alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Agra Canal

The Agra Canal is an important Indian irrigation work which starts from Okhla in Delhi. The Agra canal originates at the Okhla barrage, downstream of Nizamuddin bridge. 

The canal receives its water from the Yamuna River at Okhla, about  to the south of New Delhi. The weir across the Yamuna was constructed of locally quarried stone. It was about  long, and rises seven feet above the summer level of the river.

From Okhla the canal follows a route south then southeast for  in the high land between the Khari-Nadi and the Yamuna and finally joins the Utanga River about  below Agra. Navigable branches connect the canal with Mathura and Agra.
The canal irrigates about  in Agra, and Mathura in Uttar Pradesh, Faridabad in Haryana, Bharatpur in Rajasthan and also some parts of Delhi.

History
The canal opened in the year 1874. In the beginning, it was available for navigation, in Delhi, erstwhile Gurgaon, Mathura and Agra Districts, and Bharatpur State. Later, navigation was stopped in 1904 and the canal has, since then, been exclusively used for irrigation purposes only. At present, the canal does not flow in Gurgaon district, but only in Faridabad, which was earlier a part of Gurgaon.

In recent times, Agra canal is an important landmark which separates Greater Faridabad from Faridabad.

References

Canals in Uttar Pradesh
Agra district
Yamuna River
Buildings and structures in Delhi
Canals in Rajasthan
Canals opened in 1874
Canals in Haryana
Amakusa

, which means "Heaven's Grass," is a series of islands off the west coast of Kyushu, the southernmost of the four main islands of Japan.

Geography 
The largest island of the Amakusa group is Shimoshima, which is 26.5 miles long and 13.5 miles at its widest (). It is situated at 32°20'N, 130°E, separated from the rest of  Kumamoto Prefecture by the Yatsushiro Sea.

While lacking high mountains with only four peaks surpassing , the island terrain is ruggedly hilly. To cope with the lack of flat arable land, farming is carried out on a terrace system of cultivation.

History 
Amakusa, along with the neighboring Shimabara Peninsula, became the site of the Shimabara rebellion in the 17th century, led by Christians.  Following the rebellion, Kakure Kirishitan, the Christians who had survived, continued to practice their faith in secret, despite severe persecution.

Economy 
Amakusa produces a little coal and pottery stone, both being used by the potters of Hirado ware and Satsuma ware. Many kilns remain on the islands today, and pottery and pottery stone are still exported.

Amakusa pottery has been recognised by the government. The retail company Muji brought out its own line of Hakuji home ware, which is produced out of ground translucent Amakusa stones kneaded into clay, using traditional techniques.

People 
Hidenoshin Koyama, who built Thomas Blake Glover's House in Glover Garden, came from this island.

Kenta and Ko-shin, two of the three members of Wanima come from the island of Amakusa.

Government 
At present, the islands are organized as Amakusa District, Amakusa City, and Kami-amakusa City, all of which are under the administration of Kumamoto Prefecture.

Transport

The islands are served by Amakusa Airfield, located on the north end of Shimoshima.  The islands are connected to the mainland by the Five Bridges of Amakusa and by ferry from Hondo and Matsushima.

There are also ferries between the islands and the neighboring prefectures of Kagoshima Prefecture and Nagasaki Prefecture.  The ferry from Oniike on the north Shimoshima to Kuchinotsu, at the southern tip of the Shimabara Peninsula, is run by the Shimabara Railway and operates hourly each day. The ferry boat from Tomioka Port in Reihoku, sailing north to Mogi in Nagasaki Prefecture, is operated by Yasuda Sangyo Kisen Co. Ltd.
Two ferries from Shinwa and Ushibuka, in the south of Shimoshima, connect Amakusa to Nagashima in Kagoshima Prefecture.

References

Sources

Islands of Kumamoto Prefecture
Islands of the East China Sea
Afterglow

An afterglow in meteorology consists of several atmospheric optical phenomena, with a general definition as a broad arch of whitish or pinkish sunlight in the twilight sky, consisting of the bright segment and the purple light. Purple light mainly occurs when the Sun is 2–6° below the horizon, from civil to nautical twilight, while the bright segment lasts until the end of the nautical twilight. Afterglow is often in cases of volcanic eruptions discussed, while its purple light is discussed as a different particular volcanic purple light. Specifically in volcanic occurrences it is light scattered by fine particulates, like dust, suspended in the atmosphere. In the case of alpenglow, which is similar to the Belt of Venus, afterglow is used in general for the golden-red glowing light from the sunset and sunrise reflected in the sky, and in particularly for its last stage, when the purple light is reflected. The opposite of an afterglow is a foreglow, which occurs before sunrise.

Sunlight reaches Earth around civil twilight during golden hour intensely in its low-energy and low-frequency red component.
During this part of civil twilight after sunset and before sundawn the red sunlight remains visible by scattering through particles in the air. Backscattering, possibly after being reflected off clouds or high snowfields in mountain regions, furthermore creates a reddish to pinkish light. The high-energy and high-frequency components of light towards blue are scattered out broadly, producing the broader blue light of nautical twilight before or after the reddish light of civil twilight, while in combination with the reddish light producing the purple light. This period of blue dominating is referred to as the blue hour and is, like the golden hour, widely treasured by photographers and painters.

After the 1883 eruption of the volcano Krakatoa, a remarkable series of red sunsets appeared worldwide. An enormous amount of exceedingly fine dust were blown to a great height by the volcano's explosion, and then globally diffused by the high atmospheric winds. Edvard Munch's painting The Scream possibly depicts an afterglow during this period.

