alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Dana Incorporated

Dana Incorporated is an American supplier of axles, driveshafts, transmissions, and electrodynamic, thermal, sealing, and digital equipment for conventional, hybrid, and electric-powered vehicles. The company's products and services are aimed at the light vehicle, commercial vehicle, and off-highway equipment markets. Founded in 1904 and based in Maumee, Ohio, the company employs nearly 36,000 people in 33 countries.  In 2019, Dana generated sales of $8.6 billion. The company is included in the Fortune 500.

History

In 1904, Clarence W. Spicer, engineer, inventor, and founder of the company, began manufacturing universal joints in Plainfield, New Jersey.
 Also in 1904, the first C.W. Spicer "u-joints" were shipped to Corbin Motor Company in Connecticut.
 In 1905, Spicer Universal Joint Manufacturing Company was incorporated.
 In 1909, the company changed its name to Spicer Manufacturing Company.
 In 1910, Spicer relocated to South Plainfield, New Jersey.
 In 1914, Charles Dana joined the company.
 In 1922, Spicer was listed on the New York Stock Exchange.
 In 1925, Spicer expanded internationally taking a holding in licensee in England, Hardy, renamed Hardy Spicer.
 In 1946, Dana became president and treasurer, and the company was renamed the Dana Corporation. Spicer becomes the brand name for the company's driveline products.
 In 1963, Dana acquired the Perfect Circle Company.
 In 1972, Dana bought a 35% stake in Wolverhampton-based engineering company, Turner Manufacturing.  The remaining shares were acquired a few years later. 
 In 2006, Dana filed for bankruptcy.
 In 2007, Dana canceled 150 million shares of stock during their bankruptcy.
 In 2018, Dana announced that it was buying a majority stake in TM4 Inc., a company specialized in electric powertrains, for C$165 million (US$127 million).
 In 2019, Dana acquired privately held SME Group (Italy).
 In March 2019, Dana purchased Drive Systems segment of the Oerlikon Group, including the Graziano Trasmissioni and Fairfield brands and VOCIS, a wholly owned electronic controls business located in the UK.
In August 2019, Dana acquired Nordresa Motors, Inc.
In 2020, Dana started using 3D printers at its Advanced Manufacturing Center in Maumee, Ohio to manufacture face shield components for use during the coronavirus pandemic. 
In March 2021, Dana  acquired Pi Innovo from Plymouth, Michigan.

Products
Key products include axles, drive shafts, universal joints and sealing and thermal-management products.

Axles
Dana 25
Dana 28
Dana 30
Dana 35
Dana 44
Dana 50
Dana 53
Dana 60
Dana 70
Dana 80
Dana S 110

Suspension
 Twin Traction Beam

References

External links

Auto parts suppliers of the United States
Companies based in Toledo, Ohio
Lucas County, Ohio
Manufacturing companies based in Ohio
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
1904 establishments in New Jersey
Manufacturing companies established in 1904
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2006
Automotive transmission makers
Maumee, Ohio
Andrew Daddo

Andrew Dugald Daddo (born 18 February 1967) is an Australian actor, author and television and radio personality.

Early life
Daddo was born in Melbourne on 18 February 1967. He began his education at Mt Eliza Primary School and in year seven moved to Peninsula Grammar. After a short stint at the grammar school, the Daddo family moved away and continued his education at Millburn Junior High in New Jersey, USA. Returning to Australia, Daddo spent the last two and a half years of his schooling at Melbourne Grammar School. Daddo holds an Arts degree from Monash University.

Career
Andrew Daddo was a co-host of The Factory with Alex Papps, broadcast on ABC TV on Saturday mornings, from 1987 to 1989. He also hosted Countdown Revolution in 1989.

From 1989 to 1991, Daddo was a VJ on the American MTV network.

Daddo played characters in the children's series Round the Twist and Cluedo, both in 1992.

Daddo hosted the World's Greatest Commercials, which ran from 1995 to 1996, as well as Kidspeak, the Australian adaptation of Kids Say the Darndest Things. Daddo was a presenter on Seven's The Great Outdoors in 1994 and from 2002 to 2008. He was one of the travellers on the Globe Trekker series (also known as Lonely Planet) in 1994.

During the Sydney 2000 Olympics, Daddo and co-presenter Johanna Griggs presented Olympic Sunrise.

Daddo was the host of the television series The One which premiered on the Seven Network in July 2008. During the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Daddo hosted an Olympics-oriented morning talk show, Yum Cha.

Andrew was appointed as presenter of ABC Radio Sydney's evening program in February 2008. In May 2009, Daddo resigned from the ABC to co-host This Afternoon on the Nine Network which was axed after two and a half weeks on air due to poor ratings.

In 2009, Daddo was the narrator of the first series of The Apprentice Australia and has been the narrator of RBT: Random Breath Testing since 2010.

In 2015, Daddo was a contestant on the TV show: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!.

Author
Daddo has written books including  Flushed, Good Night Me, Youse Two, It's All Good, Muffin Top, Sprung Again, You're Dropped, Dacked, Grandma’s Guide To Happiness and Stuff Happens: Ned.

Personal life 
Daddo currently resides in the Northern Beaches of Sydney where he is married to Jacquie and has three children. Daddo also has three brothers Lochie, Cameron and his identical twin brother, Jamie, who is an artist. He also has an older sister, Belinda.

