alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Hermann Minkowski

Hermann Minkowski (22 June 1864 in Kaunas – 12 January 1909 in Göttingen) was a German mathematician of Jewish descent. He was one of Albert Einstein's teachers.

Minkowski is perhaps best known for his work in relativity, in which he showed in 1907 that his former student Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity (1905), could be understood geometrically as a theory of four-dimensional space-time, since known as the "Minkowski spacetime".

References 

1864 births
1909 deaths
German mathematicians
Jewish German academics
Jewish German scientists
Lithuanian Jews
People from Kaunas
Russian Jews
Certificate of deposit

A certificate of deposit (CD) is a way to store money at a bank or credit union. A CD is written for a period of time: usually between three months and five years. The person who wanted the CD—the consumer—agrees to give the money to the bank for that period of time and may not take the money back until the time has expired. If the consumer takes the money back before the agreed amount of time, they will have to pay a penalty fee. Once your contract is over, you are given your money back plus the interest it earned. People open CDs instead of savings accounts because the interest is higher. A certificate of deposit (which is common only in the United States) is similar to a time deposit.

Money
Cousins Subs

Cousins Subs is a "sub" shop that makes submarine sandwiches. It was created in the 1970s in Wisconsin. 

They opened their first restaurant in Milwaukee, at 60th Street and Silver Spring Drive. It closed after several years of success. The oldest Cousins Subs is on the corner of Brady Street and Farwell Avenue in Milwaukee.

American fast food restaurants
1970s establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Wisconsin
Robert Walpole

Sir Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford was a British politician. He is regarded by many as the first  de facto Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (then called Great Britain). The position of prime minister was not actually official at that time.

Walpole He was born in Houghton, Norfolk on 26 August 1676. He died on 18 March 1745. Historians think he became England's first Prime Minister in 1721. He was then Prime Minister for a longer time than anyone who came after him. This long time is sometimes called "the robinocracy" (Robin is a common version of Robert).

Although the exact dates of Walpole's dominance are not entirely clear, the period 1721–1742 is often used. He dominated the Walpole–Townshend ministry, as well as the subsequent Walpole ministry, and holds the record as the longest-serving British prime minister in history. 

W.A. Speck wrote that Walpole's uninterrupted run of 20 years as Prime Minister "is rightly regarded as one of the major feats of British political history... Explanations are usually offered in terms of his expert handling of the political system after 1720, [and] his unique blending of the surviving powers of the crown with the increasing influence of the Commons".

References  

1676 births
1745 deaths
People from Norfolk
Whig party (UK) politicians
Prime Ministers of Great Britain
Middelburg, Netherlands

Middelburg is a town and municipality on the (former) island of Walcheren, Province of Zeeland, the Netherlands.

It is the capital of Zeeland.

About 48,000 people were living in the municipality in 2017.<br/ >
About 40,000 people were living in the town in 2011.

Middelburg received city rights in 1217.

Related pages 
 Four Freedoms Award

Other websites 
 

Cities in Zeeland
Municipalities of Zeeland
Provincial capitals of the Netherlands
Haarlem

Haarlem is a city in the Netherlands and the capital of the province North Holland. It has about 145,000 inhabitants. It has a very old door called Smedestraat 33.

Other websites 

 Website of the communal administration 
 pictures from Haarlem
Lelystad

Lelystad is a municipality in the middle of the Netherlands.
It has about 71,000 inhabitants. It is also the capital of Flevoland, one of the provinces of the Netherlands.

Other websites 
Official website

Settlements in Flevoland
Municipalities of Flevoland
Provincial capitals of the Netherlands
Enschede

Enschede (Low Saxon: Eanske) is a municipality and city in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 161,194 people were living there in 2023.

It is the biggest city in Overijssel and borders Germany.

Enschede is also (informally) the capital of Twente region.

Fireworks accident 

On 13 May 2000 there was a huge destruction caused by an accident in a fireworks factory. Twenty-three people were killed, while almost a thousand people were injured. Thousands of people lost their homes.

Related pages 
 FC Twente
 University of Twente

References 
 Plaatsengids.nl
Amersfoort

Amersfoort is a city in the middle of the Netherlands. The city is between the hills of the "Heuvelrug" and the valley of the river Eem. It is located in the province of Utrecht. 2023 the population of the city was 160,902. It is the second-largest city in the province and the fifteenth-largest in the country. Amersfoort is known for being one of the largest railway junctions in the Netherlands. In 2009, Amersfoort celebrated its 750th anniversary as a city.

Economy 
The city has many international companies located there:

 Royal VolkerWessels Stevin N.V., a big European construction-services business.
 FrieslandCampina, a Dutch dairy cooperative.
 Royal HaskoningDHV, consultants and engineers.
 Golden Tulip Hospitality Group, an international hotel chain called Golden Tulip Hotels
 Yokogawa Electric, an electrical engineering and software company. 

There are also several non-governmental organizations and foundations:

 Christian Union, a Christian democratic political party in the Netherlands.
 Oikocredit, the headquarters of a global cooperative society that provides financing for economic development with a focus on poverty alleviation.
 Socialist Party, a left-wing social-democratic political party in the Netherlands.
Zoetermeer

Zoetermeer is a city in South Holland in the Netherlands (it has no city rights). 

