Arabia from Germany during the 1980s and early 1990s, Today it is locally produced.

Citrus sodas
Products introduced in 1952
Soft drinks
Perthshire (UK Parliament constituency)

Perthshire was a Scottish county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 until 1885, representing a seat for one Member of Parliament (MP).

Creation
The British parliamentary constituency was created in 1708 following the Acts of Union, 1707 and replaced the former Parliament of Scotland shire constituency of Perthshire.

Boundaries

The constituency was created to cover the county of Perth, minus the burgh of Perth, which was a component of the Perth Burghs constituency. The Scottish Reform Act 1832 transferred from Perthshire to Clackmannanshire and Kinross-shire the parishes of Tulliallan, Culross and Muckhart and the Perthshire portions of the parishes of Logie and Fossaway.

History
The constituency elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system until the seat was abolished in 1885.

As a result of the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, the Perthshire constituency was divided to create Eastern Perthshire and Western Perthshire in 1885.

Members of Parliament

Election results

Elections in the 1830s

Campbell succeeded to the peerage, becoming 2nd Marquess of Breadalbane and causing a by-election.

Elections in the 1840s
Murray succeeded to the peerage, becoming 4th Earl of Mansfield and causing a by-election.

Elections in the 1850s

Elections in the 1860s

Elections in the 1870s

Stirling-Maxwell's death caused a by-election.

Elections in the 1880s

Notes and references 

Historic parliamentary constituencies in Scotland (Westminster)
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1708
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1885
History of Perth and Kinross
Politics of Perth and Kinross
The Ice Harvest (novel)

The Ice Harvest is the debut novel of Scott Phillips. The story, set in 1979, was published to wide acclaim in 2000.

Critical reception
Publishers Weekly called the book a "darkly delicious debut comic thriller." The New York Times called it "bitterly funny," writing that the crime genre "has found a sterling new champion in Phillips."

Awards and nominations
 Silver Medal - First Work of Fiction, by the California Book Awards (for books published in 2000).
 It was shortlisted for the CWA Gold Dagger for best crime novel of 2001.

Film, TV or theatrical adaptations
It was adapted into a film of the same name in 2005.

Release details

References

2000 American novels
American crime novels
Fiction set in 1979
Novels set in the 1970s
Novels set in Kansas
Culture of Wichita, Kansas
American novels adapted into films
Ballantine Books books
2000 debut novels
Straelen

Straelen (; Low Rhenish: Strale) is a municipality in the district of Cleves, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located near the border with the Netherlands, approx. 10 km north-east of Venlo.

Twinning : Bayon in Meurthe-et-Moselle, since 7 July 1963. ( France ).

History

Straelen was first mentioned in Latin as Strala in 1063.

References

External links
 

Kleve (district)
The Mill at Sonning

The Mill at Sonning is a theatre and restaurant (or dinner theater), converted from a circa-1800 flour mill on earlier foundations, on an island in the River Thames at Sonning Eye in the English county of Berkshire.

The river divides into three, with the mill race forming the middle branch, spanned by one of the Sonning Backwater Bridges just downstream of the mill. The original mill was established much earlier and was mentioned in the Domesday Book. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the mill was owned by the well-known local families of May and Witherington, and it produced flour for Huntley and Palmer biscuits in the nearby town of Reading. More recently, the Mill complex has been converted into a 215-seat air-conditioned theatre, with a restaurant for pre-theatre meals and also a bar, where the original watermill is now exposed to view. Close by is the French Horn hotel, also on the river.

The theatre has a small hydroelectric generator of 18.5 kW capacity, commissioned in June 2005.  This was the first such installation on the Thames, predating the one at Windsor Castle.  In 1984, the Mill at Sonning was given a conservation award by The Times newspaper and the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors for the design, restoration and conversion of the derelict mill into a dinner theatre.

The theatre's first artistic director was Peter Egan. Productions have included performances by Anthony Valentine, Judi Dench, June Whitfield, Adam Faith, Michael Denison, Dulcie Gray, John Junkin and Brian Cant.

