alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
1201

1201 (MCCI) was .

Events 

 The town of Riga was chartered as a city.
 Boniface of Montferrat is elected leader of the Fourth Crusade, after the death of Theobald III of Champagne.
 Innocent III supports Otto IV as Holy Roman Emperor, against Philip of Swabia.
 The Fourth Crusade besieges Zara.

Births 
 August 9 – Arnold Fitz Thedmar, English chronicler (d. 1274)
 October 9 – Robert de Sorbon, French theologian and founder of the Sorbonne (died 1274)
 Theobald IV of Champagne (died 1252)
 Ladislaus III of Hungary (died 1205)
 Danylo King of Rus (died 1264)
 Alix of Thouars, Duchess of Brittany (died 1221)

Deaths 
 March 21 – Absalon, Danish archbishop
 May 24 – Theobald III of Champagne
 July 29 – Agnes of Merania, queen of Philip II of France
 September 5 – Constance, Duchess of Brittany (born 1161)
 Bohemund III of Antioch (born 1144)
 Joachim of Fiore, founder of monastic order of San Giovanni (born 1135)

Heads of states 
 England – John I, King of England (reigned 1199 – 1216).
 France – Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned from 1180 to 1223).
 Pope – Innocent III (pope from 1198 to 1216)
Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation

Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation is an animated movie from 1986, made by Canada's Nelvana Limited and distributed by Columbia Pictures. A follow-up to the first Care Bears Movie, it tells of the beginnings of the Kingdom of Caring, and of the Care Bears' first Caring Mission, which takes place at a summer camp.

The movie made $8.5 million in the United States during its original run at theatres. Only one more addition to the original Care Bear trilogy, Adventure in Wonderland, would premiere on the big screen the next summer.

A New Generation is a prequel to the Nelvana television series that would be shown on the ABC network the following September.

Synopsis
In this second movie, the Great Wishing Star helps True Heart Bear and Noble Heart Horse start the Care Bear Family, as they try to save them and the Kingdom from a demon villain named Dark Heart. A camper named Christy makes a deal with the villain that makes her a success at anything she never did before, even cartwheels. In turn, he plans to forever capture the Care Bears and Care Bear Cousins, one at a time, inside a magic red bag, and them trap them all inside a secret location somewhere at camp.

Christy's two friends, Dawn and John, later join the Care Bear Family so that they can put an end to his evil doings.

Facts
An episode of DiC's Care Bears show also took place at a summer camp. But the storyline of A New Generation does not borrow from it.

This was one of only two Care Bear movies to have Harmony Bear as a character; the other one was 2005's Big Wish Movie. Her second and final 1980s appearance was in the animated series' "Great Race" episode.

Related pages
The Care Bears Movie, the original movie from 1985

Other websites 

Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation at Rotten Tomatoes

1986 animated movies
1980s family movies
1980s sequel movies
Canadian animated movies
Canadian family movies
English-language movies
35

35 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Gallus and Nonianus.

Events 
 Pliny the Elder is brought to Rome before this year
 Tiridates III becomes king of Parthia

Births 
 Ban Zhao, Chinese historian (or 45 AD) (d. 116)
 Quintilian, Roman rhetorician (approximate date) (d. 100 AD)

Deaths 
 Epaticcus, prince of the Catuvellauni
 Artaxias III, king of Armenia (b. 13 BC)
 Mahajabeen II, King of Esbee

35
1025

1025 (MXXV) was a common year when the Julian calendar was used. It was the twenty-fifth year of the 2nd millennium and the 11th century.

Events
 Emir Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis of the Zirid dynasty in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) attempts to retake Sicily but fails.

Births 
 August 28 - Emperor Go-Reizei of Japan

References
Internet Relay Chat

Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a chat system on the Internet.  People from around the world can use it to have conversations together. It can also be used for two people to chat privately.

The IRC chat rooms are also called IRC channels. These channels are on IRC servers, which you can connect to by finding that server's information. This information will often begin with "irc," then a period, the name of the server, then another period, and finally, .com .org or .net. An example would be 'irc.[Servername].org'

There are small IRC servers (for example, OperaNet) to medium IRC servers (freenode and DalNet, which have about 30,000 users) and big IRC servers (for example, EFNet, UnderNet, which have over 100,000 users).

Users of IRC need an IRC client. An IRC client is a computer program that works with IRC.  There are many clients. Some of these clients run in the web browser. Other clients run as an application.  Popular stand-alone clients include mIRC for Microsoft Windows, and XChat for Linux and Microsoft Windows. The Opera web browser has an IRC client built into the browser. ChatZilla is a chat client which is a plugin to Mozilla Firefox.

An IRC bot is a computer program that helps control and protect channels.

The name of an IRC channel usually begins with a hash (#).

Technical information 

IRC is an open protocol that uses TCP and optionally TLS. An IRC server can connect to other IRC servers to expand the IRC network. Users access IRC networks by connecting a client to a server. There are many client and server programs. Most IRC servers do not require users to log in, but a user will have to set a nickname before being connected.

IRC was originally a plain text protocol (although later extended), which on request was assigned network port 194/TCP by IANA. However, most servers now run IRC on 6667/TCP and nearby port numbers (for example TCP ports 6112-6119) so that the server does not have to be run with root privileges.

