alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Dinah Washington

Dinah Washington (born Ruth Lee Jones; August 24, 1924 - December 14, 1963) was an American R&B and jazz singer. She was an African American who was born in Tuscaloosa, Alabama and raised in Chicago. She died of an accidental drug overdose in Detroit.

Other websites
http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19767/m1/

1924 births
1963 deaths
Accidental deaths in the United States
African American musicians
American jazz musicians
Drug-related accidental deaths
Singers from Alabama
Singers from Chicago
People from Tuscaloosa, Alabama
Robin Ward

Robin Ward (born Jacqueline McDonnell in 1941) was an American singer. She had a hit with her song "Wonderful Summer" in 1963.

singers from Hawaii

1941 births
Living people
Adrenal gland

The adrenal gland is a gland in most mammals. It is near the kidneys. Its name tells its position (ad – "near", and renes – "kidneys"). The gland is made up of two types of tissues: the centrally located tissue is called the adrenal medulla and outside this lies the adrenal cortex.

The adrenal glands are known as "suprarenal glands" in humans. In many animals the glands are next to the kidneys, but they are cap-like structures on top of the kidneys in humans.

The adrenal cortex produces three main types of steroid hormones: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. Mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone) help in the regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte balance.

The adrenal gland makes hormones which control stress. It is involved in the production of steroid hormones. Among these hormones are cortisol and adrenaline.

Cortex 

The hormones secreted from the cortex region are called adrenocorticosteroids or corticoids. These are the hormones it makes:

Corticosteroids: all corticosteroids are made from cholesterol.
Cortisol / cortisone. These two are in a reversible reaction: they can be changed to each other by an enzyme. Cortisol is the active version, cortisone is the inactive version.
Aldosterone: a hormone which regulates blood pressure.
Androgens: these are intermediate male sex hormones. They are turned into more active hormones in the testes.

Medulla 
The adrenal medulla, in the center of the gland, makes:
Adrenaline (U.S = Epinephrine) and noradrenaline (U.S. = norepinephrine): they make the fight or flight response in animals.

References 

Glands
Endocrine system
Chiswick

Chiswick is a district in the London Borough of Hounslow in West London. It is most famous as the home of the artist William Hogarth.

Areas of London
London Borough of Hounslow
Bark

Bark is the covering of the stems of woody plants, like trees. Bark protects the tree. Bark of different plants and trees can look very different, it can be rough or smooth and can have different colors. It is the outer layer of tree trunks.

Most of the bark grows from the vascular cambium. Some outer parts of the bark sometimes come from a cork cambium. In the bark are lenticels which allow gases to move in and out of those inner tissues which have living cells.

Bark of one kind or another has been on trees from the Carboniferous period. It is obvious on stems and branches, and on  some kinds of storage organs.

Plant anatomy
Plant physiology
Cowboy

Cowboy is a broad term for men who work on ranches. The word "cowboy" was used in England in the early 19th century but its use in the late 19th century in North America comes from the Spanish word vaquero. The cowboy has deep historic roots tracing back to Spain and the earliest European settlers of the Americas. In the United States the Native Americans and cowboys have a rich history, Still today, Native American cowboys are making a big impact in the world of rodeo.

Over the centuries Movies about cowboys are often called western movies. Movies often show them as fighting rather than working. Cowboys can be recognized by their big brown hats and lassos. Men who do similar work in Australia are called "stockmen."

Common clothing includes a belt with a big buckle, a cowboy hat, a lasso, a buttoned polo shirt, chaps, boots, and sometimes include another belt for carrying things while riding a horse.

Job 
A Cowboy is simply a person who works on a ranch and rides on a horse while he herds cattle. However, on the modern day ranch, the job has evolved into more duties such as branding, fencing, hay production, and machine and animal maintenance. Cowboys are also gunfighters, a lawman, outlaw, or a shooting exhibitionist, but was more commonly a hired gun who made a living with his weapons in the Old West.

In American culture

In American culture, the idea of cowboys is of freedom and independence. It is part of the myth of the Wild West. In movies and other stories, white actors usually play cowboys, for example Clint Eastwood and John Wayne. In real life, many cowboys of the 1800s were black or Latino.

The fictional cowboy called Sheriff Woody is played by Tom Hanks.

In British culture

In Britain, a "cowboy" is someone who charges money but is unskilled. For example, a "cowboy roofer" is someone who offers to fix a roof but does not know how to fix roofs.

Related pages
 Western (genre)

References

Agricultural occupations
Janet Reno

Janet Reno (June 21, 1938 – November 7, 2016) was the United States Attorney General from 1993 to 2001, under President Bill Clinton. She was the first woman to ever have this job.

Reno died on November 7, 2016 from complications of Parkinson's disease, aged 78.

References

1938 births
2016 deaths
Cornell University alumni
Politicians from Miami
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
United States Attorneys General
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Lawyers from Miami
1493

1493 was a common year.

Events
 March 15 – Christopher Columbus returns to Spain after his first trip to the Americas.
 July 28 – Great fire in Moscow.
 September 9 – Battle of Krbava field between defending Croatian nobles and invading Ottoman Turk forces.
 November 19 – Christopher Columbus goes ashore on an island he saw for the first time only the day before. He names it San Juan Bautista (later renamed Puerto Rico).
 December 23 – Georg Alt's German translation of Hartmann Schedel's Nuremberg Chronicle is published.
1285

1285 was a common year.

