alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
1789



Events 
 April 4 – The HMAV Bounty leaves Tahiti.
 April 28 – The Mutiny on the Bounty led by Fletcher Cristian.
 April 30 – George Washington becomes first President of United States.
 French Revolution: The people of France depose their king and rule the country themselves.

Births 
 September 15 – James Fenimore Cooper
Political virtues

The political virtues were listed by Bernard Crick "In Defense of Politics", 1982.  They included but were not limited to: 
prudence:
take one step, then see its results before taking another
conciliation:
making friends with people you have argued with
compromise:
giving up some things you want to get those things that are most important to you
variety:
people want to have a number of choices that are different from each other
adaptability:
meet the needs of changing times
liveliness:
never be boring

He sees these virtues as a way of avoiding ideology or "absolute-sounding ethic".  More virtues will lead to less conflict.  None of them can be forced on anyone.

Some other virtues have also been suggested:
humour,
empathy,
initiative
and compassion.  "Being brief" or "being positive" are sometimes claimed also to be virtues, but just as many people think they are bad things that only help avoid truth or serious problems.

Ethics
Tower of London

The Tower of London is a Norman stone fortress in London, England. It stands on the bank of the River Thames, in the oldest part of the city.

It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

History
The fortress was built by William the Conqueror, King William I, starting in 1078. The moat was built by Richard I, using water diverted from the River Thames.

The Tower had many uses. Its main function was to protect Norman rule in the years after the conquest. It was a prison, and a place of execution. Today, the Crown Jewels are kept there. This is the collection of jewels owned by the British state, and sometimes worn by the monarch. There is also a museum of armour.

Only the most important people were executed (by axe) inside the Tower of London. Among the most famous were:

George, Duke of Clarence (1478)
Anne Boleyn, Queen of England (1536) wife of King Henry VIII
Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex (1540)
Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury (1541)
Jane Boleyn, Viscountess Rochford (1542)
Catherine Howard, Queen of England (1542), wife of King Henry VIII
Lady Jane Grey (1554)
Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex (1601)

The Tower of London has a collection of ravens, large black birds of the Crow family. They are taken care of by the staff who work there. The ravens' wing feathers are kept short so they cannot fly away. This is because a legend (story) says that if the ravens leave the Tower, the Tower and the Kingdom will fall.

The closest Underground station to the Tower of London is Tower Hill.

Escape attempts 
Ranulf Flambard: 1100, successfully escaped.  Gruffudd ap Llywelyn ap Iorwerth: 1244, fell from the tower and died during escape attempt.

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom

References

Other websites

 Tower of London website

London, Tower of
Royal residences in the United Kingdom
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Towers in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
11th-century buildings and structures
1542



Events 
 December 14 – Accession of Mary, Queen of Scots

Births 
 June 6 – Richard Grenville, Elizabethan sailor (died 1591)
 June 24 – St. John of the Cross, Spanish Carmelite friar and poet (died 1591)
 October 15 – Akbar, Jellaladin Mahommed, ruler of the Mughal Empire (died 1605)
 December 8 – Mary, Queen of Scots (died 1587)
 Robert Bellarmine, Catholic theologian and saint (died 1621)
 Toda Kazuaki, samurai in the service of Tokugawa Ieyasu (died 1604)
 Anthony Shirley, English traveller (died 1635)
 John Speed, historian (died 1629)
 Horio Yoshiharu, Japanese daimyo (died 1611)
 Kuki Yoshitaka, Japanese naval commander
 Jan Zamoyski, Polish nobleman (died 1605)

Deaths 
 February 13 – Katherine Howard, Queen of England
 December 14 – James V, King of Scotland
Cardiff

Cardiff is the capital and biggest city of Wales. It is also the 11th biggest city in the United Kingdom. Its name in the Welsh language is Caerdydd. A 2011 census says that around 346,100 people live in Cardiff. It is the most important city in Wales for tourism, culture, government, sport, transport, nightlife and business.

Cardiff was declared a city in 1905, and it became the capital of Wales in 1955.

History 
The Romans built a fort here in about 55 AD. Later, a castle was built within the walls of the fort when the city was first founded.

In 1404, Owain Glyndŵr set Cardiff on fire. Most of the buildings in Cardiff were made out of wood, so fire destroyed the city.

Demographics 
At the 2011 census, the biggest ethnic group in Cardiff is White (84.7%), other groups are Asian (8%), Black (2.4%), Arab (1.4%), Mixed (2.9%)

Places
Cardiff has a big port that used to be known as Tiger Bay. It is now just called Cardiff Bay, and the Welsh Government works there. There are now lots of shops, pubs and restaurants in Cardiff Bay. Cardiff has an international airport, and is twinned with Nantes in France and Stuttgart in Germany. Cardiff has one of the largest stadiums in the United Kingdom, the Millennium Stadium, where important world sports matches and concerts happen. Other big stadiums in the city are the Cardiff City Stadium, where the main football team play, Cardiff Arms Park where the main rugby team play, and the SWALEC Stadium where cricket is played.

Three big rivers flow through Cardiff - the Taff, the Ely and the Rhymney.

Part of Cardiff is built on marshland.

