alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Bartholomew the Apostle

Bartholomew the Apostle is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. He is the patron saint of Armenia, bookbinders, butchers, Florentine cheese and salt merchants, Gambatesa, Italy, leather workers; nervous diseases, plasterers; shoemakers; tanners, and trappers. Along with Saint Jude Thaddeus, he helped bring Christianity to Armenia. He is the patron saint of people who work with leather and animal skins because he was martyred (killed for his beliefs) by being skinned alive. He is usually represented by holding a large knife and his skin.

Bartholomew is also found in Islamic literature. In one such story mentioned by Suyuti, Ibn Arabi, Bayhaqi, and Abu Nuyam Bartholomew is described as one whom God has given extended life to and he meet the companions of the Prophet Muhammad in Iraq. This event took place during the regin of Umar.

Related pages
Twelve Apostles

References

Bartholomew
Twelve Apostles
Matthew the Evangelist

Matthew the Evangelist is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ and the traditional author of the Gospel of Matthew (AD 80-90). He is traditionally considered identical to the tax collector Matthew the Apostle or "Levi" mentioned in the New Testament of the Christian Bible.

Modern scholarship 
According to the consensus of modern biblical scholars Matthew the Apostle is not the writer of the Gospel of Matthew, who in fact is anonymous. If the Gospel was not written by Matthew as tradition states, then the author was probably a male Jew, standing on the margin between traditional and non-traditional Jewish values, and familiar with technical legal aspects of scripture being debated in his time.

References

Related pages
 Twelve Apostles

Early Christian saints
Twelve Apostles
John the Apostle

John was born in 6AD in Bethsaida in an area called Galilee which was ruled by Herod Agrippa at the time. John was the son of Zebedee and Salome. He was also the brother of the first Christian martyr listed, James, and was part of the Twelve Apostles and followed Jesus Christ as on of his closest friends. John is mentioned many times in the New Testament and wrote a few books himself too called, The Gospel of John, John 1, 2 and 3. He also wrote the last testament and the only book based upon one's vision: Book of Revelation.

Family Life/ Life before Jesus Christ 
John was the first son of Zebedee and Salome and the only brother of James and he was a bright child growing up. Historians suggest John was privileged, if not rich and they have 3 points to support themselves:

 He was known by name to the high- priest. The high-priest was at the very top of Jewish society.
 He was classically educated. He could read letters and spoke Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek and maybe even a bit of Roman.
 His father relied on ''hired men'' or ''bought men'' in other translations, suggesting he had slaves. Slaves are expensive!

Life being Jesus Christ's apostle 
John would've probably used his literary skills to get Jesus everywhere and would've got connections to help out with money and shelter. John was amazing and you can read about him and his portrayal in a new TV Show called The Chosen here; https://the-chosen.fandom.com/wiki/John

John would also be HEAVILY affected with the behaviour of others like the Samaritans and Jesus himself.

Life after Jesus' death 
John would've been devastated. Jesus would have been like a second brother to him and he would be utterly shattered. Then with the resurrection and ascension he woud have been overjoyed. Amazed, even. John stayed in Jerusalem until the spirit of the Holy Spirit promise of the Pentecost had passed and he travelled all the way

After Pentecost, the next known place John went is unclear. He most likely went to his hometown in Galilee, Bethsaida and preached to the people there. He stayed in touch with the others when they went through Samaria and Jerusalem.

Feast Day 
The feast day is celebrated on December 27.
Christian mystics
Twelve Apostles
6 births
100s deaths
Ancient Roman writers
Evangelists
Saint Peter

Saint Peter (, "rock") also called Simon (Kephas) Peter is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. He is often talked about in the New Testament. Most of what we know about Peter comes from the Bible. In the Gospel it is written that Jesus Christ would make Peter the "rock" (foundation) of the Church (Gospel of Matthew 16:18, you are Peter (rock), and upon this rock I will build my church).

It is not known when Peter was born. But the date of his real death is said to be about the year 64 AD. He died by being nailed to a cross in Rome. This type of death is called crucifixion. According to the apocryphal Acts of Peter, Peter asked to be crucified upside down, as he felt unworthy to die as Jesus did. Most historical sources only say he was crucified this way.

The historical accuracy of the accounts of Peter's role in Rome is a matter of ongoing debate.

Paintings from later centuries often show him holding the keys to the kingdom of heaven (interpreted by Roman Catholics as the sign of his primacy over the Church), a reference to Matthew .

Peter was married according to the gospel of Mark. The name of his wife is unknown.

Saint and Pope
The Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Lutheran Churches, as well as the Anglican Communion, consider Simon Peter a saint. Roman Catholics believe that the Pope is Peter's successor. For this reason, he is the rightful head of all other bishops. Eastern and Oriental Orthodox also recognise the Bishop of Rome as the successor to Saint Peter and the Ecumenical Patriarch sends a delegation each year to Rome to participate in the celebration of his feast. 

In the Ravenna document of 13 October 2007 representatives of the Eastern Orthodox Church agreed that "Rome, as the Church that 'presides in love' according to the phrase of St. Ignatius of Antioch (To the Romans, Prologue), occupied the first place in the taxis (order), and that the bishop of Rome was therefore the protos (first) among the patriarchs. They disagree, however, on the interpretation of historical evidence from this era regarding the rights of the bishop of Rome as protos, a matter that was already understood in different ways in the first millennium."