Events 
 January 6 – Archbishop Jakub Świnka orders all priests subject to his bishopry in Poland to deliver sermons in Polish rather than German, thus further unifying the Catholic Church in Poland and fostering a national identity.
 April 25 – Mamluk sultan Qalawun begins a siege of the Crusader fortress of Margat (in present-day Syria), a major stronghold of the Knights Hospitaller thought to be impregnable; he captures the fortress a month later.
 September 4 – Roger of Lauria defeats King Philip III of France in a naval battle off of Barcelona.
 The writ Circumspecte Agatis, issued by King Edward I of England, defines the jurisdictions of church and state in England, thereby limiting the church's judicial powers to ecclesiastical cases only.
 The Second statute of Westminster is passed in England, reforming various laws; it includes the famous clause de donis conditionalibus, considered one of the fundamental institutes of medieval law in England.
 The English romantic poem The Lay of Havelok the Dane is written (approximate date).
 Tran Hung Dao leads Vietnamese forces in victory over an invading Yuan dynasty Mongol army.
Harold Robbins

Harold Robbins (born Harold Rubin; May 21, 1916 – October 14, 1997) was an American author.

References

Writers from New York City
1916 births
1997 deaths
Baptism

Baptism is a rite or ceremony performed by most Christian churches and denominations. It is done as a cleansing symbol. It shows that the person being baptized has become a follower of Jesus, and it can represent the joining of the Christian family.

Methods
Roman Catholicism baptize infants to mark their becoming members of the church. It is a sacrament usually performed by a priest. In most other churches, it is when the person is old enough to decide that they are ready.

Some religious groups practice baptism by sprinkling a small amount of water on the person, usually their head. Other groups put the person inside the water.

Bible times
In the Old Testament, a similar washing ceremony was done when priests were ordained. Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist before he began his ministry. The usual form of baptism among the earliest Christians was for the person to be immersed totally or partially. But sprinkling, or pouring, was also practiced at an early day with sick and dying persons when total or partial immersion was not practical.

Other websites 
 "Baptism." Encyclopædia Britannica Online.

References 

Sacraments
List of ethnic groups in China

There are many people in China, more than in any other country. They all have many different cultures, histories and beliefs. The Chinese government officially says there are 56 nationalities. They are called  zú or  mínzú in China. Of these, almost all of them (about 90%) are Han people (汉族 : Hàn Zú). The rest of these nationalities (called "ethnic minorities"), from biggest to smallest in population, are: 

 Zhuang (壮族 : Zhuàng Tû
 Manchu (满族 : Mǎn Zú)
 Hui (回族 : Huí Zú)
 Miao (苗族 : Miáo Zú) (Hmong)
 Uyghur (维吾尔族 : Wéiwúěr Zú)
 Yi (彝族 : Yí Zú)
 Tujia (土家族 : Tǔjiā Zú)
 Mongol (蒙古族 : Měnggǔ Zú)
 Tibetan (藏族 : Zàng Zú)
 Buyei (布依族 : Bùyī Zú)
 Dong (侗族 : Dòng Zú)
 Yao (瑶族 : Yáo Zú)
 Korean (朝鲜族 : Cháoxiǎn Zú)
 Bai (白族 : Bái Zú)
 Hani (哈尼族 : Hāní Zú)
 Li (黎族 : Lí Zú), also called Hlai in the ethnic group's language.
 Kazak (哈萨克族 : Hāsàkè Zú)
 Dai (傣族 : Dǎi Zú, also called Dai Lue, one of the Tai ethnic groups)
 She (畲族 : Shē Zú)
 Lisu (傈僳族 : Lìsù Zú)
 Gelao (仡佬族 : Gēlǎo Zú)
 Lahu (拉祜族 : Lāhù Zú)
 Dongxiang (东乡族 : Dōngxiāng Zú)
 Va (佤族 : Wǎ Zú) (Va)
 Sui (水族 : Shuǐ Zú)
 Naxi (纳西族 : Nàxī Zú) (includes the Mosuo (摩梭 : Mósuō))
 Qiang (羌族 : Qiāng Zú)
 Tu (土族 : Tǔ Zú)
 Xibe (锡伯族 : Xíbó Zú)
 Mulao (仫佬族 : Mùlǎo Zú)
 Kirgiz (柯尔克孜族 : Kēěrkèzī Zú)
 Daur (达斡尔族 : Dáwòěr Zú)
 Jingpo (景颇族 : Jǐngpō Zú)
 Salar (撒拉族 : Sǎlá Zú)
 Blang (布朗族 : Bùlǎng Zú)
 Maonan (毛南族 : Màonán Zú)
 Tajik (塔吉克族 : Tǎjíkè Zú)
 Pumi (普米族 : Pǔmǐ Zú)
 Achang (阿昌族 : Āchāng Zú)
 Nu (怒族 : Nù Zú)
 Ewenki (鄂温克族 : Èwēnkè Zú)
 Gin (京族 : Jīng Zú), meaning Vietnamese or Kinh people.
 Jino (基诺族 : Jīnuò Zú)
 De'ang (德昂族 : Déáng Zú)
 Uzbek (乌孜别克族 : Wūzībiékè Zú)
 Russians (俄罗斯族 : Éluōsī Zú)
 Yugur (裕固族 : Yùgù Zú)
 Bonan (保安族 : Bǎoān Zú)
 Monba (门巴族 : Ménbā Zú)
 Oroqen (鄂伦春族 : Èlúnchūn Zú)
 Derung (独龙族 : Dúlóng Zú)
 Tatar (塔塔尔族 : Tǎtǎěr Zú)
 Hezhen (赫哲族 : Hèzhé Zú)
 Lhoba (珞巴族 : Luòbā Zú)
 Gaoshan (高山族 : Gāoshān Zú), meaning Taiwanese aborigines

Women's chastity was guarded by keeping them in the inner quarters of the house in Han culture and Manchus adopted this practice from Han after the Qing was founded. the Jurchens (Manchus) were former Ming subjects but were rejecting their previous status and revolting when Nurhaci declared the Later Jin dynasty in 1616 and his Seven Grievances in 1618 calling for revenge against the Ming killing his father and grandfather.

