alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Plymouth

Plymouth () is a city and unitary authority in South West England. It is on the south coast of Devon, about  south-west of Exeter and  south-west of London. Cornwall is to its west and south-west.

Humans in the Plymouth area started in the Bronze Age when a first settlement was made at Mount Batten. This settlement continued as a place for trading for the Roman Empire, until the nearby village of Sutton started in the ninth century was used instead, which is now called Plymouth. In 1588, an English fleet from Plymouth defeated the Spanish Armada. In 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers left Plymouth for the New World and started Plymouth Colony, the second English settlement in what is now Massachusetts, United States. During the English Civil War, the town was held by the Parliamentarians.

Through the Industrial Revolution, Plymouth became a global port, with boats from the United States carrying passengers and goods. The nearby town of Devonport became important to the Royal Navy for its shipyards and dockyards.  In 1914, three towns (the county borough of Plymouth, the County Borough of Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse were merged, becoming the County Borough of Plymouth. In 1928, it became a city.  During World War II, due to the city being important to the navy, the German military destroyed some of the city by bombing, an act known as the Plymouth Blitz.  After the war, the city centre was completely rebuilt.  Plymouth grew and the towns of Plympton, Plymstock became part of it in 1967.

The city has a population of  () people, making it the 30th-most populous built-up area in the United Kingdom and the second-largest city in the South West, after Bristol. It is governed locally by Plymouth City Council and nationally by two MPs. Plymouth's economy is based mostly on ships.  It has ferry links to France (Roscoff and St Malo) and to Spain (Santander). It has the largest working naval base in Western Europe, HMNB Devonport, and also has the University of Plymouth. Plymouth is called a "Small-Port City" using the Southampton System for port-city classification.

History
The Roman Catholic Bishop of Plymouth has his cathedral here. Plymouth was badly affected by German bombing during the Second World War, when many buildings were destroyed. The Plymouth Fathers and the Plymouth Brethren were both named after Plymouth. Plymouth is linked to Saltash in Cornwall by two bridges across the River Tamar: the Royal Albert Bridge (built in 1859) carries the railway line to Penzance and the Tamar Bridge the A38 main road. On Plymouth Hoe is the third lighthouse, which used to stand on the Eddystone Rock in the English Channel.

Sports
It has a football team called Plymouth Argyle and a rugby football team called Plymouth Albion.

References

 
Port cities and towns of England
Plymouth (disambiguation)

Plymouth is the name of various places:

Plymouth is an English city in Devon and the first to bear the name

United States
 Plymouth, Connecticut
 Plymouth, Illinois 
 Plymouth, Indiana 
 Plymouth, Iowa
 Plymouth, Massachusetts, the first city in New England 
 Plymouth, Michigan 
 Plymouth, Minnesota 
 Plymouth, New Hampshire 
 Plymouth, New York 
 Plymouth, North Carolina 
 Plymouth, Ohio 
 Plymouth, Pennsylvania 
 Plymouth, Washington
 Plymouth, Wisconsin 
 Plymouth Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
 Plymouth Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
 Plymouth Township, Michigan

Related pages
 Plymouth, Montserrat - destroyed Montserrat capital
 New Plymouth, New Zealand
 New Plymouth, Idaho, United States
 Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania, United States
 Plymouth Argyle F.C. - association football club from Plymouth, England.
 Plymouth (automobile)
 Plymouth Brethren - a religious group
 Plymouth Colony
 Plymouth County
 Plymouth Gin
 Plymouth Locomotive Works
 Plymouth is a made-for-TV movie about a Moon base
Calvin Coolidge

Calvin Coolidge (born John Calvin Coolidge Jr.; July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) was the 30th president of the United States between 1923 and 1929. He was a conservative who supported business and lower taxes.

Family life 
He was the only president of the United States to be born on July 4. He was married to Grace Coolidge and had 2 children: John Calvin Coolidge III (born September 6, 1906 - died May 31, 2000) and John Calvin Jr. (born April 13, 1908 - died July 7, 1924). His younger son John Calvin Coolidge IV died at 16 while playing tennis at the White House. His son was wearing tennis shoes without socks and died from a toe infection. He was buried at the foot of Hill Cemetery. After this, President Coolidge may have been depressed.

Political career 
Coolidge served as the Mayor of Northampton, Massachusetts. He later served as the Governor of Massachusetts. As governor, he became famous because of his response during the Boston Police Strike. Coolidge fired the police who went on strike and gave the jobs to unemployed World War 1 veterans (he gave the same bonuses that the striking policemen asked for to the veterans).

In 1920, he was nominated Vice President under Warren G. Harding. The Harding-Coolidge team won easily. Harding died in 1923 and Coolidge became the next president. He was inaugurated at his family farm in Vermont by his father John Calvin Coolidge Sr.

Coolidge finished Harding's term and was elected in 1924 to continue to be the country's president.

Coolidge was president during a prosperous economy and the country did not face many challenges. He believed that the federal government should be as small as possible. He supported tax cuts and wanted the federal government to not intervene in the economy.

Coolidge was criticized for refusing to give subsidies to farmers and when a giant flood happened in Mississippi during 1927, he did not want the federal government to be involved. This was part of his belief of federalism, that the country's problems should be solved mainly by state governments and local governments rather than the federal government. 