Christian tradition says Saint Peter was the first leader of an early apostolic community for at least 34 years. At that time the word Pope or "Papa" was not used to name the leader of the Roman Catholic Church. At that time there was only one Christian Church. Later, the Roman Catholic Church would say that Peter was their first Pope.

Tradition also locates his burial place where St. Peter's Basilica was later built, in Vatican City.

Related pages

 Twelve apostles

References

Other websites 

 Online articles about Saint Peter in Simple English

Early Christian saints
Twelve Apostles
Popes
67 deaths
Deans of the College of Cardinals
Pope Paul III

Pope Paul III (; February 29, 1468 – November 10, 1549), born Alessandro Farnese, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 221st Pope from 1534 to 1549.

Early life
Alessandro Farnese was born in an ancient Roman family.  His grandfather was commander-in-chief of the papal troops under Pope Eugenius IV.

Cardinal
In 1493, Pope Alexander VI made Farnese a cardinal.

Pope
Cardinal Farnese was elected Pope in 1534; and he chose to be called Paul III.

Pope Paul was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Council of Trent
He convened the Council of Trent in 1545.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 

  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Paul III
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Farnese 

1468 births
1549 deaths
Paul 3
Deans of the College of Cardinals
Pope Sixtus IV

Pope Sixtus IV (; 21 July 1414 - 12 August 1484), originally Francesco della Rovere, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 213th Pope from 1471 until his death in 1484.

He is known for beginning construction of the Sistine Chapel.

Early life
Della Rovere was born in Celle Ligure, a town near Savona in Liguria. His family was important.

As a young man, he joined the Franciscan Order.  He rose in the order to head of the Franciscans in Liguria.

Della Rovere studied philosophy and theology at the University of Pavia; and he lectured at Padua, Bologna, Pavia, Siena, and Florence.

Cardinal
In 1467, Pope Paul II raised della Rovere to the rank of Cardinal.

Pope
He was elected pope on August 9, 1471.  He took the name Sixtus because the first day of the conclave which elected him pope was the Feast Day of St. Sixtus.

Pope Sixtus was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Papal actions 
 1474 – Christian I of Denmark was received in Rome.
 1479 – University of Copenhagen established
 1482 – St Bonaventura was canonized.

Legacy
Sixtus ordered the building of the Ponte Sisto (Sistine Bridge) across the Tiber River.

The Vatican Library was enlarged during the reign of Sixtus; and the number of manuscripts grew ten times larger—from 360 during the reign of Pope Nicholas V to 3650.

Related pages 
 List of popes
 List of popes from the della Rovere family

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Sixtus IV
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal della Rovere 

Italian popes
1414 births
1484 deaths
House of della Rovere
Pope Julius II

Pope Julius II (; December 5, 1443 - February 21, 1513), born Giuliano della Rovere, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 217th Pope  from 1503 until his death in 1513.  He was known as "the Warrior Pope."

He was the nephew of Pope Sixtus IV.

Early life 
Giuliano della Rovere was the son of Rafaello della Rovere.

His uncle would become Pope Sixtus IV.

Cardinal
In 1471, Sixtus made Rovere a cardinal.

Pope
Rovere was elected pope in 1503; and he chose to be called Julius II.

Pope Julius was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

In 1506, Pope Julius he established the Swiss Guard.

Related pages 
 List of popes
 List of popes from the della Rovere family

References

More reading
 Shaw, Christine. (1993). Julius II: the Warrior Pope. Oxford: Blackwell. ;  OCLC 417355755

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Julius II
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal della Rovere 

 

Italian popes
1443 births
1513 deaths
House of della Rovere
Donato Bramante

Donato Bramante (c. 1444 - April 11, 1514) was an architect who introduced the High Renaissance style to architecture.

1440s births
1514 deaths
Italian architects
Alexandre Dumas, père

Alexandre Dumas (born 24 July, 1802 at Villers-Cotterêts, died 5 December 1870 at Dieppe) was a French writer of Haitian descent. He is famous for writing The Three Musketeers (1844), Queen Margot, The Count of Monte Cristo (1844-1845) and about the Man with the iron mask.

Dumas's father was a general, who fought in the French Revolution. When his father died, his mother raised him. They didn't have much money when he was growing up.

Dumas wrote his first plays in 1825 and 1826 after reading Shakespeare, Sir Walter Scott, Friedrich von Scholler and Lord Byron.

Dumas was also a gourmand (lover of food), and wrote Le Grand Dictionnaire de cuisine, an encyclopædia of food and cooking with 1152 pages. He finished it weeks before his death. It is not thought very reliable, because it relies on Dumas' opinions rather than fact.

Dumas was a member of the Club des Hashischins, or Hashish Club. The group of French writers experimented with hashish to get ideas.

Related pages
Alexandre Dumas, fils, son of this writer

References

Further reading

Other websites

 

1802 births
1870 deaths
Writers from Hauts-de-France
People from Aisne
People with foods named after them
Beastie Boys

Beastie Boys were an American rap group. According to an interview with Charlie Rose, the word "Beastie" is the backronym of Boys Entering Anarchic States Towards Internal Excellence.  They formed in 1981 as a punk rock band. Their most famous albums are probably Licensed To Ill (1986) and Paul's Boutique (1989). Licensed To Ill is their first album, and it is an album that is given credit for starting the type of music "rap rock", which is rapping done over rock guitar or beats. Paul's Boutique is an album famous for its use of samples, or snippets of music, and the fact that the samples were put together in creative, interesting ways.

