alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Huckleberry

Huckleberry is a name used in North America for several plants in two closely related genera in the family Ericaceae: Gaylussacia and Vaccinium. The huckleberry is the state fruit of Idaho.

Some Vaccinium species, such as the red huckleberry, are always called huckleberries. Other species may be called blueberries or huckleberries in different locations.

There is much confusion in naming of berries in American English. The 'garden huckleberry' (Solanum melanocerasum) is not a true huckleberry but a member of the nightshade family.

The fruit of most species of huckleberry can be eaten. The berries are small and round. They are usually less than 5 mm in diameter and contain 10 seeds. Berries range in color from bright red, through dark purple, and into the blues. In taste the berries range from tart to sweet. They have a flavor similar to that of a blueberry. Huckleberries are well liked by many mammals such as bears and humans.

References

Berries
Ericaceae
Cheesecake

A cheesecake is a dessert cake made of cheese (usually cream cheese but sometimes ricotta), eggs, and sugar. It often has a graham cracker crumb crust, sometimes held together by melted butter. The filling has a very heavy, smooth texture. It sometimes has sour cream to make it easier to shape and may have fruit flavoring such as strawberry, blueberry, or lemon. It is often topped with fresh fruit or chocolate.

History 
Cheesecake is now often thought to be part of American cooking, but it has a long history. Cheese making began around 2000, and scientists who study people in the past have found cheese molds almost as old.

Cheesecakes are known to go back to at least Greece. In the 100s, the writer Athenaeus's Dinner-Table Philosophers mentioned the poet Callimachus (around the 200s) used to have a book by an "Aegimius" about the art of making cheesecakes (, Plakountopoukón Sýngramma). Cheesecake may have been given to the sportspeople during the Olympic Games, which started in 776.

Even before the Romans took over Greece, they had begun making cheesecakes as well. M. Porcius Cato's Book on Farming (written around 160) mentions three kinds of cakes, , and for use as offerings to the gods. Placenta cakes were the closest to today's cheesecakes, since its crust and filling are made separately. 

Europeans stopped using yeast and started adding beaten eggs to their cheesecakes around the 1700s. This made it taste more like a dessert than a cheesebread. 

Cheesecake recipes were brought to the United States as people moved there from Europe. Most of today's kinds of cheesecake ("New York-style cheesecake") come from the kind created by William Lawrence of Chester, New York, in 1872. He was trying to make something like the soft French Neufchâtel cheese and ended up with a heavy, creamy "unripened cheese".

Types 
There is an all-garlic restaurant in Stockholm where they offer a garlic cheesecake.

Other 
Sonya Thomas holds the world record for eating the most cheesecakes in a given time. She ate 11 pounds of cheesecake in nine minutes.

Gallery

References 

Desserts
Pies
Rhubarb

Rhubarb is one of about 60 plants in the genus Rheum, family Polygonaceae. The vegetable rhubarb is Rheum rhabarbarum (or Rheum x hybridum). The leaves are somewhat toxic because they have oxalic acid, but the red stalks are baked in pies, with sugar to soften their tart flavor.

There are many varieties grown for eating. The drug rheum is prepared from the rhizomes and roots of another species, R. officinale or medicinal rhubarb.

Polygonaceae
Civilization

Civilization (or civilisation) comes from the Latin word civis meaning someone who lives in a city. The Romans usually wanted conquered people to live in towns. When people are civilized, they have learned from the wisdom, skill, and knowledge gained over centuries of human progress. The opposite of civilization is sometimes said to be entropy, barbarity, rudeness, or animal-like behavior. 

A civilization is generally an advanced stage of organization. That means it has laws, culture, and a regular way of getting food and protecting the people. Most civilizations have agricultureand a system of government like monarchs or elections. They speak a common language and usually have a religion of some kind. They teach their young the knowledge they need. All civilizations since the Sumerians and the Egyptians have had some kind of writing. This is because writing lets people store and build up knowledge. Civilizations also have large cities, large and unique architecture , and complex labor divisions.

Examples 
Past societies that would be called more primitive compared to today, are still often referred to as civilizations for their time. The Roman Empire is an example of a past large civilization. It was governed by Rome. This empire once stretched from the Scottish borders to North Africa and the eastern Mediterranean. Their language was Latin.  

Latin remained the preferred way of communication among educated people, long after their civilization had vanished. Some scientists, scholars, and others in Western civilization still use Latin in the course of everyday work, even though the Western Roman civilization fell apart more than 1,500 years ago. The Roman civilization lasted almost 1000 years.

Other examples of civilizations are the Incas and Aztecs. They had large territories with complex cities and social structures. The empires were made of city-states. They had advanced agriculture that could feed many people. They also had complex architecture. 

One way a civilization ends is to become part of another civilization. For example, Ancient Egypt was conquered by foreigners who changed the country. It became part  of Persian, Greek, Roman, and Islamic civilization. Another way is to go back to an earlier, simpler way of life. For example, Roman civilization collapsed in the Dark Ages. When people became more civilized again, it was the Medieval civilization.

References 

Society
Mail

Mail is part of the postal system. The postal system is a system where written documents and small to medium packages are sent (delivered) to places around the world. Anything sent through the postal system is called mail or post.

