alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Quake (video game)

Quake is also a short-form of the word earthquake.

Quake is a first-person shooter video game that was released by id Software on July 22, 1996. It is the first game in the popular Quake series of video games. In the game, the player must fight demons and zombies in lots of different places.

Quake was the first game that id Software released after they made Doom and Doom 2. It is a very similar game to Doom, but Quake is on a new game engine and has much more advanced technology. For example, Quake lets the player look up and down, lets the player jump, it has fully 3D graphics, and has many more options for multiplayer than Doom had. Quake is famous for its multiplayer, and it was one of the first games where lots of people played multiplayer through the internet. Doom also had online multiplayer through a service called DWANGO, but Quake made playing online more popular than ever before. Tools like QuakeWorld and QuakeSpy made it very easy for players to find other people to play against over the internet.

The game's music and sound effects were done by Trent Reznor and Nine Inch Nails.

Gameplay 
In the single-player mode of Quake, the player has to get to the end of each level. The player will usually have to find keys or switches to open all the locked doors before they can get to the exit of a level. They will also have to fight lots of monsters that try to kill the player. There are also secret areas and secret levels that the player can find. Secret areas will usually have something that helps the player win the level, like extra health or ammo. The player always has two weapons: the axe and the shotgun. More weapons can be found in the levels, including the nailgun, super nailgun, super shotgun, grenade launcher, rocket launcher, and the thunderbolt.

The levels are grouped together into different episodes, and each episode has a different setting. Most levels look very Gothic or medieval, but others look more futuristic, like science fiction. There are 6 or 7 levels in each episode, but every episode also has one secret level. There is also one level that is not inside of an episode, which is the final boss level. There are four episodes in the game, and they can be finished in any order the player wants. The player can't get to the final boss without beating all four episodes, though.

The game has four difficulty settings: easy, medium, hard, and nightmare. Nightmare difficulty can only be found in a secret area which is on the episode selection level. This secret area can be found in the episode 4 selection room.

Quake Series Games 

Quake
Quake II
Quake III Arena
Quake 4
Quake Champions

Shooter video games
1996 video games
Sega Saturn games
Id Software
Kunya

A kunya (Arabic:كنية) is a name which is honorably given to an Arab mother or father. Kunya is pronounced koon-ya. Parents are called by their kunyas, which consists of abu (father) or umm (mother) followed by the name of their first son or daughter.  Their whole name is their name plus their kunya.  For example, Umm Ja'far Aminah means "the mother of Ja'far, Aminah." The kunya precedes the personal name.

Arabic words and phrases
Zen

Zen is a Chinese school of Mahayana Buddhism. Buddhism was first brought to China from India, by Bodhidharma. It developed in China, into Zen, in the 6th century. From China it spread to Vietnam, Korea and Japan.

Zen is a Japanese word translated from the Chinese word Chán, which means "meditation".

Zen uses meditation to help practitioners go beyond simply thinking about Zen. The goal in Zen is to attain satori. This Japanese word translates as "enlightenment". The practice also includes using riddles, called Koans. Koans are also designed to help the practitioner not just engage in rational thought. The traditional Japanese place to learn Zen is a Zen monastery. 

Japanese Zen scholars such as D.T. Suzuki became well known in the West. Suzuki spent over fifty years teaching Zen to the world with a series of books in English. In the 1960s in California, Aldous Huxley, Alan Watts, and others promoted the philosophy. From there it spread to many parts of the western world. Zen is now well established outside of Japan and China. Many Zen centers exist in the US and Europe.

Zen is now associated with some design styles, like Minimalism. The Japanese gardens found at Zen monasteries in Japan are an example of this style. They are called Zen rock gardens. They are not directly part of the teachings of Zen.

Related pages
Criticism of Buddhism
Zen at War

References 

Buddhism
Buddhist denominations
Scots

Scots is a West Germanic language. It is sometimes called Lowland Scots or Lallans. It is not Scottish English but the two are similar. Scottish English is a dialect of English and Scots is a separate language. Ulster Scots is a form of Scots found in the north of Ireland. Scots is very different from the Scottish Gaelic language, which is a Celtic language.

There have been disagreements about the linguistic, historical and social status of Scots. Focused broad Scots is at one end of a scale, with Scottish Standard English at the other. Scots is generally regarded as one of the ancient varieties of English, and has its own distinct variants such as Doric.

History

Origin
Northumbrian Old English was established in what is now southeastern Scotland as far as the River Forth by the seventh century. The region was part of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria. Early Scots began to diverge from Northumbrian English in the twelfth and thirteenth century. There was immigration of Scandinavian-influenced Middle English-speakers from the North and Midlands of England.

Later influences on the development of Scots were from Romance languages via ecclesiastical and legal Latin, Norman and later Parisian French from the Auld Alliance and Dutch and Middle Low German influences by trade and immigration from the Low Countries. Scots also includes loanwords from contact with Gaelic.

13-14th century
From the 13th century, Early Scots spread further into Scotland through the burghs established by King David I. The growth in prestige of Early Scots in the 14th century and the decline of French in Scotland made Scots the prestige dialect in most of eastern Scotland.

