alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Sir Mix-A-Lot

Sir Mix-a-Lot (born Anthony Ray on August 12, 1963) is an American rapper and producer.

His style of music is called "hip-hop." He was born in Seattle, Washington. He is best known for his hit song "Baby Got Back". That song has catchy phrases and cheap humor, and it talks about liking women with big buttocks. This made it popular in the United States during the 1990s.

Sir Mix-a-Lot is not actually a peer of the realm but has assumed the title 'Sir' for humorous or ironic effect.

Other websites 
 Official website 
 

Actors from Seattle
African American actors
American movie actors
American rappers
African-American rappers
American television actors
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Seattle
1963 births
Living people
Pop rappers
Dick York

Dick York (September 4, 1928 – February 20, 1992) was an American actor. He is best known for his role as Darren Stephens on the television series Bewitched. York left the series in 1969 and was replaced by Dick Sargent.

1928 births
1992 deaths
Deaths from emphysema
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Actors from Indiana
Actors from Chicago
James Earl Jones

James Earl Jones (born on January 17, 1931) is an American actor. He is famous for doing the voice of Darth Vader in the Star Wars movies, for doing the voice of Mufasa in The Lion King and in the 2019 remake, and for the CNN tagline ("This...is CNN").  He starred in Lincoln Portrait which has music by Aaron Copland.

Jones has won two Tony Awards for his live theatre work on Broadway. He won an Emmy Award for his role on the television series Gabriel's Fire.

He is a son of actor Robert Earl Jones.

Film

Television

Television film

Narrator

Theatre

Video game

References

Other websites

 
 
 James Earl Jones  at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
 
 James Earl Jones at Emmys.com
 TonyAwards.com Interview with James Earl Jones 
 Cat on a Hot Tin Roof All African-American Production Website 

1931 births
Living people
Actors from Mississippi
African American actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Tony Award winning actors
Tony Randall

Tony Randall (February 26, 1920 - May 17 2004) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as Felix Unger on the television series The Odd Couple.

Other websites 

American movie actors
American television actors
Emmy Award winners
Actors from Oklahoma
1920 births
2004 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Lesbian

A lesbian is a homosexual woman. This means a woman who is sexually attracted to other women, and not to men. A woman who is sexually attracted to both women and men is bisexual or pansexual.

The word lesbian comes from Lesbos (), an island in Greece. An ancient poet, Sappho, lived on Lesbos. Sappho wrote mostly poems about love. Many of her love poems are written to women. So her name and the island where she lived make people think about women who love women. Sometimes lesbians are also called Sapphists from the name Sappho. Sapphic can be used as an umbrella term for love between women, regardless of their sexual or romantic orientation.

Lesbians and feminism
Lesbians were involved in the early feminist (a movement of women who want to be treated equally to men) movement. Feminism is the political and social movements that promote women's equality and rights. However, there was conflict between lesbians and straight (heterosexual) women in the feminist movement. In the 1960s and 1970s some straight (women who like men) feminists wanted the lesbians out of the women's rights movement. They wanted feminism to be accepted by society. They believed lesbians were less accepted by society and might hurt the feminist movement.

Eventually, the women's rights movement accepted its lesbian members. Now many important feminist leaders are out (out means that they make it known that they are lesbians) lesbians.

Lesbians as parents
Many lesbian couples want to have children of their own. In order to raise children, they sometimes adopt. However some places do not allow homosexual couples to adopt children, so many of them want to be able to adopt children.

Some lesbian couples also have their own biological children. To do this they may have artificial insemination. This is when sperm from a donor male is placed in a woman to make a pregnancy. Some lesbian women do this at home with a friend they choose to be the donor. However many may use sperm banks. These are medical businesses that match couples who need donor sperm with men who will donate. Sometimes this is done anonymously which means the couple does not know the donor. Sometimes this is done with the donor known and even chosen by the couple.

Law and religion

Unlike gay sex between males, lesbian sex is not against the law in as many places. Some religions that condemn gay male sex say nothing about lesbian sex. Abrahamic religions usually see gay as well as lesbian relations as immoral. Saint Paul in Epistle to the Romans 1:26 describes lesbianism as 'unnatural' and 'shameful'. There are some religions, however, mostly new religious movements that accept lesbian relations.

In most parts of the world lesbian couples cannot marry. This means they do not have the legal benefits and protection of marriage. This can cause lesbians, and gay men, many problems. Pedophila committed by an adult lesbian upon an underage female may be a crime.

Related pages 

 Homosexuality

References

LGBT variations
1884

1884 was a leap year.

Births 
 May 8 – Harry S. Truman
 October 11 – Eleanor Roosevelt, First Lady of the United States, wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt (d. 1962)
 December 30 – Hideki Tōjō, 40th Prime Minister of Japan, Led the Attack on Pearl Harbour (d. 1948)

Deaths 
 January 25 – Johann Gottfried Piefke, German conductor and composer (b. 1815)
 March 21 – Ezra Abbot, American Bible scholar (b. 1819)
 April 4 – Marie Bashkirtseff, Russian artist (b. 1858)
 May 12 – Bedrich Smetana, Czech composer (b. 1824)
 May 13 –  Cyrus McCormick, American inventor (b. 1809)
 June 25 – Hans Rott, Austrian composer (b. 1858)
 July 1 – Allan Pinkerton, American detective (b. 1819)
 July 10 – Paul Morphy, American chess player (b. 1837)
 November 25 – Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe, German chemist (b. 1818)
Samoa

The Independent State of Samoa is a country in the Pacific Ocean. It became independent from New Zealand in 1962. It has two islands, including Upolu and Savai'i. The capital of Samoa is Apia. It is on the island of Upolu. The head of the country is Va'aletoa Sualauvi II. 

