alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
The Republic

The Republic is a book by Plato. It was finished in 375 BC. 
It asks the question 'why should people do good things?' and also the question 'are people punished for doing bad things?'. 
Plato said that people should not do bad things because people who do bad things end up unhappy.
However, people who do good things end up happy.

He also said that if people who do bad things get power in a society then that society will become an unhappy one.
Plato believed that philosophers are best able to do good things and so they should be given power in a society. 
He thought that non-philosophers should allow themselves to be ruled by philosophers and that if they do this then they will be happy, because the rule of peoples (democracy) often fall because of unreasonable confusion.
However, in order not to be tempted to do bad things, the philosophers who have power must not be able to have things or feel love.

Plato also talked about many other things while discussing these questions including metaphysics, psychology, religion and most branches of philosophy.
He introduced the philosophy called Platonism.

Plato's argument (Less Simple) 
Plato thought that people and societies are very much alike.

Plato thought that people are made of three things:
 A mind that thinks and reasons
 A spirit or a self that looks after the person
 A body that does things, likes things, hates things and wants things (such as food, drink and sex).
He said that a good person will listen to all these things, but will let the mind control the other two.

Somebody who does not listen to all three parts, or who does not let the mind control the other two will be unhappy.
They might go mad because they do not let the mind control them.
Or they might do things that they later regret.
They will also be disliked by other people and will suffer because of that.
He said that they will be like a country in anarchy.

Plato also thought society should be made up of three things (types of people)
 Philosophers who think for the society
 Soldiers who look after the society
 Workers who do things in the society, who make food, drink and more workers.
He said that society needs all three things (types of people) but that only the philosophers will be good people.
The others will be dominated by their souls or bodies, not their minds.
The soldiers will not even listen to their minds, and the workers will not listen to their minds or their souls.
This is why the philosophers should rule and the other types of people should be soldiers and workers.

References 

Works of philosophy
4th-century BC books
Classical Greek literature‎
Aesthetics

Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy. It is the study of art and beauty. Together with ethics, it is part of axiology which is the philosophy of what people like. Aesthetic philosophers ask what people like to see, hear, feel, smell or taste, and why they like these things. Aesthetic philosophers also ask if art has any value. For example, they may ask if some art that nobody likes and that nobody wants is art at all or if it is something else. Plato, Aristotle, and Immanuel Kant are some important philosophers of aesthetics.

Subjectivism 
One theory in aesthetics is called subjectivism. Subjectivism says that each person has a sense of beauty. So, the only way of judging something's beauty is if people say it is beautiful. A common way of describing this is "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder". Subjectivism also says, for the same reason, that something is art simply because someone says it is art. This is backed up by the experience. Even though people feel that something is beautiful, they may not be able to explain why.

Objectivism 
Many objectivist theories of beauty have been offered, going from the ancient ideas of Plato and Aristotle (e.g., the golden mean,) which still have great appeal in their way to neuroscience research into the brain's response to images and other sensitive information. At the moment, even though we do not know what people are thinking, brain-scan technology can identify when people are responding pleasurably to images, providing some clue as to how certain images affect some people.

Some questions 

 What is beauty? What if one person thinks a painting is beautiful, but another person thinks the painting is ugly? Can the painting be beautiful and ugly at the same time?
 Are true things beautiful?
 Are good things beautiful?
 What is art? We commonly think that a sculpture in a museum is art. If a sculptor sculpts a sculpture of a rock from clay, and puts it in a museum, many would call it art. But what if a person picks up a rock from the ground - is the rock a piece of art?

 What has value?
 Does love, beauty, or justice hold any value?

Other websites 
 Aesthetics -Citizendium

Philosophy
Wes Craven

Wesley Earl "Wes" Craven (August 2, 1939 – August 30, 2015) was an American movie director, producer and writer. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He is well known for horror movie classics including A Nightmare on Elm Street and Scream.

On August 30, 2015, Wes Craven died of brain cancer at his home in Los Angeles. He was 76 years old.

Filmography 
Together (1971)
The Last House on the Left (1972)
The Hills Have Eyes (1977)
Summer Of Fear aka Stranger In Our House (1978)
Deadly Blessing (1981)
Swamp Thing (1982)
A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984)
Deadly Friend (1986)
The Serpent and the Rainbow (1988)
Wes Craven's Shocker (1989)
The People Under the Stairs (1991)
Wes Craven's New Nightmare (1994)
Scream (1996)
Scream 2 (1997)
Music of the Heart (1999)
Scream 3 (2000)
They (2002)
Cursed (2005)
Red Eye (2005)

Other websites 
Wes Craven official website

References 

1939 births
2015 deaths
Scream (franchise)
A Nightmare on Elm Street
Actors from Cleveland
American movie actors
American movie editors
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from brain cancer
Movie directors from Ohio
Movie producers from Ohio
Screenwriters from Ohio
Writers from Cleveland
Earth, Wind & Fire

Earth, Wind & Fire are an American funk group. They formed in Chicago in 1969 and were very popular in the 1970s.