Transportation

To get around, there are lots of bus routes and train lines in the city. There are two big train stations in Cardiff city centre, called Central station and Queen Street station, but there are also 18 other smaller stations in the city for local areas. There are lots of cycle paths in Cardiff on and off the road.

Education
Cardiff has a large university, with 33,000 students, making it the tenth-largest university in Britain. The city also has 127 schools.

References
Valladolid

Valladolid () is a city in Spain, with a population of 316,564. It is the capital of Castile and León, and one of the historical capitals of the Spanish Kingdom.

On 19 October, 1469, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile married secretely in the Palacio de los Vivero. Also, Christopher Columbus died in the city on 20 May, 1506.

The river that runs through the city is known as the Pisuerga. Valladolid has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification).

Capital cities in Spain
Elizabeth Gaskell

Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell (29 September 1810 – 12 November 1865) was an English writer.

She was born in Chelsea, London. After her mother died, she lived with her aunt in Knutsford, Cheshire. She married William Gaskell, a priest, in 1832. They lived in Manchester, where several of her books are set. She died of a heart attack in Holybourne, Hampshire.

Her most famous books are Mary Barton, Cranford, North and South, and Wives and Daughters. She also wrote a book of the life of her friend, writer Charlotte Brontë. Some of her books have been made into movies and television programmes.

References

Other websites 
 The Gaskell Society

1810 births
1865 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
English novelists
Writers from Cheshire
Writers from London
Naples

Naples is a southern Italian city with a port. It faces the Mediterranean Sea and is near Mount Vesuvius. Its name in Italian is Napoli which came from its Greek name Neapolis, meaning new city.  It has a population of about 1 million.  About 3 million live in the area around Naples (including Naples itself).

There is one airport in the city, Naples International Airport at Capodichino.

History 

Ancient Greeks settled Naples in the 6th Century B.C. There were so many Greeks there, the Romans called it Magna Graecia, which means "Greater Greece." Later the Romans conquered southern Italy and took Naples.  When the Roman Empire fell to invaders in the west, Naples came under the rule of the Byzantine Empire, the Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire.

Naples became independent later and but was combined with the Kingdom of Sicily during the Middle Ages. By 1500 it was ruled by Aragón, which was a kingdom in eastern Spain. Later Naples became part of Spain when Aragon and the other kingdom in Spain called Castile became one country. Naples was part of this Kingdom of Spain until the Austrian Empire got it in the War of the Spanish Succession in 1714.

In the 19th century it was the capital of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.  The Duchy of Savoy, or kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, conquered Naples in 1861.  That kingdom became the Kingdom of Italy.  Naples was heavily bombed when Italy fought in World War Two and British/American armies tried to capture it.

Today Naples is the capital of Campania and the largest city in southern Italy.

Climate 

The average temperature in the summer is 24°C. In the winter, the average can be as low as 8°C. There is usually around 40 inches of rain in the city every year.

Economy 

Naples is Italy's fourth-largest economy, with a 2011 GDP of US$83.6 billion. The Port of Naples is one of the most important and busy ports in the Mediterranean. The city, however, still has a lot of organized crime and political corruption, but it is also famous for its musical, theatrical and cinematographic culture.

Naples is a popular city for tourists. It was rated the 166th-most-visited city in the world in 2008.

Recently, more people work in the service industry than in agriculture. In 2003, 31% of people worked in public services, 18% in manufacturing, 14% in commerce, 10% in construction, 8% in transportation, 7% in financial services, 5% in agriculture, 4% in the hotel business and 3% work in other fields.

Related pages
Neapolitan Mastiff
Charles III of Spain

References

Other websites 
 official website 
 TrekEarth Gallery of Photos
 Time Out Tourist Guide to Naples 
 Naples -Wikivoyage

 
6th-century BC establishments
Milan

Milan (Italian: Milano; ancient Medhelan Mediolanum (City in the middle of the lands)) is a city in northern Italy. Milan is the capital of the Milano Provence and of the Lombardy Region. It is populated by 1,308,735 inhabitants.
It is the most populated province in Italy, and it is the second biggest city in Italy (after Rome).

Milan is the fashion capital of the world and its important influence on design, economics, opera, and the media make it amongst the world's top 18 Global cities, along with Moscow, Buenos Aires and Kuala Lumpur.

History 
Mediolanum was founded by Insubres, a Celtic people. It was captured by the Romans in 222 BC. Milan became very successful under the Roman Empire.

Milan was ruled by the Spanish in the 1500s and the Austrians in the 1700s. During the Renaissance and the Romantic periods, Milan was a major cultural center in the whole of Europe, famous for its literature and opera.

During the war, the city was badly affected by Allied bombings and during the 50s and 60s the city grew into being the wealthy and industrial metropolis it is today.

References
Tintagel Castle

Tintagel Castle is in Cornwall, a county in England.

Reginald, Earl of Cornwall built the castle on Tintagel Head (a piece of land by the sea) in about 1150. In Cornish legend, this is the place where the old Kings of Cornwall lived. Reginald built the castle for propaganda, not for military use; he wanted people to think of Camelot when they thought about him. Some people say King Arthur was born at the castle, because traditional stories say the King of Cornwall looked after him when he was a child.

