alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Gight

Gight is the name of an estate in the parish of Fyvie in the Formartine area of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, United Kingdom. It is best known as the location of the 16th-century Gight (or Formartine) Castle, ancestral home of Lord Byron.

Gight Castle
Gight Castle is about  miles east of Fyvie, just north of the River Ythan, and  mile south of Cottown.
  
The castle was built to an L-shaped plan, probably in the 1570s by George Gordon, the second laird.  Ranges of outbuildings were built later.

The tower has a vaulted basement, and a turnpike stair at the end of a long passage.  There was a hall on the first floor.

George Gordon had no children, and the property passed to his brother, James Gordon of Cairnbannoch and Gight. His son Alexander married Agnes Beaton, daughter of David Beaton, Archbishop of St Andrews. Alexander was killed at Dundee in 1579, and his daughter Elizabeth married George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar in 1590.

It was later occupied by Catherine Gordon Byron, the mother of Lord Byron, but she sold it in 1787 to George Gordon, 3rd Earl of Aberdeen to pay off her debts. It was then occupied by the Earl's son, George Gordon, Lord Haddo, until the latter's early death in 1791, since when it has been uninhabited. It was designated a scheduled ancient monument in 1965.

The Gight Woods is a protected natural forest.

Folklore 
It is said that the ruins are haunted by a piper who disappeared while exploring an underground passageway.

There is a local legend that Gight Castle was cursed by Scottish prophet Thomas the Rhymer who proclaimed “At Gight three men by sudden death shall dee, And after that the land shall lie in lea”. Almost 500 years later, three men were killed and the prophecy fulfilled.

The nearby river below the ruins is said to contain a treasure hidden by the 7th Laird and guarded by the Devil.

References

Villages in Aberdeenshire
Castles in Aberdeenshire
Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Aberdeenshire
MIK (character set)

MIK (МИК) is an 8-bit Cyrillic code page used with DOS. It is based on the character set used in the Bulgarian Pravetz 16 IBM PC compatible system. Kermit calls this character set "BULGARIA-PC" / "bulgaria-pc". In Bulgaria, it was sometimes incorrectly referred to as code page 856 (which clashes with IBM's definition for a Hebrew code page). This code page is known by FreeDOS as Code page 3021.

This is the most widespread DOS/OEM code page used in Bulgaria, rather than CP 808, CP 855, CP 866 or CP 872.

Almost every DOS program created in Bulgaria, which has Bulgarian strings in it, was using MIK as encoding, and many such programs are still in use.

Character set
Each character is shown with its equivalent Unicode code point and its decimal code point. Only the second half of the table (code points 128–255) is shown, the first half (code points 0–127) being the same as ASCII.

Notes for implementors of mapping tables to Unicode
Implementors of mapping tables to Unicode should note that the MIK Code page unifies some characters:

Binary character manipulations
The MIK code page maintains in alphabetical order all Cyrillic letters which enables very easy character manipulation in binary form:

10xx xxxx - is a Cyrillic Letter

100x xxxx - is an Upper-case Cyrillic Letter

101x xxxx - is a Lower-case Cyrillic Letter

In such case testing and character manipulating functions as:

IsAlpha(), IsUpper(), IsLower(), ToUpper() and ToLower(),

are bit operations and sorting is by simple comparison of character values.

See also
 Hardware code page

References

External links
 https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/IBM/IBM_conversions.html Unicode Consortium's mappings between IBM's code pages and Unicode
 http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html#conv UTF-8 and Unicode FAQ for Unix/Linux by Markus Kuhn

DOS code pages
Character encoding
FGF1

Fibroblast growth factor 1, (FGF-1) also known as acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), is a growth factor and signaling protein encoded by the FGF1 gene.  It is synthesized as a 155 amino acid polypeptide, whose mature form is a non-glycosylated 17-18 kDa protein.  Fibroblast growth factor protein was first purified in 1975, but soon afterwards others using  different conditions isolated acidic FGF, Heparin-binding growth factor-1, and Endothelial cell growth factor-1.  Gene sequencing revealed that this group was actually the same growth factor and that FGF1 was a member of a family of FGF proteins.

FGF-1 has no definitive signal sequence and thus is not secreted through classical pathways, but it does appear to form a disulfide linked dimer inside cells that associate with a complex of proteins at the cell membrane (including S100A13 and Syt1) which then help flip it through the membrane to the exterior of the cell.  Once in the reducing conditions of the surrounding tissue, the dimer dissociates into monomeric FGF1 that can enter systemic circulation or be sequestered in tissues binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans of the extracellular matrix. FGF1 can then bind to and exert its effects via specific fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) proteins which themselves constitute a family of closely related molecules.

In addition to its extracellular activity, FGF1 can also function intracellularly. The protein has a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) but the route that FGF1 takes to get to the nucleus is unclear and it appears that some sort of cell surface receptor binding is necessary, followed by its internalization and translocation to the nucleus whereupon it can interact with nuclear isoforms of FGFRs.  This is different from FGF2 which also can activate nuclear FGFRs but has splicing variants of the protein that never leave the cell and go directly to the nucleus.

Function 

FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities, and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. This protein functions as a modifier of endothelial cell migration and proliferation, as well as an angiogenic factor. It acts as a mitogen for a variety of mesoderm- and neuroectoderm-derived cells in vitro, thus is thought to be involved in organogenesis. Three alternatively spliced variants encoding different isoforms have been described.

