alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Umberto Eco

Umberto Eco (January 5, 1932 – February 19, 2016) was an Italian writer and professor of medieval history in Bologna.

Eco was born in 1932 in northern Italy.

As a student, he studied philosophy, history, literature, and educational sciences.
He finished his studies in 1954 with a doctoral thesis about Thomas Aquinas. In 1962, he married.

His career as an author began with The Name of the Rose in 1980, after he had already written many academic papers.

Biography 
Eco was born on January 5, 1932 in Alessandria. His family had 13 sons. He studied philosophy and humanities at the University of Turin. He received a Ph.D. there.

Eco worked as a professor in different places. Starting in 1971, he held the chair of semiotics at the University of Bologna. At a university, a "chair" is the highest rank a professor can earn. He was also given honorary degrees by thirty different universities.

He had been named satrap of pataphysics for his humorous works.  One of his most important books is How to Travel with a Salmon.

He was a member of UNESCO's Council of Sages. In 2000, he received the Princess of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanities.

Eco worked in the mass media as well, creating cultural programs. His interests were the Middle Ages, languages, and the classics. He was also an expert on James Bond.

On February 19, 2016, Eco died at his home in Milan, Italy, of pancreatic cancer. He was 84.

More famous works

Novels 
 Il nome della rosa (The Name of the Rose, 1980) - A historical novel set in the Middle Ages.  This novel made Eco famous after it was turned into a best-selling movie. 
 Il pendolo di Foucault (Foucault's Pendulum, 1988) - Three workers at a publishing house are trapped in their own fiction. 
 L'isola del giorno prima (The Island of the Day Before, 1994) - A nobleman from the 17th century gets trapped on a yacht and wonders about how time is passing.
 Baudolino (2000) - An emperor mistakes a young peasant for his own child.  This is a picaresque novel (a novel whose main character is a dishonest person or a criminal.  This person tells their story in bits and pieces). 
 La Misteriosa Fiamma della Regina Loana (The Mysterious Flame of the Queen Loana, 2004) - A man who loses his memory tries to get it back.  This novel is set in the times of Eco's youth.

Other works 
 Opera Aperta
 Minimal Diary  
 Kant and the Ornithorhynchus
 Semiotics and philosophy of the language 
 The firm
 Art and Beauty in the Medieval Aesthetic 
 The Limits of Interpretation
 Six Walks for the Narrative Forests
 Lector in fabula
 Apocalyptics and Integrates
 On Literature
 Searching the Perfect Language
 History of Beauty
 On Ugliness

References

Other websites 

 Foundation Prince of Asturias, Prince of Asturias of Communication and Humanities 2000   

1932 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
20th-century Italian people
Italian philosophers
Italian novelists
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Semioticians
Writers from Piedmont
People from Alessandria
Former Roman Catholics
Balloon

A balloon is a bag that is usually filled with gas. This gas can be helium, hydrogen, or air. 

Throughout the 19th century, balloons were made out of animal bladders. Nowadays, balloons are made from a thin and stretchy material like rubber or plastic. Big balloons are made from fabric. 

Balloons are used for many purposes.

Most small balloons are made for parties or hiccup cures. These balloons are sometimes made to look like animals. 

Some balloons are very big. Big balloons are used for people to fly into the sky. Big balloons are called aircraft.  Most balloon aircraft are filled with hot air. They are called hot air balloons.

Balloons can also be filled with water. They are called "water balloons".  Water balloons are a kind of toy, best known for its use of water balloon fights.

Related pages

Balloon (aircraft)

Aircraft
Toys
1823
AM

AM can mean:
 Ante meridiem, in the 12-hour clock
 Amplitude modulation, in radio
Einsteinium

Einsteinium is a chemical element with the atomic number 99. It is a synthetic element, so all isotopes are radioactive.

Einsteinium is the 7th element in the actinide series. The most stable isotope of Einsteinium has 99 protons and electrons and 153 neutrons. There are 19 different (radioactive) isotopes. 
Einsteinium is named after Albert Einstein. It was found for the first time in 1952 by Albert Ghiorso and his team of scientists in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion, and identified as an element at the University of California, Berkeley.

Einsteinium isotopes have a half-life between 40 and 471 days.

Uses 
Einsteinium has been used to create the element Mendelevium for the first time in 1955, although no practical uses are known. It has been used before as a calibration marker in a chemical analysis spectrometer.

Actinides
Synthetic elements
Vulva

The vulva is the part of the body of female mammals (including women) where the outside parts of the reproductive system can be seen. The parts of the vulva that can be seen are the:

Mons pubis
Labia majora
Labia minora
Clitoris
Vaginal opening
Urinary opening

The mons pubis is the area of skin and fat above the other structures. It protects the other structures below it. The labia majora are thick areas of skin and fat located to the side of the urinary and vaginal openings. Smaller and thinner labia are the labia minora. These structures are connected to the hood of the clitoris . They are close to the vagina. Many people call the vagina when they mean the vulva. The vagina is the tube connecting the internal parts (the womb) to the vulva.

Related pages
Vulvar cancer

References

Anatomy of the female reproductive system
Deism

Deism is the belief that a higher being (like God) exists, but that the only revelation of God is in nature and reason, not in sacred books or prophets. Deism says that people should rely on logic and reason, and not traditions of a religion that is based on a holy book. People who follow deism are called deists.

