alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
1153

1153 was a common year.

Deaths 
 May 24 – King David I of Scotland (born 1084)
 July 8 – Pope Eugenius III
 August 17 – Eustace IV of Boulogne, son of Stephen of England
 August 21 – Bernard of Clairvaux, French churchman (born 1090)
 Ranulph de Gernon, 2nd Earl of Chester
 Gilbert Fitz Richard de Clare, Earl of Hertford (born 1115)
 Anna Comnena, Byzantine princess and historian (born 1083)
 Bernard de Tremelay, fourth Grand Master of the Knights Templar, at the siege of Ascalon
1913

1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and a common year starting on a Tuesday in the 13-day slower Julian calendar. It was the 913th year of the 2nd Millennium, 13th year of the 20th Century and the 4th year of the 1910s decade.

Events 
 First and Second Balkan Wars
 Mexican Revolution
 March 4 - Woodrow Wilson becomes the 28th President of the United States, succeeding William Howard Taft.
 March 12 - Building work begins on the new capital city of Canberra in Australia.
 May 29 - Rite of Spring performance in Paris.
 July 10 - A temperature of  is recorded in Death Valley, California.
 October 14 - The Senghenydd colliery disaster in Wales kills 439 people, in the United Kingdom's deadliest mining tragedy.
 November 7 to November 11 - The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 kills over 250 people. Nineteen ships are lost.
 December 12 - The Mona Lisa is recovered in Florence.
 George Herriman's comic strip Krazy Kat is launched in American newspapers

Births

January 

 January 9 – Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States (d. 1994)
 January 10 – Gustáv Husák, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (d. 1991)

February 

 February 4 – Rosa Parks, American civil rights activist (d. 2005)

March 

 March 18 - René Clément, French movie director (d. 1996)
 March 26 – Paul Erdős, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1996)

April

May 

 May 19 – Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, President of India (d. 1996)

June

July 

 July 14 – Gerald Ford, 38th President of the United States (d. 2006)

August 

 August 26 – Boris Pahor, Slovenian-Italian writer and Holocaust survivor (d. 2022)

September 
 September 23 – Carl-Henning Pedersen, Danish artist (d. 2007)

October

November 
 November 7 – Albert Camus, French writer (d. 1960)

December

Deaths 
 March 10 – Harriet Tubman, American anti-slavery activist (b. 1820)
 March 31 – J.P. Morgan, American businessperson (banking) (b. 1837)
 April 15 – Gabdulla Tukay, Tatar poet (b. 1886)
 September 30 – Rudolf Diesel, German engineer, invented the Diesel engine (b. 1858)

Nobel Prizes 

 Physiology or Medicine - Charles Robert Richet (French physiologist)
 Physics - Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (Netherlands)
 Chemistry - Alfred Werner (Switzerland)
 Literature - Rabindranath Tagore (India, then-British India)
 Peace - Henri La Fontaine (Belgium)

References
1469

1469 was a common year.

Events 
 March 20 – The Battle of Nibley Green in England is the last battle fought between the private armies of feudal lords.
 July 26 – War of the Roses – Battle of Edgecote Moor: the House of Lancaster defeats the House of York.
 October 17 – Prince Ferdinand of Aragon weds Princess Isabella of Castile. This event would lead to a unified Spain in 1516.
 Sigismund of Austria sells upper-Elsass (Alsace) to the Charles the Bold in exchange for help in a war against the Swiss.
 Uzun Hassa wins in Persia and defeats Abu Said.
 Lorenzo de' Medici takes power in Florence.
 Moctezuma I, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies and is succeeded by Axayacatl.
 James III of Scotland acquires Orkney and Shetland Islands from Denmark.

Births 
 April 15 – Nanak Dev
 May 3 – Niccolò Machiavelli

Deaths 
 December 2 – Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence (b. 1416)
 Moctezuma I, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan
Dodgeball

Dodgeball is a sport played by throwing soft balls, or hard rubber balls, at people in a square court. The goal is to be the last one to be hit with the ball. Players may only throw balls at people who are not on their own team. If a player is hit by the ball,he or she should go to the outside of the court to the other team. From the outside, players throw the ball at players still on the inside.

Dodgeball is often played in elementary schools in physical education classes. Many school children play this game. In recent years, many adults who played it as children have formed adult leagues and clubs. Also, some schools have banned it (this means that made it against the rules to play it), because players can get hurt when playing the game. Tournaments are sometimes held in schools.

Dodgeball, because of its recent popularity, inspired a film Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story (2004) starring Ben Stiller and Vince Vaughn, and a game show, Extreme Dodgeball.

Team sports
Local area network

A local area network (LAN) is a computer network in a small area like a home, office, or school.  Many computers can be connected to share information and Internet connections. Most LANs use Ethernet to connect together.

Topology
LAN topologies tell you how ROM devices are organised. Five common LAN topologies exist: bus, ring, star, tree, and mesh. These topologies are logical architectures.  This means that they tell you the directions that signals go between devices, but that the actual cables that connect the devices might not be connected the same way. For example, logical bus and ring topologies are commonly organized physically as a star. 

