alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Ruthenian Austrian internment

The Ruthenian Austrian internment was part of the confinement of enemy aliens in Austria during World War I. Central Camp Talerhof (German: Thalerhof) was a concentration camp operated by the Austro-Hungarian imperial government between 1914 and 1917 in the Austrian state of Styria.

Over twenty thousand Eastern Slavic Moscophiles were arrested and imprisoned in the camp and in the fortress of Terezín, Bohemia. The camp housed primarily Russophile individuals and families from Galicia. All were suspected of collaboration with the advancing Imperial Russian Army that had invaded and occupied Galicia at the outset of World War I.

The first group of prisoners was transported to Talerhof by soldiers of Austrian regiment of Graz on September 4, 1914. Until the winter of 1915, there were no barracks in Talerhof; prisoners slept in the open air on the ground.

On November 9, 1914, according to the official report of Field Marshal Schleer, there were 5,700 Ukrainians, Carpatho-Rusyns and Lemkos in Talerhof. In total, 20,000 people were prisoners from September 4, 1914, to May 10, 1917.

In the first year and a half, three thousand prisoners died. In addition, tens of thousands of Ukrainians and Lemkos were victims of reprisals carried out by Austro-Hungarian authorities in the Western Ukraine during World War I. In May 1917, the camp was closed by order of Emperor Karl I of Austria (r. 1916-1918).

See also
Ukrainian Canadian internment
German American internment
Central Labour Camp Jaworzno
Metodyj Trochanovskij

References

Internment camps
Austria-Hungary in World War I
Forced migration
World War I crimes by Austria-Hungary
Anti-Ukrainian sentiment
1914
Ölürüm Sana (album)

Ölürüm Sana (I'd Die For You) is Tarkan's third studio album, released on July 5, 1997. The album was distributed in both Europe and Asia. It sold more than 3 million copies in Turkey, and a total of 4.5 million worldwide, and sales continued till 2003. This album received very good reviews, becoming one of Turkey's best-selling albums, and played a heavy role in catapulting Tarkan to the status of 'Mega-Star'.

Track listing

Music videos
 "Şımarık" (Published: 10 June 1997)
 "İkimizin Yerine" (Published: 6 October 1997)
 "Salına Salına Sinsice" (Published: 9 March 1998)
 "Ölürüm Sana" (Published: 12 July 1998)

Singles
"Şımarık", "Ölürüm Sana", "Salına Salına Sinsice", and "Kır Zincirlerini" enjoyed a relatively high success in Turkey and the world.

Launched in 1998 as a single, "Şımarık" helped Tarkan to become known Europe and around the world, and, released in 1999, his song "Kır Zincirlerini (Bu Gece)" also increased his fan-base.

The third track on the album "Salına Salına Sinsice" was remixed for its music video, and this remixed version was not available in the album itself.

Personnel
Tarkan: Vocals
Erden Sökmen, David Matos, Can Şengün: Guitars
Ozan Çolakoğlu: Keyboards, Piano
James Cruz, İsmail Soyberk, Murat Ejder: Bass
Hamdi Akatay: Drums
Shawn Pelton: Kick Drum
Seyfi Ayta: Bendir, Bongos, Castanets, Daf, Hollow and Goblet Drums
Cengiz Ercümer, Aydın Karabulut: Percussion
İlyas Tetik, Hüseyin Bitmez: Oud
Ahmet Kadri Rizeli: Kemenche
Ertuğrul Köseoğlu: French Horn
Bülent Altınbaş: Clarinet

Production
Produced by Ozan Çolakoğlu
Executive-produced by Mehmet Söğütoğlu; supervised by Tarkan
Production assisted by Egemen Öncel, Uygar Ataş and Özgür Buldum
Recording Engineers: Özgür Buldum, Arzu Alsan, Denise Barbarita, Murat Matthew Erdem, Serkan Kula, Shawn Coffey, Steve Sauder, Ufuk Çoban
Mixed by Brian Kinkead, Ozan Çolakoğlu and Rıza Erekli
Editing by Duyal Karagözoğlu, Serhan Keser and Çağlar Türkmen
Mastered by Çağlar Türkmen

References

External links
 Tarkan Translations
 Ozgur Buldum

Tarkan (singer) albums
1997 albums
Riaan Cruywagen

Riaan Cruywagen (born 5 October 1945) is a South African television news reader and voice artist who has been associated with the South African Broadcasting Corporation since its first television broadcasts in 1975. Cruywagen continued to present the Afrikaans news on the SABC network every weeknight until his final broadcast on SABC 2 on 26 November 2012 at 7pm CAT. He has made approximately 7000 news broadcasts.

Career
He began his career as a journalist in 1965 when he started working part-time at the SABC in Cape Town, while studying at the University of Stellenbosch. He presented his first news bulletin on 26 November 1975 at 8:00 pm –  the first story he read on that night was the sentencing of Breyten Breytenbach to nine years in jail.

In June 2003, following an outcry over reports that Cruywagen's contract with the SABC would not be renewed, an agreement between the SABC and UASA (United Association of South Africa) was reached. His contract was renewed and it was announced that he would continue with his duties for a period of time. Cruywagen presented his final news bulletin on SABC 2 on 26 November 2012 at 7 pm.

