alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Stuttgart

Stuttgart (; Swabian:  ) is a city in Germany. It is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg and of the Administrative District of Stuttgart (Regierungsbezirk). Stuttgart is on the river Neckar. In December 2011, 613,392 people lived there. This makes it the most populous city in Baden-Württemberg.

Stuttgart is the sixth largest German city and Stuttgart Region is the nation's third largest region. The city is divided into 23 city districts.

Stuttgart is the home of two car manufacturers: Mercedes Benz and Porsche. Porsche is in Zuffenhausen (North) and Mercedes in Untertürkheim (Southeast).

Stuttgart has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Population 
Stuttgart has 613,392 people within city limits. It is the 6th largest city in Germany after Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne and Frankfurt am Main. According to a 2005 estimate, the Stuttgart urban area had between 1,238,000 and 1,250,000 people. Its metropolitan area has a population of 5.3 million (2008).

Education 
The University of Stuttgart is one of the city's higher education institutions.

References

Other websites 

 stuttgart.de
 Pictures of the Stuttgart Metropolitan Area
Schwerin

Schwerin (, , ; Mecklenburgian Low German: Swerin; (, Suerinum) is the capital city of the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. It has a population of 97,000. It is the second biggest city (behind Rostock) in the state. It is the smallest capital of a German state.

Gallery

References

Other websites

States of the Holy Roman Empire
Urban districts of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
German state capitals
Canton of Schwyz

Schwyz was one of the first cantons of Swiss canton (Urkanton).

The capital is Schwyz and the main language is German (91%). It has an area of 908 km² and 130200 inhabitants. Schwyz is near to Lucerne.

Districts and Municipalities 
The Canton of Schwyz is divided into six districts and 30 municipalities, although the districts Einsiedeln, Küssnacht and Gersau simply contain the municipality of the same name.

 District Schwyz
 with municipalities Schwyz, Arth, Ingenbohl, Muotathal, Steinen, Sattel, Rothenthurm, Oberiberg, Unteriberg, Lauerz, Steinerberg, Morschach, Alpthal, Illgau, Riemenstalden
 District Einsiedeln with municipality Einsiedeln
 District Gersau with municipality Gersau
 District Höfe
 with municipalities Wollerau, Freienbach, Feusisberg
 District Küssnacht with municipality Küssnacht am Rigi
 District March
 with municipalities Lachen, Altendorf, Galgenen, Vorderthal, Innerthal, Schübelbach, Tuggen, Wangen, Reichenburg

References

Other websites 
 Company formation in Schwyz (English)

1291 establishments
Establishments in Switzerland
 
1290s establishments in Europe
Canton of St. Gallen

St. Gallen is a canton in Switzerland. St. Gallen is in the north-east corner of Switzerland. North of St. Gallen is the canton Thurgau. West of St. Gallen is Zürich. South of St. Gallen is Schwyz, Glarus, and Graubünden. East of St. Gallen are the countries Austria and Liechtenstein. The cantons Appenzell Innerrhoden and Appenzell Ausserrhoden are inside the canton St. Gallen (the canton St.Gallen sourrounds them). 

St. Gallen has been a Swiss canton since 1803. 

St. Gallen is near Lake Constance. At the south of St. Gallen there are big mountains over 3000m high. The best known mountain in St. Gallen is the Säntis, which is 2503m high. At the east of St. Gallen there is the river Rhine. The people in St. Gallen speak German. 

There are about 455,000 people (2002) in the canton St. Gallen. It has an area of 2,026 km². 

The biggest town in St. Gallen is the town with the same name St. Gallen. There are 70,000 people in the town St. Gallen.

Other websites 
 Official website of the government of St. Gallen

 
1803 establishments
19th-century establishments in Switzerland
1800s establishments in Europe
Canton

Canton can mean many different things.

A canton is a way to divide the land of a country. It is like dividing the country into different regions or states.
Cantons of Costa Rica
Cantons of France
Cantons of Luxembourg
Cantons of Switzerland

canton (liqueur), a ginger-flavored liqueur that is made in the Guangdong province in China
the upper left part of a flag

Places:
 Canton, an old English name for the city of Guangzhou, China
 Canton, an old English name for the province of Guangdong, China
 Canton, Connecticut, USA
 Canton, Georgia, USA
 Canton, Illinois, USA
 Canton, Baltimore neighborhood and park in Baltimore, Maryland, USA
 Canton, Massachusetts, USA
 Canton Township, Michigan, United States
 Canton, Mississippi, USA
 Canton, Missouri, USA
 Canton, New York
  Canton (village), New York , USA
  Canton (town), New York , USA
 Canton, North Carolina, USA
 Canton, Ohio, USA
 Canton, Oklahoma, USA
 Canton, Pennsylvania, USA
 Canton, South Dakota, USA
 Canton Township, Michigan, USA
 Canton Township, Pennsylvania, USA
 Canton, Texas, USA
 Canton, Cardiff, a district of the Welsh capital
 Kanton Island (used to be "Canton Island"), part of Kiribati
Saarland

Saarland (, also , ;  ; Rhine Franconian: Saarlond) is a Bundesland (state) of Germany. It has an area of  and 1,014,000 people living in it (2011). Saarland lies in the south-west of Germany, near the French border near Metz. The capital is Saarbrücken.

History 
In 1920, the Treaty of Versailles made Saarland from parts of the Prussian Rhine Province () and the Rhine Palatinate (). The area was put under the control of the League of Nations for 15 years. After a plebiscite (vote) in 1935, Germany got the land back. After World War II the Saarland came under French administration.  The Saar Protectorate was allowed its own government for most things in 1947 but not independence. Germany got the Saarland back in 1957 and it became a Bundesland.