About 125,000 people are living there in 2017.

It is between Utrecht and Den Haag. It is part of the Randstad. 

Cities in South Holland
Municipalities of South Holland
Almere

Almere is a municipality in the Netherlands (no city rights).
It is in the province of Flevoland and nearby Amsterdam and has about 215,000 people (2021).

Other websites 
 Almere website

 
Settlements in Flevoland
Hilversum

Hilversum is a city in North Holland in the Netherlands (no city rights). It lies between Amsterdam and Utrecht. About 85,000 people live there.

Well-known people 
 Joop den Uyl (1919-1987), Prime Minister
Roermond

Roermond is a town in the province Limburg in the east of the Netherlands. It has about 45,000 people living in it.

Since 2007, Swalmen became a part of the municipality of Roermond.

Cities in Limburg
Municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Venlo

Venlo is a city in Limburg in the very east of the Netherlands. It has about 100,000 inhabitants and lives mainly on one-day-trip-tourism from neighbouring Germany and logistics. It used to be a city of the Hanseatic League.

Since 2010, Arcen en Velden became a part of the municipality of Venlo.
Delft

Delft is a city in the province South Holland in the Netherlands. It is about halfway between Rotterdam and The Hague. It is famous for its Delft Blue pottery and the Delft University of Technology. It is the place where the royal family, the kings and queens, are buried. It has about 94,000 inhabitants.

Things to see 
Delft is a city with typical Dutch canals, churches and large canal houses. The largest church in Delft is the Nieuwe Kerk (New Church).
Deventer

Deventer is a municipality and city in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 101,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies both in Salland and IJsselvallei regions, alongside the eastern bank of the IJssel river.

Deventer was founded by Lebuinus around 768. He built a wooden church there.

A Catholic community called the Brethren of the Common Life was founded by priest Geert Groote in this city late 14th century. This community was connected with a Catholic reform movement called the Devotio Moderna, which was largely based on Groote and founded the same time.

Deventer is well known for its cake, the so-called Deventer Koek.

References 
 Plaatsengids.nl

Cities in Overijssel
Municipalities of Overijssel
IJsselvallei (Overijssel)
Salland
Ede

Ede is a city in the Netherlands with 65,000 inhabitants, the communal district (gemeente) of Ede has 107,000 inhabitants.

Cities in Gelderland
Municipalities of Gelderland
Freud Museum

The Freud Museum was the home of Sigmund Freud and his family after they escaped the Nazi takeover of Austria in 1938. It is at 20 Maresfield Gardens in Hampstead, London.

After the death of Anna Freud, the youngest daughter, in 1982, the home became a museum. The centrepiece of the museum is Freud's study, preserved just as it was during his lifetime. 

There are two other Freud Museums, one in Vienna, and another  in Příbor, the Czech Republic, in the house where Freud was born.

The study

The study and library were preserved by Anna Freud after her father's death. The bookshelf behind Freud's desk contains some of his favourite authors: not only Goethe and Shakespeare but also Heine, Multatuli and Anatole France. Freud acknowledged that poets and philosophers had gained insights into the unconscious which psychoanalysis sought to explain systematically. 

The room contains the original analytic couch brought from Berggasse 19. On this patients would recline comfortably while Freud, out of sight in the green tub chair, listened to their 'free association'. They were asked to say everything that came to mind without consciously sifting or selecting information. This method became a foundation upon which psychoanalysis was built.

Antiquities
The study is filled with antiquities from ancient Greece, Rome, Egypt and the Orient. There are some fine masks and carving from Africa. Freud visited many archaeological sites (though not Egypt). Most of the collection was got from dealers in Vienna. 

He confessed that his passion for collecting was second only to his addiction to cigars. The importance of the collection can be seen in Freud's use of archaeology as a metaphor for psychoanalysis. One example of this is Freud's explanation to a patient that conscious material 'wears away' while what is unconscious is relatively unchanging: "I illustrated my remarks by pointing to the antique objects about my room. They were, in fact, I said, only objects found in a tomb, and their burial had been their preservation".

The collection includes a portrait of Freud by Salvador Dalí.

References

Other websites 
Freud Museum website
Freud Museum in Vienna 

Museums in London
Emu

The emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) is a large flightless bird. It is native to Australia. The emu is the tallest bird from Australia. It is also the second tallest bird in the world, after its ratite relative, the ostrich. The emu is also related to the cassowary which is slightly smaller but heavier.

Other emus  

There were also two species of dwarf emu, Dromaius minor, one living on King Island in Tasmania and the other on Kangaroo Island. They are examples of island dwarfism. The group on King Island became extinct in 1805, that on Kangaroo Island in 1827, and that in Tasmania in 1865.

Description 
The soft-feathered, brown birds reach up to  in height. Their feathers are in a double layer which helps keep the emu cool. They have bare skin on the sides of the face and their neck. They can weigh up to . They have two large legs, with three toes on each foot. Their wings are very short, about 
, and are hidden under their feathers.

They can live up to 10–20 years 
The emu is common over most of mainland Australia. It avoids very thick forests and very dry areas. Emus can travel great distances at a fast trot. If necessary they can run at up to  for some distance at a time. They may travel long distances to find food. One emu was found to have traveled .