The name Riaan Cruywagen has become synonymous with Afrikaans television news through his lengthy career. In the mid-2000s, following the contract renewal issue, Cruywagen was once more the focus of popular culture in South Africa for a time, when a number of e-mail and internet jokes originally referring to Chuck Norris and David Hasselhoff were modified by using his name in their place.  South African-themed jokes in a similar vein were also circulated, mostly related to his perennially youthful appearance and intellectual prowess.

Cruywagen was also the voice artist for the character Haas Das on the popular Afrikaans children's news programme Haas Das se Nuuskas in 1976. He also voiced the character when it was revived in a movie Haas Das hou konsert (Hare Tie Holds A Concert) in 2007. He originally landed the job when he told the show's creator Louise Smit a joke. She grabbed him and screamed: "I've got my rabbit!". He also voiced numerous characters in another popular children's programme, "Liewe Heksie".

He appeared in an ad-campaign for ATKV/Pendoring, as a waiter in a restaurant with a board on the wall saying: "Moenie die taal afskeep nie! (Don't neglect the language!)" – referring to Afrikaans. Cruywagen has appeared in a number of films, playing himself as a newsreader, including an appearance reading the news in Zulu in Leon Schuster's Sweet 'n Short. He was also seen in Stander as a nostalgic reminder of his long career as newsreader.

See also 

 Haas Das se Nuuskas
 Liewe Heksie

References

External links
 Who's who of South Africa:Riaan Cruywagen
 SABC:Cruywagen to stay
 "Don't Shoot" – a documentary about Riaan Cruywagen in the Why Democracy? 2007 series
 TVSA Actor Profile
 Snaparazzi Gallery
  – Riaan Cruywagen's last bulletin uploaded by SABC News on their YouTube channel

1945 births
Living people
Afrikaner people
South African people of Dutch descent
South African television journalists
South African television presenters
Stellenbosch University alumni
Southern Hemisphere Auroral Radar Experiment

The Southern Hemisphere Auroral Radar Experiment, or SHARE, started in 1988, is an Antarctic research project designed to observe velocities and irregularities of electrical fields in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. It is operated jointly by the University of Natal, Potchefstroom University, the British Antarctic Survey and Johns Hopkins University and operates out of British Halley Station, South African SANAE IV Station and Japanese Showa Station.

Using a total of 16 antennas, each mounted on a 12 m tower and radiating on fixed frequencies in the 8–20 MHz range, SHARE transmits a radio frequency pulse into the upper atmosphere every two minutes.  The three stations' ranges overlap to cover most of the Antarctic continent.

SHARE is part of the international Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN).  It supplies valuable data to track space weather.

Meteorology research and field projects
Radio frequency propagation
Plasma physics facilities
Ground radars
 Astronomical experiments in the Antarctic
1988 establishments in Antarctica
Bus upgrade zone

Bus upgrade zones, commonly abbreviated to BUZ, are a feature of Brisbane's public transport system. The name is given to high-frequency bus routes operated by Transport for Brisbane, the Brisbane City Council agency that operates the city's public bus services for Translink. All BUZ services run at least every fifteen minutes from around 6:00am to 11:30pm seven days a week and at least every ten minutes during peak hours from Monday to Friday.

Nearly all BUZ routes are express services which provide quick and frequent access to places along major trunk roads, with the exception of routes 196 and 199, which are the only all-stops BUZ service with bus stops within short walking distances of each other between the inner suburbs of Fairfield, West End, New Farm and Teneriffe. Most BUZ routes are radial, and commence in or near the Brisbane CBD. However, routes 196 and 199 are again an exception, in that they are cross-town routes that passes through the CBD.

History
Route 111 was upgraded to become the first BUZ service in December 2003. Other BUZ services have been progressively added since then. The Cultural Centre busway station on the South East Busway is the common interchange point for all BUZ services, with the exception of routes 340 and 412.

In 2007, BUZ services carried over 346,000 passengers a week, accounting for around 30% of all Brisbane Transport patronage. Route 199 being the busiest BUZ service, carrying over 53,000 passengers per week.

Routes
All BUZ services run at least every fifteen minutes from around 6:00am to 11:30pm seven days a week and at least every ten minutes during peak hours from Monday to Friday. Nearly all BUZ routes are express services which provide quick and frequent access to places along major trunk roads, with the exception of routes 196 and 199, which are the only all-stops BUZ services with bus stops within short walking distances of each other between the inner suburbs of West End and Teneriffe (199) and New Farm and Fairfield (196). All BUZ routes are radial, and commence in or near the Brisbane CBD. However, routes 196 and 199 are again an exception, in that they are cross-town routes that pass through the CBD.

See also
Transport for Brisbane
Busways in Brisbane
CityGlider
Translink

References

Public transport in Brisbane
Bus transport brands
Mislata

Mislata  is a city in the Valencian Community, Spain. It has borders with the city of Valencia and Quart de Poblet in the west and Xirivella in the south.

Population
In recent decades it has gone from being a village in the Horta region of the Valencian Community, to the most densely populated borough in Spain and one of the ten most densely populated in Europe, with a population of 43,363 (2006 figures) spread across 2.1 km².

This growth has been assisted by better transport communications including the opening of two stations of the Valencian metro on 20 May 1999 in the town which provide a direct connection to the main railway station and the main shopping area in Carrer de Colón. Further extensions westwards to the Valencia airport and the towns of Quart de Poblet and Manises were completed in 2007.

Further construction work which was completed on green belt land in 2005 will further increase Mislata's population density.

The area has been, in a physical sense, almost swallowed up by the encroaching suburbs of Valencia in recent years.

