alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
1871



Events 
 January 2 – Amadeus I becomes King of Spain.
 January 18 – Germany becomes a unified country called the German Empire when states of the North German Confederation and south German states of the Kingdom of Bavaria, the Kingdom of Württemberg, the Grand Duchy of Baden and the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt unite. The King of Prussia becomes the first German Emperor as Wilhelm I of Germany.
 January 10 – France surrenders (gives up) to end the Franco-Prussian War
 March 22 – In North Carolina, William Holden is the first American governor (leader of a U.S. state) to be impeached (removed from office)
 March 26 – The Paris Commune takes power in Paris.
 March 29 – The Royal Albert Hall is opened by Queen Victoria.
 April – Stockholms Handelsbank is formed.
 October 12 – The introduction of the so-called Criminal Tribes Act was enacted in British India.

Births 
 January 17 – David Earl Betty of the North Sea and of Brooksby, British admiral (navy leader) (d. 1936)
 January 30 – Wilfred Lucas, actor (d. 1940)
 February 4 – Friedrich Ebert, president of the Weimar Republic (d. 1925)
 March 5 – Rosa Luxemburg, politician (d. 1919)
 March 27 – Heinrich Mann, speaker and writer (d. 1950)
 May 6 – Christian Morgenstern, writer (d. 1914)
 May 27 – Georges Rouault, painter and artist (d. 1958).
 July 23 – Tsunesaburō Makiguchi (Japanese old Lunar calendar 6 June was an incorrect date using in Gregorian calendar), First president of Soka Gakkai International (SGI) (d. 1944).
 August 19 – Orville Wright of the Wright brothers, Americans who invented the airplane.
 August 29 – Albert Lebrun, French politician (d. 1950)
 September 27 – Grazia Deledda, Sardinian writer – Nobel prize (d. 1936)
 December 13 – Emily Carr, Canadian artist and writer.
 Richard Turner, Canadian soldier with the Royal Canadian Dragoons, who got the Victoria Cross for bravery during the Second Boer War.
 Guangxu, Emperor of the Qing Dynasty in China.

Deaths 
 February 20 – Paul Kane, painter
 September 23 – Louis-Joseph Papineau, aged 85, Canadian politician and leader of the Patriotes Rebellion.
 October 10 - Octavius Catto, aged 32, American black educator.
 October 18 – Charles Babbage, aged 79, English mathematician and inventor of computing machines.

References
1882

1882 was a common year.

Events 
 May 20 – Triple Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.
 March 29 – The Knights of Columbus are set up.
 Edison builds first power station in the United States.

Births 
 January 6 – Fan S. Noli, Albanian poet and political figure (d. 1965)
 January 18 – A. A. Milne, British writer (d. 1956)
 January 25 – Virginia Woolf, writer (d. 1941)
 January 30 – Franklin Delano Roosevelt, President of the United States
 February 1 – Louis Stephen St. Laurent, twelfth Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1973)
 February 2 – James Joyce, writer (d. 1941)
 February 11 – Gheorghe Cucu composer (d. 1932)
 February 15 – John Barrymore, actor (d. 1942)
 March 14 – Waclaw Sierpinski Polish mathematician (d. 1969)
 March 15 – Jim Lightbody, American middle-distance runner
 March 21 – Gilbert M. 'Broncho Billy' Anderson, actor (d. 1971)
 March 23 – Emmy Noether, mathematician (d. 1935)
 April 17 – Artur Schnabel, pianist (d. 1951)
 April 18 – Isabel J. Cox, future spouse of Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1985)
 May 6 – Crown Prince Wilhelm of Germany, heir of Kaiser Wilhelm II (d. 1951)
 May 9 – Henry J. Kaiser, industrialist (d. 1967)
 May 9 – George Barker, United States painter (d. 1965)
 May 13 – Georges Braque, painter (d. 1963)
 May 16 – Anne McCormick, journalist, Pulitzer Prize winner (d. 1954)
 May 19 – Mohammed Mossadegh, Iranian prime minister (d. 1967)
 May 20 – Sigrid Undset, Norwegian writer (d. 1949)
 May 30 – Wyndham Halswelle, British runner
 June 9 – Bobby Kerr, Canadian sprinter
 June 17 – Igor Stravinsky, composer (d. 1971)
 August 14 – Gisela Richter, art historian (d. 1972)
 August 25 – Sean T. O'Kelly, second President of Ireland (d. 1966)
 October 5 – Robert Goddard, rocket scientist (d. 1945)
 October 6 – Karol Szymanowski, composer (d. 1937)
 October 14 – Éamon de Valera, Taoiseach and third President of Ireland (d. 1975)
 October 22 – N.C. Wyeth, artist
 December 9 – Joaquín Turina, composer (d. 1949)
 November 11 – King Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden (d. 1973)
 December 16 – Zoltán Kodály, composer (d. 1967)

Deaths 
 February 11 – Gustav Schmidt, composer
 March 24 – Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, writer
 April 3 – Jesse James, outlaw
 April 10 – Dante Gabriel Rossetti, poet, painter
 April 19 – Charles Darwin, British naturalist
 July 16 – Mary Todd Lincoln, former First Lady of the United States
 Charles A. Alexander, Victorian architect