Deists believe that a Higher Power created the world. They do not believe that the creation of the universe happened because of a spontaneous event. They usually reject supernatural events like miracles, and believe that God has set up natural laws, which govern how the universe works and how people should act, and does not interfere with these laws. Most deists also see holy books, such as the Bible and Qur'an, as writings made by people, rather than the writings of God.

Famous deists from history include American political leader and inventor Benjamin Franklin, French conqueror Napoleon Bonaparte, French philosopher Voltaire, British philosopher Thomas Paine, and French revolutionary leader Maximilien de Robespierre. Many historians think Thomas Jefferson was a deist, though he didn't say so.

References

Other websites 
 English Deism - Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
 World Union of Deists

Theology
Cleveland Guardians

The Cleveland Guardians are a Major League Baseball team based in Cleveland, Ohio. They are part of the American League Central Division. Under the team's former name of Cleveland Indians, the Guardians won two World Series championships in 1920 and 1948.  Currently, they hold the longest championship drought in MLB.

The team was founded in 1894 in Grand Rapids, Michigan as the Grand Rapids Rustlers, playing in the late-1890s Western League, which became the American League in 1900. In that same year, the team moved to Cleveland, taking the name of Lake Shores. The next year, the team became the Cleveland Bluebirds, also known as Blues. Players didn't like that name, and failed in a try to change the name to "Broncos" in 1902. In that same year, the team traded for star player Nap Lajoie, who later became player-manager, and it soon became known as the "Naps" in his honor. The team was called the Cleveland Naps until Lajoie left at the end of the 1914 season. 

After Lajoie left, the team looked for a new nickname and settled on "Indians" for the 1915 season, partly in honor of the Boston Braves who had won the 1914 World Series. In more modern times, their nickname was often thought to be a poor choice. It is considered offensive to name a team for a race or ethnic group. However, there was no serious effort to change the name until the 21st century. After growing criticism, the team started to move away from the nickname in 2018, retiring its controversial "Chief Wahoo" logo of a caricatured Native American. In 2020, team owner Paul Dolan announced that the "Indians" name would be retired after the 2021 season. The new nickname of Guardians was announced on July 23, 2021. The name refers to the Guardians of Traffic, statues sculpted into pylons of the Hope Memorial Bridge that crosses the Cuyahoga River near downtown Cleveland. The Cleveland Guardians name took effect on November 19, 2021.

In the 1990s, the then-Indians were in the postseason several times.  They made it to the World Series in 1995 and 1997 but lost to the Atlanta Braves and the Florida Marlins respectively.  They returned to the World Series in 2016, and again they lost, this time to the Chicago Cubs in seven games.  In 2017, they set an American League record of winning 22 straight games.  They won 102 games during the season.  However, they lost to the New York Yankees in the Division Series.

References

Other websites 
Official Website
Friuli Venezia Giulia

Friuli-Venezia Giulia () is a region in the north-east of Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is Trieste. The population is 1,191,588.  FVG has a border with the Italian region of Veneto to the west, Austria to the north and Slovenia on the east.

People in this region speak the Italian, Friulian, Slovene and German languages.

Provinces 
 Trieste (capital)
 Udine
 Gorizia
 Pordenone

Geography 
Friuli  - Venezia Giulia has an area of 7,858 km² and is Italy's most north-eastern region.  It is the 5th smallest region in Italy.  The Alps lie to the north of the region, and the beaches and cliffs of the Adriatic Sea are on the south edges.

Cuisine 
Friulani, Giuliani, Austrian, Slovene and Hungarian influences over the centuries have created a wide range of food and drink typical of the region.  Some examples include:
 Jota (Istrian stew)
 Radicchio
 Goulash
 Gnocchi alla spinache

Other websites 
 Official Site (IT)
Latin alphabet

The Latin alphabet, also known as the Roman alphabet, is a collection of letters. This alphabet was originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language. Today, we use it to write the English language. 

This alphabet evolved from the Phoenician alphabet. 

Alphabets
Typography
Udine

Udine is a city in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of Italy. The population is 96,678.

 
Capital cities in Italy
Günter Grass

Günter Wilhelm Grass (16 October 1927 in Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) – 13 April 2015 in Lübeck) was a German writer and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature. He was known for writing the controversial, but yet classic novel The Tin Drum.

Life 
Grass was born in Danzig in 1927 and went to school there. In the World War II he had to serve in the military, afterwards he was a prisoner of war of the U.S. army. In 1945 and 1946 he worked as a stonemason. During the rise of Nazi Germany, Grass drafted into the Waffen-SS, the elite armed wing of the Nazi Party. He revealed this in 2006. He said if he had joined the armed wing when he was older, he would have faced war crimes.

From 1946 he studied arts at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf and the Berlin University of the Arts (Universität der Künste) in West Berlin. He was a member of the German group of writers known as group 47.

He has lived in North Rhine-Westphalia, Berlin and Schleswig-Holstein. He lived in Lübeck. In 1959 he published The Tin Drum (Die Blechtrommel), his most famous work. Grass was always interested in politics and helped in the election campaigns of the SPD. He was a friend of Willy Brandt. Grass was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1999.

Grass died from a lung infection at his home in Lübeck, aged 87.