Transport links
Mislata is well connected with central Valencia. In addition to several bus routes, Mislata now has two metro stations, Mislata and Mislata-Almassil. A third station, Nou d'Octubre is nearby. Mislata is the only town outside the city of Valencia to be categorised as "zone A" by the private taxi system.

Local festivals
In addition to the famous Falles festival which runs from 15–20 March, numerous other festivals also take place such as those in honour of Saint Michael Archangel (in September) or Saint Francis of Assisi (in October).

Monuments and places of interest

Mislata's main places of interest are the church of the "Mare de Déu dels Àngels" (Virgin of the Angels) and the "Creu Coberta" (Covered Cross) that separates the town from Valencia.

Local politics
Until 2003, Mislata was controlled by the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), either with an absolute majority or with the support of United Left. The People's Party had a majority administration from 2003 until 2011. Since then the PSOE has had an absolute majority.

Summary of council election results

Source:

Notes

References

External links
 Official site

Municipalities in the Province of Valencia
Horta Oest
Hunter, in Darkness

Hunter, in Darkness is a 1999 interactive fiction game by Andrew Plotkin, written in Inform. It won the "Best Individual Puzzle" and "Best Setting" categories in the 1999 XYZZY Awards, and came in eighth overall in the 1999 Interactive Fiction Competition.

The game is inspired by Gregory Yob's seminal 1972 computer game Hunt the Wumpus. As in Hunt the Wumpus, the player's goal is to locate and defeat the title beast within its cave. However, Hunter, in Darkness emphasizes the setting, describing the cave in much greater detail than the earlier work.

Plotkin states in the About section of the game:
"This game was conceived of and fully outlined in early June of 1999."

And it was, too. All that discussion of compassless games, and mazes, and
whether "Hunt the Wumpus" was really IF, made me giggle. I already had this on
the drawing board. I didn't start any of that discussion, either -- although I
contributed a few comments that I knew would turn out relevant.

The game features an experimental system of movement, being one of the few Interactive Fiction games where mapping is neither necessary nor useful. Instead of typing compass directions, players move between locations by following clues in their surroundings, such as sounds and locations of objects.

References

External links
Hunter, in Darkness at IfWiki
Play Hunter, in Darkness online at ifiction.org

1990s interactive fiction
1999 video games
PKP class Pt47

PKP Class Pt47 is a Polish steam locomotive. An improvement of the successful pre-war PKP class Pt31 class, the main difference is the addition of circular tubes in the fire chamber, thereby significantly increased boiler performance. This class also featured a superheater and many have mechanical stokers to feed coal into the firebox. 180 locomotives were built in total between 1948 and 1951. The designation stood for fast passenger (P) 2-8-2 (t) locomotive designed in 1947.

Although heavy, the Pt47 is powerful and fast. Its main use was to carry heavy fast passenger trains, especially on long distance routes, for example on the difficult route from Cracow to Krynica. They were withdrawn from regular service in 1988. Fifteen survived, mostly in non-working condition.

The Pt47 easily reached speeds of , with a heavy train, although is not as refined as the PKP class Pm36 - especially on routes with a lower quality track. A maximum speed of  could be achieved even with a train of . In the 1950s these machines were could travel  per day.

At first, German tenders from class 41 or 44 locomotives were used, designated 34D44. From 1949, Polish tenders 33D48 were manufactured in Pafawag, next rebuilt to 27D48, when fitted with a mechanical stoker (water capacity 33 m3, then 27 m3).

Nicknames 

 Petucha - after the first two letters of the name

References

 

Railway locomotives introduced in 1948
Pt47
2-8-2 locomotives
Fablok locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Poland
2004 Indian general election in Rajasthan



Partywise poll results

Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan
Ganganagar (SC), Nihalchand Meghwal, Bharatiya Janata Party
Bikaner, Dharmendra, Bharatiya Janata Party
Churu, Ram Singh Kaswan, Bharatiya Janata Party
Jhunjhunu, Sis Ram Ola, Indian National Congress
Sikar, Subhash Maharia, Bharatiya Janata Party
Jaipur, Girdhari Lal Bhargava, Bharatiya Janata Party
Dausa, Sachin Pilot, Indian National Congress
Alwar, Dr. Karan Singh Yadav, Indian National Congress
Bharatpur, Vishvendra Singh, Bharatiya Janata Party
Bayana (SC), Ramswaroop Koli, Bharatiya Janata Party
Sawai Madhopur (ST), Namo Narain Meena, Indian National Congress
Ajmer, Rasa Singh Rawat, Bharatiya Janata Party
Tonk (SC), Kailash Meghwal, Bharatiya Janata Party
Kota, Raghuveer Singh Koshal, Bharatiya Janata Party
Jhalawar, Dushyant Singh, Bharatiya Janata Party
Banswara (ST), Dhan Singh Rawat, Bharatiya Janata Party
Salumber (ST), Mahaveer Bhagora, Bharatiya Janata Party
Udaipur, Kiran Maheshwari, Bharatiya Janata Party
Chittorgarh, Shrichand Kriplani, Bharatiya Janata Party
Bhilwara, Vijayendrapal Singh, Bharatiya Janata Party
Pali, Pusp Jain, Bharatiya Janata Party
Jalore (SC), B. Susheela, Bharatiya Janata Party
Barmer, Manvendra Singh, Bharatiya Janata Party
Jodhpur, Jaswant Singh Bishnoi, Bharatiya Janata Party
Nagaur, Bhanwar Singh Dangawas, Bharatiya Janata Party

Results by constituencies

Ganganagar

Bikaner

Churu

Jhunjhunu

Sikar

Jaipur

Dausa

Alwar

Bharatpur

Bayana

Sawai Madhopur

Ajmer

Tonk

Kota

Jhalawar

Banswara

Salumber

Udaipur

Chittorgarh

Bhilwara

Pali

Jalore

Barmer

Jodhpur

Nagaur

References

2004
2004
2004 Indian general election by state or union territory
Valley FM 89.5 Tuggeranong

Valley FM 89.5 (call sign: 1VFM) is a community radio station which broadcasts on 89.5 MHz from its studios at the Erindale Centre, in the southern Canberra suburb of Wanniassa. All of the station's staff and presenters are volunteers, and the station operates as a completely non-profit entity.

