alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Torture

Torture is when someone puts another person in pain as a punishment or in order to force them to do or say something. This pain may be physical or psychological. People who have been tortured often suffer from long term physical problems or mental health issues and the person may even die.

Reasons for torture 
Reasons for torture can include punishment, revenge, political re-education, deterrence, and interrogation. Victims or third parties may be forced to take actions against their will. Torture may for the sadistic gratification of those watching the torture.

Torture for information 
A common reason for torture is to get information from the victim, for example, to get confessions or the names of accomplices. Information got by torture is unreliable, because people suffering tend to say whatever the questioner wants them to say. Nevertheless, it was used for centuries by all kinds of societies. It was authorised by the Christian Church during the  Inquisition from 1252 to 1816.
 
In 1600 Anton Praetorius fought against torture and against the hunting of witches.

Present day 
Almost all countries agree that torture is a violation of human rights and one of crimes against humanity. On 10 December 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Article 5 states, "No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment". To ensure human rights protection against torture, the Convention against Torture has adopted by United Nations in 1984.

Amnesty International is the leading non-governmental organisation against the use of torture. It has regularly reported on which countries it thinks still use torture. It says "Over the last five years, Amnesty has reported torture in at least three quarters of the world - 141 countries".

References 

 
War crimes
1680s

The 1680s was a decade that began on 1 January 1680 and ended on 31 December 1689.

Events 
 The Treaty of Ratisbon between France and England in 1684 ended the Age of Buccaneers.
 1685: The Chinese army attacks a Russian post at Albazin. The events lead to the Treaty of Nerchinsk. 
 Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. In this document, he introduces his laws of motion, and his theory of gravity.
 The Glorious Revolution brings William and Mary to power in England.

World leaders 
 King Christian V of Denmark (1670–1699)
 King Charles II of England and Scotland (1660–1685)
 King James II of England and Scotland (1685–1688)
 Queen Mary II of England and Scotland (1689–1694)
 King William III of England and Scotland (1689–1702)
 King Louis XIV of France (1643–1715)
 Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1658–1705)
 King Peter II of Portugal (1667–1706)
 Tsar Feodor III of Russia (1676–1682)
 Tsar Ivan V of Russia (1682–1696)
 Tsar Peter I of Russia (1682–1725)
 King Charles II of Spain (1665–1700)
 King Charles XI of Sweden (1660–1697)
 Padshah Aurangazeb (Mughal Empire)
 Bhonsle Dynasty of the Marathas
 Shambhaji (1680–1689)
 Rajaram Chhatrapati (1689–1700)

Births 

 Stede Bonnet

Deaths 

 Pierre Corneille

Reference
Iqaluit

Iqaluit (Inuktitut: ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ) is the capital of and largest community in Nunavut in Canada. It is the most northerly capital in Canada, and is also Canada's fastest growing community.

History 
The name  is Inuktitut word meaning "place of many fish". It is built on the mouth of the Sylvia Grinnell River, on Frobisher Bay. English explorer Martin Frobisher sailed into the bay in 1576 and thought he had discovered the Northwest Passage. The settlement was called Frobisher Bay from 1955 until 1987. The weather in there is normally cold.

References

Cities in Canada
Nunavut
Provincial and territorial capitals of Canada
Phasor

A phasor is a tool in mathematics. It is used to show numbers in a different coordinate system.  Certain electronic components have models that can be described more easily by the use of phasors.  Inductors add a +90º "phase", while capacitors add -90º "phase". Both elements work on the imaginary axis.  Resistors have 0º "phase", and are considered real.

Engineering
1670s

The 1670s was a decade that began on 1 January 1670 and ended on 31 December 1679.

Events 
The Franco-Dutch War
Father Jacques Marquette continues to explore the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River.  Other Frenchmen explore North America.
The Quakers come to America from England.
 Newton and Leibniz independently discover calculus.
 Popish Plot started by Titus Oates. Oates' aim is to kill King Charles II. Plot fails and ends in 1681.

Deaths 
John Milton, British poet

World leaders 
King Frederick III of Denmark (1648–1670).
King Christian V of Denmark (1670–1699).
King  Charles II of England and Scotland (1660–1685).
King Louis XIV of France (1643–1715).
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1658–1705).
King Michael Korybut Wisniowiecki of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1669–1673).
King John III of Poland (1674–1696).
King Peter II of Portugal (1667–1706).
Tsar Aleksey I of Russia (1645–1676)
Tsar Feodor III of Russia (1676–1682).
King Charles II of Spain (1665–1700).
King Charles XI of Sweden (1660–1697).
Margrethe II of Denmark

Margrethe II (Margrethe Alexandrine Þórhildur Ingrid; born 16 April 1940) is the Queen regnant of Denmark. Only very rarely is her name anglicized as Margaret II.

Life 
Princess Margrethe was born at Amalienborg Palace, Copenhagen. Her parents were Crown Prince Frederik and Crown Princess Ingrid. She was baptised on 14 May 1940 at the Naval Church in Copenhagen. As King Christian X of Denmark was also the King of Iceland at the time of her birth, the Princess was given an Icelandic name, Þórhildur (spelled with the Icelandic thorn character, simplified as "th").

She studied archaeology at Girton College, Cambridge, from 1960 to 1961. She was also at the London School of Economics in 1965.

