alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Sin City

Sin City is the title of a number of stories by Frank Miller, written in a comic book-style and the name of a movie that is based on the books.

Sin City movie

A movie version of the Sin City books was released in 2005.  It starred a number of famous actors, including Jessica Alba, Brittany Murphy, Bruce Willis, and Elijah Wood. The movie was directed by Frank Miller, Robert Rodriguez, and Quentin Tarantino.

The movie is based on four stories from the Sin City books:  "The Customer is Always Right", "The Hard Goodbye", "The Big Fat Kill" and "That Yellow Bastard".

Other websites 
 Official Sin City website
 
 Roger Ebert's original review of Sin City 
 Sin City Trailer 1 (14.5 MB, Quicktime) 
 Sin City Trailer 2 (27.4 MB, Quicktime)
 A list of differences between the books and the film 
 Comic book-to-film visual comparisons 
 An extensive interview with Miller and Rodriguez (59:39 minutes, click "Extended Audio")
 The Spoilers Alternate DVD Commentary of Sin City
 Peter Sanderson's indepth analysis of the film
 Sin City at FranksFilms

American comic books
Brittany Murphy

Brittany Murphy-Monjack (born Brittany Anne Bertolotti; November 10, 1977 – December 20, 2009) was an American actress and singer. She appeared in many movies and was the voice of Luanne on the American television show King of the Hill. Murphy was married to British moviemaker Simon Monjack (1970-2010) from 2007 until her death on December 20, 2009. She died of pneumonia. An overdose of legal drugs also played a part in her death.

Filmography

References

Other websites 
 
 Brittany Murphy Tribute

Actors from New Jersey
American movie actors
American television actors
Deaths from pneumonia
Singers from New Jersey
1977 births
2009 deaths
Evershot

Evershot is a village in the county of Dorset. It is in the West Dorset District. In 2001 there were 206 people living in Evershot.

References 

Villages in Dorset
West Dorset
Copyleft

Copyleft is a name for a type of a license for free content or free software. It is not the opposite of copyright, but its purpose is the opposite of the purpose of the frequently seen copyright type of license (which uses copyright to forbid changing, giving, or selling something). A copyleft license uses copyright to forbid forbidding changing, giving, or selling something.

Both copyleft and non-copyleft ("permissive") licenses for free content or free software can be used for things like documents (for example books, art, music and software); they always allow people to change the works, and to give or sell them to other people. It should be noted that, although people might think that copyleft content is not copyrighted, that's a myth. Copyleft is a form of licensing: it is not just another name for public domain.

However, in a copyleft license, when a person gives or sells a work (changed or not changed) to a friend, the person must allow the friend to do the things which the author of the original work has allowed in the license to the person. This often means, for example, that if another person licensed a book under a copyleft license, and you changed it into a new book, you would have to license your new book under the same license.

Some copyleft licenses that are used a lot are the GNU General Public License and the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license.

References

Copyright
Uruguay

Uruguay (officially named Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country in South America. The language spoken there is Spanish. Its capital and largest city is Montevideo. Uruguay is bordered by two large neighbors, Brazil and Argentina. The only country in South America that is smaller than Uruguay is Suriname. The land is mostly flat, and there are many farms in the countryside. 

The area around Uruguay was fought over by the Portuguese and Spanish Empires in the 18th century. In the 1810s it was the center of the Banda Oriental, a Federal League of states in the Río de la Plata region. Argentina and Brazil took the majority in wars, leaving Uruguay as independent.

History 
Before Europeans came to the land, no more than 10 thousand native people lived here. Spanish explorer Juan Díaz de Solís first explored the land in 1516.

Departments

Uruguay is divided into 19 different Departments.

¹Doesn't include the artificial lakes on the Rio Negro (1,199 km²).

Geography
The highest point in the country is the Cerro Catedral whose peak reaches to .

Uruguay has 660 km of coastline.

There are nine National Parks in Uruguay.  Five in the wetland areas of the east, three in the central hill country and one in the west along the Rio Uruguay.
 2nd smallest country on continent
 South America
 Sandy beaches near Montevideo
 In the north, a series of low mountains run north into the highlands of Brazil
 176,220 square kilometers
 Mostly hills
 A lot of water rich lands
 Near Brazil and Argentina

Economy

Agriculture
According to FAOSTAT, Uruguay is one of world's largest producers of: soybeans (9th); greasy wool (12th); horse meat (14th); beeswax (14th); quinces (17th); natural honey (19th); cattle meat (20th). On December 20, 2013, Uruguay was the first country in the world to legalize the cultivation, sale, and use of cannabis.

Demographics

Uruguayans are mostly of European origin.  88%, or 88 of 100 people, are from European descent.

Sports

Football is the most popular sport in Uruguay.  The Uruguay national football team has won the FIFA World Cup on two occasions.

References

Official Websites 
 Uruguay Official Portal 
 Uruguay Official Presidency Website 

 
Spanish-speaking countries
1825 establishments in South America
Minnesota

Minnesota is a state in the Upper Midwestern region of the United States

The capital of Minnesota is Saint Paul. The largest city is Minneapolis. Over 3 million people live in the two cities and the suburbs that surround it, which are separated by the Mississippi River. They are known as the Twin Cities.

Minnesota became a state on May 11, 1858. It was the 32nd state in the United States of America. The name Minnesota is Dakota (a Native American language) for "sky-tinted water". Eagle Mountain is the highest point in Minnesota. The state bird is the Common Loon.