Bibliography 
 Danziger Trilogie
 Die Blechtrommel (Tin Drum) (1959)
 Katz und Maus (Cat and Mouse)(1961)
 Hundejahre (Dog Years)(1963)
 Örtlich betäubt (Local Anaesthetic) (1969)
 Aus dem Tagebuch einer Schnecke (From the Diary of a Snail) (1972)
 Der Butt (1979)
 Das Treffen in Telgte (1979)
 Kopfgeburten oder Die Deutschen sterben aus (1980)
 Die Rättin (1986)
 Zunge zeigen. Ein Tagebuch in Zeichnungen (1988)
 Unkenrufe (1992)
 Ein weites Feld (1995)
 Mein Jahrhundert (1999)
 Im Krebsgang (2002)
 Letzte Tänze (2003)

English Translations 
 The Danzig Trilogy
 The Tin Drum (1959)
 Cat and Mouse (1963)
 Dog Years (1965)
 Four Plays (1967)
 Speak out! Speeches, Open Letters, Commentaries (1969)
 Local Anaesthetic (1970)
 From the Diary of a Snail (1973)
 In the Egg and Other Poems (1977)
 The Meeting at Telgte (1981)
 The Flounder (1978)
 Headbirths, or, the Germans are Dying Out (1982)
 The Rat (1987)
 Show Your Tongue (1987)
 Two States One Nation? (1990)
 The Call of the Toad (1992)
 The Plebeians Rehearse the Uprising (1996)
 My Century (1999)
 Too Far Afield (2000)
 Crabwalk (2002)

References

Other websites 
 Nobel prize biographical notes  (in English, also available in French, German, and Swedish)
 Nobel Laureate Flays Bush, June 1, 2006 

1927 births
2015 deaths
German essayists
German Nobel Prize winners
German novelists
German writers
People from former German territories
Writers from Gdańsk
German playwrights
Waffen-SS people
Occitan language

Occitan is known as lenga d'òc by its native speakers. 

It is a Romance language spoken in the south of France, the Occitan Valleys of Italy, the Val d'Aran of Catalonia and Monaco. The regions together called Occitania. Of course, this is an unofficial name for a region in three countries! Its justification is that it is united by a culture.

Occitan took a different path from Latin to the main official languages. It is sometimes called lenga d'òc ("language of oc", French: langue d'oc) because its word for yes is òc, as opposed to oil (oui) or sì in other languages. That is one way to classify Romance languages.

Occitan is an official language of Catalonia. Since September 2010, the Parliament of Catalonia has considered Aranese Occitan to be the officially preferred language for use in the Val d'Aran.

Dialects 

 Alpine (also named Vivaro-Alpine or Provençal Alpine)
 Auvergnat
 Gascon (including Aranese spoken in Val d'Aran, Catalonia, Spain)
 Languedocien
 Limousin
 Provençal

Some of those names (Provençal, Limousin, Gascon) were once used for the whole language.

Sources

Other websites 

 Dictionary (written in Occitan)
 Ethnologue report page for language with code OCI (Occitan)
 English-Occitan lexicon
 Orbilat.com , Overview and grammar of Occitan
 Occitanet.free.fr, a guide to the language
  Ostaldoccitania.net  The house of occitan associations of Toulouse
  Eonet.ne , "LexRomEdic", Electronic version of Lexique Roman of Rainouard (A provisional version is available).

Romance languages
Languages of Europe
Languages of France
Bass (singer)

A singer who is a bass is a man with a low singing voice. Some basses may be able to sing down to C two octaves below middle C. Even low A is sometimes needed in Russian church music.

In opera, basses often have the part of the villain, or the king, or a priest. A buffo-bass is a character role in which the bass singer needs a wide range for the comedy of the part. The part of Leporello in Mozart's Don Giovanni needs a buffo bass. The lowest kind of bass is called a basso-profondo. An example is the priest Sarastro in Mozart's Magic Flute.

Feodor Chaliapin (1873-1938) was a famous Russian bass.
Southern gospel singer J.D. Sumner held the world record for lowest bass singer for a number of years, from 1988 until he was beaten by Tim Storms in 2016
A baritone is a voice between tenor and bass in range, but some low baritones describe themselves as bass-baritones. Wotan in Der Ring des Nibelungen is a bass-baritone part. Bryn Terfel is a famous Welsh bass-baritone.
Johnny Cash is well known for his bass-baritone voice

Vocal ranges
Plankton

Plankton are drifting organisms that live in the surface layers of the ocean. They live in the top layer of the ocean, called the epipelagic zone. They are not strong enough to swim against ocean currents. The term is in contrast to nekton, who can control their movements. There are three groups:
 Phytoplankton: which live at the surface of the ocean and photosynthesise (use light to make sugars and other molecules). 
 Eukaryote algae: diatoms, coccolithophores, some dinoflagellates.
 Bacteria: cyanobacteria.
 Zooplankton: small protozoans or metazoans: Ctenophores; jellyfish; rotifers; foraminifera; tiny crustacea and other animals. Some eggs and larvae of larger animals such as fish, crustaceans, and annelids. Apart from the eggs, they all feed on other plankton. 
 Some groups fall into both categories. Dinoflagellates can be either photosynthetic producers or heterotroph consumers; many species are mixotrophic depending upon their circumstances. It is also hard to fit viruses into this scheme; yet they are present in great numbers.