Diet 
They feed on a variety of plants (seeds, flowers, new growth) and insects.

Breeding 

Emus are solitary birds. However, the young chicks stay with the father until they are 18 months of age. The breeding season is between February and July, when the female can lay between 5-15 eggs in a ground nest built by the male. The male then sits on the eggs for 8 weeks until hatching. The baby chicks have very clear stripes on the feathers which act as camouflage.

On the east coast of Australia, emus were once common but have become uncommon with increased human population. On the other hand, the development of farms and the supply of water for stock have increased the range of the Emu in arid (dry) regions. Emus are farmed for their meat, oil and leather. The first emu farms began in Western Australia during the 1970s.

The history of the name 
The first written description of the emu was under the name of the New Holland Cassowary in Arthur Phillip's Voyage to Botany Bay, published in 1789. The species was named by ornithologist (bird expert) John Latham, who worked on Phillip's book. He provided the first descriptions of and names for many Australian bird species. Its scientific name, Dromaius novaehollandiae, is from the Latin words, meaning "fast-footed New Hollander". The history of the common name, emu, is not certain, but is thought to have come from an Arabic word for large bird. This word was later used by Portuguese explorers to describe the related Cassowary in New Guinea. In Victoria, some Indigenous Australian words for the emu were Barrimal in the Djadja wurrung language, myoure in Gunai, and courn in Jardwadjali.

References 

Birds of Australia
Ratites
Struthioniformes
National symbols of Australia
Kiwi

The kiwi is a type of bird from New Zealand. They are the genus Apteryx of the family Apterygidae. There are several species and sub-species of kiwi. The kiwi is a symbol for New Zealand. People from New Zealand are nicknamed "Kiwis".

They have a long beak and brown feathers. The feathers look like fur. Kiwi cannot fly, and their wings are so small that they cannot usually be seen. Kiwi cannot see well, but they can hear very well. They are the smallest ratite birds.

Life 
Kiwi are night (nocturnal) birds. They mostly eat invertebrates, like worms and insects. Kiwi keep a territory where they live alone or with their mate. In their territory they build several small caves where they sleep, or lay their eggs.
Kiwi are monogamous; the male and female stay together until one of them dies. The male and female live in the same territory and raise their children together.
Female kiwi lay 1-3 eggs. Compared to the size of the mother, the eggs are the largest  of any bird species. Kiwi are mature when they are 2 years old, and they can live more than 20 years. One kiwi kept in a zoo even reached 35 years old.

Eggs 
The female brown kiwi lays enormous eggs, which are almost one-sixth of her own body weight. These eggs take 11 weeks to incubate, the longest time for any bird. In comparison, Yellow-breasted Chats' eggs take only 11 days, and chickens' eggs take 21 days.

Habitat 
Kiwi prefer to live in burrows they make in forested areas. They either make their burrows in the ground like rabbits, in between the roots of trees, or in hidden sheltered places such as hollow logs. Kiwi line their burrows with leaves to make them more comfortable and warm. Sometimes they hide the entrance to their burrows using piles of twigs. Kiwi may have more than ten different burrows in their territory and will swap between them sometimes. 

Kiwi are threatened by many mammals. Stoats are the main threat for the kiwi chicks.  Ferrets and dogs kill adult kiwi.

References 

Birds of New Zealand
Ratites
Struthioniformes
Kiwis
National symbols of New Zealand
Dodo

The dodo (Raphus cucullatus) is an extinct species of flightless bird from Mauritius. 

Like many other island birds, they lost the power of flight because it was no advantage where they lived. Dodos were in the same family as the pigeon. They were endemic to (only lived on) the island of Mauritius. They became extinct in the late 17th century.  

The Dodo has become a symbol of extinction caused by the arrival of humans in ecosystems where humans had never before lived.

The name 'Dodo' 
The history of the word 'Dodo' is not clear. Dutch admiral Wybrand van Warwijck discovered the island and the bird in 1598 during an expedition to Indonesia. He called the bird 'walgvogel', meaning "disgusting bird" because he disliked the taste of the meat. Four years later, the Dutch captain, Willem van Westsanen, used the word 'Dodo' for the first time.

The Encarta Dictionary and the Chambers Dictionary of Etymology say "dodo" is a Portuguese word, coming from doido. It means "fool" or "crazy". Another idea is that 'dodo' was a copy of the bird's own call, a two-note pigeon like sound, "doo-doo". 
In 1606 Cornelis de Jonge wrote a description of the Dodo, and of other animal and plants on the island .

Description 
The dodo was the largest bird of the Columbiformes, and weighs about . They had grey feathers and yellow feet. Their big hooked bill was a green/yellow color. It had short wings that were only stubs. They ate fruit, seeds and nuts. Portuguese sailors said that they saw the Dodos eating fish. They also ate rocks and stones which might have helped them digest food. They are eaten by humans who come in the search of treasure or spouting.

Extinction 
The dodo was not scared of people which made it easy to hunt and kill. Dogs, cats, rats and pigs were left on the island and also killed the dodos. Because dodos built their nests on the ground, the new animals ate their eggs. The forests were chopped down and the dodo lost its habitat. Within 80 years, the dodo was extinct. The last confirmed dodo sighting in Mauritius was 1662, but a 2003 research by David Roberts and Andrew Solow estimated that the dodo lived another few decades unnoticed until around 1690.

