alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
1909

1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. It was the last year of the aughts 1900s.

Events 
 March 31 – Construction of the RMS Titanic is started
 April 6 – Robert Peary arrived in the north pole.
 April – The Adana massacre takes place in the Ottoman city of Adana
 June 29 – Alfred Deakin becomes Prime Minister of Australia
 The first model of the Model T is sold
 The pH scale is developed.
 Emil Theodor Kocher, Swiss doctor, won the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Births 
 January 13 – Danny Barker, American musician (d. 1994)
 February 9 – Carmen Miranda, Brazilian singer and actress (d. 1955)
 March 20 – Juliana of the Netherlands (d. 2004)
 May 27
 Dolores Hope, American singer (d. 2011)
 Juan Vicente Pérez, oldest living man
 June 6 – Isaiah Berlin, Latvian philosopher and educator (d. 1997)
 June 10 – Errol Flynn, American actor (d. 1959)
 August 10 – Leo Fender, American guitar maker (d. 1991)
 August 26 – Sylvère Maes, Belgian cyclist (d. 1966)
 September 21 – Kwame Nkrumah, President of Ghana (d. 1972)

Deaths 
 February 17 – Geronimo, Native American leader (b. 1829)
 December 17 – Léopold II of Belgium, King of Belgium (b. 1835)
 January 12 – Hermann Minkowski, German mathematician (b. 1864)
Guatemala

Guatemala is a country in Central America. Its culture is a mix of both Mayan and Spanish cultures from the colonial period. Guatemala has many languages, a total of 23.  Because of its natural beauty, it is a popular tourist destination. Its weather changes often because of the mountain range which crosses the center of the country. 

The capital of Guatemala is Guatemala City. Guatemala is the world's largest producer and exporter of cardamom. Its neighbors are Belize, Mexico, El Salvador and Honduras.

Population
It has the largest population in Central America.  More than fourteen million people live in the 22 Guatemalan departments. Most of the population is made up of mestizo (mixed race) people, who are a combination of Native and European people. Mestizo are 40% of the population. Native Mayan people are 49% of the population, while 9% are direct descendants of Spanish and German people. Black people are 2% of the population.

History 
The capital was moved several times because of natural disasters. The first city was destroyed when the volcano Volcan de Agua erupted, forcing the move to what today is called Antigua Guatemala. This city was destroyed by earthquakes. Finally, the capital was moved to Guatemala City.

Photo 
 Guatemala Map
 Guatemala photos

Related pages
Guatemala at the Olympics
Guatemala national football team
List of rivers of Guatemala

References

 
Spanish-speaking countries
1821 establishments in North America
Tenochtitlan

Tenochtitlan was the capital city of the Aztec Empire.  The Aztecs built Tenochtitlan around 1325, right on a lake called Lake Texcoco.

As the Empire grew, so did Tenochtitlan.  By the early 1500s, at least 200,000 people lived in the city.  This made Tenochtitlan the largest city in the Americas before Christopher Columbus arrived.

Center of the Aztec Empire

Tenochtitlan was the center of the Aztec government and religion.  It was also a very big trading center.  When the Spanish arrived in 1519, they guessed that 60,000 people came to the market in Tenochtitlan every day.  People bought and sold many things there, including slaves (prisoners of war from states the Aztecs had taken over).  The entire city was decorated with art, architecture, and stone sculptures.

The Great Temple

The city had a huge pyramid called the Templo Mayor (Great Temple).  At the top of the Temple, there were two small rooms.  In these rooms, the Aztecs sacrificed people to two of their most important gods: Huitzilopochtli, the god of war and the sun, and Tlaloc, the rain god.  The Aztecs believed that if they did not feed their gods blood, the gods would wither and die, causing the end of the world as they knew it.

Agriculture

The Aztecs had created canals all across the city.  By bringing water to Aztec crops, these canals made it possible for the Aztecs to grow much more food than they normally could have.  The Aztecs had also made levees to protect the city from flooding, and reservoirs for fresh water.

The Aztecs also built chinampas (small rectangular crops floating on lake beds) so that they could create more food to feed the thousands of people who lived around Tenochtitlan. In addition, they built waterways and dams so that they could receive fresh water, and block out the salty brackish water.

Fall of Tenochtitlan

In 1519, Spanish conquistadores led by Hernan Cortes arrived in Tenochtitlan.  Cortes was impressed with the city, but still decided to attack it.  The Spanish and their Tlaxcalan allies invaded Tenochtitlan, and the city fell in 1521.

Mexico City was built over the ruins of Tenochtitlan.

Photo gallery

Notes

Related pages
 Aztec
 Aztec Empire

References

Aztec
Cities in Mexico
History of North America
1325 establishments
14th-century establishments in Mexico
1521 disestablishments
Disestablishments in Mexico
Malleability

Malleability is a substance's ability to deform under pressure (compressive stress). If malleable, a material may be flattened into thin sheets by hammering or rolling. Malleable materials can be flattened into metal leaf. One well-known type of metal leaf is gold leaf. Many metals with high malleability also have high ductility.  Some do not; for example lead has low ductility but high malleability.

Malleability is a physical property of matter, usually metals. The property usually applies to the family groups 1 to 12 on the modern periodic table of elements. It is the ability of a solid to bend or be hammered into other shapes without breaking.  Examples of malleable metals are gold, iron, aluminum, copper, silver, and lead.

