alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
The Sims

The Sims is a video game released in 2000 . It is a life simulator that imitates real life. Sims can get jobs, have needs, and can get married. It was the third best selling computer and video game of all time (it mostly sold well on the computer).

The Sims was so successful it has created three sequels, (The Sims 2 in 2004, The Sims 3 in 2009, and The Sims 4 in 2014) along with many other spin-offs of the series.

History
The Sims was created by Will Wright, who worked at Maxis, which was owned by EA Games. It was first released in February 2000. His intention was to make an open-ended game without a set objective. This feature was the reason why it attracted so many gamers.

Gameplay
The first part of the game is to make a family, or play one of the preexisting families. Every family can have children and adults. A player can choose what they look like from many different clothes and hair styles. Each family must include at least one adult.

Each family starts with $20,000, regardless of how many sims are in the family.  After the family is made, the player can move them into a lot.  Some lots are empty while other lots have houses on them.

There are many different floor coverings, wall coverings and doors to choose from when building a house. After building, the player can purchase objects, such as a refrigerator, bed, or other things.

Players control the Sims in Live Mode.  The main goal is to keep the Sim's eight needs up and in the green.  These needs eventually go down as time goes by.  If Sims have no energy, they will fall to the ground.  If they are swimming and run out of energy they will drown.  If they are too hungry, they will die of starvation.

Other goals include making money (called Simoleons in this game).  Sims must get jobs to get more money so they can pay bills, buy new objects, and expand the house.  If they do not go to work two days in a row, they will be fired.  Each Sim has eight skill levels to work towards.  Each skill level has 10 points.  For instance, in the military job, the ultimate requirement is 10 body points.  Jobs also require a certain number of friends to receive a promotion.  The higher they go, the more money they make per day.

Children must go to school.  If they do not keep their grades up, they will be sent to military school and will never return.  They can read books to study.

Expansion packs
The Sims is well known for having many expansion packs, or smaller games that add onto the main game.  The player must own the original game to buy and install these packs. The Sims has 7 official expansion packs.

Other Sims games

After it sold well on the computer, it was put on other platforms such as the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, GameCube and Xbox. The console releases are:

 The Sims (console game)
 The Sims Bustin' Out
 The Urbz: Sims in the City
 The Sims 2 (console Game)

These all follow a different concept. They are more objective-based rather than free-willed and have not been as popular as the original PC editions.

References

The Sims
2000 video games
Webcam

A webcam is a video camera that connects to a computer, and can let people see each other over the Internet. Most people that have webcams use them with an instant messenger to see each other at the same time. Webcams can also be used for recording videos and video blogs. The webcam can be part of a computer, mobile phone or it can be an independent device.

History 
The first webcam was developed in 1991 at Cambridge University and the first commercial camera started in 1994 and was made by Logitech.

Cameras
Internet
Data input
Y-intercept

The y-intercept of a line on a graph is where the line touches (or intercepts) the y-axis (the numbered line going straight up).

The equation for straight lines is .  "" is the -intercept.

You can find the y-intercept of a graph by seeing where the x-coordinate equals 0. The y-coordinate of a point with a x-coordinate of 0 is the y-intercept.

Related pages
 Algebra

Algebra
Functions and mappings
The Last Waltz

The Last Waltz was final concert of the Canadian/American rock group The Band. It took place on Thanksgiving (November 26) in 1976 at the Winterland Ballroom in San Francisco, California. It was also made into a movie by Martin Scorsese, that came out in 1978.

Other musicians who were in The Last Waltz concert were:
 Ronnie Hawkins
 Dr. John
 Bobby Charles
 Neil Young
 Neil Diamond
 Joni Mitchell
 Paul Butterfield
 Muddy Waters
 Eric Clapton
 Emmylou Harris
 Van Morrison
 Bob Dylan
 Ringo Starr
 Ronnie Wood
 Stephen Stills
 Carl Radle

1976 in music
Music in San Francisco
English-language movies
1976 in the United States
1970s in California
Movies directed by Martin Scorsese
Concerts
1436



Events 
 April – Paris is recaptured by the French
 End of the Hussite Wars in Bohemia.  Sigismund is accepted as King.
 Alexandru I Aldea is replaced as ruler of Wallachia by Vlad II Dracul.
1241

1241 is a common year in the 13th century.

Events 
 April 5 – Mongols of Golden Horde under the command of Subotai defeat feudal Polish nobility, including Knights Templar, in the battle of Liegnitz
 April 27 – Mongols defeat Bela IV of Hungary in the Battle of Sajo.
886



Events 
 The Glagolitic alphabet, devised by Cyril and Methodius, missionaries from Constantinople, is  adopted in the Bulgarian Empire.
 Alfred the Great captures London and renames it Lundenburgh. The boundaries between Wessex and the Danelaw are shifted.
 Alfred the Great builds a small harbour called Queenhythe slightly upstream from London Bridge. 
 Alfred the Great mints the first halfpenny. Previous halfpennies had been pennies cut in half.
 Earl Aethelred is given control of London by Alfred the Great. Alfred's sister Ethelfleda marries Aethelred.
 Leo VI succeeds his stepfather Basil I as Byzantine emperor and replaces patriarch Photius with his brother Stephen I.
 Khan Boris I of Bulgaria establishes the Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools.
 Charles II of France purchases peace with Vikings at Paris.
1204

1204 (MCCIV) was .