He did not run for re-election in 1928 and published his autobiography the following year. he died of a heart attack in Massachusetts at age 60

The legacy of Calvin Coolidge is mixed. People who support more federal government involvement in the economy do not like him. People who support less federal government involvement in the economy like him.

Silent Cal 
Calvin Coolidge was nicknamed "Silent Cal" because he did not talk much. There is a story that at a dinner party, a woman once told Coolidge that she could get more than two words out of him, to which he replied "You lose."

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Coolidge's White House biography 

1872 births
1933 deaths
 
Deaths from coronary thrombosis
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Governors of Massachusetts
Politicians from Vermont
20th-century American politicians
Massachusetts Republicans
Capitalism
Yield

In economics, the yield is how much money somebody is paid each year for leaving his or her money invested somewhere.  Unlike a corporate dividend, a yield is fairly certain, unless there is a bankruptcy. This means that somebody usually knows how much money they are going to make from their yield ahead of time.

Yields can be different because of inflation. However, there is usually an order for which are most risky and which are the least: the least risky instruments, such as treasury bonds, yield the least, then safe and "guaranteed" instruments like long-term deposits, then overnight deposits, and so on to the various municipal bond and corporate bonds. Extremely risky instruments with high yield are usually called junk bonds.

Related pages
Returns (economics)

Finance
Moral purchasing

Moral purchasing is when a person uses moral reasoning to decide what to buy. For example, when a person chooses to buy local goods instead of those from other countries, helps neighbours and processes that one can point to quickly.

Other page 
Fair trade

Ethics
Social network

A social network is a set of people who interact. This includes group organizations. The social relationships may include friendship/affect, communication, economic transactions, interactions, kinship, authority/hierarchy, trust, social support, diffusion, contagion, and so on. 

Calling social relationships a network calls attention to the pattern or structure of the set of relationships.

A community social network is the pattern of relationships among a set of people and/or organizations in a community. Each of these networks can involve social support, give people a sense of community, and 
lead them to help and protect each other.

How big a personal network becomes depends on the individual and the type of relationships considered. The set of people that a person knows well or with whom a person frequently interacts seldom exceeds several hundred. As the size of a network grows, keeping relationships is strained by the size. There is a so-called "Law of 150" which suggests that about 150 people is the best size for a village or large clan though most people live in much bigger towns. Some experts think that a corporation has an ideal size of about 70 people: these people and their spouses would also make a large social network.

The free rider problem is that someone uses the social network but does not give help when needed. Social networks are vulnerable to them, since the circumstances where help is required, like disasters, occur by surprise. It might happen that someone cannot help at that one time - it might also happen that they are not there the next time. Only slowly does it become obvious who is and is not contributing to the safety of the group, or who is avoiding this duty.

Social networks are held together by common interest. This may be employment, common interest in a sport or pastime, a religion (a mosque, church or temple is almost always a center of a social network). Often the network has an identity of its own which is quite real, even though it may have no official recognition. Networks may be centered on places, or on families, or on worldwide communities with common interests.

Sources 
The Law of 150 is documented in R.I.M. Dunbar 1992. Neocortex size as a constraint on group size in primates. Journal of Human Evolution. 20, pp. 469–493.

The field of study which investigates human social life is social psychology.

Related pages 
Social network service

Relationships
Social groups
Cabal

A cabal is a group of people who try to control things in a secret way. Cabals are often an important part of a conspiracy theory.

Sometimes people say "There Is No Cabal", or use the abbreviation TINC to mean "There Is No Cabal". The joke is that since a cabal is necessarily secret, only those who are in the cabal can know.

Politics 

The former chief of staff, Lawrence Wilkerson, of the Secretary of State Colin Powell said that the foreign policy of George W. Bush's administration were run by a "Cheney-Rumsfeld cabal". With this word he meant that the President had not really the power that he is given by the constitution and that the Vice President and the Secretary of Defense had more influence than they should have.

References 

Forms of government
Creating

Creating is making new things that have not existed before, usually by combining two or three things that existed. Art is almost always called creative, but so are other activities like music, mathematics, technology, business, craft, building, gardening and forestry, if they combine things to get new things.

When several people cooperate in more than one process of creating, that is a creative network. This cuts risk since anything creative involves some chance that it will simply not work.

What is "not creative" is usually called imitative, and includes anything that is mostly trying not to do what has never been done – like law, sports, science, war, and especially education. These involve more direct competition, so risk comes from the competitor who may do it better. The word team is used for such groups.

Most people fear change and new things, and so what is most stable and considered important by society tends to be imitative and done in teams. But unless society encourages creating it loses out to others by competition in business or technology, so there must be some creative networks, somewhere, in labs or art studios.

Views of control of creative work also depend very much on religious and spiritual views of nature (or a creator) creating Man, according to economist Lester Thurow. Those ethical traditions that see "Man in the image of God" have created legal codes (see guild, intellectual right, intellectual interest, intellectual property) to tightly control what they are creating or have created. These are now the basis of organizations such as WIPO or ICANN. Often, such laws also create control over things which are merely found, not created.