References

 
China-related lists
Shang dynasty

The Shang dynasty (existed from 1600BC - 1046BC) was the second dynasty in China following the Xia dynasty. Most of what we know about the Shang Dynasty is from reading pictures on oracle bones and bronze objects. A dynasty is a series of rulers which are considered to be part of the same family because they are ruling a country(s) over generations. According to tradition, the last Shang king was overthrown in 1046 BC. The succeeding dynasty was called the Zhou dynasty.

Kings

References

Other websites 

Zhengzhou Shang City Site

 
 

Chinese dynasties
17th century BC
11th century BC
Tang of Shang

King Tang of Shang, in Chinese:"湯", born Zi Lu, in Chinese:"子履" (1617 BC - 1588 BC) was the first king of the Shang dynasty in Chinese history. He fought Jie, the last king of the Xia dynasty.

He was the leader of his tribe, or group of people,  for more than 17 years. When he was a leader, he made many smart men officials to help fix his government. 

When he saw that the Xia Dynasty was starting to be weak, Tang started 16 wars fighting the Xia Dynasty, getting many lands. Tang finally defeated the dynasty in 1600bc.
 
Many people of his country thought he was a good leader.  He made taxes smaller and did not force his people to be soldiers for a long time. He affected many people from foreign places.

1617 BC births
1588 BC deaths

Kings of Shang Dynasty
Bu Bing

King Bu Bing of Shang of China, in Chinese:"卜丙", born Zi Sheng, in Chinese:"子勝",.  He was the forth king of the Shang Dynasty (1600 BC - 1046 BC). He was the second son of King Tang. 

In Records of the Grand Person, he was recorded as the second king of the Shang Dynasty. In that book he is given the name "Wai Bing", in Chinese:"外丙". But in the oracle script, he was recorded as the forth king of the Shang Dynasty. In these records his name is "Bu Bing",in Chinese:"卜丙".

Kings of Shang Dynasty
New Year's Eve

New Year's Eve is the holiday before New Year's Day, on December 31, the last day of the current year. 

Today, Western countries usually celebrate this day with a party which ends with a group countdown to midnight. Party hats, noisemakers, fire crackers and drinking champagne are fairly common during this holiday.

Many towns also have firework shows or other noisy ways to start the new year. Places like Berlin, Chicago, Edinburgh, Los Angeles, London, New York, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Sydney, Toronto,  and Tokyo are well known for their New Year's Eve celebrations.

New Year's Eve is also a work holiday in some countries, such as Australia, Argentina, Brazil, France, Mexico, the Philippines, and Venezuela.

Related pages

 Chinese New Year
 Omisoka (Japan)
 Áramótaskaupið (Iceland)

New Year
Chen dynasty

The Chen dynasty () was the fourth and the last of the southern dynasties in China.  It was an ethnic Han dynasty.

Few records survive from the time of the Chen dynasty.  However, the records that exist say that the dynasty was strong and rich. Legend says that the Chen dynasty had ten times more wealth than Europe at the time.  The Chen dynasty's rulers had a tax system and ruling system similar to the Kang-Qian 'flourishing age'.  (The Kang-Qian age was the last and richest Chinese feudal dynasty).

The Chen dynasty took in an enormous amount of silver, which was used as money at the time.  The records that still exist say that the dynasty had as much as 30 million taels of silver in their reserves.  (A silver tael weighed about 30 grams.)  During the Chen dynasty, there was also a huge demand for Chinese silk, spices, porcelain, artwork, and many other products.

In the year 589, the Sui dynasty took over the Chen dynasty after the last Chen Emperor abdicated (gave up his position as Emperor).

Kings

Chinese dynasties
557 establishments
589 disestablishments
6th-century establishments in Asia
Establishments in China
Disestablishments in China
Fighter aircraft

Fighter aircraft are small military planes that are made to fight other airplanes. They are often fast, having aerodynamic shapes (shapes that make them move through air easily) and very powerful engines for their size. 

Fighters may carry many different kinds of weapons, including missiles, machine guns, and bombs. Fighters may be used as attack aircraft to attack vehicles, soldiers, or buildings on the ground. They are different from bombers because they are mainly designed to fight other airplanes. 

Specialized fighters have been made, such as night fighters, interceptors, and air superiority fighters.

Fighter aircraft also usually are maneuverable (turn well).

Recent developments 
 To counter the speed of modern aircraft, some surface ships are being designed with laser weapons.
 In the Russian invasion of Ukraine ground-to-air missiles are used against fighter planes.

Examples of fighter aircraft 
 Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor
 MiG-17
 North American P-51 Mustang
 SPAD S.XIII

Other websites 

 WW2DB: List of WW2-era Fighter Aircraft
 aircraft fighter: aircraft fighter in the world

Military aviation
Air force
Aircraft carrier

Aircraft carriers are warships that carry airplanes and other aircraft like helicopters. They are used by navies to allow aircraft to fight along with naval warships.  Aircraft carriers are usually very large, carrying hundreds or thousands of sailors and tens or hundreds of aircraft.

The top of an aircraft carrier is called the flight deck and looks like a very small airport. Old aircraft carriers carried airplanes that could takeoff and land in the short distance of the flight deck without help. Similarly, small modern aircraft carriers only carry helicopters or specially designed airplanes such as the Harrier that can take off and land straight up and down or in the short distance of the flight deck. 

The flight deck of a large, modern aircraft carrier has a landing area and a take-off area. The landing area is in the back and has a short runway. Airplanes stop by using a hook on the back of the airplane to grab wires stretched across the runway. In the front, the flight deck has a steam-powered catapult that connects to the front wheel of an airplane. The catapult pulls and throws the airplane off the deck, helping it take off quickly. So, aircraft carriers are basically small, floating, mobile airports. 

Because they are big ships and need much electric power, big modern aircraft carriers are steamships.  Some have on-board nuclear power plants  Others burn fuel oil.

Except for their airplanes, aircraft carriers usually have few weapons, so other warships escort them. Together, the aircraft carrier and these warships form a carrier group.