Bibliography

Contributor

References

External links

1967 births
Living people
Australian male television actors
Australian television presenters
Australian people of Cornish descent
Australian people of Italian descent
Male actors from Melbourne
People educated at Melbourne Grammar School
Monash University alumni
Australian twins
Twin male actors
Aaron Jeoffrey

Aaron Jeoffrey (also Aaron & Jeoffrey; usually stylized as Aaron♦Jeoffrey) was a contemporary Christian music duo, made up of father Jeoffrey Benward and his son Aaron, who recorded pop-style songs during the 1990s. They had four studio albums and one compilation album.

History 

Jeoffrey Benward had already been involved in Christian music since the 1970s. In the early 1990s, Jeoffrey asked his teenage son what he wanted to do for a living, and Aaron replied that he wanted to follow his father's path in music.

Father and son decided to begin recording together, and after being rejected by several labels that had concerns over the unusual pairing, signed with Star Song. Their self-titled debut album was released in 1995. Aaron♦Jeoffrey, which featured guest vocals by dc Talk, produced several singles, including the CCM hit "I Go to the Rock", and "He Is", which lyrically traces the metaphorical names for Christ through all 66 books of the Bible.

The debut album was followed by After the Rain in 1996 and The Climb in 1997.

During their career, Aaron♦Jeoffrey had fourteen Top 5 radio singles, nine of which made it to No. 1. Their albums have sold more than 100,000 copies. They were twice nominated for a GMA Dove Award in the "Song of the Year" category for their classic, "He Is."

Founding goal 
Aaron stated, "One goal is to show a positive parent/child relationship, and hopefully be a role model for fathers and their sons or parents and their children. We have taken to heart the last prophetic word of the Old Testament, where it says in Malachi 4:6 that 'The fathers' hearts would be turned to their children and the children's hearts to their fathers, lest I smite them with a curse.' Every social problem that we face today can be traced back to a dysfunctional family life. We [want to address] these problems not only through our songs but by simply being who we are."

Disbanding 
In 2000, both father and son decided to follow their individual careers. They still sing together on occasion, and both live in Franklin, Tennessee.

Discography

Compilation
 2006: Very Best of Aaron Jeoffrey (EMI)

Singles
1995: "One Million Reasons"
1995: "I Go to the Rock"
1995: "Heavy on My Heart"
1995: "He Is"
1995: "Promise Me"
1996: "We All Need"
1996: "Wait for the Promise"
1997: "After the Rain"
1997: "Heal Me"
1997: "Beyond"

References

American Christian musical groups
American musical duos
Musical groups from Tennessee
Promise Keepers
Nightlife.ca

Nightlife.ca publishes articles, reports, reviews and cultural information on outings, music, fashion, design, art, culture and entertainment. Each month, it publishes guides to living in Montreal in four different platforms: magazine, newsletter, website and social media.

The magazine is distributed in more than 40,000 copies (CCAB). The newsletter is sent twice a week to more than 20,000 subscribers and the website has 400,000 monthly page views.

Nightlife.ca has over 75 full and part-time employees and is a division of NEWAD.

Staff
Founder: Marc Pelletier
Co-Founder: Nathalie Langlois
Editor: Martine Desjardins
Music editor: Olivier Lalande
Urban culture editor: Michael-Oliver Harding

References

External links
NIGHTLIFE.ca

1999 establishments in Quebec
Lifestyle magazines published in Canada
Monthly magazines published in Canada
Local interest magazines published in Canada
English-language magazines
French-language magazines published in Canada
Magazines established in 1999
Magazines published in Montreal
Bob Bjornerud

Bob Bjornerud (born September 8, 1945) is a Canadian provincial politician. He was the member of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan for the constituency of Melville-Saltcoats from 1995 to 2016, first as a member of the Liberal Party and later as a member of the Saskatchewan Party. Bjornerud served as the Minister of Agriculture from 2007 to 2012, when he requested not to be considered for a cabinet post in the next cabinet shuffle. Bjornerud did not seek re-election in the 2016 Saskatchewan general election.

Election results

Cabinet positions

References

External links
Members, Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan
Brief biography

Living people
Farmers from Saskatchewan
Canadian people of Norwegian descent
Saskatchewan Liberal Party MLAs
Saskatchewan Party MLAs
1945 births
Members of the Executive Council of Saskatchewan
21st-century Canadian politicians
People from Kelvington, Saskatchewan
Yogi Huyghebaert

Delwood Frederick Huyghebaert, O.M.M., C.D. (Lt Colonel-Ret) (May 27, 1944 – August 2, 2018) was a Canadian politician, who served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan from 2000 to 2016, representing the riding of Wood River as a member of the Saskatchewan Party.

Prior to his election to public office, he was a Fighter pilot in the Canadian Forces. His most notable duty was as captain of the Snowbirds Air Demonstration Team – 431 Squadron.

In 1986, he was made an Officer of the Order of Military Merit.

In 1997, he ran for the leadership of the fledgling Saskatchewan Party.  He finished 3rd among three candidates.  In 1995, he ran for the Progressive Conservative Party. In 1999, he narrowly lost election in the Wood River constituency as the Saskatchewan Party candidate.  On election night, he tied Liberal candidate Glen McPherson.  The returning officer cast the deciding vote in favour of McPherson.  This result was later thrown out in court and a by-election was ordered.  McPherson did not run and Huyghebaert then won a resounding victory.  He was re-elected in 2003, 2007, and 2011.

On May 29, 2009, Huyghebaert was appointed to cabinet by Saskatchewan Premier Brad Wall in the role of minister of Corrections, Public Safety and Policing.

Huyghebaert retired from politics after the election. He died in 2018.

