alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Annals of Mathematics

The Annals of Mathematics is a mathematical journal published every two months by Princeton University and the Institute for Advanced Study.

History 

The journal was established as The Analyst in 1874 and with Joel E. Hendricks as the founding editor-in-chief. It was "intended to afford a medium for the presentation and analysis of any and all questions of interest or importance in pure and applied Mathematics, embracing especially all new and interesting discoveries in theoretical and practical astronomy, mechanical philosophy, and engineering". It was published in Des Moines, Iowa, and was the earliest American mathematics journal to be published continuously for more than a year or two. This incarnation of the journal ceased publication after its tenth year, in 1883, giving as an explanation Hendricks' declining health, but Hendricks made arrangements to have it taken over by new management, and it was continued from March 1884 as the Annals of Mathematics. The new incarnation of the journal was edited by Ormond Stone (University of Virginia). It moved to Harvard in 1899 before reaching its current home in Princeton in 1911.

An important period for the journal was 1928–1958 with Solomon Lefschetz as editor. During this time, it became an increasingly well-known and respected journal. Its rise, in turn, stimulated American mathematics. Norman Steenrod characterized Lefschetz' impact as editor as follows: "The importance to American mathematicians of a first-class journal is that it sets high standards for them to aim at. In this somewhat indirect manner, Lefschetz profoundly affected the development of mathematics in the United States."

Princeton University continued to publish the Annals on its own until 1933, when the Institute for Advanced Study took joint editorial control. Since 1998 it has been available in an electronic edition, alongside its regular print edition. The electronic edition was available without charge, as an open access journal, but since 2008 this is no longer the case. Issues from before 2003 were transferred to the non-free JSTOR archive, and articles are not freely available until 5 years after publication.

Editors 
The current () editors of the Annals of Mathematics are  Helmut Hofer, Nick Katz, Sergiu Klainerman, Fernando Codá Marques, Assaf Naor, Peter Sarnak and Zoltán Szabó (all but Helmut Hofer from Princeton University, with Hofer being a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study and Peter Sarnak also being a professor there as a second affiliation).

Abstracting and indexing 
The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Science Citation Index, Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences,  and Scopus. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of  5.246, ranking it third out of 330 journals in the category "Mathematics".

References

External links 
 

Mathematics journals
Publications established in 1874
English-language journals
Bimonthly journals
Princeton University publications
Academic journals published by universities and colleges of the United States
1874 establishments in Iowa
Asimov (disambiguation)

Isaac Asimov (1920–1992) was a writer.

Asimov may also refer to:

People 

 Stanley Asimov, Isaac Asimov's brother.
 Eric Asimov, Isaac Asimov's nephew.
Places
Asimov (crater), an impact crater on Mars, named after Isaac Asimov
5020 Asimov, an asteroid named after Isaac Asimov

Other
Asimov (surname)
Asimov's Science Fiction, an American science fiction magazine named after Isaac Asimov
Asimov's SF Adventure Magazine, a short-lived American science fiction magazine named after Isaac Asimov
Isaac Asimov Awards, four separate awards established in honor of Isaac Asimov

See also
ASIMO
Azimov, Russian last name
Arian (disambiguation)

Arianism is a nontrinitarian Christological doctrine.

Arian may also refer to:

Pertaining to Arius
 A follower of Arius, a Christian presbyter in the 3rd and 4th century
Arian controversy, several controversies which divided the early Christian church
Arian fragment, Arian palimpsest

People

Groups of people
 Arians or Areians, ancient people living in Ariana (origin of the modern name Iran)
 Aryan, a term associated with the Proto-Indo-Iranians
 Aryan race, the racial concept
 An inhabitant of Aria (today's Herat, Afghanistan), used by the ancient and medieval Greeks (as Ἄρ(ε)ιοι/Ar(e)ioi) and Romans (as Arii)

Given name
Arian Asllani (born 1983), American rapper known as Action Bronson
Arian Bimo (born 1959), Albanian footballer
Arian Çuliqi, Albanian television director and screenwriter
Arian Foster (born 1986), American football player
Arian Hametaj (born 1957), Albanian footballer
Arián Iznaga, Cuban Paralympian sprinter
Arian Kabashi (born 1996), Kosovan footballer
Arian Kabashi (born 1997), Swedish footballer
Arlan Lerio (born 1976), Filipino boxer
Arian Leviste (born 1970), American electronic music artist, producer, and DJ
Arian Moayed (born 1980), Iranian-born American actor and theater producer
Arian Moreno (born 2003), Venezuelan footballer

Surname
Arian is a surname that originated in Ancient Persia

Arman Arian (born 1981), Iranian author, novelist and researcher
Asher Arian (1938–2010), American political scientist
Asma Arian, German-Qatari human rights activist
Laila Al-Arian (born 1980s), American broadcast journalist
Sami Al-Arian (born 1958), Palestinian-American civil rights activist
Praskovia Arian (1864–1949) Russian and Soviet writer and feminist
Bruce Arians (born 1952), American football coach and former player
Jake Arians (born 1978), American football player

Other
 Arian (band), a pop band in Iran
 Arian (newspaper), an Iranian newspaper since 1914
 Arian, an outsider's name for a member of the Polish Brethren
 Arian, a person born under the constellation Aries (astrology)

See also
 Arian Kartli, ancient Georgian country
 Al-Arian, an Arab village in northern Israel
 Aaryan, a given name and surname
 Ariane (disambiguation), the French spelling of Ariadne, a character in Greek mythology
 Ariann Black, Canadian-American female magician
 Ariano (disambiguation)
 Arien (disambiguation)
 Arius (disambiguation)
 Ariyan A. Johnson
 Arrian, Greek historian
 Aryan (name)
 Ghamar Ariyan
Aldona of Lithuania

Aldona (baptized Ona or Anna; her pagan name, Aldona, is known only from the writings of Maciej Stryjkowski;  –  26 May 1339) was Queen consort of Poland (1333–1339), and a princess of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. She was the daughter of Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania.