IRC clients

This is a list of some programs which allow users to connect to IRC.

 AmIRC
 Bersirc
 BitchX
 BnIRC
 ChatZilla
 Colloquy
 Coolsmile
 EPIC
 FlowChat
 HexChat
 HydraIRC
 IceChat
 Irssi
 Jmirc
 Konversation
 KVIrc
 Mibbit
 mIRC
 Pjirc
 SeaMonkey
 TinyIRC
 XChat
 Quassel
 Weechat

Related pages 
 Internet Relay Chat commands
 IRC bot
 Internet Relay Chat operator

References

Other websites 

 IRC.org - Technical and Historical IRC6 information; articles on the history of IRC.
 RFC 1459 - Technical Information about the IRC Protocol.

Internet communication
Spring (season)

Spring is the season after winter and before summer. Days become longer and weather gets warmer in the temperate zone because the Earth tilts relative to its orbital plane around the Sun.  In many parts of the world it rains for hours.  This helps the plants grow and flowers bloom.  Often people with hay fever suffer more, because some plant pollens are allergens. Many animals have their breeding seasons in spring.  At the start of spring, people suffering from seasonal affective disorder will feel better.  The vernal equinox in springtime makes days and nights equally long in the temperate zone.

Holidays celebrated in spring include Passover and Easter.  In many countries, the period of school between early January and later May or early June is referred to as the “Spring Semester” or “Spring Term”.  Spring break is a vacation period in early spring at universities and schools in various countries in the world. 

Basic English 850 words
1862

1862 was a year.

Events 
September 5-American Civil War: In the Confederacy's first invasion of the North, General Robert E. Lee leads 55,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River at White's Ford near Leesburg, Virginia into Maryland.

Births 
 August 29 – Andrew Fisher, 5th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1928)
 September 25 – Billy Hughes, 7th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1952)
 December 23 - Henri Pirenne, Belgian historian (d. 1935)
1801



Events 
 Great Britain is united with Ireland to make the United Kingdom.

Deaths 
 February 7 – Daniel Chodowiecki, Polish painter (b. 1726)
 March 21 – Andrea Luchesi, Italian composer (b. 1741)
 March 23 – Tsar Paul of Russia (b. 1754)
 March 25 – Novalis, German poet (b. 1772)
 March 28 – Ralph Abercromby, British general (b. 1734)
 April 2 – Thomas Dadford Junior, British engineer
 April 7 – Noël François de Wailly, French lexicographer (b. 1724)
 May 17 – William Heberden, English doctor (b. 1710)
 June 4 – Frederick Muhlenberg, first Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (b. 1750)
 June 14 – Benedict Arnold, American Revolution hero and traitor (b. 1741)
 September 19 – Johann Gottfried Koehler, German astronomer (b. 1745)
 October 3 – Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur, Marshal of France (b. 1724)
 November 4 – William Shippen, American physician and Continental Congressman (b. 1536)
 November 5 – Motoori Norinaga, Japanese philologist and scholar (b. 1730)
 November 24 – Franz Moritz Graf von Lacy, Austrian field marshal (b. 1725)

Births 
 January 3 – Gijsbert Haan, Dutch-American religious leader (d. 1874)
 February 1 – Thomas Cole, American artist (d. 1848)
 towards February 13 – János Kardos Hungarian Slovenes evangelic priest, teacher and writer (d. 1875)
 February 21 – John Henry Newman, English Roman Catholic Cardinal (d. 1890)
 May 11 – Henri Labrouste, French architect (d. 1875)
 June 1 – Brigham Young, American religious leader and colonizer (d. 1877)
 June 4 – James Pennethorne, English architect (d. 1871)
 June 14 – Heber C. Kimball, American religious leader (d. 1868)
 June 30 – Frederic Bastiat, French philosopher (d. 1850)
 July 5 – David Farragut, American naval commander (d.1870)
 July 29 – George Bradshaw, English publisher (d. 1853)
 October 12 – Friedrich Frey-Herosé, member of the Swiss Federal Council (d. 1873)
 November 3 – Karl Baedeker, German writer and publisher (d. 1859)
 November 3 – Vincenzo Bellini, Italian composer (d. 1835)
 November 10 – Vladimir Dal, Russian lexicographer (d. 1872)
 December 11 – Christian Dietrich Grabbe, German writer (d. 1836)
Muse

For the British musical group of the same name, see Muse (band).
Or for the fruit called the Euterpe see Açaí palm.

The Muses are goddesses representing different arts and sciences in Greek mythology. They are the daughters of Mnemosyne and Zeus.

Most commonly the Muses are:
 Kalliope (or Calliope), the eldest and wisest, the muse of epic poetry, mother of Orpheus
 Euterpe, the muse of music and lyric poetry. She loved flute playing, and some even say she invented the double flute. Euterpe had a son named Rhesus, who was killed in the battle at Troy, according to Homer's Iliad. 
 Klio (also Kleio or Clio), the muse of history
 Erato, the muse of lyric/love poetry
 Melpomene, the muse of tragedy
 Polyhymnia, the muse of sacred poetry (hymn) and geometry
 Terpsichore, the muse of dance
 Thalia, the muse of comedy
 Urania, the muse of astronomy and astrology 

The word muse is also sometimes used for a person who inspires somebody else, or any other type of inspiring object. Muse can also be used to describe one's creative thoughts, such as poetry or a musical composition.