Electoral record

References

External links
Biography of Yogi Huyghebaert from Saskatchewan Party

1944 births
2018 deaths
Canadian Air Force personnel
Canadian people of Flemish descent
Members of the Executive Council of Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan Party MLAs
21st-century Canadian politicians
People from Lafleche, Saskatchewan
Atlantic City Express (Amtrak train)

The Atlantic City Express was an Amtrak train that ran from both Harrisburg, New York City, Richmond, Springfield and Washington, D.C. to Atlantic City, New Jersey, in the Northeastern United States. The train operated on the Northeast Corridor to 30th Street Station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where it went east to Atlantic City.

History
The new service started service in May 1989, after Amtrak spent extra Northeast Corridor improvement funds to rehabilitate the 60.3 mile long Atlantic City Line from Philadelphia to Atlantic City. The train was designed to provide service to gamblers and vacationers. The train made a single local stop on the Atlantic City Line. Amtrak completely renovated the Lindenwold Station and it served as a stop until July 1994, when the local stop was changed to the new Cherry Hill station due to low ridership at Lindenwold.

Amtrak also operated some through services from Atlantic City to Richmond, Virginia and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. In June 1990, Amtrak entered into a partnership with Midway Airlines to operate trains from Philadelphia International Airport to Atlantic City via SEPTA. However, the service was short-lived, as Midway Airlines went bankrupt in the summer of 1991.

The Amtrak service to Atlantic City never hit its expected ridership levels. In another effort to gain more riders, service was extended to Springfield, Massachusetts and New Haven, Connecticut. Even then, most passengers traveled between New York and Philadelphia rather than continue on to Atlantic City. Amtrak also had to compete with a number of bus lines offering discounted rates at casinos. Although the trains were moderately successful, Amtrak still deemed that the poor showing of riders was not enough to warrant train service, and plans were made to discontinue the line. All Amtrak service to Atlantic City was discontinued after April 1, 1995. The following day, New Jersey Transit extended all Atlantic City Line trains to Philadelphia; previously only a select few had run west of Lindenwold.

Atlantic City Express Service

A successor to the former Amtrak service, Atlantic City Express Service (ACES), began a weekend express train from New York Penn Station to Atlantic City on February 6, 2009. The service was sponsored by several casinos and was run by New Jersey Transit over the Northeast Corridor and the Atlantic City Lines, with a stop in Newark. The last train ran in September 2011, with the train formally discontinued in 2012.

References

External links
 Atlantic City Express — 1994 timetable
 

Former Amtrak routes
Railway services introduced in 1989
Railway services discontinued in 1995
Rail transportation in New Jersey
Rail transportation in New York (state)
Rail transportation in Pennsylvania
Rail transportation in Washington, D.C.
History of Atlantic City, New Jersey
1989 establishments in the United States
1989 establishments in New Jersey
1995 disestablishments in the United States
1995 disestablishments in New Jersey
1995 disestablishments in New York (state)
1995 disestablishments in Washington, D.C.
John Nilson

John Nilson is a retired  Canadian politician in Saskatchewan. He was the member of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan for the Regina Lakeview constituency from 1995 to 2016, representing the Saskatchewan New Democratic Party. A former lawyer with the Saskatchewan law firm Macpherson Leslie and Tyerman, he was first elected in the 1995 provincial election. He announced his retirement prior to the 2016 provincial election

Nilson was educated at Pacific Lutheran University, the University of Oslo, at St. Olaf College in Minnesota and the University of British Columbia. He was admitted to the British Columbia bar in 1978 and to the Saskatchewan bar in 1979.

He was appointed as Minister of Justice and Attorney General on November 22, 1995, Minister of Crown Investments Corporation on September 30, 1999, Minister of Health on February 7, 2001, where he was Saskatchewan's longest serving health minister and then Minister of Environment on February 3, 2006.

In the wake of the NDP's loss in the 2011 election and the resignation of leader Dwain Lingenfelter, Nilson, who was re-elected, was declared interim leader of the party. He was succeeded by Cam Broten in the leadership election on March 9, 2013.

Nilson announced his retirement in the fall of 2015, and continued to sit as an MLA until the Assembly was dissolved for the 2016 general election.

Electoral history 

|-
 
|NDP
|John Nilson
|align="right"|3,860
|align="right"|48.38
|align="right"|+0.76

|- bgcolor="white"
!align="left" colspan=3|Total
!align="right"|
!align="right"|100.00
!align="right"|

|-
 
|NDP
|John Nilson
|align="right"|4,275
|align="right"|47.62
|align="right"|-9,29

|- bgcolor="white"
!align="left" colspan=3|Total
!align="right"|8,976
!align="right"|100.00
!align="right"|

|-
 
|NDP
|John Nilson
|align="right"|4,988
|align="right"|56.91
|align="right"| +7.60

|- bgcolor="white"
!align="left" colspan=3|Total
!align="right"|8,976
!align="right"|100.00
!align="right"|

|-
 
|NDP
|John Nilson
|align="right"|4,207
|align="right"|49.31
|align="right"| -5.38

|- bgcolor="white"
!align="left" colspan=3|Total
!align="right"|8,976
!align="right"|100.00
!align="right"|

|-
 
|NDP
|John Nilson
|align="right"|4,807
|align="right"|54.69
|align="right"|–

|- bgcolor="white"
!align="left" colspan=3|Total
!align="right"|8,976
!align="right"|100.00
!align="right"|

References

External links
Saskatchewan New Democrats: Regina Lakeview

Canadian people of Norwegian descent
Saskatchewan New Democratic Party MLAs
1951 births
Living people
Saskatchewan Leaders of the Opposition
Politicians from Regina, Saskatchewan
Politicians from Saskatoon
Leaders of the Saskatchewan CCF/NDP
Pacific Lutheran University alumni
St. Olaf College alumni
University of Oslo alumni
University of British Columbia alumni
21st-century Canadian politicians
JASDAQ Securities Exchange

, formerly the  is one of the sections of the Tokyo Stock Exchange. It was formerly an independent stock exchange.

