alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Porto

Porto or Oporto () is the second-largest city in Portugal after Lisbon and one of the major urban areas of the Iberian Peninsula. 

The urban area of Porto, which extends beyond the administrative limits of the city, has a population of 2.4 million (2011) in an area of 389 km2(150 sq mi), making it the second-largest urban area in Portugal. It is recognized as a gamma level global city by the Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group, the only Portuguese city besides Lisbon to be recognised as a global city.

Location
Located along the Douro river estuary in Northern Portugal, Porto is one of the oldest European centres, and its historical core was proclaimed a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996. The western part of its urban area extends to the coastline of the Atlantic Ocean. Its settlement dates back many centuries, when it was an outpost of the Roman Empire. Its combined Celtic-Latin name, Portus Cale, has been referred to as the origin of the name "Portugal", based on transliteration and oral evolution from Latin. In Portuguese, the name of the city is spelled with a definite article ("o Porto"; English: the port). Consequently, its English name evolved from a misinterpretation of the oral pronunciation and referred to as Oporto in modern literature and by many speakers.

Attractions
One of Portugal's internationally famous exports, port wine, is named after Porto, since the metropolitan area, and in particular the cellars of Vila Nova de Gaia, were responsible for the packaging, transport and export of the fortified wine. In 2014 and 2017, Porto was elected The Best European Destination by the Best European Destinations Agency.

Gallery

References

Port cities and towns of the Atlantic Ocean
 
Ports and harbours of Europe
Reutlingen

Reutlingen is a city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg.
About 110,000 people live there.

References

Other websites
Witten

Witten is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, in the Ruhr Area and has about 100,000 inhabitants.

References

Other websites

Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis
Moers

Moers (, formerly Mörs) is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Moers is near to Duisburg and belongs to the Ruhr area.
It has about 110,000 inhabitants.

References

Other websites

Wesel (district)
Castrop-Rauxel

Castrop-Rauxel is a town in the Ruhr area in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It has about 78,000 inhabitants.

References

Other websites

Recklinghausen (district)
Ratingen

Ratingen (Low Franconian: Rotinge) is a town in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It is near Düsseldorf. It has about 90,000 inhabitants.

References

Other websites

Mettmann Rural District
Gland (city)

Gland is a city in Switzerland, in the canton of Vaud. In the year 2005, about 10,000 people live there. The city is halfway between Geneva and Lausanne, near Nyon.

Other websites 
 Official website of the Town of Gland

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities in Nyon
All Quiet on the Western Front

All Quiet on the Western Front (original German title: Im Westen nichts Neues, literally: "Nothing New on the Western Front") is a famous book by the German author Erich Maria Remarque. It was first published in 1929.

Plot 
It is about a German soldier named Paul Bäumer as he fights together with his classmates in World War I. Troops are changed every couple of weeks; they are either sent to the front line or a few miles back. At the beginning, Baumer and his fellow soldiers are very full and satisfied because a very heavy bombardment killed off half of the company.

A number of soldiers and Baumer are injured one night, and all are taken to the local hospital. In there, when a nurse gives Baumer a temperature gauge, he uses a light and makes his temperature seem much higher than it really is. This is so he can go into critical care with his friends. While there, the nurses sing a hymn, which annoys the men. Baumer throws and breaks a bottle to make them shut the door.

One night, Baumer and his friends find two live pigs. They put together a feast. Baumer cooks some kind of cakes. They smoke cigarettes and drink coffee from the officer's dump and then roast the pigs. The meal is very good, but the pig meat sticks to their bowels and makes them go to the bathroom all night.

As the war draws to its end in 1918, the Germans are suffering. The food is bad and the men must keep going to the bathroom. The Americans have joined the war and are pushing back all of the ground that the Germans gained. During this time, many of Baumer's classmates die.

At the end of the novel, Baumer dies. The day was so quiet that the field commander described the day as "all quiet on the Western Front."

Response 
The book sold 2.9 million copies in 50 languages in eighteen months. It is published by Ballantine Books in 1929. This book and its sequel, The Road Back, were banned and burned in Nazi Germany. The film version won the Academy Award for Best Picture in 1930.

1929 books
Cần Thơ

Can Tho is a city in the south of Vietnam.

Can Tho had a population of about 1.57 million in 2019. It is the biggest city in the Mekong delta. It is about 160 km away from Ho Chi Minh City and the capitol of the district of Can Tho, until 1975 named Hau Giang.
There is a university in Can Tho.

Other websites
Can Tho online community 
Can Tho travel information at Wikivoyage

Cities in Vietnam
Vinh

Vinh is a city in north-central Vietnam. About 230,000 people live there. Its name in the Vietnamese language does not have any diacritics. It is also the kingdom of the Albino Gorillas, one of the rarest mammals in the world. They can only can be found in and around the city of Vinh. The most recent sighting of an Albino Gorilla was in 2004 by a college professor that was in Vinh studying many human cultures. Many important people of the Vietnamese revolution were born in or nearby Vinh, including Ho Chi Minh.