Greek gods and goddesses
Yes (band)

Yes are a progressive rock band that formed in London, England in 1968 that is among the most influential progressive bands of all time. The band has received wide critical praise for their work. Their best known songs include "Owner of a Lonely Heart", "Roundabout" and "I've Seen All Good People".

Discography
Studio albums
 Yes (1969)
 Time and a Word (1970)
 The Yes Album (1971)
 Fragile (1971)
 Close to the Edge (1972)
 Tales from Topographic Oceans (1973)
 Relayer (1974)
 Going for the One (1977)
 Tormato (1978)
 Drama (1980)
 90125 (1983)
 Big Generator (1987)
 Union (1991)
 Talk (1994)
 Keys to Ascension (1996)
 Keys to Ascension 2 (1997)
 Open Your Eyes (1997)
 The Ladder (1999)
 Magnification (2001)
 Fly from Here (2011)
 Heaven & Earth (2014)
 The Quest (2021)
 Mirror to the Sky (2023)

References

1968 establishments in England
1960s British music groups
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1968
Musical groups from London
Progressive rock bands
Yes (band)
Mason Williams

Mason Williams (born August 24, 1938) is an easy listening guitarist. His most famous work is Classical Gas.

Also a photographer, Williams published a life-sized photo print of a Greyhound bus in the 1960s. He appeared with the print on the cover of his first album, The Mason Williams Phonograph Record. The print is now in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC.

American guitarists
Musicians from Oklahoma
American classical musicians
American bluegrass musicians
American folk musicians
1938 births
Living people
War on Terrorism

The War on Terrorism, or War on Terror, was a campaign that the United States and some of its allies started to remove terrorist groups and to punish the states that sponsor terrorism. It replaced the Cold War. The former United States President Bush's argument was that the countries like North Korea, Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Libya (also known as the Axis of Evil) were a direct threat to the United States and its allies. The term was typically used with a particular focus on militant Islamists and al-Qaeda.

The Administration of former U.S. President Barack Obama used the term Overseas Contingency Operation.

Notes

References

Other websites
 

Terrorism
Foreign relations of the United States
Wars involving the United States
Al-Qaeda
Islamic State
21st century in the United States
Alkali metal

Alkali metals are the chemical elements in group 1 of the periodic table. They are silver-coloured when pure, soft and have only one valence electron. They like to make reactions in which they give up this single electron and then have a charge of +1. They react strongly with water and because of this, they have to be stored in oil. Alkali metals are the first group in the periodic table. They are never found in nature uncombined because they are unstable and they react fast to other elements. They bond well with all elements except the noble gases. When they are in air, they quickly turn black.  

The alkali metals are lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (sometimes written cesium, although caesium is preferred) (Cs), and francium (Fr). Lithium is the least reactive. Although it was thought before that francium would be the most reactive, though it is very rare, it was more recently predicted that caesium is in fact more reactive than francium due to relativity.

Lithium Is a very light metal. It is soft, silver and you can cut it with a knife. 

Sodium is the most important alkali metal. One of the most important salts of sodium is sodium chloride (NaCl) (common 'table salt'). It also forms a hydroxide, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which is commonly called 'caustic soda'. It is a very strong base.

Potassium is commonly found in bananas. 

Rubidium is a metal that can make things like fireworks red.

Caesium is a very heavy, poisonous metal and is the most reactive metal.

Francium is a very dangerous, radioactive metal. Not much is known about it.
1866

1866 was a year that started on a Monday.

Births 
 April 14 – Anne Sullivan, teacher of Helen Keller
 November 8 – Herbert Austin, automobile pioneer (Austin-Healey)
Buenaventura Durruti

José Buenaventura Durruti Dumange (14 July 1896 – 20 November 1936) was a Spanish anarchist leader. He was born in the town of León. Durruti was a central figure of Spanish anarchism during the country's civil war of 1936-1939. He fought against fascism.

He robbed banks to use the money to help his friends escape prison. It is believed that he killed the bishop Juan Soldevilla. Some anarchists believed Soldevilla helped people who murdered people in labor unions.

He died in Madrid when he was killed by a person using a gun during the Spanish Civil War.

References

1896 births
1936 deaths
Assassins
Deaths by firearm
Military people killed in action
Spanish anarchists
Spanish Civil War
Chester

Chester is a city in the north-west of England. It is almost 2000 years old and was started by Romans. A person from Chester is called a Cestrian.

Chester is on the river Dee, and is the county town of the county of Cheshire. It is near to the country Wales. Almost 120,000 people live in Chester. It is just south of Liverpool.

During the Dark Ages, Chester came under attack from Viking raiders who sailed up the river in their longships. After the conquest of Britain by the Normans in 1066, William I created the first Earl of Chester who began the construction of Chester Castle.

By the Middle Ages, Chester had become a wealthy trading port: it was at this time that the Rows were built. However disaster befell the city during the English Civil War as Chester was besieged for two years before starvation forced its people to surrender. As the centuries passed, the harbour gradually silted up and by Georgian times the port was virtually gone. Today some of the original quay can still be seen near the Chester Racecourse.