Plankton are important in the ocean's food chain. They are the main source of food for almost all fish larvae as they switch from their yolk sacs to catching prey. Basking sharks and blue whales feed on them directly; other large fish feed on them indirectly, by eating fish of smaller size, such as herrings.

The distribution of plankton is governed more by nutrients than by temperature. Large tracts of ocean are blue and sterile. The reason is that these areas lack one or more crucial nutrients for the photosynthetic plankton, upon whom all the others depend. Broadly speaking, areas near land masses get nutrients by rivers and wind. The key nutrient lacking in the Pacific ocean is iron, essential in molecules such as ferredoxins, iron-sulfur proteins which do electron transfer in a range of metabolic reactions.

References 

Biological oceanography
Wake Forest University

Wake Forest University is a university found in Winston-Salem, North Carolina . It was started in 1834 in the eastern North Carolina town of Wake Forest. The university was moved to Winston-Salem in 1956. A private school for both men and women, it has been a university since 1967.

The components of Wake Forest University are the Undergraduate College and the Wayne Calloway School of Business and Accountancy, the School of Law, Wake Forest School of Medicine, the Babcock Graduate School of Management, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and the Divinity School.

Sports 
Wake Forest's athletics teams are called the Deamon Deacons and they have sixteen varsity teams.

Other websites

Atlantic Coast Conference
Colleges and universities in North Carolina
Oak Ridge Associated Universities
1834 establishments in the United States
1830s establishments in North Carolina
Gulf of Mexico

The Gulf of Mexico is an ocean basin or bay of the Atlantic Ocean. It is a marginal sea of North America. The United States of America, Mexico, and Cuba are the countries around it. 

The Straits of Florida connect to the rest of the Atlantic Ocean, and the Yucatán Channel connects to the Caribbean Sea. Because of its narrow connection to the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf has very small tides.

The size of the Gulf basin is about 1.6 million km2 (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental-shelf waters. The climate is tropical, with heavy growth of plankton and sea grass. 

Petroleum is found near the north and west coast of this gulf. Many hurricanes hit this area, for example, Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita hurt many of the oil wells in 2005 in the United States. There is also a big fishing industry in the gulf. The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important offshore petroleum-production regions in the world, making one-sixth of the United States' total production.

The Gulf was formed by plate tectonics about 300 million years ago.

References 

Mexico
Atlantic Ocean
Bodies of water of the United States
Geography of Cuba
Geography of Mexico
Zaire

Zaire, officially the Republic of Zaire () was the name of a country that is now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It used this name from 27 November 1971 to 17 May 1997. The name "Zaire" comes from a Portuguese corruption of the Kongo word nzare, meaning "river".

References 

1971 establishments in Africa
1997 disestablishments
1990s disestablishments in Africa
History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Encino, Los Angeles

Encino, California is a district of Los Angeles.

Other websites 
Maps and aerial photos of Encino

Neighborhoods of Los Angeles
Winter Olympic Games

Winter Olympic Games were originally considered to be linked with the nation hosting the Summer Olympic Games.  The country holding the summer games was preferred as the host for the winter games.  Since 1948, the locations of summer and winter games have developed independent of each other.
 1924 - I Olympic Winter Games - Chamonix, France
 1928 - II Olympic Winter Games - St. Moritz, Switzerland
 1932 - III Olympic Winter Games - Lake Placid, New York, United States
 1948 - V Olympic Winter Games - St. Moritz, Switzerland
 1952 - VI Olympic Winter Games - Oslo, Norway
 1956 - VII Olympic Winter Games - Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy
 1960 - VIII Olympic Winter Games - Squaw Valley, California, United States
 1964 - IX Olympic Winter Games - Innsbruck, Austria
 1968 - X Olympic Winter Games - Grenoble, France
 1972 - XI Olympic Winter Games - Sapporo, Japan
 1976 - XII Olympic Winter Games - Innsbruck, Austria
 1980 - XIII Olympic Winter Games - Lake Placid, New York, United States
 1984 - XIV Olympic Winter Games - Sarajevo, Yugoslavia
 1988 - XV Olympic Winter Games - Calgary, Alberta, Canada
 1992 - XVI Olympic Winter Games - Albertville, France
 1994 - XVII Olympic Winter Games - Lillehammer, Norway
 1998 - XVIII Olympic Winter Games - Nagano, Japan
 2002 - XIX Olympic Winter Games - Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
 2006 - XX Olympic Winter Games - Torino, Italy
 2010 - XXI Olympic Winter Games - Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
 2014 - XXII Olympic Winter Games - Sochi, Russia
 2018 - XXIII Olympic Winter Games - Pyeongchang, South Korea
 2022 - XXIV Olympic Winter Games - Beijing, China
 2026 - XXV Olympics Winter Games - Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy

References

 
Olympics-related lists
Woodside, California

Woodside is a town in California with a population of about 5,000 people and over 5,000 horses. It is in the northern region of Silicon Valley and has the highest per-capita population of billionaires, as well as being the home of celebrities including Shirley Temple, Neil Diamond, Joan Baez, Michelle Pfeiffer and a gorilla named Koko that knew more than a thousand words of American Sign Language.

