alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Iglesia ni Cristo

The  (IPA: ; Filipino for Church of Christ), or INC,  is a church which was founded in the Philippines by Felix Manalo in 1914. The INC states the church was founded by Jesus Christ but that Felix Manalo restored it. The church does not believe in the religious teaching that Jesus is God and part of the Trinity.

History 
Felix Manalo was born a member of the Roman Catholic Church, but joined a number of Protestant churches until he believed that God gave him a mission to teach the gospel and to bring back the first church made by Jesus. The INC began with a handful of followers on July 27, 1914 in Punta, Santa Ana, Manila, with Manalo as highest minister. It has now spread to many different countries.

Beliefs and teachings 
Some of the teachings INC believes in are:

 God is the one who made the Heavens and the Earth, and he is the only god.
 There is no Holy Trinity; God, Jesus and the Holy Spirit are not one.
 Jesus is the Son of God.
 The Holy Spirit is the power of God given to Jesus to teach and for us to help us with our problems.
 Manalo was God's last messenger.
 God chose INC members to serve him just as he did the early church and Israel in the past.
 INC is the same church as the Christian church in the first century.
 INC is God's true church, and the only way to be saved.
 INC believes in baptism by dipping the whole body under water.
 Members must follow the Administration and the Administration must follow the words of Christ.
 Members should live a life of good.
 Members must not eat food made with blood or marry a non-member.
 It is everyone's job to worship God by going to worship services two times a week.
 Members should treat each other like brother and sister.
 The church should act as one; this includes voting.
 The dead will come back to life and either be blessed or punished.
 Jesus will come again very soon because the signs that He is coming back (such as World War 1 and World War 2, and widespread news of poverty, famine, earthquake and other disasters) have happened.
 A holy city is being made by Jesus for INC members and all other chosen people in the past to live in when he comes back.

References

Books 
 

Nontrinitarianism
Protestantism
State court (United States)

In some countries, a municipal court is a court with limited jurisdiction, both in people and laws. Most commonly, municipal courts only deal with the laws and citizens of one city or town. But in some places they make decisions for an entire county, and may be involved with early hearings of cases that will be tried in a higher court. Some things that often involve municipal courts are traffic tickets, leash laws, and building code violations and death.

Mississippi
Municipal courts in Mississippi are "Judge Alone" courts. This means that judges alone hear the presented cases and offenders(and alleged offenders)have no right to jury trials. In felony cases in Mississippi, the Municipal court holds a preliminary hearing and then sends the case to the grand jury of the state. The Municipal court is not a court of record and its cases are summarized by docket.

North Carolina
There are no municipal court facilities in the state. All courthouses are done at the county level. For example, if a speeding ticket violation occurred, it automatically goes to the county seat in which the violation occurs whether it is in a municipality or unincorporated. In the case of some elongated counties like Chatham County, there is an alternate courtroom in Siler City as well as Pittsboro, the county seat. In other cases where there are multiple large population centers like in Guilford County, court cases are handled in Greensboro and High Point. Although a federal issue, traffic violations occurring in military bases are not subject to civilian courts.

American courts
Computer engineering

Computer engineering is the practice of making computers and their parts. Computer engineers are always trying to make new parts smaller and better.  They can also work on software, especially software for embedded systems (specialized electronics like cell-phones and satellite receivers, not a general-purpose computer).

 
Computers are electrical machines that run programs.

Computer engineering has parts of both electrical engineering and computer science/software engineering. In computer engineering classes, students learn about the hardware and software of computers. They start with learning how transistors and computer chips are made and how they work (which uses quantum mechanics). Then the student learns how the chips talk to each other and how to make a complete printed circuit board (PCB), which is the electrical part. They also learn how to program the ROM or Flash memory so the computer can do something useful.

Because computer engineering is closely related to electrical engineering and computer science, the fields are found in the same department at many universities. Students also need to learn fundamental science subjects and mathematics, such as calculus and differential equations.

Computer engineering is difficult to learn, but computer engineers are needed. Software engineering companies, telecommunications firms, designers of digital hardware, and many other companies hire computer engineering majors upon graduation and pay them well.

Notes

Computer science
Engineering disciplines
Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War (18 July 1936 – 1 April 1939) was a civil war between Republicans and Nationalists. The war ended on 1 April 1939, when the last Republican troops surrendered. Francisco Franco became dictator of Spain until he died in 1975.

The civil war began after a pronunciamiento (revolt) against the Republican government by the Nationalists. The nationalists were supported by FE de las JONS, a far right political party. During this time, fascist General Francisco Franco and his nationalist troops wanted to take control of the Spanish Republic. The Army split, with about half of the troops being loyal to the Republic. 

Many different groups worked together to help the democratic Spanish Republic stop Franco, including Basques, Catalonians and other groups.

Foreign involvement

Support for Republicans
The Soviet Union, Mexico and French Third Republic sold the Republican weapons, the International Brigades was a left wing international militant group formed to fight Franco, many anti-fascist partisans internationally volunteered to fight against Franco, including people from the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Germany, and Italy.

Support for Nationalists
The governments of Nazi Germany, Kingdom of Italy and Second Portuguese Republic provided troops and supplies for Franco.

Death toll and atrocities 

Around half-a-million people died in the war, and many atrocities were committed by both sides. The most famous atrocity was the bombing of Guernica. On 26 April 1937, the city was bombed by Legion Condor, a Nazi military unit working for Franco. It was the first time that an air bombing caused so many civilian casualties. The bombing was reported all over the world in newspapers and made people aware of the German involvement.