During Victorian times the magnificent gothic-style Town Hall was built and the Eastgate Clock was erected in honour of Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee.

Near to Chester is Chester Zoo, which is the biggest zoo in the United Kingdom. There are other interesting places in Chester, and many are connected to its history. For example, there is the old Roman amphitheatre. This is the biggest in the UK. The Rows are unusual shops. In the centre of the town, the main streets have two rows of shops, one on top of the other. The Rows have been part of Chester since the Middle Ages.Chester has oldest racecourse, Chester racecourse. The infamous Goteddsday football match took place on the field and was outlawed as a result in 1533.

Related pages

Chester city walls

References

 
County towns in England
397

397 was a common year.

Events 
 John Chrysostom becomes the patriarch of Constantinople

Deaths 
 April 4 – Saint Ambrose, one of the Church Fathers and bishop of Milan
 November 11 – Saint Martin of Tours, an "apostle of Gaul" and bishop of Tours
Nonmetal

Nonmetals or non-metals are chemical elements which do not have the properties of a metal. 

They gain electrons when reacting with a metal. They are generally not lustrous and are bad conductors of heat and electricity. Some are gases including: hydrogen, helium, oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, neon or radon and others.  An example of a solid that is a nonmetal is sulfur. It is yellow and not shiny at all. An example of a liquid that is a nonmetal is bromine. It is red. A non-metal is a good insulator for heat and cold. Usually, gases or brittle solids are non-metals. 

Elements on the periodic table can be classified as metal, semimetal, or non-metal. Five times more elements are metals than nonmetals. However, nonmetals are abundant and important.  Two of the nonmetals—hydrogen and helium—make up over 99 per cent of the observable Universe, and one—oxygen—makes up close to half of the Earth's crust, oceans and atmosphere. Living organisms are also composed almost entirely of nonmetals, and nonmetals form many more compounds than metals.
Holly Marie Combs

Holly Marie Combs (born December 3, 1973 in San Diego, California) is an American actress. She is best known for working on the television series Charmed. Before Charmed, she work in the TV series Picket Fences.

Other websites 

 

1973 births
Living people
Combs, Holly Marie
Charmed
Actors from San Diego, California
Bengal tiger

The Bengal tiger  (Panthera tigris tigris) is a tiger subspecies native to the Indian subcontinent. It lives in Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh and northern India. It is the National animal of Bangladesh.

The tiger's habitat includes  tropical moist evergreen forests, tropical dry forests, tropical and subtropical moist deciduous forests, mangroves, subtropical and temperate upland forests, and alluvial grasslands.

Survival 
In 2014 it became endangered by IUCN. There are less than 2,500 of these tigers. There are about 1,520–1,909 in India, 440 in Bangladesh, 124–229 in Nepal and 67–81 in Bhutan. New tiger census 2010 showed the population of tiger in India approximately 2,226 which is 30% more from 1706, counted in the year 2010.Bengal tigers are carnivores. Bengal tigers are apex predators. They eat deer, water buffalo, wild boar, snakes, fish, rabbits, rodents, birds, monkeys and even sloth bears and jackals.

Appearance 
The Bengal tiger's coat is brownish-yellow or brownish-orange.  Its stripes go from dark brown to black. The belly and the inside parts of the limbs are white. The tail is brownish-orange with black rings.

They are the second largest tiger, after the Siberian tiger also known as the Amur Tiger. Male Bengal tigers have a total length, including the tail, from . Females go from . The average weight of males is . Females are .

References

Other websites

Tigers
National symbols of India
National symbols of Bangladesh
Fish and chips

Fish and chips is a traditional British food that originally came from the UK. It is a popular kind of fast food in some parts of the world. As the name says, it is made of chips and a deep fried fish fillet.
Shops and restaurants that have fish and chips are easy to find in Australia and New Zealand. They are most common in England. The first Fish and Chips were found in the East end of London in the late 19th Century. So they are not as traditional as we think.

The fish
Traditionally, cod, haddock, or (rarely) flounder are used to make fish and chips. Of these, cod is by far the most popular. Other fish with white meat can be used as well, for example whiting or plaice. Many places that serve fish and chips have more than one kind of fish. The customers can then choose what kind of fish they want...

The fish is always dipped in batter, which is a kind of liquid mixture which hardens upon frying. After that, it will be fried for a short time. The phrase 'fish & chips' implies that it will be fried in batter; of course, in a fish restaurant, grilling or boiling would be alternatives. Fish cooked like that do not have batter. Typically Fish and Chips is eaten with lots of vinegar and salt.

The chips
The chips are made from sliced potatoes. They are larger than French fries. Large slices of potatoes are fried.

Other side-dishes
Very often there are other side-dishes that are served with Fish and chips (also called a 'chippie' or 'fish shop'). They include mushy peas, onions, gherkins(which are baby cucumbers),baked beans and saveloys (long sausages). Sometimes, you can ask for 'scrapings' which are the bits of crunchy batter that have fallen off the fish when it was frying.
In Northern England there is also the variety chips and gravy (a little sauce) on the chips. It is less common in the rest of the country but sometimes you can also find 'curry sauce' in other parts of the UK. In Australia and New Zealand, fish and chip takeaway shops often offer sides like corn dogs and grilled cheese sandwich's.