Biography
Aldona married Casimir III of Poland, when he was 15 or 16 years old. The bride was probably of about the same age. The marriage took place on 30 April or 16 October 1325 and was a purely political maneuver to strengthen the first Polish–Lithuanian coalition against the Teutonic Knights. Casimir was seeking allies in the dispute over Pomerania with the Order. Gediminas had just undertaken an unsuccessful attempt to Christianize Lithuania. This coalition was a prelude to the Union of Krewo in 1385, and the Union of Lublin in 1569, which resulted in the creation of a new state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The details of the agreement are not known; however, it is known that Gediminas released all Polish captives, some 25,000 people, who returned to Poland. The importance of the marriage was attested by the fact that Władysław abandoned his earlier plans to marry his son to Jutta of Bohemia. The alliance was put into effect when joint Polish–Lithuanian forces organized an attack against the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1326. However, the coalition was not strong and collapsed c. 1330. Yet, there is no evidence of fighting between Poland and Lithuania while Aldona was alive. Aldona died suddenly at the end of May 1339, and was buried in Kraków.

Aldona was remembered for her piety and devotion to music. She was accompanied by court musicians wherever she went. It was even suggested by Jan Długosz that the cymbals which were played in procession before her represented a pagan Lithuanian tradition. Her husband Casimir is known for his romantic affairs: after Aldona's death he married three more times.

Issue
Aldona had two daughters:
 Cunigunde of Poland (died in 1357); married on  1 January 1345 Louis VI the Roman, the son of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
 Elisabeth (1326–1361); married Bogislaus V, Duke of Pomerania. Elisabeth's daughter, Elizabeth of Pomerania, was the fourth wife of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor.

In popular culture

Film 
Queen Aldona Anna is one of the main characters in the first season of Polish historical TV drama series "Korona Królów" ("The Crown of the Kings"). She is played by Marta Bryła.

See also
 Family of Gediminas – family tree of Aldona
 Gediminids
 Aldona (fungus) (family Parmulariaceae), was named after her in 1900.

References

1309 births
1339 deaths
14th-century Polish nobility
Queens consort of Poland
Gediminids
Piast dynasty
14th-century Lithuanian people
14th-century Lithuanian women

14th-century Polish women
Year of birth uncertain
Lithuanian princesses
Casimir III the Great
Ash

Ash or ashes are the solid remnants of fires. Specifically, ash refers to all non-aqueous, non-gaseous residues that remain after something burns. In analytical chemistry, to analyse the mineral and metal content of chemical samples,  ash is the non-gaseous, non-liquid residue after complete combustion.

Ashes as the end product of incomplete combustion are mostly mineral, but usually still contain an amount of combustible organic or other oxidizable residues. The best-known type of ash is wood ash, as a product of wood combustion in campfires, fireplaces, etc. The darker the wood ashes, the higher the content of remaining charcoal from incomplete combustion. The ashes are of different types. Some ashes contain natural compounds that make soil fertile. Others have chemical compounds that can be toxic but may break up in soil from chemical changes and microorganism activity.

Like soap, ash is also a disinfecting agent (alkaline). The World Health Organization recommends ash or sand as alternative for handwashing when soap is not available.

Natural occurrence
Ash occurs naturally from any fire that burns vegetation, and may disperse in the soil to fertilise it, or clump under it for long enough to carbonise into coal.

Specific types
 Wood ash
 Products of coal combustion
 Bottom ash
 Fly ash
 Cigarette or cigar ash
 Incinerator bottom ash, a form of ash produced in incinerators
 Volcanic ash, ash that consists of fragmented glass, rock, and minerals that appears during an eruption.

Cremation ashes 
Cremation ashes, also called cremated remains or "cremains," are the bodily remains left from cremation. They often take the form of a grey powder resembling coarse sand. While often referred to as ashes, the remains primarily consist of powdered bone fragments due to the cremation process, which eliminates the body's organic materials. People often store these ashes in containers like urns, although they are also sometimes buried or scattered in specific locations.

See also
 Ash (analytical chemistry)
 Cinereous, consisting of ashes, ash-colored or ash-like
 Potash, a term for many useful potassium salts that traditionally derived from plant ashes, but today are typically mined from underground deposits
 coal, consisting of carbon as ash, and ash can be converted into coal
 carbon, basic component of ashes
charcoal, carbon residue after heating wood mainly used as traditional fuel

References

Combustion
Abingdon

Abingdon may refer to:

Places

United Kingdom
Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire
 Abingdon (UK Parliament constituency) 1558–1983
 Abingdon railway station (closed)

United States
Abingdon, Iowa
Abingdon, Illinois
Abingdon, Maryland
Abingdon, Virginia
Abingdon (plantation), Virginia

Other countries
 Abingdon Downs, Queensland, Australia
Abingdon Airport
Abingdon, Ontario, Canada
Abingdon Island, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador

Other uses
Abingdon (1902 automobile)
Abingdon (1922 automobile)
Abingdon Arms, in Oxford, England
Abingdon Motorcycles, a former British motorcycle manufacturer
Abingdon Press, publishing house of the United Methodist Church
Abingdon Road, in Oxford, England
Abingdon School, in Abingdon-on-Thames, England
Earl of Abingdon, a title in the Peerage of England
, a U.S. Navy ship

See also

Abington (disambiguation)
Abitibi

Abitibi may refer to:

Election districts in Canada 

 Abitibi—Témiscamingue
 Abitibi—Baie-James—Nunavik—Eeyou
 Abitibi (provincial electoral district)

Places in Canada 

 Abitibi Canyon, Ontario, community on the Abitibi River
 Abitibi Canyon Generating Station, hydroelectric power plant
 Abitibi County, Quebec, historical county in southwestern Quebec
 Abitibi gold belt, a gold mining region spanning the border of Ontario and Quebec
 Abitibi Regional County Municipality, Quebec
 Abitibi River
 Abitibi-Ontario Band of Abitibi Indians, or Abitibi, former name of Wahgoshig First Nation
 Abitibi-Témiscamingue, administrative region in Quebec
 Lake Abitibi

Other uses 
 AbitibiBowater, former name of Resolute Forest Products, a pulp and paper manufacturing company
 Abitibi-Consolidated, the company that merged with Bowater to create AbitibiBowater

 Abitibi (train), former name of the Montreal–Senneterre train in Canada

 Abitibi Eskimos, former name of the Timmins Rock, an ice hockey team in Canada
Akita

is a Japanese name and may refer to:

Places 
 8182 Akita, a main-belt asteroid
 Akita Castle, a Nara period fortified settlement in Akita, Japan
 Akita Domain, also known as Kubota Domain, feudal domain in Edo period Japan
 Akita, Kumamoto, a former town
 Akita Prefecture, Japan
 Akita (city)
 Akita-Yake-Yama, a small stratovolcano in Akita Prefecture, Japan

People 
 Akita clan, a Japanese samurai clan of northern Honshū
 Akita (surname), for people with the surname

Art, entertainment, and media
 Akita (Ninjago), a character in Ninjago
 "", a folk song of Akita Prefecture, Japan
 Akita ranga, a Japanese school of painting

Companies
 Akita Asahi Broadcasting, a Japanese broadcast network
 Akita Bank, a Japanese regional bank
 Akita Broadcasting System, a Japanese television and radio broadcaster
 Akita Shoten, a Japanese publishing company
 Akita Television, a television station in Akita, Japan

Education
 Akita International University, a public university in Akita, Japan
 Akita Municipal Junior College of Arts and Crafts, a municipal junior college in Akita, Japan
 Akita Nutrition Junior College, a private university in Akita, Japan
 Akita Prefectural University, a Japanese prefectural university in Akita, Japan
 Akita University, a Japanese national university in Akita, Japan
 Akita University of Art, a public university in Akita, Japan
 Akita University of Nursing and Welfare, a private university in Ōdate, Japan

Cultural institutions
 Akita Museum of Art, an art museum in Akita, Japan
 Akita Museum of Modern Art, a museum in Yokote, Akita Prefecture, Japan
 Akita Omoriyama Zoo, a municipal zoo in Akita, Japan
 Akita Prefectural Museum, a prefectural museum in Akita, Japan
 Akita Senshū Museum of Art, a museum in Akita, Japan

Sports
 Akita Northern Happinets, a Japanese professional basketball
 Akita Prefectural Baseball Stadium, a baseball stadium in Akita, Japan
 Akita Prefectural Gymnasium, a stadium in Akita, Japan
 Blaublitz Akita, a Japanese association football team

Transportation
 Akita Airport, a regional/second class airport in Akita, Japan
 Akita Expressway, a national expressway in Japan
 Akita Nairiku Line, a Japanese railway line
 Akita Relay, a former limited express train service
 Akita Rinkai Railway Line, a Japanese freight-only railway line
 Akita Shinkansen, a mini-shinkansen high-speed rail line
 Akita Station, a railway station in Akita, Japan
 Akitashirakami Station, a JR East railway station in Happō, Yamamoto District, Akita Prefecture, Japan
 Port of Akita, a seaport on the Sea of Japan coast of Akita Prefecture in Akita, Japan

Other uses 
 Akita (dog), a large spitz breed of dog originating from the mountainous northern regions of Japan
 Akita Kantō, a Japanese festival celebrated from 3–7 August in Akita, Japan
 Our Lady of Akita, Marian apparitions

See also
 Mount Akita-Komagatake, an active stratovolcano
AZ

AZ (or similar) may refer to:

Companies and organizations 
 Alkmaar Zaanstreek, formerly AZ '67, a Dutch Eredivisie football club
 AZ (women), the affiliated women's football club (2007–2011)
AstraZeneca, a UK-based pharmaceutical company
 Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, their COVID-19 vaccine (sometimes abbreviated as AZ)

 ITA Airways, IATA code for the national airline of Italy

 Ministry of General Affairs (), a Dutch Government ministry

Music 
 Authority Zero, an Arizona punk rock band
 AZ (label), a French record label

People
 Az (people), Turkophone people from present-day Russia
 AZ (rapper), a rapper from Brooklyn, New York
 Azie Faison, known as AZ, a former drug dealer from New York

Places
 Arizona, a state in the United States whose postal abbreviation is "AZ"
 Azerbaijan, a Eurasian country, designated by the 2-letter ISO 3166-1 country code

Other uses
 .az, the country code top level domain for the nation of Azerbaijan
 Abendzeitung, a newspaper based in Munich, Germany
 AlphaZero, game-playing artificial intelligence
 Assignment Zero, a crowdsourced journalism project
 Azimuth, the horizontal component of a compass direction
 Azerbaijani language, designated by the ISO 639-1 international-standard language-code "az"
 Toyota AZ engine family
 Azimuth, the horizontal component of a compass direction

See also

 
 
 
 A–Z (disambiguation)
 AZ1 (disambiguation)
 ZA (disambiguation)
ArgoUML

ArgoUML is an UML diagramming application written in Java and released under the open source Eclipse Public License.  By virtue of being a Java application, it is available on any platform supported by Java SE.