Minnesota has a humid continental climate. The winters in Minnesota are long and severe. Hence the state has a short growing season. During the summer, the south of the state is hot; the north is warm.

In the 1984 election, Minnesota was the only state that voted for Walter Mondale.

Related pages
 List of counties in Minnesota
 List of United States senators from Minnesota

References

Other websites

Facts on Minnesota

 
1858 establishments in the United States
Cairo

Cairo (, usually transliterated as Al-Qāhirah) is the capital and largest city in Egypt. The city name can be translated as the one who won. 

Cairo has 7,947,121 people. About 17,290,000 people live in its urban area. This makes it the biggest city of the Arab World. It also is the city with the biggest urban area in Africa

The city is on the Nile River.

Geography

Climate 

The city of Cairo has a hot desert climate (BWh), meaning it has a hot, sunny and dry climate a year long. The city, however, has more humidity than other cities with the hot desert climate (BWh).

History
The area around the city was an important focal point of Ancient Egypt.

In 968, the Fatimids entered Egypt and they made Cairo the capital of their caliphate.

The Al Azhar mosque and university was made in 972.  This became the world's oldest university.  It is the most widely known seminary in the Islamic world.

In 1992, Cairo was devastated by a 5.8 magnitude earthquake that caused 545 deaths, injuring 6,512, and made 50,000 people homeless, the most destructive since 1847.

Tourism

The great pyramids of Giza and the step pyramid of Sakkara are just outside of the city.

The Egyptian Museum holds the world’s largest collection of antiquities from the time of the ancient Pharaohs.  Many treasures from the tomb of King Tutankhamun are in this museum.

Famous Cairenes 
People from Cairo are called 'Cairenes'.
 Abu Sa'id al-Afif - Fifteenth Century Samaritian
 Boutros Boutros-Ghali, former Secretary-General of the United Nations
 Naguib Mahfouz, novelist, Nobel Prize in Literature in 1988.
 Mido, Professional soccer player with Middlesbrough F.C
 Mohamed ElBaradei, Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency 2005 Nobel Peace Prize laureate
 Naguib Sawiris, 62nd richest person on earth in a 2007 list of billionaires, reaching US$10.0 billion with his company Orascom Telecom Holding
 Farouk El Baz, a great contributor to NASA
 Sir Magdi Yacoub, leading cardiologist, knight
 Constantin Xenakis (1931) Greek artist
 Voula Zouboulaki (1931) Greek actress

References

Sources
 Hedges, Chris.  "What's Doing in Cairo," New York Times. January 8, 1995.

Other websites 

 
 
 Cairo information  at yatb.info
 Blog about Cairo
 Places in Cairo 

Capital of Egypt
Aerospace engineering

Aerospace engineering is a field of engineering that specializes in vehicles that move in fluids. This usually means working with airplanes, cars, boats, trains, or spacecraft.

As with other engineering, people who work in Aerospace engineering must study. This depends on what they want to do. Aerospace engineers (who design and oversee repair of vehicles) study for years at a university or college and earn a degree. Technicians (those who repair and construct vehicles) will do a shorter course and 'on the job' training. Aerospace jobs include astronauts, pilots, and other professionals.

Notes
1805

1805 (MDCCCV) was .

Events 
 October 21 – Battle of Trafalgar
Karnataka

Karnataka is a state in the Republic of India. It has an area of . It is bigger than Syria but smaller than Senegal. In traditional Indian geography, it is part of the Southern zone. It has 31 districts. As of the 2011 census, it has a population of approximately 61.1 million. The present Chief Minister of the state is Siddaramaiah of the Indian National Congress.

Bangalore is the capital city of Karnataka. It is also known as the IT capital of India. Mysore, Mangalore, Hubli-Dharwad, Kalaburgi and Hospet are the other big cities in Karnataka. Places to see in Karnataka are Bangalore, Mysore, Hampi, Bijapur, Belur/Halebid, Shivamogga, sannati (yadgir) and Shravanabelagola. The Lalbhag Botanical Garden, Badami and the Jog water are some of the well-known tourist attractions in Karnataka.

The Kannada language is the official language of the state and the most prominent language spoken by the people in Karnataka. Telugu, Tamil, Marathi, Hindi and Malayalam are also spoken in Karantaka. Kannada is declared as one of the official languages of India. It has won the most number of Gnanpith Awards - 8, which are awarded to writers.

Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Telangana to the northeast, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the south and Kerala to the southwest. Topographically, Karnataka consists of the Arabian Sea Coast, Western Ghats, Deccan Plateau, and Eastern Ghats.

Karnataka's history dates back to the 3rd century BC. The succession of able administrators from the Hoysalas, Chalukyas and the mighty Vijayanagara rulers, to the arrival of the Mughals in the 17th century and the British in the 18th century have contributed to the mix of culture and heritage that is as rich as it is ancient.

Provincial symbols of Karnataka

References

 
3rd-century BC establishments
Norrland

Norrland is the northernmost region of Sweden. The other two regions are Götaland and Svealand. Norrland includes the Swedish counties Gävleborg County, Västernorrland County, Jämtland County, Västerbotten County and Norrbotten County. By "Upper Norrland" people usually mean Norrbotten and Västerbotten counties.
Historically parts of northern Finland have also been parts of Norrland.