The modern village of Tintagel was first called Trevena. Then, in the 1850s, it got a new name, to bring in tourism because of the King Arthur and Camelot legends. Tintagel is only the name of land by the sea.

Castles in England
Buildings and structures in Cornwall
12th-century buildings and structures
Gwyneth Paltrow

Gwyneth Kate Paltrow (born September 28, 1972) is an American actress and singer. She was born in Los Angeles, California. 

Her father was movie director Bruce Paltrow. Her mother is actress Blythe Danner. Her brother is director Jake Paltrow. Her uncle is singer-actor Harry Danner. Her half-cousin is actress Katherine Moennig. She studied Spanish in Talavera of the Queen, Spain. Paltrow married Coldplay singer Chris Martin on December 5, 2003. The couple separated in 2014. They have a daughter, Apple (born May 14, 2004) and son, Moses (born April 8, 2006). Since 2008, she plays Pepper Potts in the Marvel Cinematic Universe which is her most famous role.

Filmography

Discography

Singles

Featured singles

Album appearances

Music videos

References

Other websites

 
 
 Gwyneth Paltrow's Newsletter, Goop

References

Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
1972 births
Living people
Jennifer Garner

Jenny Anne Garner (born April 17, 1972) is a Golden Globe Award- and SAG Award-winning and Emmy Award-nominated American movie and television actress, and producer. She first became famous for her role as Sydney Bristow on Alias, a CIA agent. She was also in Juno, Pearl Harbor, and Dude, Where's My Car.

Garner joined the Ban Bossy campaign in 2014.

References

Other websites 
 
 
 
 Self magazine interview transcript (June, 2005)
 Cinema Confidential interview (January 10, 2005)
 Get Lippy interview  (January, 2005)
 Moviehole interview  (April 15, 2004)
 1UP interview  (April, 2004)
 Dark Horizons interview  (February 3, 2003)
 TRL interview transcript (Friday, November 16, 2001)
 Elle Magazine Cover Story January 2007 

1972 births
Living people
American movie actors
Actors from Houston
Actors from West Virginia
American movie producers
American television actors
Golden Globe Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Heather Graham

Heather Joan Graham (born January 29, 1970 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin) is an American actress.

Her father is a retired FBI agent. Her mother is a writer of books for children.  Her sister, Aimee, is an actress and writer. Graham's parents are Catholics. They did not want their daughter to make any movies about sex. She does not talk to her parents.

Graham was a student at the University of California, Los Angeles. She met James Woods when she was a student. She stopped going to college so she could become an actress.

Graham was in the movie Drugstore Cowboy in 1989. In 1997, She was in the movie Boogie Nights.  She played a character called "Roller Girl".  She played the character called "Felicity Shagwell" in the movie Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me in 1999.  She was in the movie From Hell in 2001, in which she played a character called "Mary Kelly".

She was in several episodes of the television series Scrubs in 2004 and 2005.

Graham appeared in advertisements for Garnier hair care products and for Skyy vodka.

Graham has dated several famous men. These include UK musician/actor Adam Ant, actors James Woods, Kyle McLachlan and Heath Ledger, and directors Stephen Hopkins and Edward Burns.

Filmography

References

American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Milwaukee
1970 births
Living people
Christina Ricci

Christina Ricci (born February 12, 1980) is an American actress.  She was born in Santa Monica, California and grew up in Montclair, New Jersey.

Filmography

Movies

Television

Other works

Music
 2005: "Hell Yes" – Beck

Music videos
 1990: "The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)" – Cher
 1991: "Addams Groove" – MC Hammer
 1993: "Addams Family (Whoomp!)" – Tag Team
 2000: "Natural Blues" – Moby

Video games
 2008: The Legend of Spyro: Dawn of the Dragon as Cynder
 2008: Speed Racer: The Videogame as Trixie

Audiobook
 Gossip Girl – Narrator
 Gossip Girl "You Know You Love Me" – Narrator

Other websites

 

20th-century American actors
21st-century American actors
1980 births
Actors from New Jersey
Actors from Santa Monica, California
American child actors
American movie actors
American voice actors
American television actors
Living people
People from Montclair, New Jersey
Julia Roberts

Julia Fiona Roberts (born October 28, 1967) is an American actress and producer. She is best known for her roles in the movies Steel Magnolias (1989), Pretty Woman (1990), Runaway Bride (1998) and Erin Brockovich (2000). Roberts regularly plays characters of attractive powerful women. She has been among People Magazine's 50 Most Beautiful People in the world eight times.

Early life and family
Roberts was born in Smyrna, Georgia, to Betty Lou (née Bredemus) and Walter Grady Roberts She is of English, Scottish, Irish, Welsh, German, and Swedish ancestry. Her father was a Baptist and her mother a Roman Catholic, and she was raised a Catholic. Her older brother, Eric Roberts, from whom she was estranged until 2004; sister Lisa Roberts Gillan; and niece Emma Roberts, are also actors.