The Mill adjoins the Mill House, a circa-1800 house based on earlier foundations, acquired by the American film actor George Clooney and his wife, British human rights lawyer Amal Clooney, in 2014.

See also
 List of dinner theaters

References

External links
 The Mill at Sonning website
 The Mill at Sonning on theatresonline.com

Sonning
Theatres in Oxfordshire
Tourist attractions in Oxfordshire
Sonning
Buildings and structures on the River Thames
Dinner theatre
South Oxfordshire District
Evandro Chagas

Evandro Serafim Lobo Chagas (August 10, 1905 – November 8, 1940) the eldest son of Carlos Chagas (1879-1934), noted physician and scientist who discovered Chagas disease, and brother of Carlos Chagas Filho (1910-2000), also a noted physician and scientist who was president of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.

In 1926 Evandro Chagas got diploma from the Faculty of Medicine of Rio de Janeiro and made residence at Hospital São Francisco de Assis and at Hospital Oswaldo Cruz. At the same time, he attended the specialization course in microbiology at the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.

In 1930 he became professor at Clinical Infectious and Tropical Diseases (in Portuguese: Clínica de Doenças Tropicais e Infecciosas) at the Faculty of Medicine of Rio de Janeiro, whose discipline was taught by his father, Carlos Chagas. To fill the vacancy, he defended as a thesis the cardiac form of American trypanosomiasis. Being one of the pioneers in the use of electrocardiography has made significant contributions on Chagas disease.

He conducted studies on Yellow Fever, Malaria, Hookworm, and especially about the Leishmaniasis, discovering the first human cases of the disease and conducting clinical and epidemiological investigations in several states in Brazil and in Argentina.

In 1931 he held the position of Human Pathology Section (in Portuguese: Seção de Patologia Humana) of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz and, in 1935, represented the institution at the Ninth Meeting of the Argentine Society of Pathology North Regional, held in the city of Mendoza to honor the memory of Carlos Chagas, newly deceased.

Upon returning from Argentina, he organized the service of Endemic Diseases Study, to coordinate a plan of medical and health research in several Brazilian states, promoting important research, especially on Malaria, Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease. He also created, in 1936, the Institute of Experimental Pathology of North (in Portuguese: Instituto de Patologia Experimental do Norte), located in Belém, Pará state, Brazil it operated as a subsidiary of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; later it would bear his name, Instituto Evandro Chagas (today one of the best known institutes on tropical medicine and virology in the world).

Evandro Chagas died at an air crash in Rio de Janeiro on November 8, 1940, aged 35.

References

1905 births
1940 deaths
Brazilian tropical physicians
Chagas disease
20th-century Brazilian physicians
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Brazil
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1940
Bedburg-Hau

Bedburg-Hau is a municipality in the district of Kleve in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located approximately 5 km south-east of Kleve.

One of its main attractions is Museum Schloss Moyland, a castle with a museum of modern art dedicated to the German artist Joseph Beuys. The park around the castle has a sculpture garden, herbal gardens and a rose garden. Castle Moyland was first documented in 1307. In the 1740s Frederick of Prussia used the castle to meet with a lover of his. In 1766 it came into possession of the von Steengracht family, and it remained in their possession until 1990 when the foundation Stiftung Museum Schloss Moyland was formed to care for it.

Once a medieval moated castle, the Castle was converted to its current appearance in the 19th century by Cologne Cathedral architect Ernst Friedrich Zwirner, who transformed it in the Gothic Revival style. After being heavily damaged in World War II, it was only after the foundation was established that a comprehensive restoration was initiated, allowing the castle to serve its current purpose. The museum was opened in 1995. The reconstruction of Moyland Schloss was finally completed in 2007 with a topping ceremony when a replica of the historical spire was placed on top of the northtower.

Bedburg-Hau is also home to St. Markus Church, which was built in 1124, and the mausoleum where Prince John Maurice von Nassau-Siegen was initially buried before his bodily remnants were brought to Siegen.

A large area near the railway station is dedicated territory of the mental hospital LVR-Klinik Bedburg-Hau. The terrain was established around 1910, and now has many architectural monuments.