References

Other websites 
 Town of Woodside home page
 Woodside Public Library - a branch of the San Mateo County Library
 Woodside Fire District

Towns in California
Cities in the San Francisco Bay Area
Settlements in San Mateo County, California
Pathogen

A pathogen is an infectious thing, such as a virus, bacteria, fungi or parasite, which causes a disease. This ability is called pathogenicity.

The body has many ways to defend against some of the common pathogens (such as Pneumocystis) in the form of the human immune system and by some "helpful" bacteria present in the human body's normal human flora. However, if the immune system or "good" bacteria is damaged in any way (for example, chemotherapy, HIV, or antibiotics being taken to kill other pathogens), pathogenic bacteria that were being held back can grow and cause harm to the host. Such cases are opportunistic infections.

Some pathogens cause epidemics. These include the bacterium Yersinia pestis which may have caused the Black Death, the Variola virus, and the malarial protozoa. They hurt or even kill large numbers of people. 

The most famous and lethal outbreak was the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic (type A influenza, H1N1 subtype), which lasted from 1918 to 1919. It is not known exactly how many it killed, but estimates range from 20 to 100 million people. This pandemic has been described as "the greatest medical holocaust in history" and may have killed as many people as the Black Death. 

The huge death toll was caused by an extremely high infection rate of up to 50% and the extreme severity of the symptoms. One observer wrote, "One of the most striking of the complications was hemorrhage from mucous membranes, especially from the nose, stomach, and intestine. Bleeding from the ears and skin also occurred". The majority of deaths were from bacterial pneumonia, a secondary infection caused by influenza, but the virus also killed people directly, causing massive bleeding and oedema in the lungs.

In plants, fungi are the main cause of infectious disease.

References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kava

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Plant_disease_epidemiology&action=edit&section=2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_pathology

Microbiology
Infectious diseases
Epidemiology
Pesticide

A pesticide is a chemical that is used to kill or prevent small animals (or organisms) which are considered to be unwanted. These organisms are called pests. Some of these pests that people do not want are insects, microbes that destroy plants, and other things that affect humans in a bad way and it may kill humans too. Many pesticides are poisonous, and are bad for not only the organisms they kill, but for humans too. A pesticide also affects the environment
and the atmosphere. 

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants lists chemicals that are very hard to destroy, or very toxic. In total, twelve chemicals are listed. Nine of them can be used as pesticides.

Types of Pesticides 
There are different types of pesticides for getting rid of different pests.
 Herbicides kill weeds 
 Insecticides kill insects that eat plants and crops
 Fungicides kill any bad fungi

Effects of pesticides 
Pesticides are used to kill pests, but many are bad for human health. They may pollute water, and go into rivers, lakes, and ponds. This will cause acid rain, and organisms living in the water can get sick and die, because the water where they live has more acid.

Pesticides used to protect crops are very damaging to the general ecosystem. They kill not just pests but vital insects which do pollination and other things. Every area needs a balance, but generally we do not have a system which does this.

Alternatives 
In many cases, there are alternatives to the use of (chemical) pesticides. These include:
 Use of genetic engineering
 Release of other organisms to control the pests, such as predators or parasites. That way, ducks can be used in rice fields to act against snails, for example
 Some foods can be processed and used to control certain pest
 Use of polycultures, that is growing many different crops together, rather than just one crop.

References

Gardening
Pesticides
Inhalation

Inhalation is half of what occurs when people or animals breathe. Air is moved from the outside through the respiratory system into the lungs. The lungs take out some oxygen and put it into the blood. Drugs can also be inhaled with an inhaler to put them into the blood. The air is then moved out of the lungs again. This is the other half of breathing, called exhalation.

Respiratory system
Severe acute respiratory syndrome

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was an atypical pneumonia. It started in November 2002 in Guangdong Province, in the city of Foshan, of the People's Republic of China. The disease was caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS CoV), a new coronavirus. It was also a part-time STD, it can be spread through both sexual and casual contact. 

SARS is a zoonosis: it is a disease which comes from animals: it came from  Asian palm civets to cave-dwelling horseshoe bats. Exactly how the virus got to humans is not known.

SARS was first reported in Asia in February 2003. Over the next few months, the illness spread to more than 24 countries in Asia, North America, South America, and Europe before the SARS global outbreak of 2003 was contained. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a total of 8098 people worldwide became sick with SARS during the 2003 outbreak. 774 of them died. 

After the Chinese government suppressed news of the SARS outbreak, the disease spread rapidly, reaching Hong Kong and Vietnam in late February 2003, and then to other countries via international travellers. The last case in this outbreak occurred in June 2003. There were a total of 8437 known cases of the disease, with 813 deaths (a mortality rate of 9.636%).

In May 2005 the disease itself was declared 'eradicated' by the WHO and it became the second disease in mankind to receive this label (the other was smallpox). The New York Times reported that "not a single case of severe acute respiratory syndrome has been reported this year or in late 2004. It is the first winter without a case since the initial outbreak in late 2002. Also, the epidemic strain of SARS that caused at least 813 deaths worldwide by June of 2003 has not been seen outside a laboratory since then."

References 

Diseases caused by viruses
Pulmonology
Coronaviruses
Zoonoses
Lazio

Lazio (Latin: Latium) is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in central Italy. The capital is Rome.