Personal life
Roberts' first marriage was to musician Lyle Lovett; they divorced. She and her husband Danny Moder have three children. She gave birth to twins, Hazel Patricia and Phinnaeus Walter, in 2004. In 2007, she gave birth to a son, Henry Daniel.

Roberts is a convert to Hinduism.

Filmography

References

Other websites

 The Julia Roberts Community

American movie actors
American movie producers
American television actors
Actors from Atlanta
BAFTA Award winning actors
Best Actress Academy Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
1967 births
Living people
Angelina Jolie

Angelina Jolie (pronounced as Djole; née Voight, formerly Jolie Pitt, born June 4, 1975) is an American actress, movie producer, screenwriter, and author. She began acting at about 12 years old, and since then has starred in many movies.

She is the daughter of Jon Voight, who is also an actor and former actress/model Marcheline Bertrand. Her full name is Angelina Jolie Voight, but she decided to go by Angelina Jolie. She grew up in Los Angeles and attended the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute.

Early life
She was born in Los Angeles, California. She is the daughter of actors Jon Voight and Marcheline Bertrand. She is the sister of actor James Haven, niece of singer-songwriter Chip Taylor, and goddaughter of actors Jacqueline Bisset and Maximilian Schell. On her father's side, Jolie is of German and Slovak descent, and on her mother's side, she is of primarily French Canadian, Dutch, and German ancestry. Like her mother, Jolie has stated that she is part Iroquois, although her only known Native American ancestor was a Huron woman born in 1649.

Career
Jolie played her first leading role in the 1993 movie Cyborg 2. In 1999 Jolie played Lisa Rowe in Girl, Interrupted.

She was awarded an honorary damehood by the British government in 2014 in recognition of her work in preventing sexual violence. She was presented with the award by Queen Elizabeth II. As an American citizen, she cannot be called "Dame Angelina", but she can use the letters "DCMG" after her name.

Awards
She won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Girl, Interrupted.

Marriage and family
Jolie self-identifies as bisexual. She has been married to Jonny Lee Miller and Billy Bob Thornton.

She has three adopted children. She lives with actor Brad Pitt. Pitt and Angelina are called 'Brangelina' by the media. They have three biological children. On May 27, 2006, Jolie gave birth to a girl, Shiloh. In 2008, she also gave birth to twins, Vivienne Marcheline and Knox Leon. On August 28, 2014, Jolie married Pitt in France. In September 2016, they separated and she filed for divorce. Jolie is currently battling for full custody of her six children.

Health
She said in May 2013 that she had undergone a preventive double mastectomy after learning she had an 87% risk of getting breast cancer. Jolie has a defective BRCA1 gene resulting in a very high risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Jolie said she might have her ovaries removed to prevent cancer.

Movies

References

Other websites

1975 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Satellite Award winners
Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
Bisexual people
LGBT actors
LGBT people from California
LGBT producers
Movie producers from Los Angeles
Saturn Award winners
Lisa Kudrow

{{Infobox actor
| name               = Lisa Kudrow
| image              = Lisa Kudrow 2.jpg
| caption            = Lisa Kudrow in 2009
| birth_date         = 
| birth_place        = Encino, Los Angeles, California
| awards             = Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series  1998 Friends
| known_for          = Acting roles:Phoebe Buffay and Ursula Buffay in FriendsMichele Weinberger in Romy and Michele's High School ReunionValerie Cherish in The ComebackUrsula Buffay in Mad About You| spouse             = Michel Stern (1995 - present) 1 child
}}

Lisa Valerie Kudrow (born July 30, 1963 in Encino, California) is an American actress. She was best known for her roles as Ursula on Mad About You and Phoebe on Friends. Friends'' has been very popular lately and is still selling many copies, beating many popular shows even though it finished a long time ago. She also starred in P.S. I Love You playing the role Denise Hennessey.

References

Other websites

 

1963 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
Webby Award winners
Grace Kelly

Grace Kelly (November 12, 1929 – September 14, 1982) was an American actress and royal. She later married Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, and became Her Serene Highness The Princess of Monaco.

Early life 
Grace Kelly was born at Hahnemann University Hospital, Philadelphia on November 12 1929. Her father was an Irish American and her mother was a German American.

Acting career 
Grace Kelly graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in 1949. She made her film debut in Fourteen Hours (1951) and gained stardom from her roles in Fred Zinnemann's western film High Noon (1952), and John Ford's adventure-romance Mogambo (1953). Other notable works include Dial M for Murder, Rear Window, and To Catch a Thief. In 1955 she won an Academy Award for The Country Girl. She was the first actress to appear on a postage stamp. She was also mentioned in Billy Joel's song "We Didn't Start the Fire" and in Mika's song "Grace Kelly" (2007). 

The classic head-cover of a silk scarf crossed under the chin and knotted at the side or nape of the neck is universally known as the "Grace Kelly". This chic look is still copied by many female Hollywood stars when they wish to retain a degree of anonymity in the public eye.

Life as a royal 
Grace Kelly retired from acting at age 26 to marry Rainier III of Monaco. 