A postal service can be private or public.  Governments often make rules about private postal delivery systems. Since the early 19th century, most national postal systems have been controlled entirely by governments.  The governments make people pay a fee to send something.  This fee is usually in the form of stamps.  Some governments only let private postal services deliver parcel (non-mail) packages.

Postal systems often do things other than sending letters. In some countries, the postal system is also in charge of telephone and telegraph systems. The postal systems in other countries can help people apply for government papers such as passports and driver's licenses. Many places the post offices also work like banks. This is so that people can take out money or pay bills at a nearby post office, instead of travelling to a big bank in the nearest town.

People drop letters in a post box to be collected and delivered by the post office.

Related pages 

 
 Clapper Post
 Electronic mail
 Envelope
 Letter (paper)
 Letter box
 Postcard
 Telegram

Postal services
The Righteous Brothers

The Righteous Brothers were an American pop group consisting of two men named Bill Medley and Bobby Hatfield. They formed in California in 1962. Some of their hits include "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" and "Unchained Melody".  Phil Spector produced those songs.

Albums 
 Right Now (1963)
 Some Blue-Eyed Soul (1964)
 This is New (1965)
 You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin' (1965)
 Just Once in My Life… (1965)
 Back to Back (1965)
 Soul & Inspiration (1966)
 Go Ahead an Cry (1966)
 Sayin' Somethin' (1967)
 Souled Out (1967)
 One for the Road (1968)
 Re-Birth (1969)
 Give it to the People (1974)
 Sons of Mrs Righteous (1975)
 The Righteous Brothers (2016)

Notes

American pop music groups
Soul bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Gene Pitney

Gene Francis Alan Pitney (17 February 1940 – 5 April 2006) was an American rock singer and songwriter. He was born in Hartford, Connecticut. Some of his most well-known songs are "Town Without Pity", "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance" and "Twenty Four Hours From Tulsa". He died of a heart attack in Cardiff in 2006 while on tour in the UK.

American rock singers
American singer-songwriters
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Writers from Hartford, Connecticut
Singers from Connecticut
1940 births
2006 deaths
Federal Bureau of Investigation

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is an agency of the US government that investigates crime across the country. It is dedicated to national security and to law enforcement and often fights terrorism.

The Bureau of Investigation was founded in 1908 and was renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 1935. J. Edgar Hoover was the Director of the Bureau from 1924 to his death, in 1972. Although the FBI works worldwide, its headquarters are in Washington DC. It has 56 main offices in cities throughout the United States.

Mission and priorities 

The FBI's mission is to protect the US and maintain justice. They do this in many ways:
 They protect the United States from terrorist attacks.
 They protect the United States against foreign intelligence operations and espionage.
 They protect the United States against cyber-based attacks and high-technology crimes like hacking.
 They protect civil rights.
 They combat all national and international criminal organizations.
 They combat major white-collar crime and fraud.
 They combat important violent crime.
 They also support international partners.

Organization

Organizational structure
The FBI is organized into branches and the Office of the Director. This office contains most administrative offices. An executive assistant director manages each branch. Each branch is then divided into offices and divisions. Each division is headed by an assistant director. The various divisions are further divided into sub-branches. Each sub-branch is led by deputy assistant directors. Within these sub-branches there are various sections headed by section chiefs. Section chiefs are ranked analogous to special agents in charge.

Four of the branches report to the deputy director while two report to the associate director. The functions branches of the FBI are:
 FBI Intelligence Branch
 FBI National Security Branch
 FBI Criminal, Cyber, Response, and Services Branch
 FBI Science and Technology Branch
 FBI Information and Technology Branch
 FBI Human Resources Branch

FBI Crisis Negotiation Unit

The FBI Crisis Negotiation Unit (FCNU) is a 24/7 operational response to crisis and to negotiate person(s) who are threatening to commit suicide or other harmful situations after a crime has been committed. The FBI's lead negotiator contacts the person(s) involved, with a hard-wire phone line to communicate with the person(s) to try convincing them to give themselves up to local police who are on stand-by.

References 

 
1908 establishments in the United States
1596

1596 was a year in the 16th century. It was a leap year.

Births 
March 31 – René Descartes, French philosopher and physicist
June 29 – Emperor Go-Mizunoo of Japan
Micheal I of Russia, Russian Tsar

Deaths 
January 28 – Sir Francis Drake, English explorer

Events 
 Warsaw becomes the capital of Poland.
 The Cudel War starts in Finland
Nothofagus

Nothofagus is a kind of plant, also called southern beech. It is a tree which can reach 35 m tall. Nothofagus is found in South America, New Zealand, Australia and New Guinea.
There are 34 species, considering pollen morphology four sections are recognized, i.e. Brassospora, Fuscospora, Lophozonia, and Nothofagus.
 Nothofagus, Southamerican species;
 Nothofagus Antarctica
 Nothofagus betuloides
 Nothofagus dombeyi
 Nothofagus nitida
 Nothofagus pumilio
 Brassospora, New Guinea and New Caledonia species;
 Nothofagus aequilateralis
 Nothofagus balansae
 Nothofagus baumanniae
 Nothofagus brassii
 Nothofagus carrii
 Nothofagus codonandra
 Nothofagus crenata
 Nothofagus discoidea
 Nothofagus flaviramea
 Nothofagus grandis
 Nothofagus nuda
 Nothofagus perryi
 Nothofagus pseudoresinosa
 Nothofagus pullei
 Nothofagus resinosa
 Nothofagus rubra
 Nothofagus starkenborghii
 Nothofagus stylosa
 Nothofagus womersleyi
 Fuscospora, Southamerican, Australian and in some Oceania Island;
 Nothofagus alessandri
 Nothofagus fusca
 Nothofagus gunnii
 Nothofagus solandri
 Nothofagus truncata