JASDAQ is not related to NASDAQ in the United States, but has operated an electronic trading system similar to NASDAQ.

History

In 1963, the  set up an over-the-counter registration system for trading securities. This system was placed under the management of a private company,  in 1976.

The JASDAQ automated quotation system became operational in 1991.

In 2004, JASDAQ received a permit from the Prime Minister to reorganize as a securities exchange. It became the first new securities exchange in Japan in almost fifty years.

On April 1, 2010, the Osaka Securities Exchange acquired the JASDAQ Securities Exchange, and merged it with OSE's NEO and Nippon New Market-Hercules markets to form the "new" JASDAQ market.

Hours
The exchange has pre-market sessions from 08:00am to 09:00am and normal trading sessions from 09:00am to 03:00pm on all days of the week except Saturdays, Sundays and holidays declared by the Exchange in advance.

See also
 List of East Asian stock exchanges
 List of stock exchanges

References

External links
OSE JASDAQ Market

Stock exchanges in Japan
Defunct stock exchanges
2010 mergers and acquisitions
Kenya sparrow

The Kenya sparrow (Passer rufocinctus), also known as the Kenya rufous sparrow, is a sparrow found in Kenya and Tanzania. It tends to be found in dry wooded savannah and agricultural areas. Some authorities have lumped the great sparrow (P. motitensis), the Kenya sparrow, and the Socotra sparrow (P. insularis) into P. motitensis following Dowsett and Forbes-Watson (1993). Some authorities also lump Shelley's sparrow and the Kordofan sparrow with this species, or all three with the great sparrow.

References

Works cited

External links 

Media related to the Kenya sparrow at the Internet Bird Collection

Passer
Birds of East Africa
Birds described in 1884
Taxa named by Gustav Fischer
Maynard Sonntag

Maynard Sonntag (born January 31, 1956) is a Canadian politician and a former Saskatchewan cabinet minister.

He was born, raised and educated in Goodsoil, Saskatchewan. Prior to being elected, Sonntag was a manager in the Credit Union system from 1980 to 1991.

Sonntag was first elected to the Saskatchewan legislature as the member for Meadow Lake in 1991 and was re-elected in 1995, 1999 and 2003.

Sonntag was first appointed to cabinet in June 1997 and held various portfolios between then and 2007, including: Property Management and Saskatchewan Liquor and Gaming Authority, Post-Secondary Education and Skills Training, Highways and Transportation, Energy and Mines, First Nations and Métis Relations, Industry and Resources, and Crown Investments Corporation.

Sonntag was initially declared elected in the 2007 election, narrowly beating former federal Member of Parliament Jeremy Harrison in Meadow Lake, but was subsequently declared defeated after a count error was noted the following day. The count of absentee ballots on November 19 confirmed Harrison's victory - by only 36 votes.  This result was later confirmed by a judicial recount.

References

Saskatchewan New Democratic Party MLAs
Members of the Executive Council of Saskatchewan
Canadian people of Norwegian descent
Canadian people of German descent
Living people
21st-century Canadian politicians
1956 births
Finance ministers of Saskatchewan
Great sparrow

The great sparrow (Passer motitensis), also known as the southern rufous sparrow, is found in southern Africa in dry, wooded savannah and towns.

This is a 15–16 cm long sparrow superficially like a large house sparrow. It has a grey crown and rear neck and rufous upperparts.

While in the past some authorities considered this species and several related species of 'rufous sparrow' on the African mainland to be the same as the Iago sparrow of Cape Verde, they do not appear to be so closely related as thought. A few currently recognise only some of the rufous sparrows as separate from the great sparrow, but the Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International recognise the Socotra sparrow, Kenya sparrow, Kordofan sparrow, and Shelley's sparrow as separate species.

References

Works cited

External links 

Southern Rufous Sparrow at the Internet Bird Collection
Great Sparrow species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds

great sparrow
Birds of Southern Africa
great sparrow
2006 Texas Legislature election

2006 Texas Legislature election may refer to:

 2006 Texas Senate election
 2006 Texas House of Representatives election

Legislature
Texas Legislature elections
Jeoffrey Benward

Jeoffrey Benward (born January 10, 1952) is an American Contemporary Christian music singer and songwriter. He has been involved in the Christian music business since the 1970s, but achieved attention when he formed a duo with his son, Aaron, called Aaron Jeoffrey in 1995. His grandson is actor and singer Luke Benward.

Life and career
Benward was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana. His father, Keith Benward, was also a singer. In the 1970s, Jeoffrey actively toured and recorded, garnering a reputation as one of the industry's most accomplished singer-songwriters. During his early solo career, he released four albums for Forefront Records. He also co-wrote Phillips, Craig and Dean's No. 1 hit "The Concert of the Age."

In the early 1990s, Jeoffrey was surprised to find out his son Aaron wanted to follow his steps. They decided to form a duo debuting in 1995. They ended up releasing three successful albums together, being also nominated for several Dove Awards. In the late 1990s each of them decided to follow their individual careers. He released a self-titled album in 2000. Father and son still occasionally perform together.

Benward was inducted into the Christian Music Hall of Fame.

He and his former wife, Candice, have three children: Aaron, Sareece and Colin.