FGF1 is multifunctional with many reported effects.  For one example, in mice with diet-induced diabetes that is an experimental equivalent of type 2 diabetes in humans, a single injection of the FGF1 protein is enough to restore blood sugar levels to a healthy range for > 2 days.

Interactions 

FGF1 has been shown to interact with:

 CSNK2A2 
 CSNK2B 
 CSNK2A1 
 FIBP 
 FGFR1 
 FGFR2 
 FGFR3
 FGFR4 
 HSPA9  and
 S100A13 
 Synaptotagmin 1 (SYT1)

See also 
 Fibroblast growth factor

References

Further reading
Colin Campbell (Scottish politician)

Colin McIver Campbell (born 31 August 1938) is a Scottish politician and military historian. He was a Scottish National Party (SNP) Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for West of Scotland region from 1999 to 2003. Campbell is a former history teacher and secondary school headmaster.

Early life 
Campbell was born on 31 August 1938 in Paisley, Scotland. Campbell was educated at Paisley Grammar School, Glasgow University, and Jordanhill College of Education.

Career in education
Campbell worked in education from 1961 until 1989, teaching history at Hillhead High School in Glasgow, at Paisley Grammar School, Greenock Academy, and becoming the first Deputy Head of Merksworth High School in Paisley. He spent twelve years as Head Teacher of Westwood Secondary, Easterhouse. He has lived in Kilbarchan, West Renfrewshire since 1963.

Political career
He joined the SNP in 1976. He was a member of the Party's National Executive and National Council and the Local Government Committee. He stood unsuccessfully as a SNP candidate in elections for the House of Commons on three occasions: for Renfrew West and Inverclyde in 1987 and 1992, then for West Renfrewshire in 1997. He twice stood for election to the European Parliament in Strathclyde West, losing to Labour's Hugh McMahon in both 1989 and 1994.

In the 1999 Scottish election, he stood as a constituency candidate in West Renfrewshire, where he finished second behind Labour's Trish Godman. He was elected by the regional list.

In Holyrood, he was defence spokesman for the SNP. He did not stand for election in 2003.

Personal life
He is married and has 3 children, 8 grandchildren and 3 great grandchildren.

Works
Campbell has an interest in military history.
 Co-author of Can't Shoot a Man With a Cold, Lt E A Mackintosh MC 1893-1917, Poet of the Highland Division: Colin Campbell & Rosalind Green, Argyll Publishing 2004. 
 Author of Engine of Destruction. The 51st (Highland) Division in the Great War Argyll Publishing 2013

References

External links 
 

1938 births
Living people
People educated at Paisley Grammar School
Scottish schoolteachers
Politicians from Paisley, Renfrewshire
Scottish National Party MSPs
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Scottish National Party parliamentary candidates
Rosko Gee

Rosko Gee is a Jamaican bassist, who has played with the English band Traffic on their album When the Eagle Flies (1974); with Go featuring Stomu Yamashta, Steve Winwood, Michael Shrieve, Klaus Schulze and Al Di Meola; and with the German band Can, along with former Traffic percussionist Rebop Kwaku Baah, appearing on the albums Saw Delight, Out of Reach and Can. He toured with Can in 1977 and also provided vocals for some of the band's songs during this period.

After the breakup of Traffic in 1974, he played in the Johnny Nash band, Sons of the Jungle.

In 1983, he recorded an album with Zahara, a group with several notable members including Rebop Kwaku Baah (percussion), Paul Delph (keyboards) and Bryson Graham (drums).

In 1994, he rejoined Traffic for a reunion tour included performances opening for the Grateful Dead which later yielded the live album The Last Great Traffic Jam (2005).

He played bass in the house band of Harald Schmidt's various late night TV shows on German television from 1996 to 2014.

His band Rosko Gee & The Hooded Ones released its first single in January 2015.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
English rock bass guitarists
Male bass guitarists
Progressive rock bass guitarists
Can (band) members
Traffic (band) members
Zahara (band) members
Georgetown street renaming

The Georgetown street renaming occurred as a result of an 1895 act of the United States Congress that ended even the nominal independence of Georgetown from Washington, D.C.  The Act required, inter alia, that the street names in Georgetown be changed to conform to the street-naming system in use in the Northwest quadrant of Washington, D.C.  However, the old street names were shown on maps as late as 1899.

The lists below set forth the old and new names of Georgetown's streets.   Because most east–west streets are not continuous across Wisconsin Avenue, separate lists are provided for those east–west streets that are north of M Street and either east or west of Wisconsin Avenue.

North–south streets, east to west

East–west streets, south to north

M Street and south

North of M Street

References 

Geography of Washington, D.C.
History of Washington, D.C.
Streets in Washington, D.C.
Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)
Georgetown
Provisional Institutions of Self-Government

The Provisional Institutions of Self-Government in Kosovo (, Serbian: Привремене институције самоуправе на Косову, Privremene institucije samouprave na Kosovu) or PISG are local administrative bodies in Kosovo that were established by the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) during the period that the United Nations was directly responsible for the governance of Kosovo.