See also
 Airglow
 Belt of Venus
 Earth's shadow
 Gegenschein
 Red sky at morning
 Sunset

References

External links

Atmospheric optical phenomena
es:Arrebol
fi:Purppuravalo
Ammonius Grammaticus

Ammonius Grammaticus (; ) was a 4th-century Egyptian priest.

In 391, he was involved in a violent revolt centred at Alexandria's Serapeum, where the pagan rebels tortured and killed captured Christians. After the suppression of the revolt and the destruction of the temple, Ammonius fled to Constantinople, where he became the tutor of the ecclesiastical historian Socrates.

Ammonius was formerly identified as the  author of a treatise titled Peri homoíōn kai diaphórōn léxeōn (περὶ ὁμοίων καὶ διαφόρων λέξεων, On the Differences of Synonymous Expressions). But it seems more probable that the real author was Herennius Philo of Byblus, who was born during the reign of Nero and lived till the reign of Hadrian, and that the treatise in its present form is a revision prepared by a later Byzantine editor, whose name may have been Ammonius.

References

Attribution:

Ancient Greek grammarians
Alternative

Alternative or alternate may refer to:

Arts, entertainment and media
 Alternative (Kamen Rider), a character in the Japanese TV series Kamen Rider Ryuki
 AlterNative, academic journal
 The Alternative (film), a 1978 Australian television film
 The Alternative, a radio show hosted by Tony Evans
 120 Minutes (2004 TV program), an alternative rock music video program formerly known as The Alternative
The American Spectator, an American magazine formerly known as The Alternative: An American Spectator

Music
 Alternative (album), a B-sides album by Pet Shop Boys
 The Alternative (album), an album by IAMX
 "Altern-ate", a song by H-el-ical//, 2020
 Alternative rock, also known as "alternative music" or simply "alternative"

Sports
 Alternate (sports), a replacement or backup for a regular or starting team player

Mathematics and science
 Alternativity, a weaker property than associativity
 Alternate leaves, a classification in botanical phyllotaxis

Politics
 Alternative (Mauritania), political party
 The Alternative (Denmark), a green political party in Denmark
 The Alternative (France), electoral coalition
 The Alternative (Palestine), a former electoral alliance of several socialist Palestinian groups
 Alternativa (Kosovo political party), a liberal political party in Kosovo
 Alternativa (Italian political party), a populist political party in Italy
 Alternativa (North Macedonian political party), an Albanian political party in North Macedonia

See also
 Alternate (theatre)
 Alternate reality (disambiguation)
 Alternatives, a Canadian non-governmental organization
 Alternating (disambiguation)
 Alternative culture, a variety of subcultures existing along the fringes of mainstream culture
 Alternative education, non-traditional education
 Alternative facts, expression associated with political misinformation coined in 2017
 Alternative media, media practices falling outside the mainstreams of corporate communication
 Alternative music (disambiguation)
 Alternative press (disambiguation)
 The Alternate (disambiguation)
 Alternative science (disambiguation)
Ascending chain condition

In mathematics, the ascending chain condition (ACC) and descending chain condition (DCC) are finiteness properties satisfied by some algebraic structures, most importantly ideals in certain commutative rings. These conditions played an important role in the development of the structure theory of commutative rings in the works of David Hilbert, Emmy Noether, and Emil Artin.
The conditions themselves can be stated in an abstract form, so that they make sense for any partially ordered set. This point of view is useful in abstract algebraic dimension theory due to Gabriel and Rentschler.

Definition 
A partially ordered set (poset) P is said to satisfy the ascending chain condition (ACC) if no infinite strictly ascending sequence 
 
of elements of P exists. 
Equivalently, every weakly ascending sequence
 
of elements of P eventually stabilizes, meaning that there exists a positive integer n such that
 
Similarly, P is said to satisfy the descending chain condition (DCC) if there is no infinite descending chain of elements of P. Equivalently, every weakly descending sequence
 
of elements of P eventually stabilizes.

Comments 
 Assuming the axiom of dependent choice, the descending chain condition on (possibly infinite) poset P is equivalent to P being well-founded: every nonempty subset of P has a minimal element (also called the minimal condition or minimum condition). A totally ordered set that is well-founded is a well-ordered set.
 Similarly, the ascending chain condition is equivalent to P being converse well-founded (again, assuming dependent choice): every nonempty subset of P has a maximal element (the maximal condition or maximum condition).
 Every finite poset satisfies both the ascending and descending chain conditions, and thus is both well-founded and converse well-founded.

Example 
Consider the ring
 
of integers. Each ideal of  consists of all multiples of some number . For example, the ideal
 
consists of all multiples of . Let
 
be the ideal consisting of all multiples of . The ideal  is contained inside the ideal , since every multiple of  is also a multiple of . In turn, the ideal  is contained in the ideal , since every multiple of  is a multiple of . However, at this point there is no larger ideal; we have "topped out" at .

In general, if  are ideals of  such that  is contained in ,  is contained in , and so on, then there is some  for which all . That is, after some point all the ideals are equal to each other. Therefore, the ideals of  satisfy the ascending chain condition, where ideals are ordered by set inclusion. Hence  is a Noetherian ring.

See also 
 Artinian
 Ascending chain condition for principal ideals
 Krull dimension
 Maximal condition on congruences
 Noetherian

Notes

Citations

References

External links 
 

Commutative algebra
Order theory
Wellfoundedness
Absolute Infinite

The Absolute Infinite (symbol: Ω) is an extension of the idea of infinity proposed by mathematician Georg Cantor.