Solo discography

 Jeoff (1972)
 Jeoff Benward (1985)
 The Redeemer (1988)
 Set It Into Motion (1990)
 Strength For The Journey The Best of Jeoffrey Benward (1996)
 Jeoffrey Benward (2000)

References

1952 births
Living people
American male singers
American performers of Christian music
Musicians from Fort Wayne, Indiana
Writers from Fort Wayne, Indiana
MG 13

The MG 13 (shortened from German Maschinengewehr 13) is a German light machine gun developed by converting the Dreyse Model 1918 heavy water-cooled machine gun into an air-cooled version.

History
Dreyse Model 1918 Machinegun: In 1907 Louis Schmeisser of Erfurt patented a machine-gun named in honor of the inventor of the needle gun by the heads of the factory where it was made which was founded by Dreyse. The Dreyse machine-gun was a heavy, usually tripod mounted, belt-fed and water cooled machine-gun.

The 1907 model was succeeded by the 1912 and later 1918 models. It was ordered the Model 1918 to be modernized by the company Simson in Suhl. It became the MG13.

Usage

The MG 13 was introduced into service in 1930, where it served as the standard light machine gun until 1935. It was superseded by the MG 34 and then later the MG 42.

An unusual feature of the MG 13 was its double-crescent trigger, which provided select fire capability without the need for a fire mode selector switch. Pressing the upper segment of the trigger produced semi-automatic fire, while holding the lower segment of the trigger produced fully automatic fire. It also fired from a closed bolt.

MG 13s were sold to Spain where they retained the designation of MG13 and to Portugal which used them into the late 1940s as the Metralhadora 7,92 mm m/1938 Dreyse. Those MG 13's that were not sold but rather were placed into storage later saw use in World War II by second line German units. As it was easy to handle and reload, many second line troops could use the MG 13 with efficiency.

On later examples a 75-round saddle drum was also used. It was equipped with a folding butt stock and a carrying handle. It was used in the turret of the Panzer I tank. 

The Chinese Nationalist Government also imported the MG 13 with the Panzer I Ausf A. tanks from Germany in 1936. The MG 13 was also used against the Japanese Imperial Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Portugal used it as a squad automatic weapon during the Portuguese Colonial War, under the name m/938.

The Bundeswehr Museum of German Defense Technology in Koblenz has one of this specimen in its collection.

Users

 : Norwegian Police received ex-German MG-13s after WWII and converted them to MG-13k.

References

External links

 (Manual for the MG 13)
 (Photo gallery)

Light machine guns
World War II infantry weapons of Germany
World War II machine guns
Machine guns of Germany
Military equipment introduced in the 1930s
Socotra sparrow

The Socotra sparrow (Passer insularis) is a passerine bird endemic to the islands of Socotra, Samhah, and Darsah in the Indian Ocean, off the Horn of Africa. The taxonomy of this species and its relatives is complex, with some authorities, including BirdLife International, recognising this species and the very similar Abd al-Kuri sparrow, as well as several from mainland Africa, as separate, and others lumping all these species and the probably unrelated Iago sparrow.

References

Works cited

External links 
Pictures of the Socotra sparrow
Socotra sparrow at the Internet Bird Collection

Passer
Endemic birds of Socotra
Birds described in 1881
Taxa named by Philip Sclater
Lyttleton Morgan

Lyttleton Morgan was the first chairman of the board of trustees of Morgan State University, which was renamed in his honor (it was founded as the Centenary Biblical Institute).

Career
Rev. Morgan was "station-preacher" meaning that he generally traveled to different churches to preach the Gospel, without having a church of his own. He had preached at every prominent church in the Baltimore Methodist Episcopal Conference. Morgan also served as chaplain to the United States House of Representatives from 1851 to 1852. He was married to Susan Rigby Dallam Morgan, a poet of the Poe era.

Morgan State University, in Baltimore, used to be the Centenary Biblical Institute of the Methodist Episcopal, but was renamed in his honor in 1890.

References

Year of birth missing
1895 deaths
19th-century American people
Chaplains of the United States House of Representatives
American Christian clergy
Morgan State University people
Pappas Telecasting

Pappas Telecasting Companies was a diversely organized broadcasting company headquartered in Visalia, California, United States. Founded in 1971, it was one of the largest privately held broadcasting companies in the country, with its stations reaching over 15% of all U.S. households and over 32% of Hispanic households. Apart from owning and/or operating many television stations, the company formerly had two radio stations in its possession, KTRB (860 AM) and KMPH (840 AM)—changed from KPMP in June 2006 to reflect its nearby sister/flagship television station, Fox affiliate KMPH-TV, both in Fresno, California.

Bankruptcy 

On May 10, 2008, thirteen of Pappas' stations filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy protection. Pappas cited "the extremely difficult business climate for television stations across the country" in papers filed with the U.S. Bankruptcy Court in Wilmington, Delaware. The company reported in court filings that it had more than $536 million in debt and $460 million in assets. Problems that led to the bankruptcy included poor performance of The CW network, its now-former involvement with Azteca America, and preparations for the 2009 analog shutdown. Stations involved in the bankruptcy were KMPH-TV, KFRE-TV, KPTM, KXVO, WCWG, KPTH, KMEG, KTNC-TV, KAZH, KDBC-TV, KREN-TV, KAZR-CA and KCWK. It was later ordered on September 10, 2008, that the affected stations must be sold off by February 15, 2009.  Its other stations, and the corporation itself, were not part of the bankruptcy.   On May 14 of the same year, company founder Harry J. Pappas filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy at the Delaware court, where a judge could order his personal assets sold to pay off creditors.  13 days later, on May 27, KCWK in Walla Walla, Washington (in the Yakima, Washington television market) ceased operations as a result of the bankruptcy. 