Geography 
In the south is France, in the north-west Luxembourg and in the north and east is Rhineland-Palatinate.

Saarland is divided in 6 districts:
 Merzig-Wadern (the largest district)
 Neunkirchen
 Saarbrücken
 Saarlouis
 Saarpfalz (Saar-Palatinate)
 Sankt Wendel

City and towns 
 Saarbrücken (city)
 Neunkirchen
 Saarlouis
 Homburg
 Merzig

Related pages
 Saargebiet
 Saar (protectorate)

References
Mars (disambiguation)

Mars may mean:

 Mars, the planet
 Mars (mythology), the Roman god
 Mars (TV series), a Taiwanese drama which has had Alan Kuo in it
 Mars, Pennsylvania, United States, a place in the U.S. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
 Mars, Ardèche, southern France, a commune in the Ardèche département
 Mars, Gard, southern France, one of the Communes of the Gard department
 Mars, Loire, central France, one of the Communes of the Loire department
 Mars, Incorporated, makes M&M's

People 
 Bruno Mars (born 1985), American singer-songwriter and music producer
Jupiter (disambiguation)

Jupiter is the fifth planet from the sun.

Jupiter may also mean:

 Jupiter (mythology), supreme Roman deity

 Jupiter, Florida, United States

 PGM-19 Jupiter missile, a kind of missile removed from Turkey after the Cuban Missile Crisis

 "Jupiter, the Bringer of Jollity", the fourth movement in Gustav Holst's The Planets suite

 Jupiter, disc 1 of Stadium Arcadium by the Red Hot Chili Peppers

 Jupiter (company), a Japanese games company that made games such as Pokémon Pinball
Venus (disambiguation)

Venus is a planet in the Solar System. It may also mean:

 Venus (mythology), the Roman goddess
 Venus, Florida, United States, a town
 Venus, Texas, United States, a town
 Venus, Romania, a resort

Art 
 Venus figurines, figurines that show women
 Venus of Tan-Tan, a very old venus figurine
 Venus de Milo, an ancient Greek statue
 Venus of Willendorf, an 11.1 cm (4 3/8 inches) high statuette of a female figure
Venus (Bananarama song), on the list of "Weird Al" Yankovic polka medleys
Venus (Frankie Avalon song), on the list of Hot 100 number-one singles during 1958–1969 (U.S.)
Venus (Shocking Blue song), on the list of Hot 100 number-one singles of the 1980s (U.S.)

People 
Venus Williams, American tennis player
Saturn (disambiguation)

Saturn is a planet in the Solar System. It might also mean:

 Saturn (mythology), the Roman god
 Saturn Corporation, an automobile company owned by General Motors
 Saturn Award, honors the top works in science fiction, fantasy, and horror in movie, television, and home video
 Saturn Moscow Oblast, a Russian football team from the Moscow suburb of Ramenskoye
 Sega Saturn, a 32-bit video game console made by Sega

People 
 Perry Saturn (born 1966), retired American professional wrestler who is best known for wrestling with WWF and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW)
Saarbrücken

Saarbrücken (;  ; Rhine Franconian: Saarbrigge [zaːˈbʁɪɡə]; ) is a German city and a district in the state of Saarland.

The city is also the capital of the Saarland. Saarbrücken has 180,000 inhabitants. It is on the Saar River.

References

Other websites

Saarbrücken (district)
States of the Holy Roman Empire
German state capitals
Saarlouis

Saarlouis is a town in the Saarland, Germany. It has 38,400 inhabitants. It is on the Saar. From 1936 to 1945 it was called Saarlautern. Ford Motor Company has a plant there; it produces the Focus, C-Max and Kuga.

References

Other websites

Saarlouis (district)
Brandenburg

Brandenburg (Low Sorbian: Bramborska, Low German: Brannenborg) is a state (Bundesland) in Germany. It has been a state since 1990. It is 29,480 km² in area. It has about 2.6 million inhabitants.

Until 1945 it was the biggest province in Prussia, with 38,278 km² and 3 million inhabitants. From 1949 to 1952 it was a state in the German Democratic Republic. In 1952 it became divided into three Bezirke (Potsdam, Frankfurt and Cottbus). The capital of Brandenburg is Potsdam.

Berlin is in the middle of Brandenburg. But it is not part of Brandenburg. It is a city state.

History 
 1373 Karl IV bought Brandenburg for his sons from the Wittelsbacher
 1539 Protestant Reformation
 1618 United with Prussia
 1815 Brandenburg became a province in Prussia
 1945 Brandenburg lost 32% to Poland
 1949 State in East Germany
 1952 Divided into three Bezirke (Districts)
 1990 State of the reunited Germany

Administration 
Brandenburg is divided into fourteen Kreise (districts):
 Prignitz
 Ostprignitz-Ruppin
 Oberhavel
 Uckermark
 Havelland
 Barnim
 Märkisch-Oderland
 Potsdam-Mittelmark
 Teltow-Fläming
 Oder-Spree
 Dahme-Spreewald
 Elbe-Elster
 Oberspreewald-Lausitz
 Spree-Neiße

Also Brandenburg has four Kreisfreie Städte (district-free city):
 Brandenburg
 Cottbus
 Frankfurt an der Oder
 Potsdam

List of Minister-Presidents 
 1945 - 1949: Karl Steinhoff
 1949 - 1952: Rudi Jahn
 1990 - 2002: Manfred Stolpe (SPD)
 2002 - 2013: Matthias Platzeck (SPD)
 since 2013: Dietmar Woidke (SPD)

Cities and counties 

Brandenburg is divided into fourteen (rural) counties (Landkreise),

and four urban districts (kreisfreie Städte),

 Brandenburg an der Havel
 Cottbus
 Frankfurt (Oder)
 Potsdam
Slope

Slope might mean:
An area of ground that tends evenly upward or downward
The degree to which a surface tends upward or downward
In mathematics, the ratio of the vertical and horizontal distances between two points on a line

Basic English 850 words
Topology

Topology is an area of Mathematics, which studies how spaces are organized and how they are structured in terms of position. It also studies how spaces are connected. It is divided into algebraic topology, differential topology and geometric topology.