 A bus ROM means that the signal is put onto the medium and every device on the bus receives the signal.  If more than one device tries to send a signal at the same time, they can interfere with each other.  A long copper wire with other wires tapped into it is an example of a bus topology.
 A ring ROM means that each device talks to two other devices in the network and the devices all talk in a circle. If a computer sends data out one of its interfaces, it could get an answer back on the other one.  Some rings send traffic in only one direction, other ring networks send traffic in both directions.  Token Ring and FDDI are examples of ring topologies.
 A star ROM means that one device (the middle of the star) connects to several other devices. The only way devices on the points of the star can talk to each other is through the device in the middle.  A ROM is an example of a star topology.  Computers on the ROM need to go through the switch to talk to each other.
 A tree (or hybrid) topology is named because when you draw a picture of how the devices in this topology are connected, it starts off narrow with few devices at the bottom, then branches out at the top.  Large networks are an example of a tree topology.  There are switches and servers near the bottom of the tree, then all the user's computers "branch out" at the top of the tree.
 A mesh network topology means that every device can talk to every other device, and they will not interfere with each other.  You can also have a partial mesh, where some devices do not talk to all of the others.  There are not many simple examples of a mesh network.  A wireless data network where all of the devices use ROM READING or different frequencies to avoid interfering with each other would be one example.

Computer networking
Gilligan's Island

Gilligan's Island is a 1964 American television series. The series is about seven people (two crew members and five tourists) who take a 3-hour sightseeing tour from a marina in Hawaii. This occurs on the boat, S.S. Minnow. An unexpected storm sends the boat to an uncharted island. Now, the passengers of the boat have to live on the island and try to find a way home. Most of the episodes involved the characters trying to survive a problem or trying to contact help.

Castaways
Willy Gilligan (Bob Denver) - Dimwitted sailor; title character; wears trademark hat.
Jonas "The Skipper" Grumby (Alan Hale, Jr.) - The skipper of the boat; calls Gilligan his "little buddy"
Thurston Howell III (Jim Backus) - Eccentric millionaire
Eunice "Lovey" Howell (Natalie Shaffer) - Thurston's wife
Ginger Grant (Tina Louise) - A sexy movie actress
Roy "The Professor" Hinkly (Russell Johnson) - High school teacher/inventor
Mary Anne Summers (Dawn Wells) - Kansas farm girl

American sitcoms
1964 television series debuts
1967 television series endings
CBS network shows
English-language television programs
Diaper

A diaper (or nappy) is a piece of clothing. It is worn by those who cannot control their urine or feces.

Diapers can be made of cloth (usually cotton) that can be washed and used again. They can also be disposable (put in the garbage after they are used up). Disposable diapers are usually made of plastic or man-made (artificial) fibers and contain chemicals that are  very absorbent.

Diapers that can be washed must be folded in intricate ways (like origami) before being put on. With the disposable you must constantly buy new ones.

Viewed as unpleasant by some, diapers are mostly used by children from birth until the child has learned to use a toilet. They are also used by older people. There are adult diapers for people with medical problems.

In the United Kingdom, Australia and several other countries, a diaper is called a nappy.

Sometimes adults who do not have medical problems also wear diapers.  This can be for different reasons.  Sometimes it is because they have a profession where they cannot always get to a bathroom, like astronauts. Some adults wear diapers for fun. This is usually a form of sexual pleasure, or for emotional reasons.  These people are often called "diaper-lovers" or "adult-babies." The scientific term for liking to wear diapers is "Diaper Fetishists."

Underwear
Mork & Mindy

Mork and Mindy is an American television sitcom which ran from 1978 to 1982. It stars Robin Williams and Pam Dawber as the title characters. The series was made by Garry Marshall. Comedian Jonathan Winters has a recurring role in the series. Mork and Mindy is a spin-off from Marshall's other popular TV series, Happy Days. The plot of the series is that alien named Mork from a planet called Ork who travels to Earth and becomes friends with a woman named Mindy in Boulder, Colorado.

Other websites 

1978 television series debuts
1982 disestablishments in the United States
1982 television series endings
1970s American television series
1980s American television series
American science fiction television series
American sitcoms
Television series set in Colorado
Boulder, Colorado
Television spin-offs
1978 establishments in the United States
English-language television programs
ABC network series
American Samoa

American Samoa  (; , ; also  or ) is a territory of the United States.  It is part of the Samoan Islands in the southern Pacific Ocean.

In 1899, Germany and the U.S. divided the Samoan group of islands. The U.S. got the smaller group of islands on the east side.  These islands had a good harbor near the capital city, Pago Pago.  The western islands were run by Germany and then by New Zealand and are now the independent country Samoa.

Officially, American Samoa is an "unorganized" territory.  This means that the U.S. Congress has not passed an Organic Act.  But the people who live in American Samoa rule themselves.  Their constitution became effective on July 1, 1967.

The capital of American Samoa is Pago Pago, but the seat of government is Fagatogo.