Albums
 1970 - Earth, Wind & Fire  
 1971 - The Need of Love 
 1972 - Last Days And Time 
 1973 - Head To The Sky
 1974 - Open Our Eyes 
 1975 - That's The Way Of The World 
 1976 - Spirit 
 1977 - All 'N All
 1979 - I Am 
 1980 - Faces
 1981 - Raise!
 1983 - Powerlight
 1983 - Electric Universe
 1987 - Touch The World 
 1990 - Heritage
 1993 - Millennium
 1997 - In The Name Of Love
 2003 - The Promise
 2005 - Illumination
 2005 - That's The Way Of The World

1960s American music groups
1969 establishments in Illinois
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
African-American musical groups
American R&B bands
Funk bands
Musical groups established in 1969
Musical groups from Chicago
Soul bands
Fifth Dimension

Fifth Dimension was a singing group popular in the 1960s and 1970s, some of the songs they sang include:
"Up, Up, and Away"
"One Less Bell to Answer"
"Wedding Bell Blues"
"Aquarius/Let the Sun Shine In"
"California Soul"
"Stone Soul Picnic"
"Workin' on a Groovy Thing"

1960s American music groups
1970s American music groups
Diesel engine

The name diesel is given to an engine invented by a German named Rudolf Diesel in the late 19th century. It is one of the most used kinds of internal combustion engine.

Most other engines need a system called an ignition system – one that uses an electric spark – in order to burn the mix of fuel and air and make power. Other types of ignition systems use compressed air from an outside source, such as an air compressor.  A diesel does not.  It burns a diesel fuel (similar to heating oil) through very high compression or pressing together of the mix. A tiny bit of fuel is injected, or forced, into the engine's cylinders at just the right moment. Since gases heat when they are pressed together, the compression of the air and fuel mix cause the mix to explode within the cylinder.   

Diesel engines make very good use of the fuel they burn. They also make lots of torque (pronounced "tork"), or twisting power. An engine with a lot of torque will be able to spin its shaft even if it is very hard to do so. This makes a diesel engine a good choice in heavy equipment like trucks, trains and construction machines. The very big trucks on the road have diesel engines in them. So do train locomotives, unless they are electric or the old steam-powered kind. 

Sometimes, even the torque of a diesel engine is not enough to run such big machines. To boost power, large diesels often have a device called a turbocharger attached. A turbocharger is a type of turbine – something used to move a lot of air very quickly. Jet engines also contain a turbine. In the diesel, pressure from the exhaust spins the turbocharger at a very high speed. Fresh air is then forced back into the engine. Since the engine works by pumping air, the more air you can put through it, the more power it makes. That is where the turbocharger helps. A diesel engine that has a turbocharger is called a turbodiesel. The whistling sound sometimes heard near one of these engines is caused by the turbocharger, or "turbo" for short.  

A diesel engine can also be made to run on canola oil made from old cooking oil. This type of fuel is called biodiesel. Running a diesel engine on biodiesel fuel makes the exhaust smell like food. Vegetable oil as fuel is not a new idea. The engine that Rudolf Diesel used to demonstrate his new idea ran on canola oil.

Motors
Megabyte

A megabyte (MB) is a large number used when talking about hard drives or computer memory. One megabyte is 1 million bytes or 1 thousand kilobytes.

Until December 1998, when the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) first defined a mebibyte as 220, or 1,048,576 bytes, megabyte also meant either 1,048,576 bytes, or 1,024,000 bytes.  Casual computer users still often use megabyte to mean one of these numbers.

One thousand megabytes make one gigabyte.

This definition is part of the International System of Quantities.

Units of information
Stargard

Stargard Szczeciński () is a town in Pomerania, northwestern Poland. It has 71,400 inhabitants (2003). It is on the Ina river. It is the capital of Stargard County in West Pomeranian Voivodship.

Other websites

Towns in Pomeranian Voivodeship‎
Hanseatic League
Ruby slippers

Ruby slippers are red shoes that are worn by the character Dorothy (Judy Garland) in the movie The Wizard of Oz. They are an important part of the story. Many pairs of slippers were made for the movie. One pair can be seen at the Smithsonian Institution in the United States. The others are owned by private collectors.

Plot 

Dorothy gets the slippers after her house falls on the Wicked Witch of the East, killing the witch. The witch's sister, the Wicked Witch of the West, wants the ruby slippers. She attacks Dorothy many times during her journey down the yellow brick road. The Wicked Witch of the West wants the slippers for herself so she can become the most powerful witch in all of the land of Oz.

Dorothy knows that the slippers are powerful, but she does not know why. At the end of the movie, she learns their power: click your heels together three times, and repeat "There's no place like home."

Movie industry
Beauty

Beauty is a property of certain things. Something is beautiful if it is nice to look at it, hear it, feel it, taste it, smell it or think about it. A person can also be beautiful. Beauty is also the name of a feeling that is hard to describe. The nature of this feeling varies from person to person and culture to culture. It is not known if only humans can feel it.