Topology has been called rubber-sheet geometry. In a topology of two dimensions there is no difference between a circle and a square. A circle made out of a rubber band can be stretched into a square. There is a difference between a circle and a figure eight. A figure eight cannot be stretched into a circle without tearing.

The spaces studied in topology are called topological spaces. They vary from familiar manifolds to some very exotic constructions.

Natural Origin 

In many problems, we often divide a large space into smaller areas. For instance, a house is divided into rooms, a nation into states, a type of quantity into numbers, and so on. Each of these smaller areas (room, state, number) is next to other small areas (other rooms/states/numbers). The places where the areas meet are connections. If we write down on paper a list of spaces, and the connections between them, we have written down a description of a space -- a topological space. All topological spaces have the same properties such as connections, and are made of the same structure (a list of smaller areas). This makes it easier to study how spaces behave. It also makes it easier to write algorithms. For instance, to program a robot to navigate a house, we simply give it a list of rooms, the connections between each room (doors), and an algorithm that can work out which rooms to go through to reach any other room. For more examples of this type of problem, look at Graph theory.

We can go further by creating subdivisions of subdivisions of space. For instance, a nation divided into states, divided into counties, divided into city boundaries, and so on. All this kind of information can be described using topology.

Related pages
 Knot theory
Census

A census is a way of getting information about every member of a population. It is usually used for a population of people, but can be used to mean a population of animals.
Both the United States and United Kingdom have a census every 10 years, or decade. But in Australia, Canada, Japan and New Zealand they have it every 5 years.

A census produces a large database and sometimes new information technology, such as the use of punched cards for data, has been invented to handle it.

The word comes from the Roman Republic when it meant a list of citizens it was used to keep track of adult males fit for military.

Census is a word of Latin origin which means to evaluate/assess or to estimate.

Notes

Related pages
 Statistics
 United States Census

Other websites 
Statistics Bureau of Japan - Official website

Censuses
List of U.S. states

This article lists the 50 states of the United States. It also lists their populations, the date they became a state or agreed to the United States Declaration of Independence, their total area, land area, water area, and the number of representatives in the United States House of Representatives. 

Washington D.C., (Washington, District of Columbia) is a federal district and capital of the United States and is not considered a state. The United States also has sovereignty over 14 other territories. These are not included in this list.

Map of the U.S States 
Click on any state to learn more about that state.

List of states

Related pages 
List of U.S. states and territories by area
List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union
List of U.S. states by elevation
List of U.S. states by GDP
List of U.S. states' largest cities
List of U.S. states by population
List of U.S. states by population density
Lists of United States state symbols
List of U.S. states and territories by time zone
List of U.S. states by traditional abbreviation

Other websites

Notes

References
DUI

DUI may mean:
 Driving under the influence, the act of driving a motor vehicle (car, truck, etc.) while under the effects of alcohol. 
 Data Use Identifier 
 Data Use Institute 
 Davis Unified Ignition 
 Diving Unlimited International Inc 
 Documento Unico de Importación 
 Duke University Improv
Drunk driving

Drunk driving (Drink driving in the UK and Australia) is the act of driving a motor vehicle (car, truck, etc.) while under the effects of alcohol.  Drunk driving is illegal in most areas of the world.  In some places, driving a motorless vehicle such as a bicycle while drunk is also illegal.

Most areas that make laws (jurisdictions) started with DWI (driving while intoxicated) laws, banning just alcohol. Later, most changed them to DUI (driving under the influence) laws, adding other drugs to those banned while driving. The most common blood alcohol content (BAC) limit in the United States is 0.08% for the legal meaning of drunk. Only three states still use the more lax, original standard of 0.10%.  Many jurisdictions add extra penalties (more jail time and/or a longer DUI program) in cases where the driver's BAC is over 0.20%.

United States laws 

The first place in the United States to adopt laws against drunk driving was the state of New York in 1910, with California (1911) and others doing the same later. Early laws simply banned driving while drunk, with no mention of what BAC was banned (which means how drunk the person is). The state of Georgia was one of the last states to make laws against drunk driving. One of the years with the most alcohol related crashes was 1982. The year 1982 had 26,173 alcohol related deaths due to drunk driving.

In the US, most of the laws were greatly tightened in the early 1980s, largely due to pressure from groups like Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD) and Young Adults Educating Responsible Drinking.

Types of crime
Creative Commons

The Creative Commons is a 
American non-profit organisation that tries to make creative work available for others to use and share.

Aim 
Their website allows copyright holders to give some of their rights to any other people. They still keep some other rights. They do this through licenses and contracts. Some of these make the work public domain or open content. They do this because copyright law can stop people sharing information.

The project has different free licenses. A person who has copyright can choose which one they want to use when they publish their work. They also provide RDF/XML metadata. These say what the licenses are and make it easier to automatically sort out and find work that has these licenses. They also provide a 'Founder's Copyright' contract. This aims to give the same effects as the original US Copyright did.

