alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Kiss

People kiss each other, usually by using their lips and mouth to touch each other. However, there are many different types of kiss, with different meanings. Also, the meaning of kissing may be different in different cultures. Most often, people kiss to show love or affection for each other. Sometimes, people kiss as a sign of friendship, sometimes it is a ritual performed to greet someone.

Types of kisses

Greeting kisses 
Greeting kisses are not given for sexual passion, but simply a sign of friendship. In many parts of the world, women often kiss on meeting female friends, but men do not. And the female greeting kiss may not actually touch the friend's face. In the past of many western countries men used to kiss the back of a woman's hand when being introduced. This suggests that a direct kiss from a man to a woman was too intimate to be just a greeting.

There are different ways of kissing. People might kiss on the cheeks to greet someone, or to bid them farewell. Depending on the culture it usually does not mean that the kisser loves the person he or she kissed. Kissing when female friends meet is usual in many countries, with some interesting variations. Parisian females often do a rapid double 'air kiss' or 'cheek kiss': a kiss on each side twice, but without lips touching flesh.

Sexual kisses 

French kissing is  an erotic gesture. It involves touching tongues while kissing. It is more intimate than other forms of kissing.

Ritual kisses 
A kiss may be a ritual, that is, a symbolic or social gesture showing devotion, respect or greeting. Temples, religious books or icon are sometimes given a ritual kiss. A bride and groom kissing at the end of a wedding ceremony or national leaders kissing each other in greeting, are examples.

Kisses and health 
It is possible to spread diseases through kissing, but it is also possible to exaggerate the danger. Exotic diseases like herpes and mononucleosis can be spread, but that is rare, and spreading HIV this way is almost unknown. Colds and the flu are much more likely to be spread. Mononucleosis is well known for being spread through kissing. Many diseases that can be spread by sharing drinks can also be spread by kissing.

The upside to this is that, usually, kissing makes people happier. That has health benefits.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Non-verbal communication
Latitude

The latitude of the Earth gives the distance north or south of the equator. It is measured in degrees. Latitude is represented by the Greek letter phi, . It is usually used along with a measurement of longitude in order to pinpoint a location on Earth.

The equator is numbered 0 degrees. Everything north or south of the equator is designated either as north latitude or south latitude. The north pole is 90 degrees north, and the south pole is 90 degrees south. The Antarctic Circle, Tropic of Capricorn, Tropic of Cancer, and Arctic Circle are all circles of latitude.

Related pages 
 Longitude

References 

Lines of latitude

Other websites 
 Latitude Citizendium
Jaleel White

Jaleel White (born November 27, 1976) is an American actor. He is best known for playing of Steve Urkel in the television series Family Matters and the first English voice of Sonic the Hedgehog.

1976 births
Living people
African-American voice actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American child actors
Actors from Culver City, California
Chemical substance

A chemical substance is any material with a known chemical composition. For example, water has the same properties and the same ratio of hydrogen to oxygen whether it came from a river or was made in a laboratory. Typical chemical substances found in the home include water, salt (sodium chloride) and bleach. Generally, substances exist as a solid, a liquid, or a gas, and may change between these phases of matter when there are changes in temperature or pressure.

Gallery

References

Related pages 
Chemical nomenclature

Chemistry
South China tiger

The South China tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis) is an almost extinct subspecies of the tiger. There are now 20-30 of them left in the wild and 60 left in captivity. It is one of the world's ten most endangered animals and the most endangered of the six surviving tiger subspecies. The South Chinae tiger is also known as the Chinese, Amoy, or Xiamen tiger.

Description
It can be distinguished from other tiger subspecies by its narrow face, its longer nose, more intense orange colour, short fur, longer legs, and shorter stripes which are spaced far apart from each other compared to other tiger subspecies. The South China tiger has the least amount of stripes out of all the tiger subspecies, and is the second smallest tiger.

A male South China tiger is around 2.3 to 2.65 m (91 to 104 in) long, and weighs 130 to 175 kg (290 to 390 lb). Females are smaller and are around 2.2 to 2.4 m (87 to 94 in) long, and weigh 110 to 115 kg (240 to 250 lb). The smallest length of the skull in males is 318 to 343 mm (12.5 to 13.5 in), and in females 273 to 301 mm (10.7 to 11.9 in).

Behaviour
The South China tiger is a carnivorous predator, hunting its prey by stalking it until the South China tiger has the opportunity to catch it off guard. South China tigers usually hunt large mammals like deer, wild boar, cattle and goats.

The South China tiger is found on mountains, and in temperate, upland forests of southern-China.

Reproduction
Females are pregnant for around 3 to 4 months before giving birth to around 5 cubs. Newborn South China tiger cubs weigh about 1 kg (2 lb) and are blind and helpless. The mother feeds them milk for about 2 months and then the South China tiger cubs are introduced to meat. South China tiger cubs depend on their mother for the first 18 months and then they start hunting on their own.

References

Tigers
Crotram

CROTRAM is a group of Croatian companies that make trams.  They make a tram called TMK 2200.

Crotram is a consortium (a group of companies that cooperate) made of three companies: Elektroindustrija Koncar(cro. Končar) and Gredelj, both from city of Zagreb, and Duro Dakovic (cro. Đuro Đaković), from Slavonski Brod.