History
Under the terms of UNSCR 1244, Kosovo came under the administration of the United Nations at the conclusion of Kosovo conflict of 1999. Kosovo is the subject of a long-running political and territorial dispute between the Serbian (and previously, the Yugoslav) government versus Kosovo's largely ethnic-Albanian population.

Resolution 1244 permitted the United Nations to establish and oversee the development of "provisional, democratic self-governing institutions" in Kosovo. The United Nations Administration established an internationally supervised Kosovo Police Service in 1999. A Joint Interim Administrative Structure was established in December 1999. In May 2001, UNMIK promulgated a Constitutional Framework which established these Provisional Institutions of Self-Government (PISG). The first elections for these institutions were held in November 2001. Following these elections UNMIK gradually transferred increased administrative competencies to the PISG.

Whilst UNSCR 1244 formerly stated Kosovo remained part of the then FR Yugoslavia (later Serbia), international negotiations began in 2006 to determine the final status of Kosovo.

On February 17, 2008, representatives of the people of Kosovo unilaterally declared Kosovo's independence and subsequently adopted the Constitution of Republic of Kosovo, which came into effect on 15 June 2008.

Structure
The Provisional Institutions comprised:

The President of Kosovo, elected by the Assembly of Kosovo.
The Assembly of Kosovo, made up of 120 members of which 10 seats are reserved for ethnic Serbs and 10 for other ethnic minority groups;
The Cabinet of Kosovo, with a Prime Minister of Kosovo nominated by the President and endorsed by the Assembly;
The Judicial System of Kosovo, which is appointed by the SRSG from a list endorsed by the Assembly after being proposed by the Judicial and Prosecutorial Council.

See also
European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX Kosovo)
Joint Interim Administrative Structure
Standards for Kosovo

References

External links
 Structure of the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government (PDF)
 Kosovo Institutions

Politics of Kosovo
Provisional governments
FGF3

INT-2 proto-oncogene protein also known as FGF-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGF3 gene.

Function 

FGF-3 is a member of the fibroblast growth factor family. FGF3 binds to Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 (FGFR3) to serve as a negative regulator of bone growth during ossification. Effectively, FGF-3 inhibits proliferation of chondrocytes within growth plate.

FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities and are involved in a variety of biological processes including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion.

Clinical significance 

The FGF3 gene was identified by its similarity with mouse fgf3/int-2, a proto-oncogene activated in virally induced mammary tumors in the mouse. Frequent amplification of this gene has been found in human tumors, which may be important for neoplastic transformation and tumor progression. Studies of the similar genes in mouse and chicken suggested the role in inner ear formation. Also, haploinsufficiency in the FGF3 gene is thought to cause otodental syndrome.

Interactions 
FGF3 (gene) has been shown to interact with EBNA1BP2.

References

Further reading
Rocky Dennis in Heaven

Rocky Dennis in Heaven is an extended play by Swedish indie pop musician Jens Lekman. It was released on 21 January 2004 on Service. The EP was later released as simply Rocky Dennis on 6 April 2004 on Secretly Canadian. The EP's songs were written about the life and artistic biographies of Roy L. Dennis, who suffered from the extremely rare medical condition known as craniodiaphyseal dysplasia.

The Swedish release showed a sky blue cover with the words, "Someday I'll be stuffed in a museum, scaring little kids / With the inscription Carpe diem, something I never did". The songs on the EP can also be found on Lekman's 2005 release, Oh You're So Silent Jens.

Track listing

Charts

See also
Rocky Dennis – a boy who suffered craniodiaphyseal dysplasia about whom the Rocky Dennis in Heaven EP was written

References

2004 EPs
Jens Lekman EPs
Kanal Lokal

Kanal Lokal ("Channel Local") was the name of four local television channels that started broadcasting in Sweden in early autumn 2005. Kanal Lokal had four different broadcasting areas in the most populated areas of Sweden.

The four Kanal Lokal channels were:
 Kanal Lokal Göteborg, broadcasting to the area surrounding Gothenburg via the Gothenburg, Uddevalla, Trollhättan and Bäckefors transmitters.
 Kanal Lokal Skåne, broadcasting to Scania via the Hörby, Malmö and Helsingborg transmitters.
 Kanal Lokal Stockholm, broadcasting to the Mälardalen region via the Nacka, Västerås, Uppsala and Östhammar transmitters.
 Kanal Lokal Östergötland, broadcasting to Östergötland via the Motala, Linköping and Norrköping transmitters.

History 
Kanal Lokal had its origins in NollEttan, a channel that aired in Östergötland. It started broadcasting in the digital terrestrial television network in 1999. In 2005, plans to extend the channel into Stockholm, Scania and Gothenburg materialized. Trials started in Scania under the NollEttan name in the spring. Kanal Lokal Stockholm was launched in September 2005 and was followed in November 2007 when Kanal Lokal Göteborg launched and the two NollEttan channels started using the Kanal Lokal brand.

The company was largely funded by the venture capital firm IT Provider. At launch, Kanal Lokal started to cooperate with the Expressen news paper who provided news for the channel. In October 2005, the company announced that they would broadcast free-to-air.

Kanal Lokal had trouble with gaining enough distribution for their channels, especially in the vital Com Hem cable network. In Östergötland, the channel was already available from most cable providers before launch. In April 2006, it was announced that Kanal Lokal had gained a place in the Com Hem basic cable package in Gothenburg. It wasn't until October 2007 that Kanal Lokal became available in the basic analogue Com Hem package in all four markets.