The last known stuffed bird was at Oxford University and was thrown out as rubbish. Only a foot and a head are left. The American Museum of Natural History in New York has a skeleton showing. It was put together out of bones from several different Dodos. The Natural History Museum of Mauritius has the only complete skeleton of a dodo, found in a swamp.

References

Other websites 
 The Dodo Cartoon Blog 

Columbiformes
Flightless birds
Extinct birds
National symbols of Mauritius
Tolkāppiyam

Tolkaapiyam (தொல்காப்பியம்) is a book on grammar of the Tamil language.

Tol (தொல்) means Old and Kappiyam (காப்பியம்) means a literary work.
The name of the author could not be identified (usually referred as Tholkappiyar) and the work apparently relates to Grammar in Tamil.
It is learnt that the author was one of the 12 disciples of Sage Agastya the Father of Tamil Grammar. This sage was living in the south near Madurai, during the visit of Lord Ram to the south in search of his wife, abducted by the Lankan King Ravan.
The age of Lord Ram precedes that of Lord Krishna and hence the work can safely be said to precede 3000 BC (the ideal period of Mahabharat Yudh).
Lord Shiva and his Son Murugan is said to have laid the first tenets for the Tamil Language, probably long long time before sage Agastya could compile the same.

Tamil language
Great auk

The great auk was a large bird, that could not fly. People hunted it for meat and feathers. It grew rare, because it was too easy to kill, and the ones left could not breed fast enough to make up for the lost ones. The last known great auks (there were two auks) were killed on June 3, 1844 in Iceland.  It lived mostly in the water, like a duck. 

Penguins got their name from the great auk. The word "penguin" was the Celtic word for "great auk". When sailors saw penguins for the first time, they thought they looked like great auks. 

The great auk was covered in black feathers, but had white feathers on its chest and abdomen. It had very short wings, like stubs, which meant it could not fly. On land it stood upright and was about 75 cm tall. They spent most of their time at sea, coming to shore in the summer to breed. They lived in large breeding colonies on low rocky islands in the north Atlantic Ocean from Canada to Norway. Females laid one egg on bare rock. In winter they went as far south as Florida and southern Spain.

References

Charadriiformes
Flightless birds
Extinct birds
kl:Apparluk
Abbey Road Studios

Abbey Road Studios, usually called just "Abbey Road", are the recording studios in EMI's headquarters in St. John's Wood, London, England.

Abbey Road had three different studios for most of its history. Other space was turned into a fourth studio later. Studio One is large, and used to be a ballroom. Symphony orchestras and very large bands and groups are recorded there. Studio Two is smaller, and works best for small combos or groups of musicians. Studio Three is much smaller, and is meant for soloists and duos. Studio Four is mostly for post-production, where changes are made to earlier recordings.

Recording studios
Ujamaa

Ujamaa, meaning 'familyhood' is the group of ideas of Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere. They are based on the traditional African society.

Tanzania
Nationalism
Prisoner

A prisoner is a person who is forced to stay in a prison against their will. People who are suspected of a crime, for example, a murder, may be  arrested and held in jail so they won't escape before their trial. After conviction a prisoner may be punished. For example, they may be imprisoned for a fixed number of years, or receive a life sentence meaning they stay in jail until they die. 

A prisoner of war is a person who was captured by the enemy in a war.
Fachhochschule Düsseldorf

The Fachhochschule Düsseldorf is a so-called Fachhochschule (university of applied sciences), that means a special kind of college, with technical, design and business subjects in Düsseldorf.
It was founded in 1971.

List of Departments
 Architecture
 Design
 Electrical Engineering
 Mechanical and Process Engineering
 Media Sciences
 Social and Cultural Studies (e.g. Sociology)
 Business Studies (applied Economy studies)

Other websites 
 Official Website

Education in Düsseldorf
1971 establishments in Germany
Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis is a field of psychology and medical therapy. It is a set of theories and ways of treating mental disorders. It was started in the early 1890s by the Austrian psychologist Sigmund Freud, with experience from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others.

Since then, psychoanalysis has expanded and been revised, reformed and developed in different ways. Freud's own colleagues and students, such as Alfred Adler and Carl Jung, had their own ideas. They went on to develop their ideas independently from Freud. Much later, Anna Freud and Melanie Klein used the ideas to treat troubled children.

The basic ideas of psychoanalysis are:
 besides inherited personality, a person's development is determined by events in early childhood;
 human behavior, experience, and thought is largely influenced by unconscious irrational drives;
 attempts to bring these drives into awareness is resisted by defence mechanisms;
 conflicts between conscious and unconscious (repressed) material can result in mental disturbances such as neurosis, neurotic traits, anxiety, depression, etc.;
 liberation from the effects of the unconscious material is achieved by bringing this material into the conscious mind (e.g. by the skilled guidance of the analyst.

The unconscious mind 
Sometimes people cannot say why they are feeling the way they feel or acting the way they act. What causes the feelings and actions is called the unconscious mind in psychodynamic theory.

Different methods 
Under the broad umbrella of "psychoanalysis" there are at least 22 different approaches to the theory and clinical treatment. The term also refers to a method of studying child development.