Margrethe was not born to be monarch, even though she was the eldest child of the Crown Prince, later King. At the time of her birth, only males could ascend the throne of Denmark.

The act of succession was changed in 1953.

Her father King Frederik IX died in 1972, and Queen Margrethe II became the first female Danish Sovereign.

In 2018, her husband Prince Henrik died of pneumonia in February and her first cousin Princess Elisabeth died in June.

Title

16 April 1940-14 January 1972 Her Royal Highness Princess Margrethe Alexandrine Porhildur Ingrid of Denmark 

14 January 1972 Her Majesty The Queen of Denmark

Notes

Other websites

 The Queen's Homepage 
 The Official Website of The Danish Monarchy 
 Illustrations - Lord of the Rings 

1940 births
Living people
Kings and Queens of Denmark
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from Copenhagen
Current national leaders
Enterprise architecture

Enterprise architecture is comprehensive framework used to manage and align an organization's business processes, information technology, computer hardware and software, local and wide area networks, people, operations and projects with the organization's overall strategy.

A strong enterprise architecture process helps to answer basic questions.

Frameworks 
There are numerous enterprise architecture frameworks defined. Here is a list of a few prevalent frameworks:

 Zachman Framework
 TOGAF
 Agile Architecture

Business
Mutilation

Mutilation is when the way a body looks is permanently changed. This change may be due to an accident, or it may be the result of torture.

Losing a part of the body (like a hand), or permanent scars (different looking skin after a bad injury heals) on the body, might be a result of mutilation.

Related pages 
Female genital mutilation

Torture
Violence
Heiner Zieschang

Heiner Zieschang (born 12 November 1936 in Kiel; died 5 April 2004) was a German mathematician.  He was a professor at Ruhr-University Bochum from 1968 till 2002. In 1996 he was made an honorary doctor of the University of Toulouse and in 1997 he was an honorary professor of Moscow State University.

Literature
Heiner Zieschang: Flächen und ebene diskontinuierliche Gruppen. Berlin 1970, 
Heiner Zieschang: On decompositions of discontinuous groups of the plane. Math. Zeit. 151 (1976), 165-188
 Heiner Zieschang: Surfaces and planar discontinuous groups, Berlin 1980 
 Heiner Zieschang: Finite groups of mapping classes of surfaces. Berlin 1981, 
 Gerhard Burde ; Heiner Zieschang: Knots, Berlin [u.a.] 1985 
Ralph Stöcker, Heiner Zieschang: Algebraische Topologie. Teubner, Stuttgart 1988, 
Heiner Zieschang: Lineare Algebra und Geometrie. Stuttgart 1997,

Other websites 
 Heiner Zieschang at the Mathematics Genealogy Project

1936 births
2004 deaths
German academics
German mathematicians
People from Kiel
Jan Mayen

Jan Mayen is an island in the Arctic Ocean. It is part of Norway. The island's area is 373 km². A large part of the island is an active volcano, the Beerenberg, which is 2,277m high. Jan Mayen is 600 km north of Iceland, 500 km east of Greenland and 1000 km west of the Norwegian mainland.

There is a radio station and a meteorological station on the island. The staff at these stations are the only people living on the island.

History
There are many claims and stories about discovery of the island. Some claims and possible discoveries are as early as the beginning of the 6th century. However, the first discovery that is certain was in 1614. The Dutchman Jan Jacobs May van Schellinkhout visited the island then and it is named for him. His first mate made maps of some of the coast.

It is incorrectly assumed that Henry Hudson discovered the island in 1607 and called it Hudson's Tutches or Touches, but there is no evidence for this. Thereafter it was allegedly seen several times by navigators who claimed its discovery and renamed it. Thus, in 1611 or the following year whalers from Hull named it Trinity Island; in 1612 Jean Vrolicq, a French whaler, claimed in 1629 that he had discovered the island and called it Île de Richelieu; and in 1614 English captain John Clarke named it Isabella. 

The island has very few residents. The Long Range Navigation (Loran-C) base has a staff of 14 and a weather services station has a staff of four. The staff members of both stations live in Olonkinbyen. The island has no native people living on it, but is given the ISO 3166-1 country code SJ, the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) .no (.sj is allocated but not used ) and data code JN.  Its amateur radio call sign prefix is JX.

Related pages
 Svalbard

References

Other websites

Satellite Radar image of Jan Mayen 
[warning from Norway's last outpost] https://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/i/l3k8yA/jan-mayen-utposten-som-varmes-opp. 2023-10-09. VG.no
Photographs and information on Jan Mayen 
Jan Mayen crew 
LORAN-C mast Jan Mayen

Arctic islands
Islands of Norway
Uninhabited regions
Gate

A gate is a place between two parts of a wall, or a fence which could be opened and closed to let people go through it.

In the Middle Ages, a city gate also allowed people to go into a (walled) city.

Nowadays, people also talk about gates at airports. When going on an aircraft, people need to get together in a certain area of the airport first. They then pass through some kind of doorway to get onto the plane. That is what is called gate.

Walls
City gate

A city gate is a gate that is found in many medieval cities. It was the place where people could enter or leave a walled city. Very often, city gates were closed during the night.