Villages within the municipality of Bedburg-Hau are Hau, Hasselt, Huisberden, Louisendorf, Schneppenbaum, Till-Moyland and Qualburg.

Gallery

References

Kleve (district)
Party whip (Canada)

In Canada, a party whip is the member of a political party in the House of Commons of Canada, the Senate of Canada or a provincial legislative assembly charged with ensuring party discipline among members of that party's caucus. The whip is also responsible for assigning offices and scheduling speakers from his or her party for various bills, motions and other proceedings in the legislature.

Responsibilities
A party whip works to ensure that the number of party members in the legislature or at committee meetings is adequate to win a vote if one is called. When a vote is called in the legislature, division bells ring until the whips for each party are satisfied that there are sufficient members of their own party present for the vote to proceed.

The whip's role is especially important when there is a minority government or if the government has a slim majority, as the absence of a handful of members during a confidence vote could result in the defeat of the government. Party discipline is strict in Canada, and party members are expected to vote with the rest of their party in all but a few designated free votes.

Use in Canadian government
James E. Walker, Chief Government Whip from 1963 to 1966, commented: "Once you get beyond the taxicab radius of Ottawa, nobody seems to have heard of a Whip. For that matter, nobody in Ottawa, three blocks from the Hill, has ever heard of the Whip either!"

The post of Chief Government Whip is not a cabinet-level position. However, the Chief Government Whip may receive a concurrent appointment, such as minister without portfolio or Minister of State, and sit in cabinet by virtue of that position.

For a time, the Reform Party of Canada publicly styled its parliamentary whip with the title of Caucus Coordinator rather than Whip.

Current Whips

Senate
 Government Liaison in the Senate: Patti LaBoucane-Benson
 Opposition Whip in the Senate: Judith Seidman

House of Commons
 Chief Government Whip: Steven MacKinnon
 Deputy Government Whip: Ruby Sahota
 Chief Opposition Whip:  Kerry-Lynne D. Findlay
 Deputy Chief Opposition Whip: Chris Warkentin
 Bloc Québécois Whip: Claude DeBellefeuille
 NDP Whip: Rachel Blaney

List of Chief Government Whips

See also
Chief Whip
Party whip (Australia)

References

External links
 List of Chief Government and Opposition Whips

Parliament of Canada
Political whips
Issum

Issum is a municipality in the district of Kleve, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located approximately  east of Geldern.

Economy 

Issum is home to the Diebels brewery, the largest altbier brewery in the world.

Notable natives 
 Isabell Werth (born 1969), German equestrian
 Peter Wollny (born 1961), German musicologist

References

External links

 Official site 

Kleve (district)
Kerken

Kerken with the towns of Aldekerk, Eyll, Nieukerk and Stenden, is a municipality in the district of Kleve in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located near the border with the Netherlands, approx. 15 km north-east of Venlo.

Personalities

Sons and daughters of the city 

 Johannes Ackermanns (1887-1962), municipal politician
 Franz Grobben (1904-1994), CDU politician
 Guido Winkmann (* 1973), football league judge

Personalities who have worked on the ground 
 Fritz Lewerentz, (1878-1945), SPD politician and victim of the Nazi dictatorship

References

Kleve (district)
Gemeinlebarn

Gemeinlebarn is an Austrian village in the community of Traismauer in the district of Sankt Pölten-Land, Lower Austria. Its population is about 1000 inhabitants. Its Old High German name is Lewary and so most of the native "Gemeinlebarner" (citizen of Gemeinlebarn in German) call it Lewing.

The village is placed in the west of "Tullner Becken" (the lowland around the city of Tulln and its surrounding).

External links
Homepage of the community of Traismauer

Cities and towns in St. Pölten-Land District
Cigarette tax stamp

A cigarette tax stamp is any adhesive stamp, metered stamp, heat transfer stamp, or other form or evidence of payment of a cigarette tax. A cigarette tax stamp is a specific example of a revenue stamp.

The 1978 Contraband Cigarette Act prohibits the transport, receipt, shipment, possession, distribution, or purchase of more than 60,000 cigarettes (300 cartons) not bearing the official tax stamp of the U.S. state in which the cigarettes are located.