References 

Military aviation
Warships
Edward Kasner

Edward Kasner (1878–1955) is an American mathematician (person who studies math). He is famous for creating the word googol and the word googolplex.

Kasner went to Columbia University and received his Ph.D. (a degree (measure) of learning) in 1899.

Around 1920, Kasner decided to make a good, catchy name for a very big number (one, followed by a hundred zeros).  While he was walking with his nephews Milton (c. 1911–1980) and Edwin Sirotta in New Jersey's Palisades, Kasner asked them to think of good names. Milton was the one who said "googol".

In 1940, with James Roy Newman, Kasner made a book about math called Mathematics and the Imagination . It was in this book that the name "googol" was first used.

The website Google was named after Kasner's number googol.

Books

Other websites
 History from the Google website

1878 births
1955 deaths
Kasner, Edward
Columbia University alumni
Scientists from New York City
Bay of Bengal

The Bay of Bengal is a bay in the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean, west of the Malay Peninsula and east of India. It looks like a triangle. It is called the "Bay of Bengal", because to the north are the Indian state of West Bengal and the country of Bangladesh. It is an extended part of the Indian Ocean, but part of the sea landed on part of Bangladesh. It has four sea ports on part of Bangladesh. The Bay of Bengal was named in the history of Bangladesh.

References 

Bays
Geography of Asia
Indian Ocean
Malay Peninsula

The Malay Peninsula (Malay: Semenanjung Tanah Melayu) is a big peninsula in Southeast Asia. The place is divided into three political parts. This includes:

 the northwest is the extreme south part of Myanmar
 the middle area and northeast is the south part of Thailand
 the south is the part of Malaysia called Peninsular Malaysia or West Malaysia

Geography of Malaysia
Peninsulas of Asia
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia, is the southeastern part of Asia. There are ten countries in this region. All the countries in Southeast Asia are a part of ASEAN, except for East Timor. Some of the countries are mostly on the Asian mainland; they were formerly called Indochina. The others are only on islands. All of the countries in Southeast Asia are in the tropics except for the northernmost areas of Myanmar, which is in the subtropics. These are the countries and territories in Southeast Asia:
  Aceh
 
 
 
 
 
  Cordillera
  (or Timor-Leste)
  Guangxi
  Hainan
 
 
  Japanese Zhanjiang
  Laos
 
  Malaya
  Myanmar (formerly Burma)
  Pattani
 
 
 
 
  South Maluku
  Taiwan
 
  Vietnam
  West Papua
The United Nations also includes the region of North-east India and Bangladesh traditionally, due to ethnicity similarities and culturally as part of Southeast Asia.

Related pages
 Central Asia
 East Asia
 South Asia
 West Asia

References
Sprint

Sprints are short running races in athletics. They are events in which runners will not have to "pace themselves", but can run as fast as possible for the entire distance. These are often some of the more popular events in the Olympic Games.  The most common distances are 60 meters, 100 meters, 200 meters ,400 meters and 1500 metres.

References

Related pages

Middle distance race
Long distance race
Walking race
Hurdle race
Relay
Steeplechase
Cross-country race
Marathon

Running
American Graffiti

American Graffiti is a 1973 American teen comedy-drama movie directed by George Lucas. This was Lucas' second movie and made him very well known. It is about what happens to a group of teenagers one night in August 1962 in Modesto, California, while they are driving around town and listening to radio DJ Wolfman Jack.

Release dates

Other websites 

1973 comedy-drama movies
1970s teen movies
American comedy-drama movies
American teen comedy movies
American teen drama movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by George Lucas
Movies set in California
Movies set in the 1960s
United States National Film Registry movies
Universal Pictures movies
Screenplays by George Lucas
Lake Vostok

Lake Vostok is the biggest of the seventy lakes in Antarctica that are under sheets of ice. It is at 77° S 105° E. It is under Russia's Vostok Station. It is 4,000 meters (13,000 feet) under Antarctica's surface. 

The lake was found by Russian and British scientists. They used radar to find it. 

The lake consists of fresh water. The temperature of the water is about -3 °C. The freezing point of water is at 0 °C, but the water in the lake remains liquid because of the high pressure produced by the ice. 

There are two separate basins in the lake. These are separated by a ridge. It has been suggested that the ecosystems of the two basins are different.

Pressure and oxygen

Lake Vostok is an oligotrophic extreme environment. It is supersaturated with oxygen. The levels of oxygen are fifty times higher than those typically found in ordinary freshwater lakes on Earth. 
The weight of the ice on top of Lake Vostok is believed to add to the high concentration of oxygen. Oxygen from the ice gets dissolved into the water of the lake. Deposits of oxygen and other gases are trapped in the lake as well. The structure that traps them is called a clathrate. Gases trapped in clathrates are enclosed in ice and look like packed snow. These structures form at the high-pressure depths of Lake Vostok; they would become unstable if brought to the surface.

Life
No other natural environment on Earth is as rich in oxygen. For this reason, if there are any forms of life in the lake, they would probably need to have adapted to the high levels of oxygen to be able to survive. Some adaptations might include high concentrations of protective enzymes.

The environment in the lake is very similar to that on Jupiter's moon Europa or Saturn's moon Enceladus. Finding life in the lake would therefore make it more probable that life has existed on one of these moons.

References

Other websites 

 "Miles Below Antarctic Ice, a Freshwater Lake May Harbor Ancient Life." Robert Lee Hotz, The Los Angeles Times.

Vostok
Geography of Antarctica
Infrared

Infrared (IR) radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation (a wave with electricity) . The wave is longer than light which humans can see and shorter than microwaves. The word infrared means below red. It comes from the Latin word infra (meaning below) and the English word red. (Infrared light has a frequency below the frequency of red light.) Red light has the longest wavelength that human eyes can see. Infrared waves cannot be seen by the eye.