 Lophozonia, in places of Southamerica and Oceania.
 Nothofagus alpina
 Nothofagus cunninghamii
 Nothofagus glauca
 Nothofagus macrocarpa
 Nothofagus menziesii
 Nothofagus moorei
 Nothofagus obliqua

Fagales
Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek was an Indo-European language spoken in Ancient Greece from about 1500 BC to about 300 BC. Ancient Greek and Latin are very important languages. Although they are no longer spoken, they influenced almost all modern European languages.

Greek had many different dialects. Attic Greek was spoken in Athens, the largest city, and the rest of the region of Attica. It was thought to be the purest form of Greek. Later, in the educated Roman world, children were taught Greek as a second language, just as many people now learn English as their second language. Koine Greek was the common language of Greeks. It was Attic Greek mixed with several other dialects.

Homer spoke and wrote in an old dialect that was somewhat different from Attic Greek. The Iliad and the Odyssey are long poems that tell exciting stories about warfare, travel and the Greek gods. In the 5th century BC, some great plays were written by Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. The Golden Age of Ancient Greece inspired literature that has been read for centuries.

Attic Greek 
Attic Greek was the dialect that was spoken in Athens and the rest of the region of Attica. It was the dialect most similar to later forms of Greek since it was the standard form of the language. It is studied in Ancient Greek courses because it was the most common dialect.

Changes 
All languages change with time, and Greek has changed a great deal over 2500 years. Modern Greek is often said to have started in 1453 AD after Medieval Greek was spoken.

Unlike Latin, Ancient Greek did not split into many languages, but it is still considered to be a separate language from Modern Greek. The pronunciation has changed; for instance, beta was pronounced "b" in Ancient Greek, but it is pronounced "v" and is called "vita" in Modern Greek. The spelling has not changed much, which gives the appearance of less change than has actually happened. Also, many different vowels and diphthongs merged into "i", the vowel sound in the English word "ski". The tonal system of Ancient Greek has disappeared, but Modern Greek had only recently changed its spelling to match that change.

Despite those changes, much of the language has remarkably survived intact through the centuries. There is a community near Trabzon, Turkey, that speaks a dialect that is closer to Ancient Greek than to Standard Modern Greek.

Related pages 
 Greek alphabet
 Greek language

References 

Greek language
Ancient Greece
Arnold Schoenberg

Arnold Schoenberg (originally written 'Schönberg') (13 September 1874 – 13 July 1951) was an Austrian-born composer. He was known for his twelve-tone system of writing music.

History
Schoenberg came from a strict Jewish family who had moved to Austria from Hungary. They were quite poor and Schoenberg taught himself about music. When he was grown up he had to do a lot of teaching to try and earn enough money to live. In later life he went to live in the United States. It took a long time before he was recognized world-wide as a great composer. His two most famous pupils were Alban Berg (1885-1935) and Anton Webern (1883-1945). He taught them how to write twelve-tone music and they became famous composers.

When Arnold Schoenberg was a young man he was living in the late 19th century. If you look at the way composers wrote music at this time you will find that their compositions became more and more chromatic. This means that more and more sharps and flats were used during the piece, and the music went from one key to another (modulated) very quickly. Richard Wagner wrote very chromatic music, especially in his opera Tristan and Isolde.

Religion 
In 1898 Schoenberg converted to Christianity in the Lutheran church. According to MacDonald, this was partly to connect with Western European cultural traditions, and partly as a means of self-defence "in a time of resurgent anti-Semitism".

In 1933, after long thought, he returned to Judaism, convert by because he realised that "his racial and religious heritage was inescapable", and to take up an unmistakable position on the side opposing Nazism. He would self-identify as a member of the Jewish religion later in life.

Early work
Schoenberg’s early works are mostly Late Romantic. His piece Verklärte Nacht (which can be played by six string instruments or by a whole orchestra) has very beautiful harmonies which go quickly from one key to another. Gradually Schoenberg’s music changed. It became so chromatic that it was no longer in any key at all. Music like this (called “atonal”) is much harder to understand. His Five Orchestral Pieces were played by the conductor Sir Henry Wood at a Promenade Concert in 1912. The audience did not like it at first and took some time to get used to the sound.

Twelve-tone system
In 1923 Schoenberg developed the twelve-tone system for which he is famous. This is music which is based on a particular row of notes. Twelve-tone music is atonal because there is no feeling of being in any key, because of the equal use of every pitch.

References 

1874 births
1951 deaths
Austrian composers
20th-century composers
Full Metal Jacket

Full Metal Jacket is a 1987 British-American war drama movie  directed by Stanley Kubrick. It is based on the Gustav Hasford book The Short-Timers. The name of the movie comes from the full-metal jacketed bullets used in the military. The movie follows soldiers who are drafted to fight in the Vietnam War. The story is set in the late 1960s and follows the characters from their time in recruit training and them fighting in the war.