It can be thought of as a number that is bigger than any other conceivable or inconceivable quantity, either finite or transfinite.

Cantor linked the Absolute Infinite with God, and believed that it had various mathematical properties, including the reflection principle: every property of the Absolute Infinite is also held by some smaller object.

Cantor's view 
Cantor said:

Cantor also mentioned the idea in his letters to Richard Dedekind (text in square brackets not present in original):

The Burali-Forti paradox 

The idea that the collection of all ordinal numbers cannot logically exist seems paradoxical to many. This is related to Cesare Burali-Forti's "paradox" which states that there can be no greatest ordinal number. All of these problems can be traced back to the idea that, for every property that can be logically defined, there exists a set of all objects that have that property. However, as in Cantor's argument (above), this idea leads to difficulties.

More generally, as noted by A. W. Moore, there can be no end to the process of set formation, and thus no such thing as the totality of all sets, or the set hierarchy.  Any such totality would itself have to be a set, thus lying somewhere within the hierarchy and thus failing to contain every set.

A standard solution to this problem is found in Zermelo's set theory, which does not allow the unrestricted formation of sets from arbitrary properties. Rather, we may form the set of all objects that have a given property and lie in some given set (Zermelo's Axiom of Separation). This allows for the formation of sets based on properties, in a limited sense, while (hopefully) preserving the consistency of the theory.

While this solves the logical problem, one could argue that the philosophical problem remains. It seems natural that a set of individuals ought to exist, so long as the individuals exist. Indeed, naive set theory might be said to be based on this notion. Although Zermelo's fix allows a class to describe arbitrary (possibly "large") entities, these predicates of the meta-language may have no formal existence (i.e., as a set) within the theory. For example, the class of all sets would be a proper class. This is philosophically unsatisfying to some and has motivated additional work in set theory and other methods of formalizing the foundations of mathematics such as New Foundations by Willard Van Orman Quine.

See also 
 Actual infinity
 Limitation of size
 Monadology
 Reflection principle
 The Ultimate (philosophy)
 Ineffability

Notes

Bibliography 
 The role of the absolute infinite in Cantor's conception of set
 Infinity and the Mind, Rudy Rucker, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1995, ; orig. pub. Boston: Birkhäuser, 1982, .
 The Infinite, A. W. Moore, London, New York: Routledge, 1990, .
 Set Theory, Skolem's Paradox and the Tractatus, A. W. Moore, Analysis 45, #1 (January 1985), pp. 13–20.

Philosophy of mathematics
Infinity
Superlatives in religion
Conceptions of God
Archbishopric of Riga

The Archbishopric of Riga (, ) was an archbishopric in Medieval Livonia, a subject to the Holy See. It was established in 1186 as the bishopric of Livonia at Ikšķile, then after moving to Riga it became the bishopric of Riga in 1202 and was elevated to an archbishopric in 1255.

Archbishops of Riga 

The archbishops of Riga were also the secular rulers of Riga until 1561 when during the Reformation the territory converted from Catholicism to Lutheranism and all church territories were secularized. The see was restored as a diocese of the Catholic Church in 1918 and raised into an archdiocese in 1923.

Bishops and Archbishops of Riga 

A new Bishopric of Livonia was established in Latgalia in 1621 during the Inflanty Voivodeship of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Coinage 

The Archbishops of Riga were innovators in the field of minting currency, reviving techniques abandoned since the collapse of Rome. The names of individual archbishops after 1418, as well as the years of their respective reigns, are stamped on Livonian pennies excavated at archaeological sites. In many cases, this is the only biographical data available. No Livonian pennies before 1418 have been found.

See also 
Bishopric of Courland
Bishopric of Dorpat
Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek
Bishopric of Reval
Livonian Crusade
Livonian Brothers of the Sword
Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights

External links 
 More information about the role of the Archbishopric of Riga in the history of coinage is available at Medieval Livonian Numismatics by William Urban
Archbishopric of Riga (Archived 2009-10-25)
Rīgas arhibīskapija (1255-1562)
Rīgas bīskapija un virsbīskapija

References 

Prince-bishoprics in Livonia
History of Livonia
History of Riga
Medieval Latvia
Gulf of Riga
States and territories established in 1186
States and territories disestablished in 1561
1186 establishments in Europe
1561 disestablishments in Europe
Former theocracies
Amblygonite

Amblygonite () is a fluorophosphate mineral, , composed of lithium, sodium, aluminium, phosphate, fluoride and hydroxide. The mineral occurs in pegmatite deposits and is easily mistaken for albite and other feldspars. Its density, cleavage and flame test for lithium are diagnostic. Amblygonite forms a series with montebrasite, the low fluorine endmember. Geologic occurrence is in granite pegmatites, high-temperature tin veins, and greisens. Amblygonite occurs with spodumene, apatite, lepidolite, tourmaline, and other lithium-bearing minerals in pegmatite veins.  It contains about 10% lithium, and has been utilized as a source of lithium. The chief commercial sources have historically been the deposits of California and France.

History
The mineral was first discovered in Saxony by August Breithaupt in 1817, and named by him from the Greek amblus, blunt, and gonia, angle, because of the obtuse angle between the cleavages. Later it was found at Montebras, Creuse, France, and at Hebron in Maine; and because of slight differences in optical character and chemical composition the names montebrasite and hebronite have been applied to the mineral from these localities.  It has been discovered in considerable quantity at Pala in San Diego county, California;  Caceres, Spain; and the Black Hills of South Dakota. The largest documented single crystal of amblygonite measured 7.62×2.44×1.83 m and weighed about 102 tons.