Adam Yauch (1964-2012) was one of the founding members of the band until his death on May 4, 2012 after almost 3-years with cancer of the parotid salivary gland. Former original guitarist, John Berry (1963-2016), died on May 19, 2016 from dementia at 52.

Members 
 John Berry – guitar (1981–1982; died 2016)
 Mike D – singing, drums (1981–2012)
 Kate Schellenbach – drums, percussion (1981–1984)
 MCA – singing, bass guitar (1981–2012; died 2012)
 Ad-Rock – singing, guitar (1982–2012)

Discography 
 1982 - Polly Wog Stew (EP) 	
 1984 - Rock Hard (EP) 	
 1986 - Licensed to Ill
 1989 - Paul's Boutique
 1992 - Check Your Head
 1994 - Ill Communication
 1995 - Root Down (EP) 	
 1995 - Aglio e Olio (EP) 	
 1998 - Hello Nasty
 2003 - In A World Gone Mad (EP) 	
 2004 - To the 5 Boroughs
 2007 - The Mix-Up
 2011 - Hot Sauce Committee Part Two

Other websites 
 Official site
 Mic To Mic

1981 establishments in New York (state)
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
2012 disestablishments in the United States
American rap music groups
American rock bands
Grammy Award winners
Hip hop bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2012
Musical groups established in 1981
Musical groups from New York City
Webby Award winners
Public Enemy

Public Enemy is an American rap group. They are also known as PE. They formed in 1982, and are still together today. They became famous for their politically charged, militant messages in their songs. They are also famous for using lots of jazz and funk samples in their songs, doneto create a loud, noisy sound and back their angry, powerful rapping. Group members include Chuck D. and Flavor Flav, as well as Terminator X and Professor Griff, who left the group in 1990, but rejoined in the late 1990s.

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Musical groups from New York (state)
American rap music groups
Love's Labour's Lost

Love's Labour's Lost is a comedy play by William Shakespeare which was written between 1588 and 1597.

The play contains a lot of wordplay and many characters are based off real kings and noblemen from around those years. This makes the play harder to understand for modern audiences, which is why it is less famous than most of Shakespeare's plays. However, it has been performed more often since the 20th century.

Plot 
Ferdinand, the King of Navarre, and three of his men meet together and talk about their intellectual plans. Their plans then go wrong when the Princess of France and three of her ladies arrive. The men find that they are in love with the ladies and cannot hide it.

Name 
The exact original title is unknown. In early written versions of the script, it varied as to how many apostrophes were used in the title. In the first quarto, it is called Loues labors lost, as a "u" was often used for a "v" sound back then. The title is now most often given as Love's Labour's Lost.

References 

Plays by William Shakespeare
1590s plays
Titus Andronicus

Titus Andronicus (c. 1589–1592) is the first tragedy play by William Shakespeare.  Most of its theme, structure and language comes from The Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd. It is believed to be Shakespeare's first play, and also the  bloodiest and least respected of his works. 

Plays by William Shakespeare
1580s plays
The Comedy of Errors

The Comedy of Errors (c. 1589–94) is one of the first plays by William Shakespeare. It is a comedy. Shakespeare's sources were Menaechmi by Plautus and Amphitruo by Plautus.

References 

Plays by William Shakespeare
1590s plays
Pietà (Michelangelo)

The Pietà is a statue by Michelangelo. It is now in the first temple on the right of Saint Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City.

Related pages
The following are other statues by Michelangelo:
 David
 Moses

Statues
Art by Michelangelo
15th-century works
Non-governmental organization

A non-governmental organization (NGO)  is a group of people from different countries acting together, but not connected with the government of any country. Usually non-governmental organizations are non-profit - that is, they are trying to do something other than make money for the people who run them. They include organisations such as 'Oxfam' and 'World Vision'.

Non-governmental organization (NGO) is a term that has become widely accepted as referring to a legally constituted, non-governmental organization created by natural or legal persons with no participation or representation of any government. In the cases in which NGOs are funded totally or partially by governments, the NGO maintains its non-governmental status and excludes government representatives from membership in the organization.

Government funding of NGOs is controversial, since, according David Rieff, writing in The New Republic, "the whole point of humanitarian intervention was precisely that NGOs and civil society had both a right and an obligation to respond with acts of aid and solidarity to people in need or being subjected to repression or want by the forces that controlled them, whatever the governments concerned might think about the matter."

Unlike the term intergovernmental organization, "non-governmental organization" is a term in general use but is not a legal definition. In many jurisdictions these types of organization are defined as "civil society organizations" or referred to by other names.

Top 6 NGOs In India 

 Child Rights and You (CRY).
 Help Age India. …
 Human Rights Action Forum(HRAF)
 K. C. Mahindra Education Trust (Nanhi Kali) …
 LEPRA India.
 Pratham Education Foundation

Purpose Of NGO 
NGO’s work for uplifting the poor and backward sections of the community. Moreover, the main function which is performed by NGOs is to bridge the gap of inequalities and unfair treatments.