17th century
From 1610 to the 1690s, during the Plantation of Ulster, many Scots-speaking Lowlanders, about 200,000, settled there. In the core areas of Scots settlement, there were five or six times as many Scots as English settlers. Southern Modern English was adopted as the literary language after 1700, and "Modern Scots" is sometimes used to describe the spoken language after 1700.

Related pages 
 Scots Wikipedia

References 

Scotland
West Germanic languages
Mathematical analysis

Mathematical analysis is a part of mathematics. It is often shortened to analysis. It looks at functions, sequences and series. These have useful properties and characteristics that can be used in engineering. Mathematical analysis provides a rigorous logical foundation to calculus, which studies continuous functions, differentiation and integration. Mathematical analysis is a short version of its old name "infinitesimal analysis", with some of its key subfields including real analysis, complex analysis, differentiation equation and functional analysis.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Isaac Newton developed most of the basis of mathematical analysis.

Parts of mathematical analysis

Limits 
A foundational concept in mathematical analysis is the concept of limit. Limits are used to see what happens very close to things. Limits can also be used to see what happens when things get very big. For example,  is never zero, but as  gets bigger,  gets closer and closer to zero. The limit of  as  gets bigger is exactly zero. This is described by "The limit of  as  goes to infinity is zero", and written as .

The counterpart would be . When the  gets bigger, the limit goes to infinity. It is written as .

The fundamental theorem of algebra can be proven from some basic results in complex analysis. It says that every polynomial  with real or complex coefficients has a complex root (where a root is a number  satisfying the equation , and some of these roots may be the same).

Differential calculus 

The function  is a line. The  shows the slope of the function and the  shows the position of the function on the ordinate. With two points on the line, it is possible to calculate the slope  with:

.

A function of the form , which is not linear, cannot be calculated like above. It is only possible to calculate the slope by using tangents and secants. The secant passes through two points and when the two points get closer, it turns into a tangent.

The new formula is .

This is called difference quotient. The  now gets closer to . This can be expressed with the following formula:

.

The result is called derivative or slope of f at the point .

Integration 

The integration is about the calculation of areas.

The symbol 

is read as "the integral of  with respect to  from  to ", and refers to the area between the x-axis, the graph of function , and the lines  and . The  is the point where the area should start, and the  where the area should end.

Related pages

Topics in analysis 
 Calculus
 Complex analysis
 Functional analysis
 Numerical analysis

Concepts in analysis 
Derivative
Integral
Sequence
Series

References 

Mathematical analysis
Locust

Locust are the swarming phase of certain species of short-horned grasshoppers in the family Acrididae. Such swarms are usually made of a great number of locusts. They do a lot of damage to the places where they pass, by eating the crops.

These are species which breed rapidly under suitable conditions. The migratory locust is the best-known example. They become gregarious and migratory when their populations become dense enough. They form bands as nymphs and swarms as adults. Both the bands and the swarms are nomadic and rapidly strip fields and greatly damage crops. The adults are powerful fliers; they can travel great distances, consuming practically all green material wherever the swarm settles.

The origin and apparent extinction of certain species of locust—some of which grew to  in length—are unclear.

Locusts are edible insects, and are considered a delicacy in some countries. There have been references to their consumption as food throughout history.

In the Book of Joel in the Old Testament locust swarms are described as a plague.

Related pages 
Collective animal behavior
Orthoptera

References

Other websites 
More detailed information on locusts can be found at the pages of the Australian Plague Locust Commission .

Orthoptera
Agricultural pests
Grasshopper

Grasshoppers are insects with long, powerful back legs which they use for jumping. They generally live in dry habitats, such as fields, gardens and meadows, with lots of grass. They are in the suborder Caelifera, which includes locusts. There are 11,000 species, of which 10,000 are in the family Acrididae.

To distinguish grasshoppers from bush-crickets or katydids, they are sometimes referred to as the short-horned grasshopper. Species which change colour and behaviour at high population densities are called locusts.

Grasshoppers prefer to eat grasses, leaves and cereal crops, but many grasshoppers are omnivorous. Many grasshoppers eat from several host plants in one day, while others stay on one host plant. One of the 8000 species of grasshopper eats only a single species of plant.

As food 
Grasshoppers make good food for some. As an example, in southern Mexico, chapulines (grasshoppers of the genus Sphenarium) are often eaten. They are high in protein, minerals and vitamins. 

They are usually collected at dusk, using lamps or electric lighting, in sweep nets. Sometimes they are placed in water for 24 hours, after which they can be boiled or eaten raw, sun-dried, fried, flavoured with spices, such as garlic, onions, chilli, drenched in lime, and used in soup or as a filling for various dishes. They are abundant in Central and Southern Mexican food and street markets.

Related pages 
Orthoptera
Tetrigidae
Cricket
Katydid
Aularches miliaris

References

Other websites

Orthoptera
National symbols of Mexico
Olive oil

Olive oil is a vegetable oil. It is made by getting the juice of the fruits of the olive tree. These are called olives. The oil is used in cooking, as well as cosmetics, traditional medicine, and as a fuel for oil lamps. Refined olive oil uses heat and chemicals to get the fat out of the olives.