Gemology
Transparent amblygonite has been faceted and used as a gemstone. As a gemstone set into jewelry it is vulnerable to breakage and abrasion from general wear, as its hardness and toughness are poor. The main sources for gem material are Brazil and the United States. Australia, France, Germany, Namibia, Norway, and Spain have also produced gem quality amblygonite.

See also 
 List of minerals

References

 Klein, Cornelis and Hurlbut, Cornelius S., 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., p. 362, 
Mindat with location data
Webmineral data
Mineral Galleries

Sodium minerals
Lithium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Phosphate minerals
Triclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 2
Gemstones
BLM

BLM most commonly refers to:

 Black Lives Matter, an international anti-racism movement and organization
 Bureau of Land Management, a U.S. federal government agency

BLM may also refer to:

Organizations
 BLM (law firm), United Kingdom and Ireland
 Blue Lives Matter, an American pro-police movement
Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation

Places

Administrative divisions
 Saint Barthélemy's ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country code

Buildings
 BLM Geothermal Plant, a near Ridgecrest, California, United States
 BLM Group Arena, Trento, Trentino, Italy
 Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum, a history museum in Brunswick, Lower Saxony, Germany

Science and technology
 Biotic Ligand Model, toxicology tool
 Black lipid membranes, in cell biology
 Bleomycin, a cancer medication
 Bloom syndrome protein, in genetics
 BLM protein, a helicase
 Basic Language Machine, an early 1960s computer by John Iliffe

Transportation
 Belmont railway station (Sutton), London, England, National Rail station code
 Bergbahn Lauterbrunnen-Mürren, a railway line in Switzerland
 Blue Sky Airlines, a defunct Armenian airline, ICAO code 
 Monmouth Executive Airport, New Jersey, US, IATA code
Bluegrass

Bluegrass or Blue Grass may refer to:

Plants 
 Bluegrass (grass), several species of grasses of the genus Poa
Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), one well-known species of the genus

Arts and media 
Bluegrass music, a form of American roots music
Bluegrass (Sirius), a bluegrass music satellite radio channel
Bluegrass Films, an independent film studio based in Los Angeles

Places 
Blue Grass, Iowa, a city in the United States
Blue Grass, Minnesota, an unincorporated settlement in the United States
Blue Grass, Virginia, an unincorporated settlement in the United States
Bluegrass region, a geographic region in the US state of Kentucky
Blue Grass Airport, an airport in Fayette county, Kentucky

Other uses 
Blue Grass, a 1915 film with Thomas A. Wise
Blue Grass Army Depot, a munitions storage depot in Richmond, Kentucky
 Blue Grass, a brand name used by Belknap Hardware and Manufacturing Company
Bluegrass, a passenger train of the Monon Railroad

See also
Bar

Bar or BAR may refer to:

Food and drink 
 Bar (establishment), selling alcoholic beverages
 Candy bar
 Chocolate bar

Science and technology
 Bar (river morphology), a deposit of sediment
 Bar (tropical cyclone), a layer of cloud
 Bar (unit), a unit of pressure
 BAR domain, a protein domain
 Bar stock, of metal
 Sandbar

Computing
 Bar (computer science), a placeholder
 Base Address Register in PCI
 Bar, a mobile phone form factor
 Bar, a type of graphical control element

Law
 Bar (law), the legal profession
 Bar association
 Bar examination

Media and entertainment
 Bar (Croatian TV series)
 Bar (Czech TV series)
 Bar (dance), Turkey
 Bar (music), a segment
 Bar (Polish TV series)
 Bar (Slovenian TV series)
 Bay Area Reporter, a newspaper
 Biblical Archaeology Review, a magazine
 "Bar" (song), by Tini and L-Gante
 B.A.R. (Bay Area Representatives), 2014 album by Lil Wyte and Frayser Boy

Places
 Bar (Martian crater)
 Bar, Rutog County, Tibet, China
 Bar (river), France
 Bar, Corrèze, France, a commune
 Bar-le-Duc, France, a commune formerly Bar, Meuse
 Bar-sur-Aube, France, a commune
 Bar-sur-Seine, France, a commune
 Bár, Hungary, a village
 Bar, Bushehr, Iran, a village
 Bar, Hormozgan, Iran, a village
 Bar, Razavi Khorasan, Iran, a city
 Bar Municipality, Montenegro
 Bar, Montenegro, a town
 Bar Region, Punjab, Pakistan
 Bar, Republic of Buryatia, Russia
 Bar, Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine, a town
 Duchy of Bar, part of the Holy Roman Empire
 Barbados, IOC and UNDP country code BAR

Language
 Bar (diacritic), a line through a letter
 Bavarian language (ISO 639-3: bar)
 Vertical bar, a punctuation symbol
 X-bar theory, in linguistics

Transportation
 Bangor and Aroostook Railroad, US, reporting mark
 Barstow station, US, station code
 California Bureau of Automotive Repair, a consumer protection agency
 Qionghai Bo'ao Airport, IATA code

Firearms
 M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle
 Browning BAR, a Belgian rifle

Other uses
 Bar (Aramaic), a patronymic prefix in Aramaic
 Bar (heraldry), a band across a shield
 Bar (name)
 Bar Confederation, an 18th-century Polish association
 Bar Mitzvah, a Jewish coming of age ceremony
 Blaauwberg Armoured Regiment, South African Army
 British Archaeological Reports
 British American Racing, a Formula One constructor
 Chin-up bar, playground equipment
 Medal bar, additional award
 Space bar, on a keyboard
 Historical gatehouse
 Bennett acceptance ratio in thermodynamics
 BlackArts Racing Team, a motor racing team from Hong Kong

See also
 The Bar (disambiguation)
 Barr (disambiguation)
 Barre (disambiguation)
 Bars (disambiguation)
 Bär (disambiguation)
 FUBAR
Bach (disambiguation)

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750) was a German composer of the Baroque period.