Other things to note

Fish and chips are also sold out of mobile shops. Very often the shops and restaurants that serve fish and chips do not have a license to serve alcohol. Some nutritionists criticize fish and chips, because the meal contains a large amount of fat.

Other websites
 
 

Seafood dishes
British food
Fried foods
Marxist economics

Marxist economics are based on the economic theories of Philosopher Karl Marx. Marx's theories explain the "laws of motion" of production and exchange under capitalism. This theory was used to argue against the middle class theories of economics common at that time. Marx wanted this to be a tool for the working class (the proletariat) to use to overthrow capitalism and replace it with socialism, then with communism. Socialism, would be a step towards the disappearance of the state, and communism would be, according to Marx, a society where goods and services would be distributed "to each according to his need, from each according to his ability."

Marxist used the Labor Theory of Value, which says that the value of a commodity is determined by the labor required to produce it. More specifically, Marx defined the value of a commodity as the Socially necessary labor time required to produce it, the average (taken across all of society) time required to produce a given commodity under the average conditions of production. It follows from this that the [working class] is responsible for the production of all of the [value] (wealth) consumed by all members of society.

Marx viewed the capitalist class (the bourgeoisie), those who control the means of production, as leech-like and unnecessary; they are not necessary for the production of the goods society must consume in order to meet human needs and reproduce itself. Rather, Marx saw the capitalist class as getting wealth for itself by the exploitation of the working class. Marx argued that wages under capitalism are determined not by the value created by workers during a given period of time, but by the cost of their labor power (ability to work). He argued that the cost of labor power is determined by the cost of the goods and services (food, clothing, shelter, child care, education etc.) nececssary to maintain and reproduce workers. So, capitalists do not pay workers for the value they create: they extract Surplus value, the difference between the value created by a worker and the cost of their labor power (their wages), from the working class. In other words, surplus value is unpaid labor performed by the working class for the capitalist class, which Marx termed exploitation.

Marx argued that because the capitalist class enriches itself by the exploitation of the working class, the economic interests of the two classes are opposed and therefore incompatible. He saw the dispossession of the capitalists and the seizure of control of the means of production by the working class as historically progressive in that it would bring about the end of class society, remove the contradictions inherent under capitalism (a result of the antagonism of the two major classes, the bourgeoisie and proletariat), and qualitatively increase the scope of human development in many areas.

Other websites 
 Marxist website

Marxism
South African rand

The rand (sign: R; code: ZAR) is the South African currency. 100 cents make up one rand. 
The rand is named after an area near Johannesburg called the Rand, which is famous for its gold mines.

The symbol for the rand is a capital R, written before the sum. Thus, one hundred rand is written as R100. The plural form is "rand" in both English and Afrikaans.
In February 2018, it was announced that a new series of banknotes would be released in commemoration of what would have been Nelson Mandela's centennial year. This series would include notes of all denominations, 10-, 20-, 50-, 100- and 200-Rand. These notes would circulate alongside existing notes and be released on 18 July 2018, which was the 100th anniversary of his birth.[34] The notes depict the standard face of Nelson Mandela on the obverse, but instead of the Big Five animals on the reverse, they show a younger Mandela with different iconic scenes related to his legacy. These scenes comprise: the rolling hills of the Eastern Cape, featuring Mandela’s humble birthplace of Mvezo (10-Rand); the home of Mandela in Soweto, where he defined his political life alongside other struggle icons (20-Rand); the site where Mandela was captured near Howick, following 17 months in hiding, where a monument has been erected in his honour (50-Rand); the place of Mandela's 27-year imprisonment at Robben Island (100-Rand); the inauguration of Mandela as president at the Union Buildings in 1994 (200-Rand).

References

Currency of Africa
Economy of South Africa
The Care Bears Movie

The Care Bears Movie is a Canadian/American animated movie that came out on March 29, 1985. It was produced by Nelvana Limited of Canada, and was distributed by The Samuel Goldwyn Company. It was the first in a trilogy(or set of three) of big-screen movies that had the Care Bears in lead roles, and the first to be based directly on a toy line. The movie's success led to a spin-off television series that premiered on ABC a year after its release.

There were well-known celebrities among the movie's starring line-up, such as Carole King, who wrote and sung its opening theme. John Sebastian and NRBQ also contributed to its score. The movie also had the voices of Mickey Rooney, Canadian actress Georgia Engel, and voice actress Cree Summer.

It was made as a full-length commercial for the title toys, and had mixed views from critics. But its $23 million gross at the box office made it the biggest animated work outside the Disney market when it came out. It is one of the most profitable releases in the animation industry (its cost was $3 million). The movie saved Nelvana from closing down when Rock & Rule, the company's first production, did not do well.

Facts
The Care Bears Movie holds financial records for non-Disney animation (at the time it first came out), for Canadian moviemaking (only rivalled by Porky's and, more recently, The Wild), and for its distributor Samuel Goldwyn.

Its director, Arna Selznick, was one of three women to ever lead the production for a full-length cartoon. To this day, she is proud of these efforts, though she was aware of the strategy to promote it.