Olive oil quality is defined by some parameters that are measured by chemical analysis. One of the most important is acidity. The highest quality olive oil (Extra-Virgin) must feature an acidity lower than 0.8%.

People see it as a healthy addition to their diet because of the high level of monounsaturated fats (mainly oleic acid) and polyphenols. Olive oil is popular in Mediterranean countries. It is a big part of the Mediterranean diet as a main fat source.

Producers 
Greece has more than a third of the world's olive trees, and is the top producer of olive oil in the world.

References 

Cooking oils
Oil lamp

An oil lamp is a lamp used for lighting by burning oil. Usually, it produces a flame by burning olive oil, or another vegetable oil, or whale oil during the 1700s and 1800s. They burned cleaner, with less smoke, than candles and other sources of light before electricity.

The lamps were usually made of pottery or metal or glass. An old story in the 1001 Nights has Aladdin cleaning (rubbing the lamp) and making a Genie appear.

Late in the 19th century, those lamps were mostly replaced by kerosene lamps.

Other websites 
 Ancient Lamps

References 

Lamps
Conjugation

Conjugations are forms of verbs that are changed to agree with the subject that is doing the action described by the verb. Usually most of the word stays the same, but the endings change. Most conjugation systems follow some sort of pattern within the language.

Example: French verb for 'to eat'- "manger" (stem: mang)
("manger" is the infinitive of the verb. The infinitive is the un-conjugated form of the verb, literally the "to do" something form such as to walk, to play, to eat. In English one does not say "I like eat" one must say "I like to eat". In both English and French ("J'aime manger") the infinitive form of the verb would be used in this case.

The pattern here is that the "er" is removed from the verb and replaced with a different ending depending on the subject(who's doing the eating). This pattern is good for many French conjugations, but not all, and in other languages, conjugation patterns are going to be very different.

Related pages 
Declension

Other websites 
conjugation.com All English verbs conjugated in any tense, any form, any voice 
Conjugation of over 7,000 English verbs.
Online Conjugator for 85 different languages

Grammar
Tomáš Masaryk

Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (7 March 1850 - 14 September 1937) was the first President of Czechoslovakia. He led the country between years 1918 and 1935.
He was a scientist, philosopher, pedagog, politician, and journalist.
He studied in Brno, Vienna, and Leipzig, and he spoke many languages (Latin, French, Polish, German and English).
He worked as a teacher at a university in Prague and Vienna.

Some looked at him as having charisma.

Edvard Beneš was the next president after him.

Related pages
List of sociologists from Europe

Czechoslovak politicians
Presidents of Czechoslovakia
1850 births
1937 deaths
Arachne

Arachne is a character from Greek mythology. 

She was the daughter of Idmon of Colophon, in Lydia (Greece). Her father earned his living with dyeing (coloring) cloth. She learned to be a weaver. A weaver makes cloth, or textiles, from single strands. She was good at what she did, and she claimed that her skill was greater than that of Athena. Athena was the young Greek goddess of weaving (amongst other things). 

Athena appeared to the girl as an old woman, and warned her not to offend the gods. Arachne did not take the advice, she wanted a weaving contest to prove her skill. 

Athena revealed herself, and let the contest begin. Athena wove her scene where she won over Poseidon, the god of the sea. Arachne wove scenes about Zeus being unfaithful, with different women: Leda, Europa, and Danae.

Athena saw Arachne's work was without error, but she did not like the subject of Arachne's weaving. Athena lost her temper, and destroyed what Arachne had created. She also hit Arachne on the head. Arachne then realized what she had done. She ran away and hanged herself. Athena however had pity with Arachne, so before Arachne was dead, she changed the rope into a cobweb, and Arachne into a spider. 

Ovid tells the story in Metamorphoses. Book 6, 5-54, 129-145. The story is typical of tragedy in Ancient Greek theatre, where pride in thinking oneself better than the gods – ὕβρις (hubris) – brings punishment from the gods.

The Greek word for spider is arachne (αραχνη), from which derive the mythological woman's name, the class name Arachnida in biology, and the name for fear of spiders, arachnophobia.

Appearances in Modern Day Entertainment 
Arachne has made appearances in recent years in books such as The Heroes of Olympus series by Rick Riordan.

References

Other websites
Arache E-Text at Project Gutenberg

People in Greek mythology
Arachnophobia

Arachnophobia is a fear of spiders. It is a very common phobia - many people suffer from it. People who have it often feel uncomfortable in areas where there may be spiders. The usual way of treating this is using behaviour therapy. People will be confronted with spiders; they may be required to touch spiders as big as a tarantula.

Phobias
Spiders
John le Carré

John le Carré (19 October 1931 – 12 December 2020) was an English novelist. He was born in Poole, Dorset. He wrote many spy novels. The name is a pseudonym. His real name was David John Moore Cornwell.

Le Carré graduated from Lincoln College, Oxford with a Bachelor of Arts degree.

Le Carré died from pneumonia at Royal Cornwall Hospital in Truro, England on 12 December 2020, at age 89.