Related pages 
International organization
Nonprofit organization
Transparency International
Quango

References
Animal rights

Animal rights is a term used for the general belief that non-human animals deserve rights. Most people that support animal rights believe that humans should not use animals in food, clothing, experimentation, and entertainment.

People that support animal rights also believe that just as you have human rights simply because you are a human, other animals deserve animal rights simply because they are an animal.

Related pages
Speciesism
Veganism
Vegetarianism
Animal cruelty
Animal Farm (novel)
Animal Rights Militia
Animal rights movement
Animal Rights (song)
Animal welfare

Other websites

Animal Rights Library

 
Political movements
Aaron Sorkin

Aaron Benjamin Sorkin (born June 9, 1961) is an American screenwriter and movie director. He was born in New York City, New York. He is most famous for creating and writing The West Wing, a television series about the lives of people who work in the White House. He also wrote the movies The American President and A Few Good Men (which he took from a play he had written with the same name), and created and wrote the television series Sports Night. 

A director, he is known for his works in Molly's Game, The Trial of the Chicago 7 and Being the Ricardos.

Golden Globe Award winning writers
Screenwriters from New York City
Movie directors from New York City
1961 births
Living people
American television writers
American television producers
Academy Award winning writers
American playwrights
470s



Events
 476 – The last Western Roman Emperor in Rome was removed by Odoacer the Ostrogoth.
 Peter the Fuller is restored as Patriarch of Antioch.
1060s



Events 
 1061 Normans conquer Messina in Sicily
 1062 Marrakech starts.
 1066 Normans conquer England
 1066 William the Conqueror became King of England on Christmas Day in Westminster Abbey.
 1068 Japan changes emperors.

Important people 
 William the Conqueror
 Harold Godwinson
 Harald Hardrada
30s BC



Events 
 Octavian defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII of Egypt at the Battle of Actium (2 September 31 BC). On August 30 BC Octavian captures Alexandria. Marcus Antonius and Cleopatra suicide (kill themselves). Romans kill Cleopatra's son and co-ruler (this means they ruled the country together) Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Egypt becomes part of the Roman Republic and Octavian becomes the ruler of Rome and all Romans. Rome will soon become an Empire not a Republic.
 Herod the Great builds Masada (37–31 BC) as a place to escape to if Jewish people attack him.

Significant people 
 Mark Antony, Roman politician and general (83–30 BC).
 Pharaoh (Egyptian Queen) Cleopatra VII of Egypt (lived 70/69 – 30 BC, ruled 51–30 BC).
 Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian) Roman politician and general (62 BC – 14).
 Pharaoh Ptolemy XV Caesarion (lived 47–30 BC, ruled 44–30 BC).
40s BC

This article talks about what happened in between 40 and 31 BC.

Events 
 Julius Caesar wins the civil war (49–45 BC) in the Roman Republic against the Roman Senate. He becomes dictator for life.
 Julius Caesar, Roman dictator, is killed by 23 Roman people. Some people who killed him were Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus. (15 March 44 BC).

Important people 
 Julius Caesar, Roman dictator (lived 100–44 BC, ruled 46–44 BC).
 Marcus Junius Brutus, Roman politician ( 85–42 BC).
 Mark Antony, Roman politician and general ( 83–30 BC).
 Pharaoh (Egyptian Queen) Cleopatra VII of Egypt (lived 70/69 – 30 BC, ruled 51–30 BC).
 Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian), Roman politician and general (62 BC – 14).
 Pharaoh Ptolemy XV Caesarion (Cleopatra VII's son) (lived 47–30 BC, reigned 44–30 BC).
 Gaius Cassius Longinus, Roman politician (died 42 BC).
California Institute of Technology

The California Institute of Technology (called "Caltech" for short) is a major American research university in the city of Pasadena in the state of California. Caltech specializes - is especially good, or especially interested - in the study of engineering, computer science, and the physical sciences (some physical sciences are physics and chemistry, as well as others). Caltech is also in charge of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, also called JPL. JPL is part of NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, which is the part of the United States government that explores space. Caltech is not owned or run by the United States, or NASA, but NASA pays Caltech to run JPL for them. By most measures, it is the most selective college/university in the world and has one of the highest faculty-to-student ratios in the world.

Caltech's mascot is the beaver. Many schools that specialize in engineering have beavers for their mascot, because in the wild, beavers are known for making dams, and so people think that they are the animal most like engineers.

Famous alumni 
 Jean Robieux, French physicist.

References 

 

Association of American Universities
California Institute of Technology
Pasadena, California
1891 establishments in California
Secrecy

A secret is information or facts that only one person or group knows about. There are many reasons for not telling or sharing the truth with others. 

Some secrets are good. These are ones that should be kept secret. An example of a good secret is respect for a citizen's privacy.  But some secrets are bad, if keeping facts hidden causes harm. An example of a bad secret is child abuse. Some things might be kept secret only for a short time, such as a surprise party. Other things may need to be kept secret forever. Sometimes things might be kept secret from someone because it is believed that it would upset them to know. 

Some things need to be kept secret for security reasons. If a person has a bank account they must keep their password secret. No one else should know it. Espionage is snooping for someone else's secrets. Criminals like to keep their crimes secret.  

In a business, some information is kept secret. This is also called "confidential". Conversations at meetings are sometimes confidential. People who were at the meeting cannot go telling everyone else what was discussed. Usually, managers will make this a rule for an employee. Trade secrets are protected by law.