Valley FM 89.5 has been on air since June 1999 and holds a Permanent Community Broadcasting Licence (PCBL). The station is also a full member of the Community Broadcasting Association of Australia (CBAA).

In November 2005, Valley FM 89.5 was named the Best Value For Money Radio Station in Australia at the Australian Community Broadcasting Association (CBAA) awards ceremony held in Fremantle, Western Australia.

More information about Valley FM 89.5 and the latest Program Guide can be found at www.valleyfm.com

References

Community radio stations in Australia
Radio stations in Canberra
Mezőberény

Mezőberény (; ; ) is a town in Békés county, Hungary.

Location
Mezőberény is located in the Great Hungarian Plain, 200 km southeast from Budapest. Highway 46, 47 and  Budapest-Szolnok-Békéscsaba-Lökösháza high speed (120–160 km/h (75–99 mph)) railway line also cross the town.

History
The Medieval village of Berény was ruined due to the Ottoman wars, native Hungarian population fled from the area. It was rebuilt in the 18th century with German, Hungarian and Slovak settlers and was a multiethnic town until the late 19th century, when Germans and Slovaks adopted the Hungarian language. In 1881, the town had a population of 11,368 people, of which 4,267 were Slovaks, 3,860 Hungarians, 2,614 Germans and 627 of other ethnicites.

Notable people

Soma Orlai Petrich (1822–1880), painter

Twin towns – sister cities

Mezőberény is twinned with:
 Gronau, Germany
 Kolárovo, Slovakia
 Münsingen, Germany
 Sovata, Romania

References

External links

 (in Hungarian)
Guide Mezőberény (in Hungarian)

Populated places in Békés County
Charlie van Gelderen

Charlie van Gelderen (14 August 1913 – 26 October 2001) was a South African Trotskyist active in the British Labour movement from the 1930s. He attended the founding conference of the Fourth International in 1938, and towards the end of his life he was the last survivor of that conference.

In the 1940s, he played the leading role for the Revolutionary Communist Party's fraction in the Labour Party. He became a leader of the International Marxist Group, and served on the editorial board of its magazine, International. After the break-up of the IMG, he joined the International Socialist Group.

References

External links
Memorial meeting report, International Viewpoint
Obituary by Terry Conway and  Penelope Duggan

International Marxist Group members
Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1944) members
British Trotskyists
South African socialists
South African people of Dutch descent
1913 births
2001 deaths
Duchess Marie Elisabeth of Saxony

Duchess Marie Elisabeth of Saxony  (22 November 1610 – 24 October 1684) was duchess consort of Holstein-Gottorp as the spouse of Duke Friedrich III of Holstein-Gottorp. As a widow, she became known as a patron of culture.

Biography 
She was a daughter of John George I, Elector of Saxony, and his spouse Princess Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia. She was engaged in 1627 and married in 1630. Her marriage was arranged by the Danish queen Dowager Sophie, and the duchess Dowager of Saxony, Hedwig of Denmark. In her dowry, she brought paintings by Lucas Cranach the Elder.

In 1659, she became a widow, and in 1660 moved to Wittum Husum Castle. Her household at Husum became renowned as a culture center, and she herself a noted patron. She produced an interpretation of the Bible in 1664.

Marriage and issue
She was married on 21 February 1630 to Duke Friedrich III of Holstein-Gottorp and had sixteen children:
 Sofie Auguste (5 December 1630 – 12 December 1680), married on 16 September 1649 to John VI, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst. Mother of John Louis I, Prince of Anhalt-Dornburg, grandmother of Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, and great-grandmother of Catherine II of Russia.
 Magdalene Sibylle (24 November 1631 – 22 September 1719), married on 28 November 1654 to Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow. Mother of Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, Queen of Denmark.
 Johann Adolf (29 September 1632 – 19 November 1633).
 Marie Elisabeth (6 June 1634 – 17 June 1665), married on 24 November 1650 to Louis VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt.
 Friedrich (17 July 1635 – 12 August 1654).
 Hedwig Eleonore (23 October 1636 – 24 November 1715), married on 24 October 1654 to King Charles X of Sweden.
 Adolf August (1 September 1637 – 20 November 1637).
 Johann Georg (8 August 1638 – 25 November 1655).
 Anna Dorothea (13 February 1640 – 13 May 1713).
 Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (3 February 1641 – 6 January 1695).
 Gustav Ulrich (16 March 1642 – 23 October 1642).
 Christine Sabine (11 July 1643 – 20 March 1644).
 August Friedrich (6 May 1646 – 2 October 1705), Prince-Regent of Eutin and Prince-Bishop of Lübeck; married on 21 June 1676 to Christine of Saxe-Weissenfels (daughter of Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels, and his first wife Anna Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin). No issue.
 Adolf (24 August 1647 – 27 December 1647).
 Elisabeth Sofie (24 August 1647 – 16 November 1647), twin of Adolf.
 Auguste Marie (6 February 1649 – 25 April 1728), married on 15 May 1670 to Frederick VII, Margrave of Baden-Durlach.