On September 17, bankruptcy trustee E. Roger Williams put KREN and its repeaters under contract to Entravision Communications for $4 million, which would double as a minimum bid for the station as it goes up for auction in late October.  New World TV Group (later renamed, Titan TV Broadcast Group; unrelated to New World Communications) agreed to acquire the remaining Pappas stations involved in the bankruptcy filing on December 17. The sale was approved by the United States bankruptcy court on January 16, 2009. The remaining stations that weren't involved in the initial bankruptcy filing were later placed in a liquidating trust in December 2011.

KMPH Radio ceased operations September 1, 2010, due to lack of revenue. Two weeks later, KTRB went into receivership with Comerica Bank, under license from KTRB Trust. This marked the end of Pappas era.

Former Pappas-owned stations 
Stations arranged alphabetically by state and by city of license.

Notes

Former broadcast network 
 TuVisión

References

External links 
 Biography of Harry J. Pappas

Mass media companies established in 1971
Mass media companies disestablished in 2018
The CW
 
Defunct broadcasting companies of the United States
Defunct mass media in California
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2008
Illinois Tool Works

Illinois Tool Works Inc. or ITW is an American Fortune 200 company that produces engineered fasteners and components, equipment and consumable systems, and specialty products.  It was founded in 1912 by Byron L. Smith and has built its growth on a "small-wins strategy" based on decentralization, simplicity, customer-focused innovation, and acquisitions.

Today, it employs approximately 45,000 people in hundreds of businesses across 53 countries, and is based in Glenview, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago.

ITW has more than 18,000 granted and pending patent applications worldwide. The company typically ranks in the top 100 of patent issuers in the U.S.

ITW subsidiaries
ITW comprises a number of subsidiaries. Notable brands include Hobart, Miller Electric, Paslode, Foster Refrigerator, Brooks Instrument. In August 2018, U.S. Tax Court Judge Albert G. Lauber determined that ITW owed no tax on over $356 million in repatriated funds from its foreign subsidiaries because the transactions had been sufficiently structured as debt.

Illegal exports 
The United States Department of Commerce imposed a $142,000 civil penalty on Illinois Tool Works in 2000, to settle allegations that the company illegally exported chemicals to Brazil on seven occasions between March 1994 and October 1997 without the required licenses and making false or misleading statements on Shipper's Export Declarations. Illinois Tool Works agreed to pay the penalty. $37,000 was suspended as part of the settlement. The chemicals exported can be used for commercial purposes and in the making of chemical weapons as well.

References

External links
 

Tool manufacturing companies of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in Illinois
Companies based in Glenview, Illinois
Manufacturing companies established in 1912
1912 establishments in Illinois
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Somali sparrow

The Somali sparrow (Passer castanopterus) is a species of bird in the family Passeridae found in  Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia and Kenya.

It is considered a superspecies with the russet sparrow (Passer rutilans) and sometimes is even treated as the same species. However, the similarities in plumage and morphology between the two seem to represent convergent evolution rather than a single lineage.

Two subspecies are recognized:
 P. c. castanopterus Blyth, 1855 – Djibouti, Somaliland, and eastern Ethiopia
 P. c. fulgens Friedmann, 1931 – southern Ethiopia, and northern Kenya (south to Kapedo and Marsabit).

References

Somali sparrow
Birds of East Africa
Somali sparrow
Somali sparrow
ITW

ITW may refer to:

 Illinois Tool Works
 International Thriller Writers
 Institute of Technology for Women, former name of the Usha Mittal Institute of Technology
 Inter Air (ICAO airline code: ITW; callsign: INTER WINGS), see List of airline codes (I)
 Ibuoro language (ISO 639 language code: itw)
 idiopathic toe walking, a form of toe walking
 Income Tax Withholding (ITW), a type of notation found on Australian business activity statements
 Informations Télédiffusion Webmedia (ITW), french media

See also

 IWT (disambiguation)
 WTI (disambiguation)
 wit (disambiguation)
 tiw (disambiguation)
 TWI (disambiguation)
Geometry instancing

In real-time computer graphics, geometry instancing is the practice of rendering multiple copies of the same mesh in a scene at once. This technique is primarily used for objects such as trees, grass, or buildings which can be represented as repeated geometry without appearing unduly repetitive, but may also be used for characters. Although vertex data is duplicated across all instanced meshes, each instance may have other differentiating parameters (such as color, or skeletal animation pose) changed in order to reduce the appearance of repetition.

API support 

Starting in Direct3D version 9, Microsoft included support for geometry instancing. This method improves the potential runtime performance of rendering instanced geometry by explicitly allowing multiple copies of a mesh to be rendered sequentially by specifying the differentiating parameters for each in a separate stream.  The same functionality is available in Vulkan core, and the OpenGL core in versions 3.1 and up but may be accessed in some earlier implementations using the EXT_draw_instanced extension.

In offline rendering 

Geometry instancing in Houdini, Maya or other 3D packages usually involves mapping a static or pre-animated object or geometry to particles or arbitrary points in space, which can then be rendered by almost any offline renderer. Geometry instancing in offline rendering is useful for creating things like swarms of insects, in which each one can be detailed, but still behaves in a realistic way that does not have to be determined by the animator. Most packages allow variation of the material or material parameters on a per instance basis, which helps ensure that instances do not appear to be exact copies of each other. In Houdini, many object level attributes (e.g. such as scale) can also be varied on a per instance basis. Because instancing geometry in most 3D packages only references the original object, file sizes are kept very small and changing the original changes all of the instances.