Fortification
Walls
Bern

Bern (French: Berne, Italian: Berna, Romansh: Berna, Bernese German: Bärn) is the capital city of Switzerland. It is also the capital of the canton of Bern.

As of early 2006, 127.000 people lived in the city.

History 
Bern was started in 1191 by Berchthold V. von Zähringen. A legend says that he said he would name the city after the next animal he caught. So when he caught a bear (German: "Bär") the city was named Bern. Zähringen built the city in the half-circle the river Aare makes.

Traffic 
Public streetcars and buses are run by an organization called BernMobil. There are 3 streetcar lines and about 15 bus lines. Most of the lines are in the city but some travel away from the city. There is also the Marzilibahn, a funicular (inclined- or cliff-railway) which goes from the banks of the Aare up to the Federal Building (German: "Bundeshaus"). The Marzilibahn is 105 meters long. It is the shortest funicular in Europe. Another funicular, called the Gurtenbahn, goes from the section of Bern called Wabern, which is on the river Aare, up to the top of Gurten, a large hill 585 meters high that is just south of Bern. A small airport, Belpmoos, is located a short distance south of Bern in Belp.

Folk Festivals

Zibelemärit (onion market) 
Each year, on the 4th Monday in November, there is the Onion Market in Bern, where onions are sold. Many people visit the market in the early morning and throw confetti. They also hit other people with hammers made out of plastic

Aareleuchten (glowing Aare) 
Since 1996,  every August 1 (a national holiday in Switzerland) they hold the Aareleuchten. The Aareleuchten is paid for by SwissAid. During the festival, people put small ships with a light in them into the river Aare. All of these small lights make the Aare "glow."

Gallery

References

Other websites

Bern Public Transportation Website (BernMobil)

 
Gurtenfestival
Buskers Bern

 
Imperial free cities
1191 establishments
1190s establishments in Europe
Establishments in Switzerland
Demo (software)

A demo is a small portion or sample of a product. Usually the product is music, video game, or computer program. Demos are usually given to people who might be interested the product to try it before buying and advertise the product.

Software
Preview

A preview is a small piece of something used to show what the whole is like before it is generally available. Typically, previews exist for movies and possibly video games. They usually are a small portion of video showing what the game or movie is like to advertise it.

In software, a preview can be a feature that allows a user to see what a document looks like before the user prints it out, or posts it on a website.

Computing
Movie industry
Television
Price

There are different definitions of price. Perhaps the simplest definition is to say "price is the value of a product (good) or service". A price is expressed in other goods, services, or in money.

Here is an example about price: Peter raises sheep for their wool. Sally raises chickens for their eggs. Winter is coming, so Sally wants to make a warm wool coat.
She first measures how much wool she needs for a coat. She thinks she needs the wool from 2 sheep for the coat. She then goes to Peter and asks him what he wants for the wool she needs. Peter then tells her the price he is asking for his wool. Sally might trade some of her chicken eggs for the wool.

Sometimes trading eggs for wool is difficult. So people invented something they called money. This is cash or currency used for trading.

If Peter does not need eggs, he will not trade his wool for eggs. The price for his wool in eggs is zero, but Peter does need something else. So Sally goes to a market and sells some of her eggs for money. Then she goes to Peter and gives him money for the wool. How much money Peter wants for his wool is the price.

Basic English 850 words
Commerce
1640s

The 1640s was a decade that started on 1 January 1640 and ended on 31 December 1649.

Events 
 The Qing dynasty begins in China.
 Europeans reach New Zealand and Tasmania.
 The English Civil War.

Births 
 William Penn, English Quaker

Deaths 
 Galileo Galilei, Italian writer and scientist

World leaders 
 King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway (1588–1648).
 King Frederick III of Denmark (1648–1670).
 King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (1625–1649).
 King Louis XIII of France (1610–1643).
 Cardinal Richelieu, chief minister of France (1624–1642).
 Cardinal Mazarin, chief minister of France (1642–1661).
 Anne of Austria, Queen Dowager and Regent of France (1643–1651).
 King Louis XIV of France (1643–1715).
 Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1637–1657).
 Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Overijssel and Gelderland (1625–1647).
 William II, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Overijssel and Gelderland (1647–1650).
 Pope Urban VIII (1623–1644).
 Pope Innocent X (1644–1655).
 King John IV of Portugal (1640–1656).
 King Philip IV of Spain (1621–1665).
 Queen Christina of Sweden (1632–1654).
1660s



Events 
The Great Fire of London in England.
The Ottoman Empire attacks Europe, but is beat back at the Battle of Saint Gotthard.

Births 
Cotton Mather, American pastor
Queen Anne of Great Britain
Jonathan Swift, Irish writer

Deaths 
Blaise Pascal, French thinker
Shah Jahan, Emperor of India
Frans Hals, Dutch painter

World leaders 
King Frederick III of Denmark (1648–1670).
King Charles II of England (1660–1685).
King Louis XIV of France (1643–1715).
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1658–1705).
 King John II of Poland (1649–1668).
King Michael Korybut Wisniowiecki of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1669–1673).
King Afonso VI of Portugal (1656–1667).
King Peter II of Portugal (1667–1706).
Tsar Aleksey I of Russia (1645–1676).
King Philip IV of Spain (1621–1665).
King Charles II of Spain (1665–1700).
King Charles X of Sweden (1654–1660).
King Charles XI of Sweden (1660–1697).
Emperor Yohannes I of Ethiopia (1667–1682).
Gaza Strip

The Gaza Strip is a self-governing stretch of land along the Mediterranean. The main city in the Gaza Strip is called Gaza. The strip is currently governed by Hamas, a group declared as terrorists by many western nations for its launching of rockets into Israel.