Related pages

 Ireland and the Spanish Civil War
 Proxy war
 European Civil War
 Spain in World War II
 Surviving veterans of the Spanish Civil War
 SS Cantabria

References

1930s in Europe
1930s in Spain
20th-century rebellions
Rebellions in Europe
Spanish Civil War
Fyodor Tyutchev

Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (rus: Фёдор Иванович Тютчев, fyô'dər ēvä'nəvĭch tyū'chĭf) (December 5 1803 – July 27, 1873) was one of the most significant Russian poets. Almost 20 years of his life he spent in Munich and Turin. Tyutchev was a good friend of Heinrich Heine, knew Schelling as well. Tyutchev didn’t want people to know him as a poet. He didn’t take any part in a literary life.

Works 
He has around 400 of his poems. Russian people quote them very often. His early poems are made in Russian poetic tradition of the XVIII century. In the 1830s we can find an influence of European (especially German) romanticism on Tyutchev’s lyrics. He writes philosophic poems about the universe, nature and human being. In 1840s Tyutchev wrote several articles about relations between Russia and Occidental civilization. In 1850s Tyutchev created several heartfelt poems, in which we can see love as a tragedy. These poems are combined into one cycle, named “Denisievsky”. “Denisievsky” means dedicated to a mistress of Tyutchev – Elena Alexandrovna Denisieva. In 1860s–1870s Tyutchev wrote mainly political poems.

The most famous Tyutchev's poem is “Silentium!”. This is a hard appeal to be silent. Because a man never can understand another person. A line “A word once uttered is untrue” is one of the most popular aphorisms of Tyutchev. As well as “We can’t understand Russia by the reason” and “We are not know, what will be the respond for our word”.

Other websites 
 Tyutcheviana (in russian)
 Translations of some poems into different languages

1803 births
1873 deaths

Russian writers
Russian poets
Erythropoietin

Erythropoietin, or Erythropoetin (EPO) is a hormone produced by the kidneys. Epoetin is a synthetic version.

Erythropoietin acts on the bone marrow so that it makes more red blood cells. It is used to treat some kinds of anemia. Anemia can happen in kidney failure, or from chemotherapy to treat cancer. The man-made hormone is made with cell cultures. The hormone can be used for blood doping in endurance sports although this is illegal in all athletic competitions.

It is also responsible for inhibiting the body process "Gluconeogenesis" (a process in your body which makes glucose from products other than carbohydrates), thus contributing to cure of type2 diabetes, glucose intolerance.

Related pages
List of chemicals in doping cases in sport

Hormones
Anarcho-punk

Anarcho-punk is a subculture that combines punk music and anarchist politics. Some important anarcho-punk bands include Crass, Conflict, Chumbawamba, and Subhumans. Common ideas that many anarcho-punks support are anti-war, animal rights, feminism, environmentalism, equality, anti-capitalism and other common anarchist causes.

Lifestyles
 
Subculture
Household hardware

For the computer term, see Computer hardware.
Household hardware describes various things used mostly at home.  Those things can be equipment such as fasteners, keys, door knobs, locks, hinges, latches, handles, wire, chains, tools, screws  and machine parts, especially when they are made of metal.

Related pages 

 Hardware

References

Other websites

Technology
Slavs

Slavs live in Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, Central Asia and North Asia. Present-day Slavic peoples are classified into West Slavs (mainly Poles,Silesians, Czechs, Moravians and Slovaks), East Slavs (mainly Ukrainians, Belarusians, and Russians), and South Slavs (mainly Serbs, Bulgarians, Croats, Bosniaks, Pomak, Torbesh, Gorani, Macedonians, Slovenes, and Montenegrins).

Austrians, Hungarians, Romanians (although 1/3 of Romanian population is made of Slavic population, mainly , Serbians and Bulgarians), Estonians, Lithuanians and Latvians (and these 3 countries have sizable Russian and Poles population, so much so that they make a majority ethnic groups in those countries) live near the Slavic nations but are not Slavs themselves. There are more Slavs than any other ethnic group in Europe. Russians make up the most Slavs, followed by Poles and Ukrainians.

There are many small historic Slavic nations like Lusatia (and Lusatian Serbs, typically referred to as Sorbs, who still live in eastern Germany), Rusyn, Kashubia and others. Russia is now the most powerful and populated Slavic country, but in the 10th century Bulgarians and Czechs were powerful, in 13th and 14th century Serbs were powerful, and in the 16th century Poland was the strongest nation in the area.

The Slavic languages are closely related. The largest similarities can be found within the same group (for example, Polish and Slovak, both West Slavic languages), but similarities exist even between Slavic languages from other different subgroups (such as Bulgarian and Russian).

However, the greatest similarities are between Serbian, Bosnian and Croatian, which are South Slavic languages. They are considered separate by the Bosnian and Croatian governments (the separation is of political nature), but linguistically they are one language- Serbo-Croatian (since Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin are more similar than those variants of English, German, Dutch, or Hindi–Urdu, and mutual intelligibility between their speakers "exceeds that between the standard variants of English, French, German or Spanish).

Slavic languages are spoken natively by 300 million people and as second or third languages by many more people in countries as far away as Germany and China.

References
Maharbal

Maharbal was Hannibal's cavalry-leader during the Second Punic War. Many times he was important in Carthage's successes over Rome.  In his Italian campaign, Hannibal always was able to have more cavalry than Rome, and so relied on them and Maharbal to give himself a big advantage.