There are many ideas about what beauty is. Some people say that beauty is:
The similarity between a real object and an object of art. For example, a beautiful picture might be one that looks very lifelike.
The similarity between any object and what you think it 'should' look like. For example, a beautiful tree might be one with a straight brown trunk and lots of green leaves, or beautiful clouds might be those that are white and fluffy (like wool).
The way an object makes us feel: happy, sad, angry, or something else (emotional). For example, a beautiful piece of music might be one which makes people feel very happy or very sad.
The quality of an object. For example, a beautiful story might be very well written.
In regards to writing, a piece may be beautiful through use of intricacies and depth which gives the reader a mental image or a certain feeling or feelings of emotion. Poetry is one example of writing that can be considered beautiful in the way it "paints" a picture or brings about an emotional response.

There are many other theories. Some things that people say are beautiful are not explained by any of these ideas.

Related pages
 Aesthetics
 Physical attractiveness
 Sublime

References 

Everyday life
Psychology
British Sea Power

British Sea Power is an indie rock band from England. They formed in 2000. Many band members come from Cumbria, but they are based in Brighton. They have released six albums and six EPs. They released their sixth album Machineries of Joy in April 2013.

Studio albums 
 The Decline Of British Sea Power (2003)
 Open Season (2005)
 Do You Like Rock Music? (2007)
 Valhalla Dancehall (2010)
 Machineries Of Joy (2013)
 Sea of Brass (2015)
 Let the Dancers Inherit the Party (2017)

2000 establishments in England
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
Organisations based in Brighton
English rock bands
Indie rock bands
Musical groups established in 2000
Jimmy Eat World

Jimmy Eat World is an alternative rock band.  They formed in Mesa, Arizona in 1994. To date, they have released six studio albums. They may record one more album on their label for a 2009 release, but after that will consider self-releasing. They have released many singles, including Sweetness, The Middle, Bleed American, Rockstar, and Let It Happen.

They used to be part of the emo scene and many would still call them that. However, the band has never liked that term and do not even understand that. While their albums do have considerable emo influences, the album Future brought on a change of sound and a different fanbase.

Albums

Studio albums
 Jimmy Eat World - 1994
 Static Prevails - 1996
 Clarity - 1999
 Bleed American - 2001
 Futures - 2004
 Chase This Light - 2007
 Invented - 2010
 Damage - 2013

EPS
One Two Three - 1994
Jimmy Eat World (EP) - 1998
Firestarter - 2000
Good To Go - 2002
Stay On My Side Tonight - 2005

References

Other websites

Jimmy Eat World's Official website 

American rock bands
American punk bands
Emo bands
Musical groups from Arizona
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
People from Mesa, Arizona
Musical groups established in 1993
1993 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Arizona
Phish

Phish is an American rock band. They formed in Vermont in 1983, broke up in 2004, and reformed in 2009. Their lead singer is Trey Anastasio. Phish was often compared to the Grateful Dead, and had a similar following of "Phish Heads" following the band on tour. They went on a 5-year-long hiatus from 2004 to 2009. Their hiatus ended when they played shows on March 6, 7 and 8 at the Hampton Coliseum in Hampton, VA. The band surprised the audience with longer sets than usual.

Their music has a lot of improvisation, so when they play live, their songs are sometimes a lot longer. They use elements from many genres, including rock, jazz, funk, progressive rock, bluegrass, country, reggae, blues, Latin, and psychedelic rock.

Discography
Studio albums
 The White Tape (1986)
 The Man Who Stepped into Yesterday (1987)
 Junta (1989)
 Lawn Boy (1990)
 A Picture of Nectar (1992)
 Rift (1993)
 Hoist (1994)
 Billy Breathes (1996)
 The Story of the Ghost (1998)
 The Siket Disc (1999)
 Farmhouse (2000)
 Round Room (2002)
 Undermind (2004)
 Joy (2009)
 Fuego (2014)
 Big Boat (2016)
 Sigma Oasis (2020)

References

American rock bands
Musical groups established in 1983
2004 disestablishments in the United States
Burlington, Vermont
1983 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Vermont
Confucius

Confucius  (born 551 BC, died 479 BC) was an important Chinese educator and philosopher. His original name was Kong Qiu or Zhong Ni. 
As a child, he was eager to learn about everything, and was very interested in rituals. Although he grew up in extreme poverty, it did not stop his curiosity from growing. He was a very dedicated student, especially in his teenage years. Its not known how he received his formal education, but he mastered many subject of the arts. Once he grew up, he worked as a state official who handled farms and cattle. Then he became a teacher.

Confucius lived in a time when many states were fighting wars in China.
This period was called the Spring and Autumn period of the Zhou Dynasty.
Confucius did not like this and wanted to bring order back to society.

Teaching 
Like Socrates, Confucius sometimes did not answer philosophical questions himself.
Instead he wanted people to think hard about problems and to learn from others, especially from history.
Confucius also thought that people should get power because they were good and skilled, and not just because they came from powerful families.