Even though 59% of Sweden's area is within Norrland, only 12% of its population live there. The biggest town of Norrland is Umeå.

Norrland is famous for its landscape, and for phenomena such as the Midnight sun, Polar night and Aurora also called the Northern lights.

Geography of Sweden
Calgary

Calgary is the biggest city in Alberta, Canada. More than 1,000,000 people live in Calgary. The city is in the southern half of Alberta near the Rocky Mountains.

Economy 
There are many oil and gas businesses in Calgary. There are many skyscrapers in the city.

Around Calgary there are many farms where cows are raised.

Climate 
Calgary has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Koeppen climate classification). It has long, cold, dry winters. The summers are warm with moderate rainfall. Sometimes a wind called a Chinook blows through Calgary. This wind can make some days in winter less cold.

Activities 
Calgary has a famous event called The Calgary Stampede every year. They rent many rides and have a huge festival for the city to join. The Calgary Stampede is the largest rodeo in the world. At the Stampede, cowboys can win a lot of money. Cowboys also race with chuckwagons at the Stampede. Chuckwagons are carts with four wheels pulled by horses. In 1988, the Winter Olympics were held in Calgary.

Calgary has many museums, such as the Glenbow Museum and the Aero Space Museum. The Calgary Flames (an NHL ice hockey team) play in Calgary at Scotiabank Saddledome.

Media 

Calgary Stations

CBRT CBC

CFCN CTV Television Network

CICT Global Television Network

CTV Two

References

 
Olympic cities
1875 establishments in North America
1870s establishments in Canada
Nova Scotia

Nova Scotia ( ); French pronunciation: ) is a small province found on the east coast of Canada. The name "Nova Scotia" is Latin for "New Scotland". The capital and largest city is Halifax.

People who live in Nova Scotia are called Nova Scotians. There are over 900,000 of them; over 400,000 of whom live in Halifax.

What is now Nova Scotia used to be controlled by the Mik'maq Indians. The French settled among them at Port Royal after 1600, and called the land part of Acadia, with Port Royal as its capital. In 1710, after a war, the British captured Port Royal and went on to capture the rest of the peninsula. It was the first time that the British had captured and held a French colony.  

On 6 December 1917, about 2,000 people were killed in the Halifax Explosion.

Nova Scotia's government is a democracy. Ian Rankin is the premier and John James Grant is the lieutenant governor.

References

Other websites 

 Nova Scotia Govt online map archive

1867 establishments in Canada
Absolute zero

Absolute zero is the temperature at which the particles of matter (molecules and atoms) are at their lowest energy points. Some might think that at absolute zero particles lose all energy and stop moving. This is not correct. In quantum physics there is something called zero point energy, which means that even after all the energy from particles has been removed, the particles still have some energy. This is due to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, which states that the more that is known about a particle's position, the less that can be known about its momentum, and vice versa. Therefore, a particle cannot be completely stopped because then its exact position and momentum would be known. 

Some people have created temperatures very close to absolute zero: the record temperature was 100 pK (one hundred picokelvin, equal to 10−10 kelvin) above absolute zero. Even getting close to absolute zero is difficult because anything that touches an object being cooled near absolute zero would give heat to the objects. Scientists use lasers to slow atoms when cooling objects to very low temperatures.

The kelvin and Rankine temperature scales are defined so that absolute zero is 0 kelvin (K) or 0 degrees Rankine (°R). The Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are defined so that absolute zero is −273.15 °C or −459.67 °F.

At this stage the pressure of the particles is zero. If we plot a graph to it, we can see that the temperature of the particles is zero. The temperature cannot go down any further. Also, the particles cannot move in "reverse" either because as the movement of particles is vibration, vibrating in reverse would be nothing but simply vibrating again. The closer the temperature of an object gets to absolute zero, the less resistive the material is to electricity therefore it will conduct electricity almost perfectly, with no measurable resistance.

The Third Law of Thermodynamics says that nothing can ever have a temperature of absolute zero.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics says that all engines that are powered by heat (like car engines and steam train engines) must release waste heat and can not be 100% efficient. This is because the efficiency (percent of energy the engine uses up that is actually used to do the engine's job) is 100%×(1-Toutside/Tinside), which only is 100% if the outside temperature is absolute zero which it cannot be. So, an engine cannot be 100% efficient, but you can make its efficiency closer to 100% by making the inside temperature hotter and/or the outside temperature colder.

Related pages
 Absolute temperature
 Absolute hot
 Superfluidity

References 

Temperature
Thermodynamics
Vacuum

A vacuum is a place where there is no matter, not even air. Sound cannot move in a vacuum. No place has a perfect vacuum, because a small number of particles remain, even in outer space. 

A space where only some of the air is removed is also called a vacuum. The space then has lower pressure, even though most of the air remains.

Common uses 
A vacuum cleaner works by pumping away some of the air. The air and dirt in a room rush into the vacuum left behind, where the dirt is caught by a filter.
An automobile engine that burns fuel uses a vacuum to pull in air, which contains oxygen that allows the fuel to burn.
An incandescent lightbulb has a vacuum inside so the hot filament doesn't burn up.

Industrial uses 

Vacuum is needed for some kinds of machines used for industrial production.  Vacuum pumps are used to pump air out of a vacuum chamber.  It is not possible to create 100% vacuum, but some vacuum pumps are able to create 99.9999% vacuum.  This is called "hard vacuum".  Most industrial purposes do not need hard vacuum.  