Maharbal is most famous for what he said to Hannibal after the Battle of Cannae. According to Livy, a Roman historian, the conversation went like this after Maharbal said he wanted to go with the army to Rome immediately:

"I commend your zeal", Hannibal said to Maharbal; "but I need time to weigh the plan that you propose." "Assuredly", Maharbal replied, "no one man has been blessed with all God's gifts. You know, Hannibal, how to gain a victory; you do not know how to use it."   -Livy, The History of Rome 22.51

In Simple English:
"I like your enthusiasm", Hannibal said to Maharbal; "but I need time to think about what you want to do." Maharbal said back, "It is true that no one is perfect. You know how to win, Hannibal; you do not know what to do after."

Livy wrote this in Latin, so Maharbal's reply is often quoted in Latin, and is a famous phrase: "Vincere scis, Hannibal; victoria uti nescis."

Carthaginian people
Necrophilia

Necrophilia is a paraphilia of being sexually attracted to dead bodies. Some necrophiliacs have sex with dead bodies. It is usually considered bad. It is illegal in many parts of the world, but not all.

Paraphilias
Sex crimes
Strait of Magellan

The Strait of Magellan is a passageway from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. It is just south of mainland South America and north of Tierra del Fuego. It goes through Argentina and Chile and a for long time the two countries argued over which one owned the land around it. Chile now owns it. The strait is named after Ferdinand Magellan. It is very foggy and stormy.

Other websites
 The first map made of the Strait of Magellan. It was made in 1520

Magellan
Bodies of water of South America
Fenerbahçe S.K.

Fenerbahçe is a sports club in Istanbul, Turkey. It was officially founded in 1907.
Fenerbahçe's home stadium is the Fenerbahce Şükrü Saraçoğlu Stadium in Kadıköy, Istanbul.
They have won the Spor Toto Super League 28 times and Ziraat Turkish Cup 6 times.

Other websites 

 Official website of Fenerbahce
 Fenerbahceulker basketball website 
 Fenerbahce Ulker Spor
 Fenerbahce Community Portal 

Turkish football clubs
Lake Tanganyika

Lake Tanganyika is a large lake in the Great Rift Valley of central Africa. The lake is divided between four countries – Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Tanzania and Zambia. It is the longest fresh water lake in the world and the second deepest.

Other websites

Tanganyika
Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Lakes of Tanzania
Geography of Zambia
Geography of Burundi
Lubbock, Texas

Lubbock is a city in the United States. It is in the state of Texas. More than 212,000 people live there.

It is the home of Texas Tech University.

References 

 
County seats in Texas
Pearl

Pearls are made of a kind of material made by mollusks, like oysters. Pearls are small and often white but sometimes in pale colors or even black. They are often round, but sometimes half-round, oval, or in different shapes. Pearls are often used for jewelry. The pearl is the birthstone for the month June.

How a natural pearl is formed 
A natural pearl is formed when nacre-producing cells are displaced from the mantle tissue of an oyster. These cells are genetically programmed to produce nacre, the substance that lines the inner sides of an oyster's shell. When the cells become displaced, often by a boring parasite or damage to the outer shell, they continue to do what they are programmed to do -- produce nacre and form a pearl.

They can be very tiny (as tiny as a peppercorn) or quite big (as big as a human's fist). The world's largest pearl, found in 1934 and called the Pearl of Lao-tze, is about the size of a basketball.

Types of pearls 
There are two kinds of pearls: saltwater pearls and freshwater pearls. Saltwater pearls come from oysters that live in the oceans.  Freshwater pearls are found in mussels that live in rivers, lakes, or ponds. 

There is also a natural pearl and a cultured pearl. Natural pearls are made by oysters accidentally, and are very rare. Cultured pearls are made by inserting small beads and a piece of donor mantle tissue (in the case of saltwater pearls) into the reproductive organ of a saltwater oyster, or simply inserting a piece of donor mantle tissue (in the case of freshwater pearls) into a small incision in the mantle of a freshwater mussel.

References 

Gemstones
Birthstones
Warner Bros.

Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. (commonly called Warner Bros.) is a large entertainment group and movie studio. It is owned by Sony Pictures. Warner Bros. is known for Looney Tunes, Scooby-Doo, The Flintstones, Tom and Jerry, Cartoon Network and Bluey. DC Comics the well known comics for Superman, Batman and Wonder Woman. They own the copyrights to the Harry Potter movie series, Superman movie series, Batman movie series, Wonder Woman movie series, the DC Extended Universe and the It duology. They also produced the TV shows Wonder Woman, The Big Bang Theory, The Dukes of Hazzard, Two and a Half Men and Friends. 

Warner Bros. is a very large company. Warner Brothers was founded on April 4, 1923. Its founders were Jack L. Warner, Albert Warner, Harry Warner, and Sam Warner. It was founded in Hollywood, California. It has won several awards including the Academy Award for Best Picture.

References

1923 establishments in the United States
Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi

Star Wars: Episode VI - Return of the Jedi is a science fiction movie. It is the sixth film in the Star Wars film series. The movie was released in 1983. It also includes romance, action, adventure and drama.

Plot 
The Empire constructs a new Death Star. Luke, Leia, and the droids rescue Han Solo from Jabba the Hutt, an evil slug-like gangster. Later, Luke learns that Leia is his sister and must confront his father (Darth Vader) and return him to the good side. The movie is also famous for introducing a group of little creatures called Ewoks who help fight the Empire's troopers.