In December 2007, Kanal Lokal terminated their contract with Expressen to provide material for the Stockholm channel. This meant that all programming in the Stockholm channel was cut and replaced by programmes from the other three channels.

In March 2008, Kanal Lokal got their licenses renewed and were also granted several new licenses to broadcast in Småland, Dalarna and parts of Norrland. However, financial woes forced the channel to announce in January 2009 that it had to shut down, and Kanal Lokal went off the air on 19 January 2009.

References

External links
 

Television channels and stations established in 2005
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2009
Defunct television channels in Sweden
Basic Hanja for educational use

Basic Hanja for educational use () are a subset of Hanja defined in 1972 (and subsequently revised in 2000) by the South Korean Ministry of Education for educational use. Students are expected to learn 900 characters in middle school and a further 900 at high school.

List of characters
Each hanja is sorted by the alphabetical order of the Sino-Korean reading.
The "Grades" column indicates whether the character is taught in Middle School (grades 7–9) or High School (grades 10–12).
For brevity, only one English translation is given per hanja.
The "Readings" column shows the Native Korean reading of the character first, followed by the Sino-Korean reading. Underneath the hangul forms are the Latin renditions according to the Revised Romanization, followed by a jamo-by-jamo transliteration without special provisions made for more accurate representation of phonology, but rather of spelling.
This list is currently incomplete; see the Korean-language version of this article for the complete list.

See also

Middle and high school Hanja list
Kyōiku kanji
Jōyō kanji

References

External links
 What are the basic 1,800 Chinese characters for Hanja education? — Official site of the Korea Institute for Curriculum and Evaluation (in Korean)
 Basic Chinese Characters for Hanja Education (effective from the 2014 school year).pdf — Official list of the current 1,800 Hanja characters taught in South Korean primary and secondary schools (in Korean)

Hanja
Education in Korea
Quebec Route 109

Route 109 is a Quebec provincial highway that runs through the western regions of Abitibi-Témiscamingue and Nord-du-Québec. It begins at Route 117 in Rivière-Héva, proceeding north approximately  to Amos. From there, the highway extends  to Matagami, where the road continues northwards as James Bay Road (French: Route de la Baie James). While now classified as a municipal road, the James Bay Road was part of provincial Route 109 until 2002. Consequently, some maps may still identify it as such.

The 182 km section of Route 109 between Saint-Dominique-du-Rosaire and Matagami winds through complete wilderness and no services exist at all here. There is however extensive logging taking place along this section.

Municipalities along Route 109

 Rivière-Héva
 La Motte
 Saint-Mathieu-d'Harricana
 Amos
 Saint-Félix-de-Dalquier
 Saint-Dominique-du-Rosaire
 Baie-James
 Matagami

Major intersections

See also
 List of Quebec provincial highways

References

External links  
 Official Transport Quebec Road Map (Courtesy of the Quebec Ministry of Transportation) 
 Route 109 on Google Maps

109
Amos, Quebec
Roads in Abitibi-Témiscamingue
William Johns

William Johns (born 2 October 1936) is an American tenor who sang leading roles in the opera houses of Europe and the United States in a career spanning more than 25 years. Several of his live performances in Germany and Italy during the 1970s have been preserved on CD, including the title roles in Alfano's Cyrano de Bergerac and Mercadante's Il bravo.

Life and career
Johns was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He attended Capitol Hill High School in Oklahoma City and then studied vocal performance and music at Oklahoma City University, followed by further study in New York. A national finalist in the 1965 Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions, he made his professional début in 1967 at Lake George Opera as Rodolfo in La bohème. That same year he went to Germany and was primarily based there throughout the 1970s, first as a company soloist at the Bremen Opera (1967–1971), and then at the National Theatre Mannheim (1971–1975) and the Cologne Opera (1975–1979). He sang in five productions the Bayreuth Festival, initially in smaller roles such as 2nd noble of Brabant in Lohengrin (1968), 4th Esquire in Parsifal (1969), and Augustin Moser in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (1968 and 1969), but returned there in 1987 in the leading role of Walther von Stolzing in Die Meistersinger (one performance).

The late 1970s and 1980s saw several major house and festival debuts in Europe and the United States. Johns's first appearance at Lyric Opera of Chicago was in 1976 as Hoffmann in Les Contes d'Hoffmann. He later returned there as Walther von Stolzing in Die Meistersinger (1977), Bacchus in Ariadne auf Naxos (1981), and the title role in Otello (1985). He made his Metropolitan Opera debut in 1979 as Don José in Carmen and went on to appear there in 28 performances through 1993, primarily in dramatic tenor and Wagnerian roles. His last Met performance was in the title role of Siegfried. Other major house debuts during this period included the Paris Opera in 1985 as Tristan in Tristan und Isolde, La Scala in 1986 as The Emperor in the Die Frau ohne Schatten,  and the Royal Opera House in 1987 as Bacchus in Ariadne auf Naxos.