Another type of secret is Cryptography. These are codes that unlock other secrets. So, secrets are being used to protect secrets.

Related pages
 Classified information
 Information security
 Security

Other websites

 
Human communication
Herpes simplex

Herpes simplex is an infection by a virus. The herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes two common diseases. Both diseases have painful, watery blisters in the skin or mucous membranes (such as the mouth or lips) or on the genitals.

An infection on the lips is commonly known as a cold sore or fever blister.  A cold sore is not the same as a canker sore, which appears inside the mouth and is caused by something else.

Treatment 
The disease is contagious, especially when it is active. Contagious means that it can spread from one person to another. There is no cure for this disease. This means that it cannot be stopped, once a person has got it. When a person has got the disease, he or she will get outbreaks from time to time. There are drugs that can make these outbreaks shorter, for many people. These antiviral drugs stop the virus from spreading. They will shorten the time people show symptoms.

Different viruses 
The two types of herpes virus are known as  simplex virus, type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-1 usually causes infections around the mouth.  HSV-2 more commonly causes genital infections. Viruses are transmitted through body fluids, or lesions in the skin. Transmission can also occur, when there are no symptoms. Genital herpes is classified as a sexually transmitted infection. It may be spread to a baby during childbirth. Herpes outbreaks can occur, because of decreased immune function, stress, and sunlight exposure.

How to tell that someone is infected 
Usually, herpes is diagnosed based on the symptoms. There are tests that can confirm this diagnosis.  Testing the blood for antibodies against the virus can confirm a previous infection but will be negative in new infections.

How common it is 
Herpes is very common. Worldwide rates of either HSV-1 or HSV-2 are between 60% and 95% in adults. Most people get HSV-1 when they are children. Since there is no cure for either HSV-1 or HSV-2, more people get it as they get older. Rates of HSV-1 are between 70% and 80% in poorer people and 40% to 60% in richer people. About 536 million people worldwide (16% of the population) were infected with HSV-2 as of 2003. It is more common among women and in developing countries. Most people with HSV-2 do not know that they are infected.

References 

Diseases caused by viruses
Sexually transmitted diseases
Władysław Reymont

Władysław Stanisław Reymont, born as Stanisław Władysław Rejment, (May 7, 1867 in Kobielce Wielkie, Poland – December 5, 1925 in Warsaw, Poland) was a well-known Polish writer, who won the Nobel Prize in 1924 for his four-volume epic novel "Chłopi" (The Peasants). This novel was about life of this part of the society. He also wrote "Ziemia obiecana" (The Promised Land), about industrial capitalism in 19th century Łódź.

Many people say he is one of the greatest and most prominent Polish writers of all time and one of the greatest in 20th century.

Biography
Reymont was born in the family of the organist. His father, Józef Rejment, a well-read man, had a musical education and in tuszyńskiej performed the parish duties of the organist, and also carried on Civil Status Registers and the correspondence of the parish priest with Russian authorities. Mother, Antonia from Kupczyńskich, had talent for a story. She came from the impoverished Cracow gentry; in mature years the writer has often emphasized this fact.

1867 births
1925 deaths
Polish Nobel Prize winners
Polish novelists
Extraversion and introversion

Introversion and extraversion is a personality dimension. It was promoted by Carl Jung in the 1920s. Individual people differ on this scale. According to the theory, introverts get energy from inside themselves (ideas and concepts in their own minds), while extroverts get energy from outside of themselves (interacting with other people). There are many ideas about introversion and extroversion which are false, such as the idea(s) that all introverts are shy, antisocial and non-emotional. 

The idea of introversion and extroversion has been used in many different personality tests and is a key determining factor for many things. Those who follow this way of looking at the world say that everyone has some parts of both traits in them, although one will usually dominate over the other. 

At one time, extroverts were thought to make up almost three quarters of American society. In more modern times, however, researchers have been able to ascertain that the number of introverts almost equals the number of extroverts in the country. Interestingly, also, the prevalence of both types varies from country to country, with certain nations (Scandinavian countries, Japan) favouring introversion and others (most notably America) favouring extroversion.
Personality
50s BC



Events 

 Julius Caesar, Pompey and Marcus Licinius Crassus make the First Triumvirate (ca. 59–53 BC).
 Gallic Wars: Julius Caesar conquers much of Gaul, and leads two journeys to Britain (58–49 BC).
 Bak Hyeokgeose makes the kingdom of Silla in Korea (57 BC)
 Pompey builds Rome's first permanent (made to stay the same for a long time) theatre (54 BC)
 Battle of Carrhae: the Roman general Marcus Licinius Crassus tries to attack the Parthian Empire. Surenais defeats him at Carrhae, now Harran in Turkey; Crassus dies. (53 BC).
 Battle of Alesia: Vercingetorix leads a rebellion by the Gauls. Julius Caesar defeats him. (52 BC).