With Prince Rainier, she had three children:
 Princess Caroline of Monaco (born January 23, 1957)
 Albert II, Prince of Monaco (born March 14, 1958)
 Princess Stéphanie of Monaco (born February 1, 1965)
As Princess of Monaco, Grace Kelly was known for her charity work. In 1982, Kelly suffered a stroke which caused her to crash her car. She died in hospital the next day. Her son, Prince Albert, helped establish the Princess Grace Awards in 1984.

References

Other websites 

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Philadelphia
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Road accident deaths
Deaths from stroke
1929 births
1982 deaths
Recipients of the Order pro merito Melitensi
Princes and princesses of Monaco
Hilary Swank

Hilary Swank (born July 30, 1974) is an Academy and Golden Globe Award-winning American actress. The is the second woman in the world to win two Oscars before thirty (the first one was Jodie Foster). Swank's movies include Million Dollar Baby and Freedom Writers. She played Gail Getty in the 2018 television series Trust.

Swank was born in Lincoln, Nebraska. When she was nine she played her first role as Mowgli in her school's version of  "The Jungle Book" by Rudyard Kipling. Afterward she often was in school and university performances.

Other websites 

1974 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Nebraska
American movie actors
American television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
People from Lincoln, Nebraska
BBC 100 Women
Nana Visitor

Nana Visitor (born July 26, 1957) is an American actress. Visitor was born in New York City. She is most famous for playing Kira Nerys in the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.

Visitor married fellow Star Trek actor Alexander Siddig in 1997. They had a son in 1996. Visitor and Siddig divorced in 2001.

Visitor is the niece of American actress Cyd Charisse.

American television actors
Actors from New York City
1957 births
Living people
Alexander Siddig

Alexander Siddig (November 21, 1965) is a Sudanese actor.  Siddig is most famous for playing Dr Julian Bashir in the Star Trek television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.

Siddig married fellow Star Trek actor Nana Visitor in 1997.  They had a son in 1996. Siddig and Visitor divorced in 2001.

Siddig is the nephew of English actor Malcolm McDowell and of former Sudanese Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi.

References

Sudanese people
1965 births
Living people
Louvre

The Louvre is a museum in Paris. It has millions of visitors every year because of its art collection. It is the most visited art museum in the world.

The most famous piece of art in the Louvre is the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci. Other paintings include works of Rembrandt, Giambattista Pittoni, Caravaggio, Rubens, Titian and Eugène Delacroix.

There are also many statues inside the Louvre. The most famous statues are the Venus de Milo and the Winged Victory of Samothrace.

History of the Louvre 
Philip II of France built a castle called the Castle of the Louvre. It used to be where the museum is. They used the castle as a fortress to defend Paris against the Vikings.
Charles V, King of France turned the castle into a palace. However, Francis I, King of France, knocked it down and built a new palace.

Henry IV, King of France added the Grande Galerie to the Louvre. The Grande Galerie is more than a quarter of a mile long and one hundred feet wide. The Grande Galerie was built along the River Seine. It was the longest building in the world.

The building was renovated during François Mitterand's time as French President. The glass pyramid and the inverted pyramid (made famous by The Da Vinci Code, a novel and later a movie) were the work of architect I.M. Pei.

References

Other websites 
 
Free photos of Louvre
Fullscreen Virtual Tour by Virtualsweden 
History of the Louvre
Excerpt of Michael T. Cannell's book on I.M. Pei — discusses controversy over Pei's pyramid.
Official École du Louvre website  (Requires Flash)

Art museums in France
Museums in Paris
Venus de Milo

The Venus de Milo is an ancient Greek statue. It is in the Louvre, a museum in Paris, France. The Venus de Milo represents Aphrodite, the goddess of love in Greek mythology. The statue is made of marble and is 203cm high. It is believed to be the work of Alexandros of Antioch. The Venus de Milo was found on 8 April 1820 on the Aegean island of Melos. King Louis XVIII of France presented the Venus de Milo to the Louvre in 1821.

Other websites 
 Musée du Louvre – Louvre Museum : Venus de Milo 
 Controversy and politics over the sculptor's identity 
 Unusual Louvre Museum Image  of the Venus di Milo.

Ancient Greek marble sculptures
Ancient Greek statues
2nd-century BC works
Aphrodite

Aphrodite (Ancient Greek: Ἀφροδίτη, Aphrodítē) is the Ancient Greek goddess of love, beauty. She was also the goddess of procreation. Aphrodite is one of the Twelve Olympians. The most beautiful and refined of the goddesses, Aphrodite was married to Hephaestus, god of fire and metalworking. Aphrodite had numerous affairs with other beings, the most notable of these being Ares, the god of war.

In Homer's Iliad, one of the Oceanids.
In Hesiod's Theogony, however, Aphrodite is stated to have risen from sea foam, formed at the spot where Uranos' genitals landed, after Kronos castrated him and tossed them into the sea. Aphrodite's cult was centered on the islands of Cythera and Cyprus, both of which were claimed to be her birthplace. Her main festival was the Aphrodisia, which was celebrated annually every midsummer. The Charites (minor goddesses of grace and splendor) attended to Aphrodite and served as her handmaidens. Aphrodite's symbols include the dolphin, myrtle, rose, dove, sparrow, swan and pearl, and the dove, sparrow and swan were her sacred animals. The goddess Venus is her Roman equivalent. Aphrodite was quite often described as very beautiful, and was used as a point of comparison for female beauty - but just as she was beautiful, she just as smart and wise.