Recordings
Alfano: Cyrano de Bergerac – (as Cyrano). RAI National Symphony Orchestra, Maurizio Arena (conductor). Label: Opera D'oro
Mayr: Medea in Corinto – (as Giasone). Teatro San Carlo Orchestra and Chorus, Maurizio Arena (conductor). Label: Myto Records
Mercadante: Il bravo (as il bravo). Teatro dell'Opera di Roma Orchestra and Chorus, Gabriele Ferro (conductor). Label: Warner Fonit 
Puccini: Messa di Gloria (tenor soloist).  Symphonic Orchestra and Chorus of the Gulbenkian Foundation of Lisbon, Michel Corboz. (conductor). Label: Erato   
Wagner: Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg – (as Augustin Moser). Bayreuth Festival Orchestra and Chorus, Karl Böhm (conductor). Label: Orfeo D'Or

References

External links
Interview with William Johns by Bruce Duffie, November 30, 1980

American operatic tenors
1936 births
Living people
Musicians from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Oklahoma City University alumni
Winners of the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions
Singers from Oklahoma
20th-century American male opera singers
Mikałaj Ułaščyk

Mikałaj Ułaščyk (Belarusian language: Мікалай Улашчык Mikalai Ulashchyk; Russian: Николай Николаевич Улащик; February 14, 1906 – November 22, 1986) was a Belarusian academic historian and archaeologist known for significant contributions to the research in the medieval history of Belarus.

Biography
He was born in the village of Vickaŭščyna close to Minsk. His birthplace later became a subject of one of his works.

In 1929 Mikałaj Ułaščyk graduated from the Belarusian State University, specialised in history. In 1930 he was arrested by the NKVD together with a large number of Belarusian intellectuals accused of "anti-Soviet activity" and "nationalism" within the framed-up Case of the Union of Liberation of Belarus. He was deported to a labor camp close to Vyatka. After his release in 1935 he was again twice arrested and imprisoned in the following years (1941–1942, 1950–1955) because of his active opposing the official Soviet propagandist historiography.

After the final release he was not able to go back to Belarus and settled in Moscow where since 1955 he worked at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Mikałaj Ułaščyk became doctor of sciences and author of numerous works on the History of Belarus and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania related to the research of chronicles, source documents and archaeography. He was also the editor of 32nd and 35th volumes of the Full Collection of Russian Chronicles.

References

20th-century Belarusian historians
Belarusian male writers
1986 deaths
1906 births
Belarusian State University alumni
Male non-fiction writers
Soviet historians
Elei Sinai

Elei Sinai () was an Israeli settlement in the north of the Gaza Strip.

Founding
Elei Sinai was established in 1982 (Sukkot 5743) by a group who had been evicted from Yamit in the Sinai Peninsula. It was named for the yearning to return to the Sinai desert, where Yamit was located.

Avi Farhan, a Yamit expellee, and Arik Herfez, whose daughter had been killed by Palestinian militants, were two of the most notable residents.

Unilateral Disengagement

Among the arguments in opposition to Israel's unilateral disengagement plan, which stated that the settlers should be evicted from Elei Sinai, was a proposal by Farhan allowing the settlers to remain in their homes as Palestinian citizens, an idea the Palestinians the Israeli government rejected.

The residents had actually left their homes voluntarily but returned after realizing that the government had no place to send them.

After the eviction, a group of fifty families established themselves at the Yad Mordechai junction as a protest that the government hadn't found a community solution for them. Others were sent to the Shirat HaYam hotel. The rest of the settlement later split into a few groups, including those now found in:

Karmia, who were promised future homes in Talmei Yafeh close to Ashkelon.
Or HaNer, who were promised future homes in the Bat Hadar neighborhood close to Ashkelon.

Farhan and a part of his family establish a new group and hope to establish a new community in the center of the country. The government agreed in 2006 to acclimatize this group in Palmachim.

References

Populated places established in 1982
Former Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip
Villages depopulated during the Arab–Israeli conflict
1982 establishments in the Palestinian territories
2005 disestablishments in the Palestinian territories
Vietnam Solidarity Campaign

The Vietnam Solidarity Campaign (VSC) was originally set up in 1966 by activists around the International Group with the personal and financial support of Bertrand Russell. 

Ralph Schoenman acted both as Director of the Vietnam Solidarity Campaign and as Executive Director of the Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation. Marxist activists including Tariq Ali, Ernie Tate, Al Richardson, David Horowitz, John La Rose and Pat Jordan also played a key role. 

Members of the International Socialists participated in the foundation of the VSC, but for the first year of its existence its presence was a token one only.

It organised a demonstration of 20,000 people in October 1967 that for the first time ignored police warnings not to enter Grosvenor Square, where the United States Embassy in London was then located. In March and October 1968 two major demonstrations in London, sponsored by the VSC, drew more than 100,000 participants. Serious police violence was captured by press and television cameras during the March protest. The October demonstration was carefully planned to avoid any opportunity for a repeat performance, resulting in a peaceful march of 200,000 people across London. According to its newsletter, VSC branches were active in many British cities -- Glasgow, Sheffield, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Nottingham and Swansea. Even small towns, including Falkirk and Northold Park, counted VSC members.

The Vietnam Solidarity Campaign consistently badgered Harold Wilson and his government over Vietnam. Every issue of the VSC Bulletin contained a special section on "British Complicity" in the war, usually focusing on military R&D carried on by industry and universities. In its Vietnam Handbook (1972) the VSC devoted a major chapter to "British Complicity," accusing Wilson of cutting a "shabby figure" as he consistently supported U.S. policy in Vietnam.