Citizenship

People who are born in American Samoa are called U.S. nationals, not U.S. citizens.  This means they have some of the same rights as citizens but not all of them.  Unlike people who are not Americans at all, American Samoans can go to any other part of the United States they want and live there for as long as they want.  But they are not allowed to vote, to be on juries in court, to run for office, or to hold any job that the employee has to be a citizen to hold.  For contrast, someone born in Puerto Rico or Guam is a citizen, so if they move to a state, they are allowed to vote in that state and in all federal elections.

Some American Samoans like that they are not American citizens and others do not.  Some American Samoans say that being nationals and not citizens makes it easier for them to keep the fa'a Samoa, the Samoan way of life.  In 2019, three American Samoans living in Utah sued the U.S. government to say they are citizens.  The judge agreed with them.  The judge said that the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution says that anyone born in any part of the United States is a citizen, and that should mean American Samoans too.  But the next day, he said they should not register to vote until after an appeal judge has seen the case.

In 2016, the United States Supreme Court decided they did not want to look at a case about whether American Samoans are citizens.

References 

Notes

Other websites 

 
 Government of American Samoa
 
 NOAA's National Weather Service - American Samoa

 
1967 establishments in Oceania
1967 establishments in the United States
Disgust

Disgust is an emotion. People feel it when they see, touch, hear, or taste something that they think is nasty or repulsive. It is also caused by scorn. For example, when one finds something dirty or not fit to eat. Levels of disgust vary based on cultural, religious, and personal backgrounds/experiences. Disgust can be deliberate as someone can do something on purpose to create this emotion. 

Emotions
Oven

Ovens are closed, heated containers which are used for heating, baking, and drying. It is used the most often in cooking and pottery. They provide even, dry heat to all surfaces of food inside them. An indoor oven can have an electric heating element, or be fired by natural gas or coal. Outdoor ovens are often made of brick or clay and are buried in hot coals. An oven which is used for making pottery is called a kiln. An oven used for heating or industrial processes is called a furnace. They are hot inside, and often things come out of them hot.

History 

The people in the settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization were the first to have an oven inside of their mud-brick houses by 3200 B.C.
People who study the history of food give credit to the Greeks for making the baking of bread into an art. A type of oven called Front-loaded bread ovens were created in ancient Greece.

References

Basic English 850 words
Cooking appliances
Home appliances
Commercial kitchen equipment
Pot

Pot is also a different (slang) word for marijuana (Cannabis).

A cooking pot is a vessel to cook in. It is often larger than a pan, and will be taller than it is wide.
Pots are used for boiling liquids, like soups or stew.

Cookware and bakeware
Liquid

A liquid is a form of matter. It is settled between solid and gas. Liquid has an almost-fixed volume, but no set shape.

Every small force makes a liquid change its shape by flowing. Because of that, gravity makes liquids always take the shape of the container. The molecules that make up the liquid can freely move among themselves.

Fluids that flow slowly have a high viscosity. Some fluids like tar have such a high viscosity that they may seem solid.

It is difficult to compress a liquid. If a liquid is cooled down until it is colder than a certain temperature, it will become a solid.  This temperature is called the melting point or freezing point and is different for every different type of liquid.  If a liquid is heated up it becomes a gas.  The temperature this happens at is called the boiling point.  

Examples of liquid are water, oils and blood.

In a liquid, the liquid on the top presses down on the liquid underneath, so at the bottom the pressure, p, is bigger than at the top. The equation for working this out is:

p = ρgz

where z is the depth of the point below the surface and g is how strong gravity is pulling on the liquid. ρ is a number that tells us how heavy a set amount of the liquid is. We call this the density and it is different for all liquids.

References

Other websites

Basic English 850 words
States of matter
1806

1806 (MDCCCVII) was .

Events 
 August 6 – The last Holy Roman Emperor quits, ending the Holy Roman Empire and founding the Austrian Empire.
1836

1836 was a leap year.

Events 
 The Year without a Summer
 Pepsian discovered.
 Charles Dickens writes and publishes his first book, The Pickwick Papers.
 First railway opens in Australia, a carriage on rails, pushed by convicts at Port Arthur, Tasmania

Deaths
 March 6 – Davy Crockett, American folk hero, frontiersman, soldier and politician (b. 1786)
White

White is the brightest color. White light can be made by putting all the other colors of light on the spectrum together. These other colors are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

Meaning of white 

White is linked with light, goodness, innocence, purity, cleanliness and virginity. It is sometimes thought to be the color of perfection. The opposite of black, white usually has a positive connotation. White can stand for a successful beginning. In heraldry, white depicts faith and purity. 

In advertising, white is linked with coolness and cleanliness because it is the color of snow. You can use white to show simplicity in high-tech products. White is an appropriate color for charitable organizations; angels are usually imagined wearing white clothes. White is associated with hospitals, doctors, and cleanliness, so you can use white to show safety when promoting medical products. White is often linked with low weight, low-fat food, and dairy products.