Cast 
 Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker 
 James Earl Jones as Darth Vader 
 Anthony Daniels as C-3PO
 Kenny Baker as R2-D2
 Frank Oz as Yoda
 Peter Mayhew as Chewbacca
 Ian McDiarmid as Darth Sidious

Other websites

 Official website
 
 
 
 Return of the Jedi The Movie Database

1983 movies
1983 science fiction movies
Movies set in forests
Return of the Jedi
Movies directed by Richard Marquand
Quarter

Quarter might mean:

One fourth of something
Quarter (U.S. coin) 
A neighborhood or section of a city, such as the Armenian Quarter
Freedom of religion

When people have freedom of religion, they can either belong to any religion they choose, or belong to no religion.

Where there is no freedom of religion, people can be punished and persecuted for not having the right religion. Some countries such as Iran, Burma, Cuba, North Korea, Saudi Arabia and China have also punished people for religious activities.

Related pages
 Religious conversion
 Religious toleration
 Separation of church and state
 State religion
 Secularism

Other websites 
 Text of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Religious ethics
Human rights
Freedom
Libertarianism
MDC (band)

MDC are an anarcho-punk and hardcore punk band that started in Austin, Texas in 1979. They helped make hardcore punk popular in Austin, but in 1982 they moved to San Francisco, California, where they continued to become popular in the hardcore punk community. In 1993 the band stopped playing music, but they began again in 2000 and still play music today. 

Their lyrics were very political. They did not like the police, war, capitalism or racism. They did like gay people and thought that they should be treated fairly.  

The name MDC is an abbreviation and has meant many things. The band changes what it means a lot. It has meant "Millions of Dead Cops", "More Dead Cops", "Millions of Dead Children", "Multi Death Corporations", "Millions of Damn Christians", "Missile Destroyed Civilization" and "Magnus Dominus Corpus".

Other websites 
X-Con Ron's Official MDC Website 

Anarcho-punk bands
American punk bands
Musical groups from Texas
Musicians from Austin, Texas
Optimus Prime

Optimus Prime, known in Japan as Convoy, is a character from the Transformers franchise. Prime is the leader of the Autobots, a group of transforming robots from the planet of Cybertron. The Autobots are constantly at war with another group of transforming robots called Decepticons. According to Bob Budiansky, co-writer of the Transformers series, Dennis O'Neil made his name. In the 1986 animated film Transformers: The Movie, he is killed by his nemesis Megatron, who is the leader of the Decepticons. He is voiced by Peter Cullen.

Generation 1 
In the Transfotmers Generation 1 cartoon series, Optimus was originally a naive and defenceless dock worker named Orion Pax. Some time later, Orion was killed by Megatron and rebuilt by Alpha Trion as Optimus Prime.

Films 
In the films, Optimus does not have his original Generation 1 look or voice due to the fact they were not based on the cartoon series. In Transformers (2007), Revenge of the Fallen and Dark of the Moon, he had his original body, the one from the 2007 film. In Age of Extinction, Optimus appears battle damaged but was revealed to have been hiding from humans with the other Autobots, according to his friend Ratchet. In the movie, he was given a new look after being fixed by a human named Cade Yeager. In The Last Knight, Optimus is seen floating around in space after running low on Energon, a source of energy that transformers run on. When he appears on Cybertron, Optimus had no memory of what had happened to Cybertron, which had imploded on itself in Transformers: Dark of the Moon. In the film, Optimus is brainwashed by Quintessa, the prime of life and turned into Nemesis Prime. He also has the look he had in Transformers: Age of Extinction.

References

Bibliography

Other websites
 
 
 Pages on Optimus Prime at the Transformers Wiki

Fictional characters introduced in 1984
Transformers (franchise)
Comic strip

A comic strip is a series of panels with cartoon drawings in them that make a story. Sometimes comic strips are humorous, and sometimes they are serious. Famous examples of comic strips are:
 Peanuts by Charles Schulz
 Calvin and Hobbes by Bill Watterson.
 Motley's Crew by Ben Templeton and Tom Forman
 Between Friends by Sandra Bell-Lundy
 The Adventures of Tintin by Hergé
 Garfield by Jim Davis
 Big Nate by Lincoln Peirce

There are comic strips in newspapers and on the web. Comic strips on the web are called webcomics. Penny Arcade and xkcd are famous webcomics.

Art
First ScotRail

ScotRail was a train operating company in the United Kingdom owned by Abellio operating the ScotRail franchise.

History

National Express operated the ScotRail franchise from March 1997 until October 2004.

On July 28 2003 Transport Scotland announced Arriva, First and National Express had been chosen to bid for the new franchise.

On June 11 2004 Transport Scotland awarded the new franchise to First with the services operated by ScotRail moving to First ScotRail on October 17 2004. It originally traded as First ScotRail before being rebranded as ScotRail in September 2008.

On October 8 2014, Abellio were awarded the franchise beating First. They started running the trains in April 2015.

References

 
 
 
 
|- 

Rail transport in Scotland
First Group railway companies
British train operating companies
Companies of Scotland
Waste container

A waste container (known more commonly in British English as a dustbin, rubbish-bin or simply a bin, and American English as a trash can) is a container, usually made of plastic or metal, used to store refuse.

Rubbish (trash) is usually kept in these until it is emptied by collecters, who will take it to a landfill or incinerator.

Some bins are used specifically for recycling.

Containers
Waste
Vijayanagara Empire

The Vijayanagara empire was an Indian empire. From 1336 and afterwards, it was in the Deccan, in the peninsula and in southern India. It was founded by Harihara (Hakka) and his brother Bukka Raya.  The empire is named after its capital city Vijayanagara, now Hampi in modern Karnataka, India.  It began in 1336 and ended in 1660, though in its last century it began losing its power. Stories of the empire's creation and history are not certain, though tales of the empire's wealth and power were described by European travellers such as the Portuguese travelers Domingo Paes and Nuniz, and the Venetian traveler Niccolò Da Conti.