His works

Novels
 Call for the Dead (1961), 
 A Murder of Quality (1962), 
 The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963), 
 The Looking Glass War (1965), 
 A Small Town in Germany (1968), 
 The Naïve and Sentimental Lover (1971), 
 Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (1974), 
 The Honourable Schoolboy (1977), 
 Smiley's People (1979), 
 The Little Drummer Girl (1983), 
 A Perfect Spy (1986), 
 The Russia House (1989), 
 The Secret Pilgrim (1990), 
 The Night Manager (1993), 
 Our Game (1995), 
 The Tailor of Panama (1996), 
 Single & Single (1999), 
 The Constant Gardener (2001), 
 Absolute Friends (2003), 
 The Mission Song (2006), 
 A Most Wanted Man (2008), 
 Our Kind of Traitor (2010), 
 A Delicate Truth (2013), 
 A Legacy of Spies (2017),

Non-fiction
 The Good Soldier (1991), collected in Granta 35: The Unbearable Peace
 The United States Has Gone Mad (2003), collected in Not One More Death (2006), 
 Afterword (2014), an essay on Kim Philby, published in A Spy Among Friends by Ben Macintyre
 The Pigeon Tunnel: Stories from My Life (2016)

Short stories
 "Dare I Weep, Dare I Mourn?" (1967), in The Saturday Evening Post, 28 January 1967.
 "What Ritual is Being Observed Tonight?" (1968), in the Saturday Evening Post, 2 November 1968.
 "The Writer and The Horse" (1968), in The Savile Club Centenary Magazine and later The Argosy (and The Saturday Review under the title A Writer and A Gentleman).
 "The King Who Never Spoke" (2009), in Ox-Tales: Fire, 2 July 2009.

Omnibus
 The Incongruous Spy (1964), containing Call for the Dead and A Murder of Quality
 The Quest for Karla (1982), containing Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, The Honourable Schoolboy and Smiley's People (republished in 1995 as Smiley Versus Karla in the UK; and John Le Carré: Three Complete Novels in the U.S.),

Screenplays
 End of the Line (1970), broadcast 29 June 1970
 A Murder of Quality (1991)
 The Tailor of Panama (2001), with John Boorman and Andrew Davies

Executive producer
 The Tailor of Panama (2001)
 Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2011)
 A Most Wanted Man (2014)
 The Night Manager (2016)
 Our Kind of Traitor (2016)

Actor
 The Little Drummer Girl (1984), as David Cornwell
 Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2011), as John le Carré
 A Most Wanted Man (2014)
 Our Kind of Traitor (2016)
 The Night Manager (2016), as David Cornwell

References

Other websites 

John le Carré homepage
John le Carré biography on Books and Writers 
1989 NPR Interview of le Carré

1931 births
2020 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Deaths from pneumonia
English novelists
Infectious disease deaths in England
Pen names
People from Poole
Writers from Dorset
Atacama Desert

The Atacama Desert is a desert. It is on the Tropic of Capricorn in northern Chile, and is one of the driest places on earth. In some places, less than an inch (25mm) of rain falls every ten years. Only one of the rivers from the Andes mountains reaches the ocean through the desert. The rest disappear into the dry soil. 

The Atacama is a desert not because mountains make a rain shadow, but because the ocean does. The water on the coast of Chile is cold, because the Humboldt Current brings cold water from Antarctica. Moisture cannot stay in the cold air above the cold water, so mainly fog reaches the land, but very little rain. The people of Chile have learned how to get water from the fog to help them live. They "harvest" the clouds by putting up plastic sheets with pans underneath. The fog collects on the plastic and drips into the pans, giving the people water for crops and drinking. In parts of this desert it has not rained for over 400 years. Even though the Atacama is the driest place in the world that does not mean it is the hottest. The Atacama Desert is actually a mild place with temperatures ranging from 0 to 30 degrees Celsius.

Three countries fought the War of the Pacific in the 1880s for control of the desert. They both wanted its Sodium nitrate mines. Chile won.

The oldest known artificially prepared mummies come from this desert.  They are called the Chinchorro mummies.

References 

Deserts
Atacama Region
Ecoregions
International Atomic Energy Agency

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is a spin-off organisation from the United Nations. It was created as an autonomous (self-governing) organization on July 29, 1957. The organization is intended to monitor and promote the peaceful and safe use of nuclear energy with protection from harmful radiation and, also, to prevent the use of this energy to build nuclear weapons.

International Atomic Energy Agency and its former Director General, Mohamed ElBaradei, were both awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on 7 October 2005 for their role in trying to prevent the invasion of Iraq by a US-led coalition of troops.

The IAEA has its headquarters in Vienna, Austria. Additional facilities are in Seibersdorf (near Vienna), Monaco, Toronto, and Tokyo.

References

International scientific organizations
Nuclear energy
1957 establishments
Organizations based in Austria
1080



Events 
 William I of England, in a letter, reminds the Bishop of Rome that the King of England owes him no allegiance.
 King Alfonso VI of Castile establishes the Latin liturgy in Catholic church in place of the Mozarabic rite.
 Ísleifur Gissurarson, the first bishop in Iceland, dies while giving mass in Skálholt church.
 Osmund, Bishop of Salisbury, builds Devizes Castle.