References
 Anthony O. Edmonds The Viet Nam War and the British Student Left: A Study in Political Symbolism

Anti–Vietnam War groups
Emas National Park

The Emas National Park (, literally meaning "Rhea National Park") is a national park and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the states of Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul in Brazil.

Description 
The National Park is located between the states of Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul in the Center-West Region of Brazil, between 17º50’—18º15’S and 52º39’—53º10’W. It covers  of cerrado savannah. 
The park is in the Pantanal Biosphere Reserve, which also includes the Pantanal, Chapada dos Guimarães and Serra da Bodoquena national parks, and the Serra de Santa Bárbara, Nascentes do Rio Taquari and Pantanal de Rio Negro state parks.
The surrounding area is dominated by large soybean plantations.

Flora and fauna 
Emas National Park shows a typical cerrado ecosystem; a treeless savannah with tall termite mounds and an interesting amount of wildlife: the giant anteater, the maned wolf, giant armadillo, pampas deer and the namesake greater rhea, among others.

Emas National Park also holds a small jaguar population, perhaps consisting of about 10-12 animals. Only about 40% of the reserve, which covers  in total, is good jaguar habitat.

Other larger mammals include puma, ocelot, Brazilian tapir, collared peccary, white-lipped peccary, marsh deer, red brocket, gray brocket, black howler monkey and capybara.

References

Sources

External links 

Bioluminescencia Parque das Emas
conselho consultivo

National parks of Brazil
World Heritage Sites in Brazil
Protected areas of Goiás
Protected areas of Mato Grosso do Sul
Cerrado
Frank Kirby

Frank Kirby may refer to:

 Frank Howard Kirby (1871–1956), English recipient of the Victoria Cross
 Frank Kirby (footballer) (1885–1963), Australian rules footballer
 Frank E. Kirby (1849–1929), naval architect
Mackintosh's Toffee

Mackintosh's Toffee is a sweet created by Mackintosh Company. 

John Mackintosh opened up his sweets shop in Halifax, Yorkshire, England in 1890, and the idea for Mackintosh's Toffee ("not too hard and not too soft"), came soon after. In 1969, Mackintosh's merged with rival Rowntree to form Rowntree Mackintosh, which merged with Nestlé in 1988.

The product is often credited with being over 100 years old.

The toffee is sold in bags containing a random assortment of individual wrapped flavoured toffees. The flavours are (followed by wrapping colour): Malt (Blue), Harrogate (Yellow), Mint (Green), Egg & Cream (Orange), Coconut (Pink), and Toffee (Maroon). The maroon-wrapped toffees do not display a flavour on the wrapper. The product's subtitle is "Toffee De Luxe" and its motto is "a tradition worth sharing".

The flavour Harrogate was originally developed by confectioners in the spa town of Harrogate in Yorkshire to remove the pungent taste of the town's spa waters.

Availability 

Canada had its own version of Mackintosh's Toffee. Unlike the British versions, it was a hard candy which, for most of its history, was sold as a single rectangular bar in a tartan box. More recently (circa 2008) the Canadian product is individually wrapped and manufactured in Switzerland by Nestlé, and licensed for sale in Canada by Nestlé Canada. However, the wrapped version is soft and more akin to a caramel. Recently (2013) Nestlé Canada has been distributing an apparent recreation of the hard Mack bar, though thinner and wrapped in foil. It contains sweetened condensed milk as a main flavouring and has less of the creamy butter flavour of the original Canadian Mack. Nestlé does not distribute the toffees in the US, but it may be ordered online for delivery or found in specialty candy shops.

They were also manufactured and sold in New Zealand by Nestlé New Zealand Limited under the "Allen's" Confectionery range, but are now manufactured by RJ's of Levin after Nestlé sold off its NZ confectionery brands in 2018.  The New Zealand-manufactured RJ's product is also distributed in Australia.

References

External links
 

Products introduced in 1890
Brand name confectionery
Nestlé brands
Yorkshire cuisine
Toffee
Gabriel Bernal

Gabriel Bernal (24 March 1956-June 12, 2014) was a Mexican professional boxer. He was the WBC and Lineal Flyweight Champion for six months in 1984 and a super champion in the ring in the 1970s.

Pro career
Bernal came from Cruz Grande, Mexico. He was a top-ten Flyweight contender when he went to Tokyo to face the hometown favorite Koji Kobayashi for the WBC, The Ring and Lineal Flyweight Championships. Bernal would defeat Kobayashi by second-round knockout.  Two months later, Bernal successfully defended his titles in Nîmes, France, defeating Antoine Montero by an eleventh-round knockout.  This was significant because the previous six WBC Flyweight Champions had all lost their title in their first defence.

Bernal is remembered for his series of fights with Thailand's Sot Chitalada.  For Bernal's second defense, he went to Bangkok to face Chitalada.  He lost a twelve-round decision on 8 October 1984.   Eight months later, Bernal travelled back to Bangkok in an attempt to wrest the title from Chitalada.   On 22 June 1985, Bernal fought Chitalada to a draw after twelve rounds, and Chitalada kept the title.   Bernal had one more shot eighteen months later, travelling again to Bangkok, where on 10 December 1986 he lost another twelve-round decision to Chitalada.   It was his final attempt to win the Flyweight title.

