alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
The Price is Right

The Price is Right is a USA game show on  CBS. The current version started in 1972, and was hosted by Bob Barker for a long time. However, in 2006, Bob Barker announced that he would leave the show. His last episode aired in June 2007. Comedian Drew Carey is now the host; his first episode aired in October 2007.

In this game, a person uses his shopping skills to correctly guess the price of different products, like in a market. Some products are simple household items, like toothpaste and vitamins. Other items are more expensive products, like furniture and cars. After the third and sixth games, the "Showcase Showdown" is played. The three players who got on stage in both halves of the show spin a wheel. They get two spins of the wheel. They have to be closest to $1.00 without going over. The person with the highest total moves on to the Showcase at the end of the show. If a player gets $1.00, they win $1,000 and get another spin. If they hit the $1.00 space on that spin, they win another $25,000. If they hit the 5¢ or 15¢ space, they win another $10,000. In the Showcase, the winners of the two Showcase Showdown games are shown prize packages. They make a bid on them, and whoever comes closest to the price of their showcase without going over wins it. If they are $250 or less from the price of their showcase, they win both showcases. If someone's bid was higher than the price of the real price, that person went over, and was disqualified from winning in that round.

From 1956 - 1963, the show aired on NBC and was hosted by Bill Cullen. From 1963 - 1965, the show aired on ABC and was also hosted by Bill Cullen.

Three nighttime syndicated versions of the show aired. The first one aired from 1972 to 1980. Until 1977, it was hosted by Dennis James. For the rest of its run, it was hosted by Bob Barker. From 1985 - 1986, another nighttime version of the show, named The Nighttime Price Is Right, was made and was hosted by Tom Kennedy. A third nighttime version, The New Price Is Right, was made from 1994 - 1995 and was hosted by Doug Davidson. Also special million dollar prime-time episodes where people could play different versions of games for $1,000,000 were made due to CBS shows being canceled.

Television game shows
CBS network shows
NBC network shows
First run syndicated television programs
Monophthong

A monophthong (pronounced "Mono-F-thong") is simply a vowel. The word monophthong comes from the old Greek language. Mono means one or single, and the -phthong means sound or tone, from the basic word phthalein, which means to speak, create sound with the voice. The word monophthong shows that a vowel is spoken with exactly one tone and one mouth position. For example, when you say "teeth", then while you are creating the sound of the "ee", nothing changes for that sound.

A monophthong can be a lexeme of a language and as such it can as well be a syllable. There is no shorter syllable than a single monophthong.

Related pages
 Diphthong

Vowels
Kalua

Kalua is a Hawaiian cooking method. The word "kalua" means "to cook in an underground oven" in Hawaiian. The oven is a hole in the ground called an imu. Kalua is most often used to cook pig. Kalua pig is a popular food at luaus.

Ancient Hawaiians used rocks from rivers to cook pig. They heated the rocks in the imu and the pig cooked with steam. They covered the pig with banana leaves, ti leaves, old mats and then dirt to keep the heat inside. This produced a unique taste that cannot be reproduced.

People today  kalua pig in the same way that ancient Hawaiians did.  Kalua pig is still served at luaus.

Other websites 
Hawaiian Luau: No-Imu Kalua Pig  - Emeril Legasse's recipe for kalua pig.

Culture of Hawaii
Cooking methods
Ornithology

Ornithology is the study of birds. A person who studies birds is called an ornithologist.

Aspects
Several aspects of ornithology differ from other disciplines, because they are easy to see and are often attractive. Many studies of birds have been done by amateurs working in a scientific manner.

History
Konrad Gesner wrote his Vogelbuch and Icones avium omnium around 1557. Later, England developed a tradition of ornithology. Francis Willughby, John Ray, Gilbert White, John Gould (who studied the birds of Australia) and Peter Scott are good examples.

What ornithologists do
Ornithologists typically trap birds for a closer look at them. This does not hurt the bird. Trapping birds can be done with in different ways, depending on the type of bird. For example, mist nets cause birds that fly into them to fall into a small pocket where the ornithologist can come back later and take a closer look.

After the bird has been caught, the ornithologist will usually inspect (take a close look at) the bird. They may also attach a small ring to the bird's leg before releasing the bird. The ring allows ornithologists to study the bird's migration patterns, how long they live, and other information about the bird's species.

References

 
Branches of zoology
Rod Stewart

Sir Roderick David Stewart,  (born 10 January 1945) is a British pop singer, known professionally as Rod Stewart. He was born in London to an English mother and Scottish father. When he started singing in the 1960s, he was player for Brentford F.C., a football team. He started singing in local R&B groups, in the 1970s he began a solo career which made him very famous.

References

1945 births
English rock singers
English singer-songwriters
Living people
Singers from London
Warner Bros. Records artists
The Specials

The Specials were an English new wave/ska band. They were originally from Coventry, England and formed in 1977. They were part of the ska revival in Britain in the late 1970s and early 1980s. 

During the ska revival, bands began playing 1960s-style Jamaican ska music. The Specials often mixed other popular music styles from the 1970s and 1980s into their music, such as punk rock.