Gold and silver are highly malleable. When a piece of hot iron is hammered it takes the shape of a sheet. The property is not seen in non-metals. Non-malleable metals may break apart when struck by a hammer. Malleable metals usually bend and twist in various shapes.

Zinc is malleable at temperatures between 100 and 200 °C but is brittle at other temperatures.

How is malleability measured? 
There are two ways to measure it. The first is to measure the pressure or compressive stress that a material withstands before it breaks. The other test involves measuring the thickness of a metal sheet before it breaks.

Related pages 
 Ductility

References

Metals
Gay

Gay is a word used to describe someone who is homosexual. Today, the word usually means a person who is sexually attracted to people of the same sex. Often that person is also romantically interested in people of the same sex. A gay person can be a male who likes other males or a female who likes other females. 

A person that is attracted to people only of the opposite sex is heterosexual. While a person attracted to people of the same sex and the opposite sex is bisexual.

The word "gay" can mean any homosexual person, but sometimes it is used just for homosexual men. In that case, homosexual women are called "lesbian" instead. Sometimes, people use the word "queer" to mean the same thing as "gay" when talking about sexuality. 

In the early 20th century and before, "gay" used to mean 'happy' or 'carefree', but now people use it to define sexuality.

Related pages 
 Gay man
 Lesbian

Other websites 
 The International Lesbian and Gay Association
 The Human Rights Campaign
 The Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation

LGBT variations
Potsdam

Potsdam (Low Sorbian: Podstupim) is a small German city which is right next to Berlin. In fact it touches the border of Berlin, and is about 26 km southwest of Berlin's centre. It is the capital of the state of Brandenburg. Potsdam has a small population: about 176,000 people lived in this city in 2017. 

On the other hand, it is the largest World Heritage site in Germany. Potsdam was a residence of the Prussian kings and the German Kaiser until 1918. It was planned in the Age of Enlightenment with a careful balance of architecture and landscape. Potsdam was intended as "a picturesque, pastoral dream" which would remind its people of their relationship with nature and reason. 

Around the city there are a series of lakes and cultural landmarks. The parks and palaces of Sanssouci are the centre of the  World Heritage Site. The Soviet Union did not return many of the Potsdam art treasures, and they remain to this day in Russia. The library of Frederick the Great was returned, but only 36 oil paintings.

The Potsdam Conference in 1945 was held at the palace Cecilienhof.

References
Bremen

Bremen is a city in north Germany. It is the capital of the State of Bremen.

About 545,000 live in Bremen. It has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

The city's official name today includes the name Hansestadt (hanseatic city) in memory of its history, where it has been important part in the hanseatic league. The architecture of the city and the region as well is influenced by this historic period.

Other hanseatic cities today are: Hamburg, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Lübeck, Greifswald and Demmin.

References

 
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Ports and harbours of Germany
Imperial free cities
Wiesbaden

Wiesbaden (; Hessian: Wisbade, Latin: Aquae Mattiacae)  is a German city near Frankfurt am Main. It is the capital of the federal state of Hesse. Wiesbaden is on the right (north) bank of the Rhine (German: "Rhein"), near the city of Mainz (about  away from Wiesbaden centre) the opposite side of the river, and a short distance, about , from Frankfurt am Main, to the east. About 274,000 people live in the city (2005).

Wiesbaden has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification). 

Wiesbaden is the capital of the state Hesse, which is located in middle of Germany.

References 

German state capitals
Hanover

Hanover () is a German city. It is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony. Hanover has 535,932 inhabitants (31 December 2021).

In Hanover there are some big industry companies like Volkswagen (Cars and Vans), Continental (tyres), Varta (batteries) and TUI (tourism).

Hanover has a very modern zoo and an international airport.

There are some very big fairs in Hanover like the CeBIT - Centre of Office, Information and Telecommunication (B is for Büro that means office) and the traditional Hanover fair that shows classical industrial products.

In the year 2000 the Expo-2000 was in Hanover.

Hanover has a large forest near the inner city, it is called the Eilenriede. There is also a lake (the Maschsee) of about three km length and 500 m width near the city centre. The famous gardens of Herrenhausen (Herrenhäuser Gärten) are also in Hanover. The gardens were heavily destroyed in WWII, but they are currently under reconstruction.

People in Hanover get around town by using the Hannover Hauptbahnhof, which has been around since 1843.

The mayor of the city is Belit Onay. He is a member of the party Alliance 90/The Greens. The city has been administered by social democratic city councils since the 1950s.

The (new) town hall is one of the famous buildings in the city, others are the Marktkirche (market church), the old (medieval) town hall, some castles like the Leineschloss and the Welfenschloss.

Hanover is located at the river Leine.

Some internationally famous inhabitants of the town are:

The classic rock band Scorpions, the former German chancellor Gerhard Schröder and the association football player Per Mertesacker.

Key employers in the region are Volkswagen, Continental, Talanx, Hannover Re, Nord LB and VHV.

Universities 
 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover (Hanover University)
 Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (Hanover Medical University)
 Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover (Hanvover Veterinary School)
 Hochschule für Musik und Theatre Hannover (Hanover Music and Theater University)
 Fachhochschule Hannover (University of Applied Sciences)
 Evangelische Fachhochschule Hannover (a Christian University of Applied Sciences - for social science. Hanover is the 11th largest city in Germany by population within city limits. According to 2005. estimate Hanover urban area had 766,000 inhabitants and today that population counts around 777,000 inhabitants (by 2008. estimate). Hanover metropolitan area has 1,129,000 inhabitants.