Crotram sells their trams to ZET, the company that is in charge of all the public transport for the city of Zagreb.  So far Crotram has only sold TMK 2200s to Zagreb, but they are trying to sell them in other cities.

The TMK 2200 is 32 meters long, and it can go as fast as 70km/h.  202 people can ride at one time.

Other websites
 pictures of TMK 2200 
 Gallery with pictures of TMK 2200 and some other Croatian trams 

Rail transport in Europe
Companies of Croatia
Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope

Star Wars: Episode IV: A New Hope (initially named Star Wars) is a science fiction movie. It is the first film in the Star Wars saga. The movie was released in 1977 and also incorporates adventure, action and drama.

Plot 
Princess Leia Organa is a prisoner of the evil Empire. She was captured by Darth Vader, who is helping the Empire stop a rebellion, by using the Death Star. Luke Skywalker, Obi-Wan Kenobi and Han Solo work together to rescue her. They are helped by the droids (or robots) R2-D2 and C-3PO. With the princess, they try to stop the Empire and bring peace and happiness to the galaxy.

Cast 
 Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker
 Harrison Ford as Han Solo
 Carrie Fisher as Princess Leia Organa
 Alec Guinness as Ben (Obi-Wan) Kenobi
 David Prowse as Darth Vader, voiced by James Earl Jones
 Anthony Daniels as See Threepio (C-3PO)
 Kenny Baker as Artoo-Detoo (R2-D2)
 Peter Mayhew as Chewbacca
 Peter Cushing as Grand Moff Tarkin
 Denis Lawson as Red Two (Wedge)

Release dates

Special Edition

Related pages
 The Phantom Menace
 Attack of the Clones
 Revenge of the Sith
 The Empire Strikes Back
 Return of the Jedi

Other websites

 Official website
 
 
 Star Wars at the Movie Wiki

1977 science fiction movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by George Lucas
Screenplays by George Lucas
New Hope
United States National Film Registry movies
Danish language

Danish is the Germanic language spoken in Denmark, the Faroe Islands, and parts of Greenland and Germany (Southern Schleswig). Around 5.5 million people speak Danish.  It is used as a second language in Greenland and the Faroe Islands.  The Danish people, or Danes, call their language dansk.

Here are some simple words in Danish:

References

                                                                            

North Germanic languages
Denmark
Languages of Europe
Zealand

Zealand (Danish: Sjælland) is an island in the eastern part of Denmark. It is just west of Sweden and a strait called the Øresund lies between the two. It has an area of 7,031 km² and is the largest island in the country.

About 2,268,000 people were living in Zealand as of 2016. Most of these people live in and around Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, which is on the eastern shore of Zealand.

A number of bridges and tunnels link Zealand to other parts of Denmark. They include:
 the Great Belt Bridge, which links Zealand to Funen, an island to the west.
 the Storstrøm Bridge, which links Zealand to Lolland, an island to the south.
 the Øresund Bridge, which links Zealand (actually the island of Amager) to Sweden to the east, near Malmö.

Islands of Denmark
Region Zealand
Capital Region of Denmark
Bangladeshi taka

The Taka is the currency of Bangladesh. The most commonly used symbol for the Taka is Tk and ৳.  This is used on receipts while purchasing goods and services. One taka is divided into 100 poisha.

In Bengali, the word taka is also used to mean any money, currency, or notes. 

Bangladesh Bank, the central bank of the country, prints the currency, except for one taka and two taka notes, which are made by the Ministry of Finance.

Other websites 
 Banknotes of Bangladesh

References 

Economy of Bangladesh
Currency of Asia
Bogotá

Bogota is the capital (city) of Colombia. As of 2009, more than 7 million people live in Bogota, which makes it the largest city in Colombia. It is about  above sea level, on a plateau. This makes it the third highest capital in the world. With many universities and libraries, Bogotá has become known as "The Athens of South America".The weather is usually nice during the day and cool at night. It has a series of bike paths (trails that are made for bikes) that wind through the city. It has many recreational and amusement parks open to the public. The current mayor is Claudia López.

History
Originally, Native Americans called Muisca lived in the area. Then, in 1538, Gonzalo Jimenes de Quezada, a Spanish conqueror, founded Bogota. Bogota became a center of trade, art, and education. Some of the oldest universities in the Americas are in Bogota.  After Independence from Spain, Bogota became the capital of Gran Colombia in 1819. 

Bogota has had extremely awful moments. In 1948, a presidential candidate, Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, was murdered while doing a speech in front of hundreds of persons. This tragic moment brought with it terrible consequences: one of the most remembered one is the "Bogotazo". The "Bogotazo" started as a political party war, the blue party, self named the "conservatives", began to hunt and kill every single member of the red party, the "liberals".  The remaining blue party members decided to create the "Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia" (FARC); however, this group was ironically created to protect the oppressed people from their oppressors. Nowadays, this group is known as terrorists and murderers;nevertheless, Colombia's capital city, Bogota, has not being attacked in the last few years.

References

 
Capitals of Colombian departments
1538 establishments
1530s establishments in the Spanish Empire
Aymara people

The Aymara are members of a tribe of Native Americans that live in Bolivia and Peru.  They are native to the area around Lake Titicaca.  They speak the Aymara language. They call themselves Aymaras.  

The president of Bolivia, Evo Morales, is Aymara.

The many-colored flag of the tribe is called the Wiphala.