Near-infrared waves are between 800 nm and 1.4 µm. Most infrared from the Sun is near-infrared. Thermal imaging is mostly done with thermal radiation waves between 8 and 15 µm.

People sense infrared as heat.

Most remote controls use infrared to send the control signals. Many missiles for anti-aircraft warfare find their target by infrared.

Telecommunications 
Before Bluetooth was invented, some computers, personal digital assistants, and cell phones used infrared technology to send files to other devices. Bluetooth replaced infrared in the early 2000s. Infrared is limited by the need to have both devices in a "line of sight" with each other.

Infrared lasers are used to provide the light for optical fiber communications systems. Infrared light with a wavelength around 1,330 nm (least dispersion) or 1,550 nm (best transmission) are the best choices for standard silica fibers.

Related pages 
 Infrared spectroscopy
 Infrared telescope

References
Municipalities of Republika Srpska

In 1994, the "Law on Territorial Organization and Local Self-Government" was created. It made the Republika Srpska into 80 parts, called municipalities. However, because of the Dayton Peace Agreement in 1996, there are now 63 parts.

Municipalities (different parts of the land) that still exist 

 Banja Luka (City status)
 Istočno Sarajevo (City status, was also known as Srpsko Sarajevo)
 Berkovići
 Bijeljina
 Bileća
 Bosanska Kostajnica (was known as Srpska Kostajnica)
 Bosanski Brod (was known as Srpski Brod and simply Brod)
 Bratunac
 Čajniče
 Čelinac
 Derventa
 Doboj
 Donji Žabar (was known as Srpsko Orašje)
 Foča (was known as Srbinje)
 Gacko
 Gradiška
 Han Pijesak
 Istočna Ilidža (was known as Srpska Ilidža)
 Istočni Drvar (was known as Srpski Drvar)
 Istočni Mostar (was known as Srpski Mostar)
 Istočni Stari Grad (was known as Srpski Stari Grad)
 Istočno Novo Sarajevo (was known as Srpsko Novo Sarajevo)
 Jezero
 Kalinovik
 Kneževo
 Kotor Varoš
 Kozarska Dubica
 Krupa na Uni
 Kupres
 Laktaši
 Lopare
 Ljubinje
 Milići
 Modriča
 Mrkonjić Grad
 Nevesinje
 Novi Grad
 Novo Goražde (was known as Srpsko Goražde)
 Osmaci
 Oštra Luka (was known as Srpski Sanski Most)
 Pale
 Pelagićevo
 Petrovac
 Petrovo
 Prijedor
 Prnjavor
 Ribnik (was known as Srpski Ključ)
 Rogatica
 Rudo
 Sokolac
 Srbac
 Srebrenica
 Šamac
 Šekovići
 Šipovo
 Teslić
 Trebinje
 Trnovo
 Ugljevik
 Višegrad
 Vlasenica
 Vukosavlje
 Zvornik

Renamed municipalities

Old municipalities 
 Bihać
 Centar Sarajevo
 Glamoč (part included in Šipovo)
 Gradačac (parts included in Modriča and Pelagićevo)
 Grahovo (formerly Bosansko Grahovo)
 Hadžići
 Ilijaš (part included in Sokolac)
 Konjic (parts included in Nevesinje)
 Lukavac (parts included in Petrovo)
 Maglaj (parts included in Doboj)
 Olovo (parts included in Sokolac)
 Rajlovac
 Srbobran (parts included in Šipovo) (formerly Donji Vakuf)
 Srebrenik
 Tuzla (parts included in Lopare)
 Vogošća
 Zavidovići

Republika Srpska
Settlements in Bosnia and Herzegovina
1994 in Europe
1990s in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Republika Srpska

Republika Srpska (Serbo-Croatian: Република Српска / Republika Srpska) is one of the two parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.  The other part is the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and there is also a special city that is not in either, the Brčko District.

Regions 
The Republika Srpska has seven main parts (called regions). They are:

Related pages
 Municipalities of Republika Srpska

References

Other websites 

Regions of Republika Srpska
 
1995 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kenneth Branagh

Sir Kenneth Branagh (born 10 December 1960) is a British actor, movie director and television producer. He played Hamlet. He has directed and acted in many Shakespeare adaptations. He has acted alongside popular actors including: Emma Thompson, Keanu Reeves, Michael Keaton, Maggie Smith and Alan Rickman. 

Since Richard Attenborough's death in August 2014, Branagh has been the president of the Royal Academy of the Dramatic Arts in London.

In 2022, he won a Golden Globe Award and Academy Award for screenplay writing for his movie Belfast.

Filmography

Other websites 

1960 births
Living people
BAFTA Award winning actors
BAFTA Award winning directors
British movie actors
British movie directors
British movie producers
British stage actors
British television actors
British television producers
Emmy Award winning actors
Actors from Belfast
Golden Globe Award winning writers
Academy Award winning writers
Sculpture

Sculpture is a type of art. It must be three-dimensional (meaning it must have height, width, and depth like a cube). There are many kinds of sculptures from different parts of the world, like China and India, or from different time periods, like the Renaissance and modern times. The pictures below are of sculptures:

Examples

Related pages
 Hologram
 Pottery
 Glass blowing
 Costume
 Mask
 Doll
 Relief
 Statue
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V (24 February 1500  21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1519, King of Castile and Aragon from 1516, and Lord of the Low Countries as Duke of Burgundy from 1506. 

Philip the Handsome (son of Maximilian I of Austria and Mary of Burgundy) and Joanna the Mad  (daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile) were his parents. He ruled Austria, Spain, Two Sicilies, Sardinia, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, Hungary, Bohemia, Croatia, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela.

His Majesty or His Imperial Majesty was first used when he was king. His Empire became large and was known as "in which the sun does not set". He was also known as "The Emperor of Universal Dominion."

He divided his empire between his brother Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and his son Philip II of Spain.