Climate 

Hanover has an Oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification).

Sports 

Hanover has a famous football club, Hannover 96, since 2002 (again) a member of the first German football league, the Bundesliga. Its home stadium is the AWD-Arena (capacity: 49000). Hanover is also a center for ice hockey.

References

Other websites
Mainz

Mainz ( or Meenz, () is a German city. It is the capital of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

Mainz is on the left side of the river Rhine, on the right side is the city Wiesbaden. Mainz has about 203,000 people. Its main economic product is wine. It has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Education 
Mainz has some universities:

 University of Mainz
 Fachhochschule Mainz
 Catholic University of Applied Sciences Mainz

References

Other websites 

 Official Homepage of Mainz (in english)
Kiel

Kiel () is a city in the north of Germany. It is the capital of the state of Schleswig-Holstein. It has a population of 239,526 people. It is a port on the sea and has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

References

Other websites

 
Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea
Ports and harbours of Germany
Sri Yukteswar Giri

Sri Yukteswar Giri (May 10, 1855 - March 9, 1936) was an Indian guru and swami. His real name was Priya Nath Karar and was born in Serampore, West-Bengal, India.

He is one of the famous people who appears on the cover of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. 

He became known through "Autobiography of a Yogi" as the guru of the author Paramahansa Yogananda. 

George Harrison, the beatle, was initiated in kriya yoga in USA in Self-Realization Fellowship, an organization created by the known writer and great spiritual master in the west Paramahansa Yogananda.

Other websites 

 kriya yoga institute
 Kriya Yoga of Mahavatar Babaji website

1855 births
1936 deaths
People from West Bengal‎
Hindu gurus
W. C. Fields

William Claude Dukenfield (January 29, 1880 - December 25, 1946) was an American actor, comedian, juggler and writer.

Trivia 
He is one of the famous people on the cover of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.

1880 births
1946 deaths
American movie actors
Actors from Pennsylvania
Carl Jung

Carl Gustav Jung (26 July 1875 – 6 June 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist and writer. He created many theories and ideas that are still used in psychology today. Psychology is the science of how people think and feel. His kind of psychology was called analytical psychology or Jungian Analysis.

Jung worked for about seven years with Sigmund Freud early in his career, but they argued over a theory and from 1913 went their separate ways. This was because they disagreed about what motivated people and how to understand psychology.

Jung is famous for many things that he did for psychology. The work he did was important for measuring what kind of personality people have. The test called the Myers Briggs Type Indicator is based on his ideas. He is also famous because of his ideas about the ancients - people from many years ago.

Jung spent his life learning from observation and read exceptionally widely subjects as different as philosophy, science, anthropology, religion, literature, art and historical books relating to alchemy and the occult. He thought he could learn important things about psychology from them. He investigated them to find out what symbols they contained and how ancient people tried to make sense of the world around them. Alchemy is considered a precursor of modern chemistry.

He wrote in academic German, for doctors, psychologists and many other educated people. Most people who study Jung start with the book Man and His Symbols. It was written by colleagues of Jung so that people would be able understand him. Another useful introduction to his work is his Biography, Memories, Dreams, Reflections, written mostly by his secretary, Mrs Aniela Jaffe, and to which he contributed three or four chapters.

Jung also created important terms called collective unconscious, archetypes, extraversion (outer world) and introversion (internal world).   

Jung died a widower in his mid-eighties in Kusnacht, Canton of Zurich Switzerland.

Biography 
Carl Gustav Jung was born on 26 July 1875 in Kesswil, in the Swiss canton of Thurgau.

In popular culture 

 The American rock band Tool was influenced by ideas of Jung for their album Ænima.
 The Lighthouse (2019) by American movie director Robert Eggers has many references to Jung.

Works 
Jung, C. G. 1953. Psychiatric Studies. The Collected Works of C. G. Jung Vol. 1. 1953, ed. Michael Fordham, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, and Princeton, N.J.: Bollingen. This was the first of 18 volumes plus separate bibliography and index. Not including revisions the set was completed in 1967.

Legacy
Jung's work also inspired modern psychiatrist Bernard D. Beitman on the subject of coincidences, including synchronicity and related topics in the field.

References 

1875 births
1961 deaths
Psychiatrists
Psychoanalysts from Europe
Swiss psychologists
Swiss physicians
Arbon District‎
People from Thurgau‎
Fred Astaire

Fred Astaire, born Frederick Austerlitz (10 May 1899 – 22 June 1987), was an American dancer,
actor, singer, choreographer and
presenter. He was the most famous stage, movie and television dancer of his day.

Life
Astaire started dancing on the stage with his sister Adèle, and when she married he started a movie partnership with Ginger Rogers. After that, he danced with a succession of talented American dancers on movie and on television. He appeared in 32 movies. His movie partners included Eleanor Powell, Ann Miller, Vera-Ellen, Cyd Charisse: all high-class dancers, and on TV with Barrie Chase. Their An evening with Fred Astaire won nine Emmy Awards in 1958.

Many male dancers of the 20th century were influenced by him, and said so. He owed a lot to the choreography of Hermes Pan, but even more to his own perfectionism and relentless practice.

Astaire was also an excellent actor, and a successful, though personally modest, singer. He introduced some of the most celebrated songs from the Great American Songbook. He married Phyllis Potter in 1933; they had two children. After her death, he remarried in 1980 to Robyn Smith, a female jockey 45 years his junior.