Ethnic groups in South America
Native Americans
Perihelion

The perihelion is the point in the orbit of a planet, asteroid or comet that is nearest to the sun. It is the opposite of aphelion, which is the point farthest from the sun.

The word perihelion stems from the Greek words "peri," meaning near, and "Helios," meaning the Greek god of the sun. So it is referred to as perihelion. 

All planets, comets and asteroids in our solar system have approximately elliptical (a kind of non-circular) orbits. Thus, they all have a closest and a farthest point from the sun: a perihelion and an aphelion. Orbital eccentricity measures the flatness of the orbit. Any single revolution of a body around the sun is only approximately elliptical, because the precession of the perihelion prevents the orbit from being a simple closed curve such as an ellipse. This causes Milankovich cycles.  

Earth comes closest to the sun every year around January 3. It is farthest from the sun every year around July 4. The difference in distance between Earth's nearest point to the sun in January and farthest point from the sun in July is 3.1 million miles (5 million kilometers). Earth is about 91.4 million miles (147.1 million kilometers) from the sun in early January, in contrast to about 94.5 million miles (152 million kilometers) in early July.

When Earth is closest to the sun, it is winter in the northern hemisphere and summer in the southern hemisphere. Thus it is possible to see that Earth's distance from the sun does not noticeably  cause the seasons to change; the relatively minor effects of differences in distance is somewhat masked by the mainly oceanic southern hemisphere vs the half- continental northern hemisphere. Therefore, the Earth's seasons come and go mainly because Earth does not rotate with its axis exactly upright with respect to the plane of our world’s orbit around the sun. Earth's axial tilt is 23.5 degrees.  This puts the Sun farther south in December and January, so the north has winter and the south has summer. Thus winter falls on that part of the globe where sunlight strikes least directly. Summer falls on that part of the globe where sunlight strikes most directly.

Orbits
Johnston Atoll

Johnston Atoll is an island in the Pacific Ocean. It is a property of the United States. The military used the Island for many things including a re-fueling location for planes going overseas, a chemical weapons ammunition storage facility, and a test launch location for nuclear testing. It was inhabited by all forces of the US military and government contract workers.

The island is named after Captain James Johnston, who discovered it in 1807. The island was mined for guano until 1890. After that, it was used as an army base.

Other websites 

Johnston Island Memories Site, the personal website of an AFRTS serviceman stationed there in 1975-6
Coast Guard Medevac from Johnston Island , photo from December 2007 medevac operation
JACADS - Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System, history of nuclear testing, and JACADS Sarin and VX nerve agent disposal
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Johnston Island National Wildlife Refuge  Contains additional information on wildlife and clean-up efforts

Atolls
United States Minor Outlying Islands
Pacific islands
Islands of Oceania
Llama

A Llama (Lama glama) is a mammal of the Camelidae family. It is from South America, the Andes Mountains of Peru and Ecuador.

Sometimes the name llama is used for all four South American camelids.

Llama and humans 
The llama was domesticated about 5000 years ago. It was and is used for carrying things, and for wool. The llama was very important for the Incan people. Even today, llamas are used for similar reasons, but will more commonly be used as domesticated pets.

Related animals 
The llama's close relative is the alpaca, who is a more demure, petite animal in comparison to the llama. Llamas have three related cousins - the alpaca, the guanaco, and the vicuña. The llama is the national symbol of Bolivia.

Llamas spit, and travel together. Llamas also have a high content of hemoglobin which causes their blood cells to be oval and not circular.

References

Other websites

Camelids
Domesticated animals
Animals used for transport
Mammals of South America
1840s

The 1840s was the decade that began on January 1, 1840 and ended on December 31, 1849.

Events 
 Treaty of Nanking between China and the United Kingdom(1842)
 Irish Potato Famine(1845–1848)
 Mexican-American War (1846–1848)
 The Communist Manifesto (1848)is published
 European Revolutions of 1848 (1848)
 California Gold Rush (1849)

World leaders 
 Emperor Ferdinand I (Austria)
 Chancellor Klemens Wenzel von Metternich (Austria)
 Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
 King Louis-Philippe (July Monarchy France)
 Frederick William IV of Prussia (Prussia)
 Pope Gregory XVI
 Pope Pius IX
 Emperor Nicholas I (Russia)
 Queen Isabella II (Spain)
 Queen Victoria (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
 Prime Minister Lord Melbourne (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Lord John Russell (United Kingdom)
 President Martin Van Buren (United States)
 President William Henry Harrison (United States)
 President John Tyler (United States)
 President James Knox Polk (United States)
 President Zachary Taylor (United States)
 Sultan Abd-ul-Mejid I (Ottoman Empire)
 Shahs of Persia (Qajar dynasty)
 Mohammad Shah Qajar, (b. 1810 – d. 1848) Shah from 1834 to 1848
 Nasser-al-Din Shah, 1848–1896

Births 
 Edvard Grieg (1843)
 Wyatt Earp (1848)

Deaths 
 Edgar Allan Poe (1849)
Revolutions of 1848

The European Revolutions of 1848 were a series of revolts in Europe. In some places they are called Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution.

These revolutions started in January with a Palermo republican uprising. The larger French Revolution of 1848 in February was followed in March by several other revolutions amongst them the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states. In Ireland, the rebellions began because of famine conditions in their country.

People in the various countries tried to take over their governments.