History
ArgoUML was originally developed at UC Irvine by Jason E. Robbins, leading to his Ph.D. It was an open source project hosted by Tigris.org and moved in 2019 to GitHub. The ArgoUML project included more than 19,000 registered users and over 150 developers.

In 2003, ArgoUML won the Software Development Magazine's annual Readers' Choice Award in the “Design and Analysis Tools” category.

ArgoUML development has suffered from lack of manpower. For example, Undo has been a perpetually requested feature since 2003 but has not been implemented yet.

Features
According to the official feature list, ArgoUML is capable of the following: 
All 9 UML 1.4 diagrams are supported.
Closely follows the UML standard.
Platform independent – Java 1.5+ and C++.
Click and Go! with Java Web Start (no setup required, starts from your web browser).
Standard UML 1.4 Metamodel.
XMI support.
Export diagrams as GIF, PNG, PS, EPS, PGML and SVG.
Available in ten languages: EN, EN-GB, DE, ES, IT, RU, FR, NB, PT, ZH.
Advanced diagram editing and zoom.
Built-in design critics provide unobtrusive review of design and suggestions for improvements.
Extensible modules interface.
OCL support.
Forward engineering (code generation supports C++ and C#, Java, PHP 4, PHP 5, Ruby and, with less mature modules, Ada, Delphi and SQL).
Reverse engineering / JAR/class file import.

Weaknesses
ArgoUML does not yet completely implement the UML standard.
 Partial undo feature (working for graphics edits )
 Java Web Start launching may no longer work reliably. See Java Web Start.

See also
List of UML tools
MetaCASE tool

References

External links

Java platform software
Free UML tools
1999 software
Software using the Eclipse license
Axayacatl

Axayacatl (;  ;  ; meaning "face of water"; –1481) was the sixth  of the  of Tenochtitlan and Emperor of the Aztec Triple Alliance.

Biography

Early life and background
Axayacatl was a son of the princess Atotoztli II and her cousin, prince Tezozomoc. He was a grandson of the Emperors Moctezuma I and Itzcoatl. He was a descendant of the king Cuauhtototzin.

He was a successor of Moctezuma and his brothers were Emperors Tizoc and Ahuitzotl and his sister was the Queen Chalchiuhnenetzin. He was an uncle of the Emperor Cuauhtémoc and father of Emperors Moctezuma II and Cuitláhuac.

Rise to power
During his youth, his military prowess gained him the favor influential figures such as Nezahualcoyotl and Tlacaelel I, and thus, upon the death of Moctezuma I in 1469, he was chosen to ascend to the throne, much to the displeasure of his two older brothers, Tizoc and Ahuitzotl.

It is also important that the Great Sun Stone, also known as the Aztec Calendar, was carved under his leadership. An earthquake in Tenochtitlán occurred and destroyed many homes.

Military actions and death
Using as a pretext the insulting behavior of a few Tlatelolcan citizens, Axayacatl invaded his neighbor, killed its ruler, Moquihuix, and replaced him with a military governor. The Tlatelolcans lost any voice they had in forming Aztec policy.

Axayacatl largely dedicated his twelve-year reign to consolidating his militaristic repute: he led successful campaigns against the neighboring  of Tlatelolco in 1473 (see Battle of Tlatelolco) and the Matlatzinca of the Toluca Valley in 1474, but was finally defeated by the Tarascans of Michoacán in 1476. Despite some subsequent minor triumphs, Axayacatl's defeat at the hands of the Tarascans irreversibly marred his image, as it constituted the only major defeat suffered by the Aztecs up to that moment. In spite of his young age, he fell gravely ill in 1480, passing away a mere year later, in 1481, whereupon he was succeeded by his brother Tizoc.

Axayacatl the poet
Axayacatl wrote two poems. The first, Ycuic Axayayatzin (English: "Song of Axayacatl") is a defense against his brothers and critics; the second, Huehue cuicatl (English: "Song of the Ancients") is a lament written after his defeat in Michoacan.

In popular culture
 The Obsidian and Blood series by Aliette de Bodard are set in the last year of the reign of Axayacatl and the first years of the reign of Tizoc, with their youngest brother Ahuitzotl appearing as a primary character.

Notes

See also

 List of Tenochtitlan rulers

References

External links

 

Tenochca tlatoque
Nahuatl-language poets
15th-century monarchs in North America
15th-century indigenous people of the Americas
Year of birth uncertain
1440s births
1481 deaths
15th century in the Aztec civilization
Moctezuma family
Belgian hip hop

Belgian hip hop music has a few rappers stemming from Africa and Italy. Belgium, like France, controlled African countries like the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire), Rwanda, and Burundi until the early 1960s. Like in France, immigrants from these countries started to study and live in Belgium.

The Belgian hip hop scene started in the late 1980s with a U.S.-based techno/hip hop group called Technotronic. In the group was an emcee named Ya Kid K from the Democratic Republic of the Congo who later led the group into international fame with hits like "Pump up the Jam" and "Shake That Body". In 1990, she also joined the group Hi-Tek 3 who were heard on Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack.

However, the first major pop rapper from Belgium was Benny B, who had a very mainstream and commercial sound.  According to the European Music Office's report on Music in Europe, this was the first of many pop acts that helped inspire a backlash and the creation of an underground hip hop scene.

Also in the late 1980s in the Walloon south of the country, French speaking/rapping Starflam was the biggest name in hip hop. In the Flemish north Dutch speaking/rapping groups like 't Hof van Commerce, Krapoel In Axe, St Andries MC's, and ABN were popular, rapping in their regional dialects.

Today, the Belgian hip hop scene is growing. Rappers like Coely, Roméo Elvis and Damso are achieving commercial success in their country and abroad. Other contemporary rappers/formations are Stikstof, Woodie Smalls, L'Or Du Commun and Isha.