References 

Cigarettes
Tobacco taxation
Revenue stamps
List of newspapers in Kuwait

Newspapers in Kuwait are published in English, French and Urdu, in addition to Arabic. the publishing reach the peak at 2009 there were 14 Arabic dailies, three English dailies and a dozens weekly newspapers in Kuwait. but the numbers decreased since then either by 2008 financial crisis and the increase of digital news sources or by government censorship.

, first published in 1954, is solely the government gazette used for public matter and not used for journalistic reporting. Publishing certain actions  in the gazette is necessary for them to become legally valid, like in instances of name changes.

This is an incomplete list of newspapers in Kuwait.

Arabic language daily newspapers
 Al-Seyassah —  daily since 1965 
 Al-Qabas —  since 1972
 Al-Anbaa —  since 1976
 Al Rai —  Alrai-Alaam from 1995 until 2006
 Al-Wasat —  since 2007
 Annahar —  since 2007
 Al-Shahed —  since 2007
 Al-Jarida —  since 2007
 Al-Sabah —  since 2007

English language daily and weekly newspapers
 Kuwait Times —  since 1961
 Arab Times —  since 1977

Non-daily newspapers 
 Al Kuwait Magazine —  since 1928 
 Al Bayan — since 1966 
 Afaaq —  since 1978
 Al-Arabi —  since 1958 
 Al Dustor —  semi-daily since 1997 from Kuwait National Assembly
 Sout Al Khaleej —  since 1962
 Al Mouasher Economic Weekly —  since 1994
 The Times Kuwait —  English weekly since 1996
 Dark Politics — since 2018

Defunct newspapers
 Al Kuwaiteya —  2011-2023
 Al Khaleej —2009-2020
 Al Shahed weekly —  2004-2019
 Al Taleea — 1962-2016 
 Al-Watan —1974-2015 
 ِAlRay AlAam -1962–1995 
 Alam Al Yawm — 2007-2014
 Al Balad 2008
 Al-Watan Daily - 2008-2013
 Al Mustagbal - 2010-2012  
 Arrouiah - 2007–2010
 Awan - 2007–2010
 Assawt - 2008–2009
 Sawt alKuwait - 1990–1993 during the Invasion of Kuwait by State of Kuwait government
 Alfajer Aljadeed - 1991–1993 was published by Mr. Yousif Olyan and Dr.Yasin Taha Al-Yasin
 26 Febrayer - 1991
 Al-Nida' - 1990–1991 during the Invasion of Kuwait by Republic of Kuwait government
 Al Morabtoon - 1990-1991

 Al jamaheer - 1983-1990
 Daily News - 1963-

References

 
Kuwait
Newspapers
Auxiliary Power's Demolition Derby and Figure 8 Race

Auxiliary Power's Demolition Derby and Figure 8 Race is a PC demolition derby and figure 8 racing game. The game was developed by John C. Ardussi with the help of real demolition derby drivers and officials.

Gameplay
In this game, there are 4 difficulty levels and 9 different original tracks. There are 11 original body styles and over 50 original AI(computer) drivers. Engines smoke, stall, steam, and backfire. Vehicles get realistic damage. Just like real demolition derby, there is a heat, and then a final. You can get black flagged for sandbagging, or avoiding hits on purpose. Players start at a local level, then move on to regional then national level.

References

External links
 Auxiliary Power official website

2001 video games
Racing video games
Vehicular combat games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Windows-only games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Rheurdt

Rheurdt () is a municipality in the district of Cleves, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located approximately  west of Moers.

References

External links

Kleve (district)
PKP class OKl27

PKP class OKl27 is a class of ordinary passenger (O) tank (K) 2-6-2 (l) steam locomotives designed in 1927 for Polskie Koleje Państwowe (Polish State Railways, PKP). It was the first completely Polish construction. The design was prepared by eng. Bryling.

History

Production
Hipolit Cegielski Metal Works in Poznań produced 122 engines in the period of 1928–1933.

Operation
The OKl27 class serviced mainly local transport, especially suburban lines.