Geography
The region is in Central Italy with an area of . It is bordered to the northwest by the Tuscany region, to the north by the Umbria region, to the northeast with the Marche region, to the east with the Abruzzo and Molise regions, to the southeast is the Campania region and to the west is the Tyrrhenian Sea. The Vatican City is within the region.

The main river in the region is the Tiber. The highest mountain in the region is Monte Gorzano, on the border with the Abruzzo region, with an altitude of .

The Pontine Islands () are an archipelago in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the west coast of Italy. They are part of Lazio.

Provinces
Lazio has four provinces: Viterbo, Rieti, Latina, Frosinone, Rome (The Regional Capital)

Largest municipalities
The 10 communi with more people living in it are:

References

Other websites

 Lazio Region Official site
Rudolf Diesel

Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel (March 18, 1858 – September 30, 1913) was a German engineer and inventor. His best known invention is Diesel engine. He was born in Paris and died on the English Channel.

He had the idea to develop an engine which relied on a high compression of the fuel to ignite it. With this he could do without a spark. The technique with a spark was developed by Niklaus Otto. The engine based on this is called internal combustion engine.

In 1892 he got a patent for the engine.

He got a lot of money from licensing his invention.

1858 births
1913 deaths
German inventors
Niklaus Otto

Nikolaus August Otto (June 14, 1832 - January 28, 1891) was a German engineer. He is the inventor of the internal-combustion engine. This engine was the first to burn fuel directly in a piston chamber. Up until his invention, all engines were external-combustion engines steam engines and burnt their fuel in a separate compartment.

1832 births
1891 deaths
German mechanical engineers
German inventors
Scientists from Cologne
Uralic languages

The Uralic languages are a language family. They were originally spoken in Eastern Europe and Asia but originated somewhere in eastern Siberia near Lake Baikal.

There are two modern main kinds: the Samoyedic languages and the Finno-Ugric languages.

Origin 
The proto-Uralic languages and the early Uralic people originated somewhere in eastern Siberia or possibly Northeast Asia. They were closely related to other Siberian and East Asian but also Inuit people. They migrated into central Siberia and then about 3,000 years ago started to migrate to the Baltic region in northeastern Europe. They assimilated many Paleo-European tribes. Genetic and anthropologic studies show that the early Uralic people were similar to various Siberian and East Asian people (Mongoloids).

External relations 

Several linguists and geneticists suggest that the Uralic languages are related to various Siberian languages and possibly also some languages of northern Native Americans. A proposed family is named Uralo-Siberian. It includes Uralic, Yukaghir, Eskimo–Aleut (Inuit), possibly Nivkh and Chukotko-Kamchatkan.

List of Uralic languages
Finno-Ugric languages
Hungarian
Khanty
Mansi
Estonian
Finnish
Karelian
Livonian
Votic
Ingrian
Saami
Erzya
Moksha
Mari
Udmurt
Komi
Samoyedic languages
Nenets

References

Other weblinks
Indo-Aryan languages

The Indo-Aryan languages are a branch of Indo-Iranian languages. They are mostly spoken in Southern Asia, including India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, the Maldives and Bangladesh. However, some are also spoken in other places, such as Europe. The Indo-Aryan languages come from a common ancient ancestor, Proto-Indo-Aryan, and today include many modern languages like Marathi, Odia, Hindustani (including modern Hindi and Urdu), Romani, Domari, Lomavren, Rohingya language
Prakrit  and Sanskrit, which is the sacred language of Hindus.And Gujarati is also a official language of India.

Related pages 
Languages of South Asia
Iranic languages

References

Further reading
Morgenstierne, Georg. "Early Iranic Influence upon Indo-Aryan." Acta Iranica, I. série, Commemoration Cyrus. Vol. I. Hommage universel (1974): 271-279.

Other websites 
 The Indo Aryan languages
Indo-Iranian languages

The Indo-Iranian languages or Indo-Iranic languages are the largest group of the Indo-European language family. They include the Indo-Aryan (Indic) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Indo-Aryan languages.) and Iranic (Iranian) languages. They are mostly spoken in the Indian subcontinent and the Iranian plateau. Originally, they were spoken in Central Asia, to the east and the north of the Caspian Sea.

Indo-Aryan languages

There are about 221 Indo-Aryan (Indic) languages, with more than 800 million speakers.

Below are the most widely spoken Indo-Aryan languages.

 Punjabi (regional official language in India; regional de facto co-official provincial language in Pakistan)
 Bengali (official language in Bangladesh; regional official language in India)
 Marathi (regional official language in India)
 Hindustani (in the form of Urdu; official language in Pakistan; regional official language in India alongside Hindi, another form of Hindustani)

Sanskrit, the sacred language of the Hindus, is also an Indo-Aryan language. Today it is spoken by around 14,000 people, is an official language in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and is one of the 22 official languages of India.

Iranic languages

There are about 86 Iranian languages, or Iranic languages as argued by some scholars, with between 150 and 200 million speakers.

Below are the most widely spoken Iranian languages.
 Persian (official language in Iran; also official as Dari in Afghanistan and as Tajik in Tajikistan)
 Pashto (official language in Afghanistan)
 Kurdish (official language in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq)

The Iranian languages also contain the extinct language Avestan, which is used in the Zoroastrian scriptures of Zoroastrianism. It is similar to Sanskrit but is not widely spoken today.