Many people give away what they have created and never think about it as property – other people try to control it and get paid every time anyone sees it – or even every time they just talk about it.

Wikipedia uses the GNU FDL which is a content license that tries to get people to combine what they are creating, with no one clearly in control. This is considered strange by many people, who are uncomfortable with that idea, or seek to control some aspect of it themselves.

Related pages 
Creator

Art
Human science

Human science is the science of humans:  what makes them different from animals, and their limits, which tend to be the same as those of other animals.  Because human bodies are animal bodies, human science is part of biology which leads to Life Science.  However human behaviour includes the use of words, measures, numbers, knowing time and having memory, and such habits as trade - thus economics and psychology are considered to be part of human science.  A general human science is anthropology which studies only the differences between humans and near relatives.

One important debate in human science is whether the exchange of culture (or in economics instructional capital), is only among humans or if it also goes on among our Great Ape near relatives.  If so, then culture is part of primatology and there is no clear line between human science and life sciences.

However, life science also deals with humans as objects of study (notably in medicine), while hard science such as chemistry deals with humans as the observer who does the study - sets the scale at which observation can happen, incurs observer effects - as studied in philosophy of science.

Often sciences have different names based on whether they study humans or not.  For instance economics is the study of how humans make a living, while ecology is the study of how non-humans make a living.  Medicine is normally restricted to humans while veterinary medicine refers to the same techniques made on other species.  One relies more on ethics and less on economics when dealing with humans, at least according to any ethical tradition.

The living, social, and sensory observing aspects of humans are probably all part of the human sciences to the degree they affect how humans view themselves.

Specific human sciences are (in addition to anthropology and ethics and economics) include psychology, sociology and linguistics.  There is debate as to whether mathematics is something human or if it is universal - see philosophy of mathematics on this.

Related pages 
humanities
sense
ecology

Social sciences
Flaying

Flaying is a form of torture, mutilation, and execution.  It is the act of stripping the skin and flesh from the bones.  Flaying an enemy while alive is an ancient practice.  Accounts attribute the practice to the ancient Assyrians, who were said to flay the skin from a captured enemy or rebellious ruler and nail it to the wall of his city, as warning to all who would defy their power.  Searing or cutting the flesh from the body was sometimes used as part of the public execution of traitors in medieval Europe.  A similar mode of execution was used as late as the early 18th century in France; one such episode is graphically recounted in the opening chapter of Michel Foucault's Discipline and Punish (1979).

Torture
Punishments
Human development theory

Even though economics is all about choice on the basis of what is available rather than what should be available, the big question relates to who decides how resources should be distributed and how economics can embrace a trade-off between different groups which each seek to make the most of their allocation of resources. If "what should be" cannot be incorporated, the subject of economics will be as dry as desert as described by Ayn Rand. The challenge therefore is to construct a model combining "what is" to "what should be" and make the same acceptable to common man as well as politicians. Not being able to sell the idea as such is a defeat to the discipline. The issue is that of influence and not of theory, as Adam Smith perceived that no group of business men ever met other than to exploit the consumer.

Economic theories
Friend

Basic English 850 words

A friend is a person whom one knows and with whom one has mutual affection with, typically not including Sexual relationship or family relations.
Thunder

For the aircraft, see P-47 Thunderbolt and A-10 Thunderbolt II.

Thunder is a very loud sound that is made sometimes during a very big rain storm.
Thunder is so loud, it can be heard from a very far distance.
It can sound like a boom, a crash, or a rumble.

Thunder is made when lightning strikes.
The energy from the lightning heats up the air so much that it makes a kind of explosion.

When lightning is very near, thunder will be heard soon after the lightning flash, and the sound will be very loud.  If the lightning is farther away, the thunder will be a few seconds or many seconds after the lightning. People can guess how far away the lightning is by counting the number of seconds between the time they see the lightning and hear the thunder.

Related pages 
Thor

Basic English 850 words
Weather
Severe weather

ja:雷#雷鳴
1

The year 1 (I) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. The year started on a Monday in the Gregorian calendar. It was the first year of the 1st century and 1st millennium.

It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).

At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Paullus. The denomination 1 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the main method in Europe for naming years. The year before this is 1 BC in the widely used Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 

 Tiberius, under orders of Augustus, stopped revolts in Germany (1 – 5).
 Rome: Gaius Caesar and Lucius Aemilius Paullus became consuls.
 The poem Metamorphoses is written by Ovid.
 The Aqua Alsienta aqueduct is made in Rome.
 Silk appears in Rome.

Asia 
 Start of the Yuanshi era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.
 Confucius is given his first royal title (posthumous name) of Lord Baochengxun Ni.
 Buddhism is introduced into China.
 Emperor Ping of Han China's reign begins.

Africa 
 Axum (Ethiopia) is founded (approximate date).

Americas 
 Moxos ceases to be a significant religious area in South America (approximate date).

By topic

Arts and sciences 
 The poem Metamorphoses is written by Ovid.
 Livy writes his monumental History of Rome (Ab Urbe Condita).

Religion 
 Birth of Jesus as given by Dionysius Exiguus in his anno Domini era according to at least one scholar. However, most scholars think Dionysius placed the birth of Jesus in the previous year, 1 BC.