Ancestry

References
  Article in the Dansk biografisk Lexicon

|-

Duchesses of Holstein-Gottorp
1610 births
1684 deaths
House of Wettin
German patrons of the arts
Nobility from Dresden
17th-century philanthropists
Albertine branch
Daughters of monarchs
Mothers of monarchs
17th-century women philanthropists
German women philanthropists
Emek HaMaayanot Regional Council

Emek HaMa'ayanot Regional Council (, Mo'atza Azorit Emek HaMa'ayanot, lit. Valley of the Springs Regional Council) is a regional council in the Northern District of Israel that encompasses most of the settlements in the Beit She'an Valley. Until 2008 it was known as the Beit She'an Valley Regional Council (Mo'atza Azorit Bik'at Beit She'an).

Physical geography
The territory of the regional council is bounded by the Jezreel Valley in the west, in the north by the Lower Galilee, to the east by the Jordan River, and the south by the Jordan Valley and Samarian hills.

Population and administrative geography
About 12,000 people live in the sixteen kibbutzim, six moshavim, and 2 community villages located in its municipal territory. The city of Beit She'an lies in the centre of the territory, but is an independent municipality.

List of settlements

Kibbutzim

Ein HaNetziv
Gesher
Hamadia
Kfar Ruppin

Ma'ale Gilboa
Maoz Haim
Meirav
Mesilot

Neve Eitan
Neve Ur
Nir David
Reshafim

Sde Eliyahu
Sde Nahum
Shluhot
Tirat Zvi

Moshavim

Beit Yosef
Rehov
Revaya
Sde Trumot
Yardena

Other

Malkishua (drug rehabilitation centre)
Menahemia (moshava)
Tel Te'omim (community settlement)

See also
Tourism in Israel

References

External links
 Official website (in Hebrew)

 
Regional councils in Northern District (Israel)
Tailevu North Ovalau (Open Constituency, Fiji)

Tailevu North Ovalau Open is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 25 open constituencies that were elected by universal suffrage (the remaining 46 seats, called communal constituencies, were allocated by ethnicity).  Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. It comprised the island of Ovalau and the northern part of Tailevu Province, on the main island of Viti Levu.

The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.

Election results 
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast.  The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).

1999

2001

2006

Sources 
 Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
 Fiji Facts
Cautín Province

Cautín Province () is one of two provinces in the southern Chilean region of La Araucanía (IX), bounded on the north by Arauco and Malleco provinces, on the east by Argentina, on the south by Valdivia Province, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. Its population at the 2012 census was of 692,582. The most important communes are Temuco, Villarrica, Padre Las Casas, and Nueva Imperial. Cattle, forestry, and agriculture make up most of Cautin's economy. Its climate is humid, rainy in winter, and generally warm in summer.

History
Cautin province once formed part of the territory occupied by the Araucanian natives, and its present political existence dates from 1887. Cautín Province was the last area to be taken by Chile during the occupation of the Araucanía. Cautin is known for the 1971 Agrarian revolt.

Tourism
The province of Cautín is known for its lakes and beaches. Perhaps best known internationally is the town of Pucón with its many recreational amenities on Villarrica Lake under the backdrop of the Villarrica Volcano. South of Villarrica on Calafquén Lake lies Licán Ray, another lakeside resort town. Saavedra is a popular beach on the Pacific coast.

Economy
Cautín lies within the temperate agricultural and forest region of the south, and produces cereal crops such as wheat and oats. In Carahue, the potato cultivation has a significant position. In addition, cattle production is remarkable.

Communes
The province of Cautín is divided into 21 communes (out of the 32 in the region):

 Temuco, provincial capital
 Carahue
 Cholchol
 Cunco
 Curarrehue
 Freire
 Galvarino
 Gorbea
 Lautaro
 Loncoche
 Melipeuco
 Nueva Imperial
 Padre Las Casas
 Perquenco
 Pitrufquén
 Pucón
 Saavedra
 Teodoro Schmidt
 Toltén
 Vilcún
 Villarrica

Geography and demography
According to the 2002 census by the National Statistics Institute (INE), the province spans an area of  and had a population of 667,920 inhabitants (0 men and 0 women), giving it a population density of .  It is the third most populated province in the country after Santiago and Concepción. Of these, 449,147 (67.2%) lived in urban areas and 218,773 (32.8%) in rural areas. Between the 1992 and 2002 censuses, the population grew by 15.5% (89,715 persons).

References

 Revolution in Cautín

Provinces of Chile
Provinces of La Araucanía Region
Brian Wowk

Brian G. Wowk is a Canadian medical physicist and cryobiologist known for the discovery and development of synthetic molecules that mimic the activity of natural antifreeze proteins in cryopreservation applications, sometimes called "ice blockers". As a senior scientist at 21st Century Medicine, Inc., he was a co-developer with Greg Fahy of key technologies enabling cryopreservation of large and complex tissues, including the first successful vitrification and transplantation of a mammalian organ (kidney). Wowk is also known for early theoretical work on future applications of molecular nanotechnology, especially cryonics, nanomedicine, and optics.  In the early 1990s he wrote that nanotechnology would revolutionize optics, making possible virtual reality display systems optically indistinguishable from real scenery as in the fictitious Holodeck of Star Trek.  These systems were described by Wowk in the chapter "Phased Array Optics" in the 1996 anthology Nanotechnology: Molecular Speculations on Global Abundance , and highlighted in the September 1998 Technology Watch section of Popular Mechanics magazine.