Sources

Astaire, Fred. Steps in Time, 1959, 
Billman, Larry. Fred Astaire — a bio-bibliography, Greenwood Press 1997, 
Freeland, Michael. Fred Astaire: an illustrated biography, Grosset & Dunlap, 1976. 
Thomas, Bob. Astaire, the man, the dancer. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1985.

Other websites 

 (Astaire is the first biographical entry in the IMDB database.)
Fred Astaire biography at Allmovie Guide
 Fred Astaire tribute site. 
Fred Astaire biography at AlsoDances.Net 
Time.com: The Great American Flyer   Fred Astaire:1899-1987 
Time Magazine archive: Astaire essay by Richard Corliss 
Astaire's religious views incl. many extracts from his biographers 
Ava Astaire discusses her father's legacy. (BBC Television - Realplayer required)
Fred Astaire at Find-A-Grave
"He's in Heaven..." - In Memoriam Fred Astaire

1899 births
1987 deaths
Academy Award Honorary Award winners
Actors from Omaha, Nebraska
American dancers
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Deaths from pneumonia
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Infectious disease deaths in Los Angeles
Kennedy Center honorees
Singers from Nebraska
Game Boy Advance

The Game Boy Advance, commonly abbreviated as GBA, is a 32-bit handheld video game console. It was manufactured by Nintendo. The predecessor to the Game Boy Advance was the Game Boy Color. The Game Boy Advance was eventually succeeded by the Nintendo DS in 2004.

The Game Boy Advance was released in Japan on March 21, 2001. Nintendo later released it in North America on June 11, 2001, in Australia on June 20, 2001, and in Europe on June 22, 2001.

Other models

Game Boy Advance SP
The Game Boy Advance SP (announced in 2002) is one of the two Game Boy Advance variations, first released in Japan on February 14, 2003, in Europe on March 23, 2003, in North America on March 28, 2003, and in Australia on April 10, 2003. It is similar to the original model, but it has a "clamshell" design, meaning that it can be folded to open and close which was later used in all the DS and 3DS models except the original 2DS. The Game Boy Advance SP has a rechargeable battery, and it does not run on two AA batteries. The Game Boy Advance SP has a backlit screen, meaning it has a bright screen (older versions of the GBA SP have a frontlit screen). Like its predecessor, it is backwards compatible with GB and GBC games.

Game Boy Micro
The Game Boy Micro is one of the two variations of the Game Boy Advance and is the last model in the Game Boy Line (alongside the AGS-101 model of the SP) announced at E3 2005. Development of the Micro began in 2004. It is smaller than most handhelds and is designed to fit inside coin pockets. It retains a rechargeable battery and backlit screen from the Game Boy Advance SP. The Game Boy Micro removed backwards compatibility with original Game Boy and Game Boy Color games as it is not compatible with accessories made for the GBA and SP. It also is incompatible with the Nintendo e-Reader. The Game Boy Micro also has a removable face plate for alternative designs. The Micro did not sell well as it was overshadowed by its successor, the Nintendo DS, which also plays GBA games.

Size: 50×101×17.2 mm (2×4×0.7 in)
Weight: 80 g (2.8 oz)
Processor: 32-bit 16.8 MHz ARM processor (ARM7TDMI)
Colors: various
Screen: 51 mm / 2 inches, backlit with adjustable brightness.
Resolution: 240×160 pixels
Battery: built-in rechargeable lithium-ion battery. It has up to five hours of battery life with top brightness and sound and eight hours with both features on default.
Headphones: standard 3.5mm headphone jack

The Game Boy Micro has a switch on its right side to make the volume lower or higher. If the player presses the L shoulder button, it can be used to adjust the backlit screen between 5 different brightness levels.

Gallery

References

Game Boy
Nintendo video game consoles
Amerie

Amerie or Ameriie (born Amerie Mi Marie Rogers, married name Nicholson, January 12, 1980), is an American R&B singer.

Early life
Amerie was born to a South Korean mother and African American father. Her first language is Korean.

Personal life
In 2004, Amerie began dating her manager, Lenny Nicholson. On March 1, 2010, they were engaged. The couple married on June 25, 2011, in an oceanfront ceremony in Anguilla.

Albums 
 All I Have (2002) number 9 in US charts
 Touch (2005) number 5 in US charts; number 28 in UK charts
 Because I Love It (2007), number 7 in UK chart
 In Love & War (2009)

Singles 
 "Why Don't We Fall In Love" (with Ludacris) (2002) number 23 in US charts, number 40 in UK charts
 "Talkin' To Me" (2002) number 51 in US charts
 "Paradise" (LL Cool J with Amerie) (2002) number 36 in US charts, number 18 in UK charts (2003 release)
 "1 Thing" (2005) number 8 in US, number 4 in UK, number 9 in Canada.

References

1980 births
Living people
African American actors
African American musicians
American R&B singers
American singer-songwriters
Singers from Washington, D.C.
Singers from Massachusetts
Musicians from Massachusetts
Musicians from Washington, D.C.
Musicians from Alaska
Singers from Alaska
American movie actors
Actors from Washington, D.C.
American bloggers
Ben Stein

Ben Stein (November 25, 1944) is an American attorney, writer, actor, comedian, and television personality.