To find out more about today's Belgian hip hop scene, check out The Belgian Hip Hop Channel.

References
Ans

Ans or ANS or variation, may refer to:

Places
 Ans, Belgium, a municipality in Belgium
 Ans, Denmark, a village in Denmark
 Angus, Scotland, UK; a council area by its Chapman code
 Ainsdale railway station, England, UK (by station code ANS)
 Andahuaylas Airport, Peru (by IATA airport code ANS)

People
 Ans (given name), a Dutch feminine given name
 Anna Nicole Smith, American model and actress

Organizations 
 Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
 Astronomical Netherlands Satellite, a Dutch satellite
 American Name Society
 American Nuclear Society
 American Numismatic Society, formerly the American Numismatic and Archaeological Society
 ANS Group of Companies, a news organization in Azerbaijan
 , a Cambodian resistance group; see Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea
 Audubon Naturalist Society, an American environmental organization

Chemistry and biology 
 Adrenergic nervous system, adrenaline and noradrenaline neurotransmitters distribution in human body
 8-Anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid, a fluorescent chemical compound used as a molecular probe
 Anthocyanidin synthase, an enzyme in the leucocyanidin biosynthesis pathway
 Approximate number system, a hypothesized physiological basis for the sense of number
 Autonomic nervous system, part of the peripheral nervous system in the body

Technology
 , an unofficial file extension for ANSI art
 Advanced Network and Services, a non-profit network service provider in the 1990s
 American National Standards, defined by the American National Standards Institute
 ans, a variable in calculators referring to the most recent answer
 ANS carriage control characters (or ASA control characters), for computer line printers
 Asymmetric numeral systems, coding in data compression
 Authoritative name server, a DNS server
 Artificial neural system, or Artificial neural network
 Air Navigation Services, as delivered by an Air Navigation Service Provider (ANSP)

Music
 ANS (album), a box set from the British band Coil
 ANS synthesizer, a Russian photoelectric musical instrument

Other uses
 Al Ansar FC, a Lebanese association football club
 Amman National School, in Amman, Jordan
 Ansvarlig selskap, a Norwegian personal responsibility company model
 Algemeen Nijmeegs Studentenblad, a Dutch student magazine

See also

 
 
 
 AN (disambiguation)
 Answer (disambiguation), for which "Ans." may be an abbreviation
Algemeen Nijmeegs Studentenblad

The Algemeen Nijmeegs Studentenblad is an independent student magazine for the Radboud University Nijmegen. Founded in 1985 by members of the local student union AKKU, it is now published by the Stichting Multimedia.

External links
 http://www.ans-online.nl/ (Flash required)

1985 establishments in the Netherlands
Dutch-language magazines
Independent magazines
Magazines established in 1985
Magazines published in the Netherlands
Radboud University Nijmegen
Student magazines
Student societies in the Netherlands
The Bush (Alaska)

In Alaska, the Bush typically refers to any region of the state that is not connected to the North American road network or does not have ready access to the state's ferry system.  A large proportion of Alaska Native populations live in the Bush, often depending on subsistence hunting and fishing.

Geographically, the Bush comprises the Alaska North Slope; Northwest Arctic; West, including the Baldwin and Seward Peninsulas; the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta; Southwest Alaska; Bristol Bay; Alaska Peninsula; and remote areas of the Alaska Panhandle and Interior. 

Some of the hub communities in the bush, which typically can be reached by larger, commercial airplanes, include Bethel, Dillingham, King Salmon, Nome, Utqiagvik,  Kodiak Island, Kotzebue, and Unalaska-Dutch Harbor.

Most parts of Alaska that are off the road or ferry system can be reached by small bush airplanes. Travel between smaller communities or to and from hub communities is typically accomplished by snowmobiles, boats, or ATVs.

References

Regions of Alaska
Rural geography
Decolonization
Optical audio disc

An audio optical disc is an optical disc that stores sound information such as music or speech.

It may specifically refer to:

Audio CDs
 Compact disc (CD), an optical disc used to store digital data (700 MB storage)
 Compact Disc Digital Audio (CD-DA), a CD that contains PCM encoded digital audio in the original "Red Book" CD-DA format
 5.1 Music Disc, an extension to the Red Book standard that uses DTS Coherent Acoustics 5.1 surround sound
 Compressed audio optical disc, an optical disc storing MP3s and other compressed audio files as data, rather than in the Red Book format

Audio DVDs
DVD, 4 GB single layer, 8 GB double layer storage
 DVD-Audio, a DVD that plays audio
 Super Audio CD (SACD), a format which competes with DVD-Audio

Audio Blu-rays
Blu-ray, 25 GB single layer, 50 GB double layer
 BD-Audio, a Blu-ray disc that is capable of audio-only playback

See also
CD-4 or Compatible discrete four-channel sound, a variety of quadrophonic audio for vinyl records
Abracadabra

Abracadabra is a magic word, historically used as an incantation on amulets and common today in stage magic.

Etymology 

Abracadabra is of unknown origin, but according to the Oxford English Dictionary, its first known occurrence is in the second-century works of Serenus Sammonicus. 

Several folk etymologies are associated with the word: from phrases in Hebrew that mean "I will create as I speak", or Aramaic "I create like the word" (אברא כדברא), to folk etymologies that point to similar words in Latin and Greek such as abraxas or to its similarity to the first four letters of the Greek alphabet (alpha-beta-gamma-delta or ΑΒΓΔ). According to the OED Online, "no documentation has been found to support any of the various conjectures."