Cities in Vietnam
Dalat

Dalat (Vietnamese: Đà Lạt) is a city in southern Vietnam. It was built in the early 1900s to be a resort city for the French. Much of the buildings are European style. This is why it has the nickname "Little Paris".

The city is known for its much cooler climate than most of the rest of Vietnam. It is known for having high altitude, many pine trees, and being an excellent place to grow many different kinds of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

It has about 120,000 inhabitants.

References

Cities in Vietnam
Pleiku

Pleiku (also Plei Cu or Plây Cu) is a city in Central Việt Nam.
It has about 120,000 inhabitants and was a strategic airport in the Second Indochinese War in the 1960s and 1970s.  Its name is from the Việtnamese language (Vietnam).

Cities in Vietnam
Quảng Ngãi

Quảng Ngãi (Vietnamese: Thành phố Quảng Ngãi) is a city in Central Việt Nam. It has about 135,000 inhabitants.

Cities in Vietnam

es:Quảng Ngãi
Bordeaux

Bordeaux is a city in the Gironde department of France. It is on the Garonne River near the Atlantic Ocean. About 1,150,000 people live in the area around the city. Bordeaux has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification). It is famous for wines made in the region near the city. Bordeaux is also famous for its art.

Bordeaux is classified as a "City of Art and History". The city is home to 362 monuments historiques. Some buildings date back to Roman times. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

History 

In about 300 BC Bordeaux was the settlement of a Celtic tribe.  They named the town Burdigala. 
The Romans began rule of the city around 60 BC. Later it became capital of Roman Aquitaine. In the 400s the city was looted by the Vandals, Visigoths, and Franks.

After the Battle of Poitiers, Duke Eudes was able to hold only a small part of Aquitaine where Bordeaux was located. It became one of the last cities to fall under King Pepin the Short.

Bordeaux once again became an important city after the marriage of Duchess Eléonore of Aquitaine with Count Henri Plantagenet. He became King Henry II of England only months after their marriage. 

In 1653 Bordeaux was added to the Kingdom of France, when the army of Louis XIV entered the city.

In 1870 the French government moved to Bordeaux for a time. This was at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian war against Prussia. The temporary move happened again during World War I and again very briefly during the World War II.

Education 
 École nationale supérieure d'électronique, informatique, télécommunications, mathématiques et mécanique de Bordeaux
 École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
 École spéciale de mécanique et électricité
 Institut supérieur européen de gestion group
 E-Artsup
 Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action
 University of Bordeaux 1
 Kedge Business School

Sister cities
Bordeaux is twinned with:

Partnerships

References

Other websites

 
Capital of France
Former national capitals
World Heritage Sites in France
Nantes

Nantes is a city in France, the prefecture of the Pays de la Loire region and the Loire-Atlantique department, on the Atlantic Ocean. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, it was the busiest slave trading port in France. Before 1941, Nantes was part of Brittany. The Gallo and Breton languages are spoken in the city. Jules Verne was a famous writer from Nantes.

Nantes has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Education 
 Audencia Nantes School of Management
 École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
 Institut supérieur européen de gestion group
 E-Artsup
 Institut catholique d'arts et métiers
 Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action

Twin towns
Nantes has town twinning and cooperation agreements with:

Friendship relations
The city has friendship relations with:
  Guinea, since 1992.
  St. Martinville, Louisiana, U.S., since 1993.
  Jericho, West Bank, since 2001.
  Desdunes and Petionville, Haiti, since 2005.
  Nantes, Quebec, Canada, since 2009.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 Nantes Tourist Office Official Website

1st-century BC establishments
Nice

Nice (pronounced "neece") is a city in southern France on the Mediterranean coast. It is a commune in the French department of Alpes-Maritimes. It has over 345,000 people living in the city as of 2012 (1,000,000 in its metropolitan area). It has many beaches. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Koeppen climate classification). Summers are hot, dry, and sunny; winters are mild with moderate rainfall.

From the late 18th century, wealthy British visitors came to Nice, with its beauty and its warm climate. Queen Victoria was amongst them: she made several visits. The city's main seaside promenade, the Promenade des Anglais owes its name to these visitors. The clear air and soft light appeals to painters. Marc Chagall and Henri Matisse spent years here and are well represented in  the city's museums, the Musée Marc Chagall, Musée Matisse and Musée des Beaux-Arts.

Nice has the second largest hotel capacity in the country and is one of its most visited cities. It gets 5 million tourists every year. It also has the third busiest airport in France after the two main Parisian ones.

The cuisine is excellent. It benefits from the Mediterranean in the form of bouillabaisse (a shellfish dish). From the end of empire, immigration from Algeria has led to excellent North African dishes such as cous-cous. Ratatouille and (obviously) salade niçoise are more local dishes.

There is a local dialect, le nissard, nissart, or niçard. It is a variety of the regional language, Occitan. It is Italian in style, reminding that the area has been under different sovereignty in the past.

Over 70 people were killed in an attack on 14 July 2016.