The languages spoken in Samoa include Samoan and English. 

The sport that is most popular in Samoa is Rugby, and many Samoan people play Rugby.

Samoa was admitted to the United Nations on 18 September 1962.

A measles outbreak began in October 2019 and continued through December. As of December 28, there were 81 deaths out of 5667 cases.

Districts
Samoa has eleven political districts.  These are called itūmālō. These are the traditional eleven districts that were made well before European arrival.

1 including islands Manono, Apolima and Nu'ulopa
2 including the Aleipata Islands and Nu'usafe'e Island
3 smaller parts also on Upolu (Salamumu (incl. Salamumu-Utu) and Leauvaa villages)

Geography

Samoa is south of the equator.  It is about halfway between Hawai‘i and New Zealand in the Polynesian part of the Pacific Ocean. The main island of Upolu is home to nearly three-quarters of Samoa's people

The two large islands of Upolu and Savai'i are 99% of the total land area.  There are eight small islets. These are the three islets in the Apolima Strait: Manono Island, Apolima and Nu'ulopa. There are four Aleipata Islands off the eastern end of Upolu.  They are: Nu'utele, Nu'ulua, Namua, and Fanuatapu.  And there is Nu'usafe'e.

East of Samoa is a group of islands called American Samoa. They are part of the United States, but they are similar to the country Samoa, because they also speak Samoan.

Samoa used to be east of the international date line. In 2011, the line changed, so that Samoa would be to the west of the date line. This change took effect on the night of 29 December.  Friday was skipped altogether and the following day was Saturday 31 December.

Demographics

Samoa has 194,320 people. 92.6% are Samoans, 7% Euronesians (people of mixed, European and Polynesian ancestors) and 0.4% are Europeans.

Religion in Samoa includes the following: Christian Congregational Church of Samoa 35.5%, Roman Catholic 19.6%, Methodist 15%, Latter-day Saints 12.7%, Samoan Assemblies of God 10.6%, Seventh-day Adventist 3.5%, Worship Centre 1.3%, unspecified 0.8%.There is also about 522 Jehovah's Witnessses in Samoa since 1931. Samoa has one of seven Bahá'í Houses of Worship in the world. It is in Tiapapata.
 
Many people say that Samoan people are related to Māori people because lots of the language words are very similar to Maori language.

As with other Polynesian cultures (Hawai'ian, Tahitian and Māori), Samoans have two gender specific and culturally important tattoos. For males, it is called the Pe'a,  It is intricate and geometrical patterns tattooed on areas from the knees up towards the ribs. A male who has such a tatau is called a soga'imiti. A Samoan girl or teine is given a malu.  It covers the area from just below her knees to her upper thighs.

References

 
Commonwealth member states
Davy Jones (musician)

David Thomas "Davy" Jones (December 30, 1945 – February 29, 2012) was an English singer and actor. He was born in Manchester, England. 

His father wanted him to be a jockey, but he wanted to be a performer. He appeared in the television programme, Coronation Street and in the London and Broadway versions of Oliver!. In 1966, he joined The Monkees, a musical group created for a television series of the same name. The series was cancelled in 1968 and the group disbanded in 1970. 

Jones continued to perform until his death from a heart attack caused by atherosclerosis in 2012 in Stuart, Florida.

References

Other websites

Deaths from myocardial infarction
English movie actors
English pop musicians
English singers
English television actors
Musical theater actors
Musicians from Manchester
1945 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from atherosclerosis
The Monkees members
Michael Nesmith

Robert Michael Nesmith (December 30, 1942 – December 10, 2021) was an American musician, songwriter, actor, producer, novelist, businessman and philanthropist.

Nesmith was born in Dallas, Texas on December 30, 1942. His mother, Bette Nesmith Graham invented Liquid Paper in 1951 and made the family very rich.

In the 1960s, Nesmith moved to Los Angeles to start a recording career. He wrote the song "Different Drum" which was a hit for Linda Ronstadt and the Stone Poneys. In 1966, he became a member of the Monkees, a made-for-TV rock band. He left the group in 1969 and started a solo career.

Nesmith is considered one of the forefathers of the country-rock movement of the 1970s with his song Joanne.He produced albums such as loose salute and magnetic south with the first national band. Nesmith was known for his diamond suit, hat and cowboy boots that are currently on display at the country hall of fame. He also worked as a producer and is considered one of the pioneers of the music video industry. Nesmith's 1981 video-movie Elephant Parts won the first Grammy Award for a music video

Nesmith died from heart failure at his home in Carmel Valley, California on December 10, 2021, at the age of 78.

References

Musicians from Texas
American songwriters
American television actors
American rock musicians
Grammy Award winners
Actors from Dallas
1942 births
2021 deaths
Philanthropists from Texas
Deaths from heart failure
American country guitarists
The Monkees members
Peter Tork

Peter Halsten Thorkelson (February 13, 1942 – February 21, 2019), better known as Peter Tork, was an American actor and musician. He was born in Washington, D.C. He started as a folk musician in Greenwich Village. In 1966, he became famous as a member of The Monkees. He was recommended for the group by his friend Stephen Stills. Shortly after The Monkees television series ended 1968, he left the band. He played with the other members of the group at times, but often played with his own bands and tours.

Tork died on February 21, 2019 in Mansfield, Connecticut, aged 77. He suffered from a rare form of throat cancer in the years before his death.