History
 
The first known mention of the word was in the second century AD in a book called Liber Medicinalis (sometimes known as De Medicina Praecepta Saluberrima) by Serenus Sammonicus, physician to the Roman emperor Caracalla, who in chapter 52 prescribed that malaria sufferers wear an amulet containing the word written in the form of a triangle.

The power of the amulet, he claimed, makes lethal diseases go away. Other Roman emperors, including Geta and Severus Alexander, were followers of the medical teachings of Serenus Sammonicus and may have used the incantation as well.

It was used as a magical formula by the Gnostics of the sect of Basilides in invoking the aid of beneficent spirits against disease and misfortune. It is found on Abraxas stones, which were worn as amulets. Subsequently, its use spread beyond the Gnostics.

The Puritan minister Increase Mather dismissed the word as bereft of power. Daniel Defoe also wrote dismissively about Londoners who posted the word on their doorways to ward off sickness during the Great Plague of London.

The religion of Thelema spells the word 'Abrahadabra', and considers it the magical formula of the current Aeon. The religion's founder, Aleister Crowley, explains in his essay Gematria that he discovered the word (and his spelling) by qabalistic methods. The word 'Abrahadabra' also appears repeatedly in the 1904 invocation of Horus that led to the founding of Thelema. (The Equinox I, no. 7. 1912) 

Abracadabra is now more commonly used in the performance of stage magic as a magic word at the culmination of a trick.

See also
 — Spell from the Harry Potter series

References

External links

 Abracadabra  Robert Todd Carroll, Skeptic's Dictionary

Amulets
Magic words
Incantation
Superstitions of Europe
Macaronic language
Ancient Roman culture
Amphibian (disambiguation)

An amphibian is a member of the class Amphibia of ectothermic, tetrapod vertebrates

Amphibian may also refer to:
Amphibian (comics), two superheroes from Marvel Comics
"Amphibian" (song), by Björk
Amphibious aircraft, an aircraft that can operate from water or land
Loening OL or Loening Amphibian, an amphibious biplane built for the US Army Air Corps and Navy
Mark IV Amphibian, a type of World War II period British rebreather

See also
 Amphibia (disambiguation)
 Amphibious (disambiguation)
Ambrose of Alexandria

Ambrose of Alexandria (before 212 – c. 250) was a friend of the Christian theologian Origen. Ambrose was attracted by Origen's fame as a teacher, and visited the Catechetical School of Alexandria in 212.  At first a gnostic Valentinian and Marcionist, Ambrose, through Origen's teaching, eventually rejected this theology and became Origen's constant companion, and was ordained deacon. He plied Origen with questions, and urged him to write his Commentaries (treating him as "" in Commentary on John V,1) on the books of the Bible, and, as a wealthy nobleman and courtier, he provided his teacher with books for his studies and secretaries to lighten the labor of composition.

He suffered during the persecution under the Roman emperor Maximinus Thrax in 235. He was later released and died a confessor. The last mention of Ambrose in the historical record is in Origen's Contra Celsum, which the latter wrote at the solicitation of Ambrose.

Origen often speaks of Ambrose affectionately as a man of education with excellent literary and scholarly tastes. All of Origen's works written after 218 are dedicated to Ambrose, including his On Martyrdom, Contra Celsum, Commentary on St. John's Gospel, and On Prayer. Ambrose's letters to Origen (praised by Jerome) are lost, although part of one exists.

Veneration
Ambrose is venerated as a saint by some branches of Christianity. His feast day in the Catholic Church falls on 17 March.

References

Saints from Roman Egypt
Egyptian theologians
3rd-century Egyptian people
250 deaths
Christian anti-Gnosticism
3rd-century Christian saints
Year of birth uncertain
Apollinarism

Apollinarism or Apollinarianism is a Christological heresy proposed by Apollinaris of Laodicea (died 390) that argues that Jesus had a human body and sensitive human soul, but a divine mind and not a human rational mind, the Divine Logos taking the place of the latter. It was deemed heretical in 381 and virtually died out within the following decades.

History
The Trinity had been recognized at the Council of Nicea in 325, but debate about exactly what it meant continued. A rival to the more common belief that Jesus Christ had two natures was monophysitism ("one nature"), the doctrine that Christ had only one nature. Apollinarism and Eutychianism were two forms of monophysitism. Apollinaris's rejection of Christ having a human mind was considered an over-reaction to Arianism and its teaching that Christ was a lesser god.

Theodoret charged Apollinaris with confounding the persons of the Godhead and giving in to the heretical ways of Sabellius. Basil of Caesarea accused him of abandoning the literal sense of the scripture, and taking it up wholly with the allegorical sense. His views were condemned in a Synod at Alexandria, under Athanasius of Alexandria, in 362, and later subdivided into several different heresies, the main ones of which were the Polemians and the Antidicomarianites.

Apollinaris, considering the rational soul and spirit as essentially liable to sin and capable, at its best, of only precarious efforts, saw no way of saving Christ's impeccability and the infinite value of Redemption, except by the elimination of the human spirit from Jesus' humanity, and the substitution of the Divine Logos in its stead. Apollinarism was declared to be a heresy in 381 by the First Council of Constantinople.

Neo-Apollinarism 
Christian philosopher William Lane Craig has proposed a neo-Apollinarian Christology in which the divine Logos completes the human nature of Christ. Craig says his proposal is tentative and he welcomes critique and interaction from other scholars.

Craig also clarifies "what I called a Neo-Apollinarian Christological model" by stating that

See also

References

Sources

Artemi, E., «Mia physis of God Logos sesarkomeni» a)The analysis of this phrase according to  Cyril of Alexandria b)The analysis of this phrase according to Apollinaris of Laodicea», Ecclesiastic Faros t. ΟΔ (2003), 293 – 304.
Chan, Joyce (2021). Apollinarianism, Carey Theological College, University of British Columbia.  
McGrath, Alister. 1998. Historical Theology, An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Chapter 1.
 