Parade

Sister city
Nice is twinned with:
 Edinburgh, Scotland

Education 
 EDHEC Business School
 École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
 Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action
 Université Côte-d'Azur

References

Other websites 

 Dances and traditional musics from Nice
 Information on Nice Airport
Strasbourg

Strasbourg is a city in eastern France, the prefecture of Grand Est. Today, about 275,000 people live there (with around 780,000 in the metropolitan area). It lies on the left bank of the Rhine, opposite the German city of Kehl.

Strasbourg is the seat Council of Europe, of the European Court of Human Rights and of the European Parliament. A lot of people also consider Strasbourg to be the capital of the European Union.

History 
Its old town, la Grande Île ("Grand Island") has been classified as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

The city was founded in 12 BC by Drusus, the brother of Tiberius. Its Celtic name was Argentorate (which the Romans called Argentoratum). People think this name is linked to the river Ill (that flows into the Rhine near Strasbourg).

At that time, it was on the Limes, a fortification the Romans built across Europe (to keep out the Germanic tribes). There was a fortification (named castella drusi, drusus fort) at that spot. Soldiers need to live from something, so a local civilian settlement developed there. Later, the Limes was pushed farther east.

Climate 
Strasbourg has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification).

Education 
 École nationale supérieure d'informatique pour l'industrie et l'entreprise
 École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
 École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées
 EM Strasbourg Business School
 Institut supérieur européen de gestion group
 ISG Programme Business & Management
 Web@cademie

References

Imperial free cities
 
World Heritage Sites in France
Montpellier

Montpellier is a city in south of France. About 280,000 people live there. It is the 8th largest city in France. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Koeppen climate classification).

Education 
A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation academy) is in Montpellier. The computer science school École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies and E-Artsup are also in the city.

The University of Montpellier is one of the oldest in the world, as well as the Montpellier Business School.

Transport 
 Montpellier – Méditerranée Airport

Sister cities
Montpellier is twinned with:

 
Former regional capitals in France
Lille

Lille is a city in the northern part of France with a population of about 226,800 inhabitants. It is the capital of the region Hauts-de-France and the Nord

department., and is not far from the border with Belgium, where in Dutch it is called . About two million people live in the urban area (conurbation) shared with Kortrijk and Tournai, which is the fifth largest in France behind Paris, Lyon, Marseille, and Toulouse.

Climate 
Lille has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Education 
 École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
 École spéciale de mécanique et électricité
 EDHEC Business School
 E-Artsup
 IÉSEG School of Management
 Institut catholique d'arts et métiers
 Institut supérieur européen de gestion group
 Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action

Transport 
There are two big railway stations in Lille with many trains to and from different places around France and Belgium. Most of these serve  station and are operated by SNCF, including the TGV high-speed service. The other big station, , has Eurostar trains to and from Brussels, Paris, and St Pancras station in London via the Channel Tunnel to the United Kingdom.

Public transport in Lille is made up of buses, two metro lines, and two tram lines to the nearby towns of Tourcoing and Roubaix. The metro system is one of the first in the world that does not have drivers.

Sister cities
Lille is twinned with:

References
Rennes

Rennes is a city in France, the prefecture of Brittany and the Ille-et-Vilaine department. Its name is «  » in the Breton language.

Education
The Rennes agglomeration has a large student population (around 63,000) and 2 universities :
 University of Rennes 1 (26 000 students)
 University of Rennes 2 - Upper Brittany (22 000 students)

A campus of the computer science schools École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées and École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies , the university in electric energy and information sciences Supélec, the engineering school CentraleSupélec.
The business schools Rennes School of Business and Paris School of Business are also in Rennes.

Twin towns – sister cities

Within France

Pacts of cooperation

Sponsorship

Gallery
Reims

Reims is a commune in France, in the Marne department in the Grand Est region. NEOMA Business School is in the city.

Reims Cathedral 
Reims Cathedral (Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Reims) is famous for coronation of almost every king of France. The cathedral was destroyed by fire in 1914 (after an attack by the German army).
Orléans

Orléans is a city in France, the prefecture of the Centre-Val de Loire region and the Loiret department. It is on the Loire River and was formerly a busy port.

Sister cities

Orléans is twinned with:
  Dundee, United Kingdom
  Treviso, Italy
  Münster, Germany
  Kristiansand, Norway
  Wichita, United States
  Tarragona, Spain
  Saint-Flour, France
  Utsunomiya, Japan
  Lugoj, Romania
  Parakou, Benin
  Tyre, Lebanon
  Perm, Russia

It has a partnership with:
  Kraków, Poland

Related pages 
 Capital of France
 Siege of Orleans

Capital of France
Former national capitals
Le Havre

Le Havre is a city in Normandy. It is one of the most important ports in France. It is located on the right bank of the Seine river along the English Channel.

The city and port were founded by the King Francis I of France in 1517.

The city was bombed during World War II. The damaged area was rebuilt by Auguste Perret from 1945 to 1964. This section was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

The École de management de Normandie is in the city.

References

 
World Heritage Sites in France
1517 establishments
1510s establishments in Europe
16th-century establishments in France
Mountain range

A mountain range (mountain chain, mountain belt) is a geographic area with many mountains.  A 'mountain system' or 'system of mountain ranges' includes geological features that are in the same region as a mountain range.