Heads of State 
 China – Guāngxù Emperor of China, Qing Dynasty (1875-1908)
 Denmark – Christian IX, King of Denmark (1863-1906)
 France – Jules Grévy, President of France (1879-1887)
 Germany – Wilhelm I, German Kaiser (1871-1888)
 Holy See – Pope Leo XIII, Bishop of Rome (1878-1903)
 Japan – Mutsuhito, Meiji emperor (1867-1912)
 Norway – Oscar II, King of Sweden and Norway (1872-1905)
 Ottoman Empire – Abdul Hamid II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1876-1909)
 Russia – Alexander III, Tsar of Russia (1881-1894)
 Spain – Alfonso XII of Spain, King of Spain (1875-1885)
 United States – Chester A. Arthur, President of the United States (1881-1885)
Roald Amundsen

Roald Amundsen was a Norwegian explorer who focused on the poles. He led the first expedition to reach the South Pole and the first that could prove it made it to the North Pole. Amundsen was also the first man known to travel the Northwest Passage.

Life
When Amundsen was young, he decided he would use his life to explore the wilderness. He was inspired by the lives of Fridtjof Nansen and John Franklin. While his mother was alive he did not go to sea, to keep a promise to her. After her death, he quit university to begin exploring the world at 21 years old.

In 1897, he went on the Belgian Antarctic Expedition as first mate. This was the first expedition to stay over winter at Antarctica, since their ship got stuck in the ice preventing them from leaving.

In 1903, Amundsen led the first expedition to make it through the Northwest Passage.

In October 1911, he began his expedition to Antarctica with four other men in attempt to be the first man to reach the South Pole. Robert Falcon Scott, an explorer from Britain, arrived in Antarctica with his own team only days after Amundsen. Both explorers raced to the South Pole, but Amundsen and his men used skis and dog sleds for transportation. This was more efficient. On 14 December 1911, Amundsen successfully became the first man to reach the South Pole.

In 1926, Amundsen and his men made it to the North Pole. Three other expeditions claimed to make it before then, but their claims have not been verified. Two of them have been considered fraud. This may make Amundsen and his men the first to reach the North Pole.

He disappeared in June 1928 while taking part in a rescue mission.

Gallery

Related pages

 List of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1910–1990

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 The Fram Museum (Frammuseet) (Named after one of Amundsen's ships)
 DIO vol.10 2000 Amundsen's record of polar firsts
 
 
 

1872 births
1928 deaths
Norwegian people
Norwegian explorers
People with foods named after them
Missing people
GNU General Public License

The GNU General Public License (GPL) is a computer software copyleft license. This license lets the user of the software use a program in many of the same ways as if it were public domain. They can use it, change it, and copy it. They can also sell or give away copies of the program with or without any changes they made to it. The license lets them do this as long as they agree to follow the terms of the license. The GPL was created by Richard Stallman. The current version is version 3, created in 2007, although some software still uses version 2, created in 1991.

There are two main terms to the license. Both apply to giving the program away or selling it. 
A copy of the source code or written instructions about how to get a copy must be included with the software. If the software is able to be downloaded from the internet, the source code must also be available for downloading.
The license of the software can not be changed or removed. It must always use the GPL.

If the user does not agree to follow the GPL, they can still use the software under copyright laws. They can use it and make copies or changes to it for themselves, but they cannot give it away or sell it. They also can not change the license.

Related pages
 List of software licenses

Other websites 
 GNU General Public License v1.0
 GNU General Public License v2.0
 GNU General Public License v3.0
 GNU website

Software licences
Square

A square is a shape with four equal sides and four corners that are all right angles (90 degrees). The diagonals of a square also cross at right angles. The angle between any diagonal and a side of a square is 45 degrees. A square has rotational symmetry of four. It has four lines of regular symmetry. A square with vertices A, B, C and D can be written as .

A square is a type of rectangle with all sides of equal length. However, while a square is a type of rectangle and rhombus, the opposite does not need to be true.

A square is also the 2-dimensional analogue of a cube.

Formulas 
If the length of side a is known, then we have that:

If the length of diagonal d is known, then we have that:

Related pages 

 Square (algebra)
 Square number
 Square root

References

Polygons
Basic English 850 words
Anders Celsius

Anders Celsius (27 November 1701 – 25 April 1744) was a Swedish astronomer. Celsius was born in Uppsala in Sweden. Much of his work was in what was later called Geodesy. 

He is more famous for developing the Celsius temperature scale when he worked on meteorology (a science about weather conditions).  It later became an the international standard.  One of his good friends Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invented the Fahrenheit scale for the thermometer. 

1701 births
1744 deaths
Astronomers
Meteorologists
Swedish scientists
People from Uppsala
Java

Java () is one of the Sunda islands of Indonesia.

Geography 
The area is 132,000 square km. It is the world's 13th largest island. Around 140 million people live there, which is half the people in Indonesia and more than on any other island in the world. Most of them speak the Javanese language and many also speak other languages. 

The Java Sea is to the north, the Indian Ocean south. The capital city of Indonesia, Jakarta, is in Java.

Climate 
Most of Java has a tropical monsoon climate (Am in the Koeppen climate classification). The northern coast of the island is low-lying. The soil is fertile, because the island was made by volcanoes. It is an important area for growing crops in Indonesia.

Religion
The majority religion in Java island is Islam. Majority of the Javanese are Muslim and they follow the branch of Sunni Islam.