History 
Creative Commons was officially started in 2001.

Lawrence Lessig is the founder and chairman of Creative Commons. Lessig started it as a way of reaching the goals of his Supreme Court case, Eldred v. Ashcroft.

Localisation 
The iCommons (International Commons) is one of the Creative Commons projects. They improve the wording of the licenses and make them usable in other countries. The first ones dealt with US law only. As of February 4, 2004, Canada, the People's Republic of China, Finland, France, Italy, Japan, the Republic of China (Taiwan), the Republic of Ireland, and the United Kingdom have joined this project.

Projects that use Creative Commons licenses include LOCA Records, Magnatune, Opsound, Opcopy, Wikitravel, iRATE radio and the fiction of Cory Doctorow.

References

Other websites 
 Article on the Creative Commons License on the English Wikipedia
 The creativecommons.org website
 A short Flash animation talking about Creative Commons
 International Commons: Creative Commons initiatives outside the United States.

Non-profit organizations of California
2001 establishments in California
Companies based in San Francisco
HTML

HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is a markup language used to create web pages. It was created in 1990 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, a British computer scientist who is credited with inventing the World Wide Web. Webpages can include writing, links, pictures, and even sound and video. HTML tells web browsers what webpages should look like. HTML also adds meta information to webpages. Meta information is information about a webpage e.g., the name of the person who created the page. Web browsers usually do not show meta information.

HTML is often used with Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and JavaScript. CSS is used to change the way HTML looks. JavaScript tells websites how to behave. It can also change HTML and CSS.

HTML is made by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). There are many versions of HTML. As of September 2018, the current standard of HTML is called HTML 5 and is specifically at version 5.2.

Tags 
HTML uses "elements" to let the browser know how a webpage is made of. Elements are shown as "tags" in the code, written with angle brackets: . Tags usually come in pairs: an opening tag defines the start of a block of content and a closing tag defines the end of that block of content. There are many kinds of tags, and each one has a different purpose. See Basic HTML Tags below for tag examples.

Some tags only work in certain browsers. For example, the <menuitem> tag, which is used to make something appear when the person presses the right button of the mouse, only works on the Mozilla Firefox browser. Other browsers simply ignore this tag and display the writing normally. Many web page creators avoid using these "non-standard" tags because they want their pages to look the same with all browsers.

Example 
Here is an example page in HTML with "Hello world!".<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    <title>Hi!</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <p>Hello world!</p>
  </body>
</html>The Text between  and  describes the web page, and the text between  and  is the page content.  defines the browser page title.

Example HTML tags 
Here are some example HTML tags:

Notes

References 

Markup languages
Internet
Web design
Leg

A leg is a weight-bearing and locomotion device. Birds and humans have two legs, but many animals have four or six or even more. A biped is an animal with two legs and quadruped is an animal with four legs.
Centipedes and millipedes have many more legs.

By extension, the word is also used for some objects. For example tables and chairs, also have legs to hold them up.  

People also use the word "leg" in idioms, for example: 
you do not have a leg to stand on (that means "you have no support; you have no chance in this discussion") 
to leg it (to run)
to pull someone's leg (to play a little joke on someone for fun by trying to make them believe something that is not true)

Components 
A leg is a structure of gross anatomy, meaning that it is large enough to be seen unaided. The components depend on the animal. In humans and other mammals, a leg includes the bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, nerves, and skin. In insects, the leg includes most of these things, except that insects have an exoskeleton that replaces the function of both the bones and the skin.

Sometimes the end of the leg, or foot, is considered part of the leg; other times it is considered separate. Similarly, the hip joint or other place where the leg attaches to the main body may be considered separate or part of the leg.

Robotic leg 
A robotic leg is moved by an actuator, which is a type of motor for moving or controlling a mechanism or system. It is operated by a source of energy, usually in the form of an electric current and converts that energy into some kind of motion.

Prosthetic leg 
A prosthetic leg is an artificial leg that is used to replace one that has been lost

Basic English 850 words
Limbs and extremities
Football

Football is a word which could mean one of several sports. The best-known type of football is association football. This is called "soccer" in North America, South Africa, and Australia to avoid confusion with other types of football that are commonly played there.

The name football comes from the two words 'foot' and 'ball'. It is named football because the players of the game walk and often run (on their feet) while playing, as opposed to (for example) polo where the players ride horses. Football is played using a ball, also called a 'football', that is usually shaped like a sphere or an ellipsoid. The ball is often kicked with the foot, but depending on the game, it can also be hit using other parts of the body (in association football) and handling the ball is a part of some other sports known as 'football'. Players can use any part of their body except their arms and hands. Goal keepers can use every part of their body to keep the ball out of the goal.

Some elements of football have been seen in many countries, dating back to the second and third century AD in China. The modern games of both rugby football and association football comes from 19th-century England.
Kicking a ball, in Europe, was described in Britannia (now western Scottish lowlands), in Germania (now Deutchland) and Gallia (now France and northern-central Italy).  An evolution goes back to the Middle Ages in Paris. Association football (founded in Richmond, London at the end of 1800) spread to many other parts of Europe, and was brought to the rest of the world with colonization. Today, it is the most popular sport in the world and many people watch it on television, especially the FIFA World Cup that happens every four years.

Every year there is a Football Club Competition called as Champions League. All the qualified big teams take part. At the end, we have one winner who takes the prestigious UEFA trophy. All big players play for their own teams. Some big players who take part every year are Mbappe, Ronaldo, Messi, Dybala, Neymar and many more.

