alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Coiba

Coiba is the largest island in Central America, with an area of , off the Pacific coast of the Panamanian province of Chiriquí. It is part of the Tolé District of that province.

History

Coiba separated from continental Panama about 12,000 to 18,000 years ago when sea levels rose. Plants and animals on the new island became isolated from mainland populations and over the millennia most animals have diverged in appearance and behaviour from their mainland counterparts. The island is home to many endemic subspecies, including the Coiba Island howler monkey, and the Coiba spinetail.

In 1919, a penal colony was built on the island and during the years that Panama was under the dictatorships of Omar Torrijos and Manuel Noriega, the prison on Coiba was a feared place with a reputation for brutal conditions, extreme tortures, executions and political murder. Nobody knows exactly how many people were killed in the prison during this period, but sources claim that the number could be close to three hundred. As such, the island was avoided by locals, and other than the prison, was completely undeveloped.

After the prison was closed down in 2004, the island's pristine condition made it ideal as a reserve. It is now said that the prison is haunted by the ghosts of prisoners. One story is that a guard was chasing a prisoner, but the prisoner was a ghost. The guard was so scared that he shot himself. It is also one of the last places in Central America where the scarlet macaw can be found in large numbers in the wild. The island is about 75% forested with a large fraction standing ancient forest. Coiba Island is home to rare flora and fauna found only on the island. The island also harbours tree species that have long disappeared from the mainland due to deforestation and overharvesting.

Coiba National Park
In 1992, Panama created Coiba National Park, encompassing over 1,042 square miles of islands, forests, beaches, mangroves and coral reefs, and in July 2005, Unesco declared it a World Heritage Site.

The park includes Coiba island, 38 smaller islands off the southwest coast of Panama, and the surrounding marine areas within the Gulf of Chiriquí providing protection for coral reefs, humpback whales, pilot whales, killer whales, dolphins, sea turtles, manta rays, marlins and other marine creatures.

Due to the Gulf of Chiriquí's capacity to buffer against the effects of El Niño temperature swings, the marine ecosystems within Coiba National Park harbor a high degree of biodiversity. The park harbors 760 species of marine fishes, 33 species of sharks and 20 species of cetaceans.

References

External links

Coiba National Park
Video of diving in Coiba

Pacific islands of Panama
World Heritage Sites in Panama
Veraguas Province
Protected areas established in 1992
1992 establishments in Panama
National parks of Panama
Prison islands
Tatsuaki Iwata

, also known as Masao Iwata, was a Japanese professional Go player.

Biography 
Iwata was a 9-dan Go professional from the Nagoya branch of the Nihon Ki-in. He won his 800th professional game in 2004. He retired from tournament play in 2011. He died in 2022 at the age of 96.

Promotion record

Titles & runners-up

See also 

 International Go Federation
 List of Go organizations
 List of professional Go tournaments

References 

1926 births
2022 deaths
Japanese Go players
Sportspeople from Nagoya
Tuggerah

Tuggerah () is a large commercial hub and a suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia. Tuggerah is situated on the Main North Railway Line and Pacific Motorway, and is located approximately 91 km north of Sydney and 68 km south of Newcastle. It is the second largest business hub, major shopping area and financial district for the Central Coast after Erina.

It is a mixture of semi-rural, residential, and light industrial. Historically it was, like much of the Wyong District, a dairy area, and still has the Pioneer Dairy Wetlands. There was an airstrip for some years which has now been built over. The Wyong South sewerage plant is also located in Tuggerah. Tuggerah is located in the Central Coast Council local government area.

History

Etymology
Not to be confused with Togara, Queensland (near Emerald), Tuggerah was originally an Aboriginal word, but its true meaning is not agreed upon by all sources. Some say that it originally meant 'cold' or 'cold place', and some say its original meaning was 'savannah grasslands'. Tuggerah was the name for the region, with The Entrance originally called "Tuggerah Entrance". "Tuggerah Beach" is located between North Entrance and Noraville. There was previously an electorate in the NSW Parliament called Tuggerah.

Commercial area 
Tuggerah is a major light industrial and commercial area for the northern Central Coast. It is a huge attraction for the Central Coast and further out residents for its Shopping Centre Westfield Tuggerah as well as the Tuggerah Supa Centre in Bryant Drive and numerous other shops along Pacific Highway. A number of well known business have Headquarters and offices in the Tuggerah Business Park such as Belkin, ING Australia, as well as the Zenith Business Centre on Reliance Drive.

References

External Links

Suburbs of the Central Coast (New South Wales)
Taboga, Panama

for the island see Taboga Island

Taboga    is a corregimiento in Taboga District, Panamá Province, Panama with a population of 731 as of 2010. It is the seat of Taboga District. Its population as of 1990 was 1,199; its population as of 2000 was 908.

References

Corregimientos of Panamá Province
Baby Guinness

A Baby Guinness is a shooter, a style of cocktail, or mixed alcoholic beverage, intended to be consumed in one shot. A Baby Guinness does not contain Guinness stout. Its name is derived from the fact that it is made in such a way as to look like a tiny glass of stout.

Preparation
A portion of coffee liqueur (e.g. Kahlúa or Tia Maria) is topped by a layer of Irish cream (e.g., Baileys or Coole Swan) which is poured over the back of a spoon so that it sits on the coffee liqueur. The ratio of coffee liqueur to Irish cream varies but is generally around 3-to-1. The resulting drink looks like a miniature pint of Guinness stout, with the coffee liqueur as the beer and the Irish cream as the head. It is normally served in a shot glass.

Some recipes call for the Irish cream to be whipped then spooned on top of the coffee liqueur in order to look more like the head on a pint of Guinness.

Variations
In some places a Baby Guinness is served with black Sambuca instead of coffee liqueur creating a drink similar to a Slippery Nipple.

History

The famous Baby Guinness shot is believed to have originated in Dublin, Ireland, during the 1980s and early 1990s. Its roots can be traced back to a renowned Dublin publication that operated a bar (now closed) called the "Waxies Dargle," located next to the iconic Rotunda maternity Hospital in Dublin City. The small pub brewed its own Irish coffee liqueur so became a heartwarming tradition offering expectant and new fathers and mothers a complimentary Baby Guinness shot with coffee liqueur and Baileys alongside their pint of real Guinness, this became a cherished symbol of camaraderie and celebration that is celebrated in Irish pubs all over Ireland to this very day.

In popular culture
Featured on an episode of Fine Living Network's Great Cocktails.

See also
 List of cocktails

References

External links

How to make a Baby Guiness

Shooters (drinks)
Cocktails with coffee liqueur
Cocktails with Irish cream
Julius Sundblom

August Julius Sundblom (22 June 1865 – 23 August 1945) was an editor and politician in Åland, Finland. 

Sundblom was born in Jomala, Åland. He founded Tidningen Åland in 1891, and was its editor-in-chief during 1891–1896 and 1921–1945. He was also editor-in-chief of Västra Nyland from 1895 until 1900, during which time he lived in Turku. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1907 to 1919, representing the Swedish People's Party of Finland (SFP).

Following Finland's declaration of independence in 1917, Sundblom became one of the leading figures of the Åland movement. The movement's goal of returning Åland to Sweden resulted in the Åland Crisis. Before the resolution of the crisis, Sundblom, along with Carl Björkman, was arrested by Finnish police and spent a few days in prison, accused of treason. On 2 September 1920, he was given a prison sentence of a year and a half, but he was pardoned by President Ståhlberg in October 1920.

In 1922, Sundblom became the first Speaker of the Landstinget (later called ), which had been instituted in accordance with the Finnish Autonomy Act of 1920 as part of the solution to the Åland Crisis.

References

External links 
Julius Sundblom biography

1865 births
1945 deaths
People from Jomala
People from Turku and Pori Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Swedish-speaking Finns
Swedish People's Party of Finland politicians
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1907–1908)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1908–1909)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1909–1910)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1910–1911)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1911–1913)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1913–1916)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1916–1917)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1917–1919)
Speakers of the Parliament of Åland
Members of the Parliament of Åland
Prisoners and detainees of Finland
Recipients of Finnish presidential pardons
Isla Grande

Isla Grande is a small island and corregimiento in Portobelo District, Colón Province, Panama, off the Caribbean coast. It had a population of 1,037 . Its population as of 1990 was 626; its population as of 2000 was 1,055. 
During the right times of year, the water between the island and the mainland provides an excellent surfing environment.
Most of the people found in the town are of African descent and trace it back to black African slaves and those known as Cimarrones. Its historical name was Isla Grande de Bastimentos. It was discovered and named in Spanish "Isle and port of Provisions" by Christopher Columbus in 1502 during his fourth and last voyage. As the Bastimentos together with its nearby port (Puerto de Bastimentos) it played an important role in history as the place where in 1726/7 the British Admiral Francis Hosier with 3,000 of his sailors died of tropical disease whilst anchored with his fleet of 20 ships during the disastrous Blockade of Porto Bello.

See also
List of lighthouses in Panama

References

Corregimientos of Colón Province
Grande
Lighthouses in Panama
Dagaga

Dagaga may refer to:
Degagah (disambiguation), places in Iran
Fataluku language
Glass house effect

The Glass House Effect (or GHE) is the resulting phenomenon brought on by an awareness that one is subject to ubiquitous surveillance. In corporate environments, the transparency is considered a good idea, as it is believed this discourages corporate crime and other misfeasance.

The Glass House Effect can cause a sense of pessimism in persons who are subjected to such unrestrained monitoring. In such circumstances, solitude is conspicuously absent, and privacy is considered a thoughtcrime. The messages conveyed to the subject in such an environment usually involve some variation on the notion of Catch-22, such as:

 There is no place to hide; nor should you want to.
 Any exhibited avoidance behavior is considered a threat, and an invitation for additional scrutiny.

External links
Leaders Should Exploit the "Glass House Effect", an Oren Harari essay in support of GHE.
An argument for openness argument for a transparent society from David Brin.

Surveillance
Gans

Gans may refer to:

 Gans, Oklahoma, town
 Gans, Pennsylvania, community
 Gans, Gironde, commune of the Gironde department, France

See also 
 Gans (surname), people with the surname Gans
 Generative adversarial networks (GANs), a class of artificial intelligence algorithms
Denis Zachaire

Denis Zachaire (1510–1556) is the pseudonym of a 16th-century alchemist who spent his life and family fortune in a futile search for the Philosopher's Stone and the Elixir of Life.

Pursuit of alchemy
Born in 1510 to a noble and ancient family of Guienne, Zachaire was sent to school at a young age in Bordeaux under the care of a tutor hired by the family. The tutor was obsessed with alchemy and the Magnum Opus, and Zachaire quickly found himself caught up in the hysteria, pouring vast amounts of his parents' money into the mystic crucible.

Laboring tirelessly in smoke-filled chambers, Zachaire and his tutor spent over 200 crowns and his parents reduced his allowance. After returning home to mortgage his inheritance, Zachaire took up with a "Philosopher" and later with a monk, both of whom helped him spend whatever gold he had left.

In 1550, Zachaire claimed to transmute base metal into gold.

References

Further reading
 Tenney L. Davis, "The Autobiography of Denis Zachaire", in Isis, nov. 1925, vol. 8, 2 pp. 287–299.
 E. J. Holmyard, L'Alchimie, trad. Arthaud, 1979, p. 264–270.
 Armand Lattes, Un alchimiste gascon : Denis Zachaire (1510–1556), Académie des Sciences, Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres de Toulouse, Série 18, Tome 5, Vol. 166, 5 décembre 2004, pp. 25–28.
 Renan Crouvizier, L'authenticité de l'opuscule attribué à maistre D.Zecaire, Chrysopoeia, n° I, Collège de France, 1995.

External links
Profile at alchemywebsite.com

1510 births
1556 deaths
French alchemists
People from Aquitaine
16th-century pseudonymous writers
16th-century alchemists
Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Light flyweight

The light flyweight boxing competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens was held from 18 to 29 August at Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall. This is limited to those boxers weighing less than 48 kilograms.

Competition format
Like all Olympic boxing events, the competition was a straight single-elimination tournament. This event consisted of 29 boxers who have qualified for the competition through various tournaments held in 2003 and 2004. The competition began with a preliminary round on 18 August, where the number of competitors was reduced to 16, and concluded with the final on 29 August. As there were fewer than 32 boxers in the competition, a number of boxers received a bye through the preliminary round. Both semi-final losers were awarded bronze medals.

All bouts consisted of four rounds of two minutes each, with one-minute breaks between rounds. Punches scored only if the white area on the front of the glove made full contact with the front of the head or torso of the opponent. Five judges scored each bout; three of the judges had to signal a scoring punch within one second for the punch to score. The winner of the bout was the boxer who scored the most valid punches by the end of the bout.

Schedule 
All times are Greece Standard Time (UTC+2)

Qualifying athletes

Results

Notes
 Najah Salah Ali (IRQ) received a wild card from the IOC.
 Toshiyuki Igarashi (JPN) replaced Noman Karim (PAK) as a lucky loser, because the Pakistani fighter dropped "due to technical reasons".

References

External links
 Official Olympic Report

Light Flyweight
Çamyuva

Çamyuva is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Kemer, Antalya Province, Turkey. Its population is 6,067 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde).

It is situated to the south of the central town of Kemer. Although during the past few years much construction has occurred, it is still famous for numerous olive and orange groves. The base station of the Olympos Aerial Tram is located nearby Çamyuva.

References

Neighbourhoods in Kemer District, Antalya
Turkish Riviera
Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things

Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things is a 2002 non-fiction book by German chemist Michael Braungart and US architect William McDonough. It is a manifesto detailing how to achieve their Cradle to Cradle Design model. It calls for a radical change in industry: a switch from a cradle-to-grave pattern to a cradle-to-cradle pattern. It suggests that the "reduce reuse recycle" methods perpetuate this cradle-to-grave strategy, and that more changes need to be made. The book discourages downcycling, but rather encourages the manufacture of products with the goal of upcycling in mind. This vision of upcycling is based on a system of "lifecycle development" initiated by Braungart and colleagues at the Environmental Protection Encouragement Agency in the 1990s: after products have reached the end of their useful life, they become either "biological nutrients" or "technical nutrients". Biological nutrients are materials that can re-enter the environment. Technical nutrients are materials that remain within closed-loop industrial cycles.

The book uses historical examples such as the Industrial Revolution along with commentary on science, nature, and society.

Background
William McDonough and Michael Braungart met at an Environmental Protection Encouragement Agency reception in New York City. They began discussing toxicity and design. They were immediately interested in working together to create a better world for each other, and in 1991 they coauthored The Hannover Principles: a set of design guidelines for the 2000 World's Fair that were issued at the 1992 World Urban Forum and United Nations forum of the Earth Summit. In 1995 they founded McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry, a firm to assist companies in implementing sustainable design protocols.

Publication
The book was published in 2002 by North Point Press. The book itself is printed using DuraBook technology. The pages are not paper, but rather synthetics created from plastic resins and inorganic fillers. The books are more durable and strong than traditional paper books, waterproof, and upcyclable. It is considered a "technical nutrient" in the lifecycle development system.

The book has been translated into 12 languages.

See also
Life cycle assessment
Sustainable products

References

External links
Video of speech of Michael Braungart at Global Eco Forum 2008
Royal Institute of British Architecture: William McDonough & Michael Braungart: Cradle to Cradle (video)

2002 non-fiction books
2002 in the environment
Sustainability books
Environmental non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Leadenham

  
Leadenham is a village and civil parish in North Kesteven district of  Lincolnshire, England. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 410.  It lies   north from Grantham,  south of Lincoln and  north west of Sleaford on the A607 between Welbourn and Fulbeck, and at the southern edge of the Lincoln Cliff.

History

There is evidence of Bronze Age, Romano-British and Early Medieval occupation.

The name of the village probably comes from the Anglo-Saxon 'Leodan' and 'ham' for "homestead or village of a man called Leoda." It appears in the  Domesday Book as "Ledeneham".

Much of the village belonged to the Reeve family whose family seat is still Leadenham House, a Georgian country house built from 1790 for William Reeve.

The Royal Flying Corps airfield to the east was built in 1916, and closed in 1919.

The village boasted a railway station from 1876 to 1965 which was part of the Grantham and Lincoln Railway Line.

In 1995 the village was bypassed to the south by the A17.

Community

Leadenham Anglican church is dedicated to St Swithun; it originated in the 13th century and is in Decorated style.

The ecclesiastical parish is part of the Loveden Deanery of the Diocese of Lincoln. As of 2016, the incumbent is Rev Alison Healy.

The Village Post Office is in the heart of Leadenham on Main Road. In 2015, Leadenham Teahouse opened within the Post Office. In March 2017, the Post Office and Leadenham Teahouse won a Rural Oscar with the Countryside Alliance awards for the Best Post Office and Village Shop in the East of England.

The village public house is the George Hotel on High Street (A607).

Transport
Leadenham is served by the hourly Lincolnshire InterConnect route 1 operated by Stagecoach Lincolnshire (between Lincoln and Grantham).

References

External links

Leadenham Teahouse
 Primary school
 Leadenham Players
 Leadenham Polo Club
 Leadenham House
 "Leadenham", Genuki

Villages in Lincolnshire
Civil parishes in Lincolnshire
North Kesteven District
Frailes, Desamparados, Costa Rica

Frailes is a district of the Desamparados canton, in the San José province of Costa Rica, around one hour south of Desamparados in Costa Rica.

Geography 
Frailes has an area of  km² and an elevation of  metres.

Demographics 

For the 2011 census, Frailes had a population of  inhabitants.

Transportation

Road transportation 
The district is covered by the following road routes:
 National Route 222

References 

Districts of San José Province
Populated places in San José Province
Fishbone, Wishbone, Funnybone

Fishbone, Wishbone, Funnybone is an album by Massachusetts-based English folk musician Zoë Lewis, released in 2001.

Track listing 
Bastille Day
Fortune Cookie
When the Developers Came to Tea
Lullaby on 24th and Mission
Going Song
Sarcophagi
Jam
Funnybone
Jacques Cousteau
Write Me a Letter
Snail Road
Miss. Jones
Squid

2001 albums
BAAS

BAAS may refer to:
 Bachelor of Applied Arts and Sciences, a bachelor's degree offered at some universities
 British Association for the Advancement of Science, now the British Science Association
 British Association for American Studies
 Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society

See also 
 Baas, a surname
Rafael Ximeno y Planes

Rafael Ximeno y Planes (1759–1807 or 1825) was a Spanish painter and draughtsman born in Valencia and deceased in Mexico (by then center of the colony of New Spain).

Biography 
He was the son of a silversmith and first learned the painter's profession from his maternal uncle Luis Planes. Later he studied at the Real Academia de San Fernando in Madrid thanks to a scholarship. He also studied in Rome in 1783. In 1786 he was appointed vice-director (teniente director) of the Real Academia de San Carlos of Valencia, and in 1793 he moved to Mexico City as the vice-director of the School of Fine Arts.

In addition to academic canvases, Ximeno also created the frescos in the churches of Jesús María and La Profesa, in Mexico City. His fresco ‘The Assumption of the Virgin’ can be found in the dome of Catedral Metropolitana de Ciudad de México. Some of his work also appears in the Basílica de la Asunción, in the town of Cieza, Spain.

Throughout his career, he made drawings which were preparatory for prints. Notable among these are his illustrations for the very popular first Spanish translation of Robinson Crusoe, by Tomás de Iriarte (1750–91), published in Madrid in 1789 (which is in fact a translation not of Daniel Defoe's original text, but of Joachim Heinrich Campe’s adaptation, published in Hamburg 1779–80). Four of these preparatory drawings by Rafael Ximeno y Planes are preserved in the British Library. There are also drawings by José Juan Camarón y Meliá (1760–1819) for this edition of Robinson Crusoe in the British Library.

More prints after drawings by Ximeno y Planes appear as illustrations in two editions of Don Quixote, one published by the Real Academia de la Lengua in Madrid (now Real Academia Española) and printed by Ibarra in 1780, and another published by Gabriel de Sancha between 1797 and 1798. In 1779 he illustrated an edition of Crónica de Juan II by Hernando del Pulgar.

The artist is also known for the engraved portraits of Charles IV of Spain, Francisco de Quevedo and Pedro Calderón de la Barca, appearing in the series Retratos de Españoles Ilustres, engraved by Mariano Brandi, for which he drew the designs.

References

1759 births
1825 deaths
18th-century Spanish painters
18th-century Spanish male artists
Spanish male painters
19th-century Spanish painters
19th-century Spanish male artists
Artists from Valencia
Fritz Schaudinn

Fritz Richard Schaudinn (19 September 1871 – 22 June 1906) was a German zoologist.

Born in Röseningken (now in Ozyorsky District) in the Province of Prussia, he co-discovered, with Erich Hoffmann in 1905, the causative agent of syphilis, Spirochaeta pallida (also known as Treponema pallidum). The work was carried out at the Berlin Charité.

Among Schaudinn's other contributions to medicine include his work in the field of amoebic dysentery and sleeping sickness, his confirmation of the work of Sir Ronald Ross and Giovanni Battista Grassi (1854–1925) in the field of malaria research. He also demonstrated that human hookworm infection is contracted through the skin of the feet. He made noted contributions to zoology and was one of the developers of protozoology as an experimental science. Schaudinn was a graduate in zoology of the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin. Since 2002 an annual medical prize has been awarded in his name.

In 1898 with zoologist Fritz Römer (1866–1909), he participated on a scientific trip to Svalbard. Results of the expedition led to publication of Fauna Arctica, a project on Arctic fauna begun by Schaudinn and Römer and continued by August Brauer (1863–1917) and Walther Arndt (1891–1944).

Schaudinn died during his journey back to Germany from an International Medicine Meeting in Lisbon, when he underwent an urgent surgery aboard due to gastrointestinal amoebian abscesses. Such amoebian infection had probably been voluntarily acquired when he did research on amoebas. Schaudinn was a little under 35 years of age when he died in Hamburg.

References

External links
 
 Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 

1871 births
1906 deaths
People from Ozyorsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast
Scientists from the Province of Prussia
German venereologists
19th-century German zoologists
20th-century German zoologists
Infectious disease deaths in Germany
Livin' in the City

Livin' in the City is the fifth studio album by the Fun Lovin' Criminals, released in 2005.

Track listing 
 "I Love Livin' in the City" - 3:45
 "How It Be" - 3:57
 "That Ain't Right" - 3:06
 "The Preacher" - 2:47
 "Ballad of NYC" - 5:36
 "Is Ya Alright" - 2:52
 "Gave Up on God" - 4:55
 "City Boy" - 3:14
 "Girl with the Scar" - 4:23
 "Mi Corazon" - 3:25
 "Will I Be Ready" - 6:01

External links 
 

Fun Lovin' Criminals albums
2005 albums
Sanctuary Records albums
Gayssot Act

The Gayssot Act or Gayssot Law (), enacted on 13 July 1990, makes it an offence in France to question the existence or size of the category of crimes against humanity as defined in the London Charter of 1945, on the basis of which Nazi leaders were convicted by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg in 1945–1946 (article 9).

Provisions 

Communist member of Parliament Jean-Claude Gayssot proposed the law. It is one of several European laws prohibiting Holocaust denial. Its first article states that "any discrimination founded on membership or non-membership of an ethnic group, a nation, a race or a religion is prohibited." The law also requires the Commission nationale consultative des droits de l'homme (National Consultative Commission on Human Rights), created in 1947, to publish an annual report on relations between ethnicities in France.

Previous legislation

Marchandeau Decree (1939)
At the request of the International League against Racism and Anti-Semitism, Paul Marchandeau, center-right Justice Minister in the 1938-1939 third and fourth Daladier governments, issued the decree of 21 April 1939 amending the Law on the Freedom of the Press of 29 July 1881 by providing prosecution "when defamation or insult committed against a group of persons, by their origin, race or religion, will have been designed to arouse hatred among citizens or residents" (translated). This decree  was repealed by the law of the Vichy collaborationist government of 16 August 1940. The decree came again into force after the Liberation of France in 1944 by an ordinance of 9 August 1944 repealing most of the Vichy legislation.

Pleven Law (1972)
René Pleven, center-right Justice Minister in the Chaban-Delmas and Messmer governments in 1969–1973, proposed in 1972 a new law against racism, which was unanimously adopted by the National Assembly, the 72-546 1 July 1972 Law pertaining to the fight against racism. This law came as a requisite after France's ratification in 1971 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. It differed considerably from the 1939 decree, which permitted only the prosecutor's office to initiate a procedure, whereas the 1972 law allowed any representative organization to initiate a legal procedure.

Legal challenges
After Robert Faurisson was removed from his university chair under the Gayssot Act, he challenged it as a violation of his right to freedom of expression under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The United Nations Human Rights Committee upheld the condemnation of Faurisson, but mentioned that the Gayssot Act may be too broad.

See also 
 Expulsion of Romani people from France
 Robert Faurisson
 Historical negationism
 Laws against Holocaust denial

References

External links 
Text of the law, Légifrance 

Anti-racism in France
Historical negationism
French criminal law
Freedom of expression
1990 in law
1990 in France
Censorship in France
Holocaust denial in France
Laws criminalizing Holocaust denial
Eyeopener

Eyeopener are a British dance group active since 2003. Their first hit, a cover of Eric Carmen's "Hungry Eyes", reached No. 16 on the UK Singles Chart and No.7 on the Scottish Singles Chart. Their song "Sexy Eyes" was included in the compilation album, Clubland 7.

Discography

Singles
 "Open Your Eyes" (2003)
 "Hungry Eyes" (2004) - UK No. 16
 "Sexy Eyes" (2005)
 "Angel Eyes" (2005)
 "She's Like the Wind" (2007)
 "Singin' Dam Di Da Doo" (2008)
 "Will My Heart Survive"

References

External links
Discography @ Discogs.com

British trance music groups
Musical groups from Manchester
British musical trios
English dance music groups
List of ship decommissionings in 1922

The list of ship decommissionings in 1922 includes a chronological list of ships decommissioned in 1922.  In cases where no official decommissioning ceremony was held, the date of withdrawal from service may be used instead.


References

See also 

1922
 Ship decommissionings
 Ship launches
Ship launches
Raduan Nassar

Raduan Nassar (born November 27, 1935, in Pindorama, São Paulo) is a Brazilian writer. The son of Lebanese immigrants, he moved to São Paulo when he was a teenager. He studied Law and Philosophy at the University of São Paulo.
In 1970, he wrote Um Copo de Cólera, published in 1978. His literary debut was in 1975, when Lavoura Arcaica was released. The Brazilian cinema adapted both of his books (see the article Lavoura Arcaica (To the left of the father)). In 1997, Menina a Caminho, a book of short stories written during the 1960s and 70s, was released.

Despite great critical acclaim, Nassar retired from writing in 1984, claiming he had lost interest in literature and wanted to work with agriculture instead.  As a landowner, Nassar dedicated himself to commercial farming until 2011, when he donated the entire farm to the Federal University of São Carlos, on the condition that it should become a new campus.  He has also donated much of his real estate and invested in local charity, retiring then to a small farm.

In 2016, Nassar was acclaimed the winner of the 2016 Camões Prize, the most prestigious award of the Portuguese language literature.

English translations

Reviewing A Cup of Rage in British daily newspaper The Guardian, Nicholas Lezard found it to be "a burning coal of a work", adding, "You may consider a book this short to be scarcely worthy of the name, but it packs more power into its scant 47 pages than most books do into five or 10 times as many. Each of its seven chapters comes not only as an unbroken paragraph but as a single sentence: you have to read carefully to keep track, and once you have finished you will want to read it again. The writing is chewy – dense, tough, but well worth the effort".

References
 

Living people
1935 births
Brazilian male writers
Brazilian people of Lebanese descent
Camões Prize winners
Writers from São Paulo (state)
University of São Paulo alumni
Resurrection (Halford album)

Resurrection is the debut album by the American heavy metal band Halford, released in 2000. It was recorded over the span of almost two years, from August 1998 to June 2000. The album marks the return of Rob Halford's heavy metal roots after several years of musical experimentation. It features the song "The One You Love to Hate", a duet with metal band Iron Maiden vocalist Bruce Dickinson. "Silent Screams" is a re-recorded song that was originally demoed by Halford's previous band 2wo.

In 2006, Resurrection was remastered and re-released with an expanded (adding outtakes from the original sessions) track list on iTunes, and later on CD in 2009.

Critical reception 

In September 2003, Resurrection was ranked number 54 on a list of "The Top 100 Heavy Metal Albums" by online magazine Metal-Rules.com. In 2005, Resurrection was ranked number 320 in Rock Hard magazine's book The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time.

Track listing

2006 track listing

Personnel 

Halford
 Rob Halford – vocals
 Patrick Lachman – guitar
 Mike Chlasciak – guitar
 Ray Riendeau – bass
Bobby Jarzombek – drums

Additional performers
Roy Z – guitar
Bruce Dickinson – additional lead vocals on "The One You Love to Hate"
Pete Parada – drums on "The One You Love to Hate"
Ed Roth – keyboards on "Twist" and "Silent Screams"

Production
Produced by Roy Z
Executive producer/A&R – John Baxter
Drums recorded by Billy Bowers, assisted by Mike Terry
Guitars, bass, and other instrumentation recorded by Joe Floyd and Roy Z, with digital editing by Richard "The Guru" Carrette
Vocals and additional instrumentation recorded by Bill Cooper and Attie Bauw
Mixed by Attie Bauw and Charlie Baurfeind
Mastered by Tom Baker (2006 edition)
Photography by John Eder and Fin Costello
Art and design by Marc Sasso (2009 CD release)

References 

2000 debut albums
Halford (band) albums
Albums produced by Roy Z
Cavity method

The cavity method is a mathematical method presented by Marc Mézard, Giorgio Parisi and Miguel Angel Virasoro in 1987 to solve some mean field type models in statistical physics, specially adapted to disordered systems. The method has been used to compute properties of ground states in many condensed matter and optimization problems.

Initially invented to deal with the Sherrington–Kirkpatrick model of spin glasses, the cavity method has shown wider applicability. It can be regarded as a generalization of the Bethe—Peierls iterative method in tree-like graphs, to the case of a graph with loops that are not too short. The different approximations that can be done with the cavity method are usually named after their equivalent with the different steps of the replica method which is mathematically more subtle and less intuitive than the cavity approach.

The cavity method has proved useful in the solution of optimization problems such as k-satisfiability and graph coloring. It has yielded not only ground states energy predictions in the average case, but also has inspired algorithmic methods.

See also

The cavity method originated in the context of statistical physics, but is also closely related to methods from other areas such as belief propagation.

References

Further reading
 
 
 
 
 

Condensed matter physics
2006 State of Mexico election

A local election was held in the State of Mexico, Mexico on Sunday, March 12, 2006. About 3.5 million people (40% of the total registered electorate) went to the polls to elect, on the local level:

125 municipal presidents (mayors) to serve for a three-year term.
75 local deputies (45 by the first-past-the-post system and 30 by proportional representation) to serve for a three-year term in the Congress of the State of México.

In addition to the eight nationally recognized political parties, the State of Mexico has, as of 2006, one locally recognized political party, the Partido Unidos por México (PUM), therefore nine political parties will participate in the Mexico state election.

Election results
Official results can be found at the 2006 elections website.

Municipalities

Local Congress

External links
Electoral Institute of the State of Mexico website

State of Mexico
Election
State of Mexico elections
FCHS

FCHS may refer to:

Schools
 Falls Church High School, in West Falls Church, Virginia, United States
 Fannin County High School in Blue Ridge, Georgia, United States
 Farmington Central High School (disambiguation)
 Fayette County High School (Georgia), United States
 Finchley Catholic High School, in London
 First Coast High School, in Jacksonville, Florida, United States
 Floyd Central High School (Indiana), in Floyds Knobs, Indiana, United States
 Floyd Central High School (Kentucky), in Floyd County, Kentucky, United States
 Floyd County High School, in Floyd County, Virginia, United States
 Fluvanna County High School, in Palmyra, Virginia, United States
 Ford City High School, in Ford City, Pennsylvania, United States
 Forrest City High School, in Forrest City, Arkansas, United States
 Forsyth Central High School, in Cumming, Georgia, United States
 Fort Campbell High School, in Fort Campbell, Kentucky, United States
 Fort Collins High School, in Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
 Fox Creek High School, in North Augusta, South Carolina, United States
 Frank Church High School, in Boise, Idaho, United States
 Frankfort Community High School, in West Frankfort, Illinois, United States
 Franklin Central High School, in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
 Franklin County High School (disambiguation)
 Franklin Community High School, in Franklin, Indiana, United States
 Freeburg Community High School, in Freeburg, Illinois, United States
 Fresno Christian High School, in Fresno, California, United States
 Frontier Central High School, in Hamburg, New York, United States

Other
 French Colonial Historical Society, see Michael G. Vann

See also 
 FCH (disambiguation)
Monte Grande

Monte Grande is a city which forms part of the urban agglomeration of Greater Buenos Aires. It is the administrative seat of Esteban Echeverría Partido in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.

It was founded on April 3, 1889, by a company named Sociedad Coni, Sansisena y Cía., and has an area of  and a population of 109,644 inhabitants ().

Named for the Pago de Monte Grande founded by a Spanish Empire Conquistador, the town initially grew around tala and ombú forests, to which vineyards and peach trees were later added. The Sociedad Coni, Sansinena y Cía., prominent Avellaneda-area saladero operators, purchased the land from the Fair family in 1889; Governor Máximo Paz signed a bill establishing Monte Grande on April 3 of that year. Among Monte Grande's first significant businesses were kiln opened by Coni & Sansinena, and the Bon Marché market. Esteban Echeverría Partido was established in 1913, with Monte Grande as its county seat. A number of meat packing plants operated here during much of the 20th century, though these eventually closed. A Coca-Cola bottling plant and the Sofía Santamarina Hospital thus became two of the largest employers in the city, which became a bedroom community with a services-oriented economy.

In Monte Grande, there was an oversea telegraphy radio station.

References

External links

Todo Monte Grande 

Esteban Echeverría Partido
Populated places in Buenos Aires Province
Populated places established in 1889
Cities in Argentina
Sirilal Kodikara

Sirilal Kodikara (27 August 1924 – 19 November 2021) was a Sri Lankan novelist, poet, journalist, and radio play writer who wrote in Sinhala. He was a Buddhist priest in the early part of his life.

Life and career
Kodikara was born on 27 August 1924. He started his journalistic career in 1948 writing for a weekly Sinhala newspaper, Sinhala Jathiya.  Later he worked under Editor-in-Chief D. B. Dhanapala at the newspaper Davasa, founded in 1961 by M. D. Gunasena.  This period of journalism by Kodikara and his contemporaries has been described as “a golden era in the history of local media in Sri Lanka”. Kodikara later wrote for the newspapers Aththa, Heta, and Ravaya. He authored many books on various subjects.

He was known for his stint as a journalist at the now defunct Aththa (Truth) newspaper. His daily column “Ranchagoda Lamaya”, in the form of a two-stanza poem, was heavily laced with biting criticism of whoever was in power and was very popular during the 1970s and 80s. In addition to his short stories, poems, and novels, he wrote “Mahawansa Vimansana” (non-fiction) exploring the myths of the Mahawamsa chronicle. His “Manasa Vila” was produced as an opera by Premasiri Khemadasa.

Kodikara received a 2009 Lifetime Achievement Award from the Editors’ Guild of Sri Lanka and the Sri Lanka Press Institute.

He died on 19 November 2021, at the age of 97.

Books 
Kiyami sihikara
Mahāvaṃśa vimaṃśana
Gahen văṭuṇu găhăniya saha tavat aya
Viśvaya tuḷa viśva
Ṭayar saya langa nam sthānaya : păbandum daha aṭakin yukta ya
Mānasa vila saha Kanēru mal
Diya vălak ossē
Baka vata
Kǎlisṭāgē savāriya
Kanēru mal : vesaṅganaka gē premaya varṇanaya kerena padya kāvyaya
Magē sākkiya

Notes

External links

1924 births
2021 deaths
Sri Lankan journalists
Sri Lankan novelists
Sri Lankan poets
Sri Lankan radio writers
WRK

WRK, or wrk, may refer to:

 wrk, the ISO 639-3 code for the Garrwa language, spoken by the Garrwa people of the Northern Territory of Australia
 WRK, the National Rail code for Worksop railway station in Nottinghamshire, UK
 WRK, the NYSE code for WestRock, an American corrugated packaging company

See also

 Work (disambiguation)
Spectrum Software

Spectrum Software was a software company based in California, whose main focus is electrical simulation and analysis tools, most notably the circuit simulator Micro-Cap. It was founded in February 1980 by Andy Thompson. Initially, the company concentrated on providing software for Apple II systems.

One of the earliest products was Logic Designer and Simulator. Released in June 1980, this product was the first integrated circuit editor and logic simulation system available for personal computers. In many ways it was the forerunner of the Micro-Cap products. Its primary goal was to provide a “circuit creation and simulation” environment for digital simulation.

In August 1981, the analog equivalent of the first program, Circuit Designer and Simulator, was released. Its integrated text editor created circuit descriptions for a simple, linear, analog simulator. September 1982 saw the release of the first Micro-Cap package as a successor to the Circuit Designer and Simulator. The name Micro-Cap was derived from the term Microcomputer Circuit Analysis Program.

As of July 4, 2019, the company has closed and the software is now free.   In early 2023, their website went offline, though it was previously backed up at archive.org.

References

 Micro-CAP: An Analog Circuit Design System for Personal Computers
 Spice Programs: Computerized Circuit Analysis For Analog EEs
 Analysis of digital filters via SPICE-family programs
 Modeling IIj Noise in HEMTS with SPICE-Based Micro-Cap
 AC Analysis of Idealized Switched-Capacitor Circuits in Spice-Compatible Programs
 White Paper: A New Zobel Network for Audio
 Get more power with a boosted triode

External links
 

Software companies based in California
Companies based in Sunnyvale, California
Defunct software companies of the United States
John P. Kee

John P. Kee (born John Prince Kee on June 4, 1962) is an American gospel singer and pastor.

Kee has been active for more than 20 years in the music field. He is primarily known for mixing traditional gospel with modern contemporary gospel, and for having a soulful husky voice. Kee is also known as "The Prince of Gospel Music".

Early life and education 
John P. Kee was born on June 4, 1962 in Durham, North Carolina. At an early age he began developing his musical talent both instrumentally and vocally. He attended the North Carolina School of the Arts in Winston-Salem. At age 14, he and his brothers, Wayne and Al, moved to California. There he began attending the Yuba College Conservatory School of Music in Marysville, California. During this time, he began playing with various groups such as Cameo, Donald Byrd and the Blackbyrds.

Due to having a hard time adjusting in California, he moved to Charlotte, North Carolina (only to find himself living in a part of the city known for its violence and drug activities). After watching one of his friends being murdered in a drug deal gone bad, he rededicated his life back to God during a visitation to a revival meeting.

Music career 
In the mid-1980s, Kee formed a community choir in Charlotte known as the New Life Community Choir or "NLCC". Over time, the choir grew in popularity, and has continued to travel throughout the area. The choir also included Kee's own children.

In 1990, Kee founded the Victory in Praise Music and Arts Seminar Mass Choir, or "V.I.P." to fellowship with various ministries, songwriters, musicians and choir directors from all over the country.

In 2007, Kee was inducted into the Christian Music Hall of Fame.

Personal life and ministry 
In December 1995, Kee married Felice Sampson. They are the parents of nine children. His son, Christopher Kee, was selected to join Diddy's live band as a drummer for his upcoming tour of Last Train to Paris (2010).

Kee said that it was during a trip to Michigan with his choir that he received a calling from God to be a preacher. He was in his mid-twenties when he became an ordained minister.

In 1995, while ministering in Ohio, Kee received a prophetic vision and went forward with the building of a Fellowship Center in Charlotte which could minister to the people in the community. He officially founded the New Life Fellowship Center where he became and remains the senior pastor. The church is located in the same area where he had once led a life of crime and drugs.

Discography 
Solo albums

With choir

Videography 
"It Will Be Alright" – 1990 (VHS)
"Wash Me" – 1991 (VHS)
"We Walk By Faith" – 1994 (VHS)
"Show Up" – 1995 (VHS)
"Stand" – 1996 (VHS) 
"Strength" – 1998 (VHS)
"Not Guilty: The Experience" – 2001 (VHS/DVD)
"Absolutely Live!" (compilation) – 2003 (DVD)

External links 
  New Life City of Praise – Official web site

References 

1962 births
Living people
American gospel singers
Urban contemporary gospel musicians
African-American musicians
Musicians from Durham, North Carolina
American Pentecostals
Members of the Church of God in Christ
Church of God in Christ pastors