Confucius wanted people to think about other people more than about money or what they owned.
However he also felt that there should be strong rules in society and that people needed to obey them.
Confucius thought that there were five relationships people could have, and that they all had their own rules.
Two people could be
 Prince and Subject
 Father and Son
 Husband and Wife
 Elder and Child
 or Friends
These were traditional relationships called the 'five prototypes'.
Confucius said that in all these relationships, both people must obey rules.
For example, a subject must obey a prince, but also a prince must listen to a subject and must rule him well and fairly.

Confucius said that people should only do things to other people if they would be okay with other people doing those things to themselves.
This is sometimes called the Golden Rule and was also taught by Jesus Christ.

His students wrote down small stories about him, and things that he said.
These were put together to make a book called The Analects, which became one of the main books of Confucianism.

551 BC births
479 BC deaths
Eastern philosophers
Confucianism
Chinese philosophers
Consciousness

Consciousness means being awake, alert and responsive to the environment. The definition of consciousness may differ in psychology, neuroscience, philosophy and other related sciences. It is often disputed amongst academics and scientists.

Consciousness is a spectrum. There are several states between a fully conscious state and a fully unconscious state. In medicine, the degree of loss of consciousness is measured by using Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS); a score between 3 and 15 is given to each person at any time, to show how conscious he or she is. Higher scores show more conscious states.

It seems that many decisions are made without us being aware of it. Some think that these decisions are made by what is called the unconscious mind. There are also many body functions which we do not notice until they go wrong. These activities are done by the autonomic nervous system. Breathing and the beat of one's heart can be noticed but are controlled by nervous system without thought.

It is not known what causes consciousness. So, it is difficult to know if another person or thing is indeed conscious. The best we can say is that some animals do seem to be conscious of the world around them. We ourselves assume that others have consciousness, but this is notoriously difficult to prove. This is known in philosophy as the problem of other minds.

References 

Philosophy
Architect

An architect is a person who designs buildings and prepares plans to give to a builder. What he designs is called architecture. Stafans  make drawings with pens, pencils, and computers, and this is also called drafting. Sometimes he first make small toy-sized buildings called models to show what the building will look like when it is done. Some of these models survive for hundreds of years, such as O.S Moamogo, South Africa.

Architects decide the size, shape, and what the building will be made from. Architects need to be good at math and drawing. They need imagination. They must go to university and learn how to make a building's structure safe so that it will not collapse. They should also know how to make a building attractive, so that people will enjoy using it.

Although there has been architecture for thousands of years, there have not always been architects. The great European cathedrals built in the Middle Ages were designed by a Master Builder, who scratched his designs on flat beds of plaster. Paper did not exist in Europe at this time and vellum or parchment were very expensive and could not be made in large sizes.

Some cathedrals took hundreds of years to build, so the Master Builder would die or retire and be replaced and often plans changed. Some cathedrals were never finished, like Notre Dame in Paris or Sagrada Família in Barcelona.

An architect has a very important job, because his or her work will be seen and used by many people, probably for a very long time. If the design, materials and construction are good, the building should last for hundreds or even thousands of years. This is rarely the case.

Usually building cost is what limits the life of a building, but fire, war, need or fashion can also affect things. As towns and cities grow, it often becomes necessary to make roads wider, or perhaps to build a new train station. Architects are employed again and so the city changes. Even very important buildings may get knocked down to make way for change.

Famous architects include: Frank Lloyd Wright, Fazlur Khan, Bruce Graham, Edward Durell Stone, Daniel Burnham, Adrian Smith, Frank Gehry, Gottfried Böhm, I. M. Pei, Antoni Gaudí, and Oscar Niemeyer.

References

Other websites

 The Society of Architectural Historians web site 
 The Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain web site 
 The Society of Architectural Historians, Australia and New Zealand web site 
 European Architectural History Network web site  
 Western Architecture Timeline  

Construction occupations
La Jolla, San Diego

La Jolla is a neighborhood in the city of San Diego, in the state of California, in the United States. It is pronounced "La Hoya".

The University of California, San Diego is in La Jolla. Another famous place in La Jolla is the Salk Institute. 

It is the birthplace of the Hollywood actor, Gregory Peck.

Spa towns in the United States
San Diego, California
Arch

An arch is an opening in a building that is curved on top to distribute the weight. The curved part can be round, like part of a circle, or pointed, like two parts of circles next to each other. Arches are often used where buildings are made of many small stones or bricks. The stone at the very top of the arch, called the keystone, keeps the rest of the arch stones from falling down. Arches can go over doorways and windows. Many bridges are arch bridges including ones made of steel. A series of arches is an arcade. 

Arches can be found in nature. These natural arches form through the erosion of cliffs.

Types of arches 
Arches  can have many forms, but they can be sorted into three categories: circular, pointed and parabolic.

 Circular (rounded) arches were used by Romans. They used them in bridges, aqueducts, and large-scale (big) architecture.
 Pointed arches were most often used by builders of Gothic-style architecture. They used them because they produced less thrust at the base. This allowed the structures to be taller.
 Parabolic arches have the shape of a parabola. They are mostly used in bridges.