Births 
 Edith Matilda of Scotland, Queen consort of King Henry I of England (died 1118)
 Thomas of Canterbury, Anglo-Norman nobleman (died 1159)

Deaths 
 King Harald III of Denmark (born c.1044)
 Andronikus VI, Byzantine emperor
 Ísleifur Gissurarson, Icelandic bishop
Seibersdorf

Seibersdorf is a village in Lower Austria, Austria. As of 2001, about 1200 people lived there. It is close to Vienna, and mostly known for the research centre of the International Atomic Energy Agency.

References

Other websites
 Website of the village (German)

Settlements in Lower Austria
Baguette

Baguettes are long thin loaves of bread popular in France, but now common in many other countries. Usually, they are made of white bread. Baguettes usually have a hard crust on the outside but soft bread on the inside.

French traditions say that bread may only contain the following four things: flour, water, yeast and salt. Anything containing more than those things must not be called bread.

A baguette is about 5-6 cm wide, 3 to 4 cm high, and about 65 cm long. Such a baguette usually weighs about 250 grams. It is common to dip the bread into olive oil when it is eaten.

History 
The baguette is thought as to have come from France, but it actually came from Vienna. In the middle of the nineteenth century, steam ovens had just been brought into use. This allowed loaves to be made with a crispy crust and the white centre, similar to today's baguettes. 

Later, in 1920, a law was passed that did not let bakers work before 4am. This made it impossible to make a larger loaf in time for their customers' breakfasts. The longer, thinner baguette helped solve this problem because it could be prepared and baked much faster. However, since the French had been making long thin loaves for a long time, what exactly was invented in 1920? It seems to be just the use of the word "baguette"  for those thin loaves.

Description 
Outside France, the baguette is also called a 'French stick'. It is a loaf of bread, up to a metre long but only about four to five centimetres in diameter. The baguette is a symbol of France.

Baguettes are eaten as a sandwich cut in half lengthwise. They are also eaten for breakfast (usually with jam or chocolate spread).

A loaf the same length as a baguette but thicker (about 8-10 centimetres diameter) is known as 'pain'. A thin version of the baguette is called 'ficelle'. 

Even in France there is a difference between a traditional baguette and a 'supermarket' baguette.

Baguette has the same texture as the Greek bread Tsoureki.

References 

Breads
Barometer

A barometer is an instrument used to measure air pressure. The barometer measures air pressure in various kinds of units including hectopascals (hPa) and millibars.  

There are various types of barometers such as the water barometer, aneroid barometer, and the mercury barometer. The mercury barometer, the earliest barometer, was created by an Italian mathematician named Evangelista Torricelli in 1643. 

They are used for measuring altitude, or height above the ground, such as the height of a mountain, and they were often used to measure altitude aboard a hot air balloon.  Barometers are also used in modern aviation as altimeters.  Miners sometimes use them to determine the depth of a mine.  The most used purpose of the barometer is measuring air pressure.  This helps meteorologists in predicting weather.

A barograph is a device which records barometric readings on paper.

Weather
Weather instruments
Measuring tools
Nokia

Nokia Corporation is a Finnish telecommunications company with its main office in Espoo, a suburb of Helsinki.

History 
The company began in 1865 as a wood pulp mill in Finland and began making paper. The paper was sold to Russia, the UK, and France. The company merged with the Finnish Rubber Company which wanted to use its hydroelectricity plant. After World War Two, Nokia bought a large part of the Finnish Cable Works. In 1967 the three companies joined to form the Nokia Group.

They began making electronic products, and for a few years early in the 21st century were the world's biggest maker of mobile phones. Some of its phones, such as the Nokia 1100 and 1110, have sold over 250 million units around the world, and a few others, like the Nokia 3210 and Nokia 3310, sold more than 100 million units.

Timeline 

In 2011, Nokia and Microsoft began a partnership which created Nokia Lumia, a series of smartphones that use the Windows Phone operating system and was meant to replace Symbian as the OS on Nokia's smartphones. Not many of these phones were sold and because of this, Nokia was losing money. Finally, in 2013, Microsoft bought out Nokia's mobile phone business, which became a division of Microsoft called Microsoft Mobile. Microsoft continued to make feature phones with the Nokia brand, but began using the Microsoft brand for its Lumia smartphones. Nokia's other phones, including the Nokia X which used Android, were discontinued, or no longer made.

Nokia also bought the mapping company Navteq in 2011, and changed its name to HERE. Its apps were first available only on Windows Phone as part of the company's deal with Microsoft, but they later became available for Android and iOS. HERE was sold to Volkswagen, BMW, and Daimler in 2015.

Also in 2011, Nokia started a music streaming service called MixRadio. It became part of Microsoft Mobile in 2014, was sold to a Japanese company in 2015, and was eventually shut down in 2016.