Significant people 
 Julius Caesar, Roman politician and general (lived 100–44 BC)
 Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt (lived 70/69 – 30 BC, ruled 51–30 BC).
 Pompey, Roman general (lived 106–48 BC)
 Marcus Licinius Crassus, Roman politician and general (lived 115–53 BC)
 Marcus Tullius Cicero, Roman politician (lived 106–43 BC)
 Vercingetorix, ruler of the Arverni (died. 46 BC)
 Cassivellaunus, British war-leader
 Ariovistus, German king
 Commius, Gaulish king
 Phraates III, King of Parthia (ruled 70–57 BC)
 Mithridates III, king of Parthia and Media (ruled 57–54 BC)
 Orodes II, king of Parthia (ruled 57–38 BC)
 Surena, Parthian general (lived 84–54 BC)
 Bak Hyeokgeose, king of Silla in Korea

Births 
 Livy, Roman historian (ca. 59 BC)
 Seneca the Elder, Roman orator (ca. 54 BC)

Deaths 
 Marcus Licinius Crassus, Roman politician and general (53 BC)
 Posidonius, Greek philosopher, astronomer, and geographer (51 BC)
1690s BC



Events 
 1700 - 1500 BC Hurrian conquest
1698 BC- King Jie of China kills his minister Guan Longfeng according to Chinese legend.
 The Exodus: The Israelites leave Egypt, Thrasyllus of Mendes says this. He was an Egyptian mathematician and astronomer who lived in the 1st century BC.
1691 BC June—Lunar Saros 32 begins.

Significant people
Belu-bani, King of Assyria, r. 1700–1691 BC.
Libaia, King of Assyria r. 1691–1674 BC.
Abi-eshuh, King of Babylon, r. 1712–1684 (middle chronology)
Jie, Legendary King of the supposed Xia dynasty (existence disputed) in China, r. c.1728–1675 BC
Merneferre Ay, Pharaoh of Egypt, r. c.1714–1691 BC
Merhotepre Ini, Pharaoh of Egypt, r. c.1691–1689 BC
Fourteenth dynasty Pharaohs (see List of Pharaohs for details), 1705–1690 BC
 Lila-Ir-Tash king of the Elamite Empire, r. c.1700–c.1698 BC.
 Temti-Agun I king of the Elamite Empire, r. c.1698–c.1690 BC.
 Tan-Uli king of the Elamite Empire, r. c.1690–c.1655 BC.
Agum I, King of the Kassites, r. 1705–1690 BC
Kashtiliash I, King of the Kassites, r. 1690–1680 BC
Itti-Ili-Nibi, King of the Sealand, r. c.1700–1683 BC
1695 BC—Death of Sarah, wife of Abraham, according to the Hebrew Calendar
1691 BC—Death of Merneferre Ay, Pharaoh of Egypt

References

17th century BC
1680s BC



Events 
The sixteenth dynasty starts in Egypt.
People make leavened bread in Egypt.

Important people 
Hammurabi dies in 1686 BC
Heremon dies in 1684 BC, (Irish legend)

17th century BC
1670s BC



Events 
The fifteenth dynasty starts in Egypt.
Pharaoh (king) Tutimaios of Egypt dies in 1674 BC.
People write Ipuwer Papyrus in 1674.
 Hyksos invade Egypt in 1674.

17th century BC
1080s BC



Events (things that happened) 
 The nineteenth dynasty ends in Egypt in 1186.
 The Trojan War ends on the 24 April 1184 BC
 Menestheus (in legends he is the king of Athens) dies. he has ruled for 23 years. His nephew, Demophon, becomes king. (Some people think that Menestheus died before, in the 1190s BC.)

Important people 
 Ramesses III of Egypt is born in 1180.
Sunset

A sunset, which in some American dialects is called a sundown, is the time where the Sun goes below the horizon to the West. It is not dusk, which is the point when darkness begins, which can be sometime after the Sun sets, this begins twilight. The opposite of the sunset is the sunrise.

Parts of a day
Astronomical phenomena
Pop punk

Pop punk (or punk-pop) is a form of popular music that blends punk rock with pop music and rock music. Pop-punk music has a lighter, happier sound than most punk rock and hardcore punk music. Most punk rock and hardcore punk music sounds angry and harsh, and has lyrics (words) about protest and anger.

Late 1970s and 1980s pop-punk
There are several types of pop-punk. An early type of pop-punk was developed right after Punk rock became popular in the late 1970s. Most of this kind of music is very much like Punk rock, but it features things from other kinds of music like pop music and older rock music, and country music, so different people can enjoy it. Some people call the Ramones a pop-punk band. The Ramones were a band from the United States.

1990s pop-punk
In the 1990s, pop-punk became very popular in North America. Bands such as Green Day, Blink-182 and Zebrahead sold millions of recordings and did many tours.

Present day

In the 21st century, many bands have contributed to the pop punk genre. They include Fall Out Boy, Relient K, FM Static, Hawk Nelson, and Amber Pacific.

Controversy
Some people who like 1970s punk rock or 1980s hardcore punk do not like pop-punk. The 1970s punk rock or 1980s hardcore punk was usually angry, rebellious protest music. In contrast, 2000s pop-punk songs are nicer and lighter. Some people think 2000s pop-punk is too commercialized and nothing like the older punk music from the 1970s and 1980s.

Artists
Fall Out Boy
Green Day
Blink-182
Sum 41
The Donnas
FM Static
Supergrass
Presidents of the United States
Screeching Weasel
Simple Plan
Relient k
Last tuesday
MxPx
Amber Pacific
The F ups
Bowling for Soup
Mayday Parade
You Me At Six
All Time Low
Zebrahead

Punk rock
Sheryl Crow

Sheryl Crow (born February 11, 1962) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. She can also play guitar and bass guitar.