Sources

Other websites 

Basic English 850 words
Architectural elements
Barber

A barber is someone who cuts hair and shaves beards. Usually, it is men who go to a barber. Women usually go to hairdressers instead.  Barbers sometimes have a pole outside, which is red and white in most countries. Barbering is a most ancient and honorable profession, with a very interesting history. Barbering is the practice of cutting or trimming hair and includes shaving or trimming facial hair. Besides cutting hair, barbers also shampoo and style hair, mostly for male clients. Other duties include scalp treatment, skin care and fitting or grooming hairpieces. In some states, barbers color, highlight or bleach hair.

Job Description
The main job of a barber is to cut a client's hair. The goal is to improve the appearance of the hair and to adapt styles to the customer's wishes. Barbers also shape and trim beards and mustaches. Instruments such as scissors and combs must be kept sterile and in good condition, and the barber is also responsible for keeping the shop clean by sweeping up hair. Owners of barbershops also order supplies, pay bills and may hire and supervise staff. Good interpersonal skills and a positive attitude are important qualities to have when working as a barber. Examples of famous barbers are Alex Kelly and Cameron Kelly formally known as the Kelly Cutters. Many barbers use these men as examples and aim to also deliver a very high quality service.

With experience, barbers can manage a salon or barber shop, or eventually open their own shop. Advancement is also possible in teaching barbering. Some states combine barbering and cosmetology licenses into one. Some states allow transferring a barbering license from another state without additional formal training, but not all states allow this.

Personal service occupations
Carpenter

A carpenter is a person who works with wood. They can make cabinets, build houses, or do other things with wood.

Carpenters usually make very good foremen (people who watch over a job) on larger jobs as they deal with so much of the project from ground up. Carpenters are always adding to their tools and always learning how to use the new tools, materials, and ways of working with wood.

Many carpenters will choose to focus their skills in one of two broad ranging categories. Rough carpenters will focus on building things that need to be simple and structural. This includes framing for houses, or crates for shipping. Finish carpenters will focus on things that are detailed and artistic. For example, they can be furniture builders, cabinet makers or toy makers. Wood carvers are sometimes counted as carpenters.

Related pages 
 Cabinet making

References 

Construction occupations
Electrician

An electrician is a person who fixes the wires and switches so that lights and outlets work the right way. Some electricians work in a building. 

Construction occupations
Roof

A roof is the top surface of the building. The plural of 'roof' is 'roofs'. The roof keeps out rain and snow and protects people from the sun. Some roofs are sloped, or pitched, so the rain and snow fall off easily. Some roofs are flat, but even flat roofs have a little bit of pitch so the water can flow away towards a drain.

Types 
Gable, hip, gambrel, shed and mansard roofs are the main types of pitched roofs. The type of roof on a building helps identify the building style. For example, an American Arts and Crafts style versus a Cape Cod style. Roofs are often covered in asphalt or wood shingles. But they can also be covered in metal, slate, or clay tiles. It can be dangerous to walk on a pitched roof. Some pitched roofs have parts that stick out for windows. These are called dormers. The edges of pitched roofs are called 'eaves'. Often there are gutters and leaders at the eaves, which take away water from the roof.

Flat roofs are usually covered in rubber or types of plastic. You can usually walk on a flat roof. At the edge of a flat roof there is sometimes a parapet. This is to prevents people from falling off the roof.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 Gable Roof Erection Procedure: YouTube
 Roof Truss Basics - Structural Engineering And Home Building Tips; YouTube

Basic English 850 words
Roofs
Brick

A brick is a man-made building material used to make walls and make places to walk. It is a single unit of a kneaded clay-bearing soil, sand and lime, or concrete material, fire-hardened or air-dried, used in masonry construction.

Bricks are made mostly of clay. They are put into molds or cut with wires, and then baked in an oven. The color of a brick depends on the clay from which it was made.

Masons build brick walls. They join bricks together using mortar.
Bricks can be assembled into many different patterns. The most common pattern is called "running bond". A row of bricks is called a course. 

Bricks used outdoors on the ground are called "pavers". Engineering bricks are used for high load-bearing walls, and for damp-proof courses. They are more expensive, and are made of better clays and fired at a higher temperature.

History
The oldest shaped bricks found date back to 7500 B.C. They have been found in Çayönü, a place in the upper Tigris area in south east Anatolia, close to Diyarbakir. A bit later, between 7000 and 6395 BC, bricks come from Jericho and Catal Hüyük. 

Fired bricks are one of the longest-lasting and strongest building materials. They have been used since about 3000 BC in early Indus Valley cities. Sun-dried mud bricks are much older, and quite satisfactory in hot, dry climates. Fired bricks are much more resistant to cold and moist weather conditions. They allow permanent building in regions where the harsher climate prevents the use of mud bricks.

Most bricks from all places tend to be about the same size: ~9 x ~4¼ x ~2½ inches or 250 × 120 × 65 mm. This is because they are picked up by the brickie in one hand, while in his other hand is a trowel with cement on it.