4th-century Christianity
Christian terminology
Heresy in ancient Christianity
Nature of Jesus Christ
Amyl alcohol

Amyl alcohols are alcohols with the formula C5H11OH. Eight are known.  A mixture of amyl alcohols (also called amyl alcohol) can be obtained from fusel alcohol. Amyl alcohol is used as a solvent and in esterification, by which is produced amyl acetate and other products. The name amyl alcohol without further specification applies to the normal (straight-chain) form, 1-pentanol.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Amyl alcohol isomers
|-
! Common name !! Structure !! Type !! IUPAC name !! Boiling point (°C)
|-
| 1-pentanolor normal amyl alcohol
| 
| primary
| Pentan-1-ol
| 138.5
|-
| 2-methyl-1-butanolor active amyl alcohol
| 
| primary
| 2-Methylbutan-1-ol
| 128.7
|-
| 3-methyl-1-butanolor isoamyl alcoholor isopentyl alcohol
| 
| primary
| 3-Methylbutan-1-ol
| 131.2
|-
| 2,2-dimethyl-1-propanolor neopentyl alcohol
| 
| primary
| 2,2-Dimethylpropan-1-ol
| 113.1
|-
| 2-pentanolor sec-amyl alcoholor methyl (n) propyl carbinol
| 
| secondary
| Pentan-2-ol
| 118.8
|-
| 3-methyl-2-butanolor sec-isoamyl alcoholor methyl isopropyl carbinol
| 
| secondary
| 3-Methylbutan-2-ol
| 113.6
|-
| 3-Pentanol
| 
| secondary
| Pentan-3-ol
| 115.3
|-
| 2-methyl-2-butanolor tert-amyl alcohol
| 
| tertiary
| 2-Methylbutan-2-ol
| 102
|}

Three of these alcohols, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 2-pentanol, and 3-methyl-2-butanol (methyl isopropyl carbinol), contain stereocenters, and are therefore chiral and optically active.

The most important amyl alcohol is isoamyl alcohol, the chief one generated by fermentation in the production of alcoholic beverages and a constituent of fusel oil. The other amyl alcohols may be obtained synthetically.

References

Alkanols
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Aimaq people

The Aimaq () or Chahar Aimaq (), also transliterated as Aymaq, Aimagh, Aimak and Aymak, are a collection of Sunni and mostly Persian-speaking nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes. They live mostly in the central and western highlands of Afghanistan, especially in Ghor and Badghis. Aimaqs were originally known as chahar ("four") Aymaqs: Jamshidi, Aimaq Hazara, Firozkohi and Taymani. The Timuri, which is a separate tribe but is sometimes included among Aimaqs, which is known as Aimaq-e digar ("other Aimaq").

The Aimaq speak several subdialects of the Aimaq dialect of the Persian language, but some southern groups of Taymani, Firozkohi, and northeastern Timuri Aimaqs have adopted the Pashto language.

Etymology 
The word "Aimaq" is derived from the Turkic-Mongolic word "Oymaq" that means "tribe" and "group of tribes". Aimaq Hazara and Timuri are closest to the Turco-Mongols since they are semi-nomadic tribes and some of them live in yurts, whereas other Aimaqs live in traditional black tents.

Origin 
The Aimaqs claim different origins based on their tribal background. Some claim to be descended from the troops of Genghis Khan. Other tribes such as the Taymani and Firozkohi claim descent from Pashtun tribes.

Culture and society 
The Aimaq are largely nomadic to semi-nomadic goat and sheep herders. They also trade with villages and farmers during migrations for pastures for their livestock. The material culture and foodstuffs of the Aimaq include skins, carpets, milk, dairy products and more. They trade these products to settled peoples in return for vegetables, grains, fruits, nuts, and other types of foods and goods.

Religion 
Aimaqs are largely Sunni Muslims except for the Jamshidi who are mainly Ismaili Shia in the main and in contrast to the Hazaras, who are mostly Shia Muslims.

Demographics 

Estimates of the Aimaq population vary between 250,000 and 500,000.

See also 
 Aimaq Hazara
 Hazaras
 Qara'unas

Notes

References

Further reading 
 Macgregor, Central Asia, (Calcutta, 1871)

External links 
 Aimaq Man with Children, Pal-Kotal-I-Guk, Ghor Province
 Aimaq Nomad Camp Pal-Kotal-I-Guk Between Chakhcharan and Jam Afghanistan 

Aymaq
Afghan nomads
Iranian nomads
Nomads
Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
Modern nomads
Alexandria, West Dunbartonshire

Alexandria (, ) is a town in West Dunbartonshire, Scotland. The town is on the River Leven,  north of Dumbarton and  north-west of Glasgow.

Demographics
In 2016, the estimated population of the town was 6,860. It is one of five towns in the Vale of Leven, the others being Balloch, Bonhill, Jamestown and Renton; their combined population is over 20,000.

Economy
The town's traditional industries, most importantly cotton manufacturing, bleaching and printing, have been phased out. In the 1970s Alexandria was redeveloped, with a new town centre layout and traffic system. Local landmarks include Christie Park and the Category B listed Smollett Fountain in the town centre. Lomond Galleries on North Main Street is a former car factory with an impressive dome and an even more impressive marble entrance hall and staircase. It was originally built in 1906 as the Argyll Motor Works, for Argyll Motors Ltd. A carving above the entrance shows one of the company's cars. After the car production ceased in 1914, it was used by the Admiralty for the manufacture of torpedoes, which were test-fired in Loch Long, and in the early 1970s was the scene of the Plessey sit-in. The building now hosts a shopping mall but has retained many of its striking architectural features.