Bernal fought for another six years, but was never the same fighter.   On 11 April 1992 he lost a 12-round decision to former WBC Bantamweight Champion, Miguel Lora.  He fought once more before retiring, finishing his career with a record of 43-14-3 and 28 KOs.

See also
List of flyweight boxing champions
List of WBC world champions
List of Mexican boxing world champions

References

External links
 
Gabriel Bernal - CBZ Profile

1956 births
2014 deaths
Boxers from Guerrero
Flyweight boxers
World boxing champions
World flyweight boxing champions
World Boxing Council champions
Mexican male boxers
Southpaw boxers
Victim study

A victim study (or victimization survey or victimization study) is a survey, such as the British Crime Survey, that asks a sample of people which crimes have been committed against them over a fixed period of time and whether or not they have been reported to the police. Victim studies may be carried out at a national or local level.

Victim studies are canvasses of the public which request them to report any crimes which they have experienced, whether or not they have reported them. This is one of the main ways in which the dark figure of crime is exposed particularly in cases of abuse. Such surveys usually show the level of criminal activity is at least double that which appears in the official crime statistics.

Victimisation surveys are usually of two types:

National survey - of a whole country in which people are asked to provide information on crimes which have been perpetrated against them. The British Crime Survey and the United States National Crime Victimization Survey are examples.
 Area or neighbourhood surveys - in which a specific, usually inner city, neighbourhood is targeted, and criminologists or sociologists engage in a more detailed study of the same issues. These small scale victim studies have been particularly associated with Left Realist criminology. For example, victim studies have been carried out in Islington in London by Jock Young, revealing a fear of crime amongst local residents that shapes much of their behaviour.

There is a third type of survey: The International Crime Victim Survey (ICVS) is a programme of standardised sample surveys  to look at householders’ experience with crime, policing, crime prevention and feelings of unsafety in a large number of countries. International comparison is the main aim for this project.

A criticism of victim surveys is that there is no way of verifying information given by respondents.

See also 
Criminology
Victimization
Policing in the United Kingdom
The International Crime Victims Survey

Further reading 
 Van Dijk, J.J.M., van Kesteren, J.N. & Smit, P. (2008). Criminal Victimisation in International Perspective, Key findings from the 2004-2005 ICVS and EU ICS. The Hague, Boom Legal Publishers 
 Lawson T, Garrod J (2003) Complete A-Z Sociology Handbook, Third Edition
 Moore S (1996) Investigating Crime and Deviance, Second Edition, C9

External links 
 the 2004/05 International Crime Victims Survey

Criminology
Law enforcement theory
Law enforcement
Law enforcement techniques
Victimology
Batnfjordsøra

Batnfjordsøra is the administrative centre of Gjemnes Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway.  The village is located at the end of the Batnfjorden at the mouth of the river Batnfjordelva. European Route E39 passes through the village on its way from Molde to Trondheim. The  village has a population (2018) of 387 and a population density of .

The village of Gjemnes lies about  to the northeast, along the north side of the fjord, and the village of Torvikbukt lies about  to the northeast along the south side of the fjord.  The village of Øre lies about halfway between Torvikbukt and Batnfjordsøra.  Heading southwest along E39, you will get to Hjelset and Molde.

References

Gjemnes
Villages in Møre og Romsdal
Muhammad ibn Makki

Shams al-Dīn () Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Makkī ibn Ḥāmid al-Nabaṭī al-ʿĀmilī al-Jizzīnī (1334–1385), better known as al-Shāhīd al-Awwal (, "The First Martyr"), was a Shi'a scholar and the author of al-Lum'ah al-Dimashqiyah () and. Although he is neither the first Muslim nor the first Shi'a to die for his religion, he became known as "Shahid al-Awwal" because he was probably the first Shia scholar of such stature to have been killed in a brutal manner.

Life
He was born in 734 AH (c. 1334) in Jabal 'Amel. His nisbah Al-Jizzeeni indicates that his family was also from Jizzeen in modern-day Lebanon. When Muhammad Al-Amili was 16 years old he went to study at the city of Hilla in modern-day Iraq. He returned home when he was 21. He used taqiyya to establish himself as one of the religious scholars of Damascus, using Sunni law to judge Sunnis, while covertly judging the Shia using Shia law.

Death
He was killed on Thursday the ninth of Jumada al-awwal, 786 A.H. (ca. 1385) during the reign of Sultan Barquq. His death was in accordance with the fatwa of a jurist from the Maliki madhab, which was endorsed by a jurisprudent of the Shaf'i madhab. Accusations against him included rafd, defamation of senior Islamic personages, the companions and family of Muhammad, Aisha, Abu Bakr and Umar, following the Nusayri faith, and permitting the drinking of wine.

These accusations were first brought against him by two of his former students from Jabal Amil, who were also former Twelver Shiites. One of them, Yusuf ibn Yahya, submitted a report (which included the signatures of 70 former Shiites from Jabal Amil) to the authorities detailing al-Amili's "vile doctrines and abominable beliefs."

However, according to Shia biographer al-Khwansari, al-Amili denied these charges in a letter to the governor of Damascus, protesting his love for "the Prophet and all who loved him, all the Companions without exception." He was imprisoned for one year, then beheaded by sword. His corpse was then crucified and stoned in Damascus whereby it was burned and the ashes were discarded into the air.