Gallery

Related pages 
 List of Javanese people

Sources
1267



Events

By topic

War and politics 
 February 16 – King Afonso III of Portugal and King Alfonso X of Castile sign the Badajoz Convention, figuring out the border between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of Leon, and ensuring Portuguese sovereignty over Algarve.
 May 27 – Treaty of Viterbo: Emperor Baldwin II of Constantinople gifts the Principality of Achaea to King Charles I of Sicily in the hope that Charles can help him restore the Latin Empire.
 The Second Barons' War in England ends, as the rebels and King Henry III of England agree to peace terms as laid out in the Dictum of Kenilworth.
 Treaty of Montgomery: King Henry III of England acknowledges Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's title of Prince of Wales.
 The city of Ostrava is founded.

Culture 
 Roger Bacon completes his work Opus Majus and sends it to Pope Clement IV, who had requested it be written; the work contains wide-ranging discussion of mathematics, optics, alchemy, astronomy, astrology, and other topics, and includes what some believe to be the first description of a magnifying glass. Bacon also completes Opus Minus, a summary of Opus Majus, later in the same year. The only source for his date of birth is his statement in the Opus Tertium, written in 1267, that "forty years have passed since I first learned the alphabet". The 1214 birth date assumes he was not being literal, and meant 40 years had passed since he matriculated at Oxford at the age of 13. If he had been literal, his birth date was more likely to have been around 1220.
 The leadership of Vienna forces Jews to wear Pileum cornutum,a cone-shaped head dress, in addition to the yellow badges Jews are already forced to wear.
 In England, the Statute of Marlborough is passed, the oldest English law still (partially) in force.

By place

Asia and Africa 
 The "Grand Capital" is constructed in Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing) by Kublai Khan, having moved the capital of the Mongol Empire there three years prior.
 Malik ul Salih establishes Samudra Pasai, the first Muslim state in Indonesia.
 Spain attempts an invasion of Morocco, but the Marinids successfully defended against the invasion and drive out Spanish forces.

Births 
 February 3 – Richard FitzAlan, 8th Earl of Arundel (d. 1302)
 August 10 – King James II of Aragon (d. 1327)
 December 17 – Emperor Go-Uda of Japan (d. 1324)
 Giotto di Bondone, Italian artist (d. 1337)
 Roger de Flor

Deaths 
 March 3 or March 4 – Lars, Archbishop of Uppsala
 John FitzAlan, 6th Earl of Arundel (b. 1223)
 Hugh II of Cyprus (b. 1253)
1844



Events 
 February 27 – The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti.
 An American dentist named Wells invents chloroform.

New Books 
 The Luck of Barry Lyndon by William Makepeace Thackeray

Births 
August 6 – Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
May 22 – Mary Cassatt

Deaths 
 June 27 – Joseph Smith, Jr, founder of Mormonismhe was raped and murderd
1902

1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar.

Events 
 July 11 – Arthur Balfour becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
 Marie and Pierre Curie discover radium
 The Real Madrid football club starts in Spain
 Statue of Boudica unveiled in Westminster, London

Births

January 

 January 8 – Georgy Malenkov, Soviet politician (d. 1988)

February 

 February 1 – Langston Hughes, American writer (d. 1967)
 February 4 – Charles Lindbergh, American pilot (d. 1974)
 February 10 – Walter Houser Brattain, American physicist (d. 1987)
 February 27 – John Steinbeck, American writer (d. 1968)

March 

 March 24 – Thomas E. Dewey, American politician (d. 1971)

April

May

June 

 June 16 – Barbara McClintock, American geneticist (d. 1992)

July 
 July 10 – Kurt Alder, German chemist (d. 1958)

August 

 August 8 – Paul Dirac, English physicist (d. 1984)

September 

 September 21 – Ruhollah Khomeini, revolutionary leader (d. 1989)

October 

 October 5 – Ray Kroc, American fast food entrepreneur (d. 1984)

November 
 November 9 - Anthony Asquith, British director (d. 1968)

December 

 December 5 – Strom Thurmond, American politician (d. 2003)
 December 9 – Margaret Hamilton, American actress (d. 1985)

Deaths 
 April 30 - Swami Vivekananda - Indian social reformer (b. 1863)
 December 14 – Julia Grant – former First Lady of the United States (b. 1826)
 September 16 – Levi Strauss, American business person (b. 1829)

Hits songs 
 "The Entertainer" m. Scott Joplin
1895



Events 
 Roentgen discovers X-rays
 Marconi invents the wireless telegraph
 China and Japan sign the Treaty of Shimonoseki
 José Paulino Gomes was born on 4 August

Births

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August 
 August 4  José Paulino Gomes, Brazilian supercentenarian (d. 2023)

 August 24 – Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan, 1st Yang di-Pertuan Agong (d. 1960)

September

October 
 October 8 – Juan Perón, President of Argentina (d. 1974)
 October 25 – Levi Eshkol, 3rd Prime Minister of Israel (d. 1969)

November

December
1796

1796 was a leap year.

Events 
 An English doctor invents a vaccination against smallpox.

Births 
January 7-Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales
July 26 - George Catlin, American painter
December 27 – Mirza Ghalib, poet of Urdu
1879



Events 
 Thomas Edison invents the light bulb.
 Rutherford B. Hayes State of the Union Address.