References

1848 in Europe
Palmyra Atoll

Palmyra Atoll is an island in the North Pacific Ocean. No one lives there, but 4 to 20 people use this island, mainly scientists. It is managed as a nature reserve by the United States. It is known as the Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge.

In 2005, a team of scientists from around the world started to build a research station on the island. They wanted to gain a deeper understanding of the environment of the island.

History 
Palmyra Atoll was claimed by the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1862, and was taken by the United States in 1898 along with Hawaii. The atoll was not included in the Hawaii Admission Act of 1959, which made Hawaii a state, so it remained a US territory.

References

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/um.html

Other websites

Palmyra atoll 
Palmyra Island 
Palmyra Atoll NWR 
The Curse of Palmyra Island – article
The Curse of Palmyra Island – free book 
The Nature Conservancy in Palmyra Atoll 
Palmyra Atoll Research Consortium
United States v. Fullard-Leo (Supreme Court opinion; includes a history of the island's ownership)
WorldStatesmen- U.S.
History of Palmyra Atoll 
The Palmyra Gazette 

Atolls
United States Minor Outlying Islands
Pacific islands
Uninhabited regions
Kingman Reef

Kingman Reef is a coral reef in the North Pacific Ocean, owned by the United States. 

It is the farthest north of the Northern Line Islands.  It is only sometimes above water.  

Palmyra Atoll is the other U.S. territory in the Northern Line Islands.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 K5K Amateur Radio Expedition to Kingman Reef
 Kennedy Warne: "An Uneasy Eden" — National Geographic Magazine, July 2008

United States Minor Outlying Islands
Pacific islands
Uninhabited regions
Jarvis Island

Jarvis Island (; formerly known as Bunker Island) is an uninhabited island owned by the United States.  The small island is a part of the United States Minor Outlying Islands, a group of mostly uninhabited islands.

Jarvis Island was officially made part of the United States in 1858. People used to mine guano there, but they then abandoned it. The United States treats it as a nature reserve. 

Located 25 miles south of the equator, Jarvis Island, is an uninhabited coral island located in the South Pacific Ocean. Jarvis has no known natural freshwater sources, and very little rain. This creates a very bleak, flat landscape with plants no larger than shrubs. Jarvis Island has no ports or docks, other than a reef the guano miners blew up in order for the cargo boats to be able to drop anchor. Its grass, vines and low-growing bushes are primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for wildlife. The island has a tropical desert climate, with high temperatures in the day, constant wind, and a very hot sun. There is no evidence that the island has ever supported a native human population, but on August 30, 1913, the Amaranth was carrying a cargo of coal from Newcastle, New South Wales, to San Francisco when it crashed on Jarvis' southern shore. Ruins of ten wooden buildings, and a two-story house among them, could still be seen by the Amaranth crew, who left Jarvis aboard two lifeboats. Also, Settlers were moved to Jarvis Island in 1935 to maintain a weather station and plan a landing field. A settlement called Millersville was established on the west coast of the island because of it was the highest elevation. The Japanese shelled the island in 1942 and the men living on Jarvis were evacuated soon afterward. The United States claimed possession of Jarvis under the Guano Islands Act of 1856. The Act gave American citizens the right to claim any unclaimed, uninhabited islands for the purpose of mining guano. Because at the time guano was a very valuable asset used for fertilizer.

References

Other websites
 Jarvis Island Home Page Website with photos, weather, and more.
 Jarvis Island information website  Has several photos of the old Millersville settlement, together with more modern photos of the island.
 WorldStatesmen Offers brief data on Jarvis island.
 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Jarvis Island National Wildlife Refuge  The Jarvis Island refuge site.

United States Minor Outlying Islands
Pacific islands
Islands of Oceania
Uninhabited regions
1830s

The 1830s was the decade that began on January 1, 1830 and ended on December 31, 1839.

Events 
 Ayya Vaikundar appeared after the incarnation, above the sea of Thiruchendur.
 Croquet invented in Ireland.
 Mormon religion founded in New York.
 Belgium founded. 
 Ecuador declares independence. 
 Queen Victoria becomes ruler of Great Britain.

World leaders 
 Emperor Francis II (Austria)
 Emperor Ferdinand I (Austria)
 Chancellor Klemens Wenzel von Metternich (Austria)
 King Louis-Philippe (July Monarchy France)
 Frederick William III of Prussia (Prussia)
 Pope Gregory XVI
 Emperor Nicholas I (Russia)
 King Ferdinand VII (Spain)
 King William IV (United Kingdom)
 Queen Victoria (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Lord Grey (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Lord Melbourne (United Kingdom)
 President Andrew Jackson (United States)
 President Martin Van Buren (United States)
 Shahs of Persia (Qajar dynasty)
 Fath Ali Shah, 1797–1834
 Mohammad Shah Qajar, 1834–1848

Births 
 Emily Dickinson, writer
 Gustave Eiffel, engineer
 Johannes Brahms, German musician
 Alfred Nobel, inventor
 Grover Cleveland, politician

Deaths 
 Simón Bolívar, leader
 Jean-François Champollion, Egyptologist
 Sir Walter Scott, writer
 James Weddell, explorer
 Alexander Puskin, writer
1819



Events 
 Simon Bolivar finds Gran Colombia.
 The United States buys Florida from Spain. 
 The U.S. State of Alabama got its statehood.
 Singapore was founded by Sir Stamford Raffles.