Wartime
After the German invasion of Poland in World War II, 107 of the 122 OKl27 locomotives were taken into the Deutsche Reichsbahn fleet as 75 1201 to 75 1307. The remaining 15 were taken into the stock of the Soviet Railways; all but two of which came into German hands and were renumbered 75 1308 to 75 1320.

After the war, most locomotives were restored to Poland and renumbered. While the post-war class remained the same, locomotives were renumbered at random, so a locomotive's pre- and post war identities are (usually) completely different.

Preservation
Four engines have survived: 
OKl27-10 in Skierniewice (as an exhibit), 
OKl27-26 in Warsaw Railroad Museum (as an exhibit), 
OKl27-27 in Gdynia (as an exhibit), and 
OKl27-41 in Chabówka.

See also
PKP classification system

References

 
 
 

Railway locomotives introduced in 1928
Ol27K
2-6-2T locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Poland
Music from Macbeth

Music from Macbeth is a 1972 album by the Third Ear Band.  It consists of the soundtrack from Roman Polanski's 1971 film Macbeth, an adaptation  of Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Macbeth.

Composition
The band composed original music for the film, by adding electronic music to hand drums, woodwinds and strings. Elements of music in India and the Middle East and jazz were also incorporated into the score.

While the score has some Middle Ages influence, this is not found in the scenes where Duncan is assassinated and Macbeth is killed. Polanski and the band used aleatoric music for these scenes, to communicate chaos.

Track listing
"Overture" – 4:20
"The Beach" – 1:54
"Lady Macbeth" – 1:47
"Inverness: Macbeth's Return/The Preparation/Fanfare/Duncan's Arrival" – 5:00
"The Banquet" – 1:21
"Dagger and Death" – 2:49
"At the Well/The Princes's Escape/Coronation/Come Sealing Night" – 3:03
"Court Dance" – 2:28
"Fleance" – 4:02
"Grooms' Dance" – 4:21
"Bear Baiting" – 1:10
"Ambush/Banquo's Ghost" – 2:27
"Going to Bed/Blind Man's Buff/Requiescant/Sere and Yellow Leaf" – 3:04
"The Cauldron" – 2:39
"Prophesies" – 1:53
"Wicca Way" – 1:24
(All compositions by Bridges, Sweeney, Minns, and Buckmaster.)

Personnel
Paul Minns — oboe and recorder
Glen Sweeney — drums
Paul Buckmaster — cello and bass guitar
Simon House — violin and VCS3
Denim Bridges — guitars

The album also features vocals by a 12-year old Keith Chegwin.

The cover was originally painted by Roger Dean.

References

Third Ear Band albums
Works based on Macbeth
1972 soundtrack albums
Harvest Records soundtracks
Drama film soundtracks
Cairncross

Cairncross may refer to:

Places

Australia
 Mary Cairncross Reserve, Queensland
 Cairncross Dockyard, Brisbane, Queensland
 Cairncross Island

Scotland
 Cairncross, Angus - Angus 56.90N 02.83W NO4979

Other uses
 Cairncross (surname), including a list of people with the name
List of newspapers in the Netherlands

Below is a list of newspapers in the Netherlands.

Newspapers in the Netherlands are issued every day, with the exception of Sunday and some general holidays. The total number of printed daily newspapers is 28 in 2018, down from 35 in 2009. Of the 27 dailies in 2019, 10 are national, 16 regional and 1 local. Some of the regional newspapers offer editions for smaller regions, as does the national Algemeen Dagblad for its readers in South Holland and Utrecht.

National dailies 
The number of national daily newspapers in the Netherlands was 108 in 1950, 38 in 1965, 10 in the 2010s, 9 since March 2020, and 8 since March 2021.

 Circulation data was for 2017, the last year precise numbers were published. For 2019, a list is available that does not control for returned newspapers. Since, only exposure is published, not separating print from online.
 Het Financieele Dagblad is in Berliner format, others in tabloid.

Regional dailies 

 All titles are paid and in tabloid format.
 Circulation data is for 2017.