References

1942 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from throat cancer
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Washington, D.C.
American guitarists
American pop musicians
The Monkees members
Micky Dolenz

George Michael Dolenz, Jr. (born March 8, 1945),  better known as Micky Dolenz is an American actor, singer, director, and voice artist. He is most famous as a member of The Monkees.

1945 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Musicians from Los Angeles
Singers from Los Angeles
The Monkees members
Goldstar beer

Goldstar is an Israeli beer that has been brewed in Israel since the 1950s.
It is defined as a Munich-style beer. Goldstar contains 4.9% alcohol.

Beer
1797



Events 
January 3 – The Treaty of Tripoli (a peace treaty between the United States and Tripoli) is signed at Algiers.
January 7 – The parliament of the Cisalpine Republic adopts the Italian green-white-red tricolour as official flag. It is the birthday of the flag of Italy.
February 14 – The Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1797), part of the Wars of the French Revolution.
February 18 – Spanish Governor Chacon peacefully surrenders the colony of Trinidad and Tobago to a British naval force.
February 22 – Attempted invasion of Britain at Fishguard in Wales by French forces
February 26 – The Bank of England (national bank of Britain) issues the first one-pound note (discontinued March 11, 1988).
March 4 – John Adams succeeds George Washington as the President of the United States of America.
 May 12 – First Coalition: Napoleon I of France conquers Venice, ending the 1100 years of independence of the city. Last doge of Venice, Ludovico Manin, steps down.
 July 24 – Horatio Nelson is wounded at Tenerife, causing a loss of one arm.
 September 7 – Treaty of Campo Formio ends the War of the First Coalition.
 October 21 – In Boston Harbor, the 44-gun United States Navy frigate USS Constitution is launched to fight Barbary pirates off the coast of Tripoli.
 December 17 – Napoleon leads a successful French charge against Fort l'Aiguilette to secure Toulon for French
 Large-scale mutinies in Royal Navy
 Joseph Haydn composes the music to "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser," the tune of which also became the music to the German national anthem, "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit."

Births 
 Date unknown – Mahmud Bayazidi, Kurdish polymath
 August 30 – Mary Shelley, British writer of Frankenstein

Deaths 
 September 10 – Mary Wollstonecraft, female philosopher (b. 1759)
1851



Events 
 January 23 – The flip of a coin determines whether a new city in Oregon is named after Boston, Massachusetts, or Portland, Maine, with Portland winning.
 March 1 – Victor Hugo gives speech at the French national assembly and uses the phrase United States of Europe several times
 March 27 – First reported case of white men seeing Yosemite Valley.
 March 30 – A population census was taken of all people living in the United Kingdom.
 May 1 – The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations in the Crystal Palace, Hyde Park, London is opened by Queen Victoria. It runs until October 18.
 May 15 – Rama IV is crowed King of Thailand.
 July – The immortal game, a famous chess game, is played.
 July 1 – Colony of Victoria separates from New South Wales.
 July 29 – Annibale de Gasparis, in Naples, Italy discovers asteroid 15 Eunomia.
 August 22 – The yacht America wins the first America's Cup race (see Yachting).
 October 18 – The Great Exhibition in London is closed.
 November 13 – The Denny Party lands at Alki Point, the first settlers of what will become Seattle, Washington.
 December 2 – Louis Napoleon, president of France, dissolves French National Assembly and declares a new constitution to extend his term. Later he declares himself as an emperor Napoleon III. End of the Second Republic.
 December 24 – The Library of Congress burns.
 December 29 – The first YMCA opens, in Boston, Massachusetts.

Births 
 January 17 – A. B. Frost, American illustrator (d. 1928)
 January 19 – Jacobus Kapteyn, Dutch astronomer (d. 1922)
 February 8 – Kate Chopin, American writer (d. 1904)
 March 27 – Vincent d'Indy, French composer and teacher (d. 1931)
 April 21 – Charles Barrois, French geologist (d. 1939)
 May 6 – Aristide Bruant, French cabaret singer and comedian (d. 1925)
 May 20 – Emil Berliner, telephone and recording pioneer (d. 1929)
 August 14 – Doc Holliday, American gambler and gunfighter (d. 1887)
 October 2 – Ferdinand Foch, French commander of allied forces in World War I (d. 1929)
 October 31 – Princess Louise of Sweden
 Robert Abbe, American surgeon (d. 1928)
 Ruperto Chapí, Spanish zarzuelist
 Tom Morris, Jr., Scottish golfer (d. 1875)

Deaths 
 February 1 – Mary Shelley, British writer of Frankenstein
 August 28 – Thomas Livingstone Mitchell, Australian explorer
 September 14 – James Fenimore Cooper

Art, music, theatre, and literature 
 The House of the Seven Gables by Nathaniel Hawthorne.
 Moby-Dick by Herman Melville.
Dominique de Villepin

Dominique Marie François René Galouzeau de Villepin (born November 14, 1953), simply known as Dominique de Villepin, was Premier (or Prime Minister) of France from 31 May 2005 to 17 May 2007. He was made Premier by Jacques Chirac after the French President removed Jean-Pierre Raffarin from the premiership. Raffarin failed to gain the support of the French people for the European Constitution.

Dominique de Villepin said that his government's most important task would be job creation. He knew that the French people were concerned about the condition of the French economy. This was one of the reasons they had voted against the European Constitution in the referendum on 29 May 2005.

On 15 May 2007, the last full day of President Jacques Chirac's term, Villepin gave his resignation from the office of Prime Minister and it was accepted by the President. He was replaced two days later by François Fillon.