Events 
 February – Byzantine emperor Alexius IV is overthrown in a revolution, and Alexius V is proclaimed emperor.
 April 12 – The Fourth Crusade take Constantinople by storm, and pillage the city for three days. End of the Fourth Crusade.
 May 16 – Baldwin, Count of Flanders is crowned emperor of the Latin Empire a week after his election by the members of the Fourth Crusade.
 Theodore I Lascaris flees to Nicaea after the capture of Constantinople, and establishes the Empire of Nicaea; Byzantine successor states are also established in Epirus and Trebizond.
 Boniface of Montferrat, a leader of the Fourth Crusade, founds the Kingdom of Thessalonica.
 The writings of French theologian Amalric of Bena are condemned by the University of Paris and Pope Innocent III.
 Valdemar II, King of Denmark, is recognized as king in Norway.
 Angers and Normandy are recaptured from England by Philip II of France.
 The Cistercian convent of Port-Royal is established.
 The district of Cham becomes subject to Bavaria.
 Philip of Swabia becomes a subject of Hermann I of Thuringia.
 Beaulieu Abbey founded.
 Jersey enjoys self-government thanks to the division of the Duchy of Normandy.

Births 
 Haakon IV, King of Norway (died 1263)
 Heinrich Raspe, Landgraf of Thuringia (died 1247)
 Abû 'Uthmân Sa'îd Hakam al Qurashi, Ra'îs of Manûrqa (died 1282)

Deaths 
 January 1 – King Haakon III of Norway
 February 8 – Alexius IV Angelus, Byzantine Emperor
 March 31 – Eleanor of Aquitaine, queen of France and England
 August 11 – King Guttorm of Norway
 August 14 – Minamoto no Yoriie, Japanese shogun (born 1182)
 October 21 – Robert de Beaumont, 4th Earl of Leicester
 December 13 – Maimonides, Spanish rabbi and philosopher (born 1135)
 Ban Kulin – ruler of Bosnia (born 1163)
 Amalric of Bena, French theologian
 William de Burgh, English politician
 Emeric of Hungary (born 1174)
 Isaac II Angelus, Byzantine Emperor
 Suleiman II of Rum
 David Soslani, Prince of Ossetia
985



Events 
 Barcelona sacked by Al-Mansur
 Greenland colonized by Icelandic Viking Erik the Red (the date is according to legend but has been established as at least approximately correct – see History of Greenland)
 Lady Wulfruna founded the town that later became the city of Wolverhampton
 Henry the Wrangler restored as Duke of Bavaria
 Rajaraja Chola I becomes the Chola Emperor and brings in another golden era of Chola Empire

Births 
 Emma of Normandy, Queen of England and first Queen Mother of England; mother of Edward the Confessor and aunt of William the Conqueror (died 1055)
681

681 was a common year.

Events 
 August 9 – The Bulgars win the war with the Byzantine Empire; the latter signs a peace treaty, which is considered as the birth-date of Bulgaria
 Wilfrid of York is expelled from Northumbria by Ecgfrith and retires into Sussex
1593

1593 was a common year.

Events
 May 18 – Playwright Thomas Kyd's accusations of heresy lead to an arrest warrant for Christopher Marlowe.
 June 22 – Ottoman Empire defeated in Battle of Sisak, their first defeat in Europe.
 July 25 – King Henry IV of France returns to Catholicism, and is recognized as King in most of France.

Births
 July 8 - Artemisia Gentileschi, Italian painter
 October 27 - Mumtaz Mahal, Mughal empress
1721

1721 was a common year.

Events 
 Pope Innocent XIII becomes pope
 Johann Sebastian Bach composes the Brandenburg Concertos
 April 4 – Robert Walpole becomes the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
 September 10 – Treaty of Nystad is signed, bringing an end to the Great Northern War
 November 2 – Peter I is proclaimed Emperor of All the Russias

Births 
 April 19 - Roger Sherman, signer of the American Declaration of Independence (d.  1803)

Deaths 
 July 18 - Antoine Watteau, French painter (b. 1684)
 September 2 - Kwon Sang-ha, Korean writer
 September 17 - Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, Grand Duchess of Tuscany
 December 13 - Alexander Selkirk, Scottish sailor (original "Robinson Crusoe") (b. 1676)
Vedas

The Vedas are the four holiest books of the  by mankind to the next, perhaps over thousands of years.

Each book has four major kinds of text – the Samhitas (mantras and benedictions), the Aranyakas (text on rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices and symbolic-sacrifices), the Brahmanas (commentaries on rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices), and the Upanishads (texts discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge).  The Vedas are written inVedic Sanskrit.

Later types of Hinduism that are very different from the types of Hinduism that follow the Vedas respect them.

The four Vedas are:

 the Rigveda
 the Yajurveda
 the Samaveda
 the Atharvaveda

Rigveda
Rigveda is the first of the four Vedas. Rigveda means a Veda of praise. This Veda has several verses (hymns).  This Veda is also the oldest Hindu holy book.

Yajurveda
Yajurveda is the second of the four Vedas. Yajurveda means the Veda of the Yajus. Yajus were mantras sung during religious activities. Yajurveda is divided into two parts. The name of the first part is Black Yajurveda, called Taittiriya.The Taittirīya Upanishad is a Vedic era Sanskrit text, embedded as three chapters of the Yajurveda. It is a mukhya Upanishad, and likely composed about 6th century BC. The Taittirīya Upanishad is associated with the Taittirīya school of the Yajurveda, attributed to the pupils of sage Tittiri. The name of the second part is White Yajurveda,is called Vajasaneyi.