Many of her songs have charted and are still popular. They include "The First Cut Is the Deepest", "Soak Up the Sun", "If It Makes You Happy" and "All I Wanna Do".

Personal life 
Crow has never married. She has two adopted sons, Wyatt Steven Crow (born in 2007) and Levi James Crow (born in  2010).

She had breast cancer in 2006.

Singles
All I Wanna Do (1994)
Everyday Is a Winding Road (1996)
A Change Would Do You Good (1997)
My Favorite Mistake (1998)
Sweet Child o' Mine (1999)

Other websites 
Official website

Actors from Missouri
Country musicians from Missouri
American guitarists
American movie actors
American rock singers
American singer-songwriters
American television actors
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Missouri
1962 births
Living people
Chubby Checker

Ernest Evans (born October 3, 1941) better known as Chubby Checker, is a pop singer from the United States. He is most famous for his dance songs.  After his famous appearance on American Bandstand, his cover version of Hank Ballard's "The Twist" hit #1 became a popular dance.

References 

Singers from South Carolina
1941 births
Living people
Irish people

The Irish are an ethnic group who come from or came from the island of Ireland. There are two countries on the island of Ireland: the Republic of Ireland and  Northern Ireland. Historically, the Irish have  been primarily a Celtic people. Many countries, especially English-speaking countries, have people with Irish roots.

In Northern Ireland, there have been violent fights between the Unionists, who identify as British people and are mainly Protestant, and the Nationalists, who identify as Irish and are mainly Catholic. Irish people have a strong culture and beliefs.

Due to problems in Ireland, most importantly a famine between 1845 and 1852, caused by the potatoes in Ireland being destroyed by disease, many Irish moved out of Ireland, including Great Britain, and to other countries like the United States, Canada, and Australia. At present, many more Irish live in the United States than in Ireland, with many of them living in large American cities such as Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago. The population of Irish people in the United States is over seven times more populated than that of those who live in the original homeland of Ireland.

References

Further reading
Irish Immigrant who served in US Civil War
Cork man survived the Titanic
Irish Immigrant who served in World War I

 
Celtic peoples
P.O.D.

P.O.D. (which stands for Payable on Death) is a metal band from San Diego, California. Its fans are called "The Warriors", and the band is known for its Christian messages.

Members 
The members are Sonny Sandoval (lead singer), Marcos Curiel (guitar player), Wuv Bernardo (drummer) and Traa Daniels (bass player).

History 
The band released an album in 1999 called The Fundamental Elements of Southtown, which became very popular, and P.O.D. made a lot of fans who saw the band on MTV.

In 2001, P.O.D. made a second album called Satellite, which had a more nu metal post-grunge vibe and several hit songs, like "Boom," "Alive," "Youth of the Nation," "Set It Off," "Satellite," and "Portrait." In 2003, P.O.D. made the album Payable On Death, which had a heavy neo-grunge sound and a hint of reggae.

Their next album, Testify, was released in 2006. It was similar to Satellite in sound and featured two duets with Matisyahu. In 2008, P.O.D. released the album When Angels & Serpents Dance.

References

American heavy metal bands
Nu metal bands
Alternative metal bands
Christian metal bands
Reggae bands
Musical groups from San Diego, California
Geta (footwear)

Geta are traditional Japanese sandals. They are stilted to keep the hem of a kimono above the ground. They are worn with tabi socks. Geta makes the person's feet stay out of the mud.

Usually Japanese people wear them with a casual kimono rather than formal one. It is common to wear them with bare feet when a yukata is worn. Also they are worn with western clothes. 
Today, in Japan, most people rarely wear kimono and rarely wear geta. One reason for this is most gravel roads were changed to asphalt roads for Tokyo Olympic. Since 1995, the number of people who wear geta casually increased because of the pretty looks and sounds. In addition, the popularity of geta grew little by little through trend for yukata. At one time, Japanese people thought that it is hard to walk with geta and sometimes get injured by hanao. Hanao is a rope which is set between the big toe and second toe when geta are worn. However, because of efforts by yukata makers and footwear makers, Japanese people are starting to like to wear geta again.

Footwear
Japanese clothing
Tabi

Tabi are traditional Japanese socks. The sock is divided at the toes that forms them into two groups. Tabi socks are worn with zori or geta sandals. The Tabi is of many different colours mainly white.

Footwear
Japanese clothing
Bydgoszcz

Bydgoszcz  (, ) is a city in the north of Poland, capital of Kujavia-Pomerania voivodship, on the Brda and Wisła rivers. As of 2020, 345 000 people live there. Bydgoszcz is one of the biggest cities in Poland - placed in the 8th position. The city was started in 1346 by the king of Poland Casimir III the Great. Patrons of the city are Saint Martin of Tours and Saint Nicholas.

The city is a big center of industry, trade, logistic and traffic cord. In the city is located the Ignacy Jan Paderewski International Airport. In Bydgoszcz, there's a big military garrison and headquarters of most NATO institutions present in Poland.

Tourism 
Bydgoszcz belongs to the greenest cities in Poland, has more than 30 parks which occupy more than 970 hectares. In the north part of the city, the biggest city park in Poland - Myślęcinek - is located. 