References

1953 births
Living people
Alumni of the Institut d'études politiques de Paris
French diplomats
French lawyers
Government ministers of France
Prime Ministers of France
People from Rabat
Francis Drake

Vice Admiral Sir Francis Drake (1540 – 27 January 1596) was an English sea captain, privateer, navigator, slaver, and politician of the Elizabethan era. He was born in Tavistock and grew up in Kent, where he learned to be a sailor. Soon he was a shipmaster (captain). Queen Elizabeth I awarded Drake a knighthood in 1581, which he received on the Golden Hind in Deptford. He was second-in-command of the English fleet against the Spanish Armada in 1588. He also carried out the second circumnavigation of the world, from 1577 to 1580 during which he attacked towns of the Spanish Empire. He had always been a powerful enemy to the Spanish.

He died of dysentery in January 1596 after he had unsuccessfully attacked San Juan, Puerto Rico.

His exploits were legendary. He was a hero to the English but a pirate to the Spaniards. King Philip II was reported to have offered a reward of 20,000 ducats, today worth about £4,000,000 (about US $6,500,000) for him to be killed.

References 

1540 births
1596 deaths
English admirals
English businesspeople
English explorers
Slavers
Deaths from dysentery
House of Commons of the United Kingdom

The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It is made up of Members of Parliament elected by the people. Sometimes it is called the 'lower house'. (The 'upper house' is called the House of Lords.) Other countries also have a bicameral parliament with a House of Commons working in the same way.

In the British parliament, there are 650 Members of Parliament or MPs. Each MP represents a constituency, which covers an area of the country. The people of each constituency vote at a general election or a by-election to choose one person to represent them in the House of Commons. Usually, the people choose someone who belongs to a political party. When all the parties get together, the party or coalition with the most members is the government and runs the country. The leader of that party is called the Prime Minister. 

The House of Commons hold their meetings in the Palace of Westminster.  Their chief officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by MPs. The current Speaker is Lindsay Hoyle, who was elected in 2019. The Clerk of the House of Commons is the Principal Adviser to the Speaker. The Serjeant-at-Arms is in charge of the security.

Election results since 1945 

United Kingdom
Wank

Wank is a mountain in the Bavarian Alps, by Garmisch-Partenkirchen in Germany, close to the Austrian border.
Wank is 1780m tall, and has a cable car, the Wankbahn, which takes people almost all the way to the top.  Near the peak, there is an inn called the Wankhaus which was built in 1911 that allows people to spend the night.

Alps
Geography of Bavaria
Mountains of Germany
Hank Aaron

Henry Louis Aaron (February 5, 1934 – January 22, 2021) was a professional baseball player who played right field.  He played baseball professionally for 22 years and hit 755 home runs. Even though he has 755 home runs in his career, he never hit 50 or more in a season. He was selected for 25 All-Star games.  He was put into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1982. 

Hank Aaron was born in Mobile, Alabama. He died on January 22, 2021, two weeks before his 87th birthday, in Atlanta.

References

Other websites 

Hank Aaron at Baseball Aha 

1934 births
African-American baseball players
Atlanta Braves players
Milwaukee Braves players
Milwaukee Brewers players
National League All-Stars
National Baseball Hall of Fame members
Presidential Citizens Medal recipients
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Sportspeople from Alabama
2021 deaths
Money laundering

Money laundering is a process some criminals do to hide the money they make from crimes or political corruption, which is called "dirty money". Such dirty money needs to be "cleaned" so it looks like it came from legal sources, and banks can accept it without being suspicious on where it came from. Criminals also do money laundering to make it hard for the police to find out where the criminal got the money.

One way criminals launder money is by using the money earned from illegal activities to buy things (like gold and silver, shares or casino chips, other legitimate business activities like food or liquor stores) and then selling those things to get the money back. If a criminal buys and sells things many times it is hard for the police to find out where the criminal got the money.

Some countries have laws to try to stop money laundering. These laws help the police to find out when criminals try to do money laundering. Under the laws in some countries, business people must:
tell the Government when someone pays them a lot of money (for example $10,000) or when someone puts a lot of money in their bank
tell the Government if they think someone is doing money laundering, and
write down on paper, or on a computer, every time someone gives them a lot of money or they give someone a lot of money.

In 1989, some countries set up a group of people from different Governments to tell countries the best ways to stop money laundering. This organization is called the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering. The following countries have joined the Financial Action Task Force (FATF/GAFI):

Argentina
Aruba
Australia
Austria
Bahrain
Belgium
Brazil
Canada
China
Curaçao 
Denmark
European Commission
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hong Kong, China
Iceland
India
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Kuwait
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Oman
Portugal
Qatar
Republic of Korea  
Russian Federation
Saint Maarten
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States

Money laundering in Canada

In Canada money laundering is a serious issue. The government of Canada has allocated more than $70 million to fight money laundering.

The province of British Columbia announced it is holding a public inquiry into this issue.

References 

Organized crime
Financial crimes
Zeus

Zeus is the god of the sky, lightning, and the thunder in Ancient Greek religion and mythology, and ruler of all the gods on Mount Olympus. Zeus is the sixth child of Cronos and Rhea, king and queen of the Titans respectively. His father, Cronos, swallowed his children as soon as they were born for fear of a prophecy which foretold that one of them would overthrow him. When Zeus was born, Rhea hid him in a cave on Mount Ida in Crete, giving Cronos a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes to swallow instead. When Zeus was older he went to free his brothers and sisters; together with their allies, the Hekatonkheires and the Elder Cyclopes, Zeus and his siblings fought against the Titans in a ten-year war known as the Titanomachy. At the end of the war, Zeus took Kronos' scythe made of diamond and cut him into pieces, throwing his remains into Tartarus. He then became the king of gods. 