1500 births
1558 deaths
Holy Roman Emperors
Kings and Queens of Spain
Kings and Queens of Italy
Counts and countesses of Flanders
16th century in Germany
Lava

Lava is magma, hot molten rock that flows through holes in the Earth's crust and onto the surface. Like magma, lava can be either viscous (~thick) or fluid (~thin). Blocky lava is so thick and slow that it barely moves along the ground. Other types of lava, like pahoehoe, aa, and pillow lava, are thinner and flow faster. Lava sometimes sets things on fire. Sometimes it even destroys towns.

Types of lava

Blocky lava 
Blocky lava is cool, stiff lava that cannot travel far from where it was erupted. Blocky lava usually oozes out from a volcano only after an explosion has let out lots of the gas pressure from the place where there is magma. Blocky lava makes jumbled piles of sharp chunks.

Pahoehoe 
Pronounced pah HOY HOY, pahoehoe gets its name from the Hawaiian word for "ropy" because its surface looks like coils of rope. Pahoehoe lava flows slowly, like wax dripping down from a candle, making a glassy surface with round wrinkles.

Aa 
Aa is a Hawaiian word that is pronounced AH-AH. This lava that has a sharp, jagged surface. This stiff lava pours out quickly and makes a crust that breaks easily. The crust is torn into sharp pieces as the hot lava underneath still moves.

Pillow lava 
Pillow lava is made when lava erupts underwater. It makes round lumps that are the size and shape of pillows. Pillow lava has a round shape because the lava cools very quickly when it touches water.

They occur wherever mafic or intermediate lavas push out under water. This happens along marine hotspot volcano chains and the constructive plate boundaries of mid-ocean ridges. Pillow lavas occur in the oldest preserved volcanic sequences on earth, the Isua and Barberton greenstone belts. This shows that large bodies of water were on the Earth's surface early in the Archaean. Pillow lavas are used generally to show volcanism occurred underwater in metamorphic belts. Pillow lavas are also found where volcanoes were under ice early before an eruption.

Lava tube 
A lava tube is a natural channel formed in flowing lava. The lava continues flowing under the tube's upper surface. Later, when the lava is cooled and solid, the tube remains as a feature in the landscape.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Volcanic landforms of Hawaii
 USGS definition of Pāhoehoe

Volcanology
Greenwich Village

Greenwich Village is an area on the western part of southern/downtown Manhattan. It is sometimes called The Village. The Village is mainly residential.

Greenwich Village is bordered by Broadway to the east, Hudson River to the west, Houston Street to the south and 14th Street to the north.

Originally, Greenwich Village was a hamlet separate to New York City.  The grid plan for its streets is less orderly than in parts of Manhattan that were built later.

History 

The village is located on what used to be marshland. In the 16th century, Native Americans called it Sapokanikan which means tobacco field. In the 1630s, it was turned into pasture by the Dutch, who called it Noortwyck. In 1664, when the English captured the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam, and Greenwich Village developed as a hamlet.

In 1712, it officially became a village, and was named Grin'wich in the 1713 Common Council records. Following a yellow fever epidemic in 1822, many New York residents moved to the healthier air of Greenwich; where many stayed. In the 19th century, it was known as Washington Square.

Other websites 
 New York Architecture Images- Greenwich Village
 Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation
 Village Voice
 Greenwich Village, by Anna Alice Chapin, 1919, from Project Gutenberg

Manhattan
Neighborhoods of New York City
Yoshiki

is a Japanese musician. He is a co-founder of the Japanese band rock X Japan.  He also founded an independent record label Extasy Records. X Japan ended in 1997.  They got back together in 2007 and are currently touring worldwide.

Yoshiki's solo career includes two classical studio albums: Eternal Melody (1993), and Eternal Melody II (2005).

References

Musicians from Chiba Prefecture
Living people
1965 births
Aragonese language

The Aragonese language is a Romance language spoken in the north of Aragon by 10,000 people.

It is similar to nearby languages: Spanish, Catalan and Occitan. Also, many Aragonese words are similar to Basque words.

History 
Aragonese, which developed in parts of the Ebro basin, can be traced back to the High Middle Ages. It spread throughout the Pyrenees to areas where languages almost the same as modern Basque might have been spoken before. The Kingdom of Aragon (formed by the counties of Aragon, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza) expanded to the south from the mountains. It pushed the Moors farther south in the Reconquista and spreading the Aragonese language.

The union of the Catalan counties and the Kingdom of Aragon which formed the 12th-century Crown of Aragon did not merge the languages of the two areas; Catalan continued to be spoken in the east and Navarro-Aragonese in the west. The Aragonese Reconquista in the south ended when James I of Aragon gave Murcia to the Kingdom of Castile as dowry for an Aragonese princess.

The best-known writer in Aragonese was Johan Ferrandez d'Heredia, the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller in Rhodes at the end of the 14th century. He wrote a lot of works in Aragonese and translated several works from Greek into Aragonese (the first in medieval Europe).

The spread of Spanish, the Castilian origin of the Trastámara dynasty, and the similarity between Spanish and Aragonese helped the decline of the latter. A turning point was the 15th-century coronation of the Castilian Ferdinand I of Aragon, also known as Ferdinand of Antequera.

In the early 18th century, after the defeat of the allies of Aragon in the War of the Spanish Succession, Philip V ordered the prohibition of the Aragonese language in the schools and the institution of Spanish as the only official language in Aragon. This was ordered in the Aragonese Nueva Planta decrees of 1707.

In recent times, Aragonese was mostly seen as a group of rural dialects of Spanish. After the 1978 Spanish transition to democracy new books and studies of the language have been published.

References
1161



Events 
 Bartholomew Iscanus becomes Bishop of Exeter.