In many offline renderers, such as Pixar's PhotoRealistic RenderMan, instancing is achieved by using delayed load render procedurals to only load geometry when the bucket containing the instance is actually being rendered. This means that the geometry for all the instances does not have to be in memory at once.

Video cards that support geometry instancing 

 GeForce 6000 and up (NV40 GPU or later)
 ATI Radeon 9500 and up (R300 GPU or later).
 PowerVR SGX535 and up (found in Apple iPhone 3GS and later)

References

External links 
 EXT_draw_instanced documentation
 A quick overview on D3D9 instancing on MSDN
 VkVertexInputRate specifies vertex or instance rate

3D computer graphics
Scorpio Rising (Prong album)

Scorpio Rising is the sixth studio album by American metal band Prong, their first after a gap of seven years. The song "Embrace the Depth" first appeared on the 2002 live album 100% Live under the title "Initiation", and was co-written by Pat Lachman.

Track listing 
"Detached" – 3:29
"All Knowing Force" – 2:42
"Embrace the Depth" – 4:05
"Reactive Mind" – 2:24
"Regal" – 2:45
"Inner Truth" – 2:48
"Avoid Promises" – 3:16
"Siriusly Emerging" – 3:50
"Assurances" – 3:22
"Out of This Realm" – 3:14
"Letter to a 'Friend – 4:58
"Entrance of the Eclipse" – 4:10
"Red Martial Working" – 3:53
"Hidden Agenda" – 4:40

Reception

Chronicles of Chaos gave a neutral impression of the album, with a general summary of "average" across all facets - music, lyrics, and vocals. Of particular comparison to previous albums was the failure of any particular song to stand out in quality.

Decibel provided a mixed review, complimenting Tommy Victor's "big riffs" but otherwise feeling it under-performed with an ugly cover and under-cooked production. In contrast to COC's review, Decibel specifically noted that each song did use unique mixes of riffs, but that the differences were subtle to the level of requiring specific attention to note differences.

AllMusic also gave a mixed review, complimenting "The gritty guitars, the stop/start rhythms, the anger and the vicious ill will", but again noting the lack of any standout tunes and the absence of any general difference from their earlier music.

Personnel
Tommy Victor – vocals, guitar, bass
Monte Pittman – bass, guitar
Dan Laudo – drums

References

Prong (band) albums
2003 albums
Locomotive Music albums
Albums produced by Tommy Victor
Trade Union International of Agroalimentary, Food, Commerce, Textile & Allied Industries

The Trade Union International of Agroalimentary, Food, Commerce, Textile and Allied Industries (, UISTAACT) is one of ten Trade Union Internationals of the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU).

History 
The union was formed in 1997 by the merger of the Trade Union International of Agricultural, Forestry and Plantation Workers, Trade Union International of Food, Tobacco, Hotel and Allied Industries Workers, Trade Union International of Workers in Commerce, Trade Union International of Textile, Leather and Fur Workers Unions. All of these TUIs were founded in 1949, except the Commerce Workers which was founded in 1959.

References 

TUI of Agriculture, Food, Commerce, Textile and Allied Industries
Trade unions established in 1997
Arabian golden sparrow

The Arabian golden sparrow (Passer euchlorus) is a sparrow found in south west Arabia and also the coast of Somalia and Djibouti where it occurs in thorn savannah and scrub habitats. It is sometimes considered as a subspecies of the Sudan golden sparrow (Passer luteus).

References

External links 

Arabian golden sparrow at the Internet Bird Collection

Arabian golden sparrow
Birds of the Horn of Africa
Birds of the Arabian Peninsula
Arabian golden sparrow
Arabian golden sparrow
Fort Albany (Arlington, Virginia)

Fort Albany was a bastioned earthwork that the Union Army built in Arlington County (known at the time as Alexandria County) in Virginia. The Army constructed the fort during May 1861 as part of its Civil War defenses of Washington (see Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War). 

The fort had a perimeter of 429 yards and emplacements for 12 guns.
Fort Richardson, Fort Craig and Fort Tillinghast provided supporting fire for the fort.

A May 17, 1864, report from the Union Army's Inspector of Artillery (see Union Army artillery organization) noted the following:Fort Albany, Captain Rhodes commanding.–Garrison, one company First Massachusetts Volunteers–5 commissioned officers, 1 ordnance-sergeant, 145 men. Armament, two 24-pounder field howitzers, four 24-pounder siege, two Parrotts, one Coehorn mortar, one 10-inch mortar. Magazines, two; dry and in good order. Ammunition, full supply and in good condition. Implements, complete and in good order. Drill in artillery, fair. Drill in infantry, fair. Discipline, fair. Garrison of sufficient strength. 

No trace of the fort remains, although a historic marker shows the location where the fort once stood, guarding the approach to the Long Bridge along the Columbia Turnpike, near the modern-day Pentagon.  
The ground on which the Fort stood was cut away during the construction of the Henry G. Shirley Memorial Highway, in 1942.

Notes

External links
Drawing of Fort Albany in the collection of the Library of Congress Retrieved 2018-03-14. 

Civil War defenses of Washington, D.C.
American Civil War forts in Virginia
Virginia in the American Civil War
1861 establishments in Virginia
Make 'Em Laugh

"Make 'Em Laugh" is a song first featured in the 1952 MGM musical film Singin' in the Rain, performed by Donald O'Connor as the character Cosmo Brown. Written by Arthur Freed and Nacio Herb Brown, the song is closely based on Cole Porter's "Be a Clown" from the Freed-produced 1948 MGM musical film The Pirate, in which it was sung by Gene Kelly and Judy Garland. In the song, Cosmo explains that he loves making people laugh, and quotes back to the inspiring words of a man named Samuel J. Snodgrass (as he was about to be led to the guillotine), his dad and his grandpa (though it's made unclear whether Cosmo refers to Snodgrass's or his own relatives).