Births 
 March 14 – Albert Einstein, German scientist (died 1955)
 August 8 – Emiliano Zapata, Mexican revolutionary
 August 15 – Ethel Barrymore, American actress (died 1959)
 November 7 – Leon Trotsky, Ukrainian revolutionary and Marxist (died  1940)
 December 22 – Sydney Greenstreet, British actor (died 1958)
 Samuel Goldwyn, movie producer
 Simon Rodia, creator of the Watts Towers

Deaths 
 January 26 - Julia Margaret Cameron, British Indian photographer (b. 1815)
 February 11 – Honoré Daumier, French caricaturist and painter (b. 1808)
 February 23 – Albrecht Graf von Roon, Prime Minister of Prussia (b. 1803)
 February 25 – Charles Peace, British criminal (executed) (b. 1832)
 March 1 – Joachim Heer, Swiss politician (b. 1825)
 March 30 – Thomas Couture, French painter and teacher (b. 1815)
 April 30 – Sarah Josepha Hale, American writer (b. 1788)
 June 1 – Napoleon Eugene, Prince Imperial, son of French Emperor Napoleon III (b. 1856)
 June 27 - Sir John Lawrence, British Indian administrator (b. 1811)
 August 30 – John Bell Hood, America Confederate general (b. 1831)
 November 5 – James Clerk Maxwell, Scottish physicist (b. 1831)
 August 11 – George Willison Adams, Ohio abolitionist (b.1799)
1769

1769 was a common year.

Events 
 James Watt invents an engine driven by steam

Births 
 August 15 – Napoleon
1807

1807 (MDCCCVII) was .

Events 
Robert Fulton builds the steamship
1885



Events 
 Benz builds the first single-cylinder engine for car.
 John K Starley creates the first genuine bicycle, the Rover.
 John Boyd Dunlop invents the pneumatic tire.
 W.S. Gilbert & Arthur Sullivan's The Mikado
 The Times reports that "A lady well known in literary and scientific circles" has been cremated by the Cremation Society in Woking, Surrey. She is the first person to be officially cremated in the United Kingdom.
 Cholera epidemic in Spain – one of the victims is the king Alfonso XII.
 Third Burmese War begins.
 Clint Eastwood defeats Mad Dog Tannen.
 Sitting Bull joins Buffalo Bill.
 Randolph Churchill becomes a viceroy of India.
 Nikola Tesla sells a number of his patents to George Westinghouse.
 William Stanley, Jr. builds the first practical alternating current transformer device, the induction coil.
 Local anesthetic.
 First skyscraper – Home Insurance Building in Chicago, Illinois, USA (10 floors) is built.
 Bicycle Playing Cards are first produced.
 Grover Cleveland replaces Chester A. Arthur as President of the United States

Births 
 January 8 – John Curtin, Australia's 14th Prime Minister
 September 17 – George Cleveland, Canadian actor

Deaths 
 March 31 – Charlotte Brontë, British writer
1837

1837 was a common year.

Events 
 Samuel Morse invents the electric telegraph.
 Michigan becomes the 26th state.
Platinum

Platinum is a soft, heavy, white metal. It is a precious metal. It usually costs more than gold.
In chemistry, platinum is element number 78, and its atoms have an atomic weight of 195 a.m.u.. The symbol for platinum is Pt, from Spanish platina meaning "little silver".

Platinum is very malleable and ductile, which means it can be hammered into thin sheets and it can be pulled into wire. Platinum is very stable. Acids do not affect platinum.

The most common use of Platinum is in a vehicle's catalytic converter.

Transition metals
Craft

Craft or handicraft is about making things with one's own hands and skills. The different types of crafts can be put in groups according to the material being used. In the Middle Ages the most common materials were metal, wood or clay.

A craftsman is a person who has the knowledge and skills of a craft.  When they have a lot of experience they may be called a master craftsman.  If they are young people learning a craft they are called an apprentice.
Pope

This article is about Popes in general. For the current Pope, see Pope Francis.

The Pope is the head of the Catholic Church.

Popes are elected by Cardinals of the Catholic Church. Once they are elected they hold the position until they die or resign. Usually they do not resign, though; Pope Benedict XVI is the only Pope to resign in the last 500 years.  A newly elected Pope chooses a regnal name.  Everyone is told this new name when the Habemus Papam is read out. The current pope (Francis) was called Jorge Bergoglio before he became a pope.

The name Pope comes from the Greek word pappas, meaning "father". Catholics believe that when making statements ex cathedra, that is official statements teaching about faith and morals, the Pope is infallible - which means God will not allow his followers to be misled by allowing their leader to make a wrong statement. Only two of any Pope's statements have been ex cathedra. 

Popes today travel to many countries around the world preaching. The Pope is the only person in the world who both leads the church and government. Like other bishops he wears a big hat called a mitre and holds a staff called a crosier.

Recent popes 
Some recent Popes, and the time they were Pope:
 Pope John XXIII, 1958-1963
 Pope Paul VI, 1963-1978
 Pope John Paul I, 1978
 Pope John Paul II, 1978-2005
 Pope Benedict XVI, 2005-2013
 Pope Francis, current pope

The Popes in Avignon 
During parts of the Middle Ages, the French kings had a lot of influence in Europe. For this reason, seven popes (and two anti-popes) lived in Avignon, rather than Rome. The Avignon Papacy was from 1309 to 1377. During that time, the popes were known for their greed and corruption. These popes were allies of France; the enemies of France were also their enemies.