Mountain ranges usually include highlands or mountain passes and valleys. Individual mountains in the same range do not always have the same geology or petrology. They may be a mix of different orogenic expressions and terrains, for example thrust sheets, uplifted blocks, fold mountains, and volcanic landforms. This results in a variety of rock types.

Major ranges 
Most geologically young mountain ranges on the Earth's land surface are associated with either in the Pacific Ring of Fire or the Alpide Belt. The Pacific Ring of Fire includes the Andes of South America, extends through the North American Cordillera along the Pacific Coast, the Aleutian Range, on through Kamchatka, Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, to New Zealand. The Andes is  long and is often described as the world's longest mountain system.

The Alpide belt includes Indonesia and southeast Asia, through the Himalayas, and ends in the Alps. The belt also includes other European and Asian mountain ranges. The Himalayas contain the highest mountains in the world, including Mount Everest, at  of elevation.

Mountain ranges outside of these two systems include the Arctic Cordillera, the world's northernmost mountain system. If the definition of a mountain range includes underwater mountains, then the ocean ridges form the longest continuous mountain system on Earth, with a length of .

Divisions and categories 
Many mountain ranges have sub-ranges within them. It can be thought of as a parent-child relationship. For example, the Appalachian Mountains range is the parent of its own ranges, two of which are the White Mountains and the Blue Ridge Mountains. The White Mountains are a child of the Appalachians, and there are also children of the Whites, like the Sandwich Range and the Presidential Range.

Climate 

The position of mountains influences climate, such as rain or snow. When air masses move up and over mountains, the air cools producing  precipitation (rain or snow). As the air descends on the leeward side, it warms again and is drier, having been stripped of much of its moisture. Often, a rain shadow will occur on the leeward side of a range.

Erosion 
Mountain ranges are always being eroded. Erosion is at work while the mountains are being uplifted and long after until the mountains are reduced to low hills and plains. The basins next to an eroding mountain range are filled with sediments which are buried and turned into sedimentary rock.

The early Cenozoic uplift of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado are an example. As the uplift was occurring some  of mostly Mesozoic sedimentary strata were removed by erosion and spread as sand and clays across the Great Plains to the east. This mass of rock was removed as the range was actively undergoing uplift.

References

Other websites 

 Peakbagger Ranges Home Page
 Bivouac.com
Straight edge

Straight edge (Often called sXe) is a lifestyle without drugs, tobacco, or alcohol. Some followers of straight edge also abstain from illegal or casual sex.

For some, no drug use includes caffeine which is a stimulant drug. Some will accept drugs such as codeine or morphine for medical reasons.
Some followers of straight edge will not use Ny-Quil or Day-Quil because they contain alcohol.
Those straight edgers who quit casual or illegal sex would not have one-night stands and will wait until they are in a committed relationship to have sex.

Some cities have associated straight edge as gang affiliation, but advocates call it a way of life such as being a vegetarian.

References

Subculture
Lifestyles
Rouen

Rouen is a commune. It is the prefecture of Upper Normandy and the Seine-Maritime department.

First settlements in that region were from the 6th century before Christ.
The Romans founded Rotomagus about 100 A.D..
Since 384 Rouen is the seat of a bishop.
In 841 the Vikings conquered Rouen. It became the capitol of the Duchy of Normandy.
In 1204 the Frensh king reconquered Rouen. 
In 1419 the English crown (Henry IV. of England) conquered the city in the 100-year War between France and England. On May, 30th of 1431 Jeanne D'Arc (the Virgin of Orleans) was burned in Rouen.
In 1494 the French got the city back.
In 1834 the railway connection Paris-Rouen was opened.
Rouen was occupied by the Germans in the Franco-German War of 1870 to 1873 and in both World Wars. In the World War II many buildings were destroyed.

Rouen has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification). It has a great marine harbor 60 km from the city. Tourism, transportation, the colleges and the university are most important economic factors.

The university of Rouen has about 40,000 students.

Museums 
 The Musée des beaux-arts is the museum of art of the city
 The Musée maritime fluvial et portuaire is a museum about the history of the port of the city and the navigation

Education 
 NEOMA Business School
Microcode

Microcode is the name for a number of instructions or data structures which are involved in implementing higher-level machine language in many processors, especially microprogrammed ones. Microcode is on memory that is very fast to access. When a machine level instruction needs to be executed, microcode tells the processor what electronic circuits should be used. When a new processor is designed, an engineer also writes the microcode for the instructions of machine language. This is called Microprogramming, the resulting code is called a microprogram. 

In early processors, each instruction was hard-wired. This has several drawbacks, the most obvious is that correcting an error in processor design means that the processor needs to be replaced.

Example
A processor should add two values, which are in registers A and B.

 Configure the ALU for addition
 Put the value of register A on one input of the ALU
 Put the value of register B on one input of the ALU
 After waiting a short time, to allow for the addition, the result needs to be copied into a register, which has not been used yet
 The value of that register needs to be copied to register A
 The next instruction needs to be fetched from memory

Items 1-3, as well as  5-6, can be coded as one instruction. It is also possible to hard-wire the logic needed for this operation. This has the benefit of being faster, but the drawback that it no longer allows changes that might be needed later on.  