Freudian psychoanalysis uses a type of treatment where the subject (analytic patient) talks, including free associations, fantasies, and dreams. From these the analyst works out the unconscious conflicts which cause the patient's symptoms and character problems. By interpreting them for the patient, the analyst creates insight into the problems. The analyst identifies and clarifies the patient's pathological defences, wishes and guilt.

Psychoanalysis has been criticized on many fronts. It has been called a pseudoscience, and lacking in empirical support. However, it remains influential within psychiatry, more so in some quarters than others.

References 

Philosophical movements and positions
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis
Zaandam

Zaandam is a city in the west of the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. It has about 74,000 inhabitants (2014). It makes part of the municipality of Zaanstad.

First settlements in the region were known up from the 11th century.

Czar Peter the Great visited Zaandam in 1697 and 1717.

20th-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Cities in North Holland
Former municipalities of North Holland
Zaanstad
Windows 3.x

Windows 3.x was a family of Microsoft Windows operating system, released in 1990-1994. Notable operating systems in this family include Windows 3.0 and Windows 3.1. This Windows could run in either Standard or 386 Enhanced memory modes. Both of the modes used a Graphical User Interface (or picture-based), and supported a mouse, but 386 Enhanced Mode was faster and was better at multitasking (or doing many things at once). Windows NT 3.x was released in 1993-1996.

It also had many features from versions of Windows before it. These included a calculator, a notepad, and more.  It also brought in many new features, like the Program Manager (which is still in Windows XP today - Start>Run>progman.exe), and the icons and programs looked better.

Windows 3.x was made better in 1992, with Windows for Workgroups 3.1x (1992-1993), that added networking support.

Microsoft operating systems
Woodwind instrument

A woodwind instrument is an instrument belonging to the woodwind family.  Traditionally they were always made of wood, although some of them are now made of metal or plastic.

In an orchestra there are four main types of woodwind instrument. Each of these also has related instruments of different sizes:

The flute is the highest of the four main instruments.  The lowest note is Middle C and it has a range of 3 octaves.  The piccolo is the smallest and highest instrument in the orchestra.  It plays one octave higher than the flute.  There is also an alto flute which sounds a fifth lower than the ordinary flute.  Flutes are still sometimes made of wood, but mostly they are metal.

The oboe can play slightly lower than the flute.  There is a larger version called the cor anglais (which means: “English horn”).

The clarinet plays nearly an octave lower than the flute.  The bass clarinet plays an octave lower than the clarinet.

The bassoon is the lowest of the four main members, but the contrabassoon plays right down to the bottom B flat of the piano.

The recorder is one of the oldest and most popular woodwinds and has been used to great effect by greats, such as Bach, Telemann and Vivaldi.  The general public is normally only familiar with the plastic, child's version of the recorder, but professional and high-quality recorders are still made of wood.

The saxophone may look like a brass instrument, but it is played like a clarinet and therefore it is a woodwind instrument.  It is usually played in bands and jazz groups.

Use 
Woodwind instruments are played in several ways. The flute is played by blowing across the top of the mouthpiece.  It is like blowing across the top of an empty bottle.  The oboe and bassoon both have a double reed.  It is like blowing through a drinking straw.  Bagpipes have double reeds which are inside the mouthpiece (“enclosed reeds”). The clarinet and saxophone have single reeds which are clamped against the opening of the mouthpiece.

In comparison, brass instruments are all blown in the same way: by blowing against a cup-shaped mouthpiece.  This is why the saxophone cannot be called a brass instrument, although it is made of brass.

The way that a player shapes his mouth to blow an instrument is called the “embouchure”.  Woodwind instruments have several different embouchures.

In an orchestra there may be two each of flutes, oboes, clarinets and bassoons.  In larger orchestras, particularly from the Romantic period onwards, there may be three or four.  Sometimes the extra instruments such as the piccolo are used.  If, for example, in an orchestral piece the third flute is marked “doubling piccolo”, it means that the person playing flute 3 will also play the piccolo.  However, if the piccolo plays at the same time as flute 3 they will obviously need an extra player for the piccolo part.

Woodwind instruments in an orchestra often have short solos.  These will be played by the first player (the “section principal”).
Bewitched

Bewitched is a comedy television show that was shown on TV by ABC from 1964 to 1972. It is about a man who is married to a witch.

The lead characters are Darrin and Samantha Stephens. Samantha twitches her nose or moves her hands to make a spell happen. Samantha was played by Elizabeth Montgomery. Darrin was played by Dick York from 1964 to 1969. Because of illness, Dick York left the show and was replaced by Dick Sargent who played Darrin from 1969 to 1972. Samantha's mother Endora was played by Agnes Moorehead. Endora dislikes Darrin and often makes things difficult for him.

1960s American comedy television series
1970s American sitcoms
1964 television series debuts
1972 television series endings
English-language television programs
Beresford, South Dakota

Beresford is a city in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. Most of the city is located in Union County, but a small part of it is in Lincoln County. Beresford became a city in 1884, and 2,005 people lived there at the 2010 census.

References

Other websites
City of Beresford website

Cities in South Dakota
1884 establishments in Dakota Territory
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (22 January 1729 in Kamenz (Saxony) – 15 February 1781 in Braunschweig) was a German poet and philosopher in the time of the enlightenment.