The Bishops of Rome who lived in Avignon were:
Pope Clement V: 1305–1314
Pope John XXII: 1316–1334
Pope Benedict XII: 1334–1342
Pope Clement VI: 1342–1352
Pope Innocent VI: 1352–1362
Pope Urban V: 1362–1370
Pope Gregory XI: 1370–1378

Two antipopes were based in Avignon as well:
Clement VII: 1378–1394
Benedict XIII: 1394–1423 (expelled from Avignon in 1403)

Antipopes were people that were elected by small groups who did not like the official choice. 
Catherine of Siena convinced pope Gregory XI to move back to Rome. Unfortunately, he died shortly after moving. The cardinals then elected Urban VI to be the next pope. The French cardinals did not recognise this election as legitimate. They declared the papal see as vacant; which led to the Western Schism. The schism lasted until the Council of Constance in 1417. During this time, there was a pope in Rome, an Antipope in Avignon, and for some time, a second antipope. Each of the three was recognised as legitimate pope by different European powers. This led to a big split in the church as a whole. The council elected Pope Martin V as a new pope, recognised by all parties.

Related pages
 List of popes
 Abdication
 Habemus Papam
 Papal name

References

Other websites

 
Christian religious occupations
San Andreas Fault

The San Andreas Fault is a right-moving ('dextral') strike-slip fault. It marks the boundary between the North American Plate on the east and the Pacific Plate on the west. The fault was the cause of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. It first appeared about 20 million years ago. 

The San Andreas Fault is a zone several miles wide with multiple strands. The main active strand runs both on and off-shore between Cape Mendocino and the Sea of Cortez. From Cape Mendocino, it runs offshore to Tomales Bay. Then it goes southward through Bolinas Lagoon, just west of the San Francisco Peninsula, to come onshore again at Daly City, through the hills of the Peninsula. Crystal cum reservoir is formed by the fault itself. 

In the Santa Cruz mountains, it bends slightly eastward. This is the site of the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. The fault continues south through the historic mission at San Juan Bautista and through the town of Hollister (where active creep can be seen to offset sidewalks and even houses). The Transverse Ranges north of Santa Barbara are formed by compression. Strands of the fault snake under the Los Angeles Basin. From there it connects into the active spreading under the Sea of Cortez.

The San Andreas fault was discovered by Furry in 1895, who climbed into the faulted serpentinite well where the south tower of the Golden Gate Bridge was being poured. In spite of the extreme deformation of the serpentinite, Lawson declared the bridge perfectly safe. The events of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake would seem to support his conclusion: the ruptured strand was not the one he observed in the footprint of the bridge.

References 

Geography of California
Faults
San Francisco Bay Area
Void (astronomy)

In astronomy, voids are the empty spaces between filaments. Filaments and voids are the largest-scale structures in the Universe. There are no or few galaxies in voids. Most voids have a diameter of 11 to 150 Mpc. 
Especially large voids are the empty spaces without many superclusters. 
These voids are sometimes called supervoids.

A 1994 official counting lists a total of 27 supervoids with a distance of up to 740 Mpc.

References 

 

 

Astronomical objects
Cosmology
Fixed-wing aircraft

A fixed-wing aircraft is a kind of aircraft.  An aircraft is a machine that can fly, but is heavier than air.  Fixed-wing aircraft are sometimes called airplanes, aeroplanes or sometimes just "planes".   All fixed-wing aircraft have wings that use forward airspeed to generate lift.  Gliders are fixed-wing aircraft that do not have engines.

History
A steam-powered fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle that weighed , was built by John Stringfellow, in Chard, Somerset, England in 1848. It could fly by itself without needing to be dropped from high up. There were gliders before this, but they had to fly by being pushed off a building or hill.

The first man who flew (took off, steered, and landed) a motor-powered aircraft was Orville Wright in 1903 in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, USA.

Advances in technology have made fixed-wing aircraft more efficient.  Things like winglets and more efficient turbofans have helped to do this.

Parts 
Most fixed-wing aircraft have certain parts in common.

 The wings are the most important part because they are what makes the plane fly. The wings create a force called lift that goes against gravity which makes the plane get off the ground. When air flows around the wing (which happens when the plane moves forward) the wing pushes air down, which in turn pushes the plane up. Lift can also be explained using Bernoulli's principle; since wings are designed so that air goes faster on the top of the wing than on the bottom, the higher pressure on the bottom will push the plane up.  Some wings have panels on the back called flaps. Flaps can be extended to make the wing bigger. This makes the wing make more lift, but also more drag. This lets the plane fly slower without stalling, so flaps are often used during takeoff and landing.
 The tail (also called the vertical stabilizer) is a large flat panel normally at the back of the plane. This helps the plane fly straight. Some planes have more than one tail, like the Antonov An-225. Some planes also have no tail, like the Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit.
 Engines push the plane forward.  This makes air flow over the wings, which makes the plane fly.  Some planes have propellers that the engine turns.  Others have jet engines.  Some fixed-wing aircraft, such as gliders, don't have engines. Instead they use gravity to give them forward speed.
 The fuselage is the part of the plane that holds the people and cargo.  It is normally shaped like a cylinder. The fuselage might have windows or doors.
 The landing gear or undercarriage is what supports the plane on the ground. It can be wheels if the plane lands on the ground, or floats if the plane lands in the water. If the plane lands in snow, the landing gear usually has skis. Many planes can retract (bring inside the fuselage) their landing gear to make less drag.