Dynasties and kings 
This list is based on the book by Robert Sewell (A Forgotten Empire).

Sangama Dynasty
Harihara I (Deva Raya) 	1336-1343/56(some accounts claim that there was brief period of other ruler probably a 3rd brother)
Bukka I	1343/56-1379
Harihara II	1379-1399
Bukka II	1399-1406
Deva Raya I	1406-1412
Vira Vijaya	1412-1419
Deva Raya II	1419-1444
(unknown)	1444-1449
Mallikarjuna	1452-1465	(Dates uncertain)
Rajasekhara	1468-1469	(Dates uncertain)
Virupaksha I	1470-1471	(Dates uncertain)
Praudha Deva Raya	1476-?	(Dates uncertain)
Rajasekhara	1479-1480	(Dates uncertain)
Virupaksha II	1483-1484	(Dates uncertain)
Rajasekhara	1486-1487	(Dates uncertain)

Saluva Dynasty
Narasimha	1490-?
Narasa (Vira Narasimha)	?-1509
Krishna Deva 	1509-1529
Achyuta	1529-1542
Sadasiva (puppet ruler in the hands of Ram Raya)	1542-1567

Tuluva dynasty
Rama (ruled in practice)	1542-1565
Tirumala (ruled in practice)	1565-1567
Tirumala (crowned ruler)	1567-1575
Ranga II	1575-1586
Venkata I	1586-1614

Aravidu (dates are not known), includes these rulers. There is certainly more than one ruler under each name. 
Ranga
Venkata
Rama

Other websites
 History of Karnataka - Mr. Arthikaje
 Indian Inscriptions - Archeological Survery Of India
 A Forgotten Empire: Vijayanagar: A Contribution to the History of India
 http://freeindia.org/biographies/greatlkings/hakkabukka/index.htm(Biography of Hakka and Bukka.) 
 Vijayanagar Empire, Dr. Jyotsna Kamat
 Hampi - History and Tourism

History of India
Former empires
1336 establishments
1660 disestablishments
14th-century establishments in India
Disestablishments in India
Former countries in South Asia
Hoysala Empire

The Hoysala Empire (Kannada: ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ) was an Indian empire. It controlled part of southern India from 1000 to 1346 A.D. Belur, Karnataka was the empire's capital. The Hoysala Empire is remembered today mostly because of its architecture. The hundreds of temples found across Karnataka are good examples of temples that were in the cities of Belur, Halebid and Somnathpura. The Hoysala kings were affected by Jainism and Hinduism. King Vishnuvardhana and the kings after him believed in Vaishnavism.

In the beginning, the Hoysalas were a small part of the Chalukyas of Kalyani. However, they began to grow until they made their own empire in Karnataka. The Hoysala period is known as one of the best times in the history of Karnataka, next only to the Vijayanagara Empire. Some famous Hoysala kings were Vishnuvardhana, Veera Ballala II and Veera Ballala III. Kannada was the main language of the Hoysala kings. The Hoysalas helped to increase Kannada and Sanskrit writing.

Kings 
 Nripa Kama (1000 - 1045) 
 Vinayaditya (1045 - 1098) 
 Ereyanga (1098 - 1100) 
 Veera Ballala I (1100 -1108) 
 Vishnuvardhana (1108 - 1152) 
 Narasimha I (1152 – 1173) 
 Veera Ballala II (1173 – 1220) 
 Narasimha II (1220 – 1235) 
 Vira Someshwara (1235 – 1253) 
 Narasimha III (1253 – 1292) 
 Ramanatha (1253 – 1295) 
 Veera Ballala III (1292 – 1342)

Other websites 
 www.hoysala.in  
 More on Hoysala art and architecture by Dr. Jyothsna Kamat
 History of Karnataka by Mr Arthikaje
 South Indian Inscriptions Archeological Survey of India (vols 9, 15,17,18)
 Hoysala Tourism 

Ancient India
Former empires
10th-century establishments in Asia
1000 establishments
1346 disestablishments
Establishments in India
Disestablishments in India
1340s disestablishments in Asia
Former countries in South Asia
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)

Macedonia (Greek: Μακεδονία) or Macedon was an Ancient Greek kingdom of the Archaic and Classical Greece, and later the most powerful state of Hellenistic Greece. The kingdom was established and was at first ruled by the royal Argead dynasty, which was followed by the Antipatrid and Antigonid dynasties. Home to the ancient Macedonians, the earliest kingdom was centered on the northeastern part of the Greek peninsula, and bordered by Epirus to the west, Paeonia to the north, Thrace to the east and Thessaly to the south.

Alexander the Great made it the most powerful kingdom in the Near East for a few years. When he died the empire fell apart and the Antigonid dynasty ruled Macedonia as a small empire. Centuries later the Roman Empire conquered Macedonia and much of Alexander's empire.