Industrial vacuums are mainly used in:
 Food industry
 Electronics industry
 Packaging
 Manipulation
 Coating and degasing

Scientific experiments 
Vacuum chambers are also used in many scientific experiments in laboratories. Some experiments in physics and chemistry need hard vacuum to keep any air or other gases from interfering with delicate surfaces or chemicals that can react.

Related pages
Nothing
Vacuum cleaner

References 
 Industrial vacuum information

Matter
Anne of Cleves

Anne of Cleves (22 September 1515 – 16 July 1557) was the fourth wife of Henry VIII of England from January 1540 to July 1540.

Biography 
She was the daughter of John III, Duke of Cleves and Maria of Julich Berg. She was born in Düsseldorf on 22 September 1515.
She was betrothed to Francis, the Duke of Lorraine, but she ended up marrying Henry VIII in January 1540. When the couple met for the first time, they did not like each other.

Henry VIII got married six times.  Except for Anne of Cleves, Henry knew all of his wives for a long time before marrying them.  Henry decided to marry Anne so England and the Protestant League would be allies.  It was a political marriage.  Henry also knew that having more than one son would be good, in case his and Jane Seymour's son, Edward, died.  So he also married Anne so he could have more children.

Hans Holbein painted a beautiful picture of Anne of Cleves and showed it to Henry.  One of the reasons Henry decided to marry Anne (instead of her sister Amelia) was because she looked so beautiful in her portrait.  When Anne's ship landed in England, Henry decided to sneak out to meet her early.  He brought a few of his friends and servants with him.  Henry dressed in the exact same clothes as the servants, and they all came into the room where Anne was waiting with her women.  Henry was acting out a story from the tradition of courtly love in which a man goes to see a woman while he is disguised as a servant, and she recognizes him because of the magic of true love.  Almost everyone in the courts of England and France knew this story.  But Anne grew up in a strict German court.  She did not know that the man dressed as a servant was King Henry, playing a game.  She spoke to him like a real servant.  Henry was very embarrassed.

Henry started complaining that Anne was not pretty.  He said that he could not have sexual intercourse with her because she had "bad breath" and smelled. Anne's previous engagement to the Duke of Lorraine was used as an excuse for a divorce, and Anne agreed to it. In July 1540 Henry divorced Anne and married Catherine Howard, who was younger and prettier.

After the divorce 
After the divorce, Henry made Anne his "sister" and gave her money and land for the rest of her life. As part of her divorce agreement, Henry gave Anne Hever Castle to live in.  Anne invited Henry's daughters Mary and Elizabeth to visit her at Hever Castle.  King Henry visited her too.  In 1541, there were rumors that King Henry had gotten his ex-wife Anne pregnant, but historians do not think this is true.

After Henry died, Anne did not have enough money.  His son, Edward VI, did not give her the same generous sums.

Anne of Cleves died on July 16, 1557 when she was 41 years old. She was the last of Henry's six wives to die, as she outlived his sixth wife, Catherine Parr, by nearly nine years. Anne was buried in Westminster Abbey.

References

1515 births
1557 deaths
House of Tudor
People buried in Westminster Abbey
Kings and Queens consort of England
Mary Tudor, Queen of France

Mary Tudor (28 March 1496 – 25 June 1533) was the youngest daughter of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York. She was princess of England, and was Queen of France for three months. After being Queen of France, she married someone else, and became Duchess of Suffolk until her death.

Biography 
Mary Tudor was born on 18 March 1496 in Richmond Palace. Her older brothers were Arthur, Prince of Wales, and Prince Henry, and her older sister was Princess Margaret. Henry and Mary were close as children. Later in life, when Henry became King Henry VIII of England, he even named his ship, the Mary Rose, after her. His first daughter, Mary (later known as Queen Mary I of England), was probably also named after her.

Mary's father was anxious for all his children to make good marriages, and many of the other kings and queens of Europe wanted Mary as a wife for one of their sons. She was first betrothed to Charles of Castile, later the Holy Roman Emperor. This betrothal was broken later, and she did not get married until after her brother Henry became king. When Mary was 18 she married King Louis XII of France, who was 52 years old. She was married in Abbeville, France, on 9 October 1514. Mary did not want to marry King Louis, but agreed when her brother said that she could marry anyone she wanted after Louis died. Louis died on 1 January 1515, and Mary soon married Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. 
Mary did not have any children while married to Louis, but she did when she was married to Charles. Her children's names were Henry, Frances and Eleanor. Frances went on to be the mother of Lady Jane Grey, who was the Queen of England for only nine days.

After suffering failing health for some years, Mary Tudor died on 25 June, 1533 at the age of thirty eight at Westhorpe Hall, Westhorpe, Suffolk, possibly of cancer. Her husband then married Catherine Willoughby.

References 

Tudor, Mary
1495 births
1533 deaths
Louis XII

Louis XII of France (June 27, 1462 – January 1, 1515) was the son of Charles, Duke of Orleans and Mary of Cleves. He was born on June 27, 1462 in the Chateau de Blois, France.

Louis's first wife was Jeanne of France, who was the daughter of Louis XI of France. At the time, Louis was not expected to become King of France. The King, Charles VIII, was a young man and could still have had children, but Charles had an accident and died suddenly. Charles was Jeanne's brother. Louis was Charles's cousin and next in line to the throne. When he became king, he had to end his marriage to Jeanne, partly because she was disabled and could not have children. 