Births 
 May 24 – Queen Victoria, British royal (d. 1901)
 August 26 – Albert, Prince Consort, Husband of Queen Victoria (d. 1861)
 date unknown
 George Eliot, English writer (d. 1880)
 Charles Kingsley, writer (The Water Babies) (d. 1877)
Isaiah

Isaiah was a prophet of God in Judaism, Islam, Christianity and Bahá'í. He lived from about 740 to 681 BC. The name Isaiah means "the Lord is salvation" in the Hebrew language. 

Isaiah is also the name of a book in the Old Testament of the Bible, which tells the story of the Israelites in Isaiah's time.  According to Christianity, Isaiah predicted in this book, the birth and then death of Jesus, hundreds of years before it actually happened.  Judaism does not agree with that interpretation.

Isaiah was known to be the Shakespeare of the Bible due to his good education and the quality of the passages he wrote. He was cut in half by King Manasseh which led to his gruesome death. Most of Isaiah's Bible passages begin with 'God's message to'.

Old Testament prophets
Ancient Israeli people
680s BC deaths
Leopold Poetsch

Leopold Poetsch was a German antiSemitic professor and a high school teacher of Adolf Hitler who influenced the future leader's later views. 

Poetsch came from the southern German border area. There, political fights between Slavs and ethnic Germans angered him and made him one who was for the Pan-German movement. He started to teach in Maribor, Slovenia and later moved to Linz, Austria to teach history.

Hitler was very interested in what Poetsch said. Poetsch hated the Habsburgs and argued that all ethnic Germans should be united by a single government. He said that the Aryan race was stronger, in better health, and more fit to rule than all other people. Poetsch said that Jews and Slavs were what he called "inferior races". (This view was held a lot in Germany after World War I.)

Hitler began reading an anti-Semitic newspaper in his area. In his later years, Hitler spoke of Poetsch as a "great man." As dictator of Germany, Hitler tried to get all German-speaking people together and persecuted Slavs, Jews, Gypsies, and others. Hitler later tried to kill them all in the "Final Solution."

References
Shirer, William L. Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany. Simon & Schuster, 1990. ISBN 0-671-72868-7

German academics
1853 births
1952 deaths
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

The prime minister of the United Kingdom or British prime minister is the head of government in the United Kingdom. The prime minister controls the Government of the United Kingdom through the cabinet. The prime minister is the chairman of the British cabinet and a member of the Privy Council. It is normal for the prime minister to be the leader of the political party which has a majority in the House of Commons. 

The prime minister is not the head of state, but is the most important politician in Parliament. By tradition, the monarch of the United Kingdom chooses the prime minister. The monarch chooses the leader of the political party with enough votes to get laws passed in Parliament.

Rishi Sunak (Conservative Party) became prime minister on 25 October 2022.

Background
The prime minister is usually the leader of the political party which wins most seats after a general election. There are 650 are available in the United Kingdom. Voters vote for their own local member of parliament, not for the prime minister. Voters in their constituency choose their member of parliament. The prime minister is a member of parliament, and only voters in one constituency can vote for them.

The first prime minister was Robert Walpole in the eighteenth century. He was known as the "First Lord of the Treasury".  The first person to be use the title "prime minister" officially was Henry Campbell-Bannerman in 1905.

Well-known prime ministers in the 20th century included David Lloyd George,  Stanley Baldwin, Winston Churchill, Clement Attlee, Margaret Thatcher, and Tony Blair. The prime ministers usually live and work at 10 Downing Street or Chequers while in office. Chequers was donated to the country by Winston Churchill.
	
There are several other official residences, some owned by the government, others held by trusts. The  Chevening House estate, in Kent is an example. Dorneywood is another.

Living former prime ministers
There are seven living former British prime ministers:

Related pages 
List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

References
River Forth

The River Forth is a river in Scotland. 

The source is Loch Ard, in Kinlochard. The river flows through the city of Stirling, and the city of Edinburgh is on the south of the Firth of Forth estuary.

Rivers of Scotland
Fife
West Lothian
Alejandro Toledo

Alejandro Toledo is a former president of Peru. He won the 2001 election for president. He gained international prominence after leading the opposition against president Alberto Fujimori, who held the presidency from 1990 to 2000.

Early life
He pursued his undergraduate and graduate education at the University of San Francisco and Stanford University. He originally joined the technical and academic field, from where he participated as an analyst on politics and economics on some occasions.

Political career
He entered politics when he founded the País Posible party, participating for the first time in the 1995 general election. In 2000, he managed to become in the largest opposition leader to the government of Alberto Fujimori, before whom in the midst of a controversial and bumpy process, lost the election for a second time. After the transition stage and the return of democracy in Peru, he participated for the third time in the 2001 elections against Lourdes Flores of National Unity and Alan García of the Peruvian Aprista Party; he competed with the latter in the second round, winning with 53.1% of the popular vote.

Arrest
On 16 July 2019, Toledo was arrested in the United States. On 19 March 2020, he was released on bail.

Personal life
He is from the town of Chimbote in Ancash Region, Peru. He is married to Eliane Karp of Belgium.

References

Presidents of Peru
1946 births
Living people

People from Chimbote
Inuktitut

Inuktitut is a language of the Arctic, spoken by Inuits in Canada and in Greenland.  Inuktitut is a very complex language.  It is an official language in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories.

The Inuit write Inuktitut in two ways. One way to write Inuktitut is by using the Roman alphabet. The other way to write Inuktitut is by using an abugida, which is a kind of alphabet which has  letters based on syllables.

The Inuktitut syllabary uses a small part of the Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics, a set of letters made up for writing down many of the languages of the First Nations people  in Canada.

Some words in English come from Inuktitut or another Inuit language. Among them are the words anorak, igloo, and kayak.

References

Eskimo-Aleut languages
Fall Out Boy

Fall Out Boy (often shortened to FOB) is an alternative rock band from Chicago, Illinois, USA. The members are Pete Wentz (bassist), Patrick Stump (vocals), Andy Hurley (drums), and Joe Trohman (guitar). They have written successful songs, including "Thnks fr the Mmrs", "Sugar, We're Goin Down" and "Dance, Dance".

Overview 
Their music is mostly like the pop-punk style, or genre, of music. The band got the name "Fall Out Boy" from a character who appeared in one episode of The Simpsons. "Sugar, We're Goin' Down" was the first single from their album From Under the Cork Tree. It has peaked at number eight on the Billboard charts. The second single was "Dance, Dance" which picked up major airplay in the U.S. The third single was "A Little Less Sixteen Candles, a Little More Touch Me." Their third album is Infinity on High and it had lots of success around the world.

Two songs from the album were very popular across the world. They are "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race" and "Thnks fr th Mmrs". The second song's title is "Thanks for the Memories" without the vowel letters, which is meant to look as if it were from a text message.

The third single from Infinity on High is called "The Take Over, The Breaks Over". The fourth is "I'm Like a Lawyer With the Way I'm Always Trying to Get You Off (Me & You)". Their fourth album Folie à Deux, was released on December 16, 2008. "I Don't Care" was the first song released from the album. In late 2009 the band took a rest. Patrick Stump went solo and released his debut album Soul Punk on October 18, 2011.

His EP Truant Wave was released on February 22, 2011. Bassist Pete Wentz formed the electropop band Black Cards. Guitarist Joe Trohman and Andy Hurley formed a rock band The Damned Things with people from Anthrax and Every Time I Die.

Fall Out Boy came off hiatus in 2013, releasing a new single "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)" and an album Save Rock and Roll, along with a supporting tour, They went on the Save Rock and Roll Arena Fall Tour September 2013 with fellow rock band Panic! at the Disco in support of the album as well. In September 2014, they released a new single, called "Centuries".

Discography
 Fall Out Boy's Evening Out with Your Girlfriend (2003)
 Take This to Your Grave (2003)
 From Under the Cork Tree (2005)
 Infinity on High (2007)
 Folie à Deux (2008)
 Save Rock and Roll (2013)
 PAX AM Days (2013)
 American Beauty/American Psycho (2015)
 Make America Psycho Again (2015)
 MANIA'' (2018)

References

Other websites

Fall Out Boy's MySpace Profile
Official Website

2001 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Illinois
American pop rock bands
American punk bands
 
Musical groups established in 2001
Musical groups from Chicago
Pop punk bands
Good Charlotte

Good Charlotte is an American punk music band. They are from Waldorf, Maryland. They have many popular songs, including "The Anthem", "Girls and Boys", "Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous", and "The Click".  

Their third album is unique. The Chronicles of Life and Death came in two different versions: the Life version, and the Death version.  The only difference between them is the last song on the CD.  The Life version has "Falling Away", and the Death version has "Meet My Maker".

The lead singer of the band is Joel Madden.  His twin brother, Benji, is also in the band. But besides them, there is Billy (guitarist), Paul (bassist) and Dean (drums).

Influences
Good Charlotte's influences include All, Rancid, The Smiths, Ben Lee, Government Issue, MxPx, Pixies, The Clash, Weezer, Minor Threat, The Cure, Beastie Boys, Everclear, Green Day, Nirvana, Sex Pistols and The Vandals.

Discography
Studio albums
 Good Charlotte (2000)
 The Young and the Hopeless (2002)
 The Chronicles of Life and Death (2004)
 Good Morning Revival (2007)
 Cardiology (2010)
 Youth Authority (2016)

Other websites 
Official Site 
Good Charlotte Fan Site 
Official Good Charlotte Myspace
Interview: Joel Madden of Good Charlotte 

1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American punk bands
 
Musical groups established in 1996
Musical groups from Maryland
1996 establishments in Maryland
Battle Creek, Michigan

Battle Creek is a city in western Michigan, USA. The headquarters of the Kellogg's cereal company is located in this city.

Other websites

 Official website

Cities in Michigan
Grand Rapids, Michigan

Grand Rapids is an American city in Michigan. Located in western Michigan, about 200,000 people were living here in 2018.

Former American president Gerald Ford grew up in Grand Rapids. Grand Rapids is also the birthplace of Amway and the Meijer store chain.

Grand Rapids is the county seat of Kent County. It is the second largest city in the state, after Detroit. The third largest is Warren.

The city has many attractions, including the Frederik Meijer Gardens and Sculpture Park and John Ball Park, which is a zoo. Grand Valley State University has a campus in downtown Grand Rapids.

Many Reformed Christians from Dutch ancestry live in Grand Rapids.

Other websites 

County seats in Michigan
Evo Morales

Juan Evo Morales Aima (born October 26, 1959) was the President of Bolivia from 2006 through 2019. He is an Aymara Native American, and is politically a leftist. He is the founder and leader of the Movement toward Socialism (or MAS) political party. Movimiento al Socialismo is its Spanish name.

Presidency
On January 22, 2006, he became President of Bolivia. His party has declared that he is the first indigenous person to be president of Bolivia. Not everyone believes this to be true because of his mestizo heritage and similar backgrounds of several past Bolivian presidents. Nonetheless, he is likely the first culturally indigenous president of Bolivia.

Policies
Born in Oruro, Morales was a leader in a union of coca growers. Morales has said he does not like United States policy toward Latin America, criticizing the country's past failures to stand up for democracy, trade agreements which he feels have not helped Bolivia, and especially for the US's anti-drug policies. Coca is a component in cocaine, but is also an important part of Bolivian culture. Morales became well known for this, and he was elected to Congress.

Even though he was forced out of Congress in 2002, he became a very popular person in Bolivia, and won the country's presidential election in 2005. As president, he focused on economic changes that moved the country toward a more socialist economy, instead of a capitalist one. He also worked with other leaders in South America like Rafael Correa and Nestor Kirchner. Morales has been a popular president, and has been reelected in 2009 and 2014. During this time he has criticized both George W. Bush and Barack Obama and has had arguments with the United States.

In 2016, Morales wanted to pass a Constitutional amendment that would allow him to run for another term in 2019. Many people in Bolivia saw this as a power grab, and the amendment lost the election.

2019 political crisis
On 20 October 2019 Morales won 47.1% of the vote in the first round of the 2019 Bolivian general election. The results were immediately challenged and led to widespread protests. On 9 November 2019 the Organization of American States published a preliminary report that there were "clear manipulations". The police joined the protests against Morales and on 10 November the military forced him to resign.

References

1959 births
Living people
Presidents of Bolivia
Democratic socialists
Native American people
Howland Island

Howland Island is a small island in the north Pacific Ocean, just north of the Equator. It is owned by the United States.

Weather 
Howland island is a very hot and sunny island with wind blowing almost all the time. It only rains every once in a while.

Location 
Howland Island is located at 0 48 N, 176 38 W.

Gallery

References

Other websites

Howland in Google Maps
Geography, history and nature on Howland Island 
Howland Island National Wildlife Refuge 
'Voyage of the Odyssey' – pictures and travelogue
Howland Island at Infoplease
Howland Island – Small Island, Big History 
Pictures of the 1993 expedition to Howland island

United States Minor Outlying Islands
Pacific islands
Islands of Oceania
Christian calendar

A Christian calendar can be any calendar used by various Christian Churches for the Church year, called "liturgical year".  For example, it can be used to find out what day Easter will be on, even though it is not the same in every Church.

The church year is divided into seasons like Lent, Easter, Pentecost, Advent and Christmas, with other weeks being seen as ordinary time.

The Gregorian calendar, named after Pope Gregory XIII, is now a civil calendar that is used in many countries around the world.

Catholic, Anglican and Orthodox Christians also celebrate Saint's days - here is a Catholic list

calendar
Liturgical calendar
Stamford Bridge

Stamford Bridge could be

Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire, a village in the East Riding of Yorkshire
The Battle of Stamford Bridge, a battle in England on 25 September 1066
Stamford Bridge (stadium), a stadium in London
 Chelsea F.C., who are based in that stadium
Bali tiger

The Bali tiger, or Balinese tiger (Panthera tigris balica) is one of the three extinct subspecies of the tiger. They became extinct in 1937. They lived on Bali. This was the first subspecies of tiger to become extinct.

The Bali was also the smallest tiger subspecies. There is no record of a Balinese tiger ever being held in a zoo collection. The Balinese tiger's close sub-species were the Javan tiger and the Caspian tiger, which are now also extinct. The Balinese and Javan tigers were once the same, but during the Ice Age, Bali became isolated from Java by the Bali Strait. This split the tigers into two groups which then went onto develop alone. 

The killing of the very last wild Balinese tiger is usually thought to have been at Sumbar Kima, West Bali on 27 September, 1937. It was an adult tigress. So the government of Bali made a strict law on killing tigers, but by then it was too late, because the Bali tiger had already become extinct.

References 

Tigers
Extinct species
1507

Year 1507 (MDVII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Events
 July 4 – Martin Luther is ordained a priest of the Catholic Church.
 August 20 – Guru Nanak Dev becomes the first guru and leader of the Sikh religion.

Births

 Anne Boleyn
479 BC

479 BC was a year in the 5th century BC.

Events 
The Persian Wars end.

Deaths

 Confucius (born 551 BC).
192

192 was a leap year.

Deaths 
December 31 – Commodus, Roman Emperor (b. 161)
1202

1202 (MCCII) was .