Samaveda

Samaveda is the third Veda of the four Vedas. Samaveda means the Veda of sacred songs. This Veda also has many hymns. They were sung by the Hindu priests and other Hindus during religious activities.

Atharvaveda
Atharvaveda is the fourth of the four Vedas. Atharvaveda means the Veda of knowledge.
The Atharvaveda holds key for the massive vedic knowledge on the sciences like medicine, sorcery and has many facts that the present generation is still  trying to crack.

References
 Flood, Gavin.  An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1996. .
 Michaels, Axel. Hinduism: Past and Present. Princeton University Press: 2004. .
Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli;  and Moore, Charles A. A Source Book in Indian Philosophy.  Princeton University Press, 1957; Princeton paperback 12th edition, 1989. .
Walker, Benjamin Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism, (Two Volumes), Allen & Unwin, London, 1968; Praeger, New York, 1968; Munshiram Manohar Lal, New Delhi, 1983; Harper Collins, New Delhi, 1985; Rupa, New Delhi, 2005, .
Winternitz, Moriz. History of Indian Literature. Vol. 1 (of two volumes), p. 1. (Calcutta 1926)

Bibliography
.

Other websites
A translation of Rig Veda
 The Vedas at sacred-texts.com
 Vedas: Rig, Sama, Yajur, and Artharva 

Hindu texts
Vedas
Prime Minister of Greenland

The Prime Minister of Greenland (, lit Leader of the Government; ), officially referred to as the Premier, is the head of the Government of Greenland. The incumbent prime minister is Múte Bourup Egede of the Siumut party. 

The prime minister is usually leader of the majority party in the Parliament of Greenland. Jonathan Motzfeldt became Prime Minister after home rule was granted to Greenland in 1979.

List of prime ministers of Greenland

References

Greenland
Serbia and Montenegro

Serbia and Montenegro (Serbian: Србија и Црна Гора, Srbija I Crna Gora, abbreviated as "SCG") was the name of the union of Serbia and Montenegro that was created after the collapse of Yugoslavia. The two nations were seperated in 2006 after a vote. 

It was on the west-central Balkan Peninsula. It had borders with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, to the west, Hungary to the north, Romania and Bulgaria to the east, North Macedonia to the south and Albania to the southwest, with just over 200 km of coast on the Adriatic.

Serbia and Montenegro worked together in only some political areas. The states had separate economic policies and currencies (money). Although both the states now had more freedom to do as they are pleased than they did as Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Serbia and Montenegro were still a Sovereign State united under one government.

The people of Montenegro wanted independence however, and on 21 May 2006 the government held a vote to ask the Montenegrins whether they still wanted to stay in the union. 55.5% of Montenegrins agreed to be independent. On 3 June 2006 Montenegro declared independence; followed by Serbia's declaration of independence two days later on 5 June 2006.

Former countries in the Balkans
Former federations
Former republics
1992 establishments in Europe
2006 disestablishments in Europe
Minister (government)

A Minister can be a Member of Parliament, or a Clergyman (person who works as a Minister in the Church). This article talks about a Minister as a Member of Parliament.

What is a minister?
In the United Kingdom and other countries that follow the Westminster System, a Minister is a Member of Parliament who has a special role dealing with a certain area of Government.  In the British Government, there are Ministers for lots of different things, like Children, Work & Pensions and Culture, Media & Sport.  There are descriptions (things that describe) of what these people do at the bottom of this page.

Ministers in the government report to the Prime Minister, who also tells them what they need to do in relation to their jobs.  The Deputy Prime Minister also reports to the Prime Minister.

Other Ministers, even though they are not called Ministers, include the Foreign Secretary, and the Home Secretary.

What describes these jobs?

Minister for Children

The Minister for Children looks after children's rights - these are laws which take care of how children are treated by their parents or guardians (a guardian is someone who looks after a child when their parents are not able to), and their care in society.  The job means that this Minister has a special role in the lives of all children in the UK.

Minister for Work and Pensions

This Minister looks after jobs (Employment) and money given to people who are in need (Welfare Benefits).  They set the rules saying what people who have no job must do to try and get one, and how much money people who have no job or are in need, get to live on.  The Minister also sets rules about what happens to people who do not do enough to find a job, or who break the law by working while they are getting Welfare Benefits.

Minister for Culture, Media and Sport

This Minister has a special role which means they promote (make popular) British Culture and Traditions.  They also take care of Broadcasting laws and laws about what newspapers and television stations can and cannot do.  Also, they have a duty to promote sporting activities which take place in Britain and help the government attract major sports events to Britain (the recent decision to let Britain host the Olympic Games in 2012 is an example of this).

There are a lot of other Ministers in the Government, and you can find out about them by writing to the Houses of Parliament in London.  Their address is:The Houses of ParliamentWestminsterLondonSW1A 0AA'

What about other countries?

Other countries also have Ministers who, like those in Britain, deal with special things related to how people live.  You can find out about them by looking at the Wikipedia in your own country.

References

Government occupations
Jealousy

Jealousy or envy is a feeling (or emotion) people get when they want what others have. This is a negative feeling. When someone is jealous of someone else, they usually dislike the other person. These particular emotions are usually caused by a person having a certain object or quality which you desire but can not obtain. Jealousy is caused by lacking of self confidence and judging your abilities. Jealousy is not reasonable rationally. 