O'Connor's performance for "Make 'Em Laugh" is noted for its extreme physical difficulty, featuring dozens of jumps, pratfalls, and two backflips. Hollywood legend states that O'Connor, though only 27 years old at the time but a chain-smoker, was bedridden for several days after filming the sequence. The routine is often cited as a tour de force in physical comedy.

"Make 'Em Laugh" is listed at #49 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema.

Song structure 
Songwriter and MGM "Freed unit" producer Arthur Freed used his own library of songs written with Nacio Herb Brown as the basis for the musical film Singin' in the Rain. Screenwriters Betty Comden and Adolph Green recall that before shooting had started, they had "painfully wedged into the script as a cheering-up song" for Donald O'Connor the Freed/Brown song "The Wedding of the Painted Doll", but during filming, Freed realized that O'Connor needed a better number, but could not find anything suitable for his character within his collection.

Co-director Stanley Donen referenced the Cole Porter song "Be a Clown" from the film The Pirate, and further suggested that Freed and Brown compose a song using this as their inspiration. However, Donen recalled, the resulting number was "100% plagiarism." Both music and lyrics of "Make 'Em Laugh" are nearly identical in form and style to "Be a Clown". Although Cole Porter had unchallenged reason to bring suit, he never sued for copyright infringement. In a 2002 interview, Betty Comden recalled, "How [Freed] could have written it in the first place — and not realized — is still a mystery. We have no idea, and we never brought it up with Arthur, either before or after that day ... It's fabulous, but the song's exactly like 'Be a Clown.'"

References

Songs from musicals
1952 songs
Songs with music by Nacio Herb Brown
Songs with lyrics by Arthur Freed
Songs involved in plagiarism controversies
Zero bar

The Zero candy bar, introduced in 1920, is a candy bar composed of a combination of caramel, peanut and almond nougat covered with a layer of white chocolate fudge. Its outwardly white color — an unusual color for a candy bar — has become its trademark. The coating melted at a higher temperature than brown chocolates, making the bar a popular choice for summer vending in the pre-air conditioning South. Zero resembles Snickers, a candy manufactured by Mars, except Zero is white instead of dark brown.

History
Zero was first launched by the Hollywood Brands candy company of Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1920 as the Double Zero Bar and was renamed "Zero" in 1934. It is said the name "double" zero was implied to suggest the Zero bar was "cool", as in low in temperature. Initial manufacturing of the candy bar began at its factory in Centralia, Illinois, and continued through many acquisitions of the company. 
 
Hollywood Brands was first sold to Consolidated Foods Corporation in 1967 (which later became Sara Lee) and production continued after a fire destroyed the Centralia plant in 1980. A new production facility opened in 1983, and in 1988 Hollywood Brands was purchased by Huhtamaki Oyj of Helsinki, Finland, and became part of Leaf, Inc.

Hershey Foods Corporation took over Leaf North America confectionery operations in 1996, and with it came the production of the Zero candy bar.

Variation and sale 
The candy bar is sold in three different sizes. According to the official website, its traditional size is a singular bar at 1.85 oz, comparable to the traditional full-size Hershey Bar which is 1.55oz.  As of 2020, the candy bar can also be purchased in a king size at 3.4 oz. Finally, the candy is sold in a pack of 6 containing individually wrapped bars coming in at 1.85 oz.

The bar can only be purchased on numerous online sites, including Amazon.

Reviews 
In October 2020, Link Neal and Rhett McLaughlin of Good Mythical Morning deemed the Zero bar the "worst candy bar in the world" in a multi-day bracketed review of several different candy bars.

Some critics have deemed the bar as a "white chocolate Snickers", even though the Zero bar predates Snickers by a decade.

See also
 List of chocolate bar brands

References

External links 
 

Chocolate bars
The Hershey Company brands
Products introduced in 1920
Brand name confectionery
Trade Union International of Chemical, Energy, Metal, Oil and Allied Industries

The Trade Union International of Chemical, Energy, Metal, Oil and Allied Workers (CHEMISTRY-ENERGY) is a sectoral body affiliated to the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU). The international federations of national trade unions are organized in specific industry sectors or occupational groups.

History 
The federation was founded as the Trade Union International of Energy, Metal, Chemical, Oil and Allied Industries in 1998, at a conference in Havana, by the merger of the Trade Unions International of Chemical, Oil and Allied Workers, the Trade Union International of Energy Workers and Trade Union International of Workers in the Metal Industry. It was reorganized as the new Trade Union International of Energy Workers at a conference in Mexico City in 2007.  It shortened its name to the Trade Union International of Energy Workers in 2007, but has since lengthened it again.

In 2018, the international held its third congress, in Thiruvananthapuram in India.  Prasanta Nandi Chowdhury of India was elected as its president, and Eric Sellini of France as its general secretary.

References 

TUI of Energy, Metal, Chemical, Oil and Allied Industries
Trade unions established in 1998
Parrot-billed sparrow

The parrot-billed sparrow (Passer gongonensis) is found in the arid lowlands of eastern Africa. At  and , it is the largest of the sparrows of the family Passeridae. It is often considered a subspecies of the grey-headed sparrow.

References

External links
Parrot-billed sparrow on eBird

parrot-billed sparrow
Birds of East Africa
parrot-billed sparrow