Release dates

Other websites 

 Full Metal Jacket at the Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
 Full Metal Jacket screenplay

1987 drama movies
1980s war movies
American drama movies
American war movies
British drama movies
British war movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Stanley Kubrick
Movies set in the 1960s
Murder-suicide in movies
Multilingual movies
Vietnam War movies
Warner Bros. movies
Cambridgeshire

Cambridgeshire is a county in England. It is located in the East part of the country. The counties around Cambridgeshire are Lincolnshire to the north, Norfolk to the northeast, Suffolk to the east, Essex and Hertfordshire to the south, and Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire to the west. The county town is Cambridge.

Ceremonial counties of England
1468



Births 
 February 29 – Pope Paul III (d. 1549)

Deaths 
 February 3 – Johann Gutenberg
English Channel

The English Channel is a body of water that separates the island of Great Britain from the rest of Europe. People who live in the UK and want to visit Europe, or people from Europe who want to visit the UK, can take a ferry across or ride a train under the channel in a special tunnel called the Channel Tunnel (nicknamed the Chunnel). Both the ferries and trains carry cars. It is 563 km long, 246 km wide, and its narrowest part (34 km) is the Strait of Dover. On a clear day, it is possible to see the cliffs of Dover from Calais on the French side.

In 1875, Matthew Webb became the first known person to swim the English Channel, crossing it in just under 22 hours. The first woman to do this was Gertrude Ederle. In 2004, over 600 people were recorded making the crossing. The fastest time was achieved by Bulgarian swimmer Peter Stoychev in 2007, who managed it in 7 hours. Recently, officials have outlawed swimming in the English Channel.

In France, it is known as La manche (The Sleeve).

Waterways
Upminster

Upminster is a place in the east London Borough of Havering, England. It is the eastern end of the London Underground system, on the District line which is green. It is also a station on the c2c line, but Oyster cards  and travel cards are not valid beyond Upminster. Nearby places include Hornchurch, Upminster Bridge and Cranham.

Saint Laurence Church in Upminster is where William Derham measured the speed of sound.

Areas of London
London Borough of Havering
Colin Baker

Colin Baker (born 8 June 1943) is an English actor. He is most famous as the Sixth Doctor on Doctor Who from 1984 to 1986. He has no relation to Tom Baker, who played the fourth incarnation of the Doctor. He also played Paul Merroney in The Brothers.

References 

1943 births
Living people
English stage actors
English television actors
Boxing

Boxing is one of the world's oldest combat sports. It is held in a ring and played by two boxers (people who fight in boxing fights). They wear padded gloves and try to hit one another.

There are different ways to win in boxing. One is by way of a knockout, which is when a fighter is punched and falls to the ground and cannot get back up within ten seconds. Another way is by a technical knockout, which is when the fighter can not continue fighting thus the referee stops the fight. Technical knockout wins and losses are also knockout wins or losses for a boxer. Another possibility is winning on points, which a boxer gets by outboxing his or her opponent by hitting the opponent more often, harder, and more accurately. 

There are also draws in boxing. What in other sports is called a "tie", in boxing is called a "draw". A referee can announce a technical draw due to an accidental cut or an accidental wound like a headbutt. Generally, it is considered a "no contest" (NC), in which case the fight is considered as not having taken place at all and not counting as a fight. However, after the fourth round, if the scorecards for both fighters are equal, the fight could be called a draw. 

Each round lasts 3 minutes for men and 2 minutes for women.

Famous boxers 
 Muhammad Ali 
 Mike Tyson
 Rubin "Hurricane" Carter
 Nonito Donaire
 Jack Dempsey
 George Foreman
 Joe Frazier
 Evander Holyfield
 Lennox Lewis
 Joe Louis
 Rocky Marciano
 Manny Pacquiao
 Willie Pep
 Sugar Ray Robinson
 Max Schmeling
 Floyd Mayweather, Jr.
 Wilfredo Gómez
 Wilfred Benitez
 Sugar Ray Leonard
 Roberto Duran
 Oleksandr Usyk
 Vasiliy Lomachenko

Related pages 
Punching bag

 
Summer Olympic sports
1900s

The 1900s was a decade in the Anno Domini and Common Era in the Gregorian calendar. It began on January 1, 1900 and ended on December 31, 1909. It was the first decade of the 1900s century. It is distinct from the decade known as the 191st decade which began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 1910.

Events
 1901 – Independence of Australia.
 1903 – Orville Wright of the Wright brothers flies an airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in the United States.
 1904-1905 – Russo-Japanese War.
 1905 – First Russian Revolution.

World leaders
 Prime Minister Edmund Barton (Australia)
 Prime Minister Alfred Deakin (Australia)
 Prime Minister Chris Watson (Australia)
 Prime Minister Sir George Reid (Australia)
 President William McKinley (United States)
 President Theodore Roosevelt (United States)
 President William Howard Taft (United States)

 Shahs of Persia (Qajar dynasty)
 Mozzafar-al-Din Shah, 1896–1907
 Mohammad Ali Shah, 1907–1909
 Ahmad Shah Qajar, 1909–1925
Tux Racer

Tux Racer is a video game made by Sunspire Studios where the player moves Tux, the Linux Penguin . In the game, Tux goes down a hill on his belly and collects fish. There are many things that slow Tux down. There are also things that may be hard for Tux to get past.