Louis's second wife was Anne of Brittany, who was the daughter of Francis II, Duke of Brittany. Anne had been married to King Charles VIII until his death, but all of their children had died. As a result of her marriage to Charles, the dukedom of Brittany had become part of the kingdom of France. Louis wanted to keep Brittany, but in order to do so he had to marry Anne. After her marriage to Louis, Anne had two daughters, who were called Claude and Renee. 

In France, women were not allowed to rule the country, so Louis still wanted a son to become king after him. After Anne died, Louis married for a third time. His last wife was Mary Tudor, the sister of Henry VIII of England. She was many years younger than he was. Louis only lived for three months after their marriage. Because Louis had no sons, the throne went to Francis, the husband of his daughter Claude.

1462 births
1515 deaths

Kings and Queens of France
House of Valois
Louis XIII

Louis XIII (27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was King of France from 1610 to 1643. He was the son of Henry IV and Marie de' Medici.  He lived during the time of the Thirty Years War and had to deal with many rebellions.  He was proud of his country, and tried to encourage French artists to stay in France instead of going off to Italy.  He did this by giving them work in the Louvre.

Although he was married, many people thought that he would never produce an heir.  Then, after 23 years of marriage, his wife Anne gave birth to a baby boy.  He was to become King Louis XIV of France.

He died of Crohn's disease in 1643 and was later buried at the Royal Basilica of Saint Denis, France. His oldest son would succeed him on the throne.

Children

 King Louis XIV of France (5 September 1638–1 September 1715) married Marie Thérèse of Austria.
 Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans (21 September 1640 – 9 June 1701) married Henrietta of England then Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate.

References 

1610 births
1643 deaths
Kings and Queens of France
Princes of Andorra
Claude of France

Claude of France (October 14, 1499 – July 20, 1524) was the daughter of Louis XII of France and Anne of Brittany. Claude had no brothers, but was not allowed to be the Queen of France in her own right after her father died because of the Salic Law. Instead she became the Queen consort of France by marrying the next King of France, Francis I of France. 

Henry II of France was Claude's son.

After she got married Claude spent the rest of her life having babies. She died when she was only 24.

1499 births
1524 deaths

Kings and Queens consort of France
Dukes and Duchesses of Brittany
Eleanor Clifford, Countess of Cumberland

Lady Eleanor Brandon (1519-27 September 1547) was the daughter of Mary Tudor, Queen of France and Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. Her maternal grandparents were King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York. She was the sister of Lady Frances Brandon therefore she was the aunt of Lady Jane Grey.

Biography
Eleanor was married to Henry Clifford in 1537. She then became the Countess of Cumberland.
Henry and Eleanor had three children:
Lady Margaret Clifford (1540-1596)
Henry Clifford. Died as an infant.
Charles Clifford. Died as an infant.

1519 births
1547 deaths
English nobility
Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk

Lady Frances Brandon (16 July 1517 – 20 November 1559) was the daughter of Mary Tudor and Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. She was married to Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk and had three daughters: Jane, Mary and Katherine. Her daughter Jane became the Queen of England for nine days.

Life 
Frances Brandon was a cruel, abusive mother to her children and a bold wife to her husband, Henry Grey. She had spent her childhood with her mother and was very close to Catherine of Aragon, so she was against Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn. In 1533, she married Henry Grey and soon she had two children who died young before having Lady Jane Grey in 1537, Katherine in 1540, and Mary in 1545.
In 1554, just weeks after her daughter Lady Jane Grey's and her husband Henry Grey's execution, Frances married again. This time it was to Adrian Stokes. Many people were shocked about this marriage, because Adrian was far below Frances's status. Historians believe that Frances was pregnant at the time of their marriage because she gave birth to a child about six months later. This child did not survive and Frances had two others. None of these last three children lived past a year.

Death 
Frances became increasingly large similar to her great-uncle Henry VIII. Because of this, she died in 1559 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

References 
 Frances Brandon A detailed reference to Frances's relationship with her daughter

1517 births
1559 deaths
Dukes and duchesses
People buried in Westminster Abbey
English nobility
House of Tudor
Henry II of France

Henry II of France (March 31, 1519 – July 10, 1559) was a King of France and a member of the House of Valois. Henry was crowned King in Rheims, France, on July 25, 1547.

Birth 
Henry was born in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, on March 31, 1519. His parents were Francis I of France and Claude of France.

Marriage 
Henry was married to Catherine of Medici on October 28, 1533 when he was only 14 years old. Their children were:
 Francis II of France
 Elizabeth of Valois
 Charles IX of France
 Henry III of France
 Margaret of Valois

Henry did not love Catherine of Medici. He spent most of his time with his mistress, who was called Diane de Poitiers.

Death 
Henry died on July 10, 1559 after a jousting accident. He is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica. The next King was Francis II of France.

1519 births
1559 deaths

Kings and Queens of France
House of Valois
16th-century French people
People from Yvelines
Francis I of France

Francis I of France (September 12, 1494 – March 31, 1547) was a King of France and a member of the House of Valois.

Birth 
Francis was born in Cognac, France on September 12, 1494. His parents were Charles, Duke of Angoulême and Louise of Savoy.