1161
1168



Events 
 December 22 – Afraid that Old Cairo would be captured by the Crusaders, its Caliph orders the city set afire. The city burns for 54 days.
 Prince Richard of England becomes duke of Aquitaine. He later becomes King Richard I of England.
 Emperor Takakura ascends to the throne of Japan.
 King Valdemar I of Denmark conquers Arkona on the Island of Rügen, the strongest pagan fortress and temple in Northern Europe.
1178

1178 was a common year.

Events 
 June 18 – Five Canterbury monks see what was possibly the Giordano Bruno crater being formed
 The Sung Document written detailing the discovery of "Mu-Lan-Pi" (suggested by some to be California) by Muslim sailors
 The Chronicle of Gervase of Canterbury written
 The Leaning Tower of Pisa begins to lean as the third level is completed
1280

Year 1280 (MCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Construction on the northern section of the Grand Canal of China begins.
 The final stage of the Lincoln Cathedral is completed.
 King Edward I of England forms the Court of King's Bench. The Bench hears petitions for justice instead of the king hearing them himself.
 The Wolf minimum of solar activity begins (approximate date).
 The Asen dynasty of tsars of Bulgaria ends.
 Syria tries to leave from the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt. Qalawun defeats the rebels and keeps Syria in the Egyptian sultanate.
 The second of two main surveys of the Hundred Rolls is completed. It began in 1279.
 Turin is conquered by Thomas III of Savoy. It becomes the capital of the House of Savoy.
 Osman starts to rule.

Births 
 Birger of Sweden (d. 1321)
 Wu Zhen, Chinese painter (d. 1354)

Deaths 
 May 9 – Magnus VI of Norway
 August 22 – Pope Nicholas III (b. 1218)
 November 15 – Albertus Magnus, German theologian
675

675 was a common year.

Deaths 
 Saint Colman, bishop of Lindisfarne
 Wulfhere, king of Mercia
 Saint Amand
1195

1195 (MCXCV) was .

Events 
 July 18 – Battle of Alarcos, great victory of Almohad ruler Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur over the Castilian King Alfonso VIII.
 Priory of St Mary's, Bushmead, founded.
 Alexius III Angelus overthrows Isaac II and becomes emperor of Byzantium.

Births 
 August 15 – Anthony of Padua, Portuguese preacher and saint (died 1231)
 Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence (died 1245)
 Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester (died 1265)

Deaths 
 August 6 – Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria (b. 1129)
 December 17 – Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut (born 1150)
 Gualdim Pais – Great Master of the Templars in Portugal (born 1118)
 Hugh de Puiset, bishop of Durham
1106

1106 was a common year.

Events 
 September 28 – Henry I of England defeats his older brother Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy, at the Battle of Tinchebrai, and imprisons him in Devizes castle; Edgar Atheling and William Clito are also taken prisoner.
 Balaguer, Spain, is captured from the Moors by the count of Urgell.
 Boleslaus III of Poland begins a war against his brother Zbigniew for control of Poland.
525

525 was a common year.

Events 
Bernicia settled by the Angles.
Ethiopia conquers Yemen.
The Daisan river, a tributary of the Euphrates, floods Edessa and within a couple of hours fills the entire city except for the highest parts. Eventually the pent-up waters break through the city walls. The Shroud of Turin was discovered during the rebuilding of the city.
Byzantine emperor Justin I rebuilds Anazarbus and renames it Justinopolis.
Dionysius Exiguus produces his tables for computing the date of Easter.
1380



Events 
September 8th - Battle of Kulikovo.

Deaths 
 January 5 – Philippa Plantagenet, Countess of Ulster (born 1355)
 April 29 – Catherine of Siena, Italian saint (born 1347)
 July 26 – Emperor Komyo of Japan (born 1322)
 September 16 – King Charles V of France (born 1338)
 Bertrand du Guesclin, Constable of France
 Dafydd ap Gwilym, Welsh poet
 Haakon VI of Norway (born 1340)
 Nissim of Gerona, rabbi (born 1320)
303

Year 303 (CCCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Great Persecution: Emperor Diocletian launches the last major persecution of Christians in the Empire. Hierocles is said to have started the fierce persecution of the Christians under Galerius. They are forbidden to worship in groups, and thousands of them are killed in the next 10 years.
 February 24 – Galerius publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Empire.
 September 25 – On a voyage preaching the gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France.
 November 28 – Diocletian makes a visit to Rome. The Augusti and the Caesars are united for the first time to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Diocletian's accession.
 The Triumphal Arch of Maximian is erected in Salonica.

Asia 
 Sassanid Shah Hormizd II succeeds Narseh.

America 
 In Mexico the civilization of Teotihuacan flourishes.

By topic

Religion 
 March 4 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia.

Births 
 Magnentius, Roman usurper (d. 353)
 Wang Xizhi, Chinese calligrapher (d. 361)

Deaths 
 April 23 – Saint George, soldier of the Roman Empire
 September 25 – Saint Fermin, Roman Catholic saint
 Acacius of Byzantium, centurion in the Roman army and martyr
 Adrian of Nicomedia, Christian saint
 Anthimus of Rome
 Cao Huan, last emperor of the Kingdom of Wei
 Cessianus, Roman Catholic saint and martyr
 Crescentinus, patron saint of Urbino
 Erasmus of Formiae
 Expeditus, Roman commander and martyr
 Felix and Adauctus, Christian martyrs
 Lu Ji, Chinese writer and literary critic
 Romanus of Caesarea, martyr 
 Saint Cyriacus
 Saint Devota
 Saint Pantaleon
 Victor Maurus, Christian martyr
 Vitus, Christian saint from Sicily

303
687



Events 
 December 15 – Sergius succeeds Conon as Pope
 King Theuderic III of Neustria is defeated by Pepin of Herstal, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia. Austrasia and Neustria are combined again; Pepin becomes de facto ruler of both areas.
 Egica succeeds Erwig as king of the Visigoths.
 Construction of the Dome of the Rock is started.
 Adamnan visits the Northumbrian court of Ecgfrith to ransom Irish captives.
1221

1221 was a common year.