Bach may also refer to:

People
 Bach (surname)
 Bach family, a noted family in music
 Bach (actor), stage name of French actor, singer and music hall performer Charles-Joseph Pasquier (1882–1953)
 Sebastian Bach (born 1968), stage name of Canadian heavy metal singer Sebastian Bierk
 King Bach, American actor, comedian, and Internet personality
 Bill Bachrach (1879–1959), American swim coach known as "Bach"
 Joel Sirkis (1561–1640), Polish posek and halakhist, known as "the Bach"
 P. D. Q. Bach (1807–1742), a fictitious composer invented by musical satirist Peter Schickele
 Nigel Bach, the nom de plume of Tom Fanslau, the creator of the Bad Ben series

Places
 Bach, Austria, a municipality in Reutte
 Bach, Lot, a commune in France
 Bach an der Donau, a town in Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany
 Bäch, a settlement of the Freienbach municipality in Schwyz, Switzerland
 Bäch railway station, in Freienbach, Switzerland
 Bach, Michigan, US, an unincorporated community
 Bach Ice Shelf, on Alexander Island, Antarctica
 Bach quadrangle, on the planet Mercury
 Bach (crater), on the planet Mercury
 1814 Bach, an asteroid

Radio stations
 WBQK, a radio station licensed to West Point, Virginia, US, known as Bach FM
 WLTT, a defunct radio station formerly licensed to Carolina Beach, North Carolina, US, known as Bach FM from 2011 to 2013

Other uses
 Bach Gesellschaft, an 1850 society for publishing J.S. Bach's complete works
 Bach (journal), an academic journal of Baroque music
 BACH motif, a sequence of notes
 Bach (New Zealand), a modest holiday home or beach house
 Brown Association for Cooperative Housing, in Providence, Rhode Island, United States
 Bach Aircraft, an aircraft manufacturer from 1927 to 1931
 Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis (abbreviated BWV), a catalogue of compositions by J.S. Bach
 Quarry Bach, a slate quarry near Cilgerran, Wales

See also
 Bache (disambiguation)
 Bach House (disambiguation)
 Batch (disambiguation)
 Bạch, a Vietnamese surname
 Bachs, a municipality in the canton of Zürich, Switzerland
Burn card

In card games, a burn card is a playing card dealt from the top of a deck, and discarded ("burned"), unused by the players. Burn cards are usually not shown to the players.

Burning is most often performed in casinos to deter a form of cheating known as card marking. In poker, for example, the top card of the deck stub is burned at the beginning of each betting round, so that players who might have been able to read markings on that card during the previous round are less able to take advantage of that information. Knowledge of a burn card might be marginally useful, such as knowing there is one fewer Ace in the deck, but far less so than knowing it is about to be in play.

Two other uses for burning are: to prevent second dealing and to provide extra cards for use when an irregularity of play occurs.  Sometimes a misdealt card (such as one of the down cards in poker that has flashed during the deal) will be used as the burn card – in those cases, the card should be immediately placed face up on the deck after the deal is complete.

When Texas hold 'em (as well as in Omaha hold 'em) is played in casinos (or other formal games where cheating is a concern), a card is burned before dealing the flop, turn, and river, for a maximum of 3 total burn cards.

References 

Poker gameplay and terminology
Biennial plant

A biennial plant is a flowering plant that, generally in a temperate climate, takes two years to complete its biological life cycle.

In its first year, the biennial plant undergoes primary growth, during which its vegetative structures (leaves, stems, and roots) develop. Usually, the stem of the plant remains short and the leaves are low to the ground, forming a rosette. After one year's growing season, the plant enters a period of dormancy for the colder months. Many biennials require a cold treatment, or vernalization before they will flower. During the next spring or summer, the stem of the biennial plant elongates greatly, or "bolts". The plant then flowers, producing fruits and seeds before it finally dies. There are far fewer biennials than either perennial plants or annual plants.

Biennials do not always follow a strict two-year life cycle and the majority of plants in the wild can take 3 or more years to fully mature. Rosette leaf size has been found to predict when a plant may enter its second stage of flowering and seed production. Alternatively, under extreme climatic conditions, a biennial plant may complete its life cycle rapidly (e.g., in three months instead of two years). This is quite common in vegetable or flower seedlings that were vernalized before they were planted in the ground. This behavior leads to many normally biennial plants being treated as annuals in some areas. Conversely, an annual grown under extremely favorable conditions may have highly successful seed propagation, giving it the appearance of being biennial or perennial. Some short-lived perennials may appear to be biennial rather than perennial. True biennials flower only once, while many perennials will flower every year once mature.

Biennials grown for flowers, fruits, or seeds are grown for two years, whereas those grown for edible leaves or roots are harvested after one year—and are not kept a second year to run to seed.

Examples of biennial plants are members of the onion family including leek, some members of the cabbage family, common mullein, parsley, fennel, Lunaria, silverbeet, black-eyed Susan, sweet William, colic weed, carrot, and some hollyhocks. Plant breeders have produced annual cultivars of several biennials that will flower the first year from seed, for example, foxglove and stock.