Births 

 Lucius Annaeus Gallio, Roman proconsul (d. 65)
 Quinctilius Varus, son of Publius Quinctilius Varus and Claudia Pulchra (d. 27)
 Pallas, Greek Freedman and political advisor (d. 65)

Deaths 
 Arshak II of Iberia, king of Iberia of the Nimrodid Dynasty

References
2

The year 2 (II) was a common year that started on Sunday, according to the Julian calendar. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Tuesday.

At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Vinicius and Varus. It was the 2nd year of the 1st century.

Events

Roman Empire 
 Following the death of Lucius Caesar, Livia Drusilla convinced Augustus to allow her son Tiberius back into Rome as a private citizen. This was after six years in enforced retirement on Rhodes.
 Gaius Caesar meets with Phraates V, the king of Parthia on the Euphrates.
 Publius Alfenus Varus and Publius Vinicius become Roman Consuls.

Europe 
 Cedeides becomes Archon of Athens.
 Using Roman military support, Artavasdes III, son of Ariobarzanes II, king of Media Atropatene, becomes the king of Armenia.

Africa 
 Juba II of Mauretania joins Gaius Caesar in Armenia as a military advisor.

Asia 
 The first census is concluded in China. The census has begun the year before. Final numbers show a population of nearly 60 million (59,594,978 people in a bit more than 12 million households). The census is one of the most accurate surveys in Chinese history. 
 The Chinese census shows nearly one million people living in Vietnam.

Births 
 Apollonius of Tyana (d. 98)
 Deng Yu, Han Dynasty general and statesman (d. 58)

Deaths 
 Lucius Caesar, son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder. He was also the heir to the throne in Gaul. (b. 17 BC)

References 

0s
3

The year 3 (III) was a common year which started on a Monday. according to the Julian calendar. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Wednesday. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lamia and Servilius. The year is called 3 since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the usual method in Europe for naming years.  It was the 3rd year of the 1st century.

Events

Roman Empire 
 The rule of Augustus is renewed for a ten-year period. 
 Augustus adopts his grandson, Gaius Caesar, with the expectation that he will succeed him. Gaius is made proconsul and is sent on a special mission to the East. 
 Lucius Aelius Lamia is consul of Rome
 Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus is consul of Rome

Europe 
Menneas becomes Archon of Athens
 Five German tribes are unified by Marbod, King of the Marcomanni. The unification of the five tribes represents a direct threat to Rome in the area that will become Silesia and Saxony.

China 
Wang Mang foils a plot by his son,Wang Yu, his brother-in-law, Lu Kuan, and the Wei clan to remove him from the regent's position. Wang Yu and Lu Kuan are killed in the purge that follows.

Births 

 Ban Biao, Chinese historian (d. 54)
 Paul of Tarsus (d. 67)

References 

0s
4

The year 4 (IV) was a leap year which started on a Tuesday, according to the Julian calendar. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Thursday. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Catus and Saturninus. It was called the fourth year since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the usual method in Europe for naming years. It was the 4th year of the 1st century.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
 Emperor Caesar Augustus summons Tiberius to Rome, and names him his heir and future emperor. At the same time, Agrippa Postumus the last son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa is also adopted and named as Augustus' heir.
 Tiberius also adopts Germanicus as his own heir.
 Sextus Aelius Catus becomes consul.
 The Lex Aelia Sentia regulates the manumission of slaves.
 Signature of a pact of non-aggression and friendship between the Roman Empire, represented by Tiberius, and the German tribe the Cherusci, represented by their King Segimer. Arminius and Flavus, sons of Segimer, were brought into the Roman army as the Leaders of the auxiliary troops.
 Julia the Elder returns from exile to live in Rhegium in disgrace.
 Augustus Pardons Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus along with Aemilia Lepida, the daughter of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus for alleged involvement in a conspiracy against the emperor.
 Marcus Plautius Silvanus is appointed proconsul of Asia.
 Polianus Maradonius becomes Archon of Athens

Mid-East 
 King Phraataces and Queen Musa of Parthia are overthrown and killed, the crown being offered to Orodes III of Parthia – the beginning of the interregnum

Asia 
 Namhae Chachaung succeeds Bak Hyeokgeose as king of the Korean kingdom of Silla (traditional date)
 Emperor Ping of Han marries Empress Wang (Ping) daughter of Wang Mang cementing his influence.

By topic

Arts and sciences 
 Nicholas of Damascus writes the 14 volume History of the World.

Births 
 Columella, Roman writer (d. 70)
 Daemusin of Goguryeo, king of Goguryeo (d. 44)

Deaths 

 Gaius Caesar, son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder, dies from wounds suffered during a campaign in Artagira, Armenia.
 Bak Hyeokgeose of Silla, first ruler of Korea.
 Gaius Asinius Pollio, Roman emperor, poet and historian (b. 65 BC).
 Terentia, first wife of Marcus Tullius Cicero (b. 98 BC).
 Ariobarzanes II, King of Media Atropatane (b. 40 BC).
 Artavasdas IV, King of Armenia (b. 20 BC).