Controls 
 Turning: Left and Right buttons
 Paddling (makes Tux go faster): Up button
 Braking (makes Tux slow down): Down button
 Jumping: Hold down the "E" button, then let go
 Hard Turn (makes Tux turn when he is moving fast or when you want him to turn a lot): Down and Right or Left buttons at the same time
 Reset (makes Tux Get out when he is stuck): Backspace Button
 Quit (exits the game): "Q" Button

Updated version 
The developers of Tux Racer have long abandoned making and programing the game. But some programmers took the source code and they call their new version Extreme Tux Racer, it is much newer and has many improvements over the old Tux Racer.

Other websites 
 Official website

2000 video games
Northwest Territories

The Northwest Territories is a territory in Northern Canada. 44,541 people live there as of 2018. It is 1,171,918 square kilometers.

The capital of the Northwest Territories is Yellowknife. Yellowknife was the capital since 1967. The Northwest Territories have many geographical features, like the Great Bear Lake, the Mackenzie River and Nahanni River, which is a national park and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The Northwest Territories entered the Canadian Confederation in 1870. The Hudson's Bay Company gave the land to the Dominion of Canada. The Northwest Territories have one person in the House of Commons and the Canadian Senate. A lot of parts of the Northwest Territories were given to other provinces, including British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. In 1999, the eastern part of the Northwest Territories became the territory of Nunavut.

References

Other websites
Straight

The word straight means something that goes in one direction without turns, bends, or curves.  

Lines can bend in a curve. If lines do not bend, they are straight. For example, the edge of a circle is not straight. The edge of a circle bends in a curve. 

Light bends in a curve in air and water, but travels in a straight line away from the earth or other bodies in outer space where there is no air.
The word "straight" is also a slang term for "heterosexual"

Basic English 850 words
SS Richard Montgomery

The SS Richard Montgomery was an American ship built during World War II. Montgomery was wrecked off the coast of Sheerness, near Kent, England in 1944 with around 1,400 tonnes of explosives on board, which continue to be a hazard to the area.

Controversy
Montgomery sank in the Thames estuary on August 20, 1944. It was loaded with 15,000 tons of explosive munitions. The Admiralty decided to leave the wreck and its dangerous cargo untouched. The wreck lies just a few hundred yards offshore between an oil refinery and the several towns. Southend-on-Sea is just a couple of miles away on the other side of the Thames estuary. Rumors about the ship and its cargo have spread in these towns ever since. Denials have been issued by ministers in the House of Commons in response to MPs questions about the fact biological, chemical and gas warheads are on board. Nevertheless, rumors continue that the real reason the wreck was not made safe was because of the fact of "dirty weapons" being on board.

References

Other websites

 Information on the SS Richard Montgomery

Ships
World War II
Inno e Marcia Pontificale

The "Pontifical Anthem" is the national anthem of the Vatican City, a tiny country located smack-dab in the city of Rome. It is also known as the "Papal Anthem".

History
This song comes from the 19th century. The song's music was composed in 1869 by a French composer named Charles Gounod. For a long time, this song did not have words; lyrics weren't written for it until 1949, when the Italian organist Antonio Allegra made words for it. In that same year, this song was adopted as the anthem of the Vatican City and the Holy See, now with the Italian lyrics. To preserve the region's Roman and Christian identity, words in the Latin language were made for it 1991, by Raffaello Lavagna.

Lyrics

The original Italian version

The Latin version

The more common Latin version

References

Vatican City
1949 songs
Italian anthems
Northern Mariana Islands

The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, usually shortened to the Northern Mariana Islands, is a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean that are a political division controlled by the United States. Its capital is Saipan.

Spain owned the islands until 1899 and sold them to the German Empire. Germany lost them to Japan in World War I and the United States took them in World War II.

Geography
The Northern Mariana Islands, together with Guam to the south, compose the Mariana Islands. The southern islands are limestone, with level terraces and fringing coral reefs. The northern islands are volcanic, with active volcanos on Anatahan, Pagan and Agrihan. The volcano on Agrihan has the highest elevation at . 
Anatahan Volcano is a small volcanic island  north of Saipan. It is about  long and  wide. Anatahan began erupting suddenly from its east crater on May 10, 2003, at about 6 p.m. (0800 UTC). It has since alternated between eruptive and calm periods. On April 6, 2005, approximately  of ash and rock were ejected, causing a large, black cloud to drift south over Saipan and Tinian.

People

In 2020, 47,329 people lived on the Northern Mariana Islands. This was down from 69,221 in 2000.

The official languages on the Northern Mariana Islands are English, Chamorro, and Carolinian. Only a few people speak the Tanapag language. Many people also speak Philippine languages, Chinese, and other Pacific island languages. Many people still have Spanish family names, but the people do not often speak Spanish, as they did in the past.

Most people in the Northern Mariana Islands are Roman Catholic. There are also communities of Buddhist and Protestant people. Many people have traditional beliefs, also referred to as folk religion.
According to the Pew Research Center, 2010:
 Roman Catholic 64.1%
 Protestants 16%
 Buddhists 10.6%
 Folk religions 5.3%
 Other Christians 1.2%
 Other religions 1.1%
 Unaffiliated 1.0%
 Eastern Orthodox <1%
 Hindu <1%
 Muslim <1%
 Jews <1%
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints reported 865 members in the Northern Mariana Islands.