Children
Eros, Phobos, Deimos, Harmonia, Pothos, Anteros, Himeros, Hermaphroditos, Rhode, Eryx, Peitho, Tyche, Eunomia, The Graces, Priapus, and Aeneas. She has 16 children in total.

Marriage 
Aphrodite was very beautiful, which made Zeus afraid that she would be the cause of fights between the other gods. He therefore gave Aphrodite to Hephaestus. Hephaestus was happy to be married to Aphrodite and gave her many pieces of jewelry which were gifts of love, like a belt that when ever she wore it, it would make men be attracted to her. Aphrodite, however, was not attracted to him. So she spent most of her time with Ares, but she also spent time with Adonis and Anchises. She had many children.

 children with Ares (pronounced air-es): Harmonia, Deimos (pronounced day-mos), Phobos, and Eros (pronounced e-ros).
 child with Anchises (pronounced an-chi-ses): Aeneas (pronounced ain-ne-us).

References

Related pages
 Venus - Roman version of Aphrodite.

Twelve Olympians
Gods and goddesses of beauty
Gods and goddesses of fertility
Gods and goddesses of love and lust
Venus (mythology)

In Roman mythology, Venus is the goddess of love and beauty. She was the Roman version of the Greek Aphrodite and Etruscan Turan.

Her cult began in Ardea and Lavinium, Latium.  On August 18, 293 BC, the first temple to her was built . August 18 was then a festival called the Vinalia Rustica.  On April 1, the Veneralia was celebrated in honor of Venus Verticordia, the protector against vice.  On April 23, 215 BC, a temple was built on the Capitol dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Lake Trasum.

Venus was also married to Vulcan, who was the god of fire, volcanoes and blacksmiths.  Julius Caesar claimed Venus Genetrix as his own personal, divine ancestress.

Related pages
 Aphrodite - Greek mythology version of Venus. 

Roman gods and goddesses
Gods and goddesses of beauty
Gods and goddesses of fertility
Gods and goddesses of love and lust
Jupiter (mythology)

Jupiter (Latin: Iuppiter) is the king of the gods in Roman mythology. He was the god of the sky and thunder. His brother's name was Pluto and his sister was Ceres.

Life of Jupiter

Saturn, who was the previous king of the gods, began to swallow the children that he had with his wife,(Greek equivalent Rhea), when they were born. This was because he had been warned that one of his children would overthrow him. Saturn swallowed the children Neptune, Pluto, Ceres, Juno and Vesta. When Ops realised that she was pregnant with Jupiter, she had the baby secretly and moved to Crete, giving a stone wrapped in baby clothes to Saturn for him to eat. Saturn believed he had eaten Jupiter but Jupiter was saved.

Overthrowing Saturn
After Jupiter was raised by his mother, his destiny was to take over his own father, Saturn, as revenge for all he had done to his brothers and sisters in the past. When Jupiter grew up, he made Saturn vomit up all of the children he had swallowed. All the brothers and sisters joined forces and overthrew Saturn.

Battle of the Titans
Then, with the help of the Cyclops and the Hundred-handed Giants, they declared war on Saturn and the other Titans. Jupiter finally defeated the Titans and they were imprisoned in Tartarus.

Dividing the universe
Jupiter and his brothers divided the universe into three parts, Jupiter obtaining the heavens, Neptune the sea and Pluto the underworld. This is how Jupiter became the king of the gods.

Related pages
 Tinia - Etruscan mythology equivalent to Jupiter
 Zeus - Greek mythology equivalent to Jupiter
 Odin - Norse mythology equivalent to Jupiter

Notes

References

Roman gods and goddesses
Gods and goddesses of the sky
Gods and goddesses of thunder
Minerva

Minerva was the Roman goddess of crafts and wisdom whose symbol was the owl. The Greeks called her Athena but the Romans didn't make her as warlike as Athena. As Minerva Medica she was goddess of medicine and doctors. Many coins showed her.

Related pages
 Menrva - Etruscan mythology version of Minerva
 Athena - Greek mythology version of Minerva

Roman gods and goddesses
Virgin goddesses
Athena

Athena is the Greek goddess of wisdom, warfare, handiwork, and strategy. She is one of the Twelve Olympians. Athena's symbol is the owl, the wisest of the birds. She also had a shield called Aegis, which was a gift given to her by Zeus. She is usually shown wearing her helmet and often with her shield. The shield later had Medusa's head on it; after Perseus killed her, he gave the head of Medusa to Athena for safekeeping and she put the head on her shield. 

Athena is the protector of Athens, Greece, a city named after her. The Parthenon, which is on the Acropolis in Athens, is her most famous temple. She also helped many heroes, including Heracles, Jason, and Odysseus, and is always seen with Nike, the goddess of victory.

Birth  
There are many stories about Athena's birth. In Hesiod's Theogony, Zeus married Metis, but soon after, Zeus was scared of her giving birth to a child because the Oracle of Delphi had said that she will give birth to Athena, and a son that would overthrow Zeus, just like Zeus overthrew Kronos, who overthrew his father Uranus. 