See also

References

 
Garden plants
Basis

Basis may refer to:

Finance and accounting 
Adjusted basis, the net cost of an asset after adjusting for various tax-related items
Basis point, 0.01%, often used in the context of interest rates
Basis trading, a trading strategy consisting of the purchase of a security and the sale of a similar security
Basis of futures, the value differential between a future and the spot price
Basis (options), the value differential between a call option and a put option
Basis swap, an interest rate swap
Cost basis, in income tax law, the original cost of property adjusted for factors such as depreciation
Tax basis, cost of an asset

and technology 
Basis function
Basis (linear algebra)
Dual basis
Orthonormal basis
Schauder basis
Basis (universal algebra)
Basis of a matroid
Generating set of an ideal:
Gröbner basis
Hilbert's basis theorem
Generating set of a group
Base (topology)
Change of basis
Greedoid
Normal basis
Polynomial basis
Radial basis function
Standard basis
Transcendence basis of a field extension
Basis database

Chemistry
Basis (crystal structure), the positions of the atoms inside the unit cell
Basis set (chemistry)
Dry basis, an expression of a calculation in which the presence of water is ignored

Organizations
Bangladesh Association of Software and Information Services
Basis Educational Group
Basis Schools, a group of schools in Arizona, Washington, D.C., and Texas
Basis Technology Corp., a text analytics company

People
Dimitris Basis, Greek singer
Liron Basis (born 1974), Israeli footballer

See also

Base (disambiguation)
Basic (disambiguation)
Basis of Union (disambiguation)
Basis set (disambiguation)
Bromeliales

Bromeliales is an order of flowering plants.  Such an order has been recognized by a few systems of plant taxonomy, with a various placement.  It appears that it always has had the same circumscription: 
consisting only of the family Bromeliaceae, the bromeliad or pineapple family.  The order is not recognized in the APG II system, of 2003, which places the plants involved in the order Poales. Some examples are:

 The Cronquist system of 1981 placed this order in subclass Zingiberidae, of class Liliopsida [=monocotyledons].
 The Thorne system (1992) placed the order in superorder Commelinanae in subclass Liliidae [=monocotyledons].
 The Dahlgren system placed the order in superorder Bromeliiflorae (also known as Bromelianae) in subclass Liliidae  [=monocotyledons] together with five other orders.
 The Engler system, in its update of 1964, placed the order in class Monocotyledoneae.

References 
 ITIS 42329

Historically recognized angiosperm orders
Brassicales

The Brassicales (or Cruciales) are an order of flowering plants, belonging to the eurosids II group of dicotyledons under the APG II system. One character common to many members of the order is the production of glucosinolate (mustard oil) compounds. Most systems of classification have included this order, although sometimes under the name Capparales (the name chosen depending on which is thought to have priority).

The order typically contains the following families:
 Akaniaceae – two species of turnipwood trees, native to Asia and eastern Australia
 Bataceae – salt-tolerant shrubs from America and Australasia
 Brassicaceae – mustard and cabbage family; may include the Cleomaceae
 Capparaceae – caper family, sometimes included in Brassicaceae
 Caricaceae – papaya family
 Cleomaceae
 Gyrostemonaceae – several genera of small shrubs and trees endemic to temperate parts of Australia
 Koeberliniaceae – one species of thorn bush native to Mexico and the US Southwest
 Limnanthaceae – meadowfoam family
 Moringaceae – thirteen species of trees from Africa and India
 Pentadiplandraceae – African species whose berries have two highly sweet tasting proteins
 Resedaceae – mignonette family
 Salvadoraceae – three genera found from Africa to Java
 Setchellanthaceae
 Tiganophytaceae
 Tovariaceae
 Tropaeolaceae – nasturtium family

Classification 
The following diagram shows the phylogeny of the Brassicales families along with their estimated ages, based on a 2018 study of plastid DNA:

On 20 April 2020, a newly described monotypic species from Namibia, namely, Tiganophyton karasense  is placed under this order as a monotypic member of new family Tiganophytaceae, which is closely related to Bataceae, Salvadoraceae and Koeberliniaceae.

Historic classifications 
Under the Cronquist system, the Brassicales were called the Capparales, and included among the "Dilleniidae".  The only families included were the Brassicaceae and Capparaceae (treated as separate families), the Tovariaceae, Resedaceae, and Moringaceae.  Other taxa now included here were placed in various other orders.

The families Capparaceae and Brassicaceae are closely related.  One group, consisting of Cleome and related genera, was traditionally included in the Capparaceae but doing so results in a paraphyletic Capparaceae.  Therefore, this group is generally now either included in the Brassicaceae or as its own family, Cleomaceae.

Gallery of type genera 

Setchellanthaceae is sometimes known as the azulita family.

References

External links 

 
Angiosperm orders
String Quartet No. 16 (Beethoven)

The String Quartet No. 16 in F major, Op. 135, by Ludwig van Beethoven  was written in October 1826 and was the last major work he completed. Only the final movement of the Quartet Op. 130,  written as a replacement for the Große Fuge, was composed later. The work was premiered by the Schuppanzigh Quartet in March 1828, one year after Beethoven's death.

The Op. 135 quartet is the shortest of Beethoven's late quartets. Under the introductory slow chords in the last movement, which is headed "Der schwer gefaßte Entschluß" (The Difficult Decision), Beethoven wrote in the manuscript "Muß es sein?" (Must it be?) to which he responds, with the faster main theme of the movement, "Es muß sein!" (It must be!). 

It is in four movements:

 Allegretto (F major)
 Vivace (F major)
 Lento assai, cantante e tranquillo (D major)
 "Der schwer gefaßte Entschluß". Grave, ma non troppo tratto ("Muss es sein?") – Allegro ("Es muss sein!") – Grave, ma non troppo tratto – Allegro (F minor – F major)

The autograph manuscript of the work is preserved in the Beethoven House.