Types of football 

 Association football (soccer)
 Rugby
 Rugby league football
 Rugby union football
 Gridiron football
 American football
College football
Touch rugby - Called "touch football" in Australia.
Canadian football
 Gaelic football
 Australian Rules Football

References
List of English football teams

This is a list of English football teams in the Premier League (the top or 1st level league) and the English Football League (which consists of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th levels of leagues in England) and the league for which each team plays.

A-Z order 

Lists of football teams
team
List of football clubs in France

These are some French football (soccer) teams.

Lists of football teams
1967

1967 (MCMLXVII) was .

Events 
 February 2 – The American Basketball Association is formed.
 February 15 – Chicago, a musical group forms
 March 13 – Indira Gandhi becomes prime minister of India.
 April 28 – Montreal hosts Expo '67.
 May 1 – Elvis Presley married Priscilla Beaulieu.
 June 5 – June 10 – The Six-Day War
 November 30 – Pakistan Peoples Party is founded by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
 December 3 – Dr. Christiaan Barnard transplanted the first heart.
 The Summer of Love
 Blue Öyster Cult forms.
 Jethro Tull forms.

Births 
 February 10 – Laura Dern, American actress
 February 20 – Kurt Cobain, rock musician (d. 1994)
 March 17 – Debi Derryberry, American actress
 May 7 – Martin Bryant, Australian criminal
 June 19 – Mia Sara, American actress
 June 20 – Nicole Kidman, American-Australian actress
 July 23 - Philip Seymour Hoffman, American actor (d. 2014)
 October 16 – Davina McCall, English television presenter
 October 28 – Julia Roberts, American actress
 November 1 - Tina Arena, Australian singer-songwriter
 November 7 – David Guetta, French DJ
 November 16 – Lisa Bonet, American actress
 November 22 – Boris Becker, tennis player
 November 28 – Anna Nicole Smith, American actress (d. 2007)
 December 3 - Nicolae Guță, Romanian manele singer 
 December 17 – Gigi D'Agostino, Italian musician and DJ
 December 19 – Criss Angel, American illusionist

Deaths

January 

 January 3 – Jack Ruby, American nightclub operator (b. 1911)
 January 4 – Donald Campbell, English racecar driver (b. 1921)

February 

 February 18 – J. Robert Oppenheimer, American theoretical physicist (b. 1904)

March 

 March 5 – Mohammad Mosaddegh, Prime Minister of Iran (b. 1882)

April 

 April 19 – Konrad Adenauer, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1876)

May 

 May 14 - Osvaldo Moles, Brazilian journalist and radio personality (b.. 1913)
 May 22 – Langston Hughes, American writer (b. 1901)
 May 30 – Claude Rains, British actor (b. 1889)

June 

 June 10 – Spencer Tracy, American actor (b. 1900)
 June 29 – Jayne Mansfield, American actress (b. 1933)
 June 30 – Shukri al-Quwatli, President of Syria (b. 1891)

July 

 July 8 – Vivien Leigh, British actress (b. 1913)
 July 9 – Fatima Jinnah, Pakistani dental surgeon (b. 1893)
 July 18 – Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco, President of Brazil (b. 1897)

August

September 
 September 19 – Zinaida Serebriakova, Russian painter (b. 1884)

October 

 October 9 – Che Guevara, Argentinian Marxist revolutionary (b. 1928)
 October 20 – Shigeru Yoshida, Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1878)

November 

 November 7 – John Nance Garner, Vice President of the United States (b. 1868)
 November 27 – Léon M'ba, President of Gabon (b. 1902)

December 

 December 10 – Otis Redding, American singer (b. 1941)

Nobel Prizes 
 Nobel Prize in Physics – Hans Albrecht Bethe, American physicist
 Chemistry – Manfred Eigen, Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, George Porter
 Medicine – Ragnar Granit, Haldan Keffer Hartline, George Wald
 Literature – Miguel Angel Asturias, Guatemalan writer
Peace – not awarded
List of football clubs in Italy

These are some Italian football teams that are or have been in the past years in the main professional division (Serie A).

 Juventus F.C. from Turin
 A.C. Milan from Milan
 F.C. Internazionale Milano from Milan
 Torino F.C. 1906 from Turin
 Brescia Calcio from Brescia
 Bologna F.C. 1909 from Bologna
 Genoa C.F.C. from Genoa
 A.S. Roma from Rome
 S.S. Lazio from Rome
 S.S.C. Napoli from Napoli
 A.C.F. Fiorentina from Florence
 Hellas Verona F.C. from Verona
 U.C. Sampdoria from Genoa
 Parma F.C. from Parma
 Udinese Calcio from Udine
 Atalanta B.C. from Bergamo
 Chievo Verona from Verona
 Perugia Calcio from Perugia
 A.C. Siena from Siena

Lists of football teams
Italy-related lists
List of football clubs in Spain

These are the Spanish football (soccer) teams and the leagues they played in for the 2014/15 season.

La Liga BBVAB
 Racing Santander
 Barcelona
 Celta de Vigo
 Córdoba
 Deportivo La Coruña
 Eibar
 Elche
 Espanyol
 Getafe
 Granada
 Levante
 Málaga
 Rayo Vallecano
 Real Madrid
 Real Sociedad
 Sevilla
 Valencia
 Villarreal

Spanish Segunda
 Deportivo Alavés
  Albacet
 Alcorcón
 Barcelona B 
 Betis 
 Girona 
 Las Palmas 
 Leganés 
 Llagostera 
 Lugo 
 Mallorca 
 Mirandés 
 Numancia 
  Osasuna 
 Ponferradina 
 Espandigolio
 Recreativo 
 Sabadell 
 Sporting de Gijón 
 Tenerife 
 Valladolid
 Zaragoza

Lists of football teams
Cymru Premier

The Cymru Premier is a football league in Wales. It used to be called the Welsh Premier League, and before that it was called the League of Wales. Some large Welsh clubs play in England's Football League.