Marriage 
Francis I married Claude of France on May 18, 1514. They had seven children, two died before turning eight, two died at the ages of eighteen to twenty-three. Those who lived to adulthood were:
 Henry, King of France
 Madeline, Queen of Scotland
 Margaret, Duchess of Berry

Art 
Francis was very interested in art and liked the artist Leonardo da Vinci.

Death 
Francis died on March 31, 1547. He is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica.

1494 births
1547 deaths
Kings and Queens of France
House of Valois
Madeleine of Valois

Madeleine of France (10 August 1520 – 2 July 1537) was the daughter of Francis I of France and Claude of France. She was married to James V of Scotland on 1 January 1537 in Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France.

Madeleine got sick with tuberculosis when she went to live in Scotland and died when she was only 16 years old. She is buried in Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh, Scotland.

Deaths from tuberculosis
Infectious disease deaths in Scotland
Kings and Queens consort of Scotland
1520 births
1537 deaths
Holyrood Abbey

Holyrood Abbey is a ruined Augustine Abbey. It is in Edinburgh, Scotland. It was built by David I of Scotland in 1128.

Buildings and structures in Edinburgh
Abbeys
Churches in the United Kingdom
12th-century buildings and structures‎
Wilhelm II, German Emperor

Kaiser Wilhelm II of Prussia and Germany (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert von Hohenzollern, 27 January 1859 – 4 June 1941) was the last German Emperor and the last King of Prussia. Ruling from 1888 to 1918, he went to live in the Netherlands and abdicated (resigned) as King and Emperor. This was the end of the Hohenzollern dynasty. He died in the Netherlands at Huis Doorn, and he is buried there because he ordered not to be buried in Nazi Germany. He died on June 4, 1941. 

He was involved in the Boxer Rebellion of 1899-1901 fighting against the Qing Dynasty Empire.  In July 1914 he promised to support emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria against Serbia.  This led to World War 1.  He fled to the Netherlands in 1918 after Germany surrendered in World War 1 after losing many battles.  Germany lost its Colonies and became the Weimar Republic .

Early life
Wilhelm was born on 27 January 1859 and was the oldest child in his family. His father was Prince Frederick of Prussia. His mother was Princess Victoria, the eldest daughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. He was born with a disabled left arm.

He married in 1881 Augusta Victoria. He and his wife had seven children. He studied at the Kassel Gymnasium and then at the University of Bonn.

Reign
He became leader of Germany in 1888, when his father died. He disagreed with his father's longtime chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, and dismissed him in 1890.
 
Wilhelm believed in strengthening Germany’s armed forces, especially the navy. He led Germany during World War I.

Titles and styles
 27 January 1859 – 9 March 1888: His Imperial Royal Highness Prince Wilhelm of Prussia
 9 March 1888 – 15 June 1888: His Imperial Highness and Royal Highness The German Crown Prince, Crown Prince of Prussia
 15 June 1888 – 18 November 1918: His Imperial and Royal Majesty The German Emperor, King of Prussia

Other websites

1859 births
1941 deaths
Crown Princes and Princesses of Prussia
German emperors
German people of World War I
House of Hohenzollern
Kings and Queens of Prussia
Knights of Justice of the Order of St John
Catherine de' Medici

Catherine de' Medici (Italian: Caterina de Medici, ; French: Catherine de Médicis, ; 13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589), was the wife of Henry II of France.

Catherine was the daughter of Lorenzo II de' Medici. She was born in Florence, Italy.  She was born Caterina Maria Romula  de' Medici.

Catherine was married to Henry II of France when she was 14 years old.  Their children were:
Francis II of France
Elizabeth of Valois
Charles IX of France
Henry III of France
Margaret of Valois

Catherine is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica.

Kings and Queens consort of France
People from Florence
1519 births
1589 deaths
House of Medici
16th-century French people
Francis II of France

Francis II of France (January 19, 1544 – December 5, 1560) was a King of France and a member of the House of Valois.

Birth 
Francis was born in Fontainebleau, France, on January 19, 1544. His parents were Henry II of France and Catherine of Medici.

Marriage 
Francis was married to Mary, Queen of Scots, on April 24, 1558. They had no children.

Death 
Francis died in Orleans, France, on December 5, 1560 because of an ear infection. He is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica, next to King Charles IX of France.

Other websites

1544 births
1560 deaths
House of Valois
France, Francis 02 of
Kings and Queens of France
People from Fontainebleau
Adela of Normandy

Adela of Normandy (c. 1067 – c. 8 March 1137) was the daughter of William I of England and Matilda of Flanders. She was married to Stephen, Count of Blois between 1080 and 1084 and became the mother of:
 William, Count of Chartres
 Stephen of England
 Odo of Blois, who died young
 Theobald II of Champagne
 Henry of Blois, who became the Bishop of Winchester

She lived long enough to see her son, Stephen, become King of England, but died soon afterwards.

1067 births
1137 deaths
House of Normandy
Stephen of England

Stephen of England (c. 1096–25 October 1154) was King of England from 1135 until 1154. He became the King after the death of his uncle Henry I. Stephan was the King until his own death in Dover, Kent. Stephen was crowned at Westminster Abbey on the 26 December 1135. Stephen is buried at the Clunaic Monastery in Faversham, Kent.