Cement 
Just as bricks are ancient (probably Neolithic in origin), so is cement. That is (in comparison) a more recent invention. The ancient Greeks and Romans used cement. Older civilizations knew, however, that bricks needed to be stuck together. The Babylonians and Assyrians used bitumen to bind together burnt brick or alabaster slabs. Bitumen comes out of the ground naturally in a few places. It is a black oily substance of organic origin, like oil or pitch.

In Ancient Egypt, stone blocks were cemented together with a mortar made of sand and roughly burnt gypsum (CaSO4 · 2H2O), which often contained calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

Other images

References 

Basic English 850 words
Building materials
San Diego, California

San Diego () is the second largest city in the U.S. state of California and eighth largest in the United States. It is at the southwest corner of California, as well as the southwest corner of the continental United States. It was founded in 1769 and it is the oldest city in California. The mayor of San Diego as of 2020 is Todd Gloria.

It has comfortable weather most of the year. There are several military bases in and near San Diego. It has many beaches along the Pacific Ocean. The San Diego Zoo is very famous.

San Diego is home to San Diego State University, the University of California, San Diego, and University of San Diego.

San Diego is on the international Mexico–United States Border. The city of Tijuana is just across the Mexican border.

San Diego is home to the San Diego Padres baseball team.

Substance Abuse Statistics in San Diego 
Heroin, fentanyl, alcohol, and prescription drug addiction are common addiction types in San Diego. In 2017, there were 273 unintentional prescription-related deaths in San Diego County and 7,505 opioid-related visits to emergency rooms. From 2016 to 2017 there was a 115% increase of fentanyl-related deaths in San Diego. In 2017, there were 357 alcohol-related deaths in San Diego County. Of those deaths, 127 also involved prescription drugs, 15 involved a combination of heroin and prescription drugs, and  involved heroin. 15,952 adults were admitted into drug treatment centers in San Diego in 2017. In 2016, an estimated 125 million opioid pills were sold in San Diego County, which equates to nearly 38 pills per person.

References 

 
County seats in California
1769 establishments
18th-century establishments in California
Oriole

The oriole ( or Old World oriole) is a bird in the family Oriolidae. They make up the genus Oriolus. Old World orioles are found areas of Africa, Asia and Europe. They are most often found in tropical areas but one species lives in cooler areas. The golden oriole is the only species of Old World oriole which is not a tropical bird.

Many species have bright coloured feathers.

The orioles evolved in Australasia, and later spread to Eurasia. They are not related to the New World oriole. New World orioles are members of the blackbird family Icteridae and are native to the Americas .

The kinds of oriole 
This is a list of kinds of orioles, in the English and Latin languages:

 Golden oriole, Oriolus oriolus
 Brown oriole, Oriolus szalayi
 Halmahera oriole, Oriolus phaeochromus
 Ceram oriole, Oriolus forsteni
 Buru oriole, Oriolus bouroensis
 Timor oriole, Oriolus viridifuscus
 Olive-backed oriole or White-bellied Oriole, Oriolus sagittattus
 Yellow oriole or Green oriole, Oriolus flavocinctus
 Dark-throated oriole, Oriolus xanthonotus
 White-lored oriole, Oriolus albiloris
 Isabella oriole, Oriolus isabellae
 African golden oriole, Oriolus auratus
 Black-naped oriole, Oriolus chinensis
 Green-headed oriole, Oriolus chlorocephalus
 Great-billed oriole, Oriolus crassirostris
 Western black-headed oriole, Oriolus brachyrhynchus
 Forest oriole,  Oriolus monacha 
 Black-headed oriole, Oriolus larvatus
 Black-winged oriole, Oriolus nigripennis
 Black-hooded oriole, Oriolus xanthornus
 Black oriole, Oriolus hosii
 Black and crimson oriole, Oriolus cruentus
 Maroon oriole, Oriolus trailili
 Silver oriole, Oriolus mellianus
 Figbird Sphecotheres viridis

References

Other websites 
 Oriole videos on the Internet Bird Collection

Passeri
Feather

Feathers are the things which cover birds. They help keep birds warm.  Feathers also protect them from injury. In most kinds of birds, wing feathers help them to fly. These are called flight feathers. 
Some people have their pet birds clipped. This is a procedure where a vet or a groomer cuts a certain amount of feathers to prevent the bird from flying away or simply for medical reasons.

Vaned feathers 
The main feathers which cover the outside of a bird are called vaned feathers. Vaned feathers have a stiff center, with soft barbs on the side, which seem like hairs. The center is called a quill. This type of feather is called pennaceous (= like a pen).

Down feathers 
Young birds have small feathers, called down, which keep them warm, but cannot be used for flying.  Down is very soft.  Adult birds have down, but also have vaned feathers on top of the down. Down is also used in blankets. Down feathers are just one example of plumaceous feathers (the word means 'fluffy'). Another example is the feathers on flightless birds such as the ostrich.

Moulting 
Birds lose their feathers at certain times.  This is called moulting.  By moulting, a bird can replace old feathers with new ones.  Many birds moult once every year.