References 

Aircraft
Aerospace engineering
Aircraft

An aircraft is a flying machine. 

The word aircraft originally meant airships and balloons. It comes from the words air and craft,  a term from boating as were many early aviation words.

There are many different kinds of aircraft.

Some aircraft keep in the sky by moving air over their wings. Examples are aeroplanes, helicopters, and gliders. Some aircraft keep in the sky by floating.  Examples are balloons and airships.

Most aircraft use engine power. Examples are aeroplanes, helicopter, and airships. Gliders and balloons use no power.  A few aircraft use muscle power.

Big aeroplanes for transporting people are called airliners. Airliners are the quickest way to travel.  Airliners can fly over mountains and bad weather.  Airliners have complex technology to make them fly quickly, safely and for less money. 

A few fighter aircraft can fly at 3,200 km/h (2,000 mph). 

The person who drives an aircraft is called the pilot.

Largest aircrafts 
These are the largest aircrafts. They are:
The largest aircraft by dimensions and volume is the British Airlander 10.
The largest aircraft by weight and largest regularly used fixed-wing aircraft is the Antonov An-225 Mriya.
The largest military aircraft and the second largest airplane is the Antonov An-124 Ruslan.

Related pages 
Flight recorder
 Aircraft videos

References

 
Aerospace engineering
Victoria, British Columbia

Victoria is the capital city of the province of British Columbia, Canada. It is named after Queen Victoria. Over 350,000 people live in the Victoria area. Many people work for the government or in tourism. It is warmer than other Canadian cities in the winter, so many Canadians move there when they retire.

Victoria is on Vancouver Island. Most people travel there by boat (ferry) from Vancouver, or from Washington State. Victoria has three ferry docks and an airport, Victoria International Airport.

Victoria has one of the mildest climates in Canada, with gardens blooming year-round.

Some tourist attractions are the Butchart Gardens and the Royal British Columbia Museum. Some of the best-known buildings are the government buildings and the Empress Hotel, and both are by the Inner Harbour.

The first people to live in the area were the Coast Salish native people. People from England built Fort Victoria in 1843. Victoria became a city in 1862.

18,000 students study at the University of Victoria. Other people study at Camosun College, Royal Roads University, University Canada West, Victoria College of Art, and the Canadian College of Performing Arts. Students from all over the world study at Pearson College, near Victoria.

The Canadian navy has ships in a part of the city called Esquimalt.

Some of the parks include Beacon Hill Park, East Sooke Park, Mount Work Park, and Mount Douglas Park.

There are many flowers in Victoria; it is called the "city of gardens." It is a lot drier than places nearby, and has little snow.

Some well-known people from Victoria are:
 Jamie Benn (hockey)
 Emily Carr (art)
 Steve Nash (basketball)
 David Foster (music)
 Nelly Furtado (singer)
 Kyle Germaine Johnson (Pro Biker)

Regions of Victoria 
The Victoria area is made up of 13 parts. Four of them make up Greater Victoria:
 Victoria
 Saanich
 Esquimalt
 Oak Bay

Three of them make up the Saanich Peninsula:
 Sidney
 Central Saanich
 North Saanich

The others make up the Western Communities:
 Colwood
 Langford
 View Royal
 Metchosin
 Sooke
 Highlands
Suez Canal

The Suez Canal (Arabic: قناة السويس, Qanā al-Suways, French: Le Canal de Suez) is a canal in Egypt. It lies west of the Sinai Peninsula. The canal is 163 km long (101 miles) and, at its narrowest point, 200 m wide (656 ft). It runs between Port Said (Būr Sa'īd) on the Mediterranean Sea, and Suez (al-Suways) on the Red Sea. It was built by a French company. The canal was started in 1859 and finished in 1869.

The canal allows ships to travel between Europe and Asia without having to go the way around Africa. This saves time and fuel. It was built for Europeans to go to and from the Indian Ocean.

History 

In 1859, the Suez Canal was built by Ferdinand de Lesseps of the Universal Suez Ship Canal Company, and took 10 years to build. The first ship passed through the canal 17 November, 1869; Giuseppe Verdi wrote the famous opera Aida for this ceremony .

The canal made it possible to easily transport goods across the world. The canal also allowed Europeans to travel to East Africa, and this area was soon controlled by European powers. The British tried to stop it, fearing that it would increase French power in the Indian Ocean. Later, they bought shares in the company.

The success of the Suez Canal encouraged the French to try to build the Panama Canal. But they did not finish it. The Panama Canal was finished later.

The canal was a central point during the Six Day War in 1967. A UN peacekeeping force has been stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since 1974, to avoid more wars. The canal reopened in 1975.

About 15,000 ships pass through the canal each year, which is about 14% of world shipping. Each ship takes up to 16 hours to cross the canal. In 2015 a central part of the canal was expanded so more ships can go through and go faster.

The canal was blocked for part of late March 2021 by the Ever Given, a container ship, which became stuck diagonally.

References 

1869 establishments
19th-century establishments in Egypt
Canals
Buildings and structures in Egypt
Transport in Egypt
Mediterranean Sea
Canal

A canal is a waterway made by humans. For many centuries, canals have been built as a way of transporting heavy goods in barges or boats. Canals often connect lakes, rivers, or oceans. The Panama Canal is a famous canal that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. Many canals are reinforced with clay or concrete on the sides and have locks.