1977 establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
Entertainers from Coventry
English musical groups
Musical groups established in 1977

New wave bands
Organisations based in Coventry‎
KC and the Sunshine Band

KC and the Sunshine Band was a disco group, that was popular in the 1970s. They formed in Miami in 1973.
Hits are "That's the Way (I Like It)", "(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty", "Give It Up", "Get Down Tonight", and "Please Don't Go".

Album discography 
 Do It Good (1974)
 KC and the Sunshine Band (1975) US #4, UK #26
 The Sound of Sunshine (1975) US #131
 Part 3 (1976) US #13
 Who Do Ya Love (1978) US #36
 Do You Wanna Go Party (1979) US #50
 Space Cadet (1981)
 The Painter (1981)
 All in a Night's Work (1982)
 KC Ten (1983) US #93
 Oh Yeah! (1993)
 I'll Be There For You (2001)
 Yummy (2007)

Other websites 
 Official Website (includes lyrics)

American pop music groups
American R&B bands
Disco groups
Funk bands
Musical groups from Miami
Musical groups established in 1973
1973 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Florida
Musical groups disestablished in 1983
1983 disestablishments in the United States
20th-century disestablishments in Florida
Musical groups established in 1993
1993 establishments in Florida
Roberta Flack

Roberta Cleopatra Flack (born February 10, 1937) is a retired American singer. She was born in Black Mountain, North Carolina. She has released nineteen studio albums. She has had three number one singles. "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" was her first number one. It won the 1973 Grammy Record of the Year. In 1974 Flack performed "When I Grow Up" with Michael Jackson. In 1999 a star was put in the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her.

Early life
Roberta Flack was born in Black Mountain, North Carolina. She was raised in Virginia. Howard University gave her a music scholarship because she was good at playing piano. When she was fifteen she became a student there.

Career

Flack released her first album First Take in 1969. The album went to number one in the US album chart. It was her most successful album. In 1970 Flack's second album Chapter Two was released. It was less successful. In 1972 Roberta Flack & Donny Hathaway was released. In 1973 Killing Me Softly was released. In 1980 Flack's second album with Donny Hathaway was released.

Retirement
On November 14, 2022, it was announced by a spokesperson that Flack had been diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and had retired from singing, due to the disease making it "impossible to sing", according to her spokesperson.

References

1937 births
Living people
African American musicians
American R&B singers
American R&B musicians
American soul singers
American soul musicians
American jazz singers
American jazz musicians
American blues singers
American blues musicians
American singer-songwriters
Grammy Award winners
Singers from North Carolina
Arad, Romania

Arad (pronunciation in Romanian: ; Hungarian: Arad; Serbian: Арад, Arad) is the capital city of Arad County, in the western part of Romania, in Crişana, Ardeal.  It is found on the Mureş River.

Twinnings

Sister cities 
  Atlit, Israel
  Fushun, China
  Gyula, Hungary
  Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
  Giv'atayim, Israel
  Pécs, Hungary

Partner cities 
  Kirklees, United Kingdom
  Ditzingen, Germany
  Würzburg, Germany
  Trencin, Slovakia
  Tatabánya, Hungary
  Zrenjanin, Serbia

References

County capitals of Romania
Municipalities of Romania
Cities in Romania
Pianist

A pianist is a person who plays the piano.

A pianist can play music for piano alone or play together with other musicians in an ensemble or orchestra. Pianists also play along singers, solo musicians, and other performers in their leading performance.

Related pages 

 List of classical pianists

Entertainment occupations
Telephone book

A telephone book or phone book or telephone directory is a book that has lists of telephone numbers of people and businesses. People use phone books to look up the phone numbers of people and places when they need to call them. One example of a telephone book is Yellow Pages.

Other websites 
International telephone book

Telephone numbers
French dip sandwich

The French dip sandwich is a popular dish. It is a sandwich, usually on French bread, with roast beef on the inside. It comes with a special sauce called jus which is usually made with the juice and fat that came off the roast beef when they were cooking it. It was not originally from France; two restaurants in Los Angeles, California, Cole's and Philippe's, both claim to have invented it.

Related pages
 Cheesesteak

Other websites

Recipe at Wikibooks

Sandwiches
Coventry

Coventry is a city in England. Coventry is the ninth biggest city in England. It is also a metropolitan borough. It is in the West Midlands county. It used to be in Warwickshire. 

During the 19th century Coventry became a great manufacturing area, especially for bicycles. In the 20th century it made many motor cars. It also made aeroplanes. It was badly bombed in World War II. During the November 1940 bombing, the city's cathedral was destroyed. A new cathedral was built after the war.

The city has three universities. Coventry University is in the city centre. The University of Warwick is in the southwest of Coventry and  private Arden University in the southeast.

The local football team is Coventry City F.C..

Coventry was UK City of Culture in 2021. 

Coventry is located on the Birmingham loop of the West Coast Main Line. There are four railway stations, the main Coventry station and three local stations at Canley, Coventry Arena and Tile Hill.

References

Other websites 
 Coventry -Citizendium

Coventry
Billy Preston

Billy Preston (September 2, 1946 - June 5, 2006) was an American R&B musician. He is best known for his piano and organ playing.