References
5

5 (V) is a common year of the Julian calendar which started on a Thursday. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Saturday. It was known as the Year of the Consulship of Messalla and Cinna.  It was the 5th year of the 1st century.

It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).

Events

Roman Empire 
Rome acknowledges Cunobelinus, King of the Catuvellauni, as King of Britain.
 Germanic Tribes Cimbri and Charydes send ambassadors to Rome
 Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus, Lucius Valerius Messalla Volesus (or Gaius Ateius Capito) become Roman consuls
 Tiberius conquers Germania Inferior
 Agrippina the Elder marries Germanicus her second cousin.
 Livilla marries Drusus Julius Caesar, Tiberius's son.
 Polycharmus Azenius becomes Archon of Athens.

China 
 Emperor Ping of Han is assassinated. Grand Empress Dowager Wang appoints Wang Mang as acting-emperor of Han until a suitable successor is found to replace the childless Ping.

Births 
 Julia, daughter of Drusus Julius Caesar and Livilla (d. 43)
 Drusilla of Mauretania
 Ruzi Ying, great-grandson of Emperor Xuan Han, Emperor of China (d. 25)
 Yin Lihua, Empress of China (d. 64)

Deaths 
 Gaius Asinius Pollio, Roman orator, poet and historian (b. 76 or 75 BC)
 Ping of Han, Emperor of China is assassinated, poisoned it is believed on the orders of Wang Mang (b. 14 BC).

References 

0s
7

7 (VII) is a common year of the Julian calendar which started on a Saturday. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Monday. It was the 7th year of the 1st century.

Events

By place

Roman Empire 
The Illyrians revolt against Roman rule.
Pannonians revolt with Dalmatians and Illyrian tribes against Roman rule.
Roman Emperor Caesar Augustus dismisses the Judean ethnarch Herod Archelaus.
Publius Quinctilius Varus is appointed governor of Germany.
Tiberius Quinctilius Varus, legate, is charged with organizing Germany between the Rhine and Elba rivers. He carries out a census, devises tributes and recruits soldiers, all of which create dissension among the Germans.
Abgarus of Edessa is deposed as king of Osroene.
Construction of the Temple of Concordia begins.

Asia 
Vonones I of the Arsacid Dynasty becomes ruler of Parthia
 Zhai Yi, Governor of the Commandery of Dong (modern Puyang, Henan) declares Liu Zin, Marquess of Yang Xiang (modern Tai'an, Shandong) emperor. This proves to be the largest of the rebellions against Emperor Ruzi of Han.
Wang Mang puts down the rebellion during the winter. Zhai is captured and executed while Liu Xin escapes.

By Topic

Arts and Sciences 
Strabo writes Geographia (some claimed around AD 18).
Livy is appointed to tutor Claudius in history. Claudius begins writing and researching a history of the Roman Civil Wars which is critical of Augustus. Livia and Antonia Minor force him to stop his work destroying any opportunity for political advancement.

Births 
Drusus Caesar, son of Germanicus and Agrippina the elder (d. 33).
Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, Roman General (d. 67).

Deaths 
Athenodoros Cananites, Stoic philosopher (b. 74 BC).

References 

0s
8

8 (VIII) is a leap year of the Julian calendar which started on a Sunday. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Tuesday. It was the 8th year of the 1st century.

Events

Roman Empire 
 August 3 – Roman general Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus.
 Vipsania Julia is exiled. Lucius Aemilius Paullus and his family are disgraced. Augustus breaks off engagement of Claudius to Paullus' daughter Aemilia Lepida.
 Effort is made to betrothe Claudius to Livia Medullina
 Marcus Furius Camillus, Sextus Nonius Quinctilianus, suff. Lucius Apronius become Roman Consuls.
Roman poet Ovid is banished from Rome and exiled to the Black Sea near Tomis (present-day Constanţa).
 Ovid begins the Fasti (Festivals), 6 books that detail the first 6 months of the year.

Europe 
 Tincomarus, deposed king of the Atrebates, flees Britain for Rome; Eppillus becomes king.

Mid-East 
 Vonones I becomes king of Parthia.

Asia 
 Start of Chushi era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.
 Wang Mang seizes power in China and establishes the short-lived Xin Dynasty.
China invents paper, which is first used by the military.

Births 
 Titus Flavius Sabinus, Roman consul and brother of emperor Vespasian (d. 69)

Deaths 
Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, Roman general (b. 64 BC).

References 

0s
9

9 (IX) is a common year of the Julian calendar which started on a Tuesday. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Thursday. It was the 9th year of the 1st century.

Events

Roman Empire 
Illyria is turned into a province after a revolt has been defeated.
The Rhine River is established as the boundary between the Latin and German speaking worlds, following the defeat of the Roman army, under the command of Varus, at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.
Ovid is banished to Tomis.
 Pannonia (modern-day Hungary) submits to Roman rule.
 In order to increase the number of marriages, and ultimately the population, the lex Papia Poppaea is adopted in Rome. This law prohibits celibacy and childless relationships.
 Roman finances become strained following the Danubian insurrection, and Varus' defeat in Germany. This results in the levying of two new taxes: five percent of inheritances, and one percent on sales.
Ovid completes Ibis.

Asia 
Wang Mang founds the short-lived Xin Dynasty in China (until 25).

Births 
November 18 - Vespasian, Roman emperor

Deaths 
Publius Quinctilius Varus, Roman general, at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, said to have committed suicide

References 

9
10

10 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, throughout the Roman Empire, it was known as the year of the consulship of Dolabella and Silanus

Events 
 Differentiation of localized Teutonic tribes of the Irminones.
 The Greek dynasty in Bactria is ended
 Publius Cornelius Dolabella is a Roman Consul.
 Illyria is divided into Pannonia and Dalmatia.
 Ovid finishes writing Tristia (the "Sorrows") (5 books) and Epistulae ex Ponto (Letters from the Black Sea) (4 books) describing the sadness of banishment.

Births 
 Hero of Alexandria, Greek engineer (d. c. 70)
 Saint Peter, one of Jesus' disciples and the first pope (d. c. 64).

Deaths 
 Didymus Chalcenterus, Greek scholar and grammarian. (b. c. 63 BC)

10s
11

11 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lepidus and Taurus.

Events 
 Germania Inferior and the Rhine secured by Germanicus
 Augustus ends his plan to create a defensive border at the Elbe. This is to reinforce the Roman defence along the Rhine and the Danube.
 Artabanus III of the Arsacid Dynasty becomes ruler of Parthia
 In India, Satakarni begins his reign as Emperor of the Andhra Empire (11-29)

Births

Deaths 
 Marcus Antistius Labeo, Roman jurist

10s
12

12 is a year in the 1st century. It was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Capito.

Events 
 Annius Rufus is appointed Prefect of Judea.
 Germanicus and Gaius Fonteius Capito become Roman Consuls.
 Quirinius returns from Judea to become a counselor to Tiberius
 Ovid stops writing Fasti because of the lack of resources (being far from the libraries of Rome). He completes 6 books that detail festivals found in the Roman Calendar.

Births 
 August 31 – Caligula, Roman Emperor

12
13

13 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Silius and Plancus.

Events 
 Abgarus of Edessa is reinstalled as king of Osroene.
 Roman Senate passed a senatus consultum restricting the reduced Vigintisexviri to the Ordo Equester.
 Tiberius made his triumphant procession through Rome after siege of Germany.
 Last year of Shijianguo era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty
 Strabo publishes his view on the shape of the Earth

Deaths 
 Empress Wang Zhengjun (b. 71 BC)

10s
30

30 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Vinicius and Longinus.

Events 
 Kushan Empire is founded
 City of Tournai is founded in Belgium
 Possible year for the Sermon on the Mount 
 April 7 - possible date for crucifixion of Jesus
 Saint Peter becomes Pope
 Phaedrus translates Aesop's fables
 Velleius Paterculus writes the general history of the countries known in Antiquity

Births 
Nerva, Roman emperor
Quintus Petillius Cerialis, brother-in-law of Vespasian
Praveen Ranjan

Deaths 
April 7 - Judas Iscariot, disciple of Jesus
April 7/Good Friday - Jesus (born about 4 BC) - most widely accepted date by modern scholars (traditionally 33)
Shammai, president of the Sanhedrin and talmudic scholar, died 30 C.E.
John the Baptist 

30
50

50 (Roman numerals: L) is a common year of the Gregorian calendar. It started on a Saturday.

It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).

Events 
 The Romans create a city called Londinium on the River Thames

Deaths 
 Abgarus of Edessa, king of Osroene
 Aulus Cornelius Celsus, writer of De Medicina
 Gamliel I, the nasi of the Jewish people in Babylonia

50
3 (number)

The number three (3) is one more than two and one less than four. It is the first Mersenne prime. Three is an important number for many cultures (groups of people living together). It is also a prime number. It is the first odd prime. In Roman numerals, it is III.

Famous threes 
 the Three Stooges
 the three Doshas (weaknesses) in Ayurvedic medicine in India
 the Trimurti (three aspects of God) in Hindu religion
 the Holy Trinity in Christian religion
 three gifts of the wise men (Magi) who visited Christ at his birth in the Gospel of Matthew.
 the three bears in the fairy tale Goldilocks
 the three Imperial Regalia of Japan

Integers
Prime numbers
10 (number)

10 (one ten or ten  for short) is the number that is after nine and before eleven. Most people have ten fingers and ten toes.

Ten is the smallest positive whole number with two digits. Ten is an important number because most people write numbers using multiples of ten. This is called the decimal number system.

In Roman numerals, 10 is written as X.

References

Integers
Man

A man is a adult male human. He is the opposite of a woman. People use the word "man" (one man, two or more men) to talk about gender. Manhood is the period in a male's life after he changes from a boy. A boy is a male child; a female child is called a girl. After boys reach maturity, they can be called a man.

Like most other male mammals, a man inherits an X chromosome from his mother and a Y chromosome from his father. The men's rights movement is a group that tries to fight for men's rights and opposes misandry.

Someone who changes gender to male would also be called a man.

Biology and gender 

There are some sexual differences between a man and a woman. Men have sex organs which we call "external" (not inside the body). But many parts of the male reproductive system are internal too. The study of male reproduction and sex organs is "andrology".

Men normally have the same illnesses as women, but there are some sexual illnesses which men have only, or more often.

There are more differences between men and women, not only sexual differences.
 Some people say men, as a group, are more aggressive than women; they want to fight more. But most research has found that men and women are equally aggressive.
 In modern western society, few men wear make-up or clothing of the sort women traditionally wear.

Some examples of secondary sexual characteristics in male humans:
 more pubic hair
 more facial hair
 more body hair
 larger hands and feet than women
 broader shoulders and chest
 narrower hips
 larger skull and bone structure
 larger brain
 greater muscle mass
 a more visible Adam's apple and deeper voice
 a longer shinbone

Men are usually taller than women. In 1996, the average height of men around the world was 171 cm.

Biology is not the only thing which makes people feel they are men, or that other people are men. Some people were born in a female body but feel that they are men. We call these transgender or transsexual men. Some men can have a hormone or chromosomal difference (for example "androgen insensitivity syndrome"). Some men have other intersex conditions. Some of those intersex people who people said were female (girls) when they were born want to change this later in their lives.

References 

 
Basic English 850 words
Position

Position is a way to explain where something is.

Location
The words which indicate position are called prepositions.

Left, middle, and right

To find which is your left hand side, hold your hands palms down, point your index fingers and stick your thumbs out at right angles. The finger and thumb of your left hand will form a capital letter L. 

If the letter L you make is reversed, you found your right hand. Left and right are called opposite sides.

Middle is between up and down and is between left and right.
Middle means the same as center.

Far and near

Far means that something is a long way away from you. Near means it is close to you. Things can also be near and far other persons and other things.

In sports
In many sports, the term "position" is used to show what occupation a person has on their team. For example, in baseball, positions include catcher, shortstop and pitcher.

Human position 
In various activities such as dance and yoga, the static arrangement of the body and its parts is called a position, for example in an arabesque (ballet).

In math and physics

The position of something is where that thing is in space and time. Usually people use Cartesian coordinates to write down a position. So a scientist might say that the balloon was at x, y, z when it popped at a certain time.

In society
The position of a person is his status or responsibility in a community or group of people. It is called rank in the army.
In a factory the manager is a typical position.

Basic English 850 words
Geometry
Arundel Castle

Arundel Castle is a castle in Arundel, West Sussex, England. It was built by Edward the Confessor.

Other websites 
 Official site

Castles in England
Buildings and structures in West Sussex
11th-century buildings and structures‎
Size

The size of something is how much space the thing takes. It can also be described as how big or small something is.

Sizes can be measured. When a size is measured, it is given a number.

Words for sizes
little
palmer is very small, as in short.
small means "little" 
tiny means "very little"
big
large means "big" 
huge means "very big"
 
Small and big are opposites.

Examples
Example 1
A yellow box is 2 metres long, 3 metres wide and 1 metre deep. The box has a volume of 6 cubic metres. 
A green box is 3 metres long, 3 metres wide and 1 metre deep. The size of the green box is 9 cubic metres.  
The green box is larger in size than the yellow box.

Example 2
A red box is 2 feet long, 3 feet wide and 1 foot deep. The box has a volume of 6 cubic feet. 
A blue box is 3 feet long, 3 feet wide and 1 foot deep. The size of the blue box is 9 cubic feet.  
The blue box is larger in size than the red box.

Notes

Basic English 850 words
Opposite

Opposite may refer to:
 Antonym, a word that means the opposite of a word
 Additive inverse, in mathematics, taking the negative ("opposite") of a number

Related pages
 Opposition (astronomy and astrology)

Basic English 850 words
Direction

Direction follows an imaginary line connecting two points.
Something following the line is moving in that direction. People show directions by pointing.

The word direction is made from the root direct meaning to guide.

These are words used to talk about a direction:
 Up
 Down
 Backward
 Left
 Right
 Forward
 Northeast
 South
 Southeast
 East
 Northeast
 West

Related pages
 Compass
 Navigation

Basic English 850 words
Starvation

Starvation happens when a living being (like a person or an animal) doesn't eat enough food to live properly. If a living thing is starving for a long period of time, it dies.

Starvation can be seen as an extreme version of hunger. During starvation, the body will slowly but surely become less fat and stop working properly, until the living being dies or eats enough again to stop starving.

There are other effects of starvation. These can include:
Tiredness,
problems with thinking properly,
sudden and extreme changes to emotions,
dehydration (lack of water in the body),
vomiting,
loss of muscles,
a swollen stomach caused by kwashiorkor,
weakness and not being able to stand.
When the body is starving, the body will start eating itself in a final attempt to survive. When there are no muscles and fat left to eat, the person (or animal) dies. People who eat nothing usually die in a few months.

Even when a starving person eats again, they may have permanent damage to their body.

Some people intentionally starve themselves to lose weight, but this is considered a bad idea because it may damage the body.

In history, countries used to use starvation as a form of the death penalty.

In 1944 Ancel Keys started a scientific experiment about starvation to see the impact of starvation on people and to see how people could best recover from starvation. The participants were all men. They ate 1800 calories a day.

Related pages
 Hunger
 Global Hunger Index
 Malnutrition
 Anorexia nervosa

References

Hunger
Microsoft Word

Microsoft Word or MS Word (often called Word) is a graphical word processing program that users can type with. It is made by the computer company Microsoft. Its purpose is to allow users to type and save documents.

Similar to other word processors, it has helpful tools to make documents.
 Spelling & grammar checker, word count (this also counts letters and lines)
 Speech recognition
 Inserts pictures in documents
 Choice of typefaces
 Special codes
 Web pages, graphs, etc.
 Tables
 Displays synonyms of words and can read out the text
 Prints in different ways

Microsoft Word is a part of Microsoft Office, but can also be bought separately.

History 
The program was first released in 1981.
Many of the ideas and features in Microsoft Word came from Bravo, the first graphical writing program.
Microsoft bought the Bravo program, and changed its name to Microsoft Word.
When it first came out, it was not very popular, and did not sell as well as other writing programs like WordPerfect.
Although it was not very popular when it came out, it had a feature called WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get), which meant that people can change the visual style of writing (e.g. bold, italics), by selecting and formatting text, when in other programs like WordPerfect, people had to add special 'codes' to change the style of writing. WYSIWYG is now a common feature of all computer writing programs.

Versions 
There are versions for Microsoft Word for other operating systems as well as Microsoft Windows. New versions support fewer operating systems, although they always support Windows.

For Microsoft Windows 
 Word for Windows 1.1, for Windows 3.0 came out in March, 1990.
 Word for Windows 1.1a, for Windows 3.1 came out in June, 1990.
 Word for Windows 2.0, came out in 1991.
 Word for Windows 6.0, came out in 1993.
 Word for Windows 95 (sometimes called Word 7), came out in 1995.
 Word 97 (sometimes called Word 8), came out in 1997.
 Word 2000 (sometimes called Word 9), came out in 1999.
 Word 2002 (sometimes called Word 10 or Word XP), came out in 2001.
 Word 2007 which required Windows XP Service Pack 2.
 Word 2019 which is latest version of Microsoft Word to support Windows XP Professional 64-bit edition.

For macOS 

 Word 1.0 for Mac came out on January 18, 1985.
 Word 3.0 for Mac came out on January 31, 1987. (There was no "2.0" version.)
 Word 4.0 for Mac came out on November 6, 1990.
 Word 5.1 for Mac came out in 1992.
 Word 2001 was released in 2000.
 Word 2004 was released in May 2004.
 Word 2008 was released on January 15, 2008.
 Word 2011 was released in October 2010.

Popularity 

The program is very popular.

Without configuration the program saved the document in a proprietary file format, so other programs could not open it. When the user sent his document to a friend, the friend needed a copy of Microsoft Word to read the document. Then that friend would probably also save documents in the same secret format of Word. This gave Microsoft Word a dominant position.

Other websites 
 Official website 
 www.office.com

Microsoft Office
Word processors
Scissors

Scissors are a tool used for cutting thin material like:
 paper
 cardboard
 metal foil
 thin plastic
 food
 cloth
 rope
 wire
 hair
 nail

Knives are better than scissors for some uses. Unlike a knife, scissors have two sharp edges.
Some types of scissors, like children's scissors, are not very sharp. Children's scissors are often protected with plastic. These are called "Safety Scissors".

Scissors can be made for left-handed or right-handed people. Using scissors made for the wrong hand is very hard for most people. 

There are many kinds of scissors used for cutting different materials and shapes.

Basic English 850 words
Cutting tools
Indigo

Indigo is a shade of blue, more specifically, purplish blue or dark blue.  

Isaac Newton named and defined indigo as a spectrum color when he divided up the spectrum into the seven colors of the rainbow.  The spectral range of indigo is between 450 and 420 nanometers.  

The name of the color indigo originally came from the indigo plant. Indigo is a dye made from the indigo plant, used to dye cloth. Indigo dye also is used to dye denim cloth, which is used to make what are called blue jeans (they should really be called indigo jeans). This shade of indigo is called indigo dye.

The indigo plant originally came from the nation of India. The Ancient Greek language word for the dye is indikon. The Romans used the term indicum, which passed into Italian dialect and eventually into English as the word indigo. 

These things are colored indigo:
 some grapes
 night sky in the mid-evening
 blueberries
some small clams
 some eggplants
Jenna Rose's jeans

Meaning of indigo
 Indigo represents religion, spirituality, sorcery and intuition. 

 In the Hindu religion, indigo represents the sixth chakra. 

 Indigo was also the name of a character from the famous toy line, Rainbow Brite.

Comparison of blue, indigo, violet and purple

Tones of indigo color comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors
Navy blue
Prussian blue

References
Malcolm IV of Scotland

Malcolm IV of Scotland (20 March 1141- December 9, 1165) was the grandson of David I of Scotland. He succeeded his grandfather as King of Scotland in 1153. He never married or had children. Not much is known about him.

References 

1140s births
1165 deaths
Kings and Queens of Scotland
12th century in Scotland
David I of Scotland

David I of Scotland (1084 – May 24, 1153) was the son of Malcolm III of Scotland and Saint Margaret of Scotland.

1084 births
1153 deaths
Kings and Queens of Scotland
12th century in Scotland