The territory is 41 kilometers (25 mi) long, and from 6 to 12 kilometers (3.7 to 7.5 mi) wide, with a total area of 365 square kilometers (141 sq mi). About 1.8 million Palestinians live on a surface of roughly 360 km², making Gaza the 3rd most densely populated area on Earth.

Geography
Khan Yunis is  northeast of Rafah, and several towns around Deir el-Balah are along the coast between Rafah and Gaza City. Beit Lahia is to the north of Gaza City. Beit Hanoun is to the northeast of Gaza City. Al Deira beach is a popular for surfers.

History
Gaza was formed in 1967 when Israel moved Jewish communities and troops into Gaza. Israel controlled the Strip's borders, coastline and airspace until 2005, when it withdrew. An election was held in January 2006, which Hamas won. Since then, Israel has conducted several wars with Hamas due to alleged terrorist acts, causing much of the infrastructure of Gaza to be non functional. It has been placed under an Israeli and U.S.-led international economic and political boycott since 2006.

The 2023 Israel–Hamas war is going on (as of 2023's fourth quarter).

References
Unemployment

Unemployment or joblessness is when a person who is of normal working age (usually about 15-18 to about 60-65) does not have a paid job. They therefore do not get paid a salary. It is one of social issues and human rights violations. In some parts of the world, there are social networks to care for the unemployed.

Overview 
The unemployment rate is the number of unemployed people divided by the total population of that age group of a country. The unemployment rate is influenced by many things, including the government of a country to the average age of a country's population. Unemployment is a bad thing for society.

A certain amount of unemployment is natural. 'Full employment' does not mean no-one is out of work. Governments now aim to increase the number of jobs (which can be done) rather than cut out all unemployment (which cannot be done).

Most affected groups 
People with Autism and other mental disabilities are mistreated in the workplace, leading to only around 15% of autistic people being employed at all.

Invisible unemployment
Discouraged workers are the number of people who do not have work but who are not counted in government reports. For example, people who have stopped looking for a job.  The underemployed  are people who work less than they want to do, or people who are overqualified for their job.

References 

Employment
Social issues
Salary

A salary is a type of payment a person gets for work done for a job. A salary is usually paid for a fixed period of time, such as a month or a week. Generally, it does not matter how many hours are worked, the salary remains the same. If someone is not a salaried employee, they are generally an "hourly" employee and are paid a certain amount for each hour's which is known as "wages."

Related pages 
Minimum wage
Worker

Employment
Income
Instant noodles

Instant noodles are a product used in cooking - a type of pre-cooked noodle. These noodles are cooked at the factory and packaged as dried noodles, often with a special powder that adds flavor to the noodles. The dish is prepared very quickly (usually 5 minutes or less), simply by putting the noodles together in hot water and then adding the powder. A kind of noodle soup is then ready to eat.

Instant noodles are very popular in Asia, and among many students and poorer people, because they are very cheap to produce and to buy. In the United States, a package of instant noodles sometimes costs only ten cents.

There are many companies who manufacture Instant Noodles, some of them being:

 Maggi (Nestle)
 Top Ramen
 Chings
 Tasty Treat
 Nongshim

Noodles
Asian foods
Louis Armstrong

Louis Armstrong (August 4, 1901 – July 6, 1971) nicknamed Satchmo or Pops was an American jazz trumpeter and singer from New Orleans, Louisiana. He sang the blues and played the trumpet and the cornet. He was famous in many countries. He was also known for his good singing voice and he also encouraged the style of scat to the jazz world. Armstrong won many awards during his career.

He died of a heart attack on July 6, 1971 in Corona, Queens, New York City.

References

Other websites 

 

1901 births
1971 deaths
African-American singers
American jazz musicians
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American jazz singers
Musicians from New Orleans
Singers from New Orleans
American trumpeters
1430s

The 1430s was a decade that began on 1 January 1430 and ended on 31 December 1439.

Events and trends 
The Treaty of Arras ends the alliance of Burgundy and England.  This changes the Hundred Years' War to help France.
Element

Element can mean:
 Chemical element, a substance that can not be divided into smaller chemical parts
 The elements or weather
 The four basic or natural elements in mysticism, alchemy, mythology and fantasy fiction - Fire, Water, Air and Earth
 A thing that a set holds
 A book by Euclid called the Elements. In it, Euclid talks about geometry. 

VOA Special English words
CBS

CBS Broadcasting Inc. (CBS) (full name: Columbia Broadcasting System) is an American television network. Along with ABC, NBC and FOX, it is one of the country's four major television networks.

Stations
KCBS Los Angeles, California

WCBS New York, New York

WBBM Chicago, Illinois

Other websites
Official site

Columbia Broadcasting System
Viacom
1927 establishments in the United States
Prime Minister of Canada

The prime minister of Canada () is the head of government and chief executive of Canada. The prime minister is the senior most minister of the cabinet of Canada and directs the executive branch of the federal government, known as the Council of Ministers. The minister is usually always the leader of the majority party in the Canadian Parliament. In 2015, Justin Trudeau became the 23rd prime minister of Canada.