Tones of white color comparison chart
 White (Hex: FFFFFF) (RGB: 255, 255, 255)
 Baby Powder (Hex: FEFEFA) (RGB: 254, 254, 250)
 Snow (Hex: FFFAFA) (RGB: 255, 250, 250)
 Ivory (Pale Yellow) (Hex: FFFFF0) (RGB: 255, 255, 240)
 White Smoke (Hex: F5F5F5) (RGB 245, 245, 245)
 Ghost White (Hex: F8F8FF) (RGB 245, 245, 245)
 Cosmic Latte (Hex: E1F8E7) (RGB: 225, 248, 231)
 Gainsboro (Hex: DCDCDC) (RGB: 220, 220, 220)
 Quartz (Hex: D9D9F3) (RGB: 217, 217, 220)

Related pages
 List of colors

Basic English 850 words
Nigger

Nigger is a racist insult against black people. It is also known as the "hard R", because the word ends in 'er' instead of 'a', as in the word "nigga". The word "nigga" is used in pop culture slang by black people. However, it is commonly used by those who believe that white people are better than black people.

The word came from a slang way to say "negro". That is the word for the color black and for black people in Spanish and Portuguese. Before 1865, most black people in the United States were slaves. During that time, the word "nigger" commonly meant a slave. Writers such as Joseph Conrad, Mark Twain, and Charles Dickens used it in their stories and other writing.

Today, the word is a hurtful racial slur in English. It is called hate speech. "Nigger" is today so offensive to say and hear that most people do not use the word. They call it "the N-word".

Related pages
 Wigger

References 

English profanity
Slurs
Biography

A biography is the story of a person's life. The word comes from the Greek words bios (which means life) and graphein (which means write). When the biography is written by the person it is about, it is called an autobiography.

A written biography is a part of literature. Biographies can also be made as movies (often called biopics) or told as stories.

The oldest written biographies that historians have were written to record rulers' lives. Some were written in Assyria, ancient Babylonia, ancient Egypt and ancient Mesopotamia. Biographies were an early form of history. Another early form of biography was called hagiography, meaning writing about holy people.

In ancient China, a biography was one of the basic forms of a history book. In India, biographies of Buddha and his reincarnated lives were written. In ancient Greece, people wrote biographies of people that were not rulers too. Xenophon wrote a biography of Socrates and gave this book the name Memorabilia (Memories). During the Roman Empire, Plutarch wrote Parallel Lives about ancient Greek and Roman politicians, and Suetonius wrote biographies of the Roman emperors. The Gospels were also biographies of Jesus Christ.

In West Africa, griots tell histories which often include biographies. 

Many written biographies today are released by publishers as products for sale.

Related pages
 Autobiography
 Curriculum vitae

References 

Literary terms
Non-fiction
Ralph Nader

Ralph Nader (born February 27, 1934) is an American attorney, politician and political activist. He is best known for working for the rights of consumers, for his third party runs for President of the United States, and for helping George Bush get elected in the 2000 presidential election. He ran for president in 1996, 2000 and 2004, but failed to win. In the 2008 election, Nader placed third overall, with 660,094 votes, or about .38%. Nader was born in Winsted, Connecticut. His parents, Nathra and Rose Nader, were Lebanese immigrants. He is a fluent and native speaker of the Arabic language.

Other websites 
The Nader Page (not campaign-related)
 Nader/Camejo 2004
 Nader's Glitter Opposing view by Thomas Sowell.

References 

1934 births
Living people
Politicians from Connecticut
American political activists
Jamie Farr

Jamie Farr (born July 1, 1934) is an American actor of Lebanese descent. He is best known for his role as Corp./later Sgt. Maxwell Q. Klinger on the 1970s TV show, M*A*S*H. His real name is Jameel Joseph Farha and he was born in Toledo, Ohio.

Farr also appeared in movies like The Blackboard Jungle (1955) and The Cannonball Run (1980), was a regular "celebrity judge" on The Gong Show and has a golf tournament named after him.

References

1934 births
Living people
Actors from Toledo, Ohio
American movie actors
American television actors
Free software

Free software is software (computer program) that anyone may run, share and change, at any time, for any reason. In this case, "free" means "freedom-respecting" (we say "free as in freedom"). The opposite of free software is proprietary software.

In 1984, Richard Stallman started the free software movement when he began the GNU project. Examples of free software are Linux (the kernel), Blender, OpenBSD, Inkscape and others. Wikipedia also uses free software.

Free software and open source 

Free software is very similar, but different from open source software.

People who use the name “free software” think that computers should be more ethical and should try to help people who use computers. They think every human should have four basic rights for their programs. These are the rights to:
 Use: Use programs on their computer how they want.
 Study: Learn how the programs on their computer work.
 Change: Change programs they have on their computer to make them better.
 Share: Give programs they have on their computer to other people.

The Free software movement also says that all software should be free (as in freedom). It is because even a very small program that is proprietary can be very dangerous (it can for example spy on the user).

People who use the name “open source” refer to the same software following the same rules, but the community isn't as  strict and doesn't say that everything should be open source. They avoid the ethics and instead say the rules are good because they help companies make business.