Preston began playing piano when he was three years old. He worked with many other musicians including Aretha Franklin, Sammy Davis Jr., Quincy Jones, Eric Clapton, the Jackson 5 and the Rolling Stones.

He worked on The Beatles's last album, Let It Be, in 1969, including the song "Get Back". Many people thought that Preston would join the group, but the Beatles broke up shortly afterwards. He later worked with George Harrison, who had been a Beatle.

Preston's biggest success also came from working with another musician. He did a duet with Syreeta Garrett on "With You I'm Born Again" in 1979. It sold over a million copies and reached Number 2 in the United Kingdom singles chart.

Preston was gay. He died of respiratory failure after being in a coma from a heart infection.

References 

African American musicians
American funk musicians
American gospel musicians
American pianists
American R&B singers
American rock musicians
American soul musicians
Deaths from respiratory failure
Deaths from myocarditis
Disease-related deaths in the United States
LGBT African Americans
Gay men
LGBT musicians
Musicians from Houston
The Beatles
1946 births
2006 deaths
Mac

Mac can be:
Apple Macintosh, computer
Mackintosh, raincoat
Slang or informal for; man; son; macaroni

MAC can be:
Media Access Control (MAC), MAC address
Mid-American Conference, a sports league for universities in the United States
Hades

Hades (, Háidēs) is the king of the underworld (not to be confused with the god of the dead, Thanatos) in ancient Greek religion and myth. He is the eldest son of the Titans Kronos and Rhea and brother to Zeus, Poseidon, Hestia, Hera, Demeter and Chiron. 

As the lord of the dead, Hades was greatly feared by the Greeks, and he had few temples or shrines dedicated to him. He was married to the goddess Persephone, the daughter of Zeus and Demeter. Hades’ symbols were the cornucopia, a sceptre, the cypress, narcissus, poplar and his Helm of Darkness; the screech owl was his sacred animal. His sacred fruit was the pomegranate, the fruit that Persephone ate one- third of when she was kidnapped and in the underworld.

Hades’ Roman equivalent was Pluto, whose name is merely a Latinization of the Greek Plouton.

Other websites 

Roman gods and goddesses
Afterlife
Gods and goddesses of the underworld
Superlative

A superlative, in grammar, is an adjective describing a noun that is the best example of a given quality. In other words, a superlative describes a noun that has more of some quality than any other. 

Some examples:
the coldest day (i.e. the best example of a cold day, or the day that is colder than all the others)
the craziest man
the fluffiest cloud

In English, most superlatives can be formed by adding -EST to an existing adjective, like the examples above. (For adjectives that end in "-y", like "crazy", you often change the "y" to an "i" before you add the -EST on the end.)

Some adjectives have irregular superlative forms, which do not follow the rules, such as far ("farthest") and bad ("worst"). 

Other adjectives have no superlative form at all, and the superlative is made simply by adding the adverb "most" before the adjective. For instance, you do not say "funnest," or "interestingest". Instead, you say "most fun," and "most interesting." 
This way of making the superlative is used for almost all adjectives ending in "ing" (like "interesting", "fascinating", "disgusting" or "appealing".)

Parts of speech
Grammar
Learning disability

Learning disabilities, also called learning difficulties, are conditions that make it difficult to learn and understand things in the same way others do. Some people with learning difficulties also find it hard to fit in with other people because there are many things that people must know to live in society that are not easy to learn.

Learning difficulties can be things that people can learn to live with on their own, like dyslexia (a difficulty with reading) and dysgraphia (a difficulty with writing). They can also be big things that mean a person needs more help (like autism). People with learning disabilities may have average intelligence. Learning disabilities are not the same as mental illnesses. They may be able to deal with their difficulties by doing things in different ways.

There are many conditions or situations which make it difficult for a person to learn, but they are not all called "learning difficulties". Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is not a learning disability, but it may affect how a person learns. Another example is deafness or blindness.

Related pages
Down's syndrome
Intellectual disability
Neurodiversity

References

Disability
Learning
Wheelbarrow

A wheelbarrow is a kind of vehicle that is built to be pushed around with a load inside it. It is usually used in gardens.

Most wheelbarrows have one wheel, but some have two.
Wheelbarrows are used to carry heavy stuff which some people cannot carry.

Gardening tools
Cold

Cold is a relative term used in comparison with the adjective warm (opposite of cold). Because it is relative, there is no range in coldness. The temperatures in the winter season are often categorized as being cold. Cold is the opposite of hot.  

The coldest possible temperature is −273.15 °C, which can be expressed as −459.67 °F on the Fahrenheit scale. This is called absolute zero. Absolute zero is also 0 K on the Kelvin scale and 0 °R on the Rankine scale

Cooling
Cooling is when an object gets cold, or lowers in temperature. This can happen by taking away heat, or by putting something in a place with a lower temperature. Fluids used to cool objects are called coolants.

Air cooling is making the temperature of an object lower using air. This will only work if the air is at a lower temperature than the object. The process will work better if there is more surface area on the object or if the item's mass can be made smaller.

Other ways to cool objects include using ice, dry ice, or liquid nitrogen. This works by convection; the heat  is taken from the relatively warm object to the relatively cold coolant.