The supreme deity of the Greek pantheon, Zeus was universally respected and revered throughout Ancient Greece; the ancient Olympic Games were held at the site of  Olympia every four years in honor of him. Highly temperamental, Zeus was armed with the mighty thunderbolt, said to be the most powerful weapon among the gods. Zeus was married to his sister, Hera, though he was infamous for his infidelity, taking on an almost innumerable amount of lovers and consorts, both mortal and divine including Karis and Hercules' mother. Zeus was known for throwing thunderbolts at people. 

The god of honor and justice, Zeus was the one who both established and enforced law, and served as the standard for kings to follow, ensuring they did not abuse the power of their position. His symbols were the thunderbolt, a scepter, an oak tree, and the eagle and bull were his sacred animals. His Roman equivalent is Jupiter. Zeus was the strongest Greek god, the ruler of all gods. He also had a lot of children that he was not supposed to have.

Related pages 
 Tinia - Etruscan mythology version of Zeus
 Jupiter - Roman mythology version of Zeus
Indra - Hindu mythology version of Zeus

References

Twelve Olympians
Gods and goddesses of the sky
Gods and goddesses of thunder
Evolutionary biology

Evolutionary biology is a subfield of biology that studies how species start and change over time; or in other words, how species evolve. Someone who studies evolutionary biology is known as an evolutionary biologist.

History
Evolutionary biology became an academic subject  as a result of the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s.  It was not until the 1970s and 1980s that universities had departments which used the term evolutionary biology in their titles.

As a result of the rapid growth of molecular and cell biology, many universities have split their biology departments into molecular and cell biology-style departments and ecology and evolutionary biology-style departments. These have absorbed older departments such as paleontology, zoology, botany and the like.

Related pages 
Evolution
Modern evolutionary synthesis
Speciation
Natural selection

References
1488



Births 
 January 6 – Helius Eobanus Hessus, German Latin poet (d. 1540)
 January 20
 John George, Marquess of Montferrat, Italian noble (d. 1533)
 Sebastian Münster, German scholar, cartographer, and cosmographer (d. 1552)
 March 19 – Johannes Magnus, last Catholic Archbishop of Sweden (d. 1544)
 April 16 – Jungjong of Joseon (d. 1544)
 April 21 – Ulrich von Hutten, German religious reformer (d. 1523)
 May 1 – Sidonie of Bavaria, eldest daughter of Duke Albrecht IV of Bavaria-Munich (d. 1505)
 May 5 – Lê Uy Mục, Eighth king of the later Lê dynasty of Vietnam (d. 1509)
 May 7 – John III of the Palatinate, Administrator of the Bishopric of Regensburg (d. 1538)
 June – Heinrich Glarean, Swiss music theorist (d. 1563)
 June 29 – Pedro Pacheco de Villena, Catholic cardinal (d. 1560)
 July 15 – Juan Álvarez de Toledo, Catholic cardinal (d. 1557)
 October 17 – Ursula of Brandenburg, Duchess consort of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (d. 1510)
 December 1 – Elisabeth of Nassau-Dillenburg, Countess of Wied, German noblewoman (d. 1559)
 December 15 – Ferdinand, Duke of Calabria (d. 1550)
 date unknown
 Rabbi Yosef Karo, Jewish scholar (d. 1575)
 Oswald Myconius, Swiss religious reformer (d. 1552)
 Jan Tarnowski, Polish nobleman (d. 1561)
 Thomas of Villanova, Spanish bishop (d. 1555)
 Gustav Trolle, Archbishop of Uppsala (d. 1533)
 probable
 Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden, Lord Chancellor of England (d. 1544)
 Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet, French soldier (d. 1525)
 Myles Coverdale, English Bible translator (d. 1568)
 Lütfi Pasha, Ottoman statesman (d. 1564)

Deaths 
 April 14 – Girolamo Riario, Lord of Imola and Forli (b. 1443)
 June 11 – King James III of Scotland (b. c. 1451)
 July 18 – Alvise Cadamosto, Italian explorer (b. 1432)
 July 28 – Edward Woodville, Lord Scales (at the Battle of St. Aubin-du-Cormier)
 September 9 – Francis II, Duke of Brittany (fell from a horse) (b. 1433)
 September 13 – Charles II, Duke of Bourbon (b. 1434)
 October 10 – Andrea del Verrocchio, Italian sculptor (b. c. 1435)
 date unknown
 John II, Duke of Bourbon (b. 1426)
 Iizasa Ienao, Japanese swordsman (b. c. 1387)
1695

1695 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events
 February 6 – Mustafa II (1695–1703) succeeds Ahmed II as Ottoman Emperor.
 July 17 – The Bank of Scotland is founded.
 Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.
 Gold is discovered in Brazil.

 April 17 – Juana de Asbaje
1767

1767 was a common year.

Events 
 July 2 – Pitcairn Islands discovered (found) by Captain Philip Cartaret in HMS Swallow

Births 
 March 15 – Andrew Jackson
 July 11 – John Quincy Adams
1848



Events 
 February 24 – The February Revolution begins.

Births 
 February 27 – Hubert Parry, English composer
 March 19 – James Otis, American children's writer
 June 7 – Paul Gauguin, French painter

Deaths 
 February 23 – John Quincy Adams

New Books 
 Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray
222 BC



Events

By place

Greece
 Cleomenes III is defeated and the Spartan army annihilated by the Achaean League and the Macedonians in the Battle of Sellasia.
 Ptolemy IV succeeds his father Ptolemy III as king of Egypt.

Rome
 Marcus Claudius Marcellus leads the Romans to victory in the Battle of Clastidium, conquering the area later known as Cisalpine Gaul.
The Romans capture Milan.