How free software works 
An author who wants to make his computer program free must allow other people to use it for anything (which doesn't break the law), study it, change it and share it without limits. The author does this by using a free license.

The author must not prohibit even selling his program by others or using his program for dangerous things or using it by people he doesn't like. This is not because the author supports bad things, but because he thinks that limiting user's rights is dangerous for them.

Free software and freeware 

The word “free” in “free software” means freedom, not price. People are allowed to sell Free software, but the person who buys the software can change it, give it away or sell it too.  Free/Libre and Open-Source Software is sometimes abbreviated as FOSS or FLOSS to emphasize that it is about "free software", and not merely "freeware".

The words “free software” are sometimes used in English to just mean software that can be downloaded without paying money, which is confusing. Sometimes this software lets people make their own copies for other people, however it may not let people do all the things that they can do with real Free software, such as change it or sell it. In this case “free” means “free of charge”. To make the difference more clear, software that does not cost money should be called freeware; it is almost always proprietary software.

References

Related pages
GNU
Free and open-source software
Free Software Foundation
Open source

Other websites 
 Free Software Foundation
 The definition of free software
 Richard Stallman's talk about free software at TEDx
1804

1804 was a leap year.

Births 
 July 4 – Nathaniel Hawthorne, American writer (The Scarlet Letter, The House of the Seven Gables, etc.)

Deaths 
 February 12 – Immanuel Kant
 July 12 – Alexander Hamilton
1812

1812 was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events
 March 5 – Prussia and France sign the Treaty of Paris
 March 26 – The 1812 Caracas earthquake destroys Caracas in Venezuela.
 April 30 – Louisiana is admitted as the 18th U.S. state.
 June 18 – The War of 1812 between the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom begins.
 December 30 – Convention of Tauroggen is signed.
 The capital of Finland is moved from Turku to Helsinki.

 February 12 – Charles Dickens
Zookeeper

A zookeeper is a worker in a zoo, responsible for the feeding and daily care of the animals. As part of this, they clean the exhibits and report signs of bad health. They may also be involved in scientific research, and in public education, conducting tours or simply answering questions put by members of the public.

Qualifications and pay of zookeepers both vary widely. A junior keeper in a small zoo may have no qualifications other than an affinity for the job, while a senior keeper in a large zoo would most probably have both a relevant college degree and extensive experience.

Generally, a liking for animals and outside work and willingness to undertake moderate and sometimes dirty physical work are required. Many animals are themselves heavy and strong-smelling, as is the food some of them eat. Handling such is part of the job at times.

Other websites

Career information (USA) 

Occupations
Zoos
Cage

A cage is a box which is made to keep something inside of, without it being able to get out (such as an animal).  Cages are usually made of many metal bars.

A cage which has birds in it is called a "birdcage".

Related pages

 A jail cell is like a cage for humans.

Containers
Traps
Toddler

A toddler is a very young child who is learning how to use their hands, stand and walk, and also how to communicate with others. 

Most children are toilet trained while they are toddlers.
Even when toddlers can walk, they are often transported in a stroller, buggy, or pushchair when the walk is a long distance or when they're tired. Toddlerhood typically begins after age one and is over by the time the child is 4, but this can differ depending on the child.

Other websites  
 Toddler Weight/Height Calculator 

Childhood
Ronald McDonald

Ronald McDonald is an American clown character who is a mascot of the McDonald's fast-food restaurant. 
He wears yellow and red stripes and has wacky hair. He lives in McDonaldland, with lots of his friends. The first actor to play Ronald McDonald was famous weatherman and Bozo the Clown actor Willard Scott. Later the actor for Coco the Clown, Michael Polakovs, redesigned Ronald McDonald's outfit and make-up, which is the version still used by today's Ronald McDonald actors. The fictional character is a heroic magical adventurer that stands up good and freedom, such as saving the rain forest and supporting Ronald McDonald House Charities.

Actors 
McDonald's has many actors employed to portray Ronald McDonald in restaurants and events. It is assumed, however, that the company uses only one actor at a time to play the character in television commercials.

This is a list of these main actors:

Willard Scott (Washington, D.C. 1963–1965)
Bev Bergeron (Southern California, 1966–1968)
George Voorhis (Southern California, 1968–1988)
Ray Rayner (1968–1969)
Bob Brandon (1970–1975)
King Moody (1969–1985)
Squire Fridell (1985–1991)
Jack Doepke (1990–1999)
David Hussey (2000–2014)
Brad Lennon (2014–present)

An actor by the name of Joe Maggard stated in an interview of The Guardian in 2014 that he portrayed the Ronald McDonald character from 1995 to 2007. However, It was stated in a 2003 article by The Baltimore Sun that Maggard was only a stand-in actor for one commercial shoot in the mid 90s and stated that "he is definitely not Ronald McDonald", as Jack Doepke and David Hussey were the real current portrayers as Ronald throughout the time period Joe claimed he did. In 1998, he was charged of carrying a weapon in the New Hanover County, N.C., McDonalds and the next year he was convicted in making harassing telephone calls posing as Ronald. The judge ordered him to take anger management classes.

References 

Clowns
Mascots
McDonald's
Bob Marley

Robert Nesta "Bob" Marley (February 6, 1945  May 11, 1981) was an important Jamaican singer-songwriter and musician in the 1970s and 1980s. He made the style of reggae music very popular all over the world. His music told stories of his home and the Rastafarian religion that he followed. Some songs were about religion and some songs were about politics like Get Up Stand Up.

Bob Marley was born on February 6, 1945 in Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica to a black teenager, Cedella Booker, and a white man named Norvall Marley. When he was young, his friends gave him the nickname, "Tuff Gong".  He started his music career in the 1960s with his group the Wailing Wailers (or simply the Wailers), that he formed with two friends, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer. In 1962, Bob Marley and the Wailing Wailers recorded their first two songs called "Judge Not" and "One Cup of Coffee".

Bob married Rita Anderson in 1966 and she joined the group as a back-up singer. They had five children together. One is Ziggy Marley, who is also a well-known reggae performer.

In 1974, the Wailers broke up because three of the band members wanted to pursue solo careers. Marley continued calling his band Bob Marley and the Wailers and joined together with new members to continue playing music. In 1975, Bob Marley had his first international hit called "No Woman No Cry". In Jamaica, he is considered a folk hero. Some other hits of his include "Three Little Birds", "Africa Unite", "Buffalo Soldier", and "One Love". His most popular studio album was called Legend, which includes his greatest hits.

Bob Marley died on 11 May 1981, at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Miami, Florida, of melanoma. He was one of the followers of Rastafarianism

Discography

Studio albums 
 The Wailing Wailers (1965)
 Soul Rebels (1970)
 Soul Revolution (1971)
 The Best of The Wailers (1971)
 Catch a Fire (1973)
 Burnin' (1973)
 Natty Dread (1974)
 Rastaman Vibration (1976)
 Exodus (1977)
 Kaya (1978)
 Survival (1979)
 Uprising (1980)
 Confrontation (1983)

Live albums 
 Live! (1975)
 Babylon by Bus (1978)

References 

Cancer deaths in Florida
Deaths from melanoma
Jamaican singer-songwriters
Rastafari
Jamaican reggae musicians
1945 births
1981 deaths
Former Roman Catholics
Jamaican activists
Leonardo DiCaprio

Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio (; ; born November 11, 1974) is an American celebrity, actor, movie director, producer and writer. He starred in almost every popular movie, including What's Eating Gilbert Grape, Romeo + Juliet, Titanic, The Man in the Iron Mask, The Beach, Catch Me if You Can, Gangs of New York, The Aviator, The Revenant and Once Upon a Time in Hollywood. His first movie was Critters 3.

In 2016, DiCaprio won his first Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Hugh Glass in The Revenant.

Personal life
DiCaprio was born in Los Angeles. His father, George, is of Italian and German descent, and his mother, Irmelin, is of German and Russian descent.

Legacy
Leonardo's name short form Leo was used in Thalapathy Vijay's Leo film official trailer and the film is set to release in North America theatres on 18 October 2023.

Filmography

Awards and nominations

Academy Award
 Nominated: Best Supporting Actor, What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1994)
 Nominated: Best Actor,   The Aviator (2004)
 Nominated: Best Actor, Blood Diamond (2006)
 Nominated: Best Actor, The Wolf of Wall Street (2014)
 Nominated: Best Actor, The Revenant (2016) (Pending)

BAFTA Award
 Nominated: Best Actor, The Aviator (2005)
 Nominated: Best Actor, The Departed (2007)
 Nominated: Best Actor, The Wolf of Wall Street (2014)
 Nominated: Best Actor, The Revenant (2016) (Pending)

Golden Globe Award
 Nominated: Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture, What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1994)
 Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, Titanic (1998)
 Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, Catch Me If You Can (2003)
 Won: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, The Aviator (2005)
 Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, The Departed (2007)
 Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, Blood Diamond (2007)
 Nominated: Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama, Revolutionary Road (2008)
 Nominated: Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama, J. Edgar (2011)
 Nominated: Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture, Django Unchained (2012)
 Won: Best Actor in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, The Wolf of Wall Street (2014)
 Won: Best Actor in a Motion Picture Drama, The Revenant (2016)

|-
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #DAA520;" | National Board of Review Award
|-

 	
|-
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #DAA520;" | Golden Globe Award
|-

References

Other websites

 Leonardo DiCaprio Official Website 
 Leonardo DiCaprio Official Eco-site 
 Leonardo DiCaprio Official MySpace
 Official DiCaprio Environmental Eleventh Hour film site
 
 
 
 leonardo dicaprio biography

1974 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American television actors
American voice actors
Movie producers from California
Movie directors from California
Satellite Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning actors
John Candy

John Franklin Candy (October 31, 1950 – March 4, 1994) was a Canadian actor. He is known for his comic roles in many movies and television series.