Major employers in the area were Westclox and Polaroid, both based in the Leven Industrial Estate; Aggreko based a major purpose-built factory in the estate from 2000 to 2010. The Ballantine's whisky distillery continues to operate in the estate.

Transport
Alexandria sits on the former A82 main road between Glasgow and Loch Lomond. There are regular bus services on the route, and the town has a railway station on the rail line between Balloch and Glasgow Queen Street.

Alexandria is reputed to be the only town in the UK with a railway station, carnival (periodically Codona’s travelling fair sets up in the car park) and a pub in the middle of a roundabout. A. J. Cronin's uncle owned a pub in Bridge Street. Alexandria Library is located on Gilmour Street.

Sport
The town is home to Vale of Leven football club, who play at Millburn Park. The club was a dominant force in early Scottish football history, winning the Scottish Cup in 1877, 1878 and 1879, and were founder members of the Scottish Football League.

Gordon Reid, born in Alexandria, has won the Wimbledon Tennis Men's Wheelchair Doubles, with his partner Alfie Hewett, three times.

ROC Bunker 
Between 1961 and 1991, the village was the location of a Royal Observer Corps Master bunker, to be used in the event of a nuclear attack. It remains mostly intact.

Notable natives and residents

Stuart David, writer and musician (Belle and Sebastian)
Zander Diamond, Scottish professional footballer
John Miller "Ian" McColl, Scottish footballer and manager of the Scotland national team
Morgan McMichaels, Scottish-American drag queen and reality television personality
Dawn O'Porter, British writer, director and television presenter

References

Towns in West Dunbartonshire
Vale of Leven
Alexandria, Romania

Alexandria () is the capital city of the Teleorman County, Muntenia, Romania. It is located south-west of Bucharest, towards the Bulgarian border, and has over 40,000 inhabitants. The 44th parallel north passes just north of the city.

Geography
Alexandria is situated in the middle of the Wallachian Plain, on the banks of the Vedea River. It is located in the central part of Teleorman County, at a distance of  from Giurgiu and  from Bucharest. 

The city is traversed by the national road DN6, which links Bucharest to the Banat region in western Romania; the road is part of European route E70. The Alexandria train station serves the CFR Line 909, with service towards Roșiorii de Vede (to the northwest) and Zimnicea (to the south, on the Danube).

History
Alexandria was named after its founder, Alexandru D. Ghica, Prince of Wallachia from April 1834 to 7 October 1842. Its population in 1900 was 1,675. Grain, which was Alexandria's main trade at the time, was dispatched both by rail to the Danubian port of Zimnicea and by river to Giurgiu.

In 1989, the city had over 63,000 inhabitants and more than six large factories. The 2021 census puts the population at 40,390.

Education
There are three high schools in Alexandria: the Alexandru D. Ghica National College, the Alexandru Ioan Cuza Theoretical High School, and the Constantin Noica Theoretical High School. 

In 1897, the Ștefan cel Mare School moved from its former location to 310 Libertății Street; a local entrepreneur, M. Frangulea, obtained the plot and hired renowned architect Alexandru Săvulescu to build the new boys' primary school for the city.

Religion
The Diocese of Alexandria and Teleorman is a diocese of the Romanian Orthodox Church. Its see is  in Alexandria and its ecclesiastical territory covers Teleorman County.

Sports
CSM Alexandria is a football club founded in 1948; it plays in the Romanian Liga III. CS Universitatea Alexandria is a women's football club founded in 2012. Stadionul Municipal, which holds 5,000 people, is the home ground for both clubs; the stadium is currently undergoing reconstruction. The Alexandria women's basketball team plays in the Liga Națională.

Natives
 Valentin Badea (b. 1982), footballer
 Dan Balauru (b. 1980), footballer
  (b. 1966), fashion creator
  (1899–1976), mayor, lawyer, writer
 Anghel Demetriescu (1847–1903), historian
 Gheorghe Mihăilescu (1888–?), World War I pilot
 Ciprian Manolescu (b. 1978), mathematician
 Andreea Ogrăzeanu (b. 1990), sprinter
 Florin Olteanu (b. 1981), footballer
 Sorin Paraschiv (b. 1981), footballer
 Alin Pencea (b. 1992), footballer
 Marin Stan (b. 1950), sports shooter
 Alina Tecșor (b. 1979), tennis player
 Alin Toșca (b. 1992), footballer
 Daniel Tudor (b. 1974), footballer
 Ionuț Voicu (b. 1984), footballer

Gallery

References

External links

 
Cities in Romania
Capitals of Romanian counties
Planned communities in Romania
Populated places in Teleorman County
Localities in Muntenia
Andersonville

Andersonville may refer to:

Places

United States 
 Andersonville, Georgia, site of an American Civil War prisoner of war camp
 Andersonville Prison, Confederate prisoner of war camp in Georgia holding Union soldiers
Andersonville, Chicago, a neighborhood in Chicago, Illinois
Andersonville Commercial Historic District, an historic district in Chicago
Andersonville, Iowa
Andersonville, Indiana
Andersonville, Michigan
Andersonville, Ohio, an unincorporated community
Andersonville, South Carolina
Andersonville, Tennessee
Andersonville, Virginia
Andersonville, West Virginia

Elsewhere 
Andersonville, New Brunswick, Canada

Other uses
Andersonville (novel), Pulitzer Prize–winning 1956 novel by MacKinlay Kantor
Andersonville (film), 1996 film based on a prisoner of war camp prisoner's diary
 Andersonville Theological Seminary, Camilla, Georgia, U.S.
"Andersonville", a song by Dave Alvin from his 1991 album Blue Blvd

See also
The Andersonville Trial, 1970 film