Life
Lessing was one of twelve children. His father was a Protestant priest. He went to school in Kamenz and got a stipendium for the Higher School in Meißen. From 1746 to 1748, he studied medicine and theology in Leipzig. In 1750, he moved to Berlin, where he met Voltaire. In 1752 he got the Magister (Master) degree from the university in Wittenberg.

He moved back to Leipzig in 1755, but returned later to Berlin. He traveled around in Europe and studied. He worked as a reporter. From 1760 to 1765, he worked as secretary for a general in Breslau (today: Wroclaw). Later he worked at the theater and became a librarian. Lessing got married in 1776. But 1778 his wife died.

In 1781, Lessing died.

Works

Other websites 

In German
 Fabeln von Lessing  im Literaturnetz
 Lessing-Akademie Wolfenbüttel
 Lessing-Museum in Kamenz
 Biographie
 Biographie in ADB
 Briefe, die Neueste Literatur betreffend
 Deutscher Bildungsserver: Pädagogische Materialien zu Gotthold Ephraim Lessing 
 Einführung in die Dramentheorie Lessings
  kostenlose Hörbuchabhandlung als MP3: Über die Wahrheit
 Das Lessing-Denkmal in Wolfenbüttel 

1729 births
1781 deaths
18th-century German philosophers
German poets
Writers from Saxony
Anna Seghers

Anna Seghers (; born Anna Reiling, 19 November 1900 – 1 June 1983), was a German writer notable for exploring and depicting the moral experience of the Second World War.

Seghers' parents were orthodox Jews, but also interested in Christianity. Nelly made her abitur in 1920. Before this, she had served as a nurse during World War I.

She married Hungarian Laszlo Radvanyi in 1925, and obtained Hungarian citizenship.

After the Nazis took over government in Germany, she was arrested and her books were burned.

In 1947 she returned to Berlin, Eastern Berlin, joining the Socialist Party. She worked for the Writers Union of the GDR.

She died in 1983 in Berlin.

References 

1900 births
1983 deaths
East German people
German communists
Hungarian Jews
Jewish German writers
People from Mainz
Refugees from Nazism
Writers from Rhineland-Palatinate
Friedrich Schiller

Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (November 10, 1759 in Marbach, Württemberg – May 9, 1805 in Weimar), usually known as Friedrich Schiller, was a German poet, philosopher, historian, and dramatist.

Works

Plays 
 Die Räuber (The Robbers) (1781)
 Kabale und Liebe (Intrigue and Love) (1784)
 Don Carlos, Infant von Spanien (Don Carlos) (1787)
 Wallenstein (1800)
 Die Jungfrau von Orleans (The Maid of Orleans) (1801)
 Maria Stuart (Mary Stuart) (1801)
 Turandot (1802)
 Die Braut von Messina (1803)
 Wilhelm Tell (William Tell) (1804)
 Demetrius (unfinished at his death)

Poems 
 An die Freude or Ode to Joy (1785) which became the basis for the fourth movement of Beethoven's ninth symphony
 The Artists
 The Cranes of Ibykus
 The Bell
 Columbus
 Hope
 Pegasus in Harness
 The Glove
 Nänie which Brahms set to music

Other websites 

 
 Friedrich Schiller Chronology
 "Say it loud – it's Schiller and it's proud" by George Steiner
 2005 is Schiller year: all dates
 Letters upon the Education of Man at 
 Schiller Monument in Schiller Park, German Village, Columbus, Ohio, USA  
 Schiller multimedial  combines a biographical observation by Norbert Oellers with classic recordings and video clips
 Mobile Schiller  Mobile Java application containing 20 poems of Schiller

Writers from Baden-Württemberg
1759 births
1805 deaths
German poets
Clement Attlee

Clement Richard Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee  (3 January 1883 – 8 October 1967) was a British politician. Prime Minister from 1945 to 1951, he was the first Labour prime minister with a majority in government, and was very important in the setting up of the welfare state. He was made a member of the House of Lords after he retired, and became the first Earl Attlee.

Attlee died of pneumonia in 1967. He is buried in Westminster Abbey.

Early life and education
Attlee was born in Putney. Attlee was educated at Haileybury College. He graduated from University College, Oxford with a Second Class Honours BA in Modern History in 1904.

Career
Attlee began a career as a barrister after graduating from Oxford. This lasted for two years. He then worked as manager of Haileybury House in East London. Attlee's work at the House inspired him to become a socialist. In 1907 he joined the Fabian Society. In 1908 he joined the Independent Labour Party. In 1911, he was employed by the UK Government. In 1919 Attlee became Mayor of Stepney. He was elected to Parliament in 1922 as the MP for Limehouse., In 1935 he was elected leader of the Labour Party. From 1942 to 1945 he was deputy prime minister.  Attlee resigned as party leader after Labour lost the 1955 election.  He was made a member of the Order of Merit in 1951 and a Knight of the Garter in 1956. In 1958 he started the Homosexual Reform Society with Bertrand Russell.

1883 births
1967 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British mayors
British military personnel of World War I
Companions of Honour
Deaths from pneumonia
Deputy Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Infectious disease deaths in London
Knights of the Garter
Order of Merit
Members of the House of Lords
People buried in Westminster Abbey
People from Putney
Politicians from London
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1922–1923
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
United Kingdom Earls
Octave

An octave is the distance between two musical notes that have the same letter name.