List of prime ministers

Living former prime ministers
As of , there are six living former prime ministers of Canada, the oldest being Jean Chrétien (born 1934). The most recent former prime minister to die was John Turner, on September 18, 2020. The living former prime ministers, in order of service, are:

References

Other websites
 History of Prime Ministers 

 
Government of Canada
Canadian first ministers
Blues (disambiguation)

Blues can mean more than one thing:

The blues is a type of music.

The blues is another name for sadness, or depression (mood).

The Blues refers to many sports teams who play while wearing a blue kit.
Amapá

Amapá is one of the states of Brazil.  It is in the far north, bordering French Guiana in the north. To the east is the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south and west is the Brazilian state Pará.

The state is mostly covered by rainforest. The state is known for producing iron and other metals.

Amapá has only been a Brazilian state since 1988.

References

 
1988 establishments in Brazil
Fictional character

A fictional character is a person or animal in a narrative work of fiction  (such as a novel, play, television series, or movie)   The character can be completely made up or based on a real-life person. In that case, the difference between a "fictional" and "real" character can be made. Coming from the ancient Greek word χαρακτήρ, the English word dates from the Restoration, although it became widely used after its appearance in Tom Jones  in 1749. From this, the sense of "a part played by an actor" developed. Character, mainly when played by an actor in the theatre or cinema, involves "the illusion of being a human person." In literature, characters guide readers through their stories, helping them to understand plots and ponder themes. Since the end of the 18th century, the phrase "in character" has been used to describe an effective impersonation by an actor. Since the 19th century, the art of creating characters, as practiced by actors or writers, has been called characterisation.

The word character can also mean "personality". We can say that someone has a "strong character" meaning a strong, confident personality. It is sometimes used as a noun in this sense: "He is a real character" (meaning someone you cannot easily forget).

A character role in a play means one of the people in the play who have a particular character (personality). They contrast with the main characters of the play. For example, a pair of lovers may be the main characters of the story. The character roles who help the story might be: a wicked stepmother, a kind nurse, an old wise man, a fool, a domestic worker who is very old, a "Mary Sue" who is virtually without flaws, and so forth. These may be archetypes.

References
Macroeconomics

Macroeconomics studies large-scale economic decisions. For example, a whole country's economy (or, its economic output) is summarised by the GDP (gross domestic product). Many governments use macroeconomic ideas to decide how much tax to collect and what interest rates should be.

It also considers the amount of unemployment, the rate that prices go up (inflation), and the exchange rates of its currency. The exchange rate affects the amount of imports and exports. Exchange rates and taxation are "levers of the economy".

Less dramatic, but also very important, are decisions about government spending inside the country. Such policy decisions are politically controversial due to differing political ideas on government spending. Another factor in macroeconomics is the make-up of the population. A growing population is economically different from a stable population (one which is not growing).

Sources 
Blanchard, Olivier 2011. Macroeconomics updated. 5th ed, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

Related pages 
Microeconomics
Constitutional economics
Political economy
Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal is an Islamic religious building, mosque and tomb in India. It was built in the 17th century by Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Its chief architect was Ustad Ahmad Lahauri.

The building is in the city of Agra, Uttar Pradesh. It is widely thought as one of the most beautiful buildings in the world. It is one of India's biggest tourist attractions.

The Taj Mahal is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, together with the Agra Fort, 2.5 kilometers away. It was listed as one of the 7 Wonders of the World in 2007. It is on the south bank of the Yamuna river in Agra.

The building was originally white. Because of pollution, it is turning yellow. Sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water molecules and becomes sulphuric acid, which slowly destroys the outer layer of the building. 

The Taj Mahal is one of the most notable examples of Islamic architecture ever built. When it was built, most of India was ruled over by the Mughal Empire except the South. Shah Jahan was a Mughal emperor who came into power around 1628. According to historians, Shah Jahan loved building and architecture, which gave him the nickname “The Builder Of Marvels”. The Taj Mahal was built for Shah Jahan’s third wife, Mumtaz Mahal- meaning the “Jewel of the palace”. She became ill giving birth to their 14th child. As she was about to die, she asked Shah Jahan to make her the most beautiful tomb that was ever built. She died on 17 June 1631. In 1657, Shah Jahan fell ill. He died in captivity in 1666. His tomb was placed besides Mumtaz Mahal's.

Construction 
The Taj Mahal is an example of Muslim Architecture – a mixture of building design influenced from Middle Eastern, Indian, Turkish, and Ottoman architecture.

The Taj Mahal was built with materials from all over the world. Over 20,000 people were used to move building materials. It is generally thought that Ustad Ahmad Lahauri was in charge of the construction. The building was finished in 1648. The construction of Taj Mahal is about 6000 feet.

Tours 
The Taj Mahal had 2 million visitors in 2001. In 2014-2017 there were more than 7-8 million visitors.

Damage 
Many people think the Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful buildings ever built. However, it is slowly being damaged by acid rain in the nearby Yamuna Basin. A nearby oil refinery has been blamed for some of the damage. In 1996, the Indian Supreme Court said that local industry was harming the Taj Mahal. The court set up an area of 10,400 square metres around the Taj Mahal called the Taj Trapezium Zone. Industries within this zone must use natural gas instead of coal.