Emotions
Seven deadly sins
Light microscope

A light microscope works like a refracting telescope except that the object is very close to the objective lens. An object to be studied, for example a tiny organism so small it looks like just a dot, is put on a slide, which is usually a flat piece of glass. The clips on the microscope's flat stage hold the slide in place. The stage can be adjusted to add more light.  It also moves to allow different layers of the object to be in focus.  The user looks through the microscope eyepiece.  A mirror at the bottom of the microscope reflects light rays up to the object through a hole in the stage. Objective lenses magnify the image which is made even larger when it is seen through the eyepiece lenses. Some light microscopes are actually digital cameras, made to photograph small things but having no eyepiece.

Many microscopes, often used in colleges and high schools, normally have a top magnification of 40x with the option of having 4x and 8x. This lets the microscope show basic cells and other items.  Others can magnify hundreds of times, or thousands.

Components 

All modern optical microscopes designed for viewing samples by transmitted light share the same basic components of the light path, listed here in the order the light travels through them. Also almost all microscopes have the same 'structural' components:
 Ocular lens (eyepiece) (1)
 Objective turret or Revolver or Revolving nose piece (to hold multiple objective lenses) (2)
 Objective (3)
 Focus wheel to move the stage (4 – coarse adjustment, 5 – fine adjustment)
 Frame (6)
 Light source, a light or a mirror (7)
 Diaphragm and condenser lens (8)
 Stage (to hold the sample) (9)
These entries are numbered according to the image on the right.

Alternatives 
Optical microscopes cannot show things that are smaller than light waves, because of the diffraction limit. Microscopes which can see smaller things include:
Atomic force microscope (AFM)
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Scanning ion-conductance microscopy (SICM)
Scanning tunneling microscope (STM)
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
Ultraviolet microscope
X-ray microscope

Other websites 
Antique Microscopes.com A collection of early microscopes
Historical microscopes , an illustrated collection with more than 3000 photos of scientific microscopes by European makers 
The Golub Collection, A collection of 17th through 19th Century microscopes, including extensive descriptions
Molecular Expressions, concepts in optical microscopy
Online tutorial of practical optical microscopy
OpenWetWare
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek: father of microscopy and microbiology

Microscopes
Rembrandt

Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (Leiden, 15 July 1606 – Amsterdam, 4 October 1669) was a famous Dutch painter and artist.

He is generally considered one of the greatest painters and printmakers in European art history, and the most important in Dutch history.p420 His contributions to art came in a period that historians call the Dutch Golden Age.

After his success as a young portrait painter, he had personal tragedy and financial hardships in his later years. Yet his etchings and paintings were popular throughout his lifetime, and his reputation as an artist remained high.p427 For twenty years he taught nearly every important Dutch painter.p203

Rembrandt's greatest creative work is seen in his portraits of his contemporaries, self-portraits and illustrations of scenes from the Bible. His self-portraits are a unique biography, in which the artist surveyed himself without vanity and with the utmost sincerity.p420

Personal life 
He went to the University Leiden but he liked painting better so he became a painter. In 1631 he went to live in Amsterdam, because people there had heard of him and wanted him to paint their portraits. He married a woman called Saskia van Uylenberg in 1634. They had four children, but three of them died very young. Only their fourth child, Titus, who was born in 1641, survived into adulthood. Saskia died in 1642 soon after Titus's birth, probably from tuberculosis.

During Saskia's illness, a nurse was hired, who probably also became Rembrandt's lover. She later charged Rembrandt with breach of promise and was awarded 200 guilders a year.p28 When Rembrandt learned she had pawned Saskia's jewellery, which Rembrandt had given her, he had her committed for twelve years to a poorhouse (a 'bridewell') at Gouda.

Rembrandt then lived with a young woman called Hendrickje Stoffels from Bredevoort who had been his maid. They had a daughter called Cornelia. Rembrandt died in Amsterdam on 4 October 1669.

Works 
Rembrandt painted many famous pictures. The portraits use light and dark colors; people sitting in the pictures are often shown in a calm or thoughtful appearance. He was such a good painter, that many of his pictures make people feel as if they are taking part in what is happening. Paintings by Rembrandt can be seen in art galleries all over the world.

Throughout his work Rembrandt used colour which darkens as it approaches the edge of the painting, and lighter towards the center. There is always a certain person, or event, or group of people that is near the center, and they are shown to be brighter than the rest of the picture. The dark backgrounds are painted to be very interesting and important. In most of his paintings, there are deep whites and blacks which shows contrast between different parts of the work.

References

Other websites

1606 births
1669 deaths
Dutch painters
Dutch Protestants
Artists from Leiden
Printmakers
Major movie studios

Big Five are the United States's major movie production studios which also distribute their product. All of them have historic flagship production facilities near Hollywood.
All Big Five major studios (Walt Disney Pictures, Warner Bros. Pictures, Paramount Pictures, Universal Pictures, and Columbia Pictures) are parts of much larger business enterprises, with their corporate headquarters offices far from Hollywood.
The group of major studios long numbered seven, but was reduced to six with the fading from importance of MGM in the 1980s.
They became five when, on November 6, 2017 - Disney announced its deal to buy Fox for $52.4 billion.