Nuristani, Bangani, and Badeshi

Some scholars consider the Nuristani and Bangani languages as part of the Indo-Aryan subgroup, but some other scholars consider them as two separate subgroups of Indo-Iranian. The Badeshi language is also an unclassified Indo-Iranian language.

Further reading
 
 Pinault, Georges-Jean. "Contacts religieux et culturels des Indo-Iraniens avec la civilisation de l'Oxus". In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 149ᵉ année, N. 1, 2005. pp. 213–257. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.2005.22848 ; www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2005_num_149_1_22848
 Pinault, Georges-Jean. "La langue des Scythes et le nom des Arimaspes". In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 152e année, N. 1, 2008. pp. 105–138. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.2008.92104 ; www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2008_num_152_1_92104
 Baly, Joseph. Eur-Aryan roots: With their English derivatives and the corresponding words in the cognate languages compared and systematically arranged. Vol. 1. K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Company, Limited, 1897.

Notes

References
Slavic languages

The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) are the largest language family of the Indo-European group. Slavic languages and dialects are spoken in Central Europe, Eastern Europe, the Balkans and North Asia.

List of Slavic languages

East Slavic languages 

These languages are usually written with the Cyrillic alphabet.

 Ukrainian
 Belarusian
 Russian
 Rusyn

West Slavic languages 
These languages are usually written with the Roman alphabet.

 Czech-Slovak languages
 Czech
 Knaanic
 Slovak
 Pannonian Rusyn
 Lechitic languages
 Polish
 Silesian
 Pomeranian
 Kashubian
 Slovincian
 Polabian
 Sorbian
 Upper Sorbian 
 Lower Sorbian

South Slavic languages 
These languages may be written with the Cyrillic or Latin script, depending on the language.
 Eastern 
 Bulgarian
 Macedonian
 Western
 Serbian
 Montenegrin
 Bosnian
 Croatian
 Burgenland Croatian
 Molise Croatian
 Bunjevac Croatian
 Slovenian

Pan-Slavic languages 
 Interslavic

Other websites 
 Slavic Grammar Matrix

 
Languages of Europe
Language-related lists
Padua

Padua () is an Italian city near Venice. It has about 210,000 people.

An old myth says that Padua was founded by the Trojan Antenore. There was a settlement since the 4th century before Christ. It got under Roman power in 215 B.C. In 426 A.D. Padua became destroyed by Attila. Narses reconstructed the city, but the Langobardes destroyed it a second time. Charles, the Great got Padua in 774 under power of the Francs, later the city joined the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation.

After struggles with Frederic Barbarossa it declared peace in 1177. In 1222 the second university of Italy was founded in Padua. The Gulfs got Padua in 1256, later the Republic of Venice got control about the city until Napoleon Bonaparte got it.

References

Other websites 
 The official site in Italian language

 
Capital cities in Italy
4th-century BC establishments
Mary McAleese

Mary Patricia McAleese (born 27 June 1951) was the eighth President of the Republic of Ireland from 1997 to 2011. She was first elected president in 1997 and was re-elected to another seven years from 2004 to 2011. She was ranked the 55th most powerful woman in the world on a list of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women by Forbes, despite the ceremonial nature of the presidency.

She is the first President of Ireland to be born in Northern Ireland.  She is also Ireland's second woman president, and the first in the world to succeed another woman.

Related pages
 President of Ireland

1951 births
Living people
Fianna Fáil politicians
Politicians from Belfast
Writing system

A writing system (also called a script) is a system of symbols used to represent language. There are different kinds of writing systems, with symbols that represent different things. For example, English uses an alphabet (the Latin alphabet).

The fundamental principle is that symbols stand for sound, but there is more to it than that. The term "writing system" includes more than just (for example) an alphabet. Alphabets are part of a "graphic inventory" which includes punctuation, diacritics, ideograms (e.g. numbers) and logograms (standing for specific words such as $, & etc.).

Types of writing systems 
There are many different types of writing systems. Each grapheme, or symbol, can mean different things in different writing systems. Depending on what an individual symbol means, such as a whole word or a sound, each writing system is categorized as a different type.

Logography 
A logography is a writing system with symbols that mean whole words or symbols that represent ideas. These symbols are called "logograms" or "logographs". Examples of logographies are Chinese characters (used in Chinese) and hieroglyphs.

Syllabary 
A syllabary is a writing system with symbols that each mean a syllable. Examples of syllabaries are hiragana and katakana (used in Japanese) and the Cherokee syllabary (used in Cherokee).

Alphabet 

An alphabet is a writing system with symbols that mean individual sounds (or phonemes). There are different types of alphabets.

True alphabets 
A true alphabet is a writing system with symbols that mean both consonants and vowels. Examples of alphabetic writing systems are the Latin alphabet, (used in large parts of the world), the Greek alphabet (used in Greek), and the Cyrillic alphabet (used in many countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where Russia had a major influence during the days of the Soviet Union).

Abjad 

Alphabets that only write consonants (and do not write vowels) are called abjads. Examples of abjads are the Arabic alphabet, which is used in much of the Muslim world, and the Hebrew alphabet used for Jewish languages like Hebrew and Yiddish. Both of these abjads are written in lines that run from right to left. The logic is that people in those areas know what vowels are used when the words are spoken.