Plot
In this movie, an orphanage caretaker named Mr. Cherrywood tells the story of how the Care Bears come to help two children who do not care for anyone (Kim and Jason). The Care Bears live in Care-a-lot, a cloud-filled place up in the sky. As the two of them become friends with the Bears, a carnival magician's helper, Nicholas, turns from good to bad, because of an evil spirit he got from an old book.

When the boy's evil grows more and more, the Care Bears and their Cousins (from the Forest of Feelings), along with Kim and Jason, come back to Earth to end his evil doings. In turn, the carnival and the whole world will be saved.

Other websites 

Official site at MGM
The Care Bears Movie  at the Keyframe - the Animation Resource
Theatrical trailer  at Google Video
The Care Bear Zone's picture gallery 
Authentic cel from the movie at Toy Archive
A page with sketches from the film by one of its crew, Kevin Davies
Soundtrack page at SoundtrackCollector

1985 movies
1980s family movies
Canadian animated movies
Canadian family movies
American animated movies
American family movies
English-language movies
American independent movies
1779



Births 
 July 15 – Clement Clarke Moore, American educator, writer, and poet (d. 1863)
 August 1 – Francis Scott Key, American lawyer and lyricist (d. 1843)
1700

1700 (MDCC) was an exceptional common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1700th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 700th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 100th and last year of the 17th century, and the  1st   year of the 1700s decade. As of the start of 1700, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

As of March 1 (O.S. February 19), where then Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar didn't, the Julian calendar fell one day further behind, bringing the difference to 11 days until February 28 (O.S. February 17), 1800. In Sweden, the year started in the Julian calendar and remained so until February 28. Then, by skipping the leap day, the Swedish calendar was introduced, letting February 28 be followed by March 1, giving the entire year the same pattern as a common year starting on Monday. This calendar, being ten days behind the Gregorian and one day ahead of the Julian, lasts until 1712.

Events 
 January 1 – Russia first starts using Western numbers for its calendar.
366

366 was a common year.

Events 

 January 31 – Athanasius of Alexandria returns from his fifth exile.
 April – Emperor Valens defeats the troops of Procopius in the Battle of Thyatira.
 Valens builds a pontoon bridge across the Danube.  This lets the Visigoths travel farther north.
 The Tabula Peutingeriana, a map showing Roman places and roads, is made about this time.
 October 1 – Damasus I becomes 37th pope.

Births 

 Yao Xing, emperor of the Chinese Qiang state Later Qin

Deaths 

 Acacius of Caesarea, bishop and Christian leader of Arianism
 September 24 – Pope Liberius
 Marcellus, general and Roman usurper
 May 27 – Procopius, Roman usurper
 Yu Daolian, empress and wife of Jin Feidi
 Zhi Dun, Chinese Buddhist monk and philosopher
366
1322

1322 was a common year.

Events 
 March 16 – Battle of Boroughbridge, where Edward II of England beats Thomas, Earl of Lancaster
 September 27/September 28 – Battle of Ampfing, often called the last battle of knights, when Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor beats Frederick I of Austria

Births 
 January 11 – Emperor Komyo of Japan (died 1380)
 June 24 – Joanna, Duchess of Brabant (died 1406)

Deaths 
 January 3 – King Philip V of France (born 1293)
1463



Events 
 January 5 – Poet François Villon is banned from Paris.
 September 15 – Battle of Zatoka Świeża.
1205

1205 (MCCV) was .

Events 
 January 6 – Philip of Swabia becomes King of the Romans
 April 14 – Battle of Adrianople between Bulgars and Latins
 August 20 – Following certain news of Baldwin I's death, Henry of Flanders is crowned Emperor of the Latin Empire

Births 
 Walter IV of Brienne
 Wenceslaus I, King of Bohemia

Deaths 
 April 1 – King Amalric II of Jerusalem (born 1145)
 May 7 – Ladislaus III of Hungary (born 1201)
 June 14 – Walter III of Brienne
 July 13 – Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury
 Alexius V, Byzantine Emperor
 Baldwin I of Constantinople (born 1172)
 Enrico Dandolo, Doge of Venice
 Isabella of Jerusalem
 Žvelgaitis, Lithuanian duke
Chaos theory

Chaos theory is a part of mathematics. It looks at certain systems that are very sensitive. A very small change may make the system behave completely differently. 

Very small changes in the starting position of a chaotic system make a big difference after a while. This is why even large computers cannot tell the weather for more than a few days in the future. Even if the weather was perfectly measured, a small change or error will make the prediction completely wrong. Since even a butterfly flapping its wings can make enough wind to change weather, a chaotic system is sometimes called the "butterfly effect". No computer knows enough to tell how the small wind will change the weather.

Some systems (like weather) might appear random at first look, but chaos theory says that these kinds of systems or patterns may not be. If people pay close enough attention to what is really going on, they might notice the chaotic patterns.

The main idea of chaos theory is that a minor difference at the start of a process can make a major change in it as time progresses. Quantum chaos theory is a new idea in the study of chaos theory. It deals with quantum physics.

Examples
As an example, take a pendulum that is attached at some point, and swings freely. Connecting a second pendulum to the first will make the system completely different. It is very hard to start in exactly the same position again - a change in starting position so small that it cannot even be seen can quickly cause the pendulum swing to become different from what it was before. 