Early life and education

He obtained his undergraduate and graduate degrees from the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Canada.  Dr. Wowk obtained his PhD in physics in 1997. His graduate studies included work in online portal imaging for radiotherapy at the Manitoba Cancer Treatment and Research Foundation (now Cancer Care Manitoba), and work on artifact reduction for functional magnetic resonance imaging at the National Research Council of Canada.  His work in the latter field is cited by several text books, including
Functional MRI which includes an image he obtained of magnetic field changes inside the human body caused by respiration.

References

Notes
1.Nanotechnology: Molecular Speculations on Global Abundance
2.Functional MRI

External links
 21st Century Medicine
 Cell Repair Technology
 Medical Time Travel

Living people
Cryobiology
Cryonicists
University of Manitoba alumni
Medical physicists
Year of birth missing (living people)
European Patent Register

The European Patent Register, also known as the Register of European Patents, is a public register kept by the European Patent Office (EPO). It contains legal information relating to published European patent applications and European patents granted under the European Patent Convention (EPC). The register notably provides the current legal status of European patent applications and patents, such as for instance "whether a patent application has been published, whether a patent has been granted, what the outcome of opposition proceedings was or whether a patent has been revoked".

The register does not, however, contain information regarding what happens to a European patent at the national level (especially after grant, when the European patent becomes effectively a bundle of national patents in the member states of the European Patent Organisation). Since October 2011 however, its records include deep links to the corresponding records of the European patents' "national parts" in about twenty national registers (as of December 2012). The Global Dossier is also available via the European Patent Register.

The European Patent Office is the only body that can perform legally effective publication and registration of European patent applications and patents. It regularly issues warnings about scams by firms and individuals that invite applicants to register patents in unofficial registers or publications. Such registration services are a well known scam in intellectual property.

See also
Patent Application Information Retrieval (PAIR), a similar service provided by the USPTO for U.S. patent applications and patents

References

External links 
 European Patent Register at the European Patent Office
 Legal basis
 : European Patent Register
  (formerly ): Entries in the European Patent Register

European Patent Organisation
Action of 26 July 1566

The battle that took place on 26 July 1566 during the Northern Seven Years' War and was a slight victory for a Swedish fleet over a combined Danish and Lübecker fleet. It began just east of Öland and the Allied fleet eventually retreated toward Gotland.

Two days after the battle a storm sank fourteen of the Allied ships while they were anchored near Visby, drowning around 5900 men. The Swedish fleet, further out to sea, returned to port with some damage.

On 25 July, Horn discovered the Allied Danish–Lübeck fleet at the northern tip of Öland, headed for Gotland. Horn, who had a headwind, decided to avoid battle, but when the wind turned he started the battle on the morning of 26 July. A few more losses did not affect either fleet, when a sudden wind made it impossible for the Swedish navy to continue its pursuit of the Danish fleet, which was anchored to the Gotland coast to bury the Danish vice-admiral Christopher Morgisen on hallowed ground after his death from a cannonball.

Shortly after that a sudden storm broke out. The Swedish navy, which was at sea, survived without major losses, other than having had to fell the main mast of the Hector, and was able to flee to Älvsnabben by 6 August. The Allied fleet however was thrown against the coast of Gotland, and 12 Danish and 3 Lübeck vessels were smashed, and most of the ships' crews, numbering around 5000, were drowned, with only around 1400 surviving ashore.

Ships involved 
* indicates ships that sank in the storm of 28 July 1566

Sweden 

 St Erik 90 (flag)
 Finska Svan 82
 Hercules 81
 Böse Lejon 56
 Engel 49
 other ships

Denmark 

 Samson* (flag)
 Hannibal*
 Merkurius*
 Achilles (Christopher Mogensen, died)
 Engel*
 Solen*
 Flores*
 Hoyenhald*
 Papegoye*
 Griffe*
 Engelske Fortuna*
 Hertug Olufs Pincke*
 other ships

Lübeck 

 Morian* (Lübeck flagship)
 Josua* (2nd Lübeck flagship)
 Havfru*
 other ships

References 

Gotland
History of Lübeck
Hanseatic League
1566 in Denmark
Conflicts in 1566
1566
1566 in the Holy Roman Empire
Argumenty i Fakty

(, commonly abbreviated "АиФ" and translated as Arguments and Facts) is a weekly newspaper based in Moscow and a publishing house in Russia and worldwide. Since 2014, it has been owned by the Government of Moscow.

History and profile
It was founded in 1978 by the All-Union Organisation "Znanie" (Knowledge) and was published throughout the whole Soviet Union for lecturers, propagandists, political agitators. In 1980 AiF was transformed into a weekly but was available only by subscription. In late 1980s, it was one of the leading publications in the Glasnost period. AiF was listed in the Guinness Book of Records with the largest circulation of any weekly publication. In 1990 it had a print run of 33.5 million. With the fall of the Soviet Union, publication of it was discontinued in countries outside the Russian Federation. As of 2008, the circulation was about 3 million copies, with about 8 million readers. More specifically its February 2008 circulation was 2,750,000. During this time, it was owned by Promsvyazbank and the newspaper was edited by Nikolay Zyatkov.