Local dailies 

 Other local dailies (or small region newspapers) are distributed as part of regional newspapers.
 Paid, except for the free Thursday issue of Barneveldse Krant
 Circulation data is for 2017.
 Tabloid format

References

Bibliography
 
 

Dutch-language newspapers
Netherlands
 
Newspapers
Coat of arms of the Turks and Caicos Islands

The coat of arms of the Turks and Caicos Islands consists of a gold-coloured escutcheon (shield) charged with a conch shell, lobster and a cactus, supported by two flamingos, and topped with a pelican in the crest.  Adopted three years after the islands became a Crown colony, it has been the coat of arms of the Turks and Caicos Islands since 1965.  The escutcheon is featured on the flag of the territory.  The previous badge featured two mounds of salt in front of a ship, with doors added to the mounds after they were reportedly mistaken for igloos.

History

The Turks and Caicos Islands were ruled by the British colonial government in the Bahama Islands starting in 1799. Tensions between the two territories, coupled with financial troubles, led to the Turks and Caicos being given their own charter in 1848, before being placed under the administration of the Colony of Jamaica 26 years later. During the 1870s, the territory was accorded its own badge to be utilised on its flag. This consisted of two mounds of salt on land in the foreground, awaiting to be loaded onto a ship in the background. A door was erroneously added to one of the mounds, however, when the designer or an official at the Admiralty reportedly mistook the salt mounds for igloos.  This was not rectified up until a new coat of arms was instituted in the 1960s.

The Turks and Caicos Islands became a Crown colony in 1962, after Jamaica became independent that same year. The islands were consequently reunited with the Bahamas from 1962 until 1973, when the latter territory became independent and the Turks and Caicos were granted their own governor. A new coat of arms for the territory was adopted by royal warrant on 28 September 1965.

Design
The coat of arms of the Turks and Caicos Islands are blazoned as follows:
Or in chief a Queen Conch Shell and a Spiny Lobster and in base a Turk's Head Cactus proper; and for the Crest: On a Wreath Or and Azure, On a Mount Vert a Pelican between two Sisal Plants proper; and for Supporters: On either side a Flamingo proper.

Symbolism
The colours and objects on the coat of arms carry cultural, political, and regional meanings.  The queen conch shell and spiny lobster allude to the islands' primary industry of fishing.  The Turk's Head cactus symbolises the territory's biome.  Taken altogether, the shell, lobster, and cactus represent the flora and fauna of the islands.  The crest at the top depicts a white pelican flanked by two sisal plants – evoking the islands' past trade of rope-making – while the supporters grasping the shield on both sides are flamingos.

Uses
The shield from the arms features on the flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands, and on the standard of the territory's governor.

See also
 List of coats of arms of the United Kingdom and dependencies

References

External links
 Heraldry of the World: Turks and Caicos Islands

Turks and Caicos Islands
Turks and Caicos Islands
Turks and Caicos Islands culture
Turks and Caicos Islands
Turks and Caicos Islands
Turks and Caicos Islands
Turks and Caicos Islands
Turks and Caicos Islands
FC Triesen

FC Triesen is a Liechtensteiner football club that plays in Triesen. It is one of the seven official teams in the nation, and it plays in the Swiss Football League in 3. Liga, which is the seventh tier. The team annually competes in the Liechtensteiner Cup which was won by the team 8 times in its history. Currently the team is coached by former Liechtenstein international Raphael Rohrer.

Honours 
Liechtenstein Football Championship
Winners (3): 1934, 1935, 1937
Liechtenstein Football Cup
Winners (8): 1946, 1947, 1948, 1950, 1951, 1965, 1972, 1975
Runners-up (10): 1949, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1958, 1959, 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969

Current squad

External links 
Official website

 
Football clubs in Liechtenstein
Sport in Triesen
Expatriated football clubs
1932 establishments in Liechtenstein
Association football clubs established in 1932
FC Triesenberg

Fussball Club Triesenberg is a Liechtensteiner amateur football team that plays in Triesenberg, Liechtenstein. It is one of the seven official teams in the nation.  They play in the Swiss Football League in 3. Liga, which is the seventh tier. The team annually competes in the Liechtensteiner Cup. The club has never won the tournament, but was the runner-up in the 2014–2015 edition.