Because of pollution, the Taj Mahal is getting yellower slowly.

References 

Buildings and structures in Uttar Pradesh
Monuments and memorials in India
World Heritage Sites in India
Mughal architecture
Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan is a country in Central Asia. Its capital and largest city is Tashkent. There are about 34,8 million people living in Uzbekistan, now. The neighbouring countries are Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. It is a doubly landlocked country, of which there are only two in the world. Most people in Uzbekistan speak a language called Uzbek, a Turkic language similar to Uyghur and Turkish. In the Uzbek language, Uzbekistan is called "O‘zbekiston" and it means "the land of the true nobles". Uzbekistan has a long history. Humans first lived in Uzbekistan from before the 2nd millennium BC. The current president today is Shavkat Mirziyoyev. Human rights in Uzbekistan are 'atrocious' according to Human Rights Watch

Islam is its largest religion.

Provinces
Uzbekistan is divided into twelve provinces, one autonomous republic, and one independent city. The provinces are divided into districts.

References

Further reading 

 Poopak NikTalab. Sarve Samarghand (Cedar of Samarkand), continuous interpretation of Rudaki's poems, Tehran 2020, Faradid Publications {Introduction}

 
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1200s



Events and trends 
 1200 University of Paris receives charter from Philip II of France
 1202–1204 Fourth Crusade – diverted to Constantinople
 1205 April 14: Battle of Adrianople (1205) between Bulgars and Latins
 1209
 Albigensian Crusade against Cathars (1209–1218)
 the Franciscans are founded.

1200s
Wok

A wok is a Chinese pan used for cooking. It has a round bottom. The most common use for the wok is stir frying, though it can also be used for deep frying, smoking, braising, roasting, grilling, and steaming.

In Indonesia, the wok is known as a wadjang, kuali in Malaysia, and kawali (small wok)  and kawa (big wok) in the Philippines.

Other websites 
 
 

Cookware and bakeware
United States Navy

The United States Navy is part of the United States Armed Forces (the military of the USA). It is the largest navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage of its active battle fleet alone exceeding the next 13 navies combined, including 11 U.S. allies or partner nations. It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage, and the world's largest aircraft carrier fleet, with eleven in service, two new carriers under construction, and five other carriers planned. With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve, the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel. It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft .

History 

The Continental Navy was started in 1775 to fight in the American Revolutionary War. Congress disbanded it and sold the ships in 1785. It was started again as the Department of the Navy on April 30, 1798. 

The Department of the Navy needed places to make ships, which are called shipyards, in various port cities. Where slaves were available, it paid slaveowners to rent their slaves. Shipyards with slaves included ones in Washington, D.C., Norfolk, Virginia, and Pensacola, Florida.

Sailors 
Today, the US Navy has over 300,000 sailors and officers, and almost another 100,000 workers who are not official sailors.

Strength 
The US Navy has about 300 warships, or ships designed for fighting. The largest warships are aircraft carriers, which have large and flat decks that act as small airports for planes carrying weapons. The US Navy has more of these aircraft carriers than any other navy in the world, and a large number of planes in Naval Aviation. Aircraft carriers are often protected by smaller ships, called cruisers or destroyers.

Ranks

Related pages 
United States Coast Guard
United States Marines

References

United States Navy
1798 establishments in the United States
Pro bono

Pro bono is a Latin phrase meaning "for [the] good", that is used to mean that a legal professional (lawyer) who would otherwise be paid money for their work,
works without being paid, for the benefit of society,
typically on behalf of a person or organization who cannot pay for some reason, such as poverty.

Related pages 
Volunteering

References 
Legal terms
Giving
Chemical formula

A chemical formula is a way that chemists describe a molecule. The formula says what atoms, and how many of each type, are in the molecule. Sometimes the formula shows how the atoms are linked, and sometimes the formula shows how the atoms are arranged in space.

The letter shows what chemical element each atom is. These are called chemical symbols and they are one or two letters long. The subscript shows the number of each type of atom. For example, methane has one carbon (C) atom and four hydrogen atoms; the chemical formula is CH4. The sugar molecule glucose has six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms, so its chemical formula is C6H12O6.

Chemical formulas are used in chemical equations to describe chemical reactions.

The 19th-century Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius worked out this system for writing chemical formulas.

Reading and writing formulas 
Chemical formulas are another way to represent the number of atoms. Chemical formulas are used to represent kinds of atoms in a combination. Chemical formulas use subscripts to tell how many of each atom are present in a combination. Subscripts are small numbers to the lower right of a symbol. They represent the number of atoms of that element in the equation. Before writing Chemical formulas, write down the symbol of each atom present in your equation. Writing chemical formula is a way of informing the chemical figure. It is most easily found in the periodic table. The periodic table is a chart of all well-known parts. Use the periodic table to reference the figure that cannot be remembered.

Kinds of formulas 
A molecular formula is the most common kind: it says the number of atoms in a molecule. An empirical formula instead shows the ratio between atoms of different elements. For example, the empirical formula of glucose is CH2O, because there are the same number of carbon and oxygen atoms, and twice that number of hydrogen atoms. The empirical formula is used for salts, which make large networks instead of separate molecules.