Other canals are used for irrigation or hydropower.

References
Mars (mythology)

Mars is the god of war in Roman mythology. Mars is the son of Juno and Jupiter. Mars is the father of Romulus and Remus. The planet Mars and the month March are named after him. He was the god of war, murder, and bloodshed. His Greek name is Ares. He tried many times to start wars between the gods.

Related pages

 Ares - Greek mythology version of Mars
 Tyr - Norse mythology version of Mars

Roman gods and goddesses
Cessna

Cessna is a company that makes airplanes. They are in Wichita, Kansas in the United States. They make small aircraft that can hold 2 to 4 people.

Cessna aircraft 
 Cessna 172
 Cessna 152
 Cessna 182

Other websites 
 Cessna website

American aircraft companies
Wichita, Kansas
Shoe

A shoe is a type of footwear. It is an item of clothing. You can wear them outside. Shoes come in pairs, with one shoe for each foot. People usually wear shoes in public. They are worn for hygiene, style, and comfort. While there are some shoes that don't need socks to wear, shoes are usually worn with socks.

Shoes are a type of foot protection.  For example, many shoes can protect a person's foot from sand; others do not.

Types of shoes 
There are many different types of shoes. Athletic shoes, for example, are lightweight to make running, walking or jogging easier. The sole of the shoe is also softer.  Slippers are a kind of indoor shoe.  They often serve to keep feet warm.  Tall shoes are boots.  Rubber boots are used in wet places.

Shoes are also worn for fashion.  Shoes with a high heel are called high heels.  Shoes for formal wear are made of leather.  They are worn for business and ceremonial functions.

Other websites

External links 
Shoe on English Wikipedia
Basic English 850 words
Footwear
Café

A café is a type of restaurant which typically serves coffee and tea, in addition to light refreshments such as baked goods or snacks. The term "café" comes from the French word meaning "coffee".

A café setting is known as a casual social environment where you can find people reading newspapers and magazines, playing board games, studying or chatting with others about current events. It is also regarded as a place where information can be exchanged.

A café is sometimes called a coffeehouse or a coffee shop or tea shop in English, a café in French and a bar in Italian (cafe or café is the common spelling used in English, French, Spanish, Portuguese et al. however the word is spelled "caffè" in Italian). It shares some characteristics of a bar and some characteristics of a restaurant given its selection of foods and beverages served, but is distinct from a cafeteria which is a type of restaurant where customers can choose from many dishes displayed on a serving line. In some countries, cafés are designed to more closely resemble restaurants whereby offering a range of hot meals and possibly licensed to serve alcohol. Most British cafés however, do not sell alcohol likely due to the prominent pub culture.

Café variations 
In the Netherlands, cannabis-selling cafés face an uncertain future under a planned new law banning smoking in public places. The cafés, which attract millions of tourists each year, allow customers to buy marijuana over the counter and openly smoke it. The acronym CAFE, Cannabis and Fine Edibles is used in Canada to represent the largest retail chain in the country, post-legalization.

A new type of café, known as the Internet café, was introduced in the 1990s and went hand in hand with the rising prevalence of computers in society. Computers and Internet access in a contemporary atmosphere created a youthful, modern public space compared to existing locales including traditional bars and old-fashioned diners. Nowadays, many cafés offer public wireless Internet or even have computers, telephones, and newspapers for customer use. Further integrating internet usage to the café atmosphere, some stores like Starbucks allow you to order directly from your smartphone, tablet, or other devices through their free store app or websites online.

More recently alongside the growing popularity of geek and gaming culture, gaming cafés have also begun to open in cities worldwide. These cafés offer a library of board games and tabletop games, from childhood classics such as Monopoly to indie games, for customers to play at their leisure for a nominal fee.

Coffee houses
Beef

Beef is a type of meat that comes from cattle. Beef could also include meats from other bovines. There are different types of beef. Beef is popular in the United States.

Types of beef 
 Ground beef
 Steak
 Corned beef
 Steak rump
Beef can also be in different types of grading such as:

 Prime
 Choice
 Select

Beef Companies 
 Yoshinoya
Hyaena

Hyaenas (sometimes Hyenas) are mammals. They are the family Hyaenidae, in the order Carnivora. They live in Africa, and in west and south Asia. In the past they had a much wider distribution. Now there are two subfamilies with four species.

With only four species, it is the fourth-smallest family in the Carnivora, and one of the smallest in the class Mammalia. Despite their low diversity, hyenas are unique and vital components to most African and some Asian ecosystems.

Hyaena walk much like bears because their front legs are longer than their back. Hyaenas are known to have one of the world's strongest bites. Its function is to crush bone.

Relationships 
Hyaenas look much like canids, but they are actually in the Feliformia, with cats and mongooses. Although related to felines and viverrids, their life style is similar to canids. 

Convergent evolution has taken place. Both hyaenas and canids are non-climbing, running hunters which catch prey with their teeth rather than claws. Both eat food quickly and may store it. Their calloused feet have large, blunt, nonretractable nails, good for running and making sharp turns. However, the hyaenas' grooming, scent marking, defecating habits, mating, and parental behaviour are similar to the behaviour of other feliforms. Hyenas are matriarchal. This means that females dominate and males are inferior.