These are the Welsh football teams that play in the Cymru Premier for the 2023/24 season:

Aberystwyth Town F.C.
Bala Town F.C.
Barry Town United F.C.
Caernarfon Town F.C.
Cardiff Metropolitan University F.C.
Colwyn Bay F.C.
Connah's Quay Nomads F.C.
Haverfordwest County F.C.
Newtown F.C.
Penybont F.C.
Pontypridd United F.C.
The New Saints F.C.
Aston Villa F.C.

Aston Villa Football Club (nicknamed Villa), is an English football club based in Birmingham. They have played at Villa Park, in Aston, since 1897. They were one of the teams that started the English Football League in 1888. They were also one of the teams that started the Premier League in 1992. They are one of five English clubs to have won the European Cup. They won this in 1982. They have also won the Football League First Division seven times, the FA Cup seven times, the League Cup five times, and the European Super Cup once.

Villa have a large rivalry with nearby team Birmingham City. This is called the Second City Derby, and they have been playing against each other since 1879. The team's main home colours are claret and light blue. Their badge is a claret lion (having changed from a yellow lion in 2023). The club is owned by the NWSE group (owned by Egyptian Nassef Sawiris) and American Wes Edens.

Club honours 

Aston Villa have won European and domestic league trophies. The club's last English trophy was in 1996 when they won the League Cup, and most recently they won the 2001 UEFA Intertoto Cup.

Domestic 

League Titles

First Division / Premier League: 7
Champions: 1893–94, 1895–96, 1896–97, 1898–99, 1899–1900, 1909–10, 1980–81
 Second Division / First Division / Championship: 2
Champions: 1937–38, 1959–60
Play-off Winners: 2018–19
 Third Division / Second Division / League One: 1
Champions: 1971–72

Cups

FA Cup: 7
Winners: 1886–87, 1894–95, 1896–97, 1904–05, 1912–13, 1919–20, 1956–57
League Cup / EFL Cup: 5
Winners: 1960–61, 1974–75, 1976–77, 1993–94, 1995–96
FA Charity Shield / FA Community Shield: 1
Winners: 1981
Sheriff of London Charity Shield: 2 
Winners: 1899, 1901

European 

European Cup / UEFA Champions League: 1
Winners: 1981–82

European Super Cup / UEFA Super Cup: 1
Winners: 1982

Intertoto Cup: 1
Winners: 2001

League position

Former position

Managers

References

Other websites 
 Official Aston Villa website
 list of media articles concerning Aston Villa
 Aston Villa Fan site
 Aston Villa: From the Fans' Perspective
 Heroes and Villains Fanzine
 - Aston Villa fansite made for the fans, by the fans

Premier League clubs
1874 establishments in England
Birmingham City F.C.

Birmingham City Football Club, is an English football club.

The club play in the Championship, their current manager is Lee Bowyer. Their home ground is St.Andrews

Name
 1875-1888 Small Heath Alliance F.C.
 1888-1905 Heath F.C.
 1905-1945 Birmingham F.C.
 1945-present Birmingham City F.C.

League position

Former position

References

Other websites 
 BCFC Fanzine 

English football clubs
1875 establishments in England
Organisations based in Birmingham
Blackburn Rovers F.C.

Blackburn Rovers F.C. is an English football club. They play at Ewood Park, which is in Blackburn, Lancashire. The manager of the club is Jon Dahl Tomasson.

History
Blackburn Rovers won the FA Premier League once in the 1994/1995 season. However, in 1999, they were relegated. Blackburn Rovers were then promoted.

League title 
 English Premier League: 1
 1994-95
 First Division: 2
 1911-12, 1913-14
 Second Division: 1
 1938-39
 Third Division: 1
 1974-75

League position

Former position

Other websites 
Blackburn Rovers ; premierleague

English football clubs
1875 establishments in England
Bolton Wanderers F.C.

Bolton Wanderers F.C. is an English football club. It is based 15 miles north of Manchester. The club plays in the English football league 1, the third tier league in England. Their home is the University of Bolton Stadium. It holds around 28,723 people. Their manager is Ian Evett. At home they play in a white shirt, navy blue shorts & white socks. Away they play in a navy blue shirt, white shorts and navy blue socks.

Name 
 1874-1877 Christ Church F.C.
 1877-present Bolton Wanderers F.C.

League position

Former position 

Premier League clubs
1874 establishments in England
Bolton
Charlton Athletic F.C.

Charlton Athletic Football Club, is an English football club.

The club plays in the Football League One.

League position

Former position 

English football clubs
1905 establishments in England
Fulham F.C.

Fulham Football Club is an English football club from London that currently plays in the Premier League in the 2022–23 season. It plays in a white shirt and black shorts for home games. For away games, it played in red shirts and white shorts in 2013/14, but has played in colours such as green, yellow or black. The team's away kit in 2014 is navy with orange sleeves. Shahid Khan owns the club. He is from the United States, and also owns the Jacksonville Jaguars, a famous NFL team.

History 
The club was made in 1879 as Fulham St. Andrews. Lots of famous players used to play for Fulham, like Johnny Haynes (1950s), Bobby Moore (1970s), George Best (1970s) and Edwin van der Sar (2000s). Fulham have won one international tournament; the Intertoto Cup in 2003. They also were runner-up of the 2009-10 UEFA Europe League. They lost to Atletico Madrid in the final.