Colour 
Feathers give birds colour.  The function of colour in birds is extremely important. It includes:
Camouflage: it hides the bird in its natural environment, especially when it is stationary in the nest. Camouflage is often backed up with behaviour: see the bittern on its nest.
Display: birds carry display colours when they need to be noticed by other birds. Often the male of a pair will do the display and wear colours, while the female is camouflaged. Display is usually backed up by behaviour, especially bird song. The main functions are:
To attract a mate
To signal and defend their territory.

Use by people 
People use feathers for many purposes.  In the past, quills were commonly used as pens, and colorful feathers were worn on hats.  Many pillows, cushions, mattresses, coats, and quilts are stuffed with down. Feathers are also used by people of many tribes for decoration.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen

Mary-Kate Olsen and Ashley Fuller Olsen (born June 13, 1986) are twin American actresses.  They have acted in movies and on television series since they were nine months old.

The twins began acting on the ABC series Full House between 1987 and 1995, in which both of them played Michelle Tanner.

In the early 1990s, they became the youngest entrepreneurs in Hollywood history by starting the Dualstar Entertainment company.

Later that decade, they acted in Two of a Kind and So Little Time, as well as their own animated series.

They also acted in the movies, It Takes Two (1994), New York Minute (2003), and many direct-to-video movies and specials.

Merchandise related to the Olsens is still very popular in the teenage market. The Olsens have a clothing line for girls ages 4–14 in Wal-Mart stores across North America, as well as a beauty line called "Mary-Kate and Ashley: Real fashion for real girls".

Health issues 
In mid-2004, Mary-Kate Olsen announced she had entered treatment for an eating disorder, anorexia nervosa. A Got Milk? ad featuring the twins was pulled following the announcement. On November 20, 2007 she was hospitalized for a reported kidney infection.

Fashion only 
The twins have bought up a number of fashion labels, and this is now their main activity. In 2012 the girls decided to quit acting permanently and focus on fashion.

References

Other websites 
 The Official Site 
 Olsen Twins in the News 
 A Site Devoted to the Twins

1986 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
American child actors
American movie actors
American movie producers
Singers from Los Angeles
American television actors
American television producers
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Sibling duos
Twin people
Cholesterol

Cholesterol is a molecule that is found in animal cells and body fluids. Cholesterol is not found in plant sources. It is a type of lipid which is a fat or fat-like molecule.  Cholesterol is a soft waxy substance. Cholesterol is a special type of lipid that is called a steroid. Steroids are lipids that have a special chemical structure. This structure is made of four rings of carbon atoms. Cholesterol is found especially in animal fats.

Cholesterol is the main steroid synthesized by animals. Other steroids include hormone steroids like cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone. These and other steroid hormones are made by changing the basic chemical structure of cholesterol. This is an example of chemical synthesis.

Hypercholesterolemia means that cholesterol level is too high in the blood. High cholesterol levels show that heart disease may develop.

Related pages 
Bile
Metabolism

Lipids
Heterosexuality

Heterosexuality is a sexual orientation. Heterosexual people are sexually attracted to the opposite gender, and this may involve romantic feelings, or sexual activity. Another less formal word for heterosexual is straight.

People who are not heterosexual may be homosexual, bisexual or asexual. Many people in Western society are heteronormative, which means that they believe that heterosexuality is better than other forms of sexuality. This often leads to discrimination.

Sexual orientation is thought to be caused by genetics and hormones when a baby is growing in its mother. Hormones play a role in making men and women have differences in a region of the brain called the sexually dimorphic nucleus, which is involved in sexual attraction. Men have larger clusters in the hypothalamus than women, similar to other mammals.

In the Catholic Church and many Christian churches as well as in Islam and Judaism, a marriage can only be made in a heterosexual pair - man and woman. Marriage that is done in homosexual pair is often seen as a serious sin by those religions.

Related pages 
 Heterosociality
Queer, a catch-all term for non-heterosexual people (used by some)

References

Other websites 

 The Kinsey Institute 

Heterosexuality
Hate crime

A hate crime is when someone breaks a law by hurting another person because of prejudice against a group the victim belongs to. Normally, a hate crime is not caused in any way by something the victim did or said, but just because of who they are. Hate crime is often in the form of physical violence, but can also be vandalism and damage to property, insults or other hurtful words, or other violations of human rights. People often commit hate crime because of prejudice about the victim's sex, ethnicity, religion, nationality, gender identity, class, sexual orientation, age, or other things about them. 

The term "hate crime" was first used in the 1980s in the United States, when crimes caused by bias against certain types of people were being talked about in the media. Hate crime is sometimes a way to frighten other people who belong to the same group. This intimidation can be seen as terrorism when it is carried out on a large scale.

In 2009, the Matthew Shepard Act has changed the definition of a hate crime in the law of the United States. It says that crimes which were committed because of the victim's sexual orientation, gender identity or disability are hate crimes. It is the first law that protects transgender people.