Hunting 
Hyaenas were long said to be cowardly scavengers, but they kill as much as 95% of the food they eat (especially spotted hyaenas). They can drive off leopards or lionesses from their kills. Hyenas are mostly nocturnal animals, but may leave their lairs in the early morning. Except for the very social spotted hyaena, hyenas are generally not gregarious animals, though they may live in family groups and come together at kills.

Hyaenas are intelligent creatures. They work together well and are cooperative. They have strategic hunting methods and work to steal and protect food it from other predators. Hyaenas' main targets are zebra and wildebeest. Their main rival is the lion. Whether hyaenas do or do not chase lions off their kills is mostly a matter of numbers.

Taxonomy 
 Family Hyaenidae
 Subfamily Hyaeninae
 Spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta)
 Striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena)
 Brown hyaena, (Hyaena brunnea, formerly Parahyaena brunnea)
 Subfamily Protelinae
 Aardwolf (Proteles cristatus)

References
Table salt

Table salt is a mineral composed mainly of sodium chloride (NaCl). This is a chemical compound, one of many salts. Salt in its natural form as a crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite. 

When salt (sodium chloride) is mixed with water, the salt dissolves into the water, creating a saline solution. Salt is present in vast quantities in seawater, where it is the main mineral constituent. The open ocean has about  of solids per litre, a salinity of 3.5%.

Salt can be made by either evaporation or can be mined. To get sea salt, man-made holes are built then filled with sea water. The water evaporates and leaves salt behind.

Table salt is one of the few minerals that are eaten a lot by humans, but it can be used for other things besides giving food its flavor. Both sodium and chlorine are needed for all living creatures, including humans, but they are not always eaten in the form of salt, where they are found together in large amounts. Some peoples, like the Yanomami tribe in South America, eat very little salt. Salt is used to control the amount of water in the body. Salty flavor is also one of the basic tastes. Salt cravings may be caused by not having enough minerals, such as sodium chloride, in the body.

Eating too much or too little salt can make health problems more likely to happen, for example hypertension. When food is made, salt was often used as a preservative, to make the food last longer, and as a seasoning, for flavor.   Salt is less used as a preservative now as refrigeration is used instead and people are worried that too much salt will make them ill.

There are different ways to get table salt:

 From the sea, using salt evaporation ponds or desalinisation plants.
 From a mountain, or underground, using salt mines.
 From natural brine.
 From the supermarket.

Other articles 
Salt

References

Salt
Sodium compounds
Chlorine compounds
Silk

Silk is a natural fibre made by the silk worm cocoon. Silk fibres are very strong and are often used to make cloth.

The cloth from silk can be made into  rugs, bedding, or can be used to write or paint on. In the past, silk was used to make parachutes. The practice of growing silkworms for silk production is called sericulture.

Most spiders make a natural fibre of their own that is also called silk.

History 
The Chinese invented silk cloth in 3000 B.C. and traded it across the world through the Silk Road because it was very valuable and costly. They were the only ones producing it and selling it to the world until 522 CE.

Chemical properties
Silk that is made by the silk worm is made up of two main proteins, sericin and fibroin.

Fibroin is the structural center of the silk and gives it its strength. It is made up of amino acids, which make the fibers strong and hard to break. The tensile strength is there because of hydrogen bonds. When silk is stretched, there is a strong force on these many bonds, so they do not break.

Serecin is the sticky material which surrounds the fibroin and gives it protection from the outside. Silk is resistant to most mineral acids, except for sulfuric acid, which dissolves it. Perspiration gives the silk a yellowish colour.

Related pages

 Silk Road

Basic English 850 words
Fibers
Cloth
EBay

eBay is a website. It is a place for online auctions. Anybody can sell almost anything they want there. People can buy many things there as well.

People have to send what they sell themselves, usually using mail. Some items may be collected by the buyer such as items to large or heavy to post. Buyers can transfer the money in any way they want as long as the sellers accept payments made that way. A lot of people use PayPal to transfer the money. PayPal was owned by the same people as eBay until 2015. Margaret Whitman was the CEO of eBay from 1995 to 2008.

History 
eBay was started in 1995 by Pierre Omidyar. It was first called Auctionweb. The name 'eBay' came later when he tried to register a domain name for his planned name EchoBay. It was already taken so he shortened the name to 'eBay'.

Statistics 
Millions of items are bought on eBay every day. It is often very cheap to list an item on eBay. Total costs are usually below ordinary auction house costs. Many people look at others' items because they are interested in them.

References

Other websites 
 eBay site

Websites
Online shopping
Gerhard Schröder

Gerhard Schröder was Chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005.

He was born on 7 April 1944 in Mossenberg, North Rhine-Westphalia.
After school he learned retail sales in a Lemgo from 1958 to 1961.
After that he made his abitur (highest school exam in Germany) in Bielefeld. Then he studied law in Göttingen. After that he worked as a lawyer.

He joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany in 1963 and became chairman of its youth organisation in 1978.
In 1986 he became a member of the State Parliament of Lower Saxony.
In 1990 he was elected as Prime-Minister of Lower Saxony.

He became the chancellor of Germany in 1998. After elections in 2005, he was replaced by Angela Merkel. He is a member of the SPD (Social Democratic Party of Germany).

Other websites

1944 births
Living people
Chancellors of Germany
Members of the German Bundestag
German lawyers
Ministers-President of Lower Saxony
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia