alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Chad

Chad (; , officially called the Republic of Chad), is a landlocked country in Central Africa. The capital is N'Djamena. 

It was a French colony until 1960. It suffers from poverty, illness, drought, and armed conflicts. In 2011, the population of Chad was 11,535,000.

Arabic and French are the official languages. Islam and Christianity are the most widely practiced religions.

Chad has one of the highest levels of hunger in the world. Food insecurity is common in the country. 80% live in total poverty on less than a dollar a day, and 90% are unemployed in Chad. Chad has a low life expectancy. Life expectancy is 54 years old in Chad.

Chad is home to 134 kinds of mammals, 141 bird species, 52 kinds of reptiles, 30 amphibians and 130 kinds of fish. Many animals such as elephants, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, warthogs, giraffes, antelopes, lions, leopards, and cheetahs live in Chad.

Geography

Chad is the world's 21st-largest country. It is slightly smaller than Peru and slightly larger than South Africa.  To the north is Libya, to the south is the Central African Republic, to the east is Sudan, and to the west are Cameroon, Nigeria, and Niger.

The country's capital is  from the nearest seaport Douala, Cameroon. Due to this distance from the sea and the country's largely desert climate, Chad is sometimes called the "Dead Heart of Africa".

Lake Chad is the largest wetland in Chad and the second largest in Africa. Lake Chad was  7000 years ago.  Now it is . Chad's highest peak is the Emi Koussi in the Sahara.

The region's tall grasses and large amount of marshes make it good for birds, reptiles, and large mammals. Chad's major rivers are the Chari and Logone.

Regions
Since 2002, the Republic of Chad has been divided into regions. It was previously divided into prefectures, and then departments.

Below is a list of the 23 regions as of 2012.

ad since 2012

Cities
The largest cities in Chad are:
N'Djamena - 704,200
Moundou - 136,900
Sarh - 100,100
Abéché - 72,500
Kélo - 41,500
Koumra - 35,400
Pala - 34,600
Am Timan - 28,200
Bongor - 27,100
Mongo - 27,100

Languages
Chad's official languages are Arabic and French, but over 100 languages and dialects are spoken. Due to the important role of Arab traders and merchants, Chadian Arabic has become a lingua franca, a language for all to use.

Education
Attending primary school is required in Chad, though only about 50% of children attend school. Adult literacy is only 35%.

The University of N'Djamena provides higher education.

References

Other websites
 
 

 
French-speaking countries
Least developed countries
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1960 establishments in Africa
Anal sex

Anal sex is a sex act performed on the anus. Anal sex can involve a penis inserted in the anus, oral stimulation of the anus, using fingers for penetration and using different objects for stimulation.

Overview 
The anus is a part of the body that is tight and cannot lubricate itself. Because of this, a person should be careful not to damage the walls of this organ if inserting something. Lubrication is often used which can be oil or water-based and is sold commercially.

For a man, pleasure can come from the stimulation of the prostate that is found near the anus. For women, it can come from indirect stimulation of the clitoral legs/G-Spot or the cervix. Both men and women can get pleasure from anal sex because the anus has many nerve endings.

References

Sexual acts
1248

Year 1248 (MCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Cologne Cathedral built.
 King Louis IX of France starts the Seventh Crusade. He leaves with an army of 20,000 toward Egypt.
 Roger Bacon publishes the formula for black powder in Europe.
Honor Blackman

Honor Blackman (22 August 1925 – 5 April 2020) was an English actress. She was born in Plaistow, Essex. She is best known for her roles in the movie Goldfinger and on the television programmes, The Avengers and The Upper Hand (the British version of Who's the Boss).

Blackman died at her home in Lewes on 5 April 2020. She was 94.

References

Other websites 

1925 births
2020 deaths
Actors from Essex
Actresses who played Bond girls
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
1605

1605 was a common year.

Events 
 Don Quixote, part 1, is written by Miguel De Cervantes
Bias

Bias means that a person prefers an idea and possibly does not give equal chance to a different idea. Bias can be influenced by a number of factors, such as popularity (for example, a newspaper might be biased towards a particular political party due to their employees sharing the same political beliefs as that party). 

Bias in an article or editorial would show one point of view, using selected facts and quotes to support that point of view.  Facts or opinions that do not support the point of view in a biased article would be excluded.  For example, an article biased toward riding a motorcycle would show facts about the good gas mileage, fun, and agility.  An article biased against motorcycle riding would show facts about risk of injury and noise, and ignore positive facts about motorcycles.

An article biased against guns would show only facts and information that support the author's position.  They would list suicides, accidental shootings and other facts showing guns in a negative way.  An article biased for guns should show only information that supports the author's position.  The positively biased article would discuss 'lives saved' by guns, numbers of crimes prevented by civilian gun use, and other facts and data that put gun ownership and guns in a good light.

Bias in writing can also be shown by using bad or slang words to refer to groups of people or things.  "Broads" rather than "women"; "murdercycles" rather than "motorcycles".  Words or phrasing that make wide assumptions about races or groups of people also indicates bias.  "All Chinese people are good at math".  

Bias also means mistakes in measurements. For example, a person may measure the height of another person wearing shoes.  The shoes make the height more than the same person without shoes.  If the extra height of the shoes (extra bias) was not explained, someone might think that the person had been measured without shoes on.  Data with extra parts not explained is called biased data.

Related pages 
Cognitive bias
Prejudice

Other websites 
Examples of Bias in Writing
1701

1701 was a common year.

Births 
 September 7 – Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, French naturalist (d. 1788)
Harpsichord

Harpsichords are keyboard instruments that make sound by having the strings plucked with a plectrum. They are thought to have originated when a keyboard was attached to a psaltery. This makes them different from a clavichord where the strings are hit. The piano is therefore closer to a clavichord than a harpsichord. On a piano it is possible to play louder or quieter by playing the keys with more or less force. On a harpsichord the volume (playing louder or softer) cannot be controlled by the way it is played. However, some large harpsichords have several "stops", each one giving a different kind of sound. The largest harpsichords have two manuals (keyboards) which gives more variety. It makes it possible for the right hand to play the tune on one manual while the left hand plays an accompaniment more quietly on the other.

Some small harpsichords were called "virginals", perhaps because they were played by young girls. There are also spinets which were very small and sometimes wing-shaped. They could be picked up and put on a table.

Harpsichords were very important in music from the Renaissance and Baroque periods. They were used as solo instruments as well as to accompany an orchestra. Some of the most famous composers of harpsichord music are William Byrd (1543-1623), François Couperin (1668-1733), Domenico Scarlatti (1685-1757) and Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750). The last of these composers wrote The Well-Tempered Clavier, which has a prelude and fugue in every major and minor key. It is said that Bach wrote this collection of music to show how keyboard instruments like the harpsichord can be tuned in a way to make playing in any key possible.

Other websites

Keyboard instruments
Early musical instruments
Plucked string instruments
The Kingston Trio

The Kingston Trio was a folk music group from Palo Alto, California who were popular in the 1950s and 1960s.

References

Musical groups from California
Folk music groups
Palo Alto, California
The Passion of the Christ

The Passion of the Christ is the title of a movie that was produced and directed by Mel Gibson based on sister Catherine Emmerich's visions. It was released in 2004. The movie shows the last 24 hours in the life of Jesus of Nazareth (called by his followers Jesus Christ) as told in the Gospel accounts contained in the New Testament that Christians regard as a part of the Holy Bible.

The Passion of the Christ was unusual and controversial for many reasons. All of the speech was in three languages that were spoken at the time of Jesus: Latin, Greek and Hebrew. The movie spent a lot of time showing details of the suffering and death of Jesus, with lots of violent scenes. Mel Gibson said that this was a realistic showing of what happened, though others thought it showed too much violence.

Jewish groups and Christians objected to the movie because it showed the Jewish leaders arranging to have Jesus killed. There were also other depictions in the film of Jews that many Jews and Christians felt was controversial. They said that this would cause people to think that modern-day Jews were guilty because of this and increase antisemitism and inaccurate beliefs of Jews. The movie makers said that this was not their intention, however criticism from both sides continued and still persists to this day.

Mel Gibson was unable to get support from movie studios for this movie, and so supplied the money for it (around $25 million) mostly himself. The movie made much more money than expected -around $370 million.

References

Other websites 
 

2004 drama movies
2000s epic movies
2000s historical movies
American drama movies
American epic movies
Fiction set in the past
Movies set in Ancient Rome
Movies set in Asia
Movies based on the Bible
Movies about capital punishment
Multilingual movies
Movies directed by Mel Gibson
Movies set in the 1st century
Controversies
Cavalry

Historically, cavalry have been soldiers who fought while riding horses. In modern times, "cavalry" means the branch of the military that fight in armored vehicles such as tanks. They differ from the infantry in that the Infantry fight on foot.

Soldiers have fought on horses ever since people have ridden horses. Before that, they fought in chariots pulled by horses. Because horses are strong, cavalry troops can wear more armor than infantry and carry heavier weapons. Because horses are fast, cavalry can ride into battle more quickly than infantry.

Army
Horse riding
Military animals
Zachary Taylor

Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850) was the 12th president of the United States. He served as president from 1849 until his death in 1850. He was a second cousin to James Madison.

General years
Taylor was a general in the United States Army. He led an army during the Mexican-American War. He was selected by the Whigs to be their candidate because he was a famous general. He was the last President to own slaves while in office.

Presidency
During his term, slavery was a big issue because the Northerners wanted no slavery in the U.S. and wanted to stop newly formed states from allowing slavery. The southerners believed that they had the right to keep their slaves and people feared that they would choose to not be a part of the United States anymore (which they would eventually do in 1860).

Taylor did not like the idea of the southern states leaving the United States at all. He threatened to use military force against them if they were to do that.

Taylor never voted until he was 62 years old. He was never a resident of a particular location in the United States long enough to register to vote.

Sixteen months into his presidency, Taylor died of cholera and his vice-president Millard Fillmore became president to take his place.

The Compromise of 1850 (a proposal several laws that would calm down the slavery issue by pleasing both the north and the south) was voted on in Congress shortly after his death. This was negotiated by Kentucky's Congressman, Henry Clay, who was a distant cousin of the Taylors and Lincolns.

References

Other websites 
 Taylor's White House biography 

1784 births
1850 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Politicians from Virginia
Military people from Virginia
 
19th-century American politicians
Gianni Rodari

Gianni Rodari (October 23, 1920 in Omegna (Novara) - April 14, 1980 in Rome) was an Italian writer. He was famous for his books for children.

Rodari, Gianni

1920 births
1980 deaths
Montgomery, Alabama

Montgomery is the capital city of the state of Alabama in the United States. It is on the Alabama River. In 2020, 200,603 people lived there, making it the third-most populated city in Alabama after Huntsville which had 215,006, and Birmingham which had 200,733.

History 
Montgomery was started on December 3, 1819 by merging New Philadelphia and East Alabama Town. The city became a county seat in 1822. On January 28, 1846, the state capital was moved from  Tuscaloosa to Montgomery. For a few months in 1861 Montgomery was the capital of the Confederate States of America.

Notable natives and residents 
 Nat King Cole, jazz pianist & singer
 Martin Luther King, Jr., civil rights advocate
 Bart Starr, Pro Football Hall of Famer
 Rosa Parks

References

Other websites 

 Montgomery -Wikivoyage
 City of Montgomery, Alabama

Former national capitals
 
County seats in Alabama
State capitals in the United States
1819 establishments in Alabama
Omaha, Nebraska

Omaha is a major US city located in the state of Nebraska in the center of the United States. The city is home to 486,051 people, making it the 39th largest city in the United States as of 2020. It is also the state's largest city both in population and geography.

Music
Omaha is known for its Indie music scene. Bright Eyes and 311 are some of the most well known bands to come out of the city. Local music venues include the Slowdown in NoDo and The Waiting Room in Benson.

Connor Oberst, lead singer of Bright Eyes, started Saddle Creek Records in Omaha. The label is named after a street in Midtown Omaha, despite the label being housed in downtown. Saddle Creek Records is the owner of the Slowdown.

Business
Omaha is home to a number national and global headquarters including TD Ameritrade, Berkshire Hathaway, Con Agra Foods, Mutual of Omaha, Woodmen of the World, and Hayneedle. First National Bank of Omaha's headquarters are located downtown at One First National Place, the state's largest building. Billionaire Warren Buffett calls the city home and hosts the annual Berkshire Hathaway shareholders meeting at the Century Link Center in downtown Omaha.

Sports
The city hosts the College World Series every year at TD Ameritrade Park, since 2011. The series was formerly hosted at Rosenblatt Stadium prior to its condemnation in September 2010 and subsequent demolition in late 2012. The Series was first held in Omaha in 1947.

Climate
Omaha has a humid continental climate (Dfa in the Koeppen climate classification). Summers are hot and quite wet; winters are cold and quite dry.

References

 
County seats in Nebraska
1854 establishments in Nebraska Territory
Toledo, Spain

Toledo is a city in Spain with a population of 85,000. It is a historical city with a lot of monuments. The city was important from the Roman period to the 18th century. It is the capital of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha and the Toledo province. Many famous people and artists were born or lived in this city, including Garcilaso de la Vega, Alfonso X and El Greco. A city in Ohio was named after this.

Sinagoga del Tránsito

Notes

Further reading

Other websites

Municipality
Exhibit on Toledo, Ohio Sister City Agreement 
 Photography of Toledo by Antony Marsh
 http://lahistoriadefermosa.com  "La Historia de Fermosa" Abraham S. Marrache, Hebraica Ediciones 2009, a historical novel in Spanish about the love affair in 1179 between King Alfonso VIII of Castile and the young Toledan Jewess, Fermosa.
Sunset in Toledo , Eretz Acheret  Magazine
Legends of Toledo
 Free Audio Guide of Toledo ES/EN
Spain's official website - Info about Toledo 

Capital cities in Spain
 
World Heritage Sites in Spain
Tommy Tutone

Tommy Tutone was a 1980s pop music group. They are best known for their 1982 song 867-5309-Jenny.

Discography

Studio albbums 
 Tommy Tutone (1980)
 Tommy Tutone 2 (1981)
 National Emotion (1983)
 Nervous Love (1996)
 Tutone.rtf (1998)

Singles 
 Angel Say No (1980)
 867-5309/Jenny (1981)
 Which Man Are You (1982)
 Get Around Girl (1983)
 My Little Red Book (2017)
 Time Won’t Let Me (2018)

American rock bands
American pop music groups
new wave bands
Musical groups from California
Palo Alto, California

Palo Alto is a city in the American state of California in Santa Clara County that has a population of about 65,000 people. It is the birthplace of the region called Silicon Valley and includes Stanford University. It is the home of many innovators and entrepreneurs. "Palo Alto" means "tall stick" in Spanish after a famous redwood, El Palo Alto, along the banks of San Francisquito Creek. The tree was struck by lightning in 1955 but much of it remains standing. The tree is over 1,080 years old. A diverse population thrives in a city known for its schools, parks, libraries, restaurants and mild climate. 

Palo Alto is where Apple CEO, Steve Jobs died on October 5, 2011.
Everly Brothers

Phil and Don Everly (Phil January 19, 1939 – January 3, 2014 and Don February 1, 1937 – August 21, 2021) were two brothers from the U.S. state of Iowa. They started performing in the 1950s and had a lot of famous songs in the 1950s and 1960s. They are considered very influential in rock and roll.

Don was born in Muhlenberg County, Kentucky. He died on August 21, 2021 in Nashville, Tennessee of heart attack at the age of 84.

Phil was born in Chicago, Illinois. He died at age 74 on January 3, 2014 in Burbank, California from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Related pages
List of country musicians from Iowa

References

Other websites

1957 establishments in the United States
Musical groups disestablished in 2014
1950s American music groups
1960s American music groups
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
Country bands
Musical duos
Entertainers from Iowa
20th-century establishments in Iowa
2014 disestablishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 1957
Warner Bros. Records artists
1896



Events 
 The first modern Olympic Games takes place in Athens.
 Alden J. Blethen buys The Seattle Times.
 On January 4, Utah became a state in the United States.

Births 
 February 9 – Alberto Vargas – Pin-up artist
 May 30 - Howard Hawks, American director (d. 1977)
 August 27 – Miyazawa Kenji Japanese poet, writer of children's literature
 September 21- Walter Breuning, among the oldest people
42

42 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Piso.

Events

Roman Empire 
 Romans take control of Ceuta.
 Lands now known as Algeria and Morocco become a Roman province. 
 The Dalmatian legate Furius Camillus Scribonianus revolts. His troops do not support him and the rebellion quickly ends. 
 Claudius starts building the Port of Ostia.

Asia 
 Suro becomes the first king of Geumgwan Gaya in the Korean peninsula.
 Chinese General My Yuan puts down the rebellion of the Trung sisters in Tonkin.

Religion 
25 January: the apostle Paul becomes a  Christian. The exact date is not known, but the Catholic Church has chosen to celebrate it on this date.

Births 
 Herennius Philo (approximate date) (d. 141)
 Pope Sixtus I (d. 124)

Deaths 
 Arria
 Gaius Appius Junius Silanus

40s
Willie Nelson

Willie Hugh Nelson (; born April 29, 1933) is an American country music singer-songwriter, as well as an author, poet, actor, and activist.

In 1961, a song that he wrote was recorded by Faron Young, and became a number one song on Billboard's Hot Country Songs music chart. In 1975, he had his first number one song, as a singer, on Billboards Hot Country Songs music chart.

Early life
Willie Nelson was born in Abbott, Texas on April 29, 1933, during the Great Depression to Myrle Marie (née Greenhaw) and Ira Doyle Nelson. He was born on April 29, 1933, but his birth was recorded by doctor F. D. Sims on April 30. He was named Willie by his cousin Mildred, who also chose Hugh as his middle name, in honor of her recently deceased younger brother. Nelson's ancestry includes English, Irish, and Cherokee. His parents moved from Arkansas in 1929, to look for work. Nelson's grandfather, William, worked as a blacksmith, while his father worked as a mechanic. His mother left soon after he was born, and his father remarried and also moved away, leaving Willie and his sister Bobbie to be raised by their grandparents. The Nelsons, who taught singing back in Arkansas, started their grandchildren in music. Nelson's grandfather bought him a guitar when he was six, and taught him a few chords, and with his sister Bobbie, he sang gospel songs in the local church.  He wrote his first song at age seven, and when he was nine, played guitar for the local band Bohemian Polka. During the summer, the family picked cotton along with other citizens of Abbott.  Nelson didn't like picking cotton, so he earned money by singing in dance halls, taverns, and honky tonks from age thirteen, and continuing through high school. Nelson's musical influences were Hank Williams, Bob Wills, Lefty Frizzell, Ray Price, Ernest Tubb, Hank Snow, Django Reinhardt, Frank Sinatra, and Louis Armstrong.

Personal life
Nelson is the co-chair of the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) advisory board.

Discography

Singles
Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain (1975)
"Always on My Mind" (1982)

Writing of songs
Crazy (song) (1961)
Christmas Blues

Sources

1933 births
Living people
American country singers
American country guitarists
American movie actors
American songwriters
American television actors
Musicians from Texas
Singers from Texas
Africa-Eurasia

Africa-Eurasia (also called Afro-Eurasia, Eurafrasia, Afrasia and the Old World) is the world's biggest landmass. Around 85% (approximately 5.5 billion) of the world population lives there. It is split between the two continents of Africa and Eurasia, the latter of which has been historically further subdivided into Asia and Europe.  

In geopolitics, the mainland of Africa-Eurasia (excluding islands such as the British Isles, Japan, Madagascar, and the Malay Archipelago) has been referred to as World Island.

The Old World includes Africa-Eurasia and its surrounding islands:

 Africa
 Northern Africa
 Sub-Saharan Africa
 Eastern Africa
 Middle Africa
 Southern Africa
 Western Africa
 Eurasia
 Asia
 Central Asia
 Eastern Asia
 Northern Asia
 South-eastern Asia
 Southern Asia
 Western Asia
 Europe
 Eastern Europe
 Northern Europe
 Southern Europe
 Western Europe

In geological terms, Africa-Eurasia (or Eurafrasia) may be a supercontinent if Africa collides with Europe. One estimate suggests it will happen in 600,000 years, when the southern tip of Spain reaches Africa. If this happens, the Mediterranean Sea will be isolated from the Atlantic Ocean. Africa is expected to collide with Europe completely in 50 million years, closing the Mediterranean.

References 

Supercontinents
Cemetery

A cemetery or a graveyard is a place, usually surrounded by a fence, where people bury dead bodies and honor the dead people. Many of them have gardens and other greenery in them to symbolise life and to honor those who are dead.

Related pages 
Burial
Catacomb
Mausoleum
Necropolis

Death customs
Linda Blair

Linda Blair (born January 22, 1959 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American actress. She is best known for her role in the movie The Exorcist (1973).

Other websites 

1959 births
Living people
Actors from St. Louis, Missouri
American movie actors
American television actors
David Crosby

David Van Cortland Crosby (August 14, 1941 – January 18, 2023) was an American guitarist, singer and songwriter. He was most famous as a founding member of the bands The Byrds and Crosby, Stills, and Nash. He was born in Los Angeles, California.

In the 2020 presidential election, Crosby supported Vermont United States Senator Bernie Sanders.

Crosby died suddenly on the night of January 18, 2023 at his home in Santa Ynez, California. He was 81. The cause of death was problems caused by COVID-19.

References 

American guitarists
Musicians from Los Angeles
American folk musicians
American rock musicians
Organ transplant recipients
Singers from Los Angeles
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
1941 births
2023 deaths
Paul Harvey

Paul Harvey Aurandt (September 4, 1918 – February 28, 2009) was an American radio host. He was best known for his short radio program called "The Rest of the Story" that was broadcast on many radio stations in the United States. He worked in the radio industry from 1933 to 2009. He also had news programs two times a day, in which he would comment on the headlines and tell some odd news stories.

Death
Harvey died on February 28, 2009 at a hospital in Phoenix, Arizona. His son, Paul Harvey Jr., said, "millions have lost a friend".

References

American historians
American radio personalities
Writers from Tulsa, Oklahoma
1918 births
2009 deaths
Intermission

An intermission or interval is a break in a performance of play or opera. An intermission may be twenty minutes or longer: time for people to have a drink and time for the performers to relax.  Plays and operas are usually divided into acts.  The intermission will come where there is a suitable break between the acts.  There are a few operas (e.g. those by Richard Wagner) which are so long that there may be two intermissions.

Theater
David Duchovny

David Duchovny (born August 7, 1960) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Fox Mulder on the television series, The X-Files. On August 13, 2007, his series Californication began airing on the Showtime television network.

References

1960 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New York City
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Laramie, Wyoming

Laramie is a city in the U.S. state of Wyoming. It is the county seat of Albany County. Located in southeastern Wyoming, on the Laramie River, 49 miles (79 km) west of Cheyenne, surrounded by divisions of the Medicine Bow National Forest (headquartered at Laramie). It was founded in 1868 when several thousand persons made a settlement—a jumble of tents and shanties on the treeless plain between the Laramie and Medicine Bow ranges—during construction of the Union Pacific Railroad. Most of the builders moved on, leaving a handful to build a permanent city from a heretofore lawless settlement. 

Laramie’s growth was slow but steady. It attracted attention in 1870 as the site of the first “mixed” jury trial in the United States, when six women served on a grand jury. Its lawlessness further declined with the establishment, in 1873, of the Wyoming Territorial Prison. Humorist Bill Nye lived in Laramie; The Boomerang, a newspaper that he helped found in 1881, is still published (as the Laramie Daily Boomerang).

For years the search for precious metals in the Medicine Bow Mountains, 30 miles (48 km) to the west, provided employment. The railroad, cattle and sheep ranches, forest products, and the University of Wyoming (founded there in 1886) are important factors in the economy, as are tourism and cement making. The University Stock Farm is in the city, and the Geological Museum on the main campus exhibits a dinosaur skeleton discovered in the area. The university also maintains an art museum, an anthropology museum, and an insect museum.

Laramie city, river, plains, and mountains take their name from Jacques La Ramie, a French-Canadian fur trapper killed about 1819 by Indians on the river. The city’s attractions include Wyoming Territorial Park and the Laramie Plains Museum. Inc. 1874. Pop. (2000) 27,204; (2010) 30,816.

Recent history 
In 1998, Matthew Shepherd was murdered in this town.

References

Other websites 

City of Laramie, official website

Cities in Wyoming
County seats in Wyoming
Albany County, Wyoming
1166

1166 (MCLXVI) was .

Births 
 December 24 – John I of England

Events 
 Marko III follows Yoannis V as patriarch of Alexandria.
 Henry the Lion builds the first bronze statue north of the Alps.
 Giraldo Sempavor captures Evora.
Refrigerator

A refrigerator is a machine used for keeping things cold. It is sometimes called a fridge or an icebox. It is normally maintained at 4-5  degree Celsius for household use. People put food and drinks in it, to keep those items cold or good (unspoiled) for a longer time. A refrigerator has a heat pump which takes heat away from the air inside the fridge. The heat is moved to the air outside. The heat pump is usually driven by an electric motor.

There are also ice boxes available that do not use electricity because they are filled with ice to provide the colder temperature. The ice can keep things cold until the ice melts. Ice boxes can be taken on camping trips. Sometimes they are called coolers. Refrigerator-sized iceboxes were used before electricity was available.

Most modern refrigerators are available in a variety of colours, although most are white. Smaller versions of the popular refrigerator are also used. They are mainly used in hotels and college dorm rooms.

Freezer

A freezer is a special type of refrigerator that stores food at freezing temperatures. Inside a freezer, it is normally . Freezers can be found in household refrigerators, as well as in industry and commerce. When stored in a freezer, frozen food can be stored safely for a longer time than storing at room temperatures.

Domestic freezers can be a separate compartment in a refrigerator, or can be a separate appliance. Household refrigerators usually have a separate compartment where the heat pump is used to pump even colder temperatures to the contents. Most household freezers maintain temperatures from . Some freezer-only units can achieve  and lower. Most household refrigerators generally do not achieve a temperature lower than , because it is difficult to control the temperature for two different compartments. This is because both compartments shares the same coolant loop. 

Domestic freezers normally stand upright, resembling refrigerators. Sometimes a domestic freezer is laid on its back to look like a chest. Many modern upright freezers come with an ice dispenser built into their door. Many commercial freezers stand upright and have glass doors so shoppers can see the contents.

References

Other websites

Home appliances
Machines
HVAC
1524

Year 1524 (MDXXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.


Events

January–June 
 January – Giovanni da Verrazzano, on board La Dauphine in the service of Francis I of France, sets out from Madeira for the New World.
 March 1 (approximate date) – da Verrazzano's expedition makes landfall at Cape Fear.
 April 17 – da Verrazzano's expedition makes the first European entry into New York Bay and sights the island of Manhattan.

July–December 
 Summer – Paracelsus visits Salzburg. He also visits Villach during the year.
 July 8 – da Verrazzano's expedition returns to Dieppe.
 August–September – Marseille is besieged by Imperial forces under the Duke of Bourbon.
 October 28 – A French army invading Italy under King Francis besieges Pavia.

Births 
 Luís de Camões, Portuguese poet (d. 1580)
 Catherine Howard, Fifth Queen of Henry VIII of England, (born in between 1518 and 1524; d. 1542)

Deaths 
 Pietro Perugino – Italian painter
 June 12 – Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, Spanish conquistador (b. 1465)
 July 20 – Claude of France, queen of Louis XII of France (b. 1499)
 December 24 – Vasco da Gama, Portuguese explorer (b. c. 1469)

References
Guernsey

Guernsey is an island in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy. It is one of the Channel Islands, and is the main administration island of the Bailiwick of Guernsey'. Charles III is the head of state, but it has a government of its own, with its own laws and special status when it comes to taxes.
65,573 people live there.

The Island 
Guernsey has 10 parishes. These are 
Castel, Forest, St Andrews, St Martins, St Peter Port, St Pierre du bois, St Sampson, St Saviour's, Torteval, Vale.
 
Saint Peter Port is the biggest parish by terms of population, with 16,500 people living there.

Climate 
Guernsey has an oceanic climate. 

The highest temperature ever recorded in Guernsey was  on 9 August 2003 at Guernsey Airport. 

The lowest temperature ever recorded in Guernsey was  on 20 January 1963 in Saint Peter Port. 

Source:

Language 
Guernsey has its own dialect of the Norman language, called Guernésiais. It is spoken by only 2% of the population, but is understood by around 14%. This means that only 1300 people speak it, and most of these people are elderly. Only 1 in every 1000 young people can speak it.

References

Islands of the Channel Islands
Pottery

Pottery is the ceramic material which makes up potteryware. Major types include earthenware, stoneware and porcelain. The place where such wares are made is also called a pottery (plural "potteries"). Pottery also refers to the art or craft of a potter or the making of pottery. A dictionary definition is simply clay fired in a kiln. 

Pottery objects are made from damp clay mixed with other materials. They are then fired in a special oven called a kiln at high temperatures. Firing makes the clay hard. The potter may then apply a glaze to the surface before firing the object again. The fired glaze makes the surface of the pottery shiny, decorative and water-tight. 

Some potters make objects which are not useful and are really artistic objects or sculpture. Bare pottery objects without a glaze are called bisque or just earthenware. The finest pottery objects, made of porcelain or bone china are quite strong, yet are translucent.

History of pottery 
Pottery originated before the Neolithic period. The earliest example we have is from eastern Europe, dating to 25,000 years ago or earlier. It is a female figurine known as the Venus of Dolní Věstonice, from a palaeolithic site in Moravia, Czech Republic. It may have been made as part of a fertility ritual. There are some similar figures from other nearby sites.

Since the invention of agriculture, and the building of cities, containers for food and drink have been found at almost all archaeological sites.

The Potteries 
This means the area of Stoke-on-Trent in England, sometimes called the Staffordshire potteries. There were six towns, Tunstall, Burslem, Hanley, Stoke-upon-Trent, Fenton and Longton, which now make up Stoke-on-Trent. 

The area was the centre of the English pottery industry. The area had local supplies of clay, salt, lead and coal. Canals were used to transport the product inland. It was a large exporter of pottery for about 200 years: roughly from 1760 to about 1960. Plastic crockery after World War II and cheap ceramic production in China largely destroyed the Stoke pottery industry.

References 

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Screenwriter

A screenwriter is a person who writes the screenplay (or script) for a movie or television show - that is, a screenwriter writes the words that the actors and actresses speak.  

A script conveys the dialogue of the movie, and will briefly describe visuals, although not too much, as this is left up to the director.  

There are certain rules as to how to format a movie script.  If these are not followed, then it is highly unlikely that it will ever be taken seriously.  In order to test the effectiveness of a script, actors will do a first reading of it.  If the format is not clear, then it causes the actors confusion, and makes the task very difficult to complete.

 
Entertainment occupations
Writing occupations
Sacramento, California

Sacramento is the capital of the U.S. state of California. The governor and legislature of California are in Sacramento. About  520,000 people live in Sacramento. About 2,000,000 live in and around Sacramento.

Sacramento comes from Spanish and Portuguese  for holy rite. A sacrament is a religious act that gives people divine grace (being liked or favored by God.)

Sacramento was started in 1848 by John Sutter. It was a very important place during the California Gold Rush. The Gold Rush was the time after gold was found in California. Many people came to California to find gold. They did this to make money. During the Gold Rush, Sacramento was where the railroad ended. It was also where the Pony Express stopped.

Sacramento is near where the American River meets the Sacramento River. This was important when Sacramento was founded. It meant that ships could bring things to Sacramento from the Pacific Ocean. Sacramento was a railroad town. This made Sacramento a port town. This made it a very important place for business.

References 

Cities in the Central Valley of California
County seats in California
 
State capitals in the United States
1850 establishments in California
Robert Mugabe

Robert Gabriel Mugabe (21 February 1924 – 6 September 2019) was a Zimbabwean politician. He was the President of Zimbabwe from 1987 to 2017. Before that, he was Prime Minister, the head of government, after being elected in 1980. For many years before he resigned, Mugabe ruled his country in the style of a dictator.

Presidency
His first years as leader were prosperous. He introduced land reforms, which were supposed to give the land owned by white people back to the "original" black owners. This has had a serious impact on how the country is seen from outside. In recent years, Mugabe has allowed violence against the white citizens of the country as well as to opposition leaders of all races. The reforms were done in 1998. In 2001, the United Nations imposed sanctions against Zimbabwe. This was done because human rights abuses came to the attention of the United Nations. 

On November 15, 2017, he was placed under house arrest as Zimbabwe's military took control in a coup. On November 21, 2017, Mugabe resigned as President of Zimbabwe. It ended his rule of 40 years.

Death
Mugabe was hospitalized in April 2019, making the last of several trips to Singapore for medical treatment. He died on 6 September 2019 at a Singapore hospital, at the age of 95. The cause of death was prostate cancer.

References

Other websites

1924 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Former dictators
Former members of the Order of the Bath
Presidents of Zimbabwe
Prime Ministers of Zimbabwe
Roman Catholics
African Union chairpersons
Guyana

The Co-operative Republic of Guyana (formerly British Guiana) is a country in South America. It is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world (700,000 people live there inside its over 200,000 km² of area). Georgetown is the capital; like most of the country's settlements, it is on a flat coastal plain that goes from northwest to southeast. Venezuela claims the land west of the Essequibo River as part of Guayana Esequiba.

Guyana's current president is Irfaan Ali. The country gained independence from the United Kingdom on May 26, 1966 (before which it was called British Guiana). The republic is called cooperative for integrating different ethnic groups into government, introduced after the socialist government PNC won a majority in1968. The term "cooperative republic" however dates back from 1961.

Guyana is member of the Commonwealth of Nations and the Caribbean Community. It is ranked first in suicides per capita worldwide.

Related pages
Guyana at the Olympics
Guyana national football team
List of Guyanese people
List of rivers of Guyana

References

Other websites 
President's Official Website 
Guyana Portal 
Guyana in the News
Travel information on Guyana 
BBC's profile

 
Caribbean Community
English-speaking countries
1966 establishments in South America
Commonwealth member states
Sen no Rikyu

Sen no Rikyu (, 1522–1591) made important and lasting changes to the Japanese tea ceremony. He was a follower of Toyotomi Hideyoshi.  Besides the tea ceremony, Rikyu practiced ikebana and wrote poetry. He also studied zen.

1522 births
1591 deaths
People from Osaka Prefecture
U2

U2 are an Irish rock band. The four members of the band are lead singer Bono (born Paul David Hewson), lead guitarist The Edge (born David Howell Evans), bassist Adam Clayton, and drummer Larry Mullen Jr. and formerly dik Evans U2 are a very popular band all over the world and have been since the 1980s. They have sold more than 170 million albums and have won 22 Grammy Awards. This is more than any other rock band.

U2 formed in Dublin in 1976, when none of the members were very good musicians. However, they got better as they got older. They were more popular for playing live shows than for releasing albums. This changed with their hit record in 1987, The Joshua Tree. In 1991, U2 released a new album called Achtung Baby. This album sounded very different from their other albums because it was inspired by alternative rock and dance music. Achtung Baby and its worldwide Zoo TV Tour were both very popular. U2 experimented for the rest of the 1990s, making two other very different albums, Zooropa and Pop. 

In the 21st century, U2 returned to a more traditional sound, but they continue to be very popular and successful. They are involved in charities and helping people with groups such as Amnesty International, Make Poverty History, the ONE Campaign, Live Aid, Live 8, Bono's DATA (Debt, AIDS, Trade in Africa) campaign, and Music Rising.

In 2014, the group won a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song for their song Ordinary Love which was used in the movie Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom.