Events 
 August 1 – Arthur of Brittany captured in Mirebeau, north of Poitiers
 The chronicle of Roger of Wendover is of original value as of this year.
 Founding of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword
 Founding of Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda, Aragon Province, Spain
 Leonardo Fibonacci published Liber Abaci, introducing the Arabian zero to Europe
 First jesters in European courts
 Fourth Crusade – Siege of Zadar

Births 
 Margaret II of Flanders (died 1278)

Deaths 
 March 8 – Sverre Sigurdsson, King of Norway
 May 7 – Hamelin de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey
 Cathal Carragh Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht
 Canute VI of Denmark (born 1163)
 Alain de Lille, French theologian and poet (born c. 1128)

Heads of states 
 England – John, King of England (reigned 1199 – 1216).
 France – Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned from 1180 to 1223).
Sitting Bull

Sitting Bull (about 1831 – December 15, 1890), real name Tatanka Yotanka, was the chief of a Native American tribe called Hunkpapa-Lakota-Sioux. At the age of about 14, Slow participated in a war party against the Crow (warriors).
At the age of 10, however, he killed his first buffalo.
He was a very important chief and fought for the freedom of Native Americans. He fought with Crazy Horse and Big Foot at the Little Bighorn River against General George A. Custer and won. They are the most deadly tribe.

He was killed by Red Tomahawk, a police sergeant, during an attempt to arrest him.

References

1831 births
1890 deaths
Native American people
Murdered Native American people
1632



Events 
 The Swedish king Adolft Gustav II started a university at Tartu, Estonia.

Births 
 October 31 – Johannes Vermeer, painter

Deaths 
 April 30 – Sigismund III, Vasa king of Polen
 September 3 – Carlo Bonone, Italian painter
Michelle Kwan

Michelle Kwan (born July 7, 1980) is a retired American figure skater and diplomat.  She has won five world championships and nine U.S. championships. She has been the United States Ambassador to Belize since 2022.

Birth and childhood 

Michelle Kwan was born on July 7, 1980, in Torrance, California. Kwan showed interest in figure stating when she followed Ron and Karen, her brother and sister, onto the ice, saying that all she could remember was "every day, tying up my skates and a big smile on my face, excited to go on the ice". She attended public school until eighth grade, when she began being homeschooled in 1994.

Junior world champion 

Kwan won the world junior championship in 1994.  The same year, at the age of 13, she came in the top 10 in the world senior championship.  She became world champion in 1996, when she was 15.

Diplomatic career
On December 15, 2021, President Joe Biden announced that he planned to nominate Kwan to be United States Ambassador to Belize.

Olympics 

 World Championships:  first place in 1996, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2003
 Olympics:  1998 - silver; 2002 - bronze
 U.S. Championships:  first place in 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005

References

Other websites 
 
 
United States Figure Skating Association (USFSA) Athlete Biography 
International Skating Union (ISU) Skater Biography 
US Olympic Committee Biography
Michelle Kwan Fan Site (1) 
Michelle Kwan Fan Site (2)

Figure skaters from California
American Olympic bronze medalists
American Olympic silver medalists
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
Politicians from Los Angeles
Ambassadors of the United States
1980 births
Living people
Frank Jack Fletcher

Frank Jack Fletcher (29 April 1885 - 25 April 1973) was an Admiral in the United States Navy. He was born at Marshalltown, Iowa, of the same family line as Captain Frank "Pat" Fletcher and of Rear Admiral Frank Friday Fletcher, noted men in the Navy. He attended the Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland and had jobs on many warships. In 1914 he got the Medal of Honor at Vera Cruz. Then he was in control of a destroyer in World War I received the Navy Cross. Later he took Naval and Army War College training, became chief of staff Asiatic Fleet, aide to Secretary of the Navy Swanson, and Commanding Officer of battleship New Mexico. He became Rear Admiral in control of Cruiser Division 3 in 1939. He was Commander of Cruisers, Pacific Fleet at the time
of Pearl Harbor. In the very bad, first six months of the war, he was Task Force Commander at the Battle of Coral Sea, the Battle of Midway, and the Battle of Eastern Solomons. Vice Admiral Fletcher then became Commander North Pacific Forces where he took the surrender of the Imperial Northern Fleet. After the war he became Chairman of the Navy General Board till he retired. Admiral Fletcher rests at Arlington National Cemetery.

"Frank Jack Fletcher, was the best fighting commander in the U.S. Navy in the twentieth century. He came out best in all three aircraft carrier battles in which he fought -- there were only five such fights in of all history. Admiral Fletcher was outnumbered at all times and when the other side was at its highest point in the early years of the Pacific War. He did not let the other side take Australia, Midway, and Guadalcanal. He put down six of the ten Japanese carriers with four of the six great carriers that had attacked Pearl Harbor. His acts were completely his own, because there was no such thing as carrier fighting experience before him to learn to fight ships from the air. He kept the Pacific safe which let much support to go to Europe and started the Allied victory in World War II."

References 

1885 births
1973 deaths
American admirals
American military personnel of World War I
American military personnel of World War II
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Military people from Iowa
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
Irina Slutskaya

Irina Slutskaya (ru: Ирина Слуцкая) (born February 9, 1979 in Moscow), is a Russian figure skater.  She has won two world championships and six European championships.

Irina began skating when she was four years old.  She has had the same coach, Zhanna Gromova, since she was six years old.  By 1996, she was European champion and came third in the world championships (at age 17).  She went to school at the Moscow Academy of Physical Culture, graduating in the year 2000.

 World Championships:  first place in 2002 and 2005
 Olympics:  2002 - silver
 European Championships:  first place in 1996, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005
 Russian Championships:  first place in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005

Other websites 

Gold and tears
ISU Biography Page 

1979 births
Living people
Slutskaya, Irina