The American major studios

Current
Majors
 Universal Pictures - NBCUniversal / Comcast
 Paramount Pictures - Paramount Global
 Warner Bros. Pictures - Warner Bros. Discovery
 Walt Disney Pictures / 20th Century Studios - The Walt Disney Company
 Columbia Pictures / TriStar Pictures - Sony Pictures Entertainment
Mini-Majors
 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer - Amazon
 Lionsgate Pictures - Lions Gate Entertainment
 Amblin Partners
 Amblin Entertainment
 DreamWorks Pictures
 ErosSTX
 Eros International
 STXfilms

Former
Major
 RKO Radio Pictures - Defunct since 1957.
 United Artists - acquired by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1981.
 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer - filed for bankruptcy in 2010.
 20th Century Fox - bought by The Walt Disney Company in 2019 and renamed as 20th Century Studios in 2020.
Other
 Embassy Pictures - sold to Coca-Cola in 1985.
 Vestron Pictures - folded into Live Entertainment in 1991.
 New Line Cinema - acquired in 1993 by Turner Broadcasting System; TBS merged with Time Warner in 1996.
 Miramax Films 
 Artisan Entertainment - folded into Lions Gate Entertainment in 2003.
 DreamWorks Pictures - now became a label of Amblin Partners since 2015.
 The Weinstein Company

The European major studios
 Gaumont Film Company 
 Pinewood Studios
 Nordisk Film
 BBC Films
 Pathé Frères
 Constantin Film
 SF Studios
 Titanus - closed down in 1964; revived as a small studio in 1970.
 Sheperton Studios - sold to Pinewood Group in 2001.
 Rank Organisation - bought by The Rank Group in 1996; motion picture involvement ended in 2006.
 Optimum Releasing - bought by StudioCanal in 2006; later renamed as StudioCanal UK in 2011.
Movie studios
Culinary mustard

Culinary mustard is a condiment people use when making food. It comes from the seeds of the mustard plant.

Preparation 
Mustard is prepared by grinding the seeds of the Mustard plant, and mixing them with water or vinegar. Depending on which seeds are taken, and/or how much vinegar is added, the mustard may turn out hotter or less hot.

Use 
Most mustard is made available as a bottled condiment and can be spread on a slice of sandwich bread, salad, vegetables, meat or squirted onto a hotdog or a potato salad, along with ketchup, horseradish and other spices. It is often found in fast-food restaurants in the form of a small packet which the diner may open and squeeze into the dish of choice.

Related pages
 Condiment
 Ketchup
 Spice

Condiments
Vinegar

Vinegar is a liquid containing mainly water and acetic acid and used mostly in cooking. It can be made from wine or other liquids containing alcohol, like cider, fermented fruit juices, or fermented malt. Ethanol is oxidized from the liquid, resulting in vinegar.

Vinegar made from dates is a traditional product of the Middle East. It can also be made through the use of certain bacteria. Vinegar contains about 5% of Acetic acid. The acid makes it sour. 

In cooking, it is often used as a condiment to add to salad, fish, french fries and vegetables like pickles and cabbage.  It is much used in salad dressings.

The pH of vinegar depends on how much acid is in it.  Apple cider vinegar is typically between pH 4.25 and 5.00 if undiluted. Distilled vinegar has a pH of around 2.4.

References 

Condiments
Insecticide

An insecticide is a poison made to kill insects and spiders.

Insects are very tough animals that have adapted to a great variety of settings. Therefore, the poison used to kill them is also deadly to humans. There can be great danger of eating pesticide when you have vegetables. This is why often people will rub an apple on their jumper before eating it. This adds a nice shine to the apple and rubs away some of the pesticides. If you do not clean the jumper there is a risk pesticide might build up.
Paranoia

Paranoia is a mental health condition that affects a person's thoughts. A person with paranoia is called paranoid. Paranoia is a thought process heavily influenced by anxiety or fear, often to the point of irrationality and delusion.

A paranoid person's thinking is shaped by fear and anxiety. For example, the person may fear that other people are "out to get them" or are planning to hurt them. They may believe that video cameras are watching them, or that a certain group (like the police or CIA) is following them. They may also believe that other people can control their thoughts or use magic to hurt them. Even if these fears seem strange or absurd to others, they feel very real to the person with paranoia. They truly believe that they are in danger.

Paranoia is different from phobias. In a phobia, someone has an irrational fear, but does not blame anyone for this fear. A paranoid person will often make false accusations and say that something was intentional, when it was just coincidence or an accident.

If a person is truly paranoid, their fears must not be explained by common beliefs, like their religion. For example, some religions say that people can use magic to hurt others. So a person from one of those religions should not be diagnosed as paranoid just because he/she has this belief. They would also have to have other paranoid beliefs - which could not be explained by religious beliefs - to be diagnosed with paranoia.

Very often, people with paranoia also have other thought disorders, or mood disorders. Paranoia can be a symptom of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other mental illnesses.

In everyday talk, people may use "paranoid" to mean more normal worries. For example, someone may call a friend paranoid for thinking that his teacher hates him.

References 

Psychosis
Delusion

A delusion is a false belief held by a person. When doctors talk about delusions, they mean that the false belief is the result of some disease. This is usually a disease of the mind, such as paranoia, schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, but not always. Delusions can come in many forms, such as persecutory delusions (a belief that the person is always being attacked), grandiose delusions (a belief that the person is very special), religious delusions (a belief that the person is a god), and more. 

The psychiatrist Karl Jaspers created the first criteria for a belief to be considered a delusion:
 The person that has the delusion is completely convinced that it is true. 
 The delusion does not change even when it is proved to be wrong.
 The delusion is improbable or strange.
However, these guidelines have been criticized because none of the criteria are necessary to have a delusion. Studies show that delusions can change in intensity and confidence over time. Delusions also do not need to be false beliefs. Some religious beliefs cannot be proved false, so they cannot be used for a diagnosis. 