Bydgoszcz has many monuments, starting with the gothic cathedral and ending with the downtown, which has Art Nouveau tenement houses. A unique monument is the oldest in Poland artificial waterway - Bydgoszcz Canal, which connects the Vistula and the Oder rivers.

The most visited place in Bydgoszcz is Old Town with the Mill Island. The most important monuments in this area are gothic churches, including a cathedral, fragments of city walls and granaries from the XVII century.

Bydgoszczy's downtown was built almost completely between 1850 and 1914 and is famous for Art Nouveau tenement houses. The east part of the downtown was built on assumptions garden city movement. The Music District - with the Pomeranian Filharmonija, the Bydgoszcz Academy of Music and the Polish Theatre are also located here.

Bydgoszcz has many museums. The biggest one is the Leon Wyczółkowski Regional Museum which has a wide collection including art, numismatics, archeology and souvenirs related to Bydgoszcz.

Gallery

References

Cities in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
Vientiane

Vientiane () is the capital city of Laos and the city with the largest number of people. It is in the Mekong Valley and over two hundred thousand people live in its central area.

It is on the Laos-Thailand border, being kept apart by the Mekong River. In other words, if one crossed the river from Vientiane, he/she would enter Thailand. The city is close to the First Thai-Lao Friendship Bridge, an bridge that is also a border crossing and port between Thailand and Laos.

Even though it is the country's most populated city, many travelers to the city have said that Vientiane feels like a small town.

Popular tourist sites of the city include the Patuxai Monument, the Lao Textile Museum, the Pha That Luang stupa, the Buddha Park, and Haw Phra Kaew.

The city has one of three universities in the entire country, the National University of Laos.

Despite being the country's most populated city, many international companies do not exist in Laos. There is no McDonald's, Burger King, KFC, 7-Eleven, or Grab throughout the entire country. However, international companies like Big C, Chester's Chicken, and Texas Chicken do exist in Vientiane. Starbucks opened its first store in the country at the Parkson Mall in 2022.
Dome

A dome is a building or roof that usually looks like the upper half of a sphere.

As a roof feature, domes make many religious and government buildings stand out, because if someone is speaking to others inside or under a dome, the voice sounds louder. Also a dome makes it easier to identify an important building, for example a temple or a palace. 

A large stadium with a roof over the playing field is often called a "dome". One example of that usage is the Metrodome.

Architectural elements
Address

This article is about the kind of address that you find or communicate with someone through. Address can also mean public speaking. It can also be used when someone is working on something, or talking about something.

An address (pronounced AD-dress or ad-DRESS) is a way to find or communicate with someone. It can be a postal address or an e-mail address. On forms, it is common to ask for someone's name, address and phone number, so that the person can be found easily.

Postal address 
A postal address is usually the location of someone's house, but sometimes it is the person's Post Office Box. It is the information that is put on a letter to have the letter delivered to a person.

Example (in England):
Mr John Smith
132, My Street,
Bigtown  BG23 4YZ
England

Example (in the U.S.):
Mr John Smith
132, My Street,
Kingston, New York 12401
United States

Example (in Nigeria):
Mr Daniel Izuchukwu Nwoye
8, My Street,
Ilassan Lekki, Lagos 105102
Nigeria.

Email Address
An email address is used to send someone an e-mail. It has a username, and this is followed by the name of the person's email provider. The at sign (@) separates the two. For example:
john@gmail.com
horseycrazy@yahoo.com
larry.smith@msn.com
example50150@domain.eu

The "name" part can be made up of any letters or numbers, and a few special characters, but it cannot contain spaces. The "provider" part can be made up of any letters or numbers, but no special characters and no spaces. Some providers may restrict the "name" part in other ways. For example, Gmail does not allow underscores.

Human geography
E-mail
Postal services
T cell

A T cell is a type of lymphocyte, a white blood cell. T-cells play an important role in the immune system. They attack infected cells, foreign cells, and cancer cells and completely destroy them. This stops viruses or cancer from spreading to healthy cells.

The "T" in T cell stands for thymus. The thymus is where T cells mature.

Types 
 Cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells)

 Helper T cells, (Th cells) 

 Regulatory T cells (Treg cells), used to be called suppressor T cells

 Natural Killer T cells (NKT cells) 

 γδ T cells

Related pages 
Major histocompatibility complex

Other websites 
 Janeway, Charles A. et al. 2001. Immunobiology. 5th ed, New York and London: Garland. 
 The Immune System (PDF)
 (Successful!) Treatment of metastatic melanoma with autologous CD4+ T cells against NY-ESO-1

Immunology
Blood cells
Biscuit

A biscuit is a type of food. They are small baked breads or cakes.

Biscuits in British usage

In British English, Australian English, Canadian English and New Zealand English, biscuits are usually sweet and can be eaten with tea, milk or coffee. In North America these are called "cookies".

In spite of the difference, this is the meaning in the name of the United States' most famous maker of cookies and crackers, National Biscuit Company (now called Nabisco).

Biscuits in American usage

In American English, a "biscuit" is a small form of bread, similar to scones, made with baking powder or baking soda as a leavening agent rather than yeast. (Biscuits, soda breads, and corn bread, among others, are sometimes referred to all together as "quick breads" to show that they do not need time to rise before baking.)  

Breads
Desserts