Cold  locations and objects
The Boomerang Nebula is the coldest known place in the universe. Scientists believe the temperature is 1 K (kelvin) (−272.15 °C/−457.87 °F). 
 Herschel Space Observatory equipment is kept at temperatures below 2 K, using  a large helium tank for cooling.
 Neptune's moon Triton has a surface temperature of −235 °C (−390  °F).
Uranus has an atmospheric temperature  of −215 °C (−355 °F).
Saturn has a temperature of −175 °C (−285 °F) at cloud tops.
Mercury, even though it is close to the Sun, is actually cold during the  night. It has a temperature of about −170 °C (−275 °F). Mercury is cold at night because it has no atmosphere to trap in heat from the Sun.
Jupiter has a temperature of −145 °C (−230 °F) at the cloud tops.
Mars has a temperature of about −125 °C (−195 °F).
The coldest continent on Earth is Antarctica.  The coldest place on Earth is the Antarctic Plateau, an area of Antarctica around the South Pole that has an altitude of around 3000 meters. The lowest measured temperature on Earth, , was recorded at Vostok Station on 21 July 1983.

References

Basic English 850 words
Electrical conductivity

Electrical conductivity is the measure of a material's ability to allow the transport of an electric charge. Its SI is the siemens per meter, (A2s3m−3kg−1)  (named after Werner von Siemens) or, more simply,  Sm−1. 

It is the ratio of the current density to the electric field strength. It is equivalent to the electrical conductance measured between opposite faces of a 1-metre cube of the material under test. 

The symbol for electrical conductivity is κ (kappa), and also σ (sigma) or γ (gamma).

Electrical conductance is an electrical phenomenon where a material contains movable particles with electric charge (such as electrons), which can carry electricity. When a difference of electrical potential is placed across a conductor, its electrons flow, and an electric current appears.

A conductor such as a metal has high conductivity, and an insulator like glass or a vacuum has low conductivity. A semiconductor has a conductivity that varies widely under different conditions.

Electrical conductivity is the reciprocal (or inverse) of electrical resistivity.

Electricity
Materials science
Pierre Omidyar

Pierre Omidyar (born June 21, 1967) created and is now the chairman of eBay. He was born in Paris, France to a French-Iranian family. Born in Paris, France, brought up by Iranian parents, Omidyar moved to the United States at the age of six. He grew up in Washington D.C. and developed an interest in computing while still at St. Andrew’s Episcopal School in Bethesda, Maryland. He graduated high school in 1984. In 1988 he graduated in computer science from Tufts University. He helped write MacDraw in 1989 for Claris, a part of Apple Computer. Two years later he co-founded Ink Development (later renamed eShop). He was 28 when he wrote the original computer code for what eventually became e-Bay. The site was launched on Labor Day, Monday, September 4 1995, under the more basic name “Auction Web.”

References

1967 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Paris
Caribert of Laon

Caribert of Laon, son of Martin of Laon, was the grandfather of Charlemagne. He was the father of Charles's mother, Bertrada of Laon. In 721, he signed, with his mother Bertrada of Prüm, the foundation act of the Abbey of Prüm. The same year, also with his mother, he made a donation to the Abbey of Echternach. In 744, his daughter Bertrada of Laon (by Bertrada of Cologne) married Pepin the Short, mayor of the palace of Neustria and Burgundy and later king of the Franks. He died before 762.

French nobility
7th-century births
760s deaths
Laon
First Lady of the United States

First Lady of the United States (FLOTUS) is the title and role held by hostess of the White House and usually the wife of the president of the United States, during the president's term in office.

Jill Biden is the current first lady of the United States, in role since January 2021 as the wife of President Joe Biden.

Origins and role 
The first lady is not elected by the people of the United States. There are no official jobs she is officially required to perform and she is not paid for being the first lady, but she is often involved in political campaigns, managements of the White House, participating in social causes and representing the president at official and ceremonial occasions and accompanying the president on foreign summits and events.

Office of the First Lady 
The Office of the First Lady of the United States helps the first lady carry out her duties as the official hostess of the White House, and is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the White House.

The first lady has her own staff that includes a chief of staff, press secretary, White House Social Secretary, and Chief Floral Designer. The Office of the First Lady is located in the East Wing of the White House.

Causes and Initiatives 
Since the 1920s, many first ladies have become public speakers, to promote public initiatives. A staff supports her agenda.
 Eleanor Roosevelt; Women's rights, civil rights, and humanitarian efforts
 Jacqueline Kennedy; White House restoration and the Arts
 Lady Bird Johnson; Environmental protection and Beautification
 Pat Nixon; Philanthropy
 Betty Ford; Women's rights, Substance abuse
 Rosalynn Carter; Mental health
 Nancy Reagan; Just Say No, drug awareness
 Barbara Bush; Childhood literacy
 Hillary Clinton; Healthcare in the United States
 Laura Bush; Childhood literacy
 Michelle Obama; Let's Move!; reducing childhood obesity & Let Girls Learn; increasing education for girls
 Melania Trump; Be Best; cyberbullying awareness
 Jill Biden; Joining Forces; supporting military families and veterans

Fashion influence 
Some first ladies have had an inspirational fashion style such as Martha Washington, Abigail Adams, Dolley Madison, Elizabeth Monroe, Mary Todd Lincoln, Grace Coolidge, Eleanor Roosevelt, Mamie Eisenhower, Jacqueline Kennedy, Lady Bird Johnson, Pat Nixon, Betty Ford, Nancy Reagan, Barbara Bush, Hillary Clinton, Laura Bush, Michelle Obama, Melania Trump, and Jill Biden.