A doctor or psychiatrist may say that a delusion is false because it seems to be improbable or strange. Because psychiatrists do not always investigate a person's claims completely, they will sometimes wrongly diagnose a patient as delusional. This is called the Martha Mitchell effect, which was named after the wife of the attorney general in the Nixon administration. Martha Mitchell said that illegal activity was happening in the White House. At the time, people thought she was mentally ill. However, after the Watergate scandal, she was proved right. 

Treating delusions is hard, but sometimes antipsychotics can be used. If the delusions are dangerous to the person or other people, the person may also be treated against their will.

References

Psychosis
Paganism

Paganism is a term that covers a great number of spiritual and religious beliefs, and someone who follows one of these beliefs is known as a Pagan. Some of those in ancient times, who are called Pagans today, believed there was not just one god but a number of gods and goddesses.  The stories from Greek mythology are famous examples from a pagan religion. Pagans usually focus on spirituality and nature, rather than on doctrines and dogma. Not all pagans are polytheists (belief in more than one god). Some of them are monotheists (belief in only one god).
   
The word pagan (without a capital P) is often used to describe anyone who holds religious beliefs that differ from the main world religions. A similar term is heathen. Today Pagan, with a capital P, often refers to people who follow Neo-Pagan religions that honour the Earth. The best known Neo-Pagan religion is Wicca. Another well-known neo-pagan faith is Druidism, but there are many other Neo-Pagan religions with different beliefs.

Some pagan and neo-pagan religions 
Ancient Meitei paganism
Asatru
Baltic paganism
Greek religion
Dodekatheism (Hellenism)
Celtic reconstructionist paganism
Druidism
Finnish paganism
Germanic paganism
Kemetism
Slavic paganism
Tengrism
Tenrikyo
Wicca

Surviving religions of earlier cultures 
Enough has survived of the ancient religions of cultures from pre-modern Africa, South America, New Guinea and Japan to give us quite a clear picture. Since African slaves were taken to both South America and the United States, it is no surprise that their beliefs and practices still survive. Not, of course, as the main religion, but they do survive.

In a similar way, but much less well documented, are the ancient religions of other groups such as the Ainu in Japan, the tribes in New Guinea, the many tribes in Amazonia, and the fractured remnants of traditional religions in African countries.

All these groups have one thing in common: they are not part of farming revolution which happened in the Middle East, and which spread quickly to Eurasia. The religions which started there are called the religions of the book because their original beliefs were written down. Of course, writing was one of the original inventions of a settled people, one able to invest time and energy into activities which would be far more difficult for more traditional peoples.

References

Other websites 

 Usenet newsgroup for Pagans
 The Witches Voice, a networking and education site
1578

1578 (MDLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 January 31 – Battle of Gemblours – Spanish forces under Don John of Austria and Alexander Farnese defeat the Dutch. Don John begins to recover control of the French-speaking Southern Netherlands
 August 4 – Battle of Al Kasr al Kebir – The Moroccans defeat the Portuguese. King Sebastian I of Portugal is defeated and killed in North Africa, leaving his elderly uncle, Cardinal Henry, as his heir. This initiates a succession crisis in Portugal.
 October 1 – Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma, succeeds Don John as Spanish Governor-General of the Netherlands.
 Martin Frobisher held the first celebration of Thanksgiving by Europeans in North American at Newfoundland by the Frobisher Expedition.
 Tibet – Sonam Gyrso receives from prince Atlan Khan the title of "Talaï" and becomes the third Dalai Lama.
 Battle of Wenden – The Russians are defeated by the Swedes, who proceed to take Polotsk.
 The Ottoman Empire conquers Abkhazia.
 Sixth and so far the last outbreak of the sweating sickness in England
1504

1504 was a year of the Gregorian calendar, that started on a Friday.

Events 
January 1 – French troops surrender Gaeta to the Spanish under Cordoba.
January 31 – France cedes Naples to Aragon.
February 29 – Christopher Columbus uses his knowledge of a lunar eclipse that night to convince Native Americans to provide him with supplies.
Michelangelo (Michelangelo Buonarroti) finishes his sculpture of David – August 8 it is erected in Florence.
Moldavia, Stephan III the Great fights against Turkey and Poland.
Baber besieges and captures Kabul.
Ferdinand II of Aragon becomes King of Naples as Ferdinand III.
Christopher Columbus return to Spain from his fourth voyage where he and his younger son, Ferdinand, explored the coast of Central America from Belize to Panama.
Aldo Manuzio publishes Demosthenes.
Grünenwald: "Crucifixion".
Voyage of Juan de la Cosa to South America.
A Funj leader, Amara Dunqas, founds the Black Sultanate (As Saltana az Zarqa) at Sennar. (History of Sudan (Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah))

Births 
August 6 – Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1574)
Giovanni Battista Giraldi, Italian writer

Deaths 
November 9 – King Frederick IV of Naples
November 26 – Queen Isabella of Castile (born 1451)
Domenico Maria Novara da Ferrara, Italian astronomer
1726



Events 
George Friderich Handel becomes a British subject.
Jonathan Swift publishes Gulliver's Travels.
The city of Montevideo was established.
Mary Toft allegedly gives birth to 16 rabbits in England, later revealed to be a hoax.
The Gujin tushu jicheng, an immense Chinese encyclopedia, is printed using movable copper type.