Kings

Argead dynasty 
 Karanus 808-778 BC
 Koinos
 Tyrimmas
 Perdiccas I 700-678 BC
 Argaeus I 678-640 BC
 Philip I 640-602 BC
 Aeropus I 602-576 BC
 Alcetas I 576-547 BC
 Amyntas I 547-498 BC
 Alexander I 498-454 BC
 Perdiccas II 454-413 BC
 Archelaus 413-399 BC
 Craterus 399 BC
 Orestes 399-396 BC
 Archelaus II 396-393 BC
 Amyntus II 393 BC
 Pausanias 393 BC
 Amyntas III 393 BC
 Argaeus II 393-392 BC
 Amyntas III (restored) 392-370 BC
 Alexander II 370-368 BC
 Ptolemy I 368-365 BC
 Perdiccas III 365-359 BC
 Amyntas IV 359-356 BC
 Philip II 359-336 BC
 Alexander III (the Great) 336-323 BC
 Antipater, Regent of Macedon 334-319 BC
 Philip III Arrhidaeus 323-317 BC
 Alexander IV 323-310 BC
 Perdiccas, Regent of Macedon 323-321 BC
 Antipater, Regent of Macedon 321-319 BC
 Polyperchon, Regent of Macedon 319-317 BC
 Cassander, Regent of Macedon 317-306 BC

Antipatrid dynasty 
 Cassander 306-297 BC
 Philip IV 297-296 BC
 Alexander V 296-294 BC
 Antipater II 296-294 BC

Antigonid dynasty 
 Demetrius I Poliorcetes 294-288 BC
 Lysimachus (divided with Pyrrhus of Epirus) 288-281 BC
 Pyrrhus of Epirus (divided with Lysimachus) 288-285 BC
 Ptolemy II Ceraunus 281-279 BC
 Meleager 279 BC
 Antipater II Etesias 279 BC
 Sosthenes (Army Commander) 279-277 BC
 Antigonus II Gonatas 277-274 BC
 Pyrrhus of Epirus (restored) 274-272 BC
 Antigonus II Gonatas (restored) 272-239 BC
 Demetrius II Aetolicus 239-229 BC
 Antigonus III Doson 229-221 BC
 Philip V 221-179 BC
 Perseus 179-168 BC

References

Books 
 Eugene N. Borza: Before Alexander: constructing early Macedonia. Claremont, CA: Regina Books, 1999. Pp. 89.  (pb)
 Review by Konrad H. Kinzl (Trent University) 
 Robin Lane Fox, Alexander the Great, Penguin Books, 1973,  (pb).
 Nicholas G. L. Hammond, The Macedonian State, Oxford University Press, 1989, . Pg. 12-13.

Other websites 
 History of Macedon
 Ancient Macedonia at Macedonia, The Historical Profile, by D. Pandermalis, 
 Ancient Macedonia  at Livius, by Jona Lendering
 History of Macedonia through ages
 Selian Е. The Mystery of the Name “Macedon”. In: American Chronicle, June 2009 

Former empires

Former countries in the Balkans
]
Former countries in the Middle East
Former countries in South Asia
History of Greece
Ancient India
1st millennium BC
Burger King

Burger King (often just called BK) is a chain of fast food restaurants that comes from the United States. It sells hamburgers, French fries, and soft drinks. It was created in 1954 in Miami, Florida, by James McLamore and David Edgerton. Edgerton bought a restaurant named Insta Burger King and changed it to Burger King. More than 34 thousand people work for the company.

There are more than 15,000 Burger King restaurants world-wide in 100 countries, and almost all of them are franchises. But in Australia, since the name "Burger King" was already trademarked there, BK franchises there are called Hungry Jack's.

Burger King is owned mostly by 3G Capital, a Brazilian investment company. But it is also owned by shareholders and used to publicly trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker BKW. In 2014, the chain's operations was merged with that of Tim Hortons from Canada, under the name Restaurant Brands International (). Burger King is an American global chain of hamburger fast food restaurants. Headquartered in the unincorporated area of Miami-Dade County, Florida, the company was founded in 1953 as Insta-Burger King, a Jacksonville, Florida–based restaurant chain.

References

Other websites
 Official website

1954 establishments in the United States
1950s establishments in Florida
Companies based in Miami
Lech Kaczyński

(18 June 1949 - 10 April 2010) was the President of the Republic of Poland from 2005 until his death in a plane crash in Smolensk, Russia on 10 April 2010. Kaczyński served as Mayor of Warsaw from 2002, until the day before he became president. He was a Roman Catholic and was the identical twin brother of the Prime Minister of Poland, Jarosław Kaczyński.

Related pages
 Death and state funeral of Lech Kaczyński and Maria Kaczyńska

References

Other websites 
  Official site

1949 births
2010 deaths
Aviation deaths
Polish movie actors
Polish Roman Catholics
Mayors of Warsaw
Presidents of Poland
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
Twin people
Argead dynasty

The Argead dynasty (, ) was an ancient Macedonian royal house. They were the founders and the ruling dynasty of the kingdom of Macedon from about 700 to 310 BC.  From about 700 BC the founder of the dynasty, Perdiccas I, led the people who called themselves Macedonians eastward from their home on the Haliacmon River. Aegae (today Vergina) became the capital, and by the reign of Amyntas I (6th century BC) Macedonian power extended eastward beyond the Axius (Axiós) River to dominate the neighbouring Thracian tribes. 

People of the Argead royal house supposedly believed they were descended of Heracles' family. Famous kings included Philip II of Macedon (reigned 359-336 BC) who subdued Greece and famously united the defeated Greek city states as the League of Corinth with the Macedonians as Hegemon, and his son Alexander the Great (reigned 336–323 BC) who led his army along with allied armies to conquer much of the known world at the time, creating a vast Empire stretching from Macedonia and Greece, to Egypt, and the Indus River, also defeating the Persian Achaemenid Empire. 

The Argead family dynasty ended during the wars of the Diadochi when Alexander IV of Macedon and his mother Roxana were murdered.