Related pages 
Chemical equation

References 

Chemical nomenclature
Notation
Harvard University

Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and a member of the Ivy League. Harvard was started on September 8, 1636, and it is the oldest university in the United States. Harvard's current president is Lawrence Bacow. The school color is crimson, which is a dark red color. 

Harvard used slaves to serve its leaders and students, and the merchants who used their money to start the school used slaves too.  Also, “Harvard students slept in beds and ate meals prepared by slaves, and many grew up to be prominent slave-holders in early America." In the 20th century, the university invested millions of dollars in apartheid South Africa.

Harvard is on the Charles River. Some students go to the Charles River for rowing. On the other side of the Charles River is the city of Boston. Boston's subway system has a stop at Harvard. Some of Harvard's graduate schools are in Boston, but most of Harvard's schools are in Cambridge. Together, these schools are Harvard University.

Harvard has many libraries like Widener Library. There are other facilities like skating rinks and the Malkin Athletic Center where students can swim and exercise.

Harvard is almost always ranked as one of the best universities in the world. Another famous school close to Harvard in Cambridge, Massachusetts is the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Eight Presidents of the United States have graduated from Harvard. Harvard has over $40 billion. There have been 161 Nobel Laureates from Harvard University.

Notable alumni
 George W. Bush, 43rd President of the United States
 Bill Gates, Founder of Microsoft
 Al Gore, 45th Vice President of the United States
 John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States
 Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States
 Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States
 Natalie Portman, Actress & filmmaker
 Mark Zuckerberg, Founder & CEO of Facebook
Barack Obama, 44th President of the United States

Related pages
Bloody Monday (Harvard)

References 

Association of American Universities
Collegiate Water Polo Association
ECAC Hockey
 
Ivy League
Cambridge, Massachusetts
1636 establishments
1630s establishments in Massachusetts
Tamil language

Tamil is a Dravidian language.  It is spoken in the Tamil Nadu and Puducherry states of India and parts of  Sri Lanka.  Many people in  Singapore and Malaysia also speak it.  Many people speaking Tamil live in various places around the world.

The Tamil language is part of the Dravidian language family, which includes Telugu,Odia, Kannada and Malayalam. According to a survey, 1863 newspapers are published in the Tamil language only every day. The oldest text found in Tamil is a grammatical work called the Tolkāppiyam. Tamil has a long literary history, and is spoken by almost 100 million people.

Tamil script 
The modern Tamil script is an abugida, much like the other brahmic scripts that surround it and from whom it developed from. The Tamil script has 18 consonants and 12 vowels and the āytam ஃ,. The āytam is used with other letters to represent sounds not native to the language (usually with the English sound f.) The vowels are written as symbols above, below or on either side of the consonant. Much like other brahmic scripts, it is written from left to right.

Tamil is the dominant language in  the state of Tamil Nadu, India, and Northern provinces of Sri Lanka. It is also spoken by significant immigrant communities and the historical Tamil diaspora in like the United States, Germany, Fiji, Indonesia, France, Africa and Thailand.

References

Other websites
Kerala

Kerala is a state in the Republic of India. It is in the south-west of the country. The west coast of the state is on the Arabian Sea. Tamil Nadu and Karnataka are to the east.

The capital city of the state is Thiruvananthapuram, even though the city of Kochi is more densely populated. The area of Kerala is 15,005 mi2 (38,863 km2), which is bigger than Bhutan but smaller than Switzerland. In traditional Indian geography, it is part of South India.

There are 14 districts in Kerala. They are Alappuzha, Ernakulam, Idukki, Kannur, Kasaragod, Kollam, Kottayam, Kozhikode, Malappuram, Palakkad, Pathanamthitta, Thiruvananthapuram, Thrissur, and Wayanad.

Language 
People in Kerala speak Malayalam. More than 90% of the people can read the language. A mix of English and Malayalam is called Manglish. Manglish is used by people in Kerala, who can speak it very easily and fluently.

Culture 
Kerala is known for traditional arts and people enjoy traditional, percussion-filled music. They also enjoy tribal ceremonies, martial arts, and sports such as soccer, cricket, and badminton. Kerala is popular for Kalaripayattu, a martial arts form and Kathakali, a Hindu performance art. Most of the people have access to the internet, TVs, newspapers, and books. The average amount of reading per week is about seven hours. The literacy rate is approximately 99.7%.

Provincial symbols of Kerala

Festivals

The most famous festivals held by Keralites are Onam, the harvest festival and Vishu, the Malayalam Calendar New Year. In addition to these, temples as well as churches hold festivals in several days of the year. A common tradition in all these festivals is the hosting of the holy flag, which is brought down on the last day of the festival. Some temple festivals are called poorams, and the most famous one among these is 'Thrissur Pooram'. The main attractions of poorams are firecrackers, traditional dance forms like 'Theyyam, Kathakali, Chakyar Koothu etc.'. Festivals are locally known as utsavams .

Tourism 
Kerala is one of the biggest tourist attractions in India, both for Indians as well as foreigners. It has beaches, hill stations and extensive backwaters. Kerala is also known for its diverse nature.