A very important part to the study of chaos theory is the study of mathematics functions that are known as fractals. Fractal functions work like chaotic systems: a small change in the starting values can change the value of the function in ways that look random. Due to the fact that they are mathematical, they are easy to study.

Related pages 
Discontinuous function
Lorenz attractor
Systems theory

Fields of mathematics
Basic physics ideas
Systems theory
1540



Events 
 January 6 – Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves, his fourth wife.
First World

First World or Developed World is a term used in geopolitics and economics to refer to the richer and more developed nations. In these countries, the majority of the people are in the middle class and enjoy a good standard of living. This term is being used less, as terms like global North and developed world become more common.

List of First World nations
Andorra
Australia
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Monaco
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Portugal
San Marino
Singapore
South Korea
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
Vatican City

Political geography
Economic geography
Country classifications
Mulan (1998 movie)

Mulan is a 1998 American animated musical adventure movie produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation. It is the 36th movie in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series. It is set in old-time China and based on local legend. The movie stars the voices of Ming-Na Wen and Eddie Murphy. Mulan was a success with its fans because it was different from Disney's other movies in terms of music and artistic design. The music was written by Jerry Goldsmith who also wrote the music for another animated movie, 1982's The Secret of NIMH. Christina Aguilera sang Reflections or the movie's soundtrack. A direct-to-video sequel, Mulan II, was released on February 1, 2005.

In 2018, Disney announced that they were making a live action remake.  It was released on Disney+ in 2020 for a premium fee of $29.99. It got a lot of criticism for not being like the original and its' historical accuracies.

Story 
An army of Huns, arrive and try to invade China. The Chinese army recruits each man from every family for them to start a war. Mulan's father suffers an injury and he cannot fight. Mulan disguises herself as a boy and enters the army. A dragon named Mushu accompanies her.

At first, Mulan is not taken seriously by the other soldiers but during training, eventually proves that she is better than what they thought. Mulan secretly falls in love with the commander, Li Shang.

The army is attacked by the Huns in the snowy mountains. Mulan uses a cannon to start an avalanche which buries and kills the Huns. Mulan is hurt by a sword, and the doctor who examines her finds that she is not a boy but a girl. Li Shang and the Chinese army leave Mulan alone in the mountains. 

The Chinese Army arrives at the Emperor's palace in the Imperial City for victory celebrations. Mulan sees that several Huns, including their leader, Shan Yu, have survived the avalanche. She goes to Imperial City to tell Li Shang but nobody believes her because they are celebrating the end of the war.

Shan Yu and the Huns attack the palace and capture the Emperor. Mulan and her soldier friends dress up as palace women so that they can get inside and rescue the Emperor. Shan Yu is left trapped on the palace roof and dies in a firework display. The Emperor thanks Mulan and she returns home. The Emperor tells Li Shang to follow her if he loves her. Li Shang arrives at Mulan's town and is invited to have dinner with the family.

References

Other websites 

 Official Site
 
 
 

1998 movies
1998 animated movies
American family movies
1990s American musical movies
Disney animated movies
1990s English-language movies
Movies set in China
Movies set in palaces
Movies composed by Jerry Goldsmith
Mulan (Disney)
Multilingual movies
1823

1823 was a common year.

Events 
 Mexico becomes a republic.
 Monroe Doctrine is expressed during President James Monroe's seventh annual message to Congress on December 2

Art, music, theatre, and literature 
 December 23 - "A Visit from St. Nicholas" ("The Night Before Christmas")
1876



Births 
 April 27 - Irma Sèthe, Belgian violinist.
 December 25 – Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of Pakistan.

Events 
 The telephone is invented by Alexander Graham Bell.
 The United States celebrated its 100th birthday.
 The Falkland Island Fox becomes extinct.
1861

1861 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events 
The American Civil War begins.
 January 1 - Benito Juárez captures Mexico City.
 March 19 – The First Taranaki War ends in New Zealand.
 August 19 – First ascent of Weisshorn, fifth highest summit in the Alps.
 September – The first complete identified remains of Archaeopteryx are discovered in Germany.
1829

1829 was a common year.

Births 
 September 7 – Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz, German organic chemist (d. 1896)
Chantilly, Virginia

Chantilly is a community in Fairfax County, Virginia. The Battle of Chantilly was fought here during the American Civil War.

Notable local organizations

 Ellanor C. Lawrence Park – Along Route 28 between Chantilly and Centreville, the park houses athletic fields—including soccer, baseball, and softball fields, trails, and fitness stations. Coyote sightings have been reported within the park.
 Flat Lick Stream Valley Park
 The Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center annex of the National Air and Space Museum
 The headquarters of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO). It designs, builds, and operates the spy satellites of the United States government, and provides satellite intelligence to several government agencies, particularly signals intelligence (SIGINT) to the NSA, imagery intelligence (IMINT) to the NGA, and measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT) to the DIA.
 The Westfields Marriott in Chantilly hosted the annual Bilderberg summit in 2002; 2008, 2012, and 2017, There were protests.

References

Cities in Virginia
Corpus Christi, Texas

Corpus Christi, Texas is a city in the United States. It is near the coast of the Gulf of Mexico and is one of the fastest growing cities in America. Its economy is based around petroleum refining and tourism.