He was a lawyer, then speech writer for Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. He went into show business helping some liberal writers write accurate portrayals of conservatives for a television show. He soon turned to acting, landing his most famous role as a boring teacher in the movie Ferris Bueller's Day Off. He was also the main person in the 2008 movie Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed. His nerdy appearance and dead-pan manner have made him a popular fixture on movies and TV till this day. From 1997 to 2003 he had his own game show, Win Ben Stein's Money. He also wrote many books and had articles that appeared in popular magazines and newspapers. He is also spokesperson for a product named "Clear Eyes".

References

Other websites 

 

1944 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American game show hosts
Actors from Washington, D.C.
Writers from Washington, D.C.
Soft rock

Soft rock is subgenre of rock music. Some people find it lighter and more relaxing than rock and roll while some cannot stand it. Some singers and musicians who sing soft rock are: Bread, The Carpenters and Chicago.

Rock music
Angela Merkel

Angela Dorothea Merkel (born Angela Dorothea Kasner on 17 July 1954 in Hamburg) is a German politician, and was Chancellor of Germany from 22 November 2005 to 8 December 2021.

She was born in Hamburg, at the time part of West Germany, and grew up in the former German Democratic Republic, where she lived until the reuniting of Germany in 1990. Merkel is now married to Joachim Sauer, a professor of chemistry. From 2000 to 2018, she was the chairperson (was in charge of) the German conservative party, the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU).

Merkel became Germany's first female chancellor on 22 November 2005 in a coalition of the two biggest German political parties, the CDU/CSU and SPD. After the next election in 2009, she formed a coalition with the German liberal party FDP. After the 2013 and 2017 Federal Elections, she again emerged as chancellor of a coalition government.

Her father was a Lutheran pastor and her mother was a school teacher. Before becoming a politician, she worked as a researcher in Physical Chemistry. In December 2015, she was named as Time magazine's Person of the Year. 

In October 2018, Merkel announced her permanent retirement from politics, as she said she would not seek reelection as leader of the CDU at the party convention in December 2018 and as Chancellor in 2021. After this, another female politician, Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, replaced her as CDU leader.

References 

 
1954 births
Living people
Chancellors of Germany
East German people
German chemists
German Lutherans
Government ministers of Germany
Members of the German Bundestag
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Politicians from Hamburg
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Time People of the Year
Chinese dragon

A Chinese dragon was the symbol of the Emperor of China. The dragon in the Qing Dynasty came out on national flags.

Dragons are often found in Chinese art and stories. Since people discovered dragons in Chinese art and stories, dragons are sometimes thought of as a symbol for China.

There are people inside Chinese dragons. Dragons are very popular in China.  The phoenix is a dragon that has five claws and was a powerful symbol for the emperors in China.

References 

Legendary creatures
National symbols of the People's Republic of China
Robert Duvall

Robert Selden Duvall (born January 5, 1931) is an American actor and director.  Duvall won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in Tender Mercies (1983). He has also won the Screen Actors Guild Award, several Golden Globe Awards, and a BAFTA Award.

Early life 
Duvall was born in San Diego, California. His parents were Mildred Virginia Hart and William Howard Duvall. He studied at Severn School in Severna Park, Maryland and The Principia in St. Louis, Missouri. He graduated, in 1953, from Principia College in Elsah, Illinois.

Career 
Duvall's career began in 1952. His first role was as Arthur "Boo" Radley in the 1962 movie To Kill A Mockingbird. He then appeared on Captain Newman, M.D. (1963).

He landed many of his most famous roles during the early 1970s, such as Major Frank Burns in the blockbuster comedy MASH (1970) and the lead role in THX 1138 (1971), as well as Horton Foote's adaptation of William Faulkner's Tomorrow (1972). This was followed by a series of critically lauded performances in commercially successful films.

Personal life 
Duvall's political views are variously described as libertarian or conservative.

Duvall was married to Barbara Benjamin from 1964 until they divorced in 1975. Then, he was married to Gail Youngs from 1982 through 1985. Then he was married to Sharon Brophy from 1991 through 1996. He has been married to Argentine actress Luciana Pedraza since 2005.

Duvall has no children. He lives in The Plains, Virginia.

Movies 
He has appeared in many other films including:

 To Kill A Mockingbird (1962)
 M*A*S*H (1970)
 The Godfather (1972)
 Tomorrow (1972)
 Network (1976)
 Apocalypse Now (1979)
 True Confessions (1981)
 Colors (1988)
 The Apostle (1997)
 The Judge (2014)
 Widows (2018)

Legacy 
In 2015, at age 84, Duvall became the oldest person ever nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the Academy Awards, with a nomination for the movie The Judge.

References

Other websites 

 
 

Academy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Actors from San Diego, California
Actors from Virginia
Actors from Maryland
Actors from Illinois
Actors from St. Louis, Missouri
Movie directors from California
Movie directors from Illinois
Republicans (United States)
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American activists
1931 births
Living people
Littleton, Colorado

Littleton is a community in Colorado, near Denver. It is most famous in 1999 because of the Columbine High School massacre at Columbine High School, which is not actually in the city of Littleton, but is in a ZIP code assigned to Littleton.

Cities in Colorado
County seats in Colorado
Motown

Motown is a famous record label founded in Detroit, Michigan in the late 1950s by Berry Gordy. It is known for signing many well-known rhythm and blues singers and groups. Some of the artists who sang on the label include:
 Smokey Robinson and the Miracles
 The Temptations
 The Supremes
 The Jackson 5
 The Four Tops
 Gladys Knight and the Pips
 Marvin Gaye
 The Isley Brothers
 Rick James

"Motown" can also refer to the city of Detroit itself, or to the genre of music made by artists like those listed above.