In 2013, Nokia bought out the share of its telecommunications division that was held by Siemens of Germany, and this division is now known as Nokia Networks. The French company Alcatel-Lucent was bought by Nokia and merged into Nokia Networks early in 2016, which also included taking over the famous Bell Labs.

Microsoft Mobile sold its feature phone business to HMD Global in 2016, which is licensing the Nokia brand for its own phones. They include the Android-based Nokia 3, Nokia 5, and Nokia 6, and a new version of the popular Nokia 3310 made in 2000.

Medio

Medio is a American company engaged in predictive analysis services and software development. Founded in 2004, It has been owned by Nokia since 2014.

References

1865 establishments in Europe
Companies of Finland
1860s establishments in Finland
Mobile phone companies
Research

Research is a way of looking for new information, new understanding, and new facts. A person who does research is called a researcher. Some researchers work in academia. Other researchers work for businesses, for organisations, or for the government. Research is often used for solving problems or increasing available knowledge. This can be done by testing theories and making observations. Research usually prefers to be systematic, organised, and objective. Research is used in many different fields of study such as science, mathematics, and the humanities.

Academic research 
Researchers take part in field or laboratory experiments, reading relevant books, journals or websites, taking notes and making conclusions. Teaching and lecturing is only part of the job of a professor or researcher. When they are not directly teaching classes they are often working on academic research. Learning institutions can vary widely in what they expect from members of their faculty. Most expect faculty members to set up their own laboratories. They hire their own lab employees and obtain their own funding, often from more than one source. Academic researchers often compete for grants to fund research at their own university. The more money researchers can attract, the higher the prestige of that university.

Scientific research 

The scientific method is the usual way of doing this kind of research. It is meant to improve understanding of biology, engineering, physics, chemistry and many other fields. With this kind of research, scientists can understand the world, and discover useful things.

Money for research comes from governments, private corporations, and charities. Some of these organizations combine research and development of new products and ways of doing their work.

Some basic principles of research 
Any research should be:
 Systematic: from a hypothesis or working objective, researchers gather data according to a scheme set out in advance.  They use the data to change ideas or add new knowledge to that already existing.  The approach used in research is the scientific method.
 Organized: members of a research group use the same definitions, standards and principles.  This is part of the detailed plan. 
 Objective: conclusions from research must be based on observed and measured facts, not on subjective impressions.  The conclusions should be unbiased.

Basic activities at research process 
 Studying available information on the subject. [facts]
 Physical or computer modeling.
 Measuring the phenomena.
 Comparing the obtained results.
 Interpreting the results with the current knowledge, considering the variables which might have influenced the result.

Types of research 
 Basic research, also called fundamental research or pure research, aims to understand nature. 
 Applied research aims at using the new knowledge to do something.

Publishing 
Research must be published so the world can learn from it. Nature, Science and Proceedings of the Royal Society, are general scientific journals. Many special journals are published. Research must pass the peer review process in order to be published.

References
Electronic Entertainment Expo

The Electronic Entertainment Expo (Exposition) or  E3, first held in 1995, is one of the biggest conferences for video games. Every year in late May or early June, game developers and other professional people gather to show new video games, computer hardware, and features. It is only open to people who have been invited and people visiting must be over eighteen years old. In 2019, personal information of more than 6000 people were leaked. As a result, people were harassed.

References

Other websites 
Official website

Video game events
1995 establishments
Prince Edward Island

Prince Edward Island (PEI; ) is a province of Canada. It is the smallest of Canada's ten provinces. Most of the people on Prince Edward Island speak English. Prince Edward Island was named for the son of King George lll of Britain, and it joined the Dominion of Canada in 1873.

This province is  long and 4 to 60 kilometers (2.5 to 37 miles) wide. The capital, and also the largest city, is Charlottetown.

Prince Edward Island is known for being the location for novels written by Lucy Maud Montgomery including Anne of Green Gables. It is also important for being the "Birthplace of Confederation", because the Charlottetown Conference in 1864 was in Prince Edward Island.

Government and politics
The government of Prince Edward Island is a parliamentary government, with a constitutial monarchy. The monarch (king or queen) right now is King Charles III, who is also the monarch for the rest of Canada. The person who represents the King is called the Lieutenant Governor.

References

Other websites 

Prince Edward Island
1873 establishments in Canada
Antigen

An antigen is a molecule on the outside of a pathogen (a "germ"). It causes the production of antibodies which stick to the invading virus or bacterium. This is an immune response.

Antigens are usually a protein on the outside of a bacterium or virus. It gets recognized by the adaptive immune system as foreign, and this stimulates the production of antibodies. The antibodies combine with the antigens and make the invading virus or bacterium ineffective. Antigens stimulate the production of antibodies: they do not produce them directly. Vaccines for the seasonal flu virus is a common example.

The body system is normally tolerant of its own molecules, which don't trigger an attack. Autoimmune diseases are caused when this safeguard fails.

The first time that a new antigen comes into contact with the body the response of the immune system will be a complete immune response. During this first response, the antigen will cause antibodies to be made. 

The next time the same antigen contacts the body, a full-scale immune response is not needed as the body already has a specific antibody available instantly for that antigen. 