Filmography
Class of '44 (1973)
It Seemed Like a Good Idea at the Time (1975)
Tunnel Vision (1976)
The Clown Murders (1976)
Find the Lady (1976)
The Silent Partner (1978)
Lost and Found (1979)
1941 (1979)
Double Negative (1980)
The Blues Brothers (1980)
Stripes (1981)
Heavy Metal (1981) (voice)
It Came From Hollywood (1982) (documentary)
National Lampoon's Vacation (1983)
Going Berserk (1983)
Splash (1984)
The Last Polka (1984)
Brewster's Millions (1985)
Sesame Street presents Follow That Bird (1985)
Summer Rental (1985)
Volunteers (1985)
Tears Are Not Enough (1985) (documentary)
Armed and Dangerous (1986)
Little Shop of Horrors (1986)
Spaceballs (1987)
Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987)
She's Having a Baby (1988) (Cameo)
The Great Outdoors (1988)
Hot to Trot (1988) (voice only)
Who's Harry Crumb? (1989) (also executive producer)
Speed Zone! (1989)
Uncle Buck (1989)
Masters of Menace (1990) (Cameo)
Home Alone (1990)
The Rescuers Down Under (1990) (voice)
Nothing But Trouble (1991)
Career Opportunities (1991)
Only the Lonely (1991)
Delirious (1991)
JFK (1991)
Once Upon A Crime (1992)
Boris and Natasha: The Movie (1992)
Rookie of the Year (uncredited) (1993)
Cool Runnings (1993)
Hostage For A Day (1994)
Wagons East! (1994)
Canadian Bacon (1995)
The Magic 7 (archive footage) (2008)

Other websites
JohnCandy.com - The home of everything John Candy

All Movie Guide entry for John Candy 
Find-A-Grave profile for John Candy

1950 births
1994 deaths
Actors from Toronto
People from Newmarket, Ontario
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian voice actors
Comedians from Ontario
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Emmy Award winners
Fermentation

Fermentation is when a cell uses sugar for energy without using oxygen at the same time.  

'Fermentation' also describes growing microorganisms on a growth medium. This is done to get a chemical product. French microbiologist Louis Pasteur studied fermentation and its microbial causes. The science of fermentation is known as zymology.

Yeast is an organism that ferments.  When yeast ferments sugar, the yeast uses sugar and produces alcohol.  The process uses the coenzyme NAD: In metabolism, NAD helps redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. Fermentation is a less efficient form of respiration than oxidative respiration (respiration using oxygen).

The ethyl alcohol produced by yeast is used to make beverages or biofuel. Yeast can be also used to grow bakery products like bread and cakes faster. In some cases yeast might be used to speed up the process of creation of wine.

Other cells make vinegar or lactic acid when they ferment sugar.  In a different way, the fermentation process can continue and turn the alcohol into vinegar i.e. acetic acid.

Types of fermentation 
When yeast ferments, it breaks down the glucose (C6H12O6) into ethanol (CH3CH2OH) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
 Ethanol fermentation always produces ethanol and carbon dioxide. It is important in bread-making, brewing, and wine-making.
 Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid. It happens in muscles of animals when they need lots of energy fast. The pain of a cramped muscle is caused by the build-up of lactic acid. The pain eases as the product is taken away by the blood supply.

Other websites 
 Fermentation (biochemistry) -Citizendium

Fermentation
1939

World War II started in this year.

Events 
 May 15 – Nazi Germany opens Ravensbruück concentration camp, the largest Nazi concentration camp for women
 September 1 – The Second World War begins when Nazi Germany invades Poland
 September 17 – The Soviet Union invades Poland
 October 6 – Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union divide and take over Poland
 November 30 – The Winter War begins

Births 
 February 6 – Mike Farrell
 February 14 – John Conn (Scottish-Australian writer)
 March 13 - Neil Sedaka, American singer-songwriter and musician (The Tokens)
 April 2 – Marvin Gaye
 July 1 - Karen Black (d. 2013)
 July 30 - Peter Bogdanovich
 August 3 – Wes Craven
 August 19 - Ginger Baker, English drummer (Cream) (d. 2019)
 September 5 – George Lazenby
 September 18 – Frankie Avalon
 October 27 – John Cleese
 November 13 – Will Ryan (American actor)

Deaths 
 September - Khan Sahib Abdul Majid Khan Tarin, OBE,  British Indian judge and legislator (b. 1877)
 November 12 -Norman Bethune

Movies released 
 Dodge City starring Errol Flynn
 Gone with the Wind starring Clark Gable
 Goodbye, Mr. Chips (Best Picture Academy Award)
 The Hunchback of Notre Dame starring Charles Laughton
 The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex
 Stagecoach starring John Wayne
 The Wizard of Oz starring Judy Garland

New books 
 Finnegans Wake by James Joyce

Hit songs 
 "Somewhere Over The Rainbow" – by E.Y. Harburg and Harold Arlen, from the movieThe Wizard of Oz; won the Academy Award for the best song.