To stop Metis giving birth to her son, Zeus made a plan.  He played a game with Metis, they shape shifted into different animals, Metis turned turned into a fly, Zeus saw his chance and he swallowed her whole.  Zeus was too late, as Metis was already pregnant.

While she was inside Zeus's head, Metis made a helmet, armor, and a robe for Athena.  The hammering noise caused Zeus to have a severe headache.  The headache became worse.  Hephaestus split his head open and Athena came out full grown and with armor on.

Titles and patronages 
Athena is the goddess of knowledge, purity, arts, crafts, learning, justice and wisdom.  She also plays a tough, clever and independent role. Athenians thought she helped them win the Trojan war. Athena often helped heroes, especially ones who were not just brave but clever, like Jason and Perseus. People joined her cult, hoping she would give them victory. She was also the creator of the olive tree and flute.

Attributes and epithets 
Athena was given many other titles. She has the epithet Ergane as the patron of craftsmen and artisans. With the epithet Parthenos she was especially worshipped in the festivals of the Panathenaea and Pamboeotia where both militaristic and athletic displays took place. With the epithet Promachos she led in battle. With the epithet Polias, Athena was the protector of not only Athens but also of many other cities, including Argos, Sparta, Gortyn, Lindos, and Larisa.

Related pages 

 Menrva - Etruscan version of Athena.
 Minerva - Roman version of Athena.

Other websites 

 Athena -Citizendium

Twelve Olympians
National personifications
Virgin goddesses
National symbols of Greece
Nagano (city)

Nagano () is a city in Japan. It is the capital of Nagano Prefecture (). Nagano has been recognized as a core city since 1999.

As of October 1, 2007, 2,182,190 people lived in Nagano.

History
In 1998, the Olympic Games were held in Nagano.

References

Cities in Chūbu
Olympic cities
Settlements in Nagano Prefecture
Denise Lewis

Denise Lewis (born 27 August 1972) is a British retired athlete from West Bromwich. She won the bronze medal in the heptathlon at the 1996 Summer Olympics. She won the gold medal in the heptathlon at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

In late 2004, she was a contestant in the second series of Strictly Come Dancing.

References

Other websites 

Black British sportspeople
British athletes
British Olympic bronze medalists
British Olympic gold medalists
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Sports commentators
Sportspeople from West Midlands (county)
Strictly Come Dancing participants
1972 births
Living people
Michael Johnson

Michael Duane Johnson (born on September 13, 1967), Dallas, Texas is an American retired sprinter. He is widely considered the greatest long sprinter of all time. During his time on the track, he established world records for the 400 m (43.18 Seville, Spain), indoor 400 m, indoor 300 m, 200 m, and 4 × 400 m relay. Due to these achievements, and due to the vast difference between the 200 m and 400 m, Johnson left little doubt that he is the greatest sprinter of all time. He won four Olympic gold medals and eight World Championships gold medals.

A fifth Olympic gold medal was taken back when it was learned that Johnson's teammates had cheated by using drugs.

Johnson had a unique upright posture when he ran so that he looked like a duck walk, which gave him the nickname The Duck. His running gait did not make sense for running fast, but somehow worked. He won almost every race that he ever ran.

He was the first athlete to win both the 200m and 400m sprints in the same Olympic Games (Atlanta, Georgia).

He retired in 2001, and is a sports commentator on TV. He was a contestant in the 2010 season of The Celebrity Apprentice.

References

Other websites

1967 births
Living people
African-American track and field athletes
American Olympic gold medalists
American sprinters
Sportspeople from Dallas
Iron Age

The Iron Age is the period after the Bronze Age in Europe, Asia, and parts of Africa. Iron production took place in Anatolia at least as early as 1200 BC, with some  evidence pointing to even earlier dates.

In the Mesopotamian states of Sumer, Akkad and Assyria, the use of iron reaches far back, to perhaps 3000 BC. One of the earliest smelted iron artifacts known was a dagger with an iron blade found in a Hattic tomb in Anatolia, dating from 2500 BC. The widespread use of iron weapons which replaced bronze weapons rapidly disseminated throughout the Near East (North Africa, southwest Asia) by the beginning of the 1st millennium BC.

Before this time, people used bronze or flint tools, and pottery. They farmed, and lived in communities. Most of Europe, Africa and Asia reached the Iron Age by 500 BC. It is a period of prehistory because, though iron and steel continue to be important even today, the "Iron Age" is defined as ending when people began to write their history.

Iron is easy to find, but hard to make into tools. It melts at a higher temperature than bronze. When blacksmiths learned how to make iron tools, they were able to make many of them. With more and better tools, people could do more. For example, more people could own a metal plough. They could farm their fields better and grow more crops. Some people invented coins to help buy and sell their crops and their iron tools. 

Bronze weapons and armor were no match for those made of iron, so many peoples who did not have iron were conquered by those who did. Soldiers used iron shields and helmets in battle.