When Mohamed Al-Fayed bought Fulham in 1997, it was in the 3rd division of English football Football League One. He put lots of money into the club, and he made good choices about the club. The club won promotion two times, which means that in 2001 it was now in the top division of English Football, the Premier League. The club has been managed by Scott Parker since the 2020/21 season.

Name 
 1879-1888 - Fulham St Andrew's Church Sunday School
 1888-present - Fulham F.C.

Stadium 
Fulham's stadium is called Craven Cottage. It was built 100 years ago. It has a pretty building in one corner of the pitch, this is the "Cottage". The fans of Fulham like to call it "The Cottage", and it can have 27,000 people sitting in it.

From 2002 to 2004, Fulham had to play at Loftus Road, which is the ground of Queens Park Rangers, near the BBC headquarters. This was because the club needed to renovate Craven Cottage because of new rules. The rules said that nobody can stand at football games, so the club had to install new seats.

Some people who live near to Craven Cottage do not like having a big club near to them. They made it hard for the club to be allowed to make the changes. This is why the changes took a long time, even though it was easy work for the builders.

Because of the "Cottage", the club and its supporters are called "The Cottagers".

League position by season

Former position

Other websites 
 Fulham Website
 News about Fulham from the BBC (BBC)
 Pictures of Craven Cottage
 The outside of Craven Cottage 

Premier League clubs
1879 establishments in England
Liverpool F.C.

Liverpool Football Club () (established as Everton Athletics in 1892) is a professional men's association football team. It based in Liverpool, Merseyside, England. They play in the Premier League, the top tier of English football. They have won 1 FIFA Club World Cup title, 6 European Cups (an English club record), 4 UEFA Super Cups, 3 UEFA Cups , 19 League titles (including 1 Premier League title), 7 Men's FA Cups, a record 9 EFL Cups and 16 FA Community Shields. The current manager is Jürgen Klopp.

History 
Liverpool won their first League championship in 1901, and their second in 1906. Liverpool played their first FA Cup final in 1914, losing 1–0 to Burnley. The most recent FA Cup victory by Liverpool was achieved in 2021-22 season, increasing their tally to 8 FA Cups. The last domestic cup trophy Liverpool won was the EFL Cup in February 2022, after beating Chelsea, increasing Liverpool’s tally to 9 League Cup. Liverpool have also won the Champions League six times, the most of any British side. Liverpool’s 5th UCL success was in Istanbul in 2005. The game was won after Liverpool tied 3–3 with A.C. Milan, after being down 3–0 at half-time. The Reds then won the penalty shootout, partly due to goalkeeper Jerzy Dudek's saves. Liverpool F.C.‘s 6th and most recent UCL success was in 2019 when they beat fellow Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur 2-0 in Madrid. Liverpool F.C. have won England's top-flight football league 19 times. Liverpool F.C.’s most recent trophy was won during the 2019–20 Premier League season, handing the club their first domestic title after thirty years, the last time being in the English First Division season of 1989-90. In other domestic competitions, Liverpool have won 15 Charity/Community Shields. Intentionally; Liverpool F.C. have won 4 UEFA Super Cup, 3 UEFA Cups & were crowned FIFA Club World Cup Champions in 2019 naming the Reds Champions of the World for the first time in club history. 

Liverpool has had two tragedies in their history. The first was the Heysel Stadium disaster of 1985, which led to the death of 39 Juventus fans and the second was the Hillsborough disaster in 1989, which lead to the deaths of 96 Liverpool fans. The death toll was put up to 97 in 2021 when 55 year old Andrew Devine passed away due to sustaining brain damage during the disaster, meaning he was also unlawfully killed at Hillsborough.

Honours

Minor titles
 Lancashire League
 Winners (1): 1892–93 
 Sheriff of London Charity Shield
 Winners (1): 1906

League positions

Former League Positions

First-teams



Out on loan

Club captains
Since the establishment of the club in 1892, 45 players have been club captain of Liverpool F.C. Andrew Hannah became the first captain of the club after Liverpool separated from Everton and formed its own club. Alex Raisbeck, who was club captain from 1899 to 1909, was the longest serving captain before being overtaken by Steven Gerrard who served 12 seasons as Liverpool captain starting from the 2003–04 season. The present captain is Jordan Henderson, who in the 2015–16 season replaced Gerrard who moved to LA Galaxy.

References 

1892 establishments in England
Manchester City F.C.

Manchester City Football Club is a rich English football club. The club is coached by Pep Guardiola and the team is currently playing in the English Premier League. 

The club plays in the Premier League and is owned by a royal family from Abu Dhabi. As of 1 September 2008 they are the richest club in the Premier League. They won the 2011–12 Premier League championship, their first in the top flight since the 1967–68 season. After finishing second in 2012–13, they won the Premier League championship again in 2013–14. Their current stadium is the Etihad Stadium (noncommercial name: City of Manchester Stadium). The stadium is part-owned by Manchester City Council, and could only be built on the understanding that Manchester City would take a tenancy after the 2006 Commonwealth Games, which the club agreed to do. The owner of Manchester City Sheik Mansour bought 200 million pounds.

Name 
 1880-1887 St Mark's (West Gorton)
 1887–1894 Ardwick F.C.
 1894–present Manchester City F.C.

Players

Current squad

Out on loan 
The following players have previously made a league or cup appearance for Manchester City and are currently on loan at other teams:

Other players with first-team appearances

Retired numbers

Player of the Year 

Source:

References 

1880 establishments in the United Kingdom
Premier League clubs
Sport in Manchester
Football clubs in Greater Manchester
Middlesbrough F.C.