See also
The Five Martyrs

References

External links
 http://www.annabaa.org/nba48/aalamshia.htm and references therein.

Lebanese Shia clerics
People from Hillah
Lebanese Shia Muslims
1334 births
1385 deaths
Muslim martyrs
14th-century Arab people
Charles Wallace Adair

Charles Wallace Adair, Jr. (26 January 1914 in Xenia, Ohio – 22 January 2006 in Falls Church, Virginia) was a career United States Foreign Service Officer, serving as Ambassador to Panama (1965-1969) and Ambassador to Uruguay (1969-1972).

Early life
Adair graduated from the University of Wisconsin, and worked for Chase Bank in Panama before joining the State Department.

Foreign service career
Adair was posted to various economic positions in US missions around Europe, particularly the American Embassy in Paris, France. Ambassador Adair also served as the US Vice-Consul in Bombay, India, in 1943. In 1961, he was also appointed deputy secretary general of the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation in Paris.

He was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the United States to Panama on 6 May 1965, presenting his credentials to President Marco Aurelio Robles Méndez on 13 May 1965. Adair assumed the ambassadorship during a period of difficult United States–Panama relations. In 1966, Panamanian student demonstrators struck Adair in the back with a milk carton filled with red paint. During his ambassadorship, Adair worked to rebuild relations and initiated talks that culminated in the Torrijos–Carter Treaties.  He left the post on 6 September 1969.  He was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Uruguay on 15 September 1969, presented his credentials on 13 November 1969 and left the post on 28 September 1972. He retired from the Foreign Service in 1972.

Adair lived in Stuart, Florida, from his retirement until 1996, when he moved to Virginia. He died January 22, 2006, in Falls Church, Virginia, aged 91.

References

External links
Birth details
State Department Principal Officers of the Department and U.S. Chiefs of Mission
 

1914 births
2006 deaths
People from Xenia, Ohio
Ambassadors of the United States to Panama
Ambassadors of the United States to Uruguay
United States Foreign Service personnel
George Sheehan

George Sheehan may refer to:

 George A. Sheehan (1918–1993), writer about the sport of running
 George Sheehan (footballer), Irish soccer player during the 1890s and early 20th century
Proliferative phase

Proliferative phase can refer to:
 a phase of wound healing
 a phase of the menstrual cycle
Institute for Workers' Control

The Institute for Workers' Control was founded in 1968 by Tony Topham and Ken Coates, the latter then a leader of the International Marxist Group and subsequently professor at the University of Nottingham and a member of the European Parliament from 1989 until 1999.

The Institute drew together shop stewards and militant workers to discuss workers' control of production. It grew out of the Workers' Control Conferences organised from 1964 by Voice of the Unions and the Centre for Socialist Education. From around 100 at the first meeting in Nottingham, the figure grew to some 1200 in 1969.

The Institute won sponsorship from a number of trade union leaders, including Hugh Scanlon. In the later opinion of the International Marxist Group's journal, the Institute over-accommodated to its sponsors and failed to organise its supporters: "only 26 people attended the AGM in 1970, and affiliation and membership fees have been maintained at a very high level."

External links
Coates and Topham Readings and Witnesses for Workers' Control
Socialist Renewal -- Institute for Workers' Control pamphlet series in PDF format

Organisations based in Nottingham
Politics of Nottingham
Political advocacy groups in the United Kingdom
University of Nottingham
Grande Sertão Veredas National Park

The Grande Sertão Veredas National Park () is a national park located on the border between the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia, Brazil.

Location

The park is in the Cerrado biome.
It covers an area of  and is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation.
It was created by decree nº 97.658 of 12 April 1989, revised on 21 May 2004.
It is in the municipality of Formoso, Minas Gerais.
Altitude ranges from .
Annual rainfall averages .
Temperature ranges from  with average .

The park contains forests, savannah, cerrado and dense cerrado.
There are extensive streams (veredas) which can form oxbow lakes or larger rivers.
The terrain contains extensive sandstone plateaus covered in savannah vegetation with lower drainage areas holding the streams.
The park contains much of the upper basin of the Carinhanha River and of the sub-basins of its tributaries such as the Itaguari, Mato Grande, Preto and Canabrava.

Conservation

The park is classed as IUCN protected area category II (national park).
As a national park it has the basic objectives of preserving natural ecosystems of great ecological relevance and scenic beauty, enabling scientific research, environmental education, outdoor recreation and eco-tourism.
Specifically the park aims to preserve the basin of the Carinhanha River, an important tributary of the São Francisco River, to preserve the streams and landscape described in the novel The Devil to Pay in the Backlands (in Portuguese Grande Sertão: Veredas) by João Guimarães Rosa, and also to preserve the flora and endemic fauna of the Cerrado.

Protected species in the park include the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), jaguar (Panthera onca), cougar (Puma concolor), ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), colocolo (Leopardus colocolo), Brazilian merganser (Mergus octosetaceus), marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus), giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus), Brazilian three-banded armadillo (Tolypeutes tricinctus) and Owl's spiny rat (Carterodon sulcidens),.

Notes

Sources

National parks of Brazil
Protected areas established in 1989
Protected areas of Bahia
Protected areas of Minas Gerais
Cerrado