Abugida 

Abugidas are alphabets where consonants are written as a symbol, and vowels are written as diacritics. Examples of abugidas are many writing systems of India and Southeast Asia, such as Devanagari (used in Hindi and Sanskrit).

Direction of writing 
Each writing system can be written in different directions. English (which uses the Latin alphabet) is written from left to right. Some languages, like Arabic, are written from right to left.

Some languages, like Chinese and Japanese, can be written vertically (from top to bottom).

Related pages 
 Writing tool
 Constructed script - a writing system made by someone for a specific purpose

References
Cloudberry

A cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus) is a herbaceous plant in alpine, tundra and boreal forest. The fruit is an amber-colored edible fruit similar to the raspberry or blackberry.

Despite great demand as a delicacy (particularly in Russia, Norway, Sweden and Finland) the cloudberry is not widely cultivated. It is mainly a wild plant. Wholesale prices vary widely by the size of the yearly harvest, but cloudberries have gone for as much as €10/kg (in 2004). 

The ripe fruits are golden-yellow, soft and juicy, and are rich in vitamin C. When eaten fresh, cloudberries have a distinctive tart taste. When over-ripe, they have a creamy texture somewhat like yogurt, and a sweetened flavour. They are often made into jams, juices, tarts, and liqueurs. They are very popular in Scandinavia.

The plant spreads by two means. Its seeds are spread by birds and mammals. Locally, its rhizomes develop into wide berry patches.

References 

Rubus
Scent marks

Scent marks are what animals leave when they are marking their territory. The leader of the pack rubs his/her scent on his/her pack. This helps establish which animal belongs to which pack, and also which animal is the leader.

Other websites 

Ethology

en:Territory (animal)#Spraying
Maputo

Maputo is the capital of Mozambique. It is on the coast of the Indian Ocean. As of 2004, about 1,114,000 people live in the city. Maputo was founded in the 18th century. The original name was Lourenço Marques, but it was changed after independence. Lisbon in Portugal is a twin town of Maputo. Eduardo Mondlane University is in Maputo.

Baixa de Maputo is a historic district.

National capitals in Africa
Provinces of Mozambique
Geography of Mozambique
Original sin

The concept of original sin refers generally to the Christian belief in the universal nature of sin. Original sin is considered to be the result of the story of Adam and Eve in The Bible.  In that story (Genesis 3), God only made one rule for them: They must not eat fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. But the snake told Eve, that eating the fruit would make Eve like God. Eve then persuaded Adam to eat the fruit. After they had broken  God's only rule, they were removed from the Garden of Eden.

Then Genesis tells the story of how their oldest son Cain killed his brother Abel. Based mostly on this and many other stories and passages in the Bible and Saint Paul's statement in Romans 5:12 (Sin entered the world because one man, Adam, sinned, and death came because of sin. Everyone sinned, so death came to all people.--NIV), Christians traditionally believe that no human is without sin.  

More specifically the term "original sin" refers to the state of being part of the human race. Every human is born with sin. Salvation can only be obtained through faith. 

This was first explained fully by Saint Augustine in his writings against the Pelagians. The Eastern Orthodox Churches do not believe in this specific doctrine of Original Sin.

Christian theology
American Airlines

American Airlines, Inc. (AA) is the largest airline of the United States. It is based in Fort Worth It was founded in 1930 with the name American Airways. 82 small airlines were combined in 1930 to form American. In 1934, the name was officially changed to American Airlines. American was the first airline to have computerized reservations, a frequent-flyer program and an airline lounge. In 1999, American helped start Oneworld. In 2001, American bought TWA. In 2011, American filed for bankruptcy. American was combined with US Airways in 2013. In 2016, American will introduce a new no-frills fare. This is to compete with many low-cost carriers.

Accidents and incidents (only 5 listed) 
 American Airlines Flight 191 (1979)
 American Airlines Flight 70 (1988)
 American Airlines Flight 11 (2001)
 American Airlines Flight 77 (2001)
 American Airlines Flight 587 (2001)

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 American Airlines official website
American Airlines Video and Audio on MarketWatch

1926 establishments in the United States
Airlines of the United States
Companies based in Texas
Fort Worth, Texas
United Airlines

United Airlines, commonly referred to as United, is a major American airline. It was founded in Boise, Idaho in 1926 and it is currently the second largest airline in the United States to date. It is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. On May 3, 2010, it was announced that Continental Airlines would merge with United to become one company. The new airlines will take the United name but use Continental's globe identity and livery. There was a lot of negative reaction to the new livery.  Most people were in favor of the iconic "Tulip" logo, designed by Saul Bass in 1973.

Accidents and incidents
The following is a handful of memorable incidents involving United Airlines flights;

United Airlines Flight 826 on December 16, 1960.
United Airlines Flight 553 on December 8, 1972.
United Airlines Flight 811 on February 24, 1989.
United Airlines Flight 232
September 11 attacks
United Airlines Flight 175 at 9:03 a.m.
United Airlines Flight 93 at 10:03 a.m.
United Airlines Flight 328 on February 20, 2021.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 

Airlines of the United States
History of Chicago
Star Alliance
1926 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Idaho
IATA members
Companies based in Chicago