References 

Ancient history
Periods and ages in history
Entertainment

Entertainment is something that gives pleasure, or distracts a person from daily life, like a sport or game that excites people and keeps their attention. Some entertainment, like horror movies, can also make people feel sad or scared. Other entertainment, like comedy shows, are funny.

Entertainment can help reduce stress.

Entertainments is a form of activity that holds the attention and interest of an audience, or gives pleasure and delight. it can be an idea or an activity or even a task.

List of entertainments 

 Cinema
Television
 Sport
 Theatre + Puppetry + Stand-up comedy 
 Reading
 Circus
 Tourism
 Dance
 Board games
 Video games
Party
Festival
Parade with fireworks
Carnival
Street performance
Internet + Social Network
Art gallery
Museum
Park
Cafe
Cabaret
Concert
Opera
Ballet
Theme park
Beach
Exhibition
Toys
Fashion show
Zoo 
Water park
Bathhouse
Swimming pool
Cycling
Spa hotel
Countryside
Picnic 
Ski resort
Storytelling
Banquet
Walking
Shopping
Magic
Tournament
Playground
Nightclub
Camping or summer camp   

 
Media
Open Site

Open Site is a free internet encyclopedia created by many editors. Anyone can apply to become an editor or donate content.

Categories 

At Open Site all the content is separated into categories. There are eleven main categories which each have many subcategories. These are the main categories:
 Arts - has information about art and entertainment.
 Business - has information about economics.
 Computers - has information about computers.
 Games - has information about games.
 Health - has information about health.
 Home - has information about home and families.
 Recreation - has information about leisure.
 Regional - has information about countries.
 Science - has information about science.
 Society - has information about society and people.
 Sports - has information about sport.

Languages 

Open Site claims to have encyclopedias in many languages e.g. Romanian, but there are very few articles.

Childrens' Encyclopedia 

Open Site started an encyclopedia for children in August 2004. The writing and pictures on the children's' encyclopedia are simpler and easier to understand than other encyclopedias, like this one. The encyclopedia contains tools and facts as well as articles.

References

Other websites 
 Open Site
Encyclopedia websites
Drawing



Drawing 
Drawing is a way of making a picture. Drawings are created by making lines on a surface. Long lines make up the shapes and small lines make the textures. Drawings can be images of real-life or abstract images.

Materials 
Drawing paper is a special material sometimes used for drawing, however many just use paper. Pencils or pens are most commonly used for drawing. However, chalk, charcoal, and many others writing utensils are used.

Shading 
Shading is the darkening or coloring of a drawing with lines or blocks of color. It can be used to make your drawings more three dimensional. Shading is the process of adding value to create an illusion of form, most importantly the light in a drawing. It should have a highlight (where the light is shining), mid tone (goes darker in color), Core shadow which is the darkest color on your drawing, then there is the reflected light. Reflecting light is where light shines on the object you are trying to draw

.

Hatching 
Hatching is a artistic technique used to create tonal or shading effects by drawing closely spaced parallel lines. There are different types of hatching. There is Parallel hatching, contour, crosshatching, tick hatching, and more. There are many different ways you can do this.

History 

Drawing has been done for thousands of years, dating back to cave paintings. It focuses on objects made by humans for any number of spiritual, narrative, philosophical, symbolic, conceptual, documentary, decorative, and even functional and other purposes.

Related pages 
 Technical drawing

Art
Dice

Dice are objects used in games when something random needs to be done, such as moving a game piece a random number of places on a board. Most dice are cubes that have the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 on the faces. Dice are sometimes made in other polyhedral shapes than cubes, but the six-sided die (die is the singular of "dice") is the most common. A die is usually rolled by the player’s hand. When adding together opposite sides of typical cubical dice, the sum is always 7.

Some games are played with two or more dice and some use only one. Some games that use dice are Monopoly, Yahtzee, Risk, and many more.

Weights can be put inside a die to make it only land on a certain number once it is rolled. This is sometimes used as a way of cheating.

Types of dice 

There are many different types of dice. Some dice have different numbers of sides. These are called polyhedral dice. They are used in some games like Dungeons & Dragons.

Some dice do not have numbers on them at all. Instead, they have letters, pictures, or other symbols on them. Some games use these when they need something random that is not a number. For example, some word games use dice with letters to give the players random letters they have to use in the game.

Related pages 
Alea iacta est
British Isles

The British Isles are an archipelago (a group of islands) in north-western Europe.  They have a long geographical and geological history. The first people were in Britain by 800,000 years ago (Happisburgh footprints).

The biggest islands are called Great Britain and Ireland, followed by the Isle of Man.  Great Britain, the biggest island, is home to three countries. These are England, Wales and Scotland.  The island of Ireland is divided into Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Great Britain is the biggest island of Europe and Ireland is the third biggest.

England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland join together to make the United Kingdom.

Some people include the Channel Islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Sark in the term "British Isles", but they are a lot closer to France than to Great Britain.  In politics, they are British islands but in geology they are French islands.

The writings of the Roman cartographer Ptolemy used the name "Great Britain" for the larger island in the 2nd century AD. He used the name "Megale Britannia" or "Great Britain" () to show the difference between this island and Ireland. For Ireland, Ptolemy used the name "Mikra Britannia" or "Little Britain" ().

References