History

Formation (1976-1979) 
U2 was formed in the city of Dublin, Ireland on September 25, 1976. It was founded by 14-year-old drummer Larry Mullen Jr. He posted a note on his school's notice board, asking for musicians to create a new band. There were seven teenage boys who went to their first practice. At first, the band called themselves "Feedback" but later changed their name to "The Hype". The band became smaller over time, eventually becoming just four people, and they finally changed their name to "U2" once Bono, The Edge, Clayton, and Mullen were left.

Influences 
U2's influences include Brian Eno, Joy Division, Television, Lou Reed, Bob Dylan, Roxy Music, The Beatles, The Undertones, Roy Obison, Marc Bolan, David Bowie, Sex Pistols, The Clash, The Who, Thin Lizzy, Patti Smith, The Jam, The Rolling Stones, Van Morrison and Lee Clayton.

Albums 

 Boy (1980)
 October (1981)
 War (1983)
 The Unforgettable Fire (1984)
 The Joshua Tree (1987)
 Rattle and Hum (1988)
 Achtung Baby (1991)
 Zooropa (1993)
 Pop (1997)
 All That You Can't Leave Behind (2000)
 How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb (2004)
 No Line on the Horizon (2009)
 Songs of Innocence (2014)
 Songs of Experience (2017)
 Songs of Surrender (2023)

References

Other websites 
 U2 official website

20th-century establishments in the Republic of Ireland
1980s Irish music groups
1990s Irish music groups
2000s Irish music groups
2010s Irish music groups
Irish rock bands
Musical groups established in 1976 
Musical groups from Dublin
Musical quartets
 
1976 establishments in Europe
Bono

Paul David Hewson  (born 10 May 1960), known by his stage name Bono, is an Irish singer-songwriter, activist, businessman, and philanthropist. He is best known as the lead singer of rock band U2.

Career
He became a member of the band U2 on 25 September 1976, when he responded to a message that was placed by Larry Mullen Jr. to form a rock band.

The name Bono was a type of hearing aid and in Latin means good voice. 

Bono married Alison Stewart. They have four children.  Jordan (b. 1989), Eve (b. 1991), Elijah (b. 1999) and John (b. 2001).

Bono is known for doing a lot of charity work.  For this, he was named Time Person of the Year in 2005.  Bono has even been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, though he did not win it.

References

Other websites 

1960 births
Living people
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Irish guitarists
Irish rock musicians
Irish singer-songwriters
Musicians from Dublin
Rock guitarists
Time People of the Year
U2 members
Adam Clayton

Adam Clayton (born 13 March 1960 in Chinnor, Oxfordshire, England) is the bassist for the rock band U2. He lives in County Dublin. He also has a house in Southern France.

Life 
When Adam was five years old, he and his family moved to Malahide near Dublin. He started playing guitar when he went to school. He joined the other members of the future U2 band in the same time. Their band was first named "Feedback" and then they changed its name to "The Hype". However, they released their second album on 1981 under the name of U2.

All other U2 members were married by 2006, and Adam was the only member who was still single. In 2006, it was announced that Adam was going to marry Suzanne "Susie" Smith; they dated for almost 10 years before this news was announced. They were planning to marry in the summer of 2007, but they split up in February 2007.

In January 2011, Adam revealed that he was the father of a baby boy, born in 2010. On September 4, 2013, Adam married Mariana Teixeira de Carvalho, in a wedding in Dublin. She is a fashion model from Brazil.

References 

1960 births
Living people
Bassists
U2 members
English guitarists
Musicians from Oxfordshire
Interscope Records artists
The Edge

David Howell Evans (born 8 August 1961), more widely known as The Edge, is an English-born musician. He is known best as the guitarist, keyboardist and backing vocalist for the Irish rock band U2.

Personal life
David Howell Evans was born at the Barking Maternity Hospital, in Essex, England.  His parents, Garvin and Gwenda Evans, are Welsh.  When he was one, his family moved to County Dublin, Ireland.  There, he attended St. Andrew's National School.  He received piano and guitar lessons with his brother, Dik Evans.  At Mount Temple Comprehensive School, they both answered an advertisement posted by Larry Mullen Jr. wanting musicians to form a band. The band accepted both of them.  This band went through several major changes before emerging as U2 in March 1978.  Dik Evans left the band just before the name change.  U2 began performing in various venues in Ireland and eventually began developing a following. Their first album, Boy, was released in 1980.

In 1981, Evans came very close to leaving U2 for religious reasons, but he was persuaded to stay.  During this time, he became involved with a group called Shalom Tigers.  Bono and Larry Mullen Jr. were also involved in this group.  Shortly after deciding to remain with the band, he wrote a piece of music that later became "Sunday Bloody Sunday".  The Edge married his high school girlfriend Aislinn O'Sullivan on 12 July 1983.  The couple had three daughters together: Hollie in 1984, Arran in 1985 and Blue Angel in 1989.  The couple separated in 1990, but were unable to get officially divorced until 1996 because of Irish laws regarding marriage; divorce was made legal in 1995.

During U2's Zoo TV Tour, The Edge began to date Morleigh Steinberg.  The couple began dating in 1993, and had their daughter, Sian, and a son, Levi.  They were married on June 22, 2002.

The Edge appeared in the 2009 music documentary film It Might Get Loud.  He is also a Methodist.

Music

References

1961 births
Living people
English rock guitarists
English rock singers
Musicians from Dublin
Musicians from Essex
People from Barking
U2 members