If a musician sings or plays a scale (‘do-re-mi-fa-sol-la-si-do’) the first and last ‘do’ are an octave apart. It is called an ‘octave’ because there are eight notes in a scale (‘octo’ is Latin for ‘eight’).

If a musician sings or plays the first two notes of the song “Somewhere over the rainbow” (i.e. the word ‘Somewhere’) these two notes are an octave apart.

Two notes that are an octave apart sound very similar, almost like the same note. The scientific reason for this is that the top note vibrates twice as fast.  For example: if someone plays Middle C on a piano, a hammer hits the Middle C strings inside and makes them vibrate 256 times a second.  The C an octave higher will vibrate 512 times a second. 

Young children who learn the piano will not be able to stretch an octave with one hand, if their hands are too small. Most adults can stretch an octave easily (playing one note with the thumb, and the other with the little finger).

Related pages
Interval (music)

Music theory
Tinder

Tinder is a material that is used to start fires easily when lit with a match.
Some materials commonly used as tinder are:
Dry pine needles, leaves or grass
Birch bark 
Dead, standing (usually one season old) goldenrod 
Cloth, lint, or frayed rope (if made from plant fibers and not treated with fire retardant) 
Char cloth 
Cotton swabs, tampons 
Paper, paper towels, toilet paper, etc. 
Punk wood (in the process of rotting) or charred wood 
Some types of fungus (best known is the amadou or horse's hoof fungus) 
Bird down 
Small twigs (poor tinder but commonly available)
Fine-grade soap-coated steel wool 
Shaved magnesium or other alkaline earth metals

Fire
Stephen Harper

Stephen Joseph Harper  (born April 30, 1959) is a Canadian economist, entrepreneur, and retired politician. He was the 22nd Prime Minister of Canada from 2006 to 2015. He is a member and the former leader of the Conservative Party, after being elected in 2004. He was elected in February 2006 and replaced Paul Martin as Prime Minister.

Harper was born in 1959 in Toronto, Ontario and lives in Calgary, Alberta. He is married to Laureen Teskey and has two children. He is the third Prime Minister, after Pierre Trudeau and John Turner, to send their children to Rockcliffe Park Public School, in Ottawa. Stephen Harper was Prime Minister for nine years, during which Canada hosted both the Vancouver 2010 Olympics and Paralympic Winter Games. Harper also hosted the G8 and G20 meetings.

Harper is a conservative and supports cutting government spending and taxes. As Prime Minister, he has cut the goods and services tax and approved a budget that would cut funding to several government programs. He has also shown support for the military and a bigger Canadian military presence in the northern part of Canada. Harper is an evangelical Christian.

Even though Harper did win the seat in the riding of Calgary Heritage during the October 19, 2015 federal election, the Conservative Party was defeated by the Liberal Party of Canada, which was led by Justin Trudeau and who succeeded Harper as Prime Minister. It was thereafter announced Harper would resign as party leader and had requested an interim leader be chosen to serve until a leadership election can be held.

References

1959 births
Living people
Politicians from Toronto
Politicians from Alberta
Canadian Christians
Canadian economists
Privy Councillors (Canada)
Leaders of the Opposition (Canada)
Members of the House of Commons of Canada
University of Toronto alumni
University of Calgary alumni
Tadpole

A tadpole or polliwog is the larva of a frog. It breathes water and lives in the water. Tadpoles hatch from small eggs.

Frog eggs are round and toad eggs are laid in long strings.  Like bird eggs, they have nutrients (food) inside them for the young animal to grow before it hatches.

Movement

Tadpoles swim by lateral undulation: their tails move side to side, not up and down.

Food

Most types of tadpole eat only plants, for example algae on rocks. Some types of tadpole eat plants and animals, even other smaller tadpoles.

Metamorphosis

After some time, the tadpoles begin to grow legs: first the hind legs and then the front legs. Then they are called froglets.  Soon after, froglets grow lungs and begin to breathe air and lose their tails.  The tail disappears because the cells in the tail gently die.  Each tadpole's mouth changes from small to as wide as its head.  Its intestines become shorter.  They grow larger, and eventually become adults.

Species

How fast or slow the eggs hatch and how fast or slow the tadpole becomes a froglet is different in different frogs.  Some tadpoles take months to become frogs.  Some stay tadpoles all winter and do not become frogs until the next spring, or even three years later. Some frogs lay their eggs in bodies of water that are only there in the spring and dry up in the summer, so the tadpoles must become frogs in only a few weeks.

References

Frogs
Toads
Developmental biology
Zeulenroda-Triebes

Zeulenroda-Triebes is a German town in the rural district of Greiz in Thuringia.

It has about 18,000 inhabitants. Most famous sight of the town is the beautiful town hall.

Other websites 
 Official website of Zeulenroda-Triebes 
 Landkreis Greiz

Verwaltungsgemeinschaftfrei towns in Thuringia
Greiz Rural District
Harry Nilsson

Harry Edward Nilsson III (June 15, 1941 – January 15, 1994) was an American singer-songwriter. 

Nilsson was born in Bushwick, Brooklyn, New York City. His paternal grandparents were Swedish.