List of Kings 
 Karanus of Macedon
 Koinos of Macedon
 Tyrimmas of Macedon
 Perdiccas I of Macedon 700-678 BC
 Argaeus I of Macedon 678-640 BC
 Philip I of Macedon 640-602 BC
 Aeropus I of Macedon 602-576 BC
 Alcetas I of Macedon 576-547 BC
 Amyntas I of Macedon 547-498 BC
 Alexander I of Macedon 498-454 BC
 Perdiccas II of Macedon 454-413 BC
 Archelaus I of Macedon 413-399 BC
 Craterus of Macedon 399 BC
 Orestes of Macedon 399-396 BC
 Archelaus II of Macedon 396-393 BC
 Amyntas II of Macedon 393 BC
 Pausanias of Macedon 393 BC
 Amyntas III of Macedon 393 BC
 Argaeus II of Macedon 393-392 BC
 Amyntas III of Macedon (restored) 392-370 BC
 Alexander II of Macedon 370-368 BC
 Ptolemy I of Macedon 368-365 BC
 Perdiccas III of Macedon 365-359 BC
 Amyntas IV of Macedon 359 BC
 Philip II of Macedon 359-336 BC
 Alexander the Great (Alexander III of Macedon) 336-323 BC
 Philip III of Macedon 323-317 BC (supposedly)
 Alexander IV of Macedon 323-309 BC (supposedly)

References

Other websites 
 List of the Kings of Macedonia
Ancient Greek dynasties
Antipatrid dynasty

The Antipatrid dynasty was a Macedonian dynasty. It was created by Cassander in 302 BC, who was the son of Antipater. However it was not a long dynasty. It ended in 294 BC when it was taken over by the Antigonid dynasty.

Kings

 Antipater, regent, not king

Cassander (302-297 BC)
Alexander V of Macedon (297-296 BC)
Philip IV of Macedon (296-294 BC)
Antipater II of Macedon (296-294, 279 BC)
Sosthenes of Macedon (279-277 BC)

Other websites
 List of the Kings of Macedonia

References 

Ancient Greek dynasties
Antigonid dynasty

The Antigonid dynasty was a Macedonian dynasty. The kings were part of the family of Alexander the Great's general Antigonus I Monophthalmus ("the One-eyed"). The dynasty ended when the Roman Empire conquered the area after the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC.

Kings
Demetrius I Poliorcetes (294 BC – 287 BC)
Antigonus II Gonatas (276 BC – 239 BC)
Demetrius II (239 BC – 229 BC)
Antigonus III Doson (229 BC – 221 BC)
Philip V (221 BC – 179 BC)
Perseus (179 BC – 168 BC)
Ancient Greek dynasties
Radar

Radar is a machine that uses radio waves for echolocation to find objects such as aircraft, ships, and rain. 

The basic parts of a radar are:
 The transmitter creates the radio waves.
 The antenna directs the radio waves. 
 The receiver measures the waves which are bounced back by the object. 

By doing this, the radar can locate the object. Radar is used in many different ways. It can measure the speed and number of cars on a road, the amount of water in the air, and many other things. 

The radar transmitter sends radio pulses. By controlling how often the rapid pulses of radar energy are sent out by a radar transmitter (called the transmitter's "pulse repetition rate"), and how long it takes for the reflected pulse energy to come back to the radar receiver, one can tell where objects are, and how far away.  Digital circuits in a radar receiver calculate the distance to an object by knowing the time interval between energy pulses. The radar receiver's digital circuits count how long it takes between pulses for an object's reflected energy to be detected by the radar receiver. Since radar pulses are sent and received at approximately the speed of light, the distance to an object can easily be calculated. This is done in digital circuits by multiplying the speed of light by the time it takes to receive the radar energy reflected back from an object.

The time between pulses influences how far away an object can be detected. That distance is called the "range" of a radar transmitter and receiver.  Radar transmitters and receivers use slow repetition frequencies to find the distance to objects that are far away.  This makes it possible to accurately determine the distance to the moon, for example.  Fast repetition is used to detect objects that are much closer, like ships at sea, high flying aircraft, or to determine the speed of fast moving automobiles on highways.

Radar was first used in 1904 by Christian Hülsmeyer. He was given a patent for radar (Reichspatent Nr. 165546). Radar was vital in the Battle of Britain and other parts of World War II. The Axis countries failed to keep up with British and American radar technology during the war.

The word RADAR was created in 1942 as an acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging. This acronym replaced the British initialism RDF (Radio Direction Finding). The word is now thought of by many people as a regular word, no longer as an acronym. 

The FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) use several kinds of radar:
 ARSR (Air Route Surveillance Radar)
 ASR (Airport Surveillance Radar)
 ASDE (Airport Surface Detection Equipment)
 TDWR (Terminal Doppler Weather Radar)
 PAR (Precision Approach Radar)

References

Other pages 
Sonar

Other websites 

 Radar Technology Website
 The first operational radar in France 1934
 Applications of radar 

Electronics
Wave physics
Acronyms
Aviation safety
Navigation
Radar
GameSpot

GameSpot is a website that was created in June 1996 by Pete Deemer, Vince Broady and Jon Epstein.

History 
In the beginning the website was mainly about PC games. Another similar site, videogamespot.com was created in December of the same year to talk about console video game systems. In 1997, videogamespot.com became videogames.com for a short time. Afterward in 1998, videogames.com and GameSpot.com joined together to become a single site.

GameSpot makes video game and PC reviews, previews, downloads, news, and information. It is known as one of the biggest game websites on the Internet. ZDNet bought GameSpot later on. However ZDNet was later bought by CNET Networks, who were then bought by CBS Corporation in March 2008.  CBS Interactive are the owned GameSpot until they sold it in 2020 to Red Ventures. Fandom purchased GameSpot in 2022.

On October 3, 2005, GameSpot changed how the website looked, making it similar to what TV.com looks like.