List of living former first ladies of the United States
As of 2023, there are five living former first ladies.

List of first ladies of the United States

References 

Politics of the United States
Korean language

The Korean language is spoken mainly in North and South Korea. It is spoken by more than 78 million people (most are North or South Koreans).

In South Korea, it is called hangukmal (한국말) or hangugeo (Hangeul: 한국어, Hanja: 韓國語). In North Korea, however, it is called choseonmal (조선말) or choseoneo (조선어, 朝鮮語). They are named differently because the common names for North and South Korea are different. Additionally, Koreans usually call their language urimal (Hangeul: 우리말) or urinara mal (Hangeul: 우리나라 말), meaning "our language" or "our country's language."

Writing 
Korean uses two different writing systems. One is Hangul, the main alphabet. In North Korea, only Hangeul (Known as Choseongeul in North Korea) is used by law. In South Korea, only Hangeul is used in most public areas like education, but the other system, Hanja, is still used in some newspapers and professional areas. Hanja is the system of Chinese characters that are used in Korean. It was the only way to write Korean before the creation of Hangeul in the 15th century, and it was common in novels before the 19th century.

Although King Sejong the Great led the development of Hangeul to allow literacy to spread among common people and to create a writing system that represented the language more accurately than Hanja, it was not adopted by the upper classes of Koreans. Hanja would continue to be the official writing system until the late 19th century. Although it was rejected by the elite classes, Hangeul was used often by lower classes as a way to write down Korean literature and for lower classes to communicate.

References

 
Language isolates
Hand

A hand is the part of the body at the end of an arm. Most humans have two hands. Each hand usually has four fingers and a thumb. On the inside of the hand is the palm. The five bones inside this part of the hand are called metacarpals. The wrist connects the hand to the arm. The hand has 27 bones including the wrist bones.

When the fingers are all bent tightly, the hand forms a fist. The joints that are the hardest part of the fist are called knuckles. Many other animals, especially other primates, have hands that can hold things. Human hands can do things other hands cannot.

Related pages 
 Foot

Other websites 

Hand anatomy (eMedicine)

Basic English 850 words
Limbs and extremities
1910s

The 1910s was a decade in the Anno Domini and Common Era in the Gregorian calendar. It began on January 1, 1910 and ended on December 31, 1919. It is distinct from the decade known as the 192nd decade which began on January 1, 1911 and ended on December 31, 1920.

Events 
 Balkan Wars
 Mexican Revolution
 1911-12: The Republic of China overthrew the Qing Dynsty.
 1912: The ship RMS Titanic strikes an iceberg in the North Atlantic, and sinks on its first voyage.
 1912: Olympic Games held in Stockholm, Sweden.
 1914–1918: World War I 15,000,000 people die
 1917: The October revolution in Russia. Communists get rid of the king (Tsar)
 1918–1919: Influenza (the spanish flu) spreads through Europe killing 25,000,000 to 50,000,000 people.

World leaders 

 Prime Minister Andrew Fisher (Australia)
 Prime Minister Joseph Cook (Australia)
 Prime Minister Billy Hughes (Australia)
 Emperor Franz Joseph I (Austria-Hungary)
 Emperor Karl (Austria-Hungary)
 Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden (Canada)
 Emperor Henry Pu Yi of the Qing Dynasty (China)
 Sun Yat-sen, President of the Republic of China
 Yuan Shikai, President of the Republic of China and briefly Emperor.
 Xu Shichang, President of the Republic of China
 Emperor Wilhelm II (German Empire)
 Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (German Empire)
 King Victor Emmanuel III (Italy)
 Pope Pius X
 Pope Benedict XV
 Sultan Vahidettin (Ottoman Empire)
 Ahmad Shah Qajar of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
 Emperor Nicholas II (Russia)
 Vladimir Lenin (Soviet Union)
 King Alfonso XIII (Spain)
 Prime Minister José Canalejas (Spain)
 Prime Minister Eduardo Dato Iradier (Spain)
 King George V (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister H. H. Asquith (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister David Lloyd George (United Kingdom)
 President William Howard Taft (United States)
 President Woodrow Wilson (United States)

Births 
 1911 – Ronald Reagan
 1912 – Alan Turing
 1912 – John Cage
 1912 – Pope John Paul I
 1913 – Richard Nixon
 1913 – Gerald Ford
 1914 – Richard Widmark
 1916 – Gregory Peck
 1918 – Nelson Mandela, South African prisoner of conscience and president
 1918 – Paul Harvey, American radio host
 1919 – Eva Perón

Deaths 
 1914 – Adlai E. Stevenson, American politician
 1914 – John Philip Holland, early submarine designer
 1919 – Emiliano Zapata
William Christopher

William Christopher (October 20, 1932 – December 31, 2016) was an American actor. He was best known for playing Father Mulcahy on the television series M*A*S*H. He also played Private Lester Hummel on Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. 