Asia
 State of Qin conquers the state of Yan and defeats the last defensive forces of the state of Zhao in China .

Deaths 

 Ptolemy III Euergeter I, king of Egypt
 Ctesibius, mathematician

222 BC
Lenny Kravitz

Leonard Albert "Lenny" Kravitz (born May 26, 1964) is an American actor, rock singer, songwriter and musician. Some of his biggest hit songs include "It Ain't Over Til It's Over", "Again", and "Fly Away". He sung on "(I Can't Make It) Another Day" Michael Jackson's 2010 album Michael. He also wrote and produced the song.

Early life
He is of African-American, Afro-Bahamian and Ashkenazi Jewish (from Russia and Ukraine) descent. His mother, Roxie Roker (1929-1995), was an actress on The Jeffersons in the 1970s and His daughter Zoë Kravitz who is also an actress.

The family of his father Sy Kravitz has Ukrainian roots.

Albums

Singles
1989 - "Let Love Rule"
1990 - "I Build This Garden for Us"
1990 - "Be"
1990 - "Mr. Cab Driver"
1990 - "Does Anybody Out There Even Care"
1991 - "Always on the Run" 
1991 - "It Ain't Over 'Til It's Over"
1991 - "Fields of Joy"
1991 - "Stand by My Woman" 
1991 - "What the Fuck Are We Saying?"
1991 - "Stop Draggin' Around"
1991 - "What Goes Around Comes Around"
1993 - "Are You Gonna Go My Way"
1993 - "Believe"
1993 - "Heaven Help"
1993 - "Spinning Around Over You"
1993 - "Is There Any Love in Your Heart"
1993 - "The Buddha of Suburbia"(with David Bowie)
1994 - "Deuce"
1995 - "Rock and Roll Is Dead"
1995 - "Circus"
1996 - "Can't Get You Off My Mind" 
1996 - "The Resurrection"
1998 - "I Belong to You"
1998 - "If You Can't Say No"
1998 - "Thinking of You"
1998 - "Fly Away"
1999 - "Black Velveteen"
1999 - "American Woman"
2000 - "Again"
2001 - "Dig In"
2002 - "Stillness of Heart"
2002 - "Believe in Me"
2002 - "If I Could Fall in Love"
2002 - "Yesterday Is Gone (My Dear Kay)"
2004 - "Show Me Your Soul"(with P. Diddy, Loon and Pharrell)
2004 - "Where Are We Runnin'?"
2004 - "California"
2004 - "Storm"(with Jay-Z)
2005 - "Calling All Angels"
2005 - "Lady"
2005 - "Breathe"
2007 - "Bring It On"
2007 - "I'll Be Waiting"
2008 - "Love Love Love"
2008 - "Dancin' Til Dawn"
2011 - "Come On Get It"
2011 - "Stand"
2011 - "Rock Star City Life"
2011 - "Black and White America"
2011 - "Push"
2012 - "Superlove"
2014 - "The Chamber"
2014 - "Sex"

Related pages
Ukrainian Americans

References

1964 births
Living people
Actors from Manhattan
African American actors
African American musicians
Jewish American actors
Jewish American musicians
American Christians
American drummers
American pianists
American R&B musicians
American rock guitarists
American soul musicians
Musicians from Manhattan
Singer-songwriters from New York City
1854



Events 
 January 6 – The fictional detective Sherlock Holmes is born.
 March 20 –The Boston Public Library opens to the public.
June 24 - Franz Liszt shows Franz Schubert's opera Alfonso und Estrella in Weimar. This was thirty-two years after it was composed.
 August 9 –Johann succeeds to the throne of Saxony on the death of his brother.
 October 6 –The great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead in England
 November 5 –Crimean War – Battle of Inkerman: The Russians are defeated.
 December 3 – Eureka Stockade miner's rebellion, Ballarat, Australia
 The French fashion label Louis Vuitton is founded.

Births 

 January 1 – James George Frazer, Scottish social anthropologist (d. 1941)
 March 15 – Emil von Behring, German physiologist, 1901 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1917)
 April 29 –Henri Poincaré, French mathematician and physicist (d. 1912)
 June 26 –Robert Borden, 8th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1937)
 July 27 –Takahashi Korekiyo, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1936)
 October 3 –William C. Gorgas, American physician and Surgeon General (d. 1920)
 October 16 – Oscar Wilde, Irish writer (d. 1900)
 November 17 –Hubert Lyautey, Marshal of France (d. 1934)
 December 23 –Victoriano Huerta, President of Mexico (d. 1916)

Deaths 
 February 17 –John Martin, English painter (b. 1789)
 April 11 –Karl Adolph von Basedow, German physician (b. 1799)
 June 7 – Charles Baudin, French admiral (b. 1784)
 July 6 –Georg Ohm, German physicist (b. 1789)
 August 21 –Thomas Clayton, American lawyer and politician (b. 1777)
 September 8 –Angelo Mai, Italian cardinal and philologist (b. 1782)
 October 26 –Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen, queen consort of Bavaria (b. 1792)
 November 25 –John Gibson Lockhart, Scottish writer (b. 1794)
 December 9 –Almeida Garrett, Portuguese writer (b. 1799)
 December 15 –Kamehameha III, King of Hawaii (b. c. 1814)

New books

Charles Dickens – Hard Times
Fanny Fern – Ruth Hall
Nathaniel Hawthorne – Mosses from an Old Manse
Caroline Lee Hentz – The Planter's Northern Bride
Alfred Tennyson – "The Charge of the Light Brigade"
Henry David Thoreau – Walden, or Life in the Woods
Leo Tolstoy – Boyhood
1900

1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday in the Gregorian Calendar and a leap year starting on Saturday in the Julian Calendar.  It was the last year of the 19th century. It was also the 900th year of the 2nd millennium, and the first year of the 1900s decade. Also, the Gregorian calendar went up till 1923 and beyond. As of March 1 (O.S. February 17), when the Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar didn't, the Julian calendar fell one day further behind, bringing the difference to 13 days until February 28 (O.S. February 15), 2100. The year 1900 was also the year of the rat on the Chinese calendar.