Other websites

1959 establishments in the United States
American record labels
Detroit
Music genres
1950s establishments in Michigan
1893



Events 
 September 11 - Swami Vivekananda began his first conference in Parliament of World's Religions

Births 
 June 29 – Aarre Merikanto, Finnish composer
 July 30 – Fatimah Jinnah, Pakistani Mother of the Nation.
 August 17 – Mae West

Hit Songs 
 "Happy Birthday to You"
 "The Cat Came Back"
Vanilla Ninja

Vanilla Ninja is a music group made up of four girls named Lenna Kuurmaa, Katrin Siska, Piret Järvis. Previous members are Triinu Kivilaan & Maarja Kivi.
The band has had some popular songs in Europe and they were in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2005.

Discography 
 All released singles and their chart peak position: Estonia (EST), Germany (GER), Austria (AUT), Switzerland (SWI), Poland (POL), and Finland (FIN).

Albums

Singles

Music videos

DVDs 
 2004 - Traces of Sadness (Live in Estonia)
 2005 - Best Of: The Video Collection

Band members

Current 
 Lenna Kuurmaa – vocals, guitar
 Katrin Siska – keyboard, vocals
 Piret Järvis – guitar, vocals

Former 
 Maarja Kivi – vocals, bass (2002 - 2004)
 Triinu Kivilaan – bass, vocals (2004 - 2005)

Other websites 

 Vanilla Ninja Official Estonian Website 
 Vanilla Ninja Official Latinoamerican Website 
 Vanilla Ninja Fansite in English 
 Vanilla Ninja Portaal 
 VN-VIP Community  (German)
 Vanilla Ninja Lithuania (Lietuva)
 Vanilla Ninja Argentina 
 Vanilla Ninja Mexico 
 Vanilla Ninja Chile 
  VN-LINN The International Vanilla Ninja Fanclub
 
 

 
Estonian musical entertainers
2000s music groups
Rock bands
Pop music groups
1835



Events 
 January 1 – Ole Pedersen Hoiland breaks into the Bank of Norway and steals 64.000 dalers (Swedish dollars)
 January 30 – Unsuccessful assassination attempt against President Andrew Jackson in the United States Capitol – first assassination attempt against a President of the United States.
 February 20 – Concepción, Chile is destroyed by an earthquake
 March 2 – Ferdinand becomes Emperor of Austria.
 April 18 – Lord Melbourne becomes the new British Prime Minister.
 May 5 – In Belgium a railroad opens from Brussels to Mechelen. It is the first railway in continental Europe.
 May 6 – James Gordon Bennett, Sr. makes the first issue of the New York Herald.
 July 4 – The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad finishes the Thomas Viaduct, at the time the longest bridge in the United States, and the second longest in the world. (London Bridge was the longest in the world at the time)
 September 7 – Charles Darwin gets to the Galapagos Islands aboard HMS Beagle.
 October 2 – Texas Revolution begins: Battle of Gonzales – Mexican soldiers try to get the people of Gonzales, Texas to give up their weapons, but the Texans fight back
 December 9 – The Army of the Republic of Texas captures San Antonio.
 December 16 – Fire in New York City destroys 530 buildings
 December 19 – Toledo Blade newspaper begins publishing.
 December 28 – Seminole fighter Osceola and his warriors attack U.S. government agent Thompson outside Fort King in Central Florida, starting the Second Seminole War.
 The State of Ohio and the Michigan Territory fight the Toledo War over the city of Toledo and the Toledo Strip.
 De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestum, Copernicus' book on the motion of the Earth, is removed from the Index of Prohibited Books.
 Samuel Colt patents the first revolver
 Civil war erupts in Uruguay between supporters of Blanco and Colorado parties
 The first Bulgarian-language school opens in the Ottoman Empire.
 The French word for their language changes to français, from françois
 The Australian city of Melbourne is founded by John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner.

Art, music, theatre, and literature 
 May 8 – Hans Christian Andersen publishes his first four fairy tales
 June 2 – P.T. Barnum and his circus begin their first tour of the United States
 September 26 – Donizetti's opera Lucia di Lammermoor is performed for the first time

Births 
 March 15 – Eduard Strauss, Austrian composer (d. 1916)
 April 9 – King Léopold II of Belgium (d. 1909)
 June 2 – Pope Pius X (d. 1914)
 October 23 – Adlai E. Stevenson, Vice President of the United States (d. 1914)
 November 25 – Andrew Carnegie, American industrialist and philanthropist (d. 1919)
 November 30 – Mark Twain, American writer and humorist (d. 1910)

Deaths 
 March 2 – Emperor Francis I of Austria (b. 1768)
 April 21 – Samuel Slater, American industrialist (b. 1768)
 May 13 – John Nash, English architect (b. 1752)
 June 18 – William Cobbett, English journalist and writer (b. 1763)
 July 28 – Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier, French marshal (b. 1768)
 September 23 – Vincenzo Bellini, Italian composer (b. 1801)
Vanuatu

Vanuatu is a country in the Pacific Ocean. The official languages of Vanuatu are Bislama, English and French. In 2020, 300,019 people lived in Vanuatu. The capital of Vanuatu is Port Vila. The country was ruled as a colony by England and France. It got its independence in 1980. During the colonial time, it was named the "New Hebrides" or "Nouvelles Hebrides".