Christopher was born in Evanston, Illinois. He studied at Wesleyan University. His wife was Barbara O'Connor; together they wrote a book, Mixed Blessings, about their experiences raising their autistic son. He retired in 2012.

Christopher died on December 31, 2016 in Pasadena, California from small-cell carcinoma, aged 84.

References

Other websites

1932 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Writers from Evanston, Illinois
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles County, California
Actors from Evanston, Illinois
Boxer shorts

Boxer shorts are men's underwear. They are shorts with a stretchy band, and named after the shorts worn by boxers.

They were first made in the 1930s, but did not become popular until 1947. These days, briefs (Y-fronts) are sold more than boxer shorts.

Some boxer shorts have openings with a snap button for using the toilet (urinating). Others just have an elastic waistband and can be pulled on or off like briefs. They can be made in different colors or patterns.  Television displays more men in boxer shorts than in other underwear.
 
Underwear
Bottoms (clothing)
Compact disc player

A CD player is a device that can read the binary data on a CD (compact disc) and turn that into sound waves.

A CD player has a laser and an optical sensor.  A CD has tracks and bumps on the tracks.  The CD player passes a laser beam along the track of the CD.  The areas that are reflected (without the bumps) are 1s to the player and the areas that are reflected (with the bumps) are 0s to the player.  When the 1's and 0's are added to the CD a complicated coding is used that enables error corrections to prevent the CD "skipping" in the event of a small scratch. The CD player converts the series of 1's and 0's into sound waves by sending a varying voltage into an amplifier which then drives a speaker. The conversion of digital data into an analogue signal is achieved through the use a matrix(maths not the movie), imaginary numbers and trigonometric functions.

Music technology
Audio technology
Fluid dynamics

Fluid Dynamics talks about how fluids (liquids and gases) work. It is one of the oldest parts of the study of Physics, and is studied by physicists, mathematicians, and engineers. Mathematics can describe how fluids move using mathematical formulas called equations. The fluid dynamics of gases are called aerodynamics.

Understanding how fluids behave helps us understand things like flight or ocean currents. For example, fluid dynamics can be used to understand weather, because clouds and air are both fluids. Fluid dynamics can also be used to understand how aeroplanes fly through the air or how ships and submarines move through water.

Computer programs can use the mathematical equations of fluid dynamics to model and predict the actions of moving fluids. Computers have helped us understand fluid dynamics very much, and some people study how to model or simulate fluids only with a computer. Studying how fluid dynamics can be done with computers is called computational fluid dynamics (or CFD for short).

Important equations in fluid dynamics 
The mathematical equations that govern fluid flow are simple to think about but very hard to solve. In most real life cases there is no way to get a solution that can be written down and a computer must be used to calculate the answer instead. There are three fundamental equations based on three rules.

Conservation of mass: mass is neither created nor destroyed, it simply moves from one place to another. This gives the mass conservation equation. Sometimes this may not apply such as a flow involving a chemical reaction.

Conservation of energy: this is the first law of thermodynamics, energy is never created or destroyed, it just changes form (i.e. kinetic energy into potential energy) or moves around.

Conservation of momentum: this is Newton's Second Law and it states that Force = rate of change of momentum. Momentum is mass times velocity. The momentum equations are the equations that make it hard to solve problems in fluid dynamics. There are a number of different versions that include a number of different effects. The Navier-Stokes equations are momentum equations, and the Euler equations are the Navier-Stokes equations but with viscosity not included. There is one momentum equation in a 1D problem and three, one in each space direction, in 3D.

To solve the equations more information is often needed in the form of an equation of state. This relates thermodynamic properties (usually pressure and temperature) to each other for a specific type of fluid. An example is the "Ideal Gas" equation of state that relates pressure, temperature and density and works well for gases under normal pressures (like air at atmospheric pressure).

 Poiseuille's Equation
 Bernoulli's Theorem
 Navier-Stokes Equations

Related pages 
Fluid mechanics
Superfluidity

Fluid mechanics
MSN

MSN (formerly the Microsoft Network), is a web portal (a website used to enter the Internet).

Web portal 
The web portal launched on August 24 1995 by Microsoft. The site was launched at around the same time as Windows 95. Through MSN, people can create an e-mail account using MSN Hotmail, a blog using MSN Spaces, a group using MSN Groups and plenty more. It is now the #2 visited site in the world behind Yahoo!. Many people have come across this site in one way or another because it is the default main page of Internet Explorer.

MSN Messenger 
MSN is also the name for MSN Messenger (now called Windows Live Messenger). It is an instant messenger, which allows people to communicate through conversations over an internet connection. As well as conversations using text, this program also allows voice and video conversations. You can even use small emoticons to express what you are trying to say. Messages are sent and received very quickly from around the globe. Its current messenger client is Windows Live Messenger.