The concept of microprogramming was developed by Maurice Wilkes in 1951, using diode matrices for the memory element.

References

Microprocessor design
Computational complexity theory

Computational complexity theory is a part of computer science. It looks at algorithms, and tries to say how many steps or how much memory a certain algorithm takes for a computer to do. Very often, algorithms that use fewer steps use more memory (or the other way round: if there is less memory available, it takes more steps to do). Many interesting algorithms take a number of steps that is dependent on the size of the problem.

Different classes of complexity

Constant Complexity 
Complexity theory also looks at how a problem changes if it is done for more elements. A problem of constant complexity class is the only class in which this is not true. A problem with constant complexity takes the same number of steps to complete no matter the size of the input or the number of elements it is computed on. Broadcasting a message can be thought of as a problem of constant complexity. No matter how many people need to receive a message, all can listen on to one single broadcast with no extra broadcasts needed.

Linear complexity 
Mowing the lawn can be thought of as a problem with linear complexity. Mowing an area that is double the size of the original takes twice as long.

Quadratic complexity 
Suppose you want to know which of your friends know each other. You have to ask each pair of friends whether they know each other. If you have twice as many friends as someone else, you have to ask four times as many questions to figure out who everyone knows. Problems that take four times as long when the size of the problem doubles are said to have quadratic complexity.

Logarithmic complexity 
This is often the complexity for problems that involve looking things up, like finding a word in a dictionary. If the dictionary is twice as big, it contains twice as many words as the original to compare to. Looking something up will take only one step more. The algorithm to do lookups is simple. The word in the middle of the dictionary will be either before or after the term that needs to be looked up, if the words do not match. If it is before, the term needs to be in the second half of the dictionary. If it is after the word, it needs to be in the first half. That way, the problem space is halved with every step, until the word or definition is found. This is generally known as logarithmic complexity

Exponential complexity 
There are problems that grow very fast. One such problem is known as the Travelling salesman problem. A salesman needs to take a tour of a certain number of cities. Each city should only be visited once, the distance (or cost) of the travelling should be minimal, and the salesman should end up where he started. This problem has exponential complexity. There are n factorial possibilities to consider. Adding one city (from n to n+1) will multiply the number of possibilities by (n+1). Most of the interesting problems have this complexity.

Theoretical computer science
Average

An average is the "normal" number of a group of numbers made by mixing the group of numbers.

In math, an average is called a mean. It can be found by adding the numbers, then dividing the answer by the number of numbers there were. There are other kinds of mean, and other things that are sometimes thought of as "average" such as median or mode (statistics).

Sport 

In some sports, such as cricket and baseball, averages are used to tell how good a player is (such as batting average). Sporting averages have special rules for how to find them.

Statistics
Fluminense FC

Fluminense Football Club () or Fluminense, is a football club in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, based in the neighbourhood of Laranjeiras since its foundation, in 1902, making it the oldest football club of Rio de Janeiro.

Current Squad

Notable Players 

  Ademir Menezes
  Assis
  Branco
  Carlos Alberto Torres
  Castilho
  Conca
  Delei
  Denílson
  Didi
  Edinho
  Félix
  Flávio
  Gérson
  Henry Welfare
  Lula
  Manfrini
  Marco Antônio
  Marcos Carneiro de Mendonça

  Orlando
  Oswaldo Gomes
  Paulo César Caju
  Pintinho
  Preguinho
  Renato Gaúcho
  Ricardo Gomes
  Rivelino
  Romerito
  Romeu
  Samarone
  Telê
  Thiago Silva
  Tim
  Valdo
  Washington

Trophies

International
 Copa Rio Internacional: 1
 1952
 Olympic Cup: 1
 1949

National
 Série A: 4
 1970, 1984, 2010,2012
 Brazil Cup: 1
 2007
 Campeonato Brasileiro Série C: 1
 1999

Regional
 Torneio Rio-São Paulo: 2
 1957, 1960
 Taça Ioduran: 1
 1919
 Zona Sul da Taça Brasil: 1
 1960

State
 Campeonato Carioca: 31
 1906/1907/1908/1909, 1911, 1917/1918/1919, 1924, 1936/1937/1938, 1940/1941, 1946, 1951, 1959, 1964, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1975/1976, 1980, 1983/1984/1985, 1995, 2002, 2005, 2012
 Taça Guanabara: 8
 1966, 1969, 1971, 1975, 1983, 1985, 1991, 1993, 2012
 Taça Rio: 2
 1990, 2005
 Torneio Início: 9
 1916, 1924, 1925, 1940/1941, 1943, 1954, 1956, 1965

Other websites 
 Official Website
 Best Attendances 
 Ranking Carioca League 
 Matches 1902/2005 
 Canal Fluminense - Fluminense´s Daily News 
 Torcida Tricolor

References

Football clubs in Rio de Janeiro
1902 establishments
1900s establishments in Brazil
Romanization

Romanization, or Latinization, is how words from languages that normally do not use the Latin alphabet are converted into Latin letters. That allows people who do not know the original writing system to read the sounds of the language. Romanization is one way to show the pronunciation of the language's words.