Agriculture

Related pages 
 
Malayalam

References
Malayalam

Malayalam is a language. Most people that speak Malayalam live in Kerala, in India. A speaker of Malayalam is called a Malayali.
Malayalam (/malayALam/) is the main language of the South Indian state of Kerala and also of the Lakshadweep Islands (Laccadives) of the west coast of India.

Malayalis (speakers of Malayalam), who - males and females alike - are almost totally literate, constitute 4 percent of the population of India and 96 percent of the population of Kerala (29.01 million in 1991). 

In terms of the number of speakers, Malayalam ranks eighth among the 18 major languages of India. 

Malyalam language has 52 phonemes. A few of the phonemes are unique for Malayalam.

The word /malayALam/ originally meant mountainous country (/mala/- mountain + /aLam/-place). Tamil Nadu is its neighbour on the south and east and Karnataka on the north and east.

References

Dravidian languages
Languages of India
Kerala
Coimbatore

Coimbatore (Tamil: கோயம்புத்தூர்), also known as Kovai (Tamil: கோவை), is the second largest city in the Tamil Nadu, after Chennai. It is the administrative headquarters of the Coimbatore District and a major textile and engineering hub of South India. It forms a part of the ancient Kongu Nadu region of South India, where its people were the first to establish a territorial state. Coimbatore city, including its suburban areas has a population of 2.4 million people.

It is referred as the Manchester of South India in business circles, and has textile mills, engineering firms, automobile parts manufacturers, health care facilities and educational institutions. The hill stations of Ooty, Coonoor and Valparai are close to the city, making it a good tourist attraction throughout the year. The city is on the banks of the Noyyal River and is close to the Siruvani Waterfalls. This city is a textile based one.

Avinashi is a nearby town where a famous Shiva Temple is located.

Coimbatore
Madurai

Madurai is a city in Tamil Nadu, India. It was the capital of the earlier Pandyan Kingdom.

Meenakshi Amman Temple, Ayiram Kal Mandabam (Hall of Thousand Pillars) are some of the important tourist places in Madurai.

Madurai is always considered to be a good pilgrim center. Tourists from various part of the country and world are coming to madurai and enjoying a historical excellence.

The main attraction of the city is meenakshi amman temple. Various other tourist and pilgrimage places also there such as Alagar Koil, Thiruparangkundram, Palarmuthir solai (means garden with fruits), Thirumalai naicker Mahal (palace of Naickers), Teppakulam (a square tank almost half a kilometer length as one side length), gandi museum (where we can find blood spotted final dress of Gandiji), etc.

The city is said to be as City of Festivals almost all the days in year is having at least a small festival. The city is also called 'thoonganagaram' which means Non-sleeping city.

Road side shops are very famous in Madurai where all can get good foods in cheaper costs. Jigardhanda, a typical Muslim cool drink is one of the famous drink from madurai. Madurai is very famous for jasmine flowers and Alanganallur located near Madurai is famous for Jallikattu.

Other websites 
A Blog for Madurai - News, Updates, Views and Improvement Thoughts

Madurai district
Cities in Tamil Nadu
Assam

Assam () is a state in the north eastern region of India. It has an area of 78,438 km² (30,285 mi²). It is bigger than Panama but smaller than the Czech Republic. There is one major river (Brahamputra) that flows through the length of the state. The state lies on the foothills of the Himalayas. There are two international borders touched by Assam: Bhutan and Bangladesh. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the North-east Indian zone.

Demography 

According to a 2021 survey, about 55% of the people are Hindus. About 40% are Muslim.  There is a small (4%) Christian minority. Others (1%) consists of (Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism, and Animism).

Assam has a population of 36.5 million as per the 2021 population survey.

Language

Assam has a population of 36.5 million as per the 2021 population survey.

Related pages
 List of rivers of Assam
 Hinduism in Assam

References

Assam
Arunachal Pradesh

Arunachal Pradesh is a state in  India bordered with China. The country that owns this region is disputed. China says that they own it and call it South Tibet (Zangnan 藏南). In 2017, China started renaming places in this territory. In 2019 China destroyed 30,000 "incorrect" world maps that showed South Tibet as part of India.

History 
The territory's northern boundary is about 550 miles long. It is known as the McMahon Line.

It is part of the border dispute between India and China. There is another dispute to the northwest in Aksai Chin (also with Pakistan).

In 1962, the Sino-Indian War was fought here. The war was short and ended in India's defeat. However, China withdrew back to the modern borders voluntarily. They still say that they own the region.

Who lives there? 
Most of the population look East Asian. The people look like their neighbors in Tibet and the Myanmar hill region.

As of 2001, there were 1,091,117 people living in Arunachal Pradesh. The total area is 32,333 mi² (83,743 km²).

Most people speak Han–Tibetan languages like Nyishi and Adi (over 50%). The rest speak Indo-Aryan languages like Nepali, Bengali, and Hindi.

State symbols of Arunachal Pradesh

Related pages
 Tibet
 Sino–Indian border dispute

References

 
Territorial disputes of India
Bihar

Bihar (; ) is a state in the Republic of India, covering an area of 38,202 mi² (99,200 km²).  The capital is Patna.  Bihar is bordered by the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the west, Jharkhand to the south, and West Bengal to the east.  To the north of Bihar is the country of Nepal. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the East Indian zone. It is one of the poorest regions in India.

Provincial symbols of Bihar

References