History 
The team was founded in 1972. Like all the other teams in Liechtenstein they started playing in the Swiss leagues, in this case in 4. Liga. They achieved promotion for the first time in their history in the 1986/1987 season, being promoted to 3. Liga. They stayed in that league till 1998, when they were relegated. In 2001 they were promoted back to 3. Liga and in 2010 were promoted to 2. Liga.

Honours 
Liechtenstein Football Cup
Runners-up (1): 2015

Current squad

External links 
Official Site

 
Football clubs in Liechtenstein
Expatriated football clubs
1972 establishments in Liechtenstein
FC Schaan

FC Schaan is a Liechtensteiner professional football team that plays in Schaan. The reserve team is called FC Azzurri Schaan. It is one of the seven official teams in the nation and it plays in the Swiss Football League in 4. Liga, which is the eighth tier. The team annually competes in the Liechtensteiner Cup which was won by the team 3 times in its history. The club runs its youth system in conjunction with FC Vaduz.

Honours 
Liechtenstein Football Cup
Winners (3): 1954–55, 1962–63, 1993–94
Runners-up (11): 1955–56, 1956–57, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1992–93, 2015–16

European record

FC Azzurri Schaan 
FC Azzurri Schaan is the name of FC Schaan's reserve team.

Current squad 

 (captain)

References

External links 
  
 

 
Football clubs in Liechtenstein
Sport in Schaan
Expatriated football clubs
1949 establishments in Liechtenstein
Renfrewshire (UK Parliament constituency)

Renfrewshire was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 until 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1885.

Creation
The British parliamentary constituency was created in 1708 following the Acts of Union, 1707 and replaced the former Parliament of Scotland shire constituency of Renfrewshire.

Boundaries
The constituency covered the county of Renfrewshire, minus the parliamentary burgh of Renfrew throughout the 1708 to 1885 period, and minus the parliamentary burgh of Port Glasgow and the Paisley and Greenock constituencies from 1832 to 1885.

The burgh of Renfrew was a component of Glasgow Burghs until 1832, when it became a component of Kilmarnock Burghs. Port Glasgow became a parliamentary burgh in 1832, and another component of Kilmarnock Burghs.

History
The constituency elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system until the seat was abolished in 1885.

In 1885 the Renfrewshire constituency area was divided into two new constituencies: Renfrewshire Eastern and Renfrewshire Western.

Members of Parliament

Election results

Elections in the 1830s

Shaw-Stewart's death caused a by-election.

Elections in the 1840s

Stewart's death caused a by-election.

Elections in the 1850s

Mure resigned by accepting the office of Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds, causing a by-election.

Elections in the 1860s

Speirs' death caused a by-election.

Elections in the 1870s
Bruce was elevated to the peerage, becoming Lord Aberdare and causing a by-election.

Elections in the 1880s

Mure's death caused a by-election.

References

Sources
 History of Parliament - constituencies

Historic parliamentary constituencies in Scotland (Westminster)
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1708
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1885
Politics of Renfrewshire
Preobrazhenskoye Cemetery

Preobrazhenskoye Cemetery (, lit. Transfiguration Cemetery) is a cemetery in the eastern part of Moscow long associated with Old Believers. It was inaugurated by a Fedoseevtsy merchant in 1777 as a plague quarantine disguising the Bespopovtsy monastery. At that time the territory of the cemetery was located outside Moscow, but near its border. The cemetery soon became the spiritual and administrative center of all the Fedoseevtsy in Russia (just like the Rogozhskoe cemetery became an administrative and cultural centre for most Popovtsy Old Believers).

The cloister consisted of two equal square areas, a monastery for men and a nunnery for women,  separated by a road to the cemetery. Construction work was in progress throughout the 1790s and the first decade of the 19th century. At that time, the monastery asylum was home to 1,500 people, while the chapels were attended by as many as 10,000 Old Believers. Every church within the monastery was styled a chapel; like other Bespopovtsy, the Fedoseevtsy reject priesthood, and so even their largest temples are called chapels rather than churches, since they have no altar. The area was surrounded by brick walls with decorative pseudo-gothic towers. 