There are often several ways to romanize a language. For the Russian language, the Soviet Union invented several systems, and the United Nations and the International Organization for Standardization invented two of the others. There are also several methods for Arabic, Japanese, and Chinese. Some romanization systems are based on the writing system of the original language, some are based on speech in the original language, and some are based on both. In other words, some romanization systems are based on transliteration, and others are based on transcription.

Related pages 
 Romanization of Bulgarian
 Romanization of Japanese

Other websites 
 UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems
 U.S. Library of Congress Romanization Tables in PDF format
 Java romanization app
 One of the few books with lists of romanizations is ALA-LC Romanization Tables, Randall Barry (ed.), U.S. Library of Congress, 1997, .
 Microsoft Transliteration Utility – A free tool for making and using transliteration systems from any alphabet to any other alphabet.
 G. Gerych. Transliteration of Cyrillic Alphabets. Ottawa University, April 1965. 126 pp.
Diaspora

Diaspora (, literally, "a scattering or sowing of seeds") is used (without capitals) to refer to any people or racial group living outside their traditional homelands, emigrating and being scattered in distant places and making a new community. It was first used in the Septuagint to mean the scattering of Jews after the capture of Jerusalem by the Babylonians in 586 BC.

Related pages 
Jewish diaspora

Migration
Toulon

Toulon is a city in the south of France. It has about 170,000 people. Toulon is the prefecture of Var. Toulon is the third biggest city of the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur after Marseille and Nice. It is the main base of the Mediterranean Sea fleet of the French Navy. It is  from the Italian border.

Education 
 Kedge Business School

More reading 
 Le Chevallier à découvert, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Laurens Ed., 1998.

Other websites
Grenoble

Grenoble is a French commune in the Alpine foothills. It is the prefecture of the Isère department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.

It has an oceanic climate  (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

It is an important centre for scientific research in France.

Education 
A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation academy) is in Grenoble. Grenoble School of Management is also in the city, as well as the Université Grenoble-Alpes.

Transport 
 Grenoble-Isère Airport

Twin towns — Sister cities
Grenoble is twinned with:

Other websites

Grenoble
Olympic cities
Aix-en-Provence

Aix-en-Provence is a city in the south of France. About 150,000 people live there.

Famous people from Aix-en-Provence

Paul Cézanne (d. 1906), painter

References

Attribution

Other websites

Aix en Provence Tourist office website 
Official site of the town Aix-en-Provence
Amiens

Amiens is a city in Somme in the former province of Picardy in northern France. About 145,000 people live there. The Treaty of Amiens was signed there.

Other websites 
 This town at the Historical Association for Joan of Arc Studies

 
Former regional capitals in France
Tours

Tours is a city on the Loire River in the centre of France. It has about 143,000 inhabitants. It is the prefecture (administrative headquarters) of the department of Indre-et-Loire and is one of the 22 French metropolis.

Notable natives and residents 
 Honoré de Balzac 1799-1850, novelist
 René Descartes 1596-1650, scientist, mathematician and philosopher

Sister cities
  Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany, since 1962
  Segovia, Spain, since 1972
  Parma, Italy, since 1976
  Luoyang, People's Republic of China, since 1982
  Springfield, USA, since 1984
  Trois-Rivières, Canada, since 1987
  Takamatsu, Japan, since 1988
  Braşov, Romania, since 1990
  Minneapolis, USA, since 1991

Related pages 
 Capital of France

Capital of France
 
Former national capitals
Nancy, France

Nancy is a commune. It is the prefecture of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in the Grand Est region. It was formerly the capital of the old Duchy of Lorraine. 

Nancy has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Education 
 École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
 ICN Business School

Sister cities
Nancy is twinned with:

Departmental capitals in France
Limoges

Limoges ( or Limòtges) is a city and commune, the capital (prefecture) of the Haute-Vienne department and the historical capital of the old Limousin region in west-central France. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of the same name.

Limoges is known for its medieval and Renaissance enamels on copper, for its 19th-century porcelain and for its oak barrels which are used for Cognac and Bordeaux production.

Geography
The city of Limoges is near the western limits of the Massif Central, in the centre of the Haute-Vienne department. The Vienne river flows through the city.

Limoges is at about  from Paris,  from Toulouse,  from Bordeaux and  from Marseille.

The commune has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The commune of Limoges is surrounded by the communes:

Climate
The climate of Limoges, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Limoges is . The month with the most precipitation on average is October with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .

The average temperature for the year in Limoges is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Population
The inhabitants of Limoges are known, in French, as  Limougeauds (women: Limougeaudes).

With a population of 134,577, Limoges has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Limoges

Limoges forms, together with other 8 communes, the urban area of Limoges with a population of 183,860 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Limoges, formed by 96 communes, with a population of 283,050 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .

Administration 
Limoges is the prefecture of the Haute-Vienne department, the capital of the arrondissement of Limoges and the administrative centre () of 9 cantons

 Limoges-1, with 18,316 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-2, with 15,794 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-3, with 16,872 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-4, with 17,434 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-5, with 18,550 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-6, with 18,413 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-7, with 14,833 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-8, with 16,149 inhabitants (2014)
 Limoges-9, with 16,316 inhabitants (2014)

It is part of the intercommunality Limoges Métropole ().

Twinned and partner towns 
Limoges is twinned with:

 Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
 Fürth, Germany
 Grodno, Belarus
 Seto, Japan
 Icheon, South Korea
 Plzeň, Czech Republic

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Limoges
 Communes of the Haute-Vienne department

References

Other websites

 City Council website 
 Limoges Métropole 

 
Former regional capitals in France
Exile on Main St.

Exile On Main St. was one of The Rolling Stones'  albums. It was released in 1972 and includes the hit songs "Happy" and "Tumbling Dice".

The Rolling Stones albums
1972 albums
Rock and roll albums
R&B albums
Blues albums
Soul albums
Country albums
Blues rock albums
OpenGL

OpenGL (Open Graphics Library) is a programming interface for 3D graphics which helps computer programmers make their 3D graphics perform better and faster by running parts of their programs on a video card (GPU) rather than just the central processor (CPU). Programming interfaces like OpenGL are usually called an "API," which stands for "Application Programming Interface".

OpenGL is often compared to Direct3D, an API for 3D graphics on Windows. Programming for Direct3D is different in some ways because the APIs use different naming schemes for talking to a computer's graphics driver, which means that programmers need to write different code for OpenGL and Direct3D to do the same things.

OpenGL is owned by the Khronos Group, and is an example of open source software. This means that all of OpenGL's programming, and the explanations for how the programming all works, can be viewed, copied, revised, and re-released by anyone.

References

Further reading

Other websites

 GLFW -- Library for creating OpenGL contexts.
 GLEW -- Extension wrangler library for newer OpenGL features.

 
 OpenGL Overview and OpenGL.org's Wiki with more information on OpenGL Language bindings
 SGI's OpenGL website
 
 Khronos Group, Inc.
 

Free software
Graphics software
Māori language

The Māori language (, shortened to Te Reo) is the language of the Māori and an official language of New Zealand. It is an Austronesian language.

Although it is an official language, not many people speak it fluently. In the 2013 census, about 149,000 people, (3.7% of the population) said that they could have a conversation in Māori about a lot of everyday things.

The language can be seen everywhere throughout New Zealand, as many of the placenames are Māori, such as Whangarei, Rotorua, and Timaru. Lots of government or city buildings use te reo on their signs as well as English, and most of the public schools have a Māori name as well as an English one. Some Māori people living in Australia also speak the language.

Te Reo Māori did not have a writing system until the Europeans arrived. In 1817, a Ngāpuhi chief, Tītori, and his relative Tui worked with Professor Samuel Lee and prepared a writing system for te reo.

References

Polynesian languages
Languages of Oceania
Movie criticism

Movie criticism is the evaluation of a movie. People who write their opinions about movies in newspapers and magazines or talk about movies on television, the Internet or on radio shows are called movie critics. Some movie critics also write books about movies and the history of movies.

Training
Some movie critics studied movie or movie history in a university before becoming a movie critic. Other movie critics are people who have experience making movies, for example as a movie director or screenwriter. Some movie critics studied other subjects in university that are related to movie, such as English Literature or theatre.

Related occupations
 Movie theorists study the way stories are told in movies, and examine how movie directors, screenwriters, and cinematographers use images and sounds on the movie screen. Movie theorists usually work in universities, in movie studies or media departments. Some movie theorists, such as Francois Truffaut are also involved in other movie-related jobs, such as being a movie critic and a director.
 Movie historians study the history of different aspects of movie production and distribution.
 Television critics write their opinions about television shows in newspapers and magazines or talk about television shows on television or on radio shows. Some television critics also write books about television and the history of television shows. Movie critics Roger Ebert and Gene Siskel once hosted a successful movie review show called At the Movies. 
 Television scholars study the impact of television shows on culture.

Awards
Roger Ebert became the first movie critic to win a Pulitzer Prize. After his win, many other critics were awarded with this honor.

Notable movie critics

 Roger Ebert
 Gene Siskel
 Gene Shalit
 A. O. Scott
 Kenneth Turan
 Steven Rea
 Anthony Lane
 Peter Travers
 David Denby 
 Rex Reed
 Joe Morgenstern
 Joe Siegel
 Andrew Sarris 
 Vincent Canby
 Michael Phillips
 Jonathan Rosenbaum
 Colin Covert
 Leonard Maltin
 Richard Roeper
 Armond White

 
Movie occupations
McCarthyism

McCarthyism is the term describing a period of intense anti-Communist suspicion in the United States which began during the start of the Cold War, that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the mid to late 1950s. The term gets its name from U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy, a Republican of Wisconsin. The period of McCarthyism is also referred to as the Second Red Scare (The First Red Scare happened after the Bolshevik October Revolution of 1917, that lasted from the late 1910s to the late 1920s). It happened at the same times as increased fears of Communist influence on American institutions, espionage by Soviet agents such as the Rosenbergs, heightened tension from Soviet control over Central and Eastern Europe, the success of the Chinese Communist Revolution (1949) and the Korean War (1950-1953). There is a play called 'The Crucible' which is about the beginning of the Salem Witch Trials, but also about McCarthy.