Notes

References

Other websites 

Northern Mariana Islands  official government website
The CNMI Covenant 
The CNMI Constitution 
CNMI Office of Resident Representative Pedro A. Tenorio 
H.R. 873 - the Northern Mariana Islands Delegate Act 
H.R. 5550 - The United States-Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Human Dignity Act 
U.S. Census Bureau: Island Areas Census 2000

 
Micronesia
1890s

The 1890s was the decade that began on January 1, 1890 and ended on December 31, 1899.

Events

Births 
 May 19, 1890 – Ho Chi Minh, prime minister (1946–1955) and president (1955–1969) of North Vietnam
 September 15, 1890 – Agatha Christie, English writer
 October 2, 1890 – Groucho Marx, American comedian
 October 14, 1890 – Dwight D. Eisenhower, president of the United States 1953–1961
 November 22, 1890 – Charles de Gaulle, president of France 1958–1969
 June 9, 1891 – Cole Porter, American musician
 January 3, 1892 – J.R.R. Tolkien, English author
 May 7, 1892 – Josip Broz Tito, president of Yugoslavia 1953–1980
 December 26, 1893 – Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Communist Party of China

World leaders 
 Prime Minister John Sparrow David Thompson (Canada)
 Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier (Canada)
 Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
 Kaiser Wilhelm II (German Empire)
 Chancellor Leo von Caprivi (German Empire)
 King Umberto I (Italy)
 Pope Leo XIII
 Czar Alexander III (Russia)
 Czar Nicholas II (Russia)
 Queen Victoria (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
 Prime Minister Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery (United Kingdom)
 President Benjamin Harrison (United States)
 President Grover Cleveland (United States)
 President William McKinley (United States)
 Shahs of Persia (Qajar dynasty)
 Nasser-al-Din Shah, 1848–1896
 Mozzafar-al-Din Shah, 1896–1907

Deaths
Benjamin Harrison

Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833 – March 13, 1901) was the 23rd president of the United States (1889-1893). He was the grandson of President William Henry Harrison and the only grandson of a president to himself become president. His home was in Indianapolis, Indiana. He was a member of the Republican party and was elected to the White House in 1888, beating the incumbent, Grover Cleveland.  He was the first president of the United States to use electricity in the White House. After Harrison served one full four-year term as president, Cleveland ran again. This time, he beat Harrison. 

Harrison's first wife was Carrie Harrison. After she died, he married Mary Dimmick Harrison. During the American Civil War Harrison was a colonel in the Union Army (later a brevet brigadier general). He was also a successful lawyer, arguing many cases before the United States Supreme Court. he died of influenza related pneumonia at age 67 in Indianapolis Indiana

Presidency 
Benjamin Harrison as president wanted to increase tariffs (a tax on goods that come into the country) for two reasons:
 First, it gave more money to the U.S. government, so it could fund important things.
 Second, because he believed in protectionism. He thought a high tariff would encourage Americans to make more of their own things instead of buying them from foreign countries.

Harrison spent the money received from the tariffs to give money to injured American Civil War veterans.

Harrison was the first president to have a billion dollar budget for the government.  People criticized him for that.

He also signed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act which gave the U.S. government the power to regulate big businesses.

References

Other websites 
 Benjamin Harrison's White House biography 

1833 births
1901 deaths
American Civil War generals
 
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from influenza
Politicians from Ohio
United States senators from Indiana
Republican Party (United States) politicians
19th-century American politicians
Military people from Ohio
1880s

The 1880s was the decade that began on January 1, 1880 and ended on December 31, 1889.

Events 
 The first commercial Macadamia nut farm opens in Australia.
 Railroads help industrialize many western countries.

World leaders 
 Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
 Prime Min Sir John A. Macdonald (Canada)
 Guangxu Emperor (China)
 Emperor Wilhelm I (German Empire)
 Emperor Wilhelm II (German Empire)
 Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (German Empire)
 King Umberto I (Italy)
 Pope Leo XIII
 Emperor Meiji (Japan)
 General Porfirio Díaz (Mexico)
 Czar Alexander II (Russia)
 King Alfonso XII (Spain)
 Queen - Empress Victoria (United Kingdom)
 Prime Min William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)
 Prime Min Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (United Kingdom)         
 President James Garfield (United States)
 President Rutherford B. Hayes (United States)
 President Chester A. Arthur (United States)
 President Grover Cleveland (United States)
 Nasser-al-Din Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
 Emperor Pedro II (Brazil)
Kingdom of Yugoslavia

The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats Slovenes later known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a state in south-eastern and central Europe which existed from 1918 until 1941. In 1903, King Alexander I of Serbia was murdered and replaced with Peter I of Serbia. After this, Serbia became more nationalist. Tensions with Austria-Hungary heightened when it conquered Bosnia in 1908. During this period Serbia managed to extend its borders and reconquer Kosovo and North Macedonia from the Ottoman Empire. Many Serbian nationalists wanted to create a unified state for the Slavs of the Balkans. Covert gangs attempted to assassinate Austro-Hungarian officials, like the Bosnian governor. In June 1914, a Bosnian Serb called Gavrilo Princip killed Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, Bosnia. This event eventually led to World War I.