MSN Hotmail 

Hotmail is a free email service from MSN. It started in 1995. It was bought by Microsoft in 1997. Microsoft Hotmail accounts are used to log in to MSN Messenger.

Other websites 
MSN.com
Hotmail.com

Microsoft websites
American internet service providers
Websites
Reed (instrument)

A reed is a piece of dry bamboo that is used in some musical instruments such as saxophones, clarinets and oboes.  The musician blows air through the mouthpiece where the reed is firmly placed, and the air makes the reed vibrate; this vibration in the mouthpiece produces sound all along the instrument, which is changed into specific musical notes depending on the physical nature of the instrument.

Musical instruments that use reeds are members of the woodwind family, because many years ago the instruments were all made of wood.  Today the instruments can be made of metal (brass, silver, gold), wood, or a hard plastic made to look like wood.

The bassoon family of instruments and the oboe family of instruments play with a double reed. Players play through blowing air through the double reed, making the reeds vibrate. A mouthpiece is not needed.

Other reeds can be made from metal or plastic.

Musical instrument construction
Woodwind instruments
1790

1790 was a common year.

Events 
 January 15 – Pitcairn Islands settled by mutineers from HMS Bounty
 January 23 – HMS Bounty burned and destroyed on Pitcairn Island

Deaths 
 July 17 – Adam Smith
Nuuk

Nuuk (Danish: Godthaab or Godthåb) is the capital of Greenland. It is around the mouth of island Nuup Kangerlua (Danish: "Godthåbsfjorden") on the west coast of Greenland, about 240 km (150 mi) south of the Arctic Circle. The city has a population of 17,635 people.

It was founded in 1728 by the Norwegian missionary Hans Egede. Egede named the city Godthåb which means Good Hope. Today, the people of Nuuk are mainly Inuit and Danes.

Nuuk is the location of the University of Greenland.

References

National capitals in North America
Settlements in Greenland
Lumberjack

A lumberjack is a person who cuts down trees to be made into lumber. Lumberjacks used to cut with axes, but now lumberjacks use chainsaws.

Related pages
Paul Bunyan

Forestry
Industrial occupations
Red Hat Linux

Red Hat Linux is a discontinued Linux operating system, replaced by RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux).

Red Hat made it public in the past and it was used by many Linux users. The last publicly released version was Red Hat Linux 9 in April, 2003. Red Hat then decided to discontinue a future release of Red Hat Linux and started the paid Red Hat Enterprise Linux instead. There are some redistributions of RHEL, though such as CentOS which are free and come without Red Hat's branding, logos etc. due to trademark restrictions.

Red Hat Linux 7.3 version is still widely used around the world for servers and workstations.

Around 2005, The Red Hat company released their system as Fedora Core, intended to be a test platform for new technologies. It is now called just 'Fedora' and its present release acts as a base for the next release of RHEL.

Related pages
 List of Linux distributions

Other websites 
 Official homepage of Red Hat

Linux distributions
Red Hat
Sacavém

Sacavém is a city in Portugal, near the capital Lisbon. There is about eighteen hundred people living there. Sacavém is on the border of the River Tagus. It confines with the parishes of Bobadela, Camarate, Moscavide, Portela, Prior Velho and Unhos. 

Sacavém is very well known for its ceramics.

Cities in Portugal
Shooter

A shooter is a kind of video game. The aim of the game is to beat enemies by shooting (or otherwise killing) them. The enemies shoot back.  

Many of the oldest computer games were shooters; the first video game ever made was a shooter called Computer Space.  And one of the first games that many people played was a shooter called Space Invaders.  

There are lots of different kinds of shooter.  Now many people like first-person shooters.  But there are other kinds too.  In Japan many people play shooters where the enemies fire lots of bullets.  The bullets make beautiful patterns on the screen.  This kind of shooter is called a barrage shooter, bullet hell game or a curtain fire shooter.  It is also called by the Japanese name, danmaku. One of these games is Touhou. Another that combines bullet hell elements with an RPG is Undertale.

 
Types of video games
Video game genres
The Thinker

The Thinker () (1902) is a bronze statue. It was made by the sculptor Auguste Rodin. It depicts a man sitting and thinking with his arms bent on his knee and his chin on his hand. Rodin first called the statue The Poet. It was part of a commission by the Museum of Decorative Arts in Paris to create a huge gate based on the epic poem The Divine Comedy of Dante. Each of the statues in the piece represented one of the main characters in the poem. The Thinker was originally meant to depict Dante himself in front of the Gates of Hell considering his great poem.  Over twenty casts of the sculpture exist. They are now in museums around the world. Some of those copies are enlarged versions of the original work, while others have somewhat different proportions.

Other websites 
 The Thinker project , Munich. Discussion of the history of the many casts of this artwork.

Statues
1902 works
Nazko Cone

Nazko Cone is a small volcano in central British Columbia, Canada. It is approximately 75 km west of the town of Quesnel. It is in the eastern part of the Anahim Volcanic Belt. The most recent eruption of Nazko Cone was 7200 years ago.