Vaccinations usually contain dead bacteria or antigen so the antibodies can recognise it later and make antibodies faster.

Terminology 
 Epitope – the distinct surface features of an antigen. 
 Allergen – A substance capable of causing an allergic reaction. The (detrimental) reaction may result after exposure via ingestion, inhalation, injection, or contact with skin.
 Superantigen – A class of antigens that cause non-specific activation of T-cells, resulting in polyclonal T-cell activation and massive cytokine release.
 Tolerogen – A substance that invokes a specific immune non-responsiveness due to its molecular form. If its molecular form is changed, a tolerogen can become an immunogen.
 Immunoglobulin-binding protein – proteins that stick to antigens, for example the B-cell antigen receptor complex.
 T-dependent antigen – Antigens that require the assistance of T cells to induce the formation of specific antibodies.
 T-independent antigen – Antigens that stimulate B cells directly.
 Immunodominant antigens – Antigens that dominate (over all others from a pathogen) in their ability to produce an immune response.

References 

Immunology
Chaos

Chaos is when something unpredictable or random happens. It may refer to several different things:

 Chaos magic, a branch of occultism
 Chaos (mythology), the concept in classical creation stories
 Randomness, a lack of intelligible pattern or combination
 Chaos theory, a branch of mathematics and physics
 Chaos (genus), a type of giant amoeba
 19521 Chaos, a Trans-Neptunian Kuiper belt object in space
 K-os, Canadian musician
Chaos an American hip hop Recoring artist

Related pages 
 Anarchy
 Confusion
 Disorder
 Order
Information entropy

Information entropy is a concept from information theory. It tells how much information there is in an event. In general, the more certain or deterministic the event is, the less information it will contain.  More clearly stated, information is an increase in uncertainty or entropy.  The concept of information entropy was created by mathematician Claude Shannon.

Information and its relationship to entropy can be modeled by:R = H(x) - Hy(x)"The conditional entropy Hy(x) will, for convenience, be called the equivocation. It measures the average ambiguity of the received signal."

The "average ambiguity" or Hy(x) meaning uncertainty or entropy.  H(x) represents information.  R is the received signal.

It has applications in many areas, including lossless data compression, statistical inference, cryptography, and sometimes in other disciplines as biology, physics or machine learning.

The information gain is a measure of the probability with which a certain result is expected to happen. In the context of a coin flip, with a 50-50 probability, the entropy is the highest value of 1. It does not involve information gain because it does not incline towards a specific result more than the other. If there is a 100-0 probability that a result will occur, the entropy is 0.

Example 
Let's look at an example. If someone is told something they already know, the information they get is very small. It will be pointless for them to be told something they already know. This information would have very low entropy.

If they were told about something they knew little about, they would get much new information. This information would be very valuable to them. They would learn something. This information would have high entropy.

Related pages 
Entropy (Information Theory)
Mutual information
 Thermodynamic entropy
Entropy 
Claude Shannon

References

Other websites 
 Information is not entropy, !  - a discussion of the use of the terms "information" and "entropy".
 I'm confused: how could information equal entropy? - a similar discussion on the bionet.info-theory FAQ.
 Java "entropy pool" for cryptographically-secure unguessable random numbers 
 Description of information entropy from Tools for thought' by Howard Rheingold
An intuitive guide to the concept of entropy arising in various sectors of science – a wikibook on the interpretation of the concept of entropy.

Theoretical computer science
Spice Girls

The Spice Girls were a British girl group. The group formed in 1994. The group had five members. They were famous in the late 1990s and early 2000s.

Nicknames 
Each member uses a nickname initially given to them: 

 Melanie Chisholm is "Sporty Spice"
 Emma Bunton is "Baby Spice" 
 Melanie Brown is "Scary Spice" 
 Victoria Adams was "Posh Spice"
 Geri Halliwell is "Ginger Spice"

History 
They were signed to Virgin Records. The Spice Girls released their debut single, "Wannabe" in 1996. It hit number-one in more than 30 countries. The song helped make the group as a global phenomenon. The group is credited for starting the trend of commercial success of teen pop in the late 1990s. Their debut album, Spice, sold more than 28 million copies worldwide. It is the best-selling album by a female group in music history. They have sold over 75 million records worldwide. This makes them the best-selling female group of all time. It also makes them the most successful British band since the Beatles.

The group released three albums: Spice in 1996, Spice World in 1997 and Forever in 2000. The Spice Girls starred in Spiceworld: The Movie, which was released in December 1997. 

The members reunited in 2007. They released a Greatest Hits album in November and said a world tour would start in December. On 1 February 2008, the group said that they would be ending the tour early.

In 2012, they reunited again to perform at the closing ceremonies of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.

References

1994 establishments in England
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
British girl groups
English pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1994
Musical quintets
 
Musical groups disestablished in 2008
2008 disestablishments in England
Traffic cone

Traffic cones (also called road cones, safety cones or pylons) are cone-shaped markers, usually made from plastic, that are put on roads to temporarily redirect car traffic in a safe manner.