The performance of the work takes around 22–25 minutes.

The work features in Czech author Milan Kundera's The Unbearable Lightness of Being, where the character Tomas uses the phrases "Muß es sein?" and "Es muß sein!" to describe his approach to fate.

Notes

Further reading

External links 
 String Quartet in F major, Op. 135. Beethoven's autograph in the Beethoven House
 Project Gutenberg E-Book of the Quartet
 
 Performance by the Borromeo String Quartet from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in MP3 format

String quartet 16
1826 compositions
Compositions in F major
Piano Trios, Op. 1 (Beethoven)

Ludwig van Beethoven's Opus 1 is a set of three piano trios (written for piano, violin, and cello), first performed in 1795 in the house of Prince Lichnowsky, to whom they are dedicated. The trios were published in 1795.

Despite the Op. 1 designation, these trios were not Beethoven's first published compositions; this 
distinction belongs rather to his Dressler Variations for keyboard (WoO 63). Clearly he recognized the Op. 1  compositions as the earliest ones he had produced that were substantial enough (and marketable enough) to fill out a first major publication to introduce his style of writing to the musical public.

Op. 1 No. 1 - Piano Trio No. 1 in E-flat major
 Allegro (E-flat major), 
 Adagio cantabile (A-flat major), 
 Scherzo. Allegro assai (E-flat major, with  trio in A-flat major), 
 Finale. Presto (E-flat major), 

The first movement opens with an ascending arpeggiated figure (a so-called Mannheim Rocket, like that opening the first movement of the composer's own Piano Sonata no 1, Opus 2 no 1),

Op. 1 No. 2 - Piano Trio No. 2 in G major
 Adagio,  - Allegro vivace,  (G major)
 Largo con espressione (E major), 
 Scherzo. Allegro (G major, with a trio in B minor), 
 Finale. Presto (G major),

Op. 1 No. 3 - Piano Trio No. 3 in C minor
 Allegro con brio (C minor), 
 Andante cantabile con Variazioni (E-flat major), 
 Minuetto. Quasi allegro (C minor, with a trio in C major), 
 Finale. Prestissimo (C minor, concluding in C major), 

Unlike the other piano trios in this opus, the third trio does not have a scherzo as its third movement but a minuet instead.

This third piano trio was later reworked by Beethoven into the C minor string quintet, Op. 104.

References

External links
 
Performance of Piano Trio No. 1 by the Claremont Trio from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in MP3 format
Performance of Piano Trio No. 3, I Allegro con brio

Piano Trio 01
1793 compositions
Compositions in E-flat major
Compositions in G major
Compositions in C minor
Music with dedications
Piano Trios, Op. 70 (Beethoven)

Op. 70 is a set of two Piano Trios by Ludwig van Beethoven, written for piano, violin, and cello. Both trios were composed during Beethoven's stay at Countess Marie von Erdödy's estate, and both are dedicated to her for her hospitality. They were published in 1809.

The first, in D major, known as the Ghost, is one of his best known works in the genre (rivaled only by the Archduke Trio).  The D major trio features themes found in the second movement of Beethoven's Symphony No. 2.  The All-Music Guide states that "because of its strangely scored and undeniably eerie-sounding slow movement, it was dubbed the 'Ghost' Trio. The name has stuck with the work ever since. The ghostly music may have had its roots in sketches for a Macbeth opera that Beethoven was contemplating at the time." According to Lewis Lockwood, Beethoven's pupil Carl Czerny wrote in 1842 that the slow movement reminded him (Czerny) of the ghost scene at the opening of Shakespeare's Hamlet, and this was the origin of the nickname. James Keller also attributes the nickname to Czerny, adding, "You may discard as erroneous the oft-encountered claim that this movement of the Ghost Trio is a reworking of music Beethoven originally sketched as the Witches Chorus for his Macbeth.

These pieces are representative of Beethoven's "Middle" stylistic period, which went from roughly 1803 to 1812, and which included many of his most famous works.  Beethoven wrote the two piano trios while spending the summer of 1808 back once again in Heiligenstadt, Vienna, where he had completed his Symphony No. 5 the previous summer.  He wrote the two trios immediately after finishing his Sinfonia pastorale, Symphony No. 6.  This was a period of uncertainty in Beethoven's life, in particular because he had no dependable source of income at the time.

Although these two trios are sometimes numbered as "No. 5" and "No. 6", the numbering of Beethoven's twelve piano trios is not standardized, and in other sources the two Op. 70 trios may be shown as having different numbers, if any.

Piano Trio in D major, Op. 70 No. 1 "Ghost" 
 Allegro vivace e con brio, D major, 3/4
 Largo assai ed espressivo, D minor, 2/4 [This movement is what gave the "Ghost Trio" its name]
 Presto, D major, 4/4

Piano Trio in E-flat major, Op. 70 No. 2 
 Poco sostenuto – Allegro, ma non troppo, E-flat major, 4/4 - 6/8
 Allegretto, C major/minor, 2/4
 Allegretto ma non troppo, A-flat major, 3/4
 Finale. Allegro, E-flat major, 2/4

The second movement is in double variation form.