20th century in the United States
Political movements
Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea is a disease. It is transmitted by having sex. It is among the most widespread sexually transmitted diseases.  Gonorrhea is also sometimes called "the clap."  Gonorrhea can be cured using antibiotics but the entire course of antibiotics must be used.  

Its presence was found up to 700 years ago. At that time, this disease was described by coming from the "Le Clapiers" part of the city of Paris. This part of the city was known to be where prostitutes lived.

Cleanup 
It is caused by a bacterium, Neisseria gonorrheae. Since it is caused by a bacterium, it can be treated with antibiotics. The use of latex condoms when having sex can prevent it from spreading. Sometimes antibiotics do not cure gonorrhea. This is because the bacterium is becoming immune or resistant to the medicine. When this happens, the infection is more difficult to cure.

References

Sexually transmitted diseases
Diseases caused by bacteria
Cichlid

Cichlids (pronounced 'sick-lids') are fishes from the family Cichlidae, in the order Cichliformes.

It is a very large family of fish made up of more than 2500 species.
Cichlids come in many different sizes, from 2.5 centimeters to almost a meter long. All cichlids have some form of parental care for their eggs and fry. That parental care may come in the form of guarding the eggs and fry or it may come in the form of mouthbrooding. Cichlids are famous for their speciation in East African lakes.

References 

Teleosts
Pavo (bird)

The Asiatic peafowl is a kind of bird.  They are the genus Pavo from the Phasianidae family. They originate from Southeast Asia.

 Genus Pavo
 Blue peafowl or Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus): originally from India, and Pakistan. In Pakistan, it is the provincial/regional bird of the province of the Punjab
 Green peafowl (Pavo muticus): was very widespread in southeast Asia, including northern Myanmar and southern China, Laos, Thailand,  Vietnam, Cambodia, peninsular Malaysia and the islands of Java. Habitat destruction and hunting have reduced its range.

The male is called a peacock, the female a peahen.

The males are very colorful, and they have very long train feathers (or tail feathers), which they can move up like a fan. Females are less colorful, and do not have the long train-feathers. Both the male and the female have a little "crown" of feathers on their head.
Males show their train feathers to court a female peafowl, or to scare other animals away by making them afraid.

Peafowl are omnivorous and eat plant parts, flower petals, seeds, insects, and small vertebrates, like reptiles and amphibians.

Phasianidae
Birds of Asia
Reading, Berkshire

Reading (pronounced: "Redding") is a large town in Berkshire in England. It is the largest settlement in Berkshire. It is home to about 230,000 people. Reading is found in South East England, between London and Bristol. The River Thames goes through the town. Reading replaced Abingdon as the county town of Berkshire in 1867.

History 
There is a large statue of a lion in Forbury Gardens, and local legend has it that the sculptor killed himself by jumping off the top because he had sculpted the legs wrong. The lion is a memorial to soldiers from Berkshire who were killed in Maiwand, (Afghanistan) in a war in 1880.

Reading is the home of a school which used to be a Hospital in World War I and World War II. It is named Redlands Primary School. 

Madejski stadium is home to the Reading Football Club whose nickname is "The Royals". They are also known as the "Biscuit Men". The stadium was opened on 22 August 1998. 

Reading is the largest town in England. Of course, there are larger cities in England but Reading has not been granted city status and it doesn't have a cathedral. Also, Reading is home to the Oracle, a huge shopping centre and a large university named University of Reading.  

Reading began life as a Saxon Settlement. Reading was originally called Reada Ingas, which means people of Reada. Reada was a Saxon leader in the area with his tribe in the 6th century.    

The Normans built a  wooden castle in Reading. It was later replaced by a stone castle. The king then demolished the castle in 1152 fearing it might come into the hands of his enemies.    

Reading was an important centre in the medieval period, as the site of Reading Abbey, a monastery with strong royal connections    

The Huntley and Palmer's biscuit factory was the biggest in the world in 1914 and one factory was built on Kings Road by George Palmer in 1846.  

"The Blade" in central Reading is the tallest building in Reading. It is 86 metres tall. It is visible from many places in the town.  

Palmer Park was founded by George Palmer and it has a statue of George Palmer in it. Palmer Park was built for his workers to rest and people still enjoy using the park today.   

There is a very famous hospital called The Royal Berkshire Hospital. It was opened in 1839.  

Lots of schools in Reading took part in "Beat The Street" in 2015.

Notable people 
TV presenter Chris Tarrant (Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?) and comedian Ricky Gervais are from Reading, and also actress Kate Winslet, who has a road named after her. Musician Mike Oldfield is also from Reading. Tony Sullivan (local legend) is also a resident in the town. The town has two universities and is famous for its rock festival. Reading is home to Championship football and rugby teams.

Related pages
 Reading railway station
 Great Western Railway

References

Other websites

County towns in England
Towns in Berkshire
Unitary authorities