"Without Her" is one of his early hits. This number is nowadays considered one of his standards as Blood, Sweat & Tears did later an jazzy cover on their album. His biggest hits were during the late 1960s and the 1970s. His songs include "Me And My Arrow", "Coconut", "Cuddly Toy", "Spaceman", and "One". "One" was also a hit for the band Three Dog Night. Nilsson's two most famous songs were "Without You" and "Everybody's Talkin'". These songs were  written by other people. "Without You" has been re-recorded many times by other singers. It was written by Peter Ham and Tom Evans of Badfinger. "Everybody's Talkin'" was used in the 1969 movie Midnight Cowboy. The song was written by Fred Neil.

Nilsson recorded a tribute to The Beatles on his first album. He used lines from fifteen of their songs in one cover version of "You Can't Do That". Derek Taylor, who worked for the Beatles, sent them copies of the album, and Nilsson became a friend of the band. He later shared a house with John Lennon and Ringo Starr. They worked together on each other's music.

Nilsson also wrote a cartoon movie named The Point!. It was broadcast on ABC. It was about tolerance and diversity. The Point! was later turned into a musical. One production of the musical starred former Monkees Micky Dolenz and Davy Jones. The Monkees had recorded two of Nilsson's songs, "Cuddly Toy" and "Daddy's Song", after they met him through producer Chip Douglas.

Nilsson died of heart failure in Agoura Hills, California.

The movie You've Got Mail uses several of Nilsson's songs in its soundtrack.

Notes

Other websites 
A performance of 'Without Her' from the 1971 BBC Television broadcast.

Singer-songwriters from New York City
Deaths from heart failure
1941 births
1994 deaths
Acoustic guitar

Acoustic guitars are hollow-bodied string instruments that believe resonance to supply sound. Once you pluck a string or strum a chord, the vibration of the strings is amplified by the highest of the guitar and thru the soundhole. These marks show where to press a string with the fingers of the left hand, to change the note that string plays. The right hand plucks or strums the strings, either with the fingers or using a plectrum ("pick"), to make them sound. Acoustic guitars are used in types of music ranging from classical to rock and roll, to bluegrass and folk. The six strings can be steel or nylon. Nylon strings are typically used for classical and related styles of music. Steel strings are typically used for most other styles.

How the guitar became a popular instrument
The acoustic guitar came from Spain (an instrument with six strings), created by Antonio Torres Jurado. But at the beginning, the guitar was different with what we see the guitar now. In the 16th to 17th centuries, the guitar became popular in Europe. In the 18th century, the guitar changed to be similar to how it is now. But before the 19th century, many people thought the guitar could not be same as a piano or violin. They thought it could not play classical music. But at the beginning of 19th century, a famous guitar player, Fernando Sor, made the guitar become more popular and he made more people like playing the guitar. Before the 20th century, people played the acoustic guitar. In the 20th century, a musician in United States, Leo Fender, invented the electric guitar.

Guitar and ukulele compared
The guitar and the ukulele are similar in shape and other ways, but they are also different. The ukulele looking like a small guitar. But the guitar has six strings, and the ukulele has just four strings. The six strings in a guitar are tuned: E, B, G, D, A, and E; the four strings in a ukulele are tuned: G, C, E, and A. Also, the ukulele comes from Hawaii, and the guitar comes from Spain.

Other websites

References

Guitars
Flipper

A flipper is a special kind of limb that is flattened like a paddle for moving through water. Many animals that live in water, such as whales and seals have flippers. The flipper of a fish is called a fin.

It can also be an item worn on the foot to help people swim more easily.

Animal anatomy
Coral fungi

Coral fungi or clavarioid fungi, are mushrooms that are usually shaped like coral, but can also be shaped like forks, worms or clubs. They are rubbery and at times are brightly coloured.

Originally, such fungi were put in the genus Clavaria, and called "clavarioid", which means Clavaria-like. It is now known that clavarioid species are not all closely related. Since they are often studied as a group, we keep the informal (non-taxonomic) name of "clavarioid fungi", and it is frequently used in research papers.

Habitat 
Most coral fungi grow on the ground, but some grow on well decayed logs and stumps.
They are usually found in forests but some can also be found in fields. They are decomposers.

Eating 
Although they are not poisonous, some kinds are a laxative and some can cause stomach pain.

Other websites

Mushrooms
Stone fruit

A stone fruit, also called a drupe, is a fruit with a large "stone" inside. The stone is sometimes called the seed, but that is a mistake, as the seed is inside the stone. The stones can also be called a pit. These fruits are edible and used frequently in cooking.

Identification

What makes a fruit? 
A fruit is the matured ovary of a flower. Fruits consist of two main parts: the pericarp, or ovary wall, and the seed(s).

The pericarp has three layers: the exocarp (skin/rind), the mesocarp (bulk of the pericarp), and the endocarp (innermost layer).

Berries vs. drupes 
The two main classes of fleshy fruits are berries and drupes, or stone fruits.

Berries have a fleshy mesocarp and endocarp, and may have multiple seeds.

Drupes have a fleshy mesocarp, but a tough endocarp, and of course, a "stone" or "pit" at its center. Drupes typically have only a single seed.

Examples of stone fruits 

Food ingredients
Food-related lists