History

Creation
Yugoslavia came into existence in 1918 after World War I. Most of its northern territories were given to it from Austria-Hungary when it collapsed during the war. Its territories were reconquered by Serbia from the Ottoman Empire during the Balkan Wars (1912-13). The reigning king in Serbia became the king of all Yugoslavia.

For ten years, it was known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. It began using the name 'Yugoslavia' in 1929. The name 'Yugoslavia' is Serbo-Croatian for 'Land of the Southern Slavs'. The Kingdom was invaded by the Axis Powers in 1941 and quickly fell during World War II. A Federal Democratic Republic was declared in 1943 with the King's approval, but the monarchy was abolished shortly after.

References

1918 establishments in Europe
1941 disestablishments
20th century in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Communism
Former countries of the Interwar period
Former monarchies of Europe
History of Croatia
History of North Macedonia
History of Serbia
20th century in Slovenia
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
World War II
History of Yugoslavia
1881

1881 was a common year.

Events 
 The Hamleys Toy Store opens on Regent's Street in London.

Births 
 February 11 – Arthur Davidson, American business man (d. 1950)
 February 21 - Kenneth J. Alford, British composer (d. 1945)
 October 25 – Pablo Picasso (d. 1973)
 November 25 – Pope John XXIII (d. 1963)

Deaths 
 September 19 – United States President James A. Garfield (b. 1831)
Wake Island

Wake Island is an atoll (a type of island) in the Pacific Ocean, near Hawaii. It is controlled by the United States Army and United States Air Force. It is a territory of the United States, part of the United States Minor Outlying Islands. From December 1941 to August 1945 the Empire of Japan ruled Wake Island.

Geography 
Wake is located to the west of the International Date Line and sits in the Wake Island Time Zone, one day ahead of the 50 U.S. states.

Referring to the atoll as an island is the result of a pre-World War II desire by the United States Navy to distinguish Wake from other atolls, most of which were Japanese territory.

Population

There is no permanent population on Wake Island, so there are no schools for children.  About 100 people live there at any given time, though.  Most are contractors who keep the roads and other infrastructure working.  One man has been there since 1991.

Reference

Other websites 
 Current Weather, Wake Island
 AirNav – Wake Island Airfield – Airport details, facilities and navigational aids
 Rocket launches at Wake Island (link broken)
 The Defense of Wake – United States Marine Corps historical monograph
 Surrender of Wake by the Japanese – Marines in World War II
 U.S. Army Strategic and Missile Defense Command  – Logistics, flight schedules, facilities
 Photographic history of the 1975 Vietnamese refugee camp on Wake Island
 
 Wake Island – Pacific Wreck Database
 
 

Atolls
William McKinley

William McKinley Jr. (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was the 25th president of the United States, from 1897 until his assassination in 1901.

Before he became president, McKinley was a congressman of Ohio.

Presidency
McKinley was inaugurated in 1897. This was the first presidential inauguration to be filmed.

When the USS Maine was sunk, the public wanted war. Congress declared war against Spain in Latin America. This was the Spanish-American War. It started the era of imperialism for the United States.

During his presidency, McKinley also supported higher tariffs (taxes on countries which trade with the US).  During his term, the United States annexed Hawaii, Cuba, the Philippines, and Wake Island.

McKinley was elected to a second term as president in 1900. His second term did not last very long.

Death

McKinley was shot by an anarchist named Leon Czolgosz on September 6, 1901. His abdominal gunshot wounds became infected and resulted in gangrene. He died eight days later and Czolgosz said that the President committed war crimes in the Philippines and was an enemy of the people. Czolgosz was executed in the electric chair on October 29, 1901. McKinley was the third American president to be assassinated.

After McKinley's death, his vice president Theodore Roosevelt became president.

Praise 
McKinley's biographer, H. Wayne Morgan remarks that McKinley died the most beloved president in history.

Kenneth F. Warren emphasizes the national commitment to a pro-business, industrial, and modernizing program, represented by McKinley.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 William McKinley's White House biography 

1843 births
1901 deaths
Deaths from gangrene
Assassinated presidents of the United States
Murders by firearm in New York (state)
People from Canton, Ohio
People murdered in New York (state)
Politicians from Ohio
Presidents of the United States
 
20th-century American politicians
19th-century American politicians
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Nationalists
Record producer

A record producer (or music producer) is a person who takes charge of a recording session, in the same kind of way that a movie director is in charge of filming movies. Record producers help musicians and recording artists to make singles and albums. The producer controls the recording sessions, coaches and guides the musicians and supervises the recording, mixing and mastering processes to make the music finalized. 

In a professional context, there are two types of music producers:

 In-House - the more common type of the two are in-house producers. They come included in a studio rental fee and they get credited in a song’s copyrights. It’s mainly for their involvement in the entire process. Studios might use producers as a way to get more people to use their services. 

 Independent Music Producer - the second producer type is an independent producer. They may have gained a desirable reputation in the industry and would be directly hired by a band or artist.