Births
 June 23  Victor Amadeus III, King of Sardinia (d. 1796)
 April 5  Benjamin Harrison V, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (d. 1791)
 June 3  James Hutton, Scottish geologist (d. 1797)
 June 11  Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain, daughter of Philip V of Spain (d. 1746)
 June 20  Louise Henriette de Bourbon, mother of Philippe Égalité (d.1759)
 September 1  François-André Danican Philidor, French chess player (d. 1795)
 December 1  Oliver Wolcott, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (d. 1797)
 December 3  George Wythe, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (d. 1806)

Deaths 
 August 8 - Margravine Johanna of Baden-Baden, Duchess of Orleans (b. 1704)
Courage

A person has Courage if they do something even though they are afraid. Courage can be doing things that other people think should be scary. A person has courage if they put themself in danger to save another person (this is called mental strength). If someone has courage, it is said that they are courageous, standing up for what you believe in (also called moral strength).

For example, someone may be said to have courage if they fight a lion, or save a baby from a burning building. 

Courage is the opposite of fear and can also be called bravery.

Emotions
Virtues
1710s

The 1710s was a decade that started on 1 January 1710 and ended on 31 December 1719.

Events 
The Great Northern War

World leaders 
King Louis XIV of France (1643–1715)
King Louis XV of France (1715–1774).
Queen Anne of Great Britain (1702–1714).
King George I of Great Britain (1714–1727).
Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor (1705–1711).
Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor (1711–1740).
Husayn, Shah of Persia during the Safavid dynasty
Tsar Peter I of Russia (1682–1725).
King Philip V of Spain (1700–1746).
King Charles XII of Sweden (1697–1718).
Queen Ulrike Eleonora of Sweden (1719–1720).
Fan (person)

A fan or fanatic is someone who like a thing, a person, or an idea. Things that fans might like are hobbies, sports (often a team), music, a kind of movie or book, or almost anything. There are lots of kinds of fans, including science fiction fans and fans of popular music stars, like The Beatles. Fans will meet with each other to talk about and share their interest, often in large groups called conventions.

The word fanatic can also be used to talk about people who care a lot about politics, religion or their own group of people. Some fanatics can hurt other people whom they dislike, or who disagree with them.

In British English, supporter is their word for a person who likes and supports a sportsperson or a team. Many teams of some sports have thousands of supporters, for example, the football team Real Madrid. In American English, supporter is more often used to talk about people in politics. Supporters of a politician, a political party, or an idea such as a particular law may like their subject very much, but usually are not violent.

Sports
Fandom
Formula 1

Formula 1 is a type of motorsport.  Teams compete in a series of Grand Prix races, held in different countries around the world. Some of the most popular races are held in Monaco, Singapore, Italy and Britain. The formula one  cars are very fast, they reach speeds of up to 351.7 km/ hour (218.5 mph). The championship has been won by many different teams, including McLaren, Ferrari and Williams. Teams can have as many as 600 people. The teams all come together every race weekend. They use the expertise of each member try to win the race. The winning driver and team each get twenty-five points towards the Drivers' and Constructors' Championship. Teams consist of drivers, test drivers, a team principal, mechanics, engineers, and designers. Winning a race is affected by a good starting position, strategy, skill in pitstops and a fast car. The person with the most pole positions (fastest time set in qualifying) during a season gets a trophy. This was added in 2014.

The body that runs Formula One, the FIA. It  is based in France. Although Formula One is a 'billion dollar business', a drop in viewership and attendance figures at races has caused the FIA to make rule changes in recent years. These changes are meant to make the races more interesting, so more people watch F1 on television.

Safety 
Drivers are paid large salaries to risk their lives every time they drive an F1 car. Like all types of motor racing, the dangers with Formula One are great. Because of this, there are many safety measures. Drivers wear 4 layers of flameproof overalls. They are  made of a fire resistant material called Nomex. A drivers helmet must be able to resist an 800 °C flame for at least 45 seconds. They must also resist large G forces. The helmets are very strong. They can be driven over by trucks with no damage being done to them.

Cars 
Carbon fibre is the ideal material for the body of Formula One cars. It is light and strong. Because of this, the cars are very expensive to build and repair. The design of cars differs from team to team. Each team has two entries into the championship. This means that each team must built and maintain two cars . F1 currently uses Pirelli tires (5 compounds of slick tyres and 2 compounds of non-slick tyres for wet weather) Differing weather conditions need different tires. Wet weather driving is considered a skill in Formula One.

In 2021, The specifications of an F1 car is 786kg minimum weight, 18 inch wheels and tires. Engines must be 1.6L V6 turbo hybrid intercooled and must reach higher than 3000rpm. The engine must be 4 stroke (Intake, Compression, Combustion and exhaust) and have a 90 degree angle between the V shape.

Related pages
 Formula One racing
 List of Formula One broadcasters

References
Caribbean Community

The Caribbean Community , or CARICOM, is a group of nations in the Caribbean Sea that have come together founded on 4 July 1973. They share their products, and they have a government to help organize the area. They are mainly together to help trade and their economies.

The full members are:

 Barbados 
 Belize 
 Dominica 
 Grenada 
 Guyana 
 Haiti
 Jamaica 
 Montserrat (a territory of the United Kingdom) 
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 
 Saint Lucia 
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 
 Suriname
 Trinidad and Tobago
 United States

 
1973 establishments
1747



Events 
Afghanistan becomes independent from Persia.
February 11 – A combined French and Indian force, commanded by Coulon de Villiers, attacks British troops at Grand Pré, Nova Scotia.
 April 9 – The Scottish Jacobite Lord Lovat was beheaded by axe on Tower Hill, London, for high treason.
 May 14 – War of the Austrian Succession: First battle of Cape Finisterre.
 June 9 – Emperor Momozono rises to power in Japan, after Emperor Sakuramachi.