Art, music, theatre, literature 
 May 17 – The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum is published.

Events 
 February 9 – The Boers defeat the British at Ladysmith, South Africa.
 The Olympic Games took place in Paris.

Births

January 
 January 1 – Mieczysław Batsch, Polish footballer (d. 1977)
 January 1 – Paola Borboni, Italian actress (d. 1995)

February 

 February 22 – Luis Buñuel, Spanish director (d. 1983)

March 
 March 29 – John McEwen, 18th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1980)

April 

 April 5 – Spencer Tracy, American actor (d. 1967)
 April 26 – Charles Richter, American geophysicist and inventor (d. 1985)

May 

 May 11 - Pridi Banomyong, Prime Minister of Thailand (d. 1983)

June 
 June 17 – Martin Bormann, Nazi-German politician (d. 1945)

July 
 July 19 – Arno Breker, German sculptor (d. 1991)

August 

 August 4 – Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, queen of George VI of the United Kingdom (d. 2002)

September 

 September 3 – Urho Kekkonen, President of Finland (d. 1986)

October 

 October 7 – Heinrich Himmler, German Nazi politician (d. 1945)
 October 17 – Jean Arthur, American actress (d. 1991)
 October 20 – Ismail al-Azhari, President of Sudan (d. 1969)
 October 21 – Srinagarindra, Queen Mother of Thailand (d. 1995)
 October 26 – Ibrahim Abboud, President of Sudan (d. 1983)

November 

 November 14 – Aaron Copland, American composer (d. 1990)

December 

 December 6 – Agnes Moorehead, American actress (d. 1974)

Deaths 
 June 5 – Stephen Crane, American writer (b. 1871)
 August 25 – Friedrich Nietzsche, German philosopher and writer (b. 1844)
 November 22 – Sir Arthur Sullivan. English composer (b. 1842)
 November 30 – Oscar Wilde, Irish writer (b. 1854)
Birdbox

A birdbox is a human-made, usually wooden box used as a house for birds. It is suitable as a bird home because it is similar to a natural bird home, such as a hollow tree, and birds often make nests inside birdboxes. Birdboxes are often put on trees. They are often made by people who are fond of birds, but they are also useful for studying birds. For domesticated birds, birdboxes are often used for breeding.

Most birdboxes feature a simple design with of six planks ordered in a cube, with a hole in a wall where birds can go in and out. Common additions include a small stick outside the hole on which birds can sit on, and a sloping roof to make rainwater run off. Some can however be highly detailed and decorated, depending on the maker's preferences. They can also be made from things like logs or gourds. They come in many sizes, depending on the size of the bird type the box is made for. Most birdboxes are small, but some, such as ones made for owls or parrots, can be quite large.

Although birdboxes are intended for birds, many other animals can inhabit them as well. Examples include bees that make beehives inside them, and squirrels.

Images

Videos

Birds
Louis Braille

Louis Braille (4 January 1809 - 6 January 1852) was a French inventor. He was born in Coupvray. He invented the script braille system, which helps blind people to read. Braille is read by passing one's fingers over characters made up of an arrangement of one to six raised points. It has been adapted to almost every known language. Numbers can be written normal in Braille and there are as well some short forms for common words.

Braille was the child of a leather maker. He was the youngest of four children. He had three older siblings, two sisters and a brother. He became blind at the age of three, because he accidentally stuck a stitching awl into one eye while he was in his father's workshop. At the time, there were no antibiotics, and soon his injured eye was infected. The infection spread to his other eye and soon, he became blind in both eyes. He went to the Royal Institute of Blind Youth when he was 10. Braille was a good student, especially in science and music. Later, when he was an adult, he became a church organist. He was also a teacher at the Institute of Blind Youth. Braille died in Paris at the age of 43 of a disease called tuberculosis.

References 

1809 births
1852 deaths
Deaths from tuberculosis
Disease-related deaths in Paris
French inventors
Braille
inventors
Marsupial

Marsupials are the main part of an infraclass of mammals called the Metatheria. This consists of the marsupials and their extinct ancestors. There are about 320 different species.

Reproduction 
Marsupials give birth to living young. The young are called joeys. The joeys feed on milk. They are born very small. 

Marsupials have a special pouch where they carry their joeys. After the birth the joey goes into its mother's pouch, where it can drink milk and is kept warm and safe. When the joeys are young they stay in the pouch all the time, but when they are older they can leave it for short times. When they are old enough and too big for the pouch they do not go into their mother's pouch anymore.

Biogeography 

Marsupials evolved before the southern supercontinent Gondwana broke off from Pangaea 100 million years ago. Early marsupial fossils have been found in Asia, from 125 million years ago. 

They were outcompeted on Laurasia by placental mammals, but the placentals did not get into the Australasian part of Gondwana before it broke away into a separate supercontinent. That is why marsupials now found native only on the southern continents of Australasia and South and Central America, with the single exception of the Virginia opossum. 

Some of the 100 living species of South American marsupials have migrated north: 13 species to Central America and one to North America. 