References

External links 
  
 About Argumenty I Fakty

1978 establishments in the Soviet Union
Newspapers published in Moscow
Newspapers published in the Soviet Union
Newspapers established in 1978
Russian-language newspapers published in Russia
Weekly newspapers published in Russia
.ac (second-level domain)

The sequence .ac (short for academia) is in use in many countries as a second-level domain for academic institutions such as universities, colleges, and research institutes. In the United Kingdom and Japan, for example, academic institutions use domain names ending in .ac.uk and .ac.jp respectively.

Many countries use .edu for the same purpose, such as Australia (.edu.au) and Malaysia (.edu.my). Still others do not maintain a second-level domain specifically for academic institutions. In France, Germany, Switzerland, and the Netherlands, for example, each institution will have its own second-level domain (thus sorbonne.fr for the Sorbonne, hslu.ch for the Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts and tum.de for the Technical University of Munich).

In some countries, both .edu and .ac second-level domains exist, differentiating between different types of academic institutions. China, for example, announced in 2006 that it would use .edu.cn for educational institutions and .ac.cn for research institutions.

Countries with .ac as second-level domain for educational institutions 

 Austria: ac.at
 Bangladesh: ac.bd
 Belgium: ac.be
 Botswana: ac.bw
 China: ac.cn
 Costa Rica: ac.cr
 Cyprus: ac.cy
 Fiji: ac.fj
 India: ac.in
 Indonesia: ac.id
 Iran: ac.ir
 Israel: ac.il
 Japan: ac.jp
 Kenya: ac.ke
 Morocco: ac.ma
 New Zealand: ac.nz
 Papua New Guinea: ac.pg
 Rwanda: ac.rw
 Serbia: ac.rs
 South Africa: ac.za
 South Korea: ac.kr
 South Sudan: ac.ss
 Sri Lanka: ac.lk
 Tanzania: ac.tz
 Thailand: ac.th
 Uganda: ac.ug
 United Kingdom: ac.uk
 United Arab Emirates: ac.ae
 Zambia: ac.zm
 Zimbabwe: ac.zw

See also 
 .ac (a first-level domain for the Ascension Island but also used worldwide)

References

 

Second-level domains
Tarkan (album)

Tarkan is a 1999 compilation album by Tarkan, composed of songs released in his 1994 A-Acayipsin and 1997 Ölürüm Sana albums. It was initially released in France in 1998 but due to the success of his single "Şımarık", it was given a wider European release on 1 April 1999, with 14 tracks. Due to its popularity it was re-released with 15 tracks on 27 September in the same year. The sales of this album won Tarkan a Monaco World Music Award.

Track listing

Extra information
The Japanese export had two bonus tracks, "Bu Gece" (Kir Zincirlerini) Club Remix and "Şımarık" (Malagutti Remix).

Music videos
 "Şıkıdım"
 "Şımarık"
 "Bu Gece"

Charts

Year-end charts

Sales

Notes

External links
 Tarkan Tevetoğlu - Tarkan Lyric TR
 Tarkan Translations
 Album and Song Lyrics Information in English

Tarkan (singer) albums
1999 compilation albums
Warren's Gate

Warren's Gate (), first described by nineteenth century surveyor Charles Warren, is an ancient entrance into the Temple platform in Jerusalem which lies about  into the Western Wall Tunnel. In the Second Temple period, the gate led to a tunnel and staircase onto the Temple Mount.

After the Rashidun Caliphate conquest of Jerusalem from the Byzantines, Jews were allowed to pray inside the tunnel. The synagogue was destroyed in the First Crusade in the siege of Jerusalem in 1099.  The tunnel then became a water cistern, thus its name Cistern 30.

The area is surrounded by a vaulted  tunnel.

Rabbi Yehuda Getz, the late official Rabbi of the Western Wall, believed that the Gate represented the point west of the Wall closest to the Holy of Holies. An underground dispute broke out in July 1981 between Jewish explorers inside Warren's Gate and Arab guards who came down to meet them through surface cistern entries. A small underground riot ensued which was only stopped when the Jerusalem police came in to restore the peace.

References

Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire
Gates
Historic sites in Jerusalem
Synagogues in Jerusalem
Temple Mount
Saint Louis, Oregon

Saint Louis is an unincorporated community in the French Prairie area of Marion County, Oregon, United States, about three miles northwest of Gervais, at the intersection of St. Louis and Manning roads. It is part of the Salem Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History

One of the oldest communities in the state, Saint Louis was founded in 1845 when a Jesuit missionary, Reverend Aloysius Verecuysee, built a log church there for the early settlers. Saint Louis parish was organized in 1847 with a resident priest and named for St. Louis, King of France. It was the third parish organized in what is now the Archdiocese of Portland. The Saint Louis Catholic Church, built in 1880 on the site of the original Saint Louis cemetery, is still in operation. It is the oldest wooden church in the archdiocese. The current Saint Louis cemetery is northwest of the church. Saint Louis post office operated from 1860 until 1901; today Saint Louis has a Gervais mailing address. At one time the community had a school and store.