Middlesbrough Football Club, is an English football club. Their stadium is the Riverside Stadium.

The club plays in the Premier League. The manager is Chris Wilder.

League position

Former position

Players

Current squad 
As of 16 March 2009.

Players out on loan 
As of 16 March 2009.

References 

1876 establishments in England
English football clubs
Middlesbrough
Newcastle United F.C.

Newcastle United Football Club is an English football club in Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle play in the Premier League. Currently managed by Eddie Howe since 2021.

Board

Bids to Buy Newcastle (2021) 
Bin Zayed Group’s managing director Midhat Kidwai had bid to buy the club. Ashley rejected his offer. He placed another one once again in 2021. Ashley once again rejected his offer. Kidwai once again place an offer but Staveley stepped in and placed an offer alongside PIF’s governor Al-Rumayyan and Reuben.

History 
Newcastle United was formed in 1892 after the two rival clubs Newcastle West End and Newcastle East End grouped together. They have played their matches at the ground St.James' Park ever since. This ground holds 52,000 people, and is one of the biggest in England. It is located just inside the centre of Newcastle.

Newcastle originally played in red shirts and white shorts. In fact, there was a kit clash in their very first League match, away to the then-named Woolwich Arsenal. The home side wore red, so Newcastle played in their change kit of black and white stripes. A permanent switch to black and white soon followed, most likely to reduce kit clashes, and perhaps as a further attempt to appease West End fans. The decision was taken in 1894, as the minutes from the club meeting reveal: ‘It was agreed that the Club’s colours should be changed from red shirts and white knickers to black and white shirts (two inch stripe) and dark knickers.’.

On the 24th day of May 2009 which was also the last day of the season, Newcastle were relegated to the second tier of English football, the Coca-Cola Championship. They returned to the top flight of English football, winning the Championship in the 2009/10 season. In the 2010/11 season, they finished mid-table. The club then went on to finish 5th place in the 2011/12 season.

On 17 July 2019, former Sunderland manager Steve Bruce was made manager on a three-year contract. Bruce oversaw 13th and 12th-placed finishes during his first two seasons in charge, both of which were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. On 7 October 2021, after 14 years as owner, Ashley sold the club to a new group of owners. The group was made up of Saudi Arabia's Public Investment Fund, RB Sports & Media and PCP Capital Partners.

The club 
Traditionally the loudest support for the club came from the Gallowgate End - a stand in St. James' Park. This stand is where Alan Shearer once used to watch Newcastle play when he was a child.

The record transfer fee the club has paid is £17 million (around $30 million) for Michael Owen, in August 2005. Alan Shearer was the previous record transfer at £15 million, which was also the world's largest transfer fee when he signed in 1996.

The Newcastle United's number 9 shirt is one of the most famous shirts in the world. Legends such as Hughie Gallacher, Malcolm McDonald, Jackie Milburn and Alan Shearer have worn the famous shirt.

League position

Former position

References

Premier League clubs
Organisations based in Newcastle upon Tyne
1892 establishments in England
Portsmouth F.C.

Portsmouth F.C. is an English football club. They play in EFL League One. Their home stadium is called Fratton Park.

Portsmouth's manager is John Mousinho. The most famous manager was probably Harry Redknapp who took the team to an FA Cup victory in 2008 which subsequently got the team into the UEFA Europa League (then called the UEFA Cup) for the first time. The club has since been hit with financial problems and see themselves in the fourth tier of English football.

They have a big rivalry with a team called Southampton F.C. They are also from Hampshire.

League position

Former position 

English football clubs
Portsmouth
1898 establishments in England
Organisations based in Hampshire
Tottenham Hotspur F.C.

Tottenham Hotspur Football Club is an English football club. The club plays in the Premier League. Their current stadium is The Tottenham Hotspur Stadium in north London. The captain of Tottenham Hotspur is Son Hueng-min and vice-captains are Cristian Romero and James Maddison. The club's most common nickname is Spurs. Other nicknames include The Lilywhites and COYS.

Famous Tottenham Hotspur players include Pat Jennings, Paul Gascoigne, Glenn Hoddle, Dave Mackay, Gary Lineker, Danny Blanchflower, Teddy Sheringham and Jimmy Greaves. They have many rivals in London, but their most famous rivals are Arsenal. Tottenham were the first winners of the UEFA Cup tournament, and the first team in the 20th century to achieve the league and cup double. In the 2016–17 Premier League, they finished in 2nd position and earned a place in the European Champions League. They reached the Champions League Final in the 2018–2019 season but ultimately lost 0–2 to Liverpool.

There is also a Tottenham Hotspur women's football club.

First-team squad

Name 
1882–1884 Hotspur F.C.
1884–present Tottenham Hotspur F.C.

League position 
21/22 ||[[English Premier
League|Premier League]]||4th

References 

1882 establishments in England
Premier League clubs
Sunderland A.F.C.

Sunderland Association Football Club is an English football club. They are from the city of Sunderland.

The club played in the Premier League in the 2005/2006 season, they finished bottom. They played in the Football League Championship in 2006/2007, but were promoted back to the Premiership for 2007/08 under manager Roy Keane.

Sunderland AFC were created in 1879 and joined the Football League in 1891. They have won the league six times. The last time Sunderland won the league was in 1936. Sunderland have won the FA Cup two times, in 1937 and 1973.

For 99 years, Sunderland played their home games at Roker Park. In 1997 they moved, and now play their home games at the Stadium of Light. The stadium holds 49,000 people.

Seasons

Notes

References 

Premier League clubs
Sunderland