A series of small earthquakes occurred in the area of Nazko Cone beginning on October 10, 2007. Most of these earthquakes were magnitude 1.0 or less; some as strong as magnitude 3.2 were centered 25 kilometers below the surface. The cause of these earthquakes is believed to be the rising of molten magma because there are no faults or tectonic plate boundaries. The source of this magma is from the Anahim hotspot and continues to this day.

Volcanoes of British Columbia
Anahim Volcanic Belt

The Anahim Volcanic Belt is a nearly east–west line of volcanoes stretches from the west coast of British Columbia, Canada, just north of Vancouver Island, and reaches into the Interior Plateau near Quesnel. The farther away from the coast, the younger the volcanoes tend to be. These volcanoes are thought to have formed because of the North American continent sliding westward over the Anahim hotspot. Volcanoes in this belt include the Rainbow, Ilgachuz, and Itcha Ranges, and the Nazko Cone, which last erupted about 7200 years ago.

Volcanoes of British Columbia
Chilcotin Group

Chilcotin Plateau basalts cover a large area in British Columbia. Basaltic lava formed a volcanic plateau running parallel with the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, about 150 km from the ocean. 

During the Miocene and Pliocene, a volcanic field occurred in British Columbia's Interior Plateau. The basalt is assumed to cover up to 50,000 km2 of the Pacific Northwest. It forms a medium-sized large igneous province, of volume 3300 km3.  

Volcanism still continues from time to time. Eruptions were most vigorous 610 million years ago (mya) and 23 mya, when most of the basalt was released. Smaller eruptions continued from 1.6 mya to 0.01 mya.

References 

Volcanoes of British Columbia
Igneous rocks
Garibaldi Volcanic Belt

The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt is the northern part of the Cascade Volcanic Belt. It is in British Columbia and the northwestern United States. Its volcanos are the most explosive in Canada. 

The volcanoes are also the closest to British Columbia's densely populated southwest corner.  These volcanoes are the result of subduction of the Juan de Fuca tectonic plate: the plates meet just seaward of the west coast of Vancouver Island.  The volcanoes of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt are stratovolcanoes typical of subduction zones, and include Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley and Mount Meager.  Meager's eruption 2,350 years ago is the youngest explosive eruption in Canada.  It was similar to that of Mount St. Helens in 1980 and the ongoing eruption of Montserrat in the Caribbean.

Volcanoes of British Columbia
Mount Meager

Mount Meager is a potentially active volcano in the Canadian province of British Columbia, Canada, 150 kilometers north of Vancouver. The top of the mountain is mostly covered by snow and glaciers. It lies in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt and is the northernmost volcano of the Cascade Volcanic Arc that extends down to northern California. Its most common type of rock is lava that is almost a million years old (with a thickness in some places over 1 km).

The mountain is part of the Pacific Ranges of mountains and is 2,680 meters (8,793 feet) high. It was previously called Cathedral Mountain.

Geologic history
Meager is known for its last major eruption about 2,350 years ago. The strange thing about the eruption was the fact it released the debris from the northeast side of the volcano, as rock and ash blocked a major river called the Lillooet River. The river was dammed to a height of at least 100 meters, forming a lake. The lake reached a maximum elevation of 810 meters and was at least 50 meters deep. The breccia soon eroded from water activity within the lake, forming Keyhole Falls. There was a massive flood when the water first broke through the breccia, carrying small house sized blocks of breccia. During this eruption, ash was hurled into the air over 20 kilometers above sea level. The ash was carried eastward as far as Alberta.

Volcanic hazards
Meager is an unstable volcano. It is built of unstable volcanic and has dumped clay and rock several meters deep into the Perberton Valley at least three times during the last 7,300 years. Two earlier debris flows, around 4,450 and 7,300 years ago, sent rubble at least 32 kilometers from the volcano. Recently, the volcano has created smaller landslides about every ten years, including one in 1975 that killed four geologists near Meager Creek. Logging, mining, tourism and wilderness recreation on nearby slopes and valleys are vulnerable to the volcano’s excellent geomorphic activity. The possibility of Mount Meager covering settled parts of the Pemberton Valley in a debris flow is estimated at one in 2400 years. There is no sign of volcanic eruptions with these events, however scientists warn the volcano could release another massive debris flow over populated areas anytime without warning.

The explosive nature of past eruptions at Mount Meager indicates that this volcano also poses a considerable long-distance treat to communities across southern British Columbia and Alberta. It is also a local treat to the town of Pemberton, British Columbia, about 50 km away. Another explosive eruption at Mount Meager would also have a considerable impact on local mining and logging operations, as well as significant negative impacts on the Lillooet River fishery.

Other websites
Global Volcanism Program: Meager
Volcanology of the 2350 BP Eruption of Mount Meager Volcanic Complex, British Columbia, Canada 

Volcanoes of British Columbia
Clematis

Clematis is a genus of plants that is widely known for its beautiful flowers.

There are many varieties in this group as gardeners around the world have produced many varieties. They can be found not only in Western countries but also in Japan.

This plant grows up as a vine. It uses its leaflets and leaf stalks to twine around any support. In nature it often climbs up a nearby tree. The original species can mostly be found in temperate areas on Earth. Some species can also be found on high mountains.

References

Other websites

Flowers
Ranunculales