Births 
 January 15 – John Aikin, English doctor and writer (died 1822)
 January 19 – Johann Elert Bode, German astronomer (died 1826)
 January 26 – Samuel Parr, English schoolmaster (died 1825)
 February 19 – John "Walking" Stewart, traveller and philosopher (died 1822)
 February 21 – Eugenio Espejo, Ecuadorian scientist (died 1795)
 May 5 – Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1792)
 July 6 – John Paul Jones, American naval captain (died 1792)
 October 8 – Jean-François Rewbell, French politician (died 1807)
 December 12 – Anna Seward, English writer (died 1809)

Deaths 
 January 16 – Barthold Heinrich Brockes, German poet (born 1680)
 March 16 – Christian Augustus of Anhalt-Zerbst, father of Catherine II of Russia (born 1690)
 March 23 – Claude Alexandre de Bonneval, French soldier (born 1675)
 April 2 – Johann Jacob Dillenius, German botanist (born 1684)
 April 7 – Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, Prussian field marshal (born 1676)
 May 28 – Luc de Clapiers, marquis de Vauvenargues, French writer (born 1715)
 May 31 – Andrei Osterman, Russian statesman (born 1686)
 June – Nadir Shah, Persian leader (born 1688)
 June 19 – Alessandro Marcello, Italian composer (born 1669)
 July 9 – Giovanni Bononcini, Italian composer (born 1670)
 October 10 – John Potter, Archbishop of Canterbury (born c.1674)
 November 17 – Alain-René Le Sage, French writer (born 1668)
 December 2 – Vincent Bourne, English classical scholar (born 1695)
1762



Events 
 Ongoing
 Seven Years War (1756 - 1763)

Births 
 August 12 – King George IV of the United Kingdom, Prince of Wales (d. 1830)
 November 1 – Spencer Perceval, British politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1812)

Deaths
 Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, German philosopher
1620

1620 was a leap year.

Events 
The Pilgrim Fathers come to America
1520



Events

Births

Deaths 
 Montezuma II (born 1466)
 Pier Gerlofs Donia (bron 1480)
 April 6 – Raphael (b. 1483)
List of towns in Greenland

This is a list of the towns in Greenland that have over 1,000 people living in them (the first name is in Greenlandic, the second is in Danish):

Nuuk (Godthåb) Pop. 14.501
Sisimiut (Holsteinsborg) Pop. 5.350
Ilulissat (Jakobshavn) Pop. 4.533
Qaqortoq (Julianehåb) Pop. 3.144
Aasiaat Pop. 3.100
Maniitsoq (Sukkertoppen) Pop. 2.859
Tasiilaq (Amassalik) Pop. 1.848
Paamiut (Frederikshåb) Pop. 1.817
Narsaq Pop. 1.764
Nanortalik Pop. 1.509
Uumannaq Pop. 1.366
Qasigiannguit Pop. 1.320
Upernavik Pop. 1.178

Pop. stands for population.

Greenland, towns
Qaqortoq

Qaqortoq, also known by its Danish name Julianehåb, is a town in southwestern Greenland. With a population of 3,100, it is South Greenland's biggest town. It is the fourth biggest town in Greenland. The name Qaqortoq is Western Greenlandic, and it means "white". Qaqortoq also is the seat of the municipality of Qaqortoq which apart from the town itself includes three small settlements. Qaqortoq was founded by Norwegian Anders Olsen in 1775. Near Qaqortoq are the Hvalsey ruins, the most famous Norse ruins in Greenland.

References 
"Greenland and the Arctic". By Etain O'Carroll and Mark Elliott. Lonely Planet 2005. .

Other websites 
'Official' Qaqortoq website  (limited information in English)
English version 

Settlements in Greenland
Sisimiut

Sisimiut (also known by its Danish name 'Holsteinsborg') is a town in southwestern Greenland. With 5,247 people (as of 2005), it is the second biggest town in Greenland. It is 75 kilometers north of the Arctic Circle, and is Greenland's most northern year-round port which has no ice.

Other websites 
 Municipality of Sisimiut 

Settlements in Greenland
Arctic Circle

The Arctic Circle is one of the five major circles of latitude (imaginary lines around the Earth) that are often marked on maps of the Earth. This is the parallel of latitude that (in 2000) runs 66° 33' 39" north of the Equator. North of this line, the Sun never rises at the Winter Solstice and never sets at the Summer Solstice.

The Arctic Circle is one way to say what part of the Earth is in the Arctic. The North Pole is in the center of the Arctic Circle.

Countries which are partly within the Arctic Circle are:
Russia
Canada
Denmark (Greenland)
United States of America (Alaska)
Norway
Sweden
Finland
Iceland (less than 1 square kilometre)

The position of the Arctic Circle is not fixed. It directly depends on the Earth's axial tilt. The axial tilt fluctuates within a margin of 2° over a 40,000-year period, mostly due to tidal forces from the orbit of the Moon. The tilt is currently diminishing, so the Arctic Circle is drifting northwards at a speed of about  per year.

Related pages 
Northern Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere
Eastern Hemisphere
Western Hemisphere
Seasons
Solstice and equinox
Equator
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
Antarctic Circle
Circle of latitude 

Lines of latitude
Arctic