The city was founded in 1839 as Kinney's Ranch and has been known as Corpus Christi since 1847.

Elsa Flores, a famous biologist and chemist, grew up in Corpus Christi, Texas.

Notes 

 
1839 establishments in the Republic of Texas
County seats in Texas
Panama Canal

The Panama Canal is a waterway (a canal) in the country of Panama in Central America, that connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Because of the way Panama twists, the entrance to the Pacific Ocean is farther east than the entrance to the Atlantic Ocean. This is the opposite of what one would expect.

The Panama Canal is 77 km (48 miles) long and cuts across the Isthmus of Panama. At each end it uses three pairs of locks for lifting and lowering ships on different water levels. This saves ships 15,000 km (10,000 miles) compared to going around South America. Each year, about 14,000 ships come through the canal. By 2002, around 800,000 ships came through. 

The old locks are 110 ft (33.53 m) wide by 1,050 ft (320 m) long and 41.2 feet (12.6 m) deep, with a usable length of 1,000 ft (305 m). The biggest ships that can go through the Panama Canal are called Panamax. 

New locks opened in 2016 to allow ships more than twice as big, called New Panamax. They are 55 m (180 ft) wide by 427 m (1,400 ft) long, and 18.3 m (60.0 ft) deep. New channels connect to the new locks.

Ferdinand de Lesseps tried building a Panama Canal in 1880, but could not finish it. The project was started again in 1904 by the United States, under the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, who spent ten years and 375 million dollars building it. The Panama Canal was finally finished in 1914, at the cost of approximately 25,000 lives. Most deaths were from disease, and before United States construction of the canal began. The US government owned and operated the canal until 1999 when the Panamanian government started controlling it.

Other websites 
 Live webcam images of the Panama Canal
 Panama Canal – Britannica

Canals
Buildings and structures in North America
Seven Wonders of the Modern World
1914 establishments in North America
1914 establishments in the United States
Geography of Panama
Suriname

Suriname or Surinam is a country in South America. The official name of the country is Republiek Suriname (this is Dutch and translates to Republic of Suriname). It used to be known as Nederlands Guyana, Netherlands Guiana or Dutch Guiana. It is between Guyana and French Guiana. Paramaribo is the capital city, in which resides almost half of the country's population. About half a million people live in the country. Suriname became independent from the Netherlands in 1975. Before that, it was a part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

There are border disputes with French Guiana and Guyana all to the south of the country.

The industry of the country is centered on the mining and processing of bauxite. This makes up 15 percent of the Gross Domestic Product and more than 70% of the exports. Other exports are sugar, oil and gold. About 25% of the working people are employed in agriculture. The main trade partners are the Netherlands, the United States and countries in the Caribbean.

Dutch, French, Spanish and English explorers discovered the area in the early 16th century. A century later, sugar plantation colonies were established by the Dutch and English along the many rivers in the fertile Guyana plains. After the second Anglo-Dutch War England traded any claims to the territory for New Amsterdam which became New York.

Related pages
List of rivers of Suriname
List of Surinamese people
Suriname at the Olympics
Suriname national football team

References

 
Caribbean Community
Dutch-speaking countries
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Aarre Merikanto

Aarre Merikanto (29 June 1893 — 28 September 1958) was a Finnish composer. His parents were Liisa Häyrynen and composer Oskar Merikanto.

Merikanto was born in 1893. He studied music in Helsinki (1911), Leipzig (1912-1914) and Moscow (1916-1917). He tried composing an opera for the first time when he was 18 years old. The result was Helena, which was completed in early 1912. The opera had one act and its libretto was written by Jalmari Finne. In the 1920s Merikanto created his own modernist style. Merikanto was a professor of composition in the Sibelius Academy, Helsinki from 1951 to his death. Merikanto died of lung cancer in Helsinki in 1958.

Other websites 
Aarre Merikanto – information from the Finnish Music Information Centre

1893 births
1958 deaths
20th-century composers
Deaths from lung cancer
Finnish composers
1878



Events 
 March 3 – The Treaty of San Stefano ends the Russo-Turkish War.
 June 12 – July 12 – Congress of Berlin meets to talk about the independence of the Balkans following the Russo-Turkish War.
 Ipswich Town F.C. founded
 Everton F.C. founded
 Manchester United F.C. founded

Deaths 
 February 7 – Pope Pius IX (b. 1792)
1325

1325 was a common year.

Events 
 January 7 – Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal.
1076

1076 was a leap year.

Deaths 
 March 21 – Robert I, Duke of Burgundy
1568

1568 was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

Events
January 16 - Álvaro de Mendaña discovers the Tuvaluan island of Nui.
Unknown - The Eighty Years War begins.

Births
 March 9 - Aloysius Gonzaga, Italian saint (d. 1591)
 April 5 - Pope Urban VIII, 236th Pope (d. 1644)
 Unknown - Joris van Spilbergen,  Dutch explorer (d. 1620)

Deaths
 January 26 - Lady Katherine Grey, English noblewoman (b. 1540)
 July 24 - Carlos, Prince of Asturias, oldest son of Philip II of Spain (b. 1545)
 December 31 – Shimazu Tadayoshi, Japanese daimyo (b. 1493)