History 
Evidence shows, that people lived in Vanuatu by 1300 BC. Portuguese explorer Pedro Fernández de Quirós first discovered the islands in 1606. British explorer, navigator James Cook discovered the islands in 1774. Cook mapped the islands and named them New Hebrides.

Geography
Vanuatu is an island archipelago.  It has about 82 small islands.  The islands were made from volcanoes. People live on 65 of the islands. There is about  north to south distance between the outermost islands. Two of the islands (Matthew and Hunter) are also claimed by France. Fourteen of Vanuatu's islands are larger than .

The highest point in Vanuatu is Mount Tabwemasana, at , on the island of Espiritu Santo.

Flora and fauna
Even though it has tropical forests, Vanuatu has a small number of plant and animal species. There are no large mammals. The 19 species of native reptiles include the flowerpot snake, found only on Efate. The Fiji Banded Iguana (Brachylophus fasciatus) was introduced as a feral animal in the 1960s. There are 11 species of bats and 61 species of land and water birds.

The region is rich in sea life. There are more than 4,000 species of marine molluscs. Coneshell and stonefish carry poison that will kill humans. The giant East African land snail arrived only in the 1970s but already has spread from the Port-Vila region to Luganville.

There are three or possibly four adult saltwater crocodiles living in Vanuatu's mangroves and no current breeding population.  It is said the crocodiles reach the northern part of the islands after cyclones.   This is because of the island chain's closeness to the Solomon Islands and New Guinea, where crocodiles are very common.

Cuisine
The national dish of Vanuatu is the lap lap.

Locations
There are six provinces in Vanuatu. They are Malampa, Penama, Sanma, Shefa, Tafea and Torba.

Some of the cities are:
Bunlap
Forari
Ipikil
Ipota
Isangel
Lakatoro
Lamap
Loltong
Longana
Lorevilko
Luganville
Lénakel
Port Olry
Port Vila - Capital
Rovo Bay
Sola
Sulphur Bay
Whitesands

Famous People From Vanuatu 
Adele Willie is a sports commentator.

Gallery

References

 
Commonwealth member states
Least developed countries
1980 establishments in Oceania
Crayola

Crayola is an American brand of crayons and other writing and drawing utensils, such as markers, chalk and colored pencils. The company used to be called "Binney & Smith Company". It is based in Northampton, Massachusetts. Since 1984, it has been owned by the company Hallmark Cards.

Colors

Crayola is brand of crayons and other writing and drawing utensils, such as markers, chalk and colored pencils made by the Binney & Smith Inc. company, which is part of the card company Hallmark.

History
Binney and Smith made industrial products before 1900, but in 1903 started to make Crayola crayons. The name came from a word used by the wife of Mr. Binney. The first box had eight colors: blue, green, red, yellow, black, brown, orange and violet. They became well known because they were the best crayons at that time. Later, the company made more products, including boxes of 48, 64, 96, 120 and 200 Crayons, colored pencils and markers.

Colors

Colored pencils
The following is a list of colors included in the 12, 24, 36, 50 and 64 packs of Crayola's standard colored pencils. Color values are approximate. Colored Pencils from "Guppie Green" to "UFO Green" are 14 of the ultra-cool and super-hot colored pencils that were issued in July 2010.

The following is a complete list of colors included in the 12, 24, 36, 50, 60, and 100 packs of Crayola's standard colored pencils. Color values are approximate.

The year of the introduction of the 12, 24, 36, 50, 60, and 100 packs of colored pencils is unknown.

The current 100 pack has the 60 pack colors with 40 colors doubled, but 100 packs produced in 2014 or earlier include the 45 additional colors, but 5 colors are removed: Gold, Silver, Metallic Blue, Metallic Bronze, and Metallic Copper.

Markers
98 colors are on this list, there may be a few missing, but the list is mostly complete. Just like with the crayons, some colors have since been retired.

Art Markers
Art markers come in 40 colors. This is all 40 colors.

Doodling Markers

Paints

References

Art
Ringo Starr

Sir Richard Starkey MBE (born 7 July 1940), known professionally as Ringo Starr, is an English actor and musician. He is known as a former member of the Beatles.

The Beatles 
He joined the group in 1962 as a replacement for their first drummer Pete Best. He quickly became well-liked and very popular. He sang lead on some of the band's songs including "Yellow Submarine", "Act Naturally", "Don't Pass Me By", and "Octopus's Garden".

Solo career 
After the group broke up he became a solo artist; his songs included "It Don't Come Easy", "Photograph" (written with George Harrison), "You're Sixteen" (featuring Paul McCartney and Harry Nilsson), and "Only You (And You Alone)" (with John Lennon and again with Nilsson). Ringo sang "I Want To Be A Powerpuff Girl" for the children's television show "The Powerpuff Girls".

Acting 
Starr acted in several movies aside from the ones he did with the Beatles, including The Magic Christian (1969), That'll Be The Day (1973), Caveman (1980), and the role of Mr. Conductor on the children's show Shining Time Station, during its first season (1989), the Comedian George Carlin later took over the role.

He also narrated the children's show Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends for the first two seasons (1984-1986).

He also made a movie with the Beatles called A Hard Day's Night in 1964.

Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band 
Since the 1990s, Ringo has toured with "Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band". The band consists of Ringo and members that regularly change, usually, the members are either famous musicians, or musicians that have been associated with Ringo, The Beatles and/or the members of the band.