In the mid-19th century the "male" part of the monastery was confiscated from the Fedoseevtsy by the imperial administration to be transformed into the monastery of the Edinovertsy, the only legal denomination of Old Believers in Imperial Russia. The cloister, which came to be known as the St Nicholas Monastery of the Edinovertsy, boasted the largest collection of Old Believer literature (the Khludov bequest) and as many as 1,300 ancient icons.

After the October Revolution the St. Nicholas Monastery was occupied by the Obnovlentsy, while the icons and the books were taken to the State Historical Museum and the Tretyakov Gallery. Later the monastery was divided between the Pomortsy Old Believers and the nearby parish of the official Russian Orthodox Church. The orthodox parish took a church above the gates with surrounding quarters, a bell-tower and a western part of the temple. The eastern part of the temple and several utilities in the western part of the territory belong to Pomortsy. The two parts of a single temple are currently separated by a thick brick wall, and compartments are occupied by different denominations. The women's part of Preobrazhenka avoided such a dissension, and still belongs to the Fedoseevtsy.

The cemetery is also noted as a place where the first Eternal flame in Moscow was kindled in order to commemorate the World War II dead.

Notable people buried in the Preobrazhenskoye Cemetery
 Vladimir Kuts
 Sergei Magnitsky
 Aleksey Batalov
 Viktor Nikiforov
 Konstantin Loktev
 Yevgeny Feofanov
 Ivan Zimin

References

External links
 Preobrazhenskoe cemetery. Gallery – Russian Necropolis Gallery
 

Cemeteries in Moscow
Christianity in Moscow
Eastern Orthodox cemeteries in Russia
Monasteries in Moscow
Old Believer communities in Russia
Cultural heritage monuments in Moscow
Jacob Nielsen, Count of Halland

Jacob Nielsen (died about 1309) was count of Northern Halland and a great-grandson of Valdemar II of Denmark. His father (Niels Nielsen) and grandfather (Niels Valdemarsen) had both held Halland as a county before him. Jacob received Halland in 1283, but switched allegiance to the King of Norway two years later and was declared an outlaw in 1287 after the murder of Eric V of Denmark.

In Halland, Jacob built the fortresses of Hunehals and later Varberg Fortress. Jacob's position weakened after the Norwegian king started to lose interest in the conflict with Denmark, and in 1305, he was forced to relinquish Halland to Haakon V of Norway, who granted it to his own son-in-law, the Swedish duke Erik Magnusson.

Bibliography
Kr[istian] Erslev, "Jacob, Greve af Nørrehalland", Dansk biografisk leksikon, VIII. Bind. Holst - Juul, 1894, p  336 f.

13th-century births
14th-century deaths
Danish nobility
House of Estridsen
Halland
Regicides
13th-century Danish nobility
14th-century Danish nobility
George Roberts (British politician)

George Henry Roberts (27 July 1868 – 25 April 1928) was a Labour Party politician who switched parties twice.

Biography
He was born on 27 July 1868.

At the 1906 general election, he was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Norwich. He was a minister in the Lloyd George Coalition Government as Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade from 1916 to 1917, Minister of Labour from 1917 to 1919, and Minister of Food Control from 1919 to 1920.  He was appointed as a Privy Counsellor in 1917.

Roberts stood in 1918 as a Coalition Labour candidate, opposed by the official Labour Party candidate. After leaving office in 1920, Roberts returned as a director to the firm he had left as works manager upon entering Parliament in 1906. He sat on the back-benches and as an independent retained his seat in the 1922 election but lost it as the Conservative candidate in 1923. Roberts spent the rest of his life in the sugar beet industry.

He died on 25 April 1928.

References

Bibliography
Meeres, Frank. George Roberts MP. A Life That 'Did Different'. (Poppyland Publishing, 2019)

External links 
 

1868 births
1928 deaths
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Norwich
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Typographical Association-sponsored MPs
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
UK MPs 1918–1922
UK MPs 1922–1923
Coalition Labour MPs
Chairs of the Labour Party (UK)
Conservative Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
Parliamentary Secretaries to the Board of Trade
Independent members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom