alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Fight Club

Fight Club is a 1999 American drama movie. It stars Edward Norton, Brad Pitt, and Helena Bonham Carter. The movie was directed by David Fincher. It is based on a novel of the same name by Chuck Palahniuk.

The story is about an unnamed character's path during a dark form of personal enlightenment (or eternal happiness) which is achieved primarily through fighting. The story is dark and, in both the book and the movie, contains strong depictions of violence. There are a large number of metaphors which are revealed in its complex and twisted storyline. Some would think that the morals and life guidelines taught in the story would be an extreme form of Buddhism, such as the idea of detachment from material possessions (things). The central character has dissociative identity disorder.

Cast 
 Brad Pitt as Tyler Durden
 Edward Norton as the Narrator
 Helena Bonham Carter as Marla Singer
 Meat Loaf as Robert Paulson
 Jared Leto as Angel Face

Other websites 

Fight club wallpapers

1999 drama movies
1990s satirical movies
American drama movies
American satirical movies
Cult movies
Dissociative identity disorder in movies
English-language movies
Movies about terrorism
Movies based on books
Movies directed by David Fincher
20th Century Fox movies
Top of the Pops

Top of the Pops is a British music show, which featured popular artists performing their songs. It started in 1964 and ended in 2006 because not enough people were watching it any more. It was hosted by many presenters over the years, most notably by Sir Jimmy Savile, who opened the very first show on New Year's Day 1964 on BBC1.

TOTP2 (Top of the Pops 2) is a variant of the show. However, it featured a collection of archive performances by artists spanning the past four decades.

The show was regularly hosted by Steve Wright, up until 2009, when Mark Radcliffe replaced him. A new episode of the programme is shown on 25 December each year.

Other websites

References 

1964 television series debuts
1960s British television series
1970s British television series
1980s British television series
1990s British television series
2000s British television series
BBC Television programmes
Music television series
1964 in music
CBS network shows
English-language television programs
Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago (officially called the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago) is a country in the south Caribbean Sea. It is 11 km (7 miles) away from Venezuela. The country has two bigger islands, Trinidad and Tobago, and many smaller islands.  The capital is Port-of-Spain.  The country has about 1,262,366 people in it.

Trinidad and Tobago received independence from the United Kingdom on August 31, 1962.  Before that, it was ruled by the U.K.  Right now, the head of state (person who is in charge of the country) is Ms Paula-Mae Weekes. The head of government (person who is in charge of the government) are Prime Minister Keith Rowley and President Paula-Mae Weekes.

Trinidad and Tobago is very diverse. It has people of many different races and religions. There are people who are children of Africans, Europeans, Arabs, Indians, and Chinese who moved to the islands a long time ago. The biggest religions in the country are Christianity and Hinduism. There are also Islam and African religions in the country. Trinidad and Tobago was home to the indigenous Caribs.

The country has some natural gas beneath the ground and underwater in the ocean. Natural gas is a liquid that makes machines work and heats houses.  Also, many people called tourists visit the islands. They take pictures and learn about the islands.

The people in the country are famous for their music and artists such as Nicki Minaj and Haddaway. They also play football and cricket.

Demographics 

The population of Trinidad and Tobago is 1.17 million as of (2002). The ethnic groups of the population are: 
 40.3%: East Indian
 39.5%: West African descent
 18.4%: Mixed Race
 1.2%: Chinese and Other
 0.6%: European descent

Related pages
List of rivers of Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago at the Olympics
Trinidad and Tobago national football team

References

Other websites 

 Official Government Website
 Official Tourism Website
  National emblems of Trinidad and Tobago
 Central Statistical Office, Government of Trinidad and Tobago

 
Caribbean Community
1962 establishments in North America
Commonwealth member states
Oder-Neisse line

The Oder-Neisse line (named after the Oder and Neisse rivers) is the border between Germany and Poland since the end of the Second World War. As a result of the defeat Germany lost a part of its territory to Poland. Previously, the German Empire had to cede the former Prussian provinces of Posen and Westpreußen, as well as parts of upper Silesia, to the newly founded Polish state after the First World War in 1919.  In earlier centuries these territories were part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.  They were annexed to the Kingdom of Prussia, as a result of the tripartite partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by the Kingdom Prussia, the Holy Roman Empire and the Russian Empire. 

Most of the ethnically-German part of the population of these provinces, alongside most of the German minority population in what was Poland before the Second World War (741,000 people), either fled before the Red Army to central and western Germany or were forcibly resettled later. It should be noted here that German citizens of Polish descent and ethically-Polish residents of these regions and other parts of Germany faced systematic discrimination, internment in concentration camps, property-confiscations, forced-resettlement and expulsion under the Nazi administration.

Geography of Germany
1945 establishments in Germany
Geography of Poland
1940s establishments in Poland
World War II
Jimmy Wales

Jimmy Donal "Jimbo" Wales (; born August 7, 1966) is an American-born British Internet entrepreneur. He is one of the people who started Wikipedia and Wikia. Wales was born in Huntsville, Alabama, United States. There, he went to Randolph School. He then earned bachelor’s and master’s degrees in finance. In 1996, he and two partners started Bomis. Bomis was an Internet portal with entertainment and adult content. The company gave money for Nupedia (2000–2003) and, after that, Wikipedia.

Personal life 

Wales has been married four times. He also has two children. When he was 20, Wales married Pam. Pam was a worker at a store in Alabama. He met his second wife, Christine Rohan, through a friend in Chicago. They had a daughter before their marriage ended. Wales moved to San Diego in 1998. In 2002, he moved again to Florida. In 2007, he still lived there. As of 2012 he lives in London, England. In 2012, Wales married Kate Garvey, a government worker for Tony Blair. Wales has three daughters: one with Rohan and two with Garvey.

Wales says that he follows the ideas of Objectivism. He also says that he is a libertarian to some extent, meaning that he thinks people should be allowed to do whatever they want so long as they do not hurt others.

Career 
On January 15, 2001, with Larry Sanger and others, Wales started  Wikipedia. Wikipedia is a free, open content encyclopedia. It grew and became popular very quickly. As Wikipedia became known to the public, he became the project’s promoter and spokesperson. He is often called a co-founder of Wikipedia, though he has argued against the "co-" part. He said he was the only founder. Wales is on the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation. In 2004, he co-founded Wikia, a wiki-hosting service which tries to make money. In 2015, Wales started the Jimmy Wales Foundation for freedom of expression, to try to help bloggers or internet activists who are in prison.

References 

1966 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Alabama
Writers from Huntsville, Alabama
Wikimedia Foundation
Wikipedia people
Libertarians
British bloggers
Exeter

Exeter is a city in South West England on the River Exe, from which it takes its name. It is the county town of Devon. Just over 100,000 live there. In the city are a ruined castle, much of the old Roman city wall, and Exeter Cathedral.

History
Exeter was built by the Romans, who called it Isca Dumnoniorum (Isca of the Dumnonii, the local British tribe). After the Romans left and the Anglo-Saxons moved into the area in the seventh century, the name changed to Exeter. In the 1060s, Exeter was a centre of resistance to the Norman conquest.

In 1050, the Bishop of Crediton moved to Exeter; from then until 1876 the bishops were the heads of the church in the whole of Devon and Cornwall. Now, only Devon is within the Exeter diocese.

Today
Today it is home to the Meteorological Office, which forecasts the country's weather.
United States Congress

The United States Congress is the legislative, or law making, branch of the United States government. It meets in the United States Capitol.

It has two houses (parts): The United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate. This two house system is known as a bicameral (bi is the Latin word for "two", and camera is Latin for "chamber" or "room") legislature. There are 435 Representatives in Congress, split between the states based on how many people live in the state. There are 100 Senators in Congress, with two coming from each state.

The primary duty of Congress is to write, debate, and pass bills (laws they want).   For Congress to pass a bill, both houses must pass exactly the same bill.  For each house to pass a bill, more than half of its members must vote in favor of passing the bill.  After both houses pass the same bill, this bill is then sent to the President.  If the President agrees the bill should be a law he or she signs the bill within 10 days.  If the president does not agree, then he or she can veto the bill and send it back to Congress.  If the bill is neither signed nor vetoed by the president within 10 days, the bill becomes law anyway if Congress does not adjourn (end its session) within that time.  If Congress adjourns within that time, the bill does not become a law.  Congress may override a president's veto of a bill by having more than two thirds of its members passing the bill.  In that case, the bill becomes law even though the president vetoed it.  

Article 1 of the United States Constitution lists what subjects Congress can pass laws on.  

Members of Congress cannot be arrested, except for certain crimes, during a session of Congress or going to or returning from a session.  

Each house of Congress can decide to expel (throw out) one of its members if more than two thirds of them vote to expel him or her.  

The political party with the most members in a house of Congress usually decides which bills are voted on in their house.

Related page 

 Parliamentary procedure

References 

 
National legislatures
Bicameral legislatures
Charles Cornwallis

Lord Charles Cornwallis (31 December 1738  5 October 1805) was a British general and colonial governor. He is best known for leading the British forces in the American Revolution.

His parents were Elizabeth, and Charles Cornwallis, 1st Earl Cornwallis.

Cornwallis moved to the 13 colonies in North America in 1776 to try to control the rebelling colonies. He fought at the Battle of Princeton. George Washington led the Americans in that battle. Later, Cornwallis led British forces through North Carolina and South Carolina, where he fought against American forces under Nathanael Greene. In October 1781, Cornwallis's forces surrendered to George Washington at the Battle of Yorktown, ending the American Revolution.

In 1786 Cornwallis was appointed Governor-General of the British colony of India.

From 1798 to 1801 Cornwallis was Lord Lieutenant and Commander in Chief of Ireland.

He died in 1805 because of a fever.

1738 births
1805 deaths
People from London
British in the American Revolutionary War
British Earls
British Marquesses
Governors-General of India
Lord-lieutenants
1738



Events 
 November 13 – Treaty of Vienna

Births 
Ethan Allen – January 21
Lord Charles Cornwallis – December 31

Deaths 
Charles Townshend – June 21
Battle of Princeton

The Battle of Princeton was a battle during the American Revolution. It was fought in January of 1777 near Princeton, New Jersey. The battle came a week after the Battle of Trenton, where General George Washington had led the Continental Army to a surprise victory over the British.

The Continental Army, led by Washington, advanced to Princeton after their victory at Trenton. The army defeated a small British force. A larger British force, led by Charles Cornwallis, was alerted and gave chase. However, the Continental Army burned the bridges behind them and sniped at the British army before escaping to Morristown, New Jersey.

The battle resulted in about 200 casualties (deaths) for the British along with another 300 injured or captured, while the Americans suffered minimal losses. The battle boosted American morale.

Princeton
1777 in the United States
18th century in New Jersey
January events
Fork

A fork is a tool for eating.  It has points called tines.  Most forks have three or four tines.  Some cooking-forks have two tines.  The tines help you pick up your food.  Forks are useful only for eating solid food.  For example, a fork would be useless for eating soup because all the soup would fall through the tines and into your lap.  Most forks are made of metal.  Some are made of plastic or wood.

The word "fork" is also used to describe a two choices of course. A fork in the road would be a split in the road leading in two (or more) directions. A forked tongue would have two parts or tips.

Forks are very common in Western culture. Many countries do not use forks, but instead have their own ways to eat food, such as chopsticks.

Related pages
 Garden fork

Basic English 850 words
Food utensils
Backgammon

Backgammon is a game played by two players. Each player moves pieces around a board. Players roll two dice to find out how far their pieces can move in one turn. The winner of one game is the first to get all pieces all the way around, and off, the board.

The game is laid-out asymmetrically. White's direction of travel is counter-clockwise, whereas black's direction of travel is clockwise. (There is no advantage  to either side due to this asymmetry.)

White moves from white's far right to white's home area on white's close right, in the shape of a right-hand "C" from white's point of view. Black moves along the same "C", beginning from black's far left and ending at black's home area on black's close left. (The "C" is the same for both sides - the "C" points to the right for white and points to the left for black.)

As shown in the image, some pieces (for each side) begin already in the home quadrant, and some pieces must make their way all the way around. Pieces can be sent backwards to their starting position during play.

The roll of two dice introduces a random component in the game, but Backgammon is basically a game of strategy. 
 
Usual playing time is around 15– 30 minutes, for a single game (which could be thought of as something like one particular long "hand" of a card game). An overall championship or round of backgammon involves a number of ongoing single games, with the involvement of points, a "doubling cube," and other complications.

The game has a long history. Games that resemble it have been played for thousands of years. Archaeologists doing excavations at a place called Burnt City in modern-day Iran have found parts of a game that resembled backgammon. They have found 60 pieces to play with, and two dice. They could show that the game utensils date from around 3000 BC. These pieces around 100–200 years older than another set, found in Ur, in Mesopotamia.

Other websites
http://www.backgammon-fr.com

References 

Dice games
Backgammon
Friction

Friction is a force that acts to stop the movement of two touching things. The energy lost to friction is turned into sound and heat. Two kinds of friction are static and kinetic. Static friction is when the friction is strong enough to stop movement between two objects. Kinetic friction is used when the frictional force is not strong enough to stop all motion. An effect of kinetic friction is heat production. 

Many everyday mechanisms that use friction include car brakes, suitcases, and shoes. Even a person sliding across the floor uses a form of friction.

Some facts about friction are:

Friction can be thought to be caused by bumps on two touching surfaces. These bumps are called asperities. As these two rough surfaces move against each other they get stuck and prevent motion until the asperities are broken or slid over. Even the smoothest materials have these asperities.

As the force that is pushing on an object increases, the static friction increases too. However, if the force gets bigger than the maximum static friction, it makes the object accelerate. The object will begin to accelerate as soon as the static friction is less than the force pushing on it. After that point kinetic friction will act on the object.

The coefficient of friction is the ratio between the force slowing something down and the force pushing them together. The larger it is the stronger friction is (and the more the object is slowed down). For example, a person's skates on ice have a small coefficient of friction, but rubber on concrete has a big one.

Internal friction in a fluid is called viscosity. Viscosity is how hard it is for the fluid to move or flow. For example, honey is more "viscous" than water.

Friction is caused by electromagnetism. When the atoms that make the objects come close they are drawn to each other and may connect. Effort is needed to break this connection in objects that are not moving and effort is needed to keep an object moving against this attraction. Things with high friction have many points of contact or have atoms that strongly attract others. There are 4 types of friction. Static, sliding, rolling,Fluid friction.

Related pages
Laminar flow
Force
Movement

Force
Mechanics
Lima

Lima is the capital city (where the government works), and is considered the most important and largest city of Peru. 75% of the Peruvian economy is handled in Lima. 
Lima is the industrial and financial center of Peru, and one of the most important financial centers in Latin America.

It is an important city of South America and the entrance to Peru. Lima is city in constant urban growth. It has a large population. Over 8 million people live in the metropolitan area, which includes Callao Seaport. Lima is the fifth largest city in Latin America, behind Mexico City, São Paulo, Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro.

The city was founded by the Spanish conquistador (conqueror) Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535. He called it 'La Ciudad de los Reyes' (the City of the Kings). It became the capital and most important city in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Perú. And after the Peruvian War of Independence, it became the capital of the Republic of Peru.

In the 1940s, Lima started a period of rapid growth, with the migration from the Andean regions of Peru, as rural people. They wanted to find better opportunities for work and education. The population, estimated at 0.6 million in 1940, reached 1.9M by 1960 and 4.8M by 1980.

Lima has developed an important tourism industry, characterized by its historic center, archeological sites, nightlife, museums, art galleries, festivals, popular traditions, and gastronomy. Lima is considered Americas's gastronomical capital.

Lima is made up of mainly Spanish speaking inhabitants with over 90% of the population speaking the language.  Lima Province has 43 districts, including:

1 - Cercado de Lima

3 - Ate

4 - Barranco

5 - Brena

7 - Comas

9 - Chorrillos

10 - El Agustino

11 - Jesus Maria

12 - La Molina

13 - La Victoria

14 - Lince

17 - Magdalena del Mar

18 - Miraflores

21 - Pueblo Libre

22 - Puente Piedra

25 - Rimac

27 - San Isidro

28 - Independence

29 - San Juan de Miraflores

30 - San Luis

31 - San Martin de Porres

32 - San Miguel

33 - Santiago de Surco

34 - Surquillo

35 - Villa María del Triunfo

36 - San Juan de Lurigancho

38 - Santa Rosa

39 - Los Olivos

41 - San Borja

42 - Villa El Savador

43 - Santa Anita

References

 
1535 establishments
16th-century establishments in the Viceroyalty of Peru
1530s establishments in South America
Cleaner

A cleaner (or janitor) is someone who takes away garbage and cleans surfaces. Cleaners sometimes  repair things, and maintain their equipment in good working order, as well as dusting, washing, waxing and polishing.

Heavy duty cleaners often move furniture, large containers of recycled materials and waste, and other objects, and operate large buffers and other weighty equipment. "Light" duty cleaners clean chalk boards, windows, shelves, desks, light fixtures, and ledges. Some duties, like using a vacuum cleaner, can be done by either "light" or "heavy" duty cleaners. Cleaners can clean offices, staircases, kitchens, bathrooms, hallways, sidewalks, elevators, escalators, and other areas. Cleaners can specialize in washing windows, or in cleaning carpets, hospitals, food processing plants, or construction sites. Cleaners who discover seriously damaged surfaces and equipment on their sites can notify specialists, like plumbers and carpenters, about the need for professional repairs.

Cleaners are also alert for security problems, like vandalism, signs of theft (forced windows or doors, missing computers or stock), blocked fire escape routes, lights or fire alarms not working, or trespassers. When these occur, the cleaners promptly notify their sites' Security Officers and Site Supervisors. Janitors know how to keep themselves and their sites safe, by immediately removing hazards like broken class, spilled fluids, and waste from kitchens and bathrooms, and by checking hand rails, floor mats, stairs, automated doors, escalators, elevators, intercoms, and plumbing.

References

Domestic work
Bovinae

Bovinae is a subfamily of the even-toed ungulate family Bovidae. About 26 species of bovines belong to this subfamily.

Bovines are herbivores, and they mostly eat grass.

Taxonomy 
 Subfamily Bovinae
 Tribe Boselaphini
 Genus Tetracerus
 Four-horned Antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis)
 Genus Boselaphus
 Nilgai, Boselaphus tragocamelus
 Tribe Bovini
 Genus Bubalus
 Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
 Tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis)
 Lowland Anoa (Bubalus depressicornis)
 Mountain Anoa (Bubalus quarlesi)
 Genus Syncerus
 African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer)
 Genus Bos
 Zebu Cattle (Bos indicus)
 Kouprey (Bos sauveli)
 Banteng (Bos javanicus)
 Gaur (Bos frontalis or Bos gaurus)
 Yak (Bos grunniens)
 Aurochs or urus (Bos primigenius) †
 Domestic Cattle (Bos taurus)
 Genus Pseudoryx
 Saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis)
 Genus Bison
 American Bison (Bison bison)
 Wisent (Bison bonasus)
 Tribe Strepsicerotini
 Genus Tragelaphus
 Sitatunga, Tragelaphus spekeii
 Nyala, Tragelaphus angasii
 Bushbuck, Tragelaphus scriptus
 Mountain Nyala, Tragelaphus buxtoni
 Lesser Kudu, Tragelaphus imberbis
 Greater Kudu, Tragelaphus strepsiceros
 Bongo (antelope), Tragelaphus eurycerus
 Genus Taurotragus
 Common Eland, Taurotragus oryx
 Giant Eland, Taurotragus derbianus

The four genera Tetracerus, Boselaphus, Tragelaphus and Taurotragus are sometimes put into their own subfamily Tragelaphinae, and sometimes with the bovines.

Images
Fourier transform

The Fourier transform is a mathematical function that can be used to find the base frequencies that a wave is made of. Imagine playing a chord on a piano. When played, the sounds of the notes of the chord mix together and form a sound wave. This works because each of the different note's waves interfere with each other by adding together or canceling out at different points in the wave. A Fourier transform takes this complex wave and is able to find the frequencies that made it, meaning it can find the notes that a chord is made from.

The output of a Fourier transform is sometimes called a frequency spectrum or distribution because it displays a distribution of possible frequencies of the input. This function has many uses in cryptography, oceanography, machine learning, radiology, quantum physics as well as sound design and visualization.

The Fourier transform of a function , sometimes written as , is given by

where:

  is a frequency.
  is the Fourier transform function and returns a value representing how prevalent frequency  is in the original signal.
  represents wrapping the input wave function  around the origin of the complex plane at some frequency .

The inverse Fourier transform is given by

A Fourier transform shows what frequencies are in a signal. For example, consider a sound wave which contains three different musical notes: A, B, and C. Making a graph of the Fourier transform of this sound wave (with the frequency on the x-axis and the intensity on the y-axis) will show a peak at each frequency which corresponds with one of the musical notes.

Many signals can be created by adding cosines and sines together with varying amplitudes and frequencies. The Fourier transform plots the amplitudes and phases of these cosines and sines against their respective frequencies.

Fourier transforms are important, because many signals make more sense when their frequencies are separated. In the audio example above, looking at the signal with respect to time does not make it obvious that the notes A, B, and C are in the signal. Many systems do different things to different frequencies, so these kinds of systems can be described by what they do to each frequency. An example of this is a filter which blocks high frequencies.

Calculating a Fourier transform requires understanding of integration and imaginary numbers. Computers are usually used to calculate Fourier transforms of anything but the simplest signals.  The Fast Fourier Transform is a method computers use to quickly calculate a Fourier transform.

Related pages 
 Fourier analysis
 Fourier inversion theorem
 Fourier series
 Laplace transform

References

Other websites

Digital signal processing
Harmonic analysis
1671



Events 
 April – Battle of Saraighat. The Ahom general Lachit Borphukan defeated the Mughal forces on the outskirts of present-day Guwahati of then sovereign Assam.
 May 9 –  Thomas Blood, disguised as a clergyman, attempts to steal the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London. He is immediately caught because he is too drunk to run with the loot. He would later be condemned to death and then mysteriously pardoned and exiled by King Charles II.
 June 22 – Ottoman Empire declares war on Poland

Births 
 April 21 - John Law, Scottish economist
 May 24 - Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

Deaths
 June 11 - Yun Seon-do, Korean politician
1679

1679 was a common year.

Events 
 January 24 – King Charles II of England disbands Parliament
 June 22 – the Duke of Monmouth subdues an insurrection of Scottish Covenanters at Birthwell Bridge
 August 7 – The brigantine Le Griffon, which was commissioned by René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, is towed to the southern end of the Niagara River, to become the first ship to sail the upper Great Lakes.
 December 24 – Domenico Sarro, a composer from Italy, was born. 
 Battle of Bothwell Bridge
 Habeas Corpus Act 1679 passed in England.
 European explorers discover Niagara Falls.
1691



Events 
 March 5 – French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons
 March 20 – Leisler's Rebellion – New governor arrives in New York – Jacob Leisler surrenders after standoff of several hours
 March 29 – Siege of Mons ends to the city’s surrender
 May 6 – Spanish inquisition condemns and forcibly baptizes 219 Jews in Palma Majorca. When 37 try to escape the island, they are burned alive at the stake
 May 16 – Jacob Leisler is hanged for treason
 October 3 – Treaty of Limerick which guaranteed civil rights to Catholics was signed. (it was broken "before the ink was dry")
 Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Suleiman II (1687-1691) to Ahmed II (1691-1695).
 Michel Rolle invents Rolle's theorem, an essential theorem of mathematics.
 In New England the two separate Colonies of Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony are united into a single entity by an act of the King and Queen of England.

Births 
 February 27 - Edward Cave, English publisher

Deaths
 January 13 - George Fox, one of the founders of the Quakers
 December 31 - Robert Boyle, Irish scientist
1719

1719 is a year in the common era.

Events 
January 23 – The Principality of Liechtenstein is created within the Holy Roman Empire
 April 25 –  Daniel Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe
 June 10 – Battle of Glen Shiel
 Prussia conducts Europe's first systematic census
 Miners in Falun, Sweden find an apparently petrified body of Fet-Mats Israelsson in an unused part of the copper mine.
France declares war on Spain

Births

Deaths
Christoph Ludwig Agricola
1753



Events 
 January 1 – Britain and its colonies adopt the idea that 1 January should be New Year's Day, following adoption of the Gregorian calendar in September 1752. The concept was first conceived in 1582, but suffered from slow public adoption.
 January 13 – Sentenced conspirators of the Tavora affair are executed
 January 29 – After a month's absence, Elizabeth Canning returns to her mother's home in London and claims that she was abducted. Following criminal trial causes uproar.
 April 5 – Founding charter of the British Museum

 Sweden adopts Gregorian calendar
 British parliament extends citizenship to Jews
 Publication of Species Plantarum by Linnaeus on 1 May, adopted by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature as the formal start date of the scientific classification of plants
 James Lind writes A Treatise of the Scurvy
 Tobias Smollett writes Ferdinand Count Fathom
 Robert Wallace writes On the Numbers of Man
Jacksonville, Florida

Jacksonville is the largest city in the state of Florida and one of the 10 largest cities in the United States. It is home to the University of North Florida. It is the county seat of Duval County.

It is the largest city in the Continental United States in terms of area. It covers nearly all of Duval County in North Florida. The Jacksonville Jaguars of the NFL play here.

References

Other websites

 
County seats in Florida
Cabbage

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Capitata Group) is an edible plant. It is a lot like broccoli, cauliflower or Brussels sprouts. Cabbage is eaten in many ways around the world. Coleslaw and sauerkraut are popular foods that use cabbage. It is also used to make kimchi and borscht, and can also be used in salads. Red cabbage juice can be used as a pH indicator. Cabbages are usually green, but they can also be red.

Types of cabbage

Cabbages can come in many different types, such as the previously mentioned red and green cabbages, but they can also be in other types. These include white cabbage, also known as Dutch cabbage, and Savoy cabbage.

References

Brassica oleracea
Leaf vegetables
Rupee

The rupee is the name of a currency amount ("denomination" of money) in various countries.

It is used in the Republic of India and Pakistan. It was also used in British India, the former East Pakistan until 1971, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Mauritius, and the Seychelles. In past times, rupees were also the name of the money used in Burma and in the German and British colonies in East Africa. The name comes from a Sanskrit word meaning silver. The rupiah of Indonesia and the rufiyah of the Maldives are kinds of money that also got their name from this word. All of these were previously Spanish dollars.

Related pages
Indian rupee
Pakistani rupee

Currency of Africa
Currency of Asia
Mauritius
Nepal
Seychelles
Sri Lanka
500

500 (Roman numerals: D) was a common year of the Gregorian calendar. It started on a Friday. The Julian calendar had it as a leap year starting on Saturday, which was used before the Gregorian calendar. The exceptional common year starting on Friday was called 500 when the Gregorian calendar was not in use, of course.

It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).

Events 
Possible date for the Battle of Mons Badonicus: Romano-British and Celts defeat an Anglo-Saxon army that may have been led by the bretwalda Aelle of Sussex (approximate date; suggested dates range from 490 to 510) Note: This battle may have influenced the legend of King Arthur
Possible date at which Fergus I of Dalriada begins his reign
Approximate beginning of the Heptarchy period in the history of England
Approximate year of the founding of the Kingdom of Essex
Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei China becomes sovereign of the Northern Wei Dynasty
Uxmal founded (approximate date)
Traders from southern Arabia settle in northern Ethiopia
1555



Events 
 Russia breaks 60 year old truce with Sweden by attacking Finland
 February 2 – Diet of Augsburg begins
 February 4 – John Rogers becomes first Protestant martyr in England
 February 9 – Bishop of Gloucester John Hooper is burned at the stake
 May 23 – Paul IV becomes Pope.
 September 25 – Peace of Augsburg is signed.

Births

Deaths
Diesel fuel

Diesel oil or diesel fuel is a type of fuel for cars. It is also an oil used for an energy source.  It is made from petroleum and from various other sources.

It is named after Rudolf Diesel who in 1892 invented the diesel engine.

Related pages
 Biodiesel

References

Fuel
Sauna

A sauna is a small room or building that is made hot. The heat of a sauna is calming and makes the person using it sweat. This is believed to help people be more healthy though it causes stress on the body by overheating. Today many countries and groups of people have different ways of heating and using a sauna. The temperature is often 80°C in Finnish saunas. The heat can be more than 100°C. Finnish and Swedish saunas have lower humidity (the air is less wet) to make this high heat comfortable.

The Turkish hammam has a high humidity (the air is more wet) and a lower temperature.

Today saunas can often be found at hotels and places for sports and exercise. In Finland, they are more common and are also often in private apartments and office 
buildings.

In almost every house in Finland they have a sauna.

Common rules for public saunas
In some cultures, swimsuits must be worn in a sauna. In other cultures swimsuits are not be worn. Swimsuits are more often worn when men and women use a sauna together. Some saunas are only for men, or only for women. Some places have fixed times when each gender can use a sauna. Private saunas may have their own rules.

Areas where the sauna is used while nude
Germany
Austria
North-eastern Italy
Finland
Russia
Slovenia
Sweden
Croatia
Japan
Netherlands
Flanders
Estonia
Lithuania
Latvia

Areas where the sauna is used in a swimsuit or covered by a towel
France
United Kingdom
United States
Hungary
South America
Africa
Wallonia

Area where men and women do not sauna together
Russia
Japan

Areas where sitting on a towel is required
Germany
Austria
North-eastern Italy
Netherlands
Flanders

Related pages
Onsen
Sentō
 Jjimjilbang
Banya
Finnish culture
Hygiene
Poet

A poet is someone who writes poetry. Poetry can be written in any language by a poet.  

Sappho was an Ancient Greek poet. She lived in Lesbos, Greece. She was famous for writing lyric love poems to women. She wrote in the Ancient Greek language.  

Famous English poets are William Shakespeare, Alexander Pope, William Wordsworth, William Blake, John Keats, and Percy Shelley. They wrote in the English language. Their poetry comes in different styles and forms. Often their poetry is lyrical and rhymes. 

The most famous American poets include Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman. They wrote in English. Often their poetry did not rhyme. They lived in the 19th century in the United States. Some 20th century American poets include Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, Sylvia Plath, Anne Sexton, and John Ashbery. 

Modern French poets are Arthur Rimbaud and  Charles Baudelaire. Rimbaud was famous for his poetry collection called “Illuminations.” Baudelaire wrote of beauty, decay, and spirituality in his famous work “Flowers of Evil.” 

Great Spanish poets are Garcilaso de la Vega, Frederico García Lorca, Antonio Machado, and Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer. Vicente Aleixandre won the Nobel Prize. 

Three Latin American poets won the Nobel prize in the 20th century. They include Gabriela Mistral, Pablo Neruda, and Octavio Paz. They wrote in Spanish. 

Caribbean poets Derek Walcott and Giannina Braschi wrote epic poetry.  Winner of the Nobel Prize, Walcott wrote Omeros and In a Green Night in English. Giannina Braschi writes epic poetry in English, Spanglish, and Spanish, including Empire of Dreams 

Ancient Chinese poets are Wang Wei, Du Fu, and Qu Yuan. They wrote in Chinese about nature and people.

Related pages 
poetry 
sonnet

References 

 
Writing occupations
Ruhr-Universität Bochum

The  is one of the biggest universities in Germany. It is in the Ruhr-Area, in the city of Bochum.

History 
The Ruhr-Universität was the first public university that was founded in West Germany after World War II (in 1962). Later in the 1960s, education expanded in West Germany and more universities were founded, but Bochum has a bright selection of subjects because it was the beginning of education expanding.

The Ruhr-University was one of the fourth largest university in Germany in the late 1980s and early 1990s with more than 40,000 students. But after the state of North Rhine-Westfalia decided to earn study fees, many students left the university and school examiners do not start studying anymore. Actually the fees are 1,000 Euro in the year (about 1,100 US $), but the Ruhr-Area is traditionally a working class region. Sommer Semester 2011 was the last semester with tuition fees http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/studienbeitrag/ . The number or students now is more than 34 000 http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/universitaet/fakten/menschlich/index.html

The university of Bochum was one of the first to have Bachelor and master's degrees instead of the traditional German Diplom and Magister degree.

Present situation 
The Ruhr-University has about 34,000 students.http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/universitaet/fakten/menschlich/index.html Academically it is an upper middle-class university with a lot of international affairs, especially with Eastern Europe and Asia. The Ruhr-University Bochum lost some subjects by when the state reduced its budget.
The main focuses in research are neurosciences, engineering, European law, plasma physics, solidstate physics, biochemistry, economics, Middle Ages and modern history, philosophy and languages.

Subjects 
 Mathematics
 Applied Computational Science
 Physics and Astronomy
 Chemistry and Biochemistry
 Biology and Neuro Sciences
 Geosciences (Geology, Geophysics, Mineralogy, Palentology)
 Geography
 Civil Engineering
 Electro Engineering
 Nanotechnology
 Psychology
 Medicine
 Philosophy
 History (Old, Middle Ages and New History, History of Arts)
 Archeological Sciences
 Chinese(language and literature, there are regional studies for eastern Asia, too)
 Eastern Asian Studies (China, Korea and Japan)
 English Language and Literature American and Canadian Literature
 Romanic Languages and Literature (Italian, French, Spain, Portuguese)
 Slavic Languages and Literature (Russian, Polish)
 German Languages and Literature
 Comparative Literature
 Latin and Old Greek
 Near and Middle Eastern Studies (Arabian Stuies, Indian)
 Roman Catholic Theology
 Protestant (Lutheran) Religious Studies
 Economy
 Laws
 Social Sciences (Sociology, Social Psychology, Politics, Socail-Economical studies)
 Environmental Studies
 Development policy
 Working Sciences
 Sports
 Music Sciences
 Educational Sciences

Other websites 
 English website

Bochum
Colleges and universities in North Rhine-Westphalia
Aachen

Aachen ( ; Aachen dialect: Oche [ˈɔːxə]; French and traditional English: Aix-la-Chapelle ; Latin: Aquae Granni or Aquisgranum; ) is a German city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It has about 260,000 inhabitants and a well-known university, the Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH). It is also the location of the 1944 Battle of Aachen during World War II where the United States fought Nazi Germany .

History 
The Romans built a spa over hot water springs here in ancient times.

In the Middle Ages, it was the capital city of the Frankish emperor, Charlemagne. The city was called Aix-la-Chapelle by the French.

Charlemagne ordered the building of a cathedral in 786 AD. He was buried in a tomb in this cathedral. German emperors were crowned in the cathedral in Aachen until 1531.

European countries made two important peace agreements in Aachen. In 1668, the first treaty (agreement) ended the War of Devolution between France and the alliance of England, Holland and Sweden. The treaty allowed France to keep most of the towns it had captured in Flanders the year before. In 1748, the second treaty ended the War of the Austrian Succession. In this war, France, Prussia, and other nations tried to take territory from the Austrian Empire. The treaty said that Maria Theresa of Austria was the ruler of these territories. It also gave Prussia the territory of Silesia.

Since 1972, Aachen has been part of the Cologne Government Region.

Notes

References

Other websites

Spa towns in Germany
Cities in North Rhine-Westphalia
 
1306 establishments
14th-century establishments in Germany
1801 disestablishments
1800s disestablishments in Germany
Marburg

Marburg is a city in Hesse, Germany, on the Lahn river. It is the main town of the Marburg-Biedenkopf Rural District. It has about 80,000 inhabitants and a small, but well-known university, the Philipps-University.

The upper part of Old town, near the castle and above the former village 'Weidenhausen' at river Lahn and a bridge is called 'Oberstadt' (upper town).

There are timber framing houses, similar to some houses in Alsfeld (Vogelsbergkreis).

Cycling trail Lahntalradweg along the river connects Marburg with Gießen in the South.

Geography 
The Lahn valley is surrounded by hill chains called Lahnberge and Marburger Rücken in the Central Uplands (Mittelgebirge), part of West Hesse Highlands. The city districts Cyriaxweimar, Elnhausen, Michelbach and Schröck are on the other side of these two hill chains.

References

Other websites

Marburg-Biedenkopf
Akron, Ohio

Akron is a large city in the U.S. state of Ohio. It is found near the Ohio & Lake Erie canal. It is home to the U.S. rubber industry, including Goodyear tires.

References

Other websites 

 City of Akron 
 Akron Wiki

 
County seats in Ohio
1825 establishments in the United States
1820s establishments in Ohio
Philipps University of Marburg

The Philipps University of Marburg is the oldest Protestant university of the world. It was founded by Martin Luther's friend Philipp of Hesse in 1527, during the reformation.

Major areas of research at the university are medicine, nano-science, materials science and near eastern studies.

List of subjects 
 Mathematics
 Physics
 Chemistry
 Biology
 Medicine
 Dental Medicine
 Pharmacology
 Geography
 Philosophy
 History
 Protestant (Lutheran) Religious Studies
 Roman Catholic Religious Studies
 Latin and Ancient Greek
 English
 German
 Romance Languages and Literature (French, Italian, Spanish)
 Near Eastern Studies
 Social Science and Political Science
 Economics (strong point is microeconomics)
 Slavic Languages and Literature (Polish, Russian) (well-known, but may be closed soon)
 Far Eastern Studies (China, Japan) (will be closed soon)

Other websites 
 http://www.uni-marburg.de

Colleges and universities in Germany
Education in Hesse
Dortmund

Dortmund (; Westphalian  [ˈdyːœɐ̯pm̩]; ) is a German city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is part of the Arnsberg Government Region

Dortmund has about 590,000 inhabitants and is in the Ruhr Area. There is a university in Dortmund. The biggest soccer club is Borussia Dortmund.

References 

 
Imperial free cities
Netherlands Antilles

The Netherlands Antilles was a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The country was originally a group of six islands in the Caribbean Sea. Some were discovered in 1493 by Christopher Columbus, and some were discovered in 1499 by Alonso de Ojeda.

Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao are part of the Leeward Islands. They are near Venezuela. Saint Martin, Sint Eustatius, and Saba are part of the Windward Islands. They are near Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Of these, the island Sint Maarten is in fact part of two countries: the northern part belongs to France (as Saint Martin), but the southern part is Dutch (as Sint Maarten).

Aruba left the Netherlands Antilles in 1986. When Curaçao and Sint Maarten did the same thing on 10 October 2010, the country no longer existed. The remaining BES Islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba now belong to the Netherlands and are called the Dutch Caribbean islands.

Because the Netherlands Antilles was a part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands proper was also the Queen of the Netherlands Antilles, but the islands' residents had a government of their own. Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten are now separate countries within the Kingdom. All of these places still have King Willem-Alexander as their monarch today.

The last Prime Minister of the Netherlands Antilles was Emily de Jongh-Elhage. The last Governor was Frits Goedgedrag, who is since the 10 October 2010 the first Governor of Curaçao.

Other websites

Method of Securing the Ports and Populations of All the Coasts of the Indies is an old document from 1694 that talks about the Netherlands Antilles

Dutch-speaking countries
Alfred Nobel

Alfred Nobel () (October 21, 1833 – December 10, 1896) was a Swedish scientist, engineer, and weapons manufacturer. He is well known for the invention of dynamite and for creating the Nobel Prize. 

He left instructions in his will that his money should create the Nobel Prize after reading an article in a French newspaper that called him the "merchant of death" and said that he would be remembered for his invention of dynamite and its ability to kill more people than ever before. Nobel left 31 million kronor (the Swedish currency) to the awards after his death on December 10, 1896. The artificial element Nobelium is named for him.

Early life
Nobel was born on October 21, 1833. His father, Immanuel Nobel, was an engineer and inventor. His mother was Andriette Ahlsell Nobel. In 1833, Immanuel Nobel was forced into bankruptcy due to losses in his construction company.

References

Other websites 
 Alfred Nobel - Citizendium 

1833 births
1896 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Swedish scientists
Nobel Prize
Pharmacy

A pharmacy is a shop where therapeutic drugs are sold. Sometimes a pharmacy is also called a  drug store or chemist and druggist store. The people working in a pharmacy are called pharmacists, druggist or chemists (British English). These people can recognise simple diseases and dispense drugs for some of them.

Certain drugs are special, because they can be addictive, or they change the way other drugs act, or they need to be taken in a special way. These drugs cannot simply be bought at a pharmacy. A prescription is necessary to get them. Medical doctors give out prescriptions, which can then be used to get the drug.

Many pharmacies do not sell drugs only. They also sell beauty products and hygiene-related products, like tampons for women and contraceptives.  

The number of pharmacies in England has been falling. There were 11,500 active pharmacies in 2022— the lowest total since 2015/2016. The number of prescription items given out in 2021/2022 was 1.1 billion, 2.7% more than 2020/2021.

Pharmacology is a branch of chemistry that studies the molecular structure of drugs to find better drugs.

Related pages

 Pharmacist
 Pharmaconomist
 Online pharmacy

References 

Pharmacy