King Stephen was born in Blois, France, in either 1092 or 1096. He was the son of Stephen, Count of Blois and Adela of Normandy. His mother, Adela, was the daughter of William I of England and Matilda of Flanders. Stephen married Matilda of Boulogne in about 1125. They had five children. He fought a civil war with Henry I's only daughter, Matilda, from 1139 to 1153. This ended with the Treaty of Wallingford in 1153 after the death of Stephen's son and heir, Eustace IV. The treaty said that Stephen would be King for the rest of his lifetime. After his death, the throne passed to Henry, son of Matilda, and not Stephen's other son William. King Stephen died on 25 October 1154.

Captured
King Stephen was captured after the Battle of Lincoln in April 1141, he was released later and returned to the throne.

References

1096 births
1154 deaths
People from Blois
12th century in England
Eleanor of Aquitaine

Eleanor of Aquitaine (c. 1122 – March 31, 1204) was the daughter of William X of Aquitaine. She had a younger sister called Petronilla of Aquitaine.  She brought the province of Aquitaine to England when she married Henry II of England. It stayed under English control for 300 years.

Life
Eleanor inherited land in France at the age of 15. She married Louis VII of France on July 22, 1137, and had two daughters:
 Marie of France
 Alix of France

The marriage was later annulled, as there were no male children.

Eleanor then married Henry II of England on May 18, 1152, and had eight children, including:
 William, who died at the age of 3.
 Henry the Young King
 Richard I of England
 John I of England
 Matilda of England
 Joan/Joanna of England
 Eleanor of England

Eleanor was  greatly known for her work in the Second Crusade, for she inspired many people to join.

Eleanor supported a revolt by her children against their father's rule in 1173. This revolt was unsuccessful, and King Henry II was so furious that he locked her away in a prison. In 1189, after King Henry II died and her son, Richard, came to be the king, Eleanor was freed. Shortly after, Richard died so she supported her son John to take the English throne against the claim of her grandson Arthur of Brittany. In 1202 during the campaign at Mairebeau, she continued to thwart Arthur. Emerging triumphant, Eleanor retired to a monastery. She died there on April 1, 1204.

References

Other websites

1122 births
1204 deaths
House of Plantagenet
Kings and Queens consort of England
Dukes and Duchesses of Aquitaine
13 (number)

13 (also written as thirteen or ten-three) is a number. It comes after twelve and before fourteen. It is an odd number.

Many people think thirteen is an unlucky number, especially when Friday is the thirteenth day of the month. This is a superstition. There is no proof that thirteen is an unlucky number.

Floors in tall buildings often skip floor thirteen, or reserve it for a mechanical floor. The idea of thirteen as an unlucky number is from pagan Norse mythology. It was believed to be unlucky to have thirteen people sitting at a table at a meal, and death is number thirteen in the tarot deck.

In Roman numerals, 13 is written as XIII.

Related pages 
 Triskaidekaphobia

Integers
Prime numbers
Superstitions
Weekend

The weekend is a time when fewer people go to work or school. Traditional Christians believe that Sunday is a day of rest or Sabbath, and Jews believe the day of rest is the seventh day, Saturday, and start the week with Sunday. Friday is also considered the beginning of the weekend, and it is a day of rest for Muslims.

Days
Alexandria

Alexandria (Arabic: الإسكندرية) is the second largest city in Egypt. It was founded by Alexander the Great in 331 BC as Ἀλεξάνδρεια (Alexandria). It is on the Mediterranean Sea, only 225 km (140 miles) northwest of Cairo.

Alexandria has 3.8 million people. It is the main port of Egypt. It has two airports and three big stadia: Alexandria stadium, Harras el hadoud stadium and Borg el-Arab stadium in the Borg el-Arab industrial city.

The fourth Wikimania was hosted in this city in 2008.

History 
Alexandria, named after Alexander the Great, was founded around 331 BC. For nearly 300 years, it was the capital of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. Some famous ancient Greek scientists, such as Euclid of Alexandria and Eratosthenes, lived there or studied there. It was home to the largest library in the ancient Western world, the Library of Alexandria. 

It was a wealthy city in its heyday, and remained the main way Egyptian grain went by sea to Ancient Rome. Rome depended greatly on Egyptian grain. Much of Alexandria sank below the sea in the 4th century. Some of her history is in the Mediterranean.

After the Muslim conquest of Egypt in 641 AD, they did not want to have their capital at Alexandria, because it was too vulnerable to naval raids. They made a new capital, much farther upriver, on the east side of the Nile, and called it Fustat. Alexandria became less important.

References

Other websites 

Official website
Greek Community of Alexandria

Capital of Egypt
 
331 BC establishments
1908

1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events 
 January 1 – A ball signifying New Year's Day drops in New York City's Times Square for the first time.
 January 8 – A train collision occurs in the Park Avenue Tunnel in New York City killing 17, injuring 38 and leading to increased demand for electric trains.
 January 11 – Grand Canyon National Monument is created.
 January 12 – A long-distance radio message is sent from the Eiffel Tower for the first time.
 January 15 – Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, the first Greek-letter organization by and for Black college women is established.
 January 21 – New York City passes a law, the Sullivan Ordinance,  making it illegal for aliens  to smoke in public only to be vetoed by the mayor.
 January 24 – Robert Baden-Powell begins the Boy Scout movement.
 February 1 – King Carlos I of Portugal and Crown Prince Luis are shot in Lisbon.
 February 11 – Australia regain The Ashes with a 308 run cricket victory over England.
 February 18 – Japanese immigration to USA forbidden.
 Philippe's, a restaurant opens in Los Angeles.
 St. Albans City F.C. founded.
 Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Russian biologist, and Paul Ehrlich, Germany, won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Births