References

External links

Performances of Piano Trio Op. 70 No. 1 and Piano Trio Op. 70 No. 2 by the Claremont Trio from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in MP3 format

Piano Trio 70
1808 compositions
Compositions in D major
Compositions in E-flat major
Music with dedications
Violin Sonata No. 5 (Beethoven)

The Violin Sonata No. 5 in F major, Op. 24, is a four movement work for violin and piano by Ludwig van Beethoven. It was first published in 1801.  The work is commonly known as the Spring Sonata (Frühlingssonate), although the name "Spring" was apparently given to it after Beethoven's death.  The sonata was dedicated to Count Moritz von Fries, a patron to whom Beethoven also dedicated two other works of the same year—the String Quintet in C major, Op. 29 and the Violin Sonata No. 4—as well as his later Symphony No. 7 in A major.

The autograph manuscript of the sonata is preserved in the Austrian National Library.

Origin
Beethoven initially intended to pair this work with his Violin Sonata No. 4, Opus 23, and the two sonatas complement each other in both key and character.  However, the two were not published together and thus have different opus numbers. The reason for the separation is unknown.

Structure 
The work is in four movements:

The entire sonata takes approximately 22 minutes to perform.

See also
Violin Sonata in A major (Beethoven)

References
Notes

Sources

External links
 Violin Sonata Op. 24: Beethoven's autograph manuscript in the Austrian National Library

Performance of Violin Sonata No. 5 by Corey Cerovsek (violin) and Paavali Jumppanen (piano) from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum

Violin Sonata 05
1801 compositions
Compositions in F major
Music with dedications
Music dedicated to nobility or royalty
Big Dipper (disambiguation)

The Big/Great Dipper is the American English term for the seven brightest stars of Ursa Major (The Plough in British English).

Big Dipper also may refer to:

Entertainment
 Big Dipper (Battersea Park), a wooden roller coaster operating in Battersea Park, London, England, from 1951 until 1972
 Big Dipper (Blackpool), a wooden roller coaster at Blackpool Pleasure Beach, England
 Big Dipper (Geauga Lake), a wooden roller coaster formerly at the now defunct Geauga Lake Park in Ohio, US
 Big Dipper (Luna Park Sydney), a wooden roller coaster operating at Luna Park Sydney, Australia from 1935 until 1981
 Big Dipper (Michigan's Adventure), a steel roller coaster in Michigan, US
 Cyclone (Dreamworld), a steel roller coaster which operated as Big Dipper at Luna Park Sydney, Australia from 1995 to 2001

Sport
 Wilt Chamberlain (1936–1999), American basketball player
 Robert DiPierdomenico (born 1958), Australian rules footballer
 Chris Duncan (born 1981), American baseball player

Music
 Big Dipper (band), a 1980s-1990s Boston alternative-rock band
 Big Dipper, professional name of American rapper Dan Stermer.
 Big Dipper (album), a 2003 album by Drop Trio
 The Great Dipper (album), a 2015 album by Roy Kim
 Big Dipper (Elton John song), a 1978 song by Elton John
 "Big Dipper", a song by Jethro Tull from their 1976 album Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die!
 "Big Dipper", a song by Built to Spill from their 1994 album There's Nothing Wrong with Love
 "Big Dipper", a song by Cracker from their 1996 album The Golden Age (Cracker album)
 "Big Dipper", a song by Death Grips from their 2014 album The Powers That B

Other uses
 Big Dipper Ice Arena, in Fairbanks, Alaska

See also
 Beidou (disambiguation), Chinese equivalent of the asterism
 Little Dipper (disambiguation)
 Starry Plough (disambiguation)
Bassas da India

Bassas da India (; ) is an uninhabited, roughly circular French atoll that is part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands. Located in the southern Mozambique Channel, about halfway between Mozambique and Madagascar (about  further east) and around  northwest of Europa Island, the rim of the atoll averages around  in width and encloses a shallow lagoon of depth no greater than . Overall, the atoll is about  in diameter, rising steeply from the seabed  below to encircle an area (including lagoon) of . Its exclusive economic zone,  in size, is contiguous with that of Europa Island.

The atoll consists of ten barren rocky islets, with no vegetation, totaling  in area. Those on the north and east sides are  high, while those on the west and south sides are  high. The reef, whose coastline measures , is entirely covered by the sea from three hours before high tide to three hours afterward. The region is also subject to cyclones, making the atoll a long-time maritime hazard and the site of numerous shipwrecks.

Jaguar Seamount and Hall Tablemount lie, respectively, about  further southwest.

History 
The Bassas da India was first recorded by Portuguese explorers in the early sixteenth century as the "Baixo da Judia" ("Jewess Shoals"). The Judia ("Jewess", for the ancestry of its owner Fernão de Loronha) was the Portuguese ship that discovered the feature by running aground on it in 1506. The name became "Bassas da India" due to transcription errors by cartographers. The Santiago broke up on the shoal in 1585.

It was rediscovered by the Europa in 1774, whence the name "Europa Rocks". The Malay was lost 27 July 1842 on the Europa Rocks.

In 1897, the shoal became a French possession, later being placed under the administration of a commissioner residing in Réunion in 1968. Madagascar became independent in 1960 and has claimed sovereignty over the shoal since 1972.

Wildlife 
The presence of Galapagos sharks was reported in 2003, which is a first in the Mozambique Channel.

Tourism 
Mooring at Bassas da India requires a permit from the French Government. Fishing without such a permit may result in the boat being expelled or even confiscated. Several illegal tourism charters departing from Mozambique or South Africa have been seized since 2013 by the French Navy.

Gallery

References

Further reading

External links 

 
 
 Sailing Directions: East Africa and the South Indian Ocean
 French Southern and Antarctic Lands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency..

Indian Ocean atolls of France
Atolls of Madagascar
Uninhabited islands of France
Islands of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Territorial disputes of France
Territorial disputes of Madagascar
France–Madagascar relations