Famous record producers
Brian Eno produced music for U2, David Bowie and Talking Heads.
George Martin produced almost all of the music by The Beatles in the 1960s. He also worked with America, Shirley Bassey, and many other artists. He also made comedy records with Peter Sellers and Peter Ustinov.
Phil Spector was the producer for many "girl groups" in the 1960s, like the Ronettes and The Crystals. He also worked with The Righteous Brothers. Later he produced records for Ike and Tina Turner, and the Beatles' album Let It Be. Spector invented the idea of a "wall of sound", which was a way of producing so that every space in the recording was filled with music. 
Timbaland is a man who produced popular rap, pop and R&B music, mostly in the 2000s. He worked with people like Justin Timberlake, Nelly Furtado, Madonna and many more artistes, including the late Aaliyah.
Todd Rundgren is not only a record producer but a singer and songwriter. He produces all of his own work, and other famous albums like Meat Loaf's Bat Out of Hell.

References

Music industry
Gliwice

Gliwice is a city in south Poland, in Silesian Voivodeship and along the Kłodnica River.  According to a count in 2004, it has a population of 200,361 people.

History of Gliwice 
In the late Middle Ages, around 1276, was the first known time that there was a reference to Gliwice in history.  At first, it was ruled by Polish dukes, but later became a part of Bohemia in 1335.  Later on, in 1526, it was conquered by Austria.

In the middle of the 18th century, Gliwice was taken from the Austrian ruling family and became a part of Prussia.  However, in the unification, or coming together, of Germany in 1871, Gliwice became a part of the German empire.

In the 19th century, Gliwice became more developed and was home to many businesses, including one of the most famous theaters in Germany at the time.

In 1945, Gliwice passed into Polish rule.

Other websites 
 http://www.gliwice.zobacz.slask.pl 
 http://www.gliwice.uc.gov.pl 

Cities in Silesian Voivodeship
1868



Events 
 Helium is discovered.
 Louisa May Alcott's novel Little Women is published.

Births 

 Francisco Carreón
1814

1814 was a common year.

Events 
 Iceland becomes a part of Denmark.

Births 
 May 9 – Adolf von Henselt, German pianist.
1846

1846 was a common year in the 19th century.

Events
April 25 – The Mexican-American War starts.
May 17 – The Saxophone is patented.

Births
November 3 - Elizabeth Thompson, British painter
Wausau, Wisconsin

Wausau is a city in Marathon County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.  It is the largest city in the county, and it is the county seat (where the government of the county works). According to the 2000 census (official count), 38,426 people lived in the city.

The Wisconsin River flows through the middle of the city.

Other websites 

City of Wausau

County seats in Wisconsin
Marathon County, Wisconsin
Cities in Wisconsin
1749



Events 
While in debtor's prison, John Cleland writes Fanny Hill (Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure). Released from prison, the book was published in London. Immediately, the Church of England asked the British Secretary of State to "stop the progress of this vile Book, which is an open insult upon Religion and good manners." As a result, Cleland was arrested and charged with "corrupting the King's subjects."
 January 3 – Benning Wentworth issues the first of the New Hampshire Grants, leading to the establishment of Vermont.
 April 27 – The first official performance of George Frideric Handel's Music for the Royal Fireworks finished early due to the outbreak of fire.
 May 19 – King George II of Great Britain grants the Ohio Company a charter of land around the forks of the Ohio River.
 July 9 – Naval settlement of Halifax, Nova Scotia founded as British answer to Louisbourg.
 September 15 – According to mathematical calculations, Pluto moved outside Neptune's orbit to remain the outermost planet until 1979.

Books 
 Tom Jones by Henry Fielding
701

701 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Arab merchants introduce Oriental spices into Mediterranean markets.

Deaths 
 September 9 – Pope Sergius I
1158

Year 1158 (MCLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Births 
 August 6 – Al-Nasir li-Din Allah, Abbasid caliph (d. 1225)
 September 23 – Geoffrey II, duke of Brittany (d. 1186)
 Albert I (the Proud), margrave of Meissen (d. 1195)
 Baldwin of Bethune, French nobleman (d. 1212)
 Ermengol VIII (or Armengol), count of Urgell (d. 1208)
 Fujiwara no Ietaka, Japanese (waka) poet (d. 1237)
 Giordano Forzatè, Italian religious leader (d. 1248)
 Henry I, French nobleman and knight (d. 1190)
 Henry I (the Elder), German nobleman (d. 1223)
 Jinul (or Chinul), Korean Zen Master (d. 1210)
 Margaret of France, daughter of Louis VII (d. 1197)
 Philip of Dreux, bishop of Beauvais (d. 1217)
 Satō Tsugunobu, Japanese warrior (d. 1185)
 Taira no Shigehira, Japanese general (d. 1185)
 Theobald I, French nobleman and knight (d. 1214)
 Valdemar Knudsen, Danish bishop (d. 1236)
 Yvette of Huy, Belgian anchoress (d. 1228)

Deaths 
 April 26 – Martirius, archbishop of Esztergom
 July 19 – Wibald, German monk and abbot (b. 1098) 
 July 27 – Geoffrey VI, count of Nantes (b. 1134)
 August 20 – Rögnvald Kali Kolsson, Earl of Orkney 
 August 31 – Sancho III, king of Castile (b. 1134)
 September 22 – Otto I, German bishop (b. 1114)
 December 15 – Frederick II, German archbishop
 Abu Jafar ibn Atiyya, Almohad vizier and writer
 Anselm of Havelberg, German bishop (b. 1100)
 Barthélemy de Jur, French bishop (b. 1080)
 Oda of Brabant, Belgian prioress and saint 
 Thorbjorn Thorsteinsson, Norwegian pirate