Uses 
Traffic cones are usually placed around construction sites or roadside accidents. As well, many utility companies such as telephone companies and electric companies place cones on the road when utility workers are working on or near the road. Cones are also used by driving schools to set up tests of turning and parking skills.
They have many other uses including bike training, fun and for personal use like reserving parking spaces.

On top of traffic redirection, Traffic cones are often used in sports as markers to test and train for skills like agaility and precision.

Traffic cones are often used due to their resilient rubber construction, and a new one can easily handle being run over multiple times and be reformed by stacking it between other cones. However, a disadvantage to this rubber construction is that older traffic cones tend to become brittle, and easily shattered.

Due to their rubber construction, they can easily be dropped off of specialized road striping trucks to mark paint.

Features 
Traffic cones are easily movable and about 60 cm (24 inches) tall. Traffic cones come in many different colors, with orange, yellow and red being the most common colors. Many types of traffic cones have reflective strips or stripes of reflective paint, so that the cones are easier to see at night.

History 
Traffic cones were invented in 1914 by Charles P. Rudabaker. The first cones were made of concrete. In the 2000s, most cones are made of brightly-colored plastic.

Other websites 
 The Traffic Cone Preservation Society
 Orange Cones -- Kibo's collection of photographs of cones in unusual places
 Automated Traffic Cone Placement-Retrieval Trailer 

Safety
Traffic signs
Agatha Christie

Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie DBE (15 September 1890 – 12 January 1976) was an English writer of crime stories. Her books are very famous all over the world, and she sold more than 4 billion books around the world. Only William Shakespeare has sold more books. Also, her books are in more languages than any other writer's books. People can read them in 103 different languages. Her stories are about murders and finding out who did them. It is hard to find that person. There is a detective who tries to catch the bad person. People like reading her books because they can try to find the answer, too. Reading these books is like playing a game. The most well-known characters in her books are Miss Marple and Hercule Poirot. Miss Marple is an old English lady, and she talks to everyone. People do not think she is smart, but she always finds the bad person. She uses logic to find out who is guilty of the murder. Hercule Poirot is a strange man, a private detective from Belgium who lives in London. He likes to find out who did the murder by thinking about all the evidence. The stories of Poirot and Miss Marple were made into many TV shows and movies.

Christie also wrote plays. One of them is called The Mousetrap, and it started over 60 years ago. It remains the world's longest-running play.

Christie was born in Torquay in Devon, England. She did not go to school. She had lessons from her mother at home. Her mother thought children should not learn to read until they were eight years old. But Christie learned how to read by herself when she was four. She read many books, so she learned to become a good writer. She later became a very good pianist and singer, too. She was married twice; she had a daughter called Rosalind Hicks. She worked in a hospital and in a pharmacy during World War I. She also wrote romance novels and plays. They were very successful too. In 1971, she was honoured by the Queen with the title Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire.

Christie died on 12 January 1976 at age 85 from natural causes at her Winterbrook House in the north of Cholsey parish, adjoining Wallingford in Oxfordshire (formerly part of Berkshire). She is buried in the nearby churchyard of St Mary's, Cholsey.

The Guinness Book of World Records ranks Christie as the best-selling novelist ever. Her novels have sold about 4 billion copies. Her works are the world's most-widely published books after those of William Shakespeare and the Bible. Her books have been translated into at least 103 languages. Christie's best-selling novel is And Then There Were None. It has sold 100 million copies. It is the world's best-selling mystery novel.

References 

1890 births
1976 deaths
English novelists
Writers from Devon
Torquay
Crime writers
Motion (disambiguation)

Motion refers to any physical movement or change in position or place.

Science
 Motion (physics), any physical movement or change in position or place
 Brownian motion
 Circular motion
 Equation of motion
 Perpetual motion
 Motion perception
 Motion sickness
 Glacial motion
 Polar motion

Astronomy
 Diurnal motion
 Proper motion

Law and politics
 Motion (legal), in law
 Motion (democracy), a formal step to introduce a matter for consideration by a group

Popular culture
 Motion (album), an album by the Cinematic Orchestra
 Motion, the two female disco dance performers working with Deney Terrio

Technology
 Motion control
 Motion detection and motion detector
 Motion graphic
 Apple Motion, motion graphic software by Apple Computer
 Motion planning, in robotics
 Motion simulator
 Valve gear, a part of a steam locomotive

Cinematography
 Full motion video
 Motion blur
 Motion capture
 Motion picture
 Stop motion
 Slow motion

People
 Andrew Motion, poet laureate

Basic English 850 words
Diego Velázquez

Diego Velázquez (baptized 6 June 1599 – 6 August 1660) was a Spanish painter, the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV.

Velázquez began his career as an apprentice to the Spanish painter Francisco Pacheco. In 1623 Velázquez painted portrait of King Philip IV of Spain. The king was impressed with the painting. The king appointed Velázquez as a painter of the royal court.

Velázquez had a successful career as a painter. He traveled to Italy two times.  He painted royal portraits and religious scenes. Velázquez was also honored as a Knight of Santiago. 

Most of royal portraits are now in the Prado Museum, in Madrid.

Gallery

References 

1599 births
1660 deaths
Spanish painters