There are 334 species of living Australasian marsupials. They are mostly in Australia and New Guinea, and some are on the smaller islands.

In more recent times the land bridge between the Americas, and reintroductions to Australia, have brought in placental mammals. They have caused the recent extinction of many marsupial species.

List of Marsupials

Australasia 
Bandicoots
Kangaroos
Koalas
Tasmanian Devil
Thylacine (Tasmanian Tiger)
Wallabies
Wombats

Thingodonta 
The extinct genus Yalkaparidon (Order Yalkaparidontia) is a bizarre fossil found in the Oligocene/Miocene deposits of Riversleigh, NE Australia. Its teeth are so strange that palaeontologists call it a 'Thingodont'.

South America 
Opossums
Shrew opossums
Monito del Monte

No longer marsupial 
The borhyaenids and the sabertooth Thylacosmilus are no longer considered to be marsupials. They are sparassodont metatherians, the sister group of the marsupials.

Related pages 
Great American Interchange
Monotreme

References
B. J. Thomas

Billy Joe "BJ" Thomas (August 7, 1942 – May 29, 2021) was an American country singer-songwriter. Thomas was born in Hugo, Oklahoma.

His most famous songs are "Hooked upon a feeling" and "Raindrops Keep Falling On My Head", which was in the movie Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. He sang throughout the 1970s. He changed to Christian music in the 1980s. He won a Grammy Award for every year between 1977 until 1981.

In March 2021, Thomas announced that he was diagnosed with stage-4 lung cancer. He died from the disease on May 29, 2021 in Arlington, Texas at the age of 78.

References

1942 births
Singers from Oklahoma
Christian music singers
American country singers
Grammy Award winners
Deaths from lung cancer
2021 deaths
American singer-songwriters
Writers from Oklahoma
American gospel singers
American pop singers
Laws of war

The Laws of war are some simple rules or international law which most people accept about fighting out of humanitarianism. Many people think that because there is fighting, there should be no rules. This is called "total war". However, laws of war have been made so that wars do not get worse than they need to be.

Anything marked as a hospital, an ambulance, a doctor, or a first aid person are not to be attacked. Those places, vehicles, and people should not have weapons.
Anyone who is a member of a neutral power is not to be a target of violence unless the said person is committing or intending to commit a hostile act.
Anyone fighting in the war has to wear a uniform. They can only wear the uniform of their side. Also they have to carry their weapons out in the open where they can be seen.
Anyone carrying or waving a plain white flag or piece of cloth must not be attacked. That person should also not attack anyone. They may want to surrender, or just talk about ways to solve the problem without more fighting.
Any enemy soldier captured must be treated fairly as a prisoner of war.
Religious buildings such as churches, mosques, and temples are to be protected at all costs. 
Occupied territory should be governed fairly and not looted or devastated.

Where the laws come from
These laws come from various treaties. Some of these treaties are:
The Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law of 1856. It abolished privateering
The First Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field of 1864
The St. Petersburg Declaration of 1868. It bans ammunition of less that 400 grams weight. It also bans ammunition with Fulminates in them, or  with inflammable substances. Through this convention, it is no longer allowed to use ammunition that falls apart into fragments, that burns, or explodes for small arms. Such ammunition can still be used in autocannon or artillery though.
The Hague Conventions of 1898 and 1907
Various other Geneva Conventions
The Charter of the United Nations
Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects. This bans certain types of weapons (like some landmines, weapons with fragmenting ammunition, incendiary devices and blinding laser weapons)

Related pages 
International humanitarian law
Military justice

War
International law
Pete Best

Randolph Peter Best or Pete Best (born Randolph Peter Scanland; 24 November 1941) was The Beatles's original drummer. He was born on 24 November 1941 in Madras, India to an Indian mother and an English father. His mother, Mona, later owned the Casbah Club in Liverpool, where The Beatles would sometimes perform. Best was drummer for the group from 1960 until 16 August 1962, when the band and their new manager, Brian Epstein, fired him and replaced him with Ringo Starr. The reason was because when the band auditioned for EMI, record producer George Martin was not satisfied with Best's drum skills, and planned to replace him on their recordings.

Best was devastated, and tried to form other bands with little success. He attempted suicide in 1965. He went on to work as a civil servant. In 1995, when The Beatles released their Anthology albums, which featured Best on some recordings, he received a large sum of money from the sales. He also found a new career, appearing at Beatles-related events such as conventions, where he sometimes played drums, with more skill than he showed in earlier days.

1941 births
Living people
English drummers
People from Chennai
The Beatles members
Dionne Quintuplets

The Dionne Quintuplets were the first quintuplets (five babies born at the same time from the same mother) to survive after being born. They were born in Ontario, Canada on May 28, 1934 to Elzire and Oliva Dionne. They were: 
Annette
Cecile
Emilie (died on August 6, 1954 from an epilepsy seizure)
Marie  (died on February 27, 1970 from a blood clot in the brain)
Yvonne (died on June 23, 2001 from cancer)

The babies were delivered by Dr. Allan Roy Dafoe, who later was given custody of the girls by the Canadian government and the Ontario government housed them in a special theme park-like area, just across the street from the house their parents and 6 other siblings lived in. At one time 6,000 people visited Quintland each day to see the sisters, they also had dolls made out of them, and appeared in commercials for products like corn syrup and Quaker oats like oatmeal. Then in 1943, the girls' father, Oliva, finally got custody of them again and the girls moved back to live with their real family. Dr. Dafone died soon after that. The girls later claimed their father abused them. In 1998 the surviving sisters sued the government of Ontario for being exploited as kids and were rewarded 4 million Canadian dollars.

1934 births
People from Ontario