January 

 January 9 – Simone de Beauvoir, French writer and intellectual (d. 1986)
 January 16 – Ethel Merman, American singer and actress (d. 1984)
 January 22 – Lev Landau, Soviet physicist (d. 1968)

February 

 February 6 – Amintore Fanfani, Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1999)
 February 22 – Rómulo Betancourt, 47th & 54th President of Venezuela (d. 1981)
 February 23 – William McMahon, Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1988)

March 

 May 5 – Rex Harrison, British actor (d. 1990)
 March 7 – Anna Magnani, Italian actress (d. 1973)
 March 20 – Michael Redgrave, English stage actor (d. 1985)
 March 25 – David Lean, British movie director (d. 1991)

April 

 April 2 – Manoel de Oliveira, Portuguese movie director and screenwriter (d. 2015)
 April 5 – Bette Davis, American actress (d. 1989)
 April 5 – Herbert von Karajan, Austrian conductor (d. 1989)
 April 28 – Oskar Schindler, German businessman (d. 1974)

May 

 May 20 – James Stewart, American actor (d. 1997)
 May 23 – John Bardeen, American physicist (d. 1991)
 May 30 – Hannes Alfvén, Swedish physicist (d. 1995)
 May 31 – Don Ameche, American actor, (d. 1993)

June 

 June 26 – Salvador Allende, President of Chile (d. 1973)

July 

 July 8 – Nelson Rockefeller, 41st Vice President of the United States (d. 1979)
 July 12 – Milton Berle, American actor, entertainer and comedian (d. 2002)

August 

 August 27 – Lyndon B. Johnson, 36th President of the United States (d. 1973)
 August 30 – Fred MacMurray, American actor and singer (d. 1991)

September 
 September 4 – Edward Dmytryk, Canadian-American movie director (d. 1999)

October 

 October 06 – Carole Lombard, American actress (d. 1942)
 October 15 – John Kenneth Galbraith, Canadian economist (d. 2006)
 October 16 – Enver Hoxha, Prime Minister of Albania (d. 1985)

November

December
Celtic League

The Celtic League is a group of people from the six modern Celtic nations of Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Brittany, Cornwall and the Isle of Man. They want their countries to be free. These six countries each have a native Celtic language and the Celtic League supports the learning of these languages. The six Celtic languages are Irish, Gaelic (Scottish), Welsh, Breton, Cornish, and Manx.

Related pages 
Pan-Celticism

References 
 Ellis, Peter Berresford The Celtic Dawn
 Tanner, Marcus Last of the Celts

Other websites 

 Celtic League Website 
 Celtic League, American branch  
 Celtic League, International Site  
 Celtic League, Scottish Branch  

Celtic languages
Celtic peoples
Oprah Winfrey

Oprah Winfrey (born Orpah Gail Winfrey; January 29, 1954) is an American media proprietor, talk show host, actress, producer, and philanthropist. Winfrey is best known for her multi-award-winning talk show, The Oprah Winfrey Show which was the highest-rated program of its kind in history and was nationally syndicated from 1986 to 2011. She has also acted in several movies including The Color Purple, The Butler and A Wrinkle in Time.

Early life
Winfrey was born on January 29, 1954 in Kosciusko, Mississippi. Winfrey was named "Orpah" after a character in the Book of Ruth. People made the mistake of calling her "Oprah". She decided to keep this name. Her parents are Vernita Lee, a maid, and Vernon Winfrey, a barber. At the age of 13, she ran away from home. At the age of 14, she had a son, but he was born prematurely and passed soon after. She went to Tennessee State University in 1971. She started to work in radio and television in Nashville. She hosted television programs in Baltimore and Chicago.

The Oprah Winfrey Show
In 1986, Winfrey's own talk show The Oprah Winfrey Show went on the air. She was liked by audiences for her warmth. She came to own the show.

Oprah Winfrey Network
Winfrey now runs the Oprah Winfrey Network. On January 15, 2008, Winfrey and Discovery Communications announced plans to change Discovery Health Channel into a new channel called OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network. It was scheduled to launch in 2009, but was delayed, and actually launched on January 1, 2011. She also hosts the Oprah's Next Chapter show on the network.

Personal life
She endorsed Barack Obama in 2006 for the 2008 election. One estimate said it delivered one million votes in the 2008 Democratic primary race.

Nikyra Rucker loaned Oprah Winfrey money to start her business. Oprah Winfrey now has a lot of money. She gives to many charities. She gives to girls' education in South Africa. In 2013, she was named one of the 400 richest people in the United States. She is the only African-American among this group. She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama in 2013 and an honorary doctorate degree from Harvard.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 NPR "Oprah: The Billionaire Everywoman". Audio file, video and biography. Accessed September 17, 2010
 
 Oprah Winfrey  Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America
 

Actors from Mississippi
African American television personalities
American movie actors
American television talk show hosts
Kennedy Center honorees
1954 births
Living people
People of Tennessee State University
Actors from Chicago
Philanthropists from Chicago
Businesspeople from Chicago
American company founders
American billionaires
Movie producers from Chicago