References

Other websites 
 
Video game websites
TV.com

TV.com is a popular website owned by the CNET Games & Entertainment family of websites, which also includes GameSpot, GameFAQs and MP3.com. The website replaced the popular TV Tome website.

The website has information about television (mostly English-language television in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and Ireland). Other than episode guides, TV.com also has news, reviews, photos, trailers and TV listings.

People can also get accounts on TV.com like other CNET websites. Users get a user page and can keep track of television shows. They can also add things like episode details and cast members.

Other websites 
 Official website 

Entertainment websites
1159



Events 
 In the Roman Catholic Church, Cardinals are given the right of election of the Pope. Prior to this, the pope was selected by election by the clergy and congregation of the church. 
 Heiji Rebellion in Japan
 Tunis is conquered by the Almohad caliphs.
 Marie of Boulogne becomes the Countess of Boulogne

Deaths 
 September 1: Pope Adrian IV dies.
Olive (color)

Olive is a color which looks like green or yellow. (when gray or black is added to yellow, the various shades of the color olive are produced).  Some dark shades of olive can also be made by mixing a darker color (like brown) with green.

The most common place you will find the color olive is on an olive. It is the color of the outside of an olive. An olive's center is usually brown or sometimes orange or red.

There is a mineral called olivine that is colored a pale olive color.

Meaning of olive 
 Olive drab is one of the colors used for Sofia and camouflage in the military.
 Olive is one of the colors used in fashion when a conservative, moderate color is desired.
 Olive or earls green is sometimes used for showing vomit in animated films.

Tones of olive color comparison chart

Related pages
 List of colors

Shades of black
Shades of brown
Shades of green
Shades of yellow
South Asia

South Asia (or Southern Asia) is the southern part of the continent of Asia. It is also known as Indian subcontinent. 
There are 8 countries in this region.  It is surrounded by (clockwise) West Asia, Central Asia, Eastern Asia, Southeastern Asia and the Indian Ocean.  Major countries in this part of the world are as follows:
  Afghanistan
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 

The natural resource most used by the people is the rich land. Most of the people living there are farmers. They produce a lot of cashews, rice, peanuts, sesame seeds, and tea. A lot of natural gas is there, but these resources are usually underdeveloped. Many people there raise cattle and sheep. The cattle are raised for their milk or to carry things in Hindu areas. In India, the cattle are very important to the environment because the manure is a fertilizer for farmers.

The climate of South Asia can be divided into three basic types: tropical, dry, and temperate. The northeast is from tropical to subtropical. Moving west the moisture and elevation change, causing a steppe and a desert climate like in the Middle East. There is also a steppe climate in the center of the lower peninsula. Two parts of the South Asian climate especially affect the people. One is the monsoon. These changing winds bring lots of the area's rain, so when they do not come early, the land becomes very dry. Hurricanes also happen every year and sometimes destroy many things and kill and injure people. In the extreme north of India and Pakistan, the climate is affected by the mountains. There is a mild climate near the Indus river where farmers grow crops like rice and tea.

Related pages 
 Central Asia
 East Asia
 Southeast Asia
 West Asia
 Indian subcontinent

References

Other websites
Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that studies the relations between, heat, temperature, and energy. A branch of math called statistics is often used in thermodynamics to look at the motion of particles.

Thermodynamics is useful because it helps us understand how the world of the very small atoms connects to the large scale world we see everyday.

Thermodynamics also has two main branches called classical thermodynamics and statistical thermodynamics. An important idea in thermodynamics is that of a thermodynamic system.

An example of a thermodynamic system is a brick. A brick is made up of many atoms which all have their own properties. All thermodynamic systems have two kinds of properties, extensive and intensive. For the brick, the extensive properties are the ones you get by adding up all the atoms. Things like the volume, energy, mass, and charge are extensive because two of the same brick put together have twice as much mass as one brick. The intensive properties of the brick are the ones you get by looking at the average over all atoms. Things like temperature, pressure, and density are intensive because two of the same brick still has the same temperature as one brick alone.

Laws of thermodynamics 
There are four laws of thermodynamics that say how energy can be moved between two objects in the form of heat. The laws of Thermodynamics point out how the energy in a system changes and if the system can work well with its surroundings.
 Zeroth law of thermodynamics
If two systems have equal heat flow back and forth and one of the two systems has equal heat flow back and forth with another system, all three systems have equal heat flow with each other.

 First law of thermodynamics

An increase in energy in a system is the same as the energy given to a system in the form of heat or work. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed. The amount of energy given to a system is the same amount of energy taken from the surroundings.

 Second law of thermodynamics
Given a pair of systems touching with different temperatures, heat will flow from hot to cold until the temperature of the systems becomes equal.

 Third law of thermodynamics
When a system has a temperature of 0 kelvin, absolute zero (the lowest temperature), the entropy (energy that cannot be used to do work) is at 0.

Uses of thermodynamics 

Earlier, thermodynamics was studied to make steam engines work better. Now, ideas from thermodynamics are used in everything from making engines to studying black holes.

Scientists use thermodynamics for many reasons. One is to make better engines and refrigerators. Another is to understand the properties of everyday materials so that they can make them stronger in the future. Thermodynamics is also used in chemistry to explain which reactions will work and which will not (this study is known as chemical kinetics). Thermodynamics is powerful because simple models for atoms work well in explaining the properties of large systems like bricks.

References

Related pages

 Physics
Brookhurst, Wyoming

Brookhurst is a census-designated place in Natrona County, Wyoming, USA. About 192 people live there.

Census-designated places in Wyoming
Natrona County, Wyoming