Discography
Studio albums
 Sentimental Journey (1970)
 Beaucoups of Blues (1970)
 Ringo (1973)
 Goodnight Vienna (1974)
 Ringo's Rotogravure (1976)
 Ringo the 4th (1977)
 Bad Boy (1978)
 Stop the Smell the Roses (1981)
 Old Wave (1983)
 Time Takes Time (1992)
 Vertical Man (1998)
 Ringo Rama (2003)
 Choose Love (2005)
 Liverpool 8 (2008)
 Y Not (2010)
 Ringo 2012 (2012)

References

Other websites
 Ringo Starr's official website

 
1940 births
Living people
Academy Award winning composers
Actors from Liverpool
English drummers
English movie actors
English movie producers
English voice actors
Grammy Award winners
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Order of the British Empire
The Beatles members
Oslo

Oslo is the capital city of Norway. It is Norway's largest city, with a population of  people in 2023. The area near the city has a total population of . The city government of Oslo and the county are the same thing.

Oslo today 
The city is a big place for economy and culture. A lot of important institutions are in Oslo. Some of these are the Norwegian government and parliament, the University of Oslo and Ullevål Stadion, which is the stadium of Norway's soccer team. The city also has many museums, theaters and concert venues. Some good cultural places are Frogner Park, the Oslo Opera House, the National Museum and the National Theatre. Travelling inside the city is easy with public transportation. Using tram, subway and bus is easy.

Oslo is a very expensive city, with high prices in bars and restaurants, as well as high prices for houses and apartments.

Oslo has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

History
The Saga of Norwegian Kings (written by Snorre Sturlason) says that king Harald III Sigurdsson founded Oslo around 1048. Recent excavations have found Christian graves from before 1000. Because of these two facts, Oslo celebrated its 900-year anniversary in 1950 and its 1000-year anniversary in 2000.

One of the more famous landmarks in Oslo is Akershus Fortress. It was first built around 1290. Oslo was destroyed in fire in 1624, and the fortress was rebuilt closer to Akershus Fortress by the order of King Christian IV of Norway. The king gave the new city the name Christiania, which later also written as Kristiania. In 1925 the name of the city was changed back to Oslo.

Related pages
List of mayors in Norway that are elected until 2027

References

Other websites 
Oslo Kommune official website

Olympic cities
 
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
11th-century establishments in Europe
Lincoln Thompson

Lincoln Thompson (June 18, 1949 - January 23, 1999) was a Jamaican reggae musician, songwriter and Rastafarian. He spent 2 years in the Tartans as a teenager before working under Coxsone Dodd in the early 1970s. In 1974 he released his first record, Humanity. The album had popular singles but it did not sell many copies until Thompson made a deal with Ballistics Records, a part of the record label United Artists, in 1979. This album was released commercially and there were 2 other albums recorded with Ballistics. These albums were recorded in 1979 and 1980. Experience was recorded in Jamaica. The next album, Natural Wild, was recorded in England with Joe Jackson. Ballistics went bankrupt, and Thompson returned to Jamaica. There, he recorded the album, Ride with the Rasses in 1982. The next year, he took his family to live in London where he recorded a 5th album, Rootsman Blues. He then set up an Ital grocery shop named The Rasses Fish and Grocery Store in London. Thanks to an American sponsor, a 6th album came out in 1996, called 21st century. He died in 1999 of cancer.

Other websites 
 Album lyrics 

1949 births
1999 deaths
Jamaican reggae musicians
Rastafari
Jamaican singer-songwriters
Tom Hanks

Tom Hanks (born July 9, 1956) is an American actor, director, producer, screenwriter, and writer.

Career
Many of Hanks' early movies were comedies. He was made famous by his roles in Splash and Big. He made his way into drama with A League of Their Own and Philadelphia. He combined the two genres with Forrest Gump. Hanks has starred in many more famous movies since, including Apollo 13, Saving Private Ryan, Toy Story (only his voice was used), Cast Away, The Terminal, The Da Vinci Code, The Green Mile, Captain Phillips, Sully, Bridge of Spies and The Post.

Hanks played Fred Rogers in Marielle Heller's biographical movie A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood (2019), a role which earned him a Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations.

In 2022, Hanks played Colonel Tom Parker in the Elvis Presley biopic Elvis. That same year, he also played Geppetto in the Disney live-action remake Pinocchio.

Hanks has won several awards for acting. He won both a Golden Globe and an Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in Philadelphia. He also won a Golden Globe, an Academy Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, and a People's Choice Award for Best Actor for his role in Forrest Gump.

In 2014, he received a Kennedy Center Honor and, in 2016, he received a Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama, as well as the French Legion of Honor.

Personal life
For his role in Saving Private Ryan, Hanks was honored as an honorary member of the United States Army Rangers Hall of Fame.

In December 2019, he was naturalized as an honorary Greek citizen by the President of Greece.

On March 12, 2020, Hanks announced that he and his wife Rita had tested positive for COVID-19 while shooting Elvis in Australia.

Filmography

Film

Television

Music video appearances

Stage

References

1956 births
Living people
Actors from Contra Costa County, California
American Christians
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
People from Concord, California
People's Choice Award winners
Saturn Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Writers from California
Hook

Hook can mean:

Hook (movie), a movie based on the story of Peter Pan, starring Robin Williams and Dustin Hoffman
Fishing hook, something used to catch fish
A hook is something that writers put at the end of a chapter or at the beginning in a book or paper used to encourage the reader to keep reading

Basic English 850 words