Deaths 
 August 6 – Saint Dominic, Spanish founder of the Dominicans (born 1170)
 October 4 – William III Talvas, Count of Ponthieu (born 1179)
 October 21 – Alix of Thouars, Duchess of Brittany (born 1201)
 Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk
1304

1304 (MCCCIV) was .

Events 
 20 July – Fall of Stirling Castle: Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold in the Wars of Scottish Independence.
 James II of Aragon reconquers Villena, Spain.
 Holland and Zeeland are occupied by duke John II of Brabant and Guy of Dampierre. Count John II recovers the counties.
1156

1156 was a leap year.

Events 
 Establishment of the Carmelite Order
 Hogen Rebellion in Japan
 January 20 – According to legend, freeholder Lalli slays English crusader Bishop Henry with an axe on the ice of the lake Köyliönjärvi in Finland.
 The Privilegium Minus elevates Austria to the status of a duchy ruled by the Babenburgs family. (see History of Austria).
 Mosan artists create the Stavelot Triptych, a masterpiece of goldsmithing, as a reliquary to house purported pieces of the True Cross.
1226

1226 was a common year.

Deaths 
 March 7 – William de Longespee, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, English military leader
 October 3 – Francis of Assisi, Italian saint (born 1181)
 November 8 – King Louis VIII of France (born 1187)
 November 14 – Frederick of Isenberg, German politician (executed) (b. 1193)
 December 11 – Robert de Ros, English baron (born 1177)
 Pandulph, Roman ecclesiastical politician
1181



Events 
 Jayavarman VII defeats the Cham and assumes control of the Khmer kingdom.
 The word Albigensians first used by chronicler Geoffroy du Breuil of Vigeois to describe the inhabitants of Albi, France.
 September 1 — Pope Lucius III succeeds Pope Alexander III as the 171st pope.
 Chinese and Japanese astronomers observe what has since come to be understood as a supernova. One of only eight supernovae in the Milky Way observed in recorded history, it appeared in the constellation Cassiopeia and was visible in the night sky for about 185 days. The radio source 3C58 is thought to be the remnant from this event.
 Beginning of the Yowa era in Japan. The era is marked by famine.

Births 
 Saint Francis of Assisi, Italian founder of the Franciscan Order (died 1226)
 Saint Teresa of Portugal
 Jayavarman VII, king of the Khmer (died 1219)

Deaths 
 January 30 — Emperor Takakura of Japan (b. 1161)
 March 17 — Henry I of Champagne
 June 30 — Hugh de Kevelioc, 3rd Earl of Chester, English politician (b. 1147)
 August 30 — Pope Alexander III (b. c. 1100–1105)
 Taira no Kiyomori, Japanese warlord (b. 1118)
 As-Salih Ismail al-Malik, ruler of Syria (b. 1163)

1181
1219

1219 was a common year.

Events 
 Saint Francis of Assisi introduces Catholicism into Egypt, during the Fifth Crusade
 The Flag of Denmark fell from the sky during the Battle of Lyndanisse
1711

1711 was a common year.

Events 
 John Shore invents the tuning fork.
 Alexander Pope publishes An Essay on Criticism.

Births 
 April 26 - David Hume, Scottish philosopher (d. 1776)
 September 11 - William Boyce, English composer
 October 15 - Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine, Queen of Sardinia
 December 11 - Bárbara of Portugal, Portuguese princess

Deaths
 April 14 - Louis, le Grand Dauphin, son of Louis XIV of France (b. 1661)
1765



1765 (MDCCLXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar.

Events 
 The first true restaurant opens in Paris, where a tavern-keeper named Boulanger sells cooked dishes at an all-night place on the Rue Bailleul
 Nicholas Cugnot pioneers the automobile with a three-wheel gun tractor
 James Watt supersedes the 1705 Newcomen engine with a more effective steam engine
 In Lisbon, the auto-da-fé parade (often an excuse for violence against Jews or Christian 'heretics') is abolished
 Josef II becomes Holy Roman Emperor
 Horace Walpole publishes The Castle of Otranto
 The birth of Mary Bryant, one of the first successful escapees from the fledging Australian penal colony.
1590

1590 was a common year.

Events 
 March 14 – Battle of Ivry – Henry IV of France again defeats the forces of the Catholic League under the Duc de Mayenne.
 May – August – Unsuccessful siege of Paris by Henry IV of France. Henry is forced to raise the siege when the Duke of Parma comes to its relief with a Spanish army.
 May 17 – Anne of Denmark is crowned queen of Scotland.
 August 18 – John White, the governor of the Colony of Roanoke, returns from a supply-trip to England and finds his settlement deserted.
 September 15 – Pope Urban VII succeeds Sixtus V.
 December 5 – Pope Gregory XIV succeeds Urban VII.
 Coptic Pope Gabriel VIII succeeds Yoannis XIV.
 Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria Meletius I succeeds Silvester.
 Japan is united by Toyotomi Hideyoshi
1628

1628 was a leap year.

Events 
 March 1 – writs were issued in February 1628 by Charles I of England that every county in England (not just seaport towns) pay ship tax by this date.
 August 10 – The Swedish 64 gun sailing ship Vasa sinks on her maiden voyage in the Stockholm harbor
 September 6 – Puritans settle Salem which will later become part of Massachusetts Bay Colony.
 October 28–Siege of La Rochelle ends with the surrender of the Huguenots.
 Charles I reconvenes the English Parliament and accepts the Petition of Right as a concession to gain his subsidies.
 Island of Santorini explodes.
 John Felton assassinates George Villiers, duke of Buckingham.
 William Harvey publishes his findings about blood circulation.
 The Collegiate School, today the oldest educational institution in North America, is established.
 Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus, by William Harvey, is published.
1105

1105 was a common year.

Events 
 Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor deposed by his son, Henry V
 Tamna kingdom annexed by Korean Goryeo Dynasty.