Effects of Hate Crimes 
People victimized by violent hate crimes are more likely to experience more psychological distress than victims of other violent crimes. Specifically, victims of crimes that are bias-motivated are more likely to experience post-traumatic stress, safety concerns, depression, anxiety and anger than victims of crimes that are not motivated by bias. Hate crimes send messages to members of the victim’s group that they are unwelcome and unsafe in the community, victimizing the entire group and decreasing feelings of safety and security. Furthermore, witnessing discrimination against one’s own group can lead to psychological distress and lower self-esteem.

Related pages
Hate group
Hate speech
Hatred
Transphobia
Xenophobia
Violence against women

References
Gay bashing

Gay bashing and gay bullying is when someone attacks a person or group of people because they are gay or lesbian or bisexual or transgender.

Studies show that bullying happens to people who are gay or lesbian more often than to others in general. As teenagers, gay young men are more likely to be bullied than lesbians.

Hate crime
Gay bullying can become a type of hate crime or hate speech.

Related pages
 Homophobia
 Sexual orientation
 Transphobia 
 LGBT

References

Other websites
  "Tips to Help the Bullying Bystander" at education.com 

LGBT
Bullying
Homophobia

nl:Potenrammen
Emergency medicine

Emergency Medicine is a specialty of medicine. A specialty is a special part of medicine where a doctor may have more knowledge. Examples are Pediatrics (doctors who care for children), Geriatrics (doctors who care for elderly people), and Cardiology (doctors who know more about the heart.)

Emergency Medicine (abbreviation EM) is sometimes also called Accident and Emergency Medicine (AEM). 

EM doctors specialize in treating diseases and injuries that need immediate care. These kind of diseases or injuries are called emergencies. If they are not helped quickly, the person may become more sick or even die.

Doctors that specialize in EM usually work in Emergency Departments. This is also called a casualty department or Emergency room. These are places in hospitals where people go if they have an emergency. They may have a red cross or red letters on the sign to show it is the Emergency Department. This way, even people who cannot read know where to go.

Doctors who specialize in EM must know some about all of the different specialties of medicine. They treat people of all ages. They treat both men and women. They must know how to treat any kind of emergency. But they may not know quite as much about the chronic treatments of diseases over years. However, many people come to the Emergency Department with problems that are not emergencies. So EM doctors must also know  about how to treat non-emergencies.

Related pages 
Emergency medical services
First aid

References
Berkeley, California

Berkeley is a city in the U.S. State of California. It is a suburb of San Francisco. It is famous for the college, University of California, Berkeley, where many political protests were held in the 1960s. It is also famous for its gourmet food and art scenes. Also, it is the native city of the punk band Green Day. BOINC or the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing was created at the University of California in Berkeley.

References

 
1878 establishments in California
Pediatrics

Pediatrics is the specialty of medicine that cares for infants, children, and adolescents. The ages can vary from the early months until 18-21. A person who works in pediatrics is called a pediatrician. 

Pediatricians can be primary care doctors or they can be specialists.

Pediatricians take care of diseases that children get. They also make sure that children develop normally and try to prevent illness. One of the most important ways that children's diseases can be prevented is by immunization. Immunization is also called vaccination.

In the nineteenth century, one in five children died before the age of five. Most of these deaths were from infectious diseases. Today some of these deaths are prevented by treating disease when it happens. Most of it is from preventing disease with immunizations.

Pediatricians also try to prevent other diseases and injury before they happen. They teach parents about safety and nutrition. They may teach older children or adolescents about avoiding injury or addiction to alcohol and tobacco. Because childhood is such a time of change, prevention is a major part of pediatrics.

Types 
Many pediatricians work as primary care doctors. This type of pediatrician conducts regular health and wellness checkups. They also diagnose and treat a wide range of common health conditions, give vaccinations, and provide appropriate health advice to young people and their parents or caregivers.

 Adolescent medicine specialists focus on care during adolescence around age 11 to 21.
 Pediatric oncologist specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of different types of cancer in children.
 Pediatric cardiology refers to cardiac irregularities in a child who is 18 years old. It also covers all types of heart conditions and diseases that occur in childhood.
 Pediatricians treat children and adolescents who have musculoskeletal disorders, such as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and chronic pain.
 Neonatologists look after new born babies who need hospital care.

References

Medical specialties
Childhood
Jenna Bush Hager

Jenna Welch Bush Hager (born Jenna Welch Bush November 25, 1981) 

Jenna was born in Baylor University Medical Center in Dallas, She is the younger of two fraternal twin girls born to George W. Bush, President of the United States. Her twin sister is Barbara Pierce Bush.

Jenna graduated from the University of Texas in 2004. She has become a public school teacher like her mother Laura Bush was.

Personal life 
Jenna has been married to Henry Chase Hager since May 10, 2008. They have one child together, a daughter named Margaret Laura Hager (b.April 14, 2013).

Other websites 
 Jenna Bush  news, blogs and photo

1981 births
Living people
George W. Bush
Bush family
Children of Presidents of the United States
Twin people from the United States