See also

 Marie Aioe Dorion, member of the Astor Expedition buried in Saint Louis
 St. Paul, Oregon, site of the oldest church and second-oldest parish in the archdiocese

References

External links
 Historic images of Saint Louis from Salem Public Library
 Transcription from the church register of the burials in the old St. Louis cemetery from U.S. Genweb Archives

Salem, Oregon metropolitan area
Populated places established in 1845
Unincorporated communities in Marion County, Oregon
1845 establishments in Oregon Country
Unincorporated communities in Oregon
GS&WR Class 2

The GS&WR Class 2 was a lightweight 4-4-0 steam locomotive used by the Great Southern and Western Railway in Ireland in the late 19th and in the first half of the 20th century.  They were the first locomotives of type 4-4-0 in Ireland.

Many Irish branch lines, some very long, were lightly laid and needed special locomotives to work the trains. With a locomotive weight just of  and maximum axle load of just over , the GS&WR Class 2 was a most successful type fulfilling these requirements.

History
This class of 4-4-0 locomotives was designed by Alexander McDonnell, the Locomotive Superintendent of the GS&WR, and built between 1877 and 1880. The locomotives were intended for light branch line work and they made their mark on the lightly laid Kerry line, gaining the name "Kerry Bogies" although they were also used on the Cork to Youghal line and as an assisting engine on the steeply graded (1 in 60 / 1.7 %) section of the main line from Glanmire to Blarney, this latter work taxing their capabilities to the limit.

Mechanically they were the first bogie locomotives to have used the American principle of the "swing-link" bogie where hinged links control the truck's lateral (sideways) movement.

Development
Many changes took place during the long life of these locomotives, which lasted almost to the end of steam traction on the Córas Iompair Éireann (CIÉ). The boiler and firebox arrangement was the largest and most obvious change. As built the locomotives had a McDonnell raised round top firebox but this was replaced over the years by the Belpaire 'U' types, all members of the class being converted by 1950. Chimneys and smokeboxes were also changed. The original cab, described as "abbreviated", offered little protection for the crew, and was replaced.

The tender was a six-wheel design with flaired top and was of rivetted construction.

In 1925 the Great Western and Southern Railway became part of Great Southern Railways. The locomotives retained their GS&WR numbers and class, but gained an additional classification of Class D19.

Most were rebuilt with a belpaire firebox in the 1930s but No. 46 was withdrawn unrebuilt in 1935.  CIÉ withdrew most of the remainder between 1945 and 1953 noting that while the type was "quite a good design for a light engine" the demand for such a type was decreasing.

Livery
Originally lined black, until around 1918 when the Great Southern and Western Railway introduced its long-lived standard all-over unlined battleship-grey livery.  This lasted past the Great Southern Railways amalgamation, and into the CIÉ era. In latter CIÉ days, the only change was that pale yellow painted numerals on cabsides replaced earlier GSWR style cast number plates. A few older CIÉ 4-4-0s were treated to the 1950s lined green livery — but no locomotives of this class were among them.

References

4-4-0 locomotives
Steam locomotives of Ireland
Railway locomotives introduced in 1877
Scrapped locomotives
5 ft 3 in gauge locomotives
Chirk railway station

Chirk railway station () serves the town of Chirk, Wrexham County Borough, Wales. The station is on the Shrewsbury to Chester Line  north of Shrewsbury, which is part of the former Great Western Railway mainline route from London Paddington to Birkenhead Woodside. The original 19th-century (grade 2 listed) Chirk / Y Waun station building was demolished in 1987, without consultation, by the local council.

Chirk was also the eastern terminus and transfer point for the Glyn Valley Tramway.

Historical services 
According to the Official Handbook of Stations the following classes of traffic were being handled at this station in 1956: G, P, F, L, H, C and there was a 15 cwt crane. At one time there was also a private siding into the Cadbury's factory from where cocoa liquor was sent to the chocolate factory at Bournville.

The railway itself superseded the Llangollen Canal, which runs parallel to the railway through Chirk, for the transportation of coal and other goods.

Facilities 
The station is unstaffed (and has been since 1974) but has a ticket vending machine where passengers may buy or collect pre-booked tickets before boarding. Stone waiting shelters are provided on both platforms, along with a fully accessible ramped footbridge linking them – this was installed in 2015 as part of a £2 million Welsh Assembly-funded station improvement project. Train running information is provided via the CIS displays, automated announcements and timetable posters.

Current services 

Passenger
Trains run on two routes operated by Transport for Wales:
Hourly northbound service to Holyhead via Wrexham General and Chester.
Hourly southbound service to Shrewsbury then continuing alternately to give a two-hourly service to both  via Birmingham New Street and Cardiff Central via .

Some early morning & late evening trains run only between Shrewsbury and either Wrexham General or Chester only, whilst there is a single late evening service northbound to Manchester Piccadilly on weekdays only.  Sundays see a two-hourly service to Chester & Birmingham International with a limited number of services to Holyhead & Cardiff.

Freight
To the north of Chirk station on the Up (southbound) side of the line is a private siding into the Kronospan chipboard factory. The siding receives a trainload of softwood from Kingmoor Yard, Cumbria five days a week (Monday to Friday), and additionally, between the months of April and October, up to three trains a week of softwood from Ribblehead, North Yorkshire. Since 2007 these timber trains have been operated to the Chirk Kronospan factory by Colas Rail Ltd.

Gallery

References

Further reading

External links 

 Chester to Shrewsbury Rail Partnership

 Chirk station on navigable 1946 O.S. map
Chirk Railway Station. YouTube video with narration.

Railway stations in Wrexham County Borough
DfT Category F2 stations
Former Great Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1848
Railway stations served by Transport for Wales Rail
Chirk