 

nv:1901 – 1950
Square kilometre

A square kilometer (British English spelling square kilometre, in short km²) is a unit of measurement of area.
It is based on the SI unit meter.

Equal areas 
A square that has a side length of 1 kilometer (1000 meters) has an area of one square kilometer.
 1,000 m × 1,000 m = 1 km × 1 km = 1,000,000 m² = 1 km²
There are 100 hectares in one square kilometer.
One square kilometer is just less than 0.39 square miles.

Use 
Square kilometer is often used to say how much surface something occupies on Earth.
It can, for example, be used to describe the area of a city or country.
These usually take more than 1 km² on Earth.

The number of people living in a square kilometer is known as population density.

Sources 

Units of area
Judge

A judge is a person who is in control of a court of law.

The way to become a judge depends on each country. In some countries, judges must work with the law (often as a lawyer) for a number of years before they can "sit as a judge" in a courthouse.  Judges are supposed to conduct the trial in an open courtroom and impartially.

In many English speaking countries, judges cannot make some decisions on their own. In these countries, juries are used, but not for all cases. The modern jury trial first developed in mid-12th century England during the reign of Henry II. Today, the details differ between one country and another.

If there is a jury, the judge has the job of making sure the person taken to court is treated in a fair way. Some courts will have more than one judge. For important decisions about the laws of a country, countries may have a supreme court or high court with many (nine or more) judges in it. In the United States, judges on a supreme court are called justices and are led by a Chief Justice.

In many countries, judges wear special clothes while being in court. Often this is a black robe or cloak. Supreme or High Court judges often wear a red cloak. Judges in some countries also wear a special long wig. They also used to put a piece of black material on their head when they sentenced a person to die.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Law occupations
Guilt (law)

In criminal law, a person is guilty if a court has decided they have done something illegal. If a person has broken a law by stealing, for example, they are guilty of a crime.

A person is guilty if a court says they are. The court has blamed them for doing something wrong. A guilty person is punished. The punishment is called the sentence.

Criminal justice
Length

Length is a measurement. The length of something is the distance between two ends of the thing. Short means a small length. Long means much length. Short and long are opposites. For two dimensional things, length is usually the longer side.

A ruler is a tool used to measure length.

Measuring 
All the sides on shapes have a length. The length is between the two points of the side. You can also find the length of any two points on a shape, even if they are not on one side.

A shape can have different lengths based on how many dimensions it takes.
 A line has one size measurement. This measurement is the length. 
 A rectangle has two measurements that show its size. These two measurements are the length and the width of the rectangle. 
 The length and width of a square are the same. 
 A box has three measurements that show its size. These three measurements are the length, the width and the height of the box.
 A circle has diameter, the length across the circle. A circle also has circumference, the length around its side.

Examples 
 The distance from the front of the bus to the back of the bus is 30 meters. The bus is 30 meters in length. 
 A piece of wood is 10 meters X 10 cm X 15 cm. The piece of wood is 10 meters in length, 10 cm in breadth and 15 cm in height.

Length of time 
Length can also mean an amount of time. The length is measured by looking at the time at the start, then looking at the time at the end.

You might sit down at one o'clock. If you stand up at three o'clock, you would be sitting for two hours. The length of time is two hours.

Physical quantity
Truth

The truth is what is true. It may be everything that is true (reality) or just a part of it (a fact). It may also be a statement that is true: a truth. Things or statements that are not true are untrue or false. True things exist (or have existed); false things do not (or never have).

Aristotle said: "To say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is, is false, while to say of what is that it is, and of what is not that it is not, is true." However, a statement may be about how things once were; this would be a true statement if it is clear that it is not a statement about how things are now. Most often, the tense of the verb will indicate this, but there may be other ways in which the statement is qualified: for example, by saying when the statement was true.

Truth is a noun, and the corresponding adjective is true. The word true also functions as a noun, a verb and an adverb. The English word truth is from Old English tríewþ, tréowþ, trýwþ, Middle English trewþe.

Most of the discussion on truth is about one of two things:
How to find out whether a statement (a proposition or claim) is true
How to find the truth when presented with a particular question or problem
Many philosophers have given opinions on these issues.

Examples 

 It is a truth (true) that a dog is an animal. It is untrue (or false) that a dog is a plant.
 It is a truth that dodos were found on Mauritius (although not throughout the past). It is not true that dodos exist.
 It has never been true that unicorns exist, so it has always been true that unicorns do not exist.

In Other words 
Something untrue is false. A half truth is something true mixed with something false, or something partly true with key information omitted.

If the things one says are true, then they are speaking the truth, or speaking truly. Saying something that is untrue can be called a lie, if the person who is saying it knows it is untrue. A person who says something untrue is often called a "liar".

True and false in logic and philosophy 

What is truth? Pontius Pilate (John, 18.38)
True is also one of the two basic values of logic. The other such value is usually called false. In symbols, true is written as, T or 1.

Aristotle was the first to put logic into a formal framework. His version is called propositional logic (see also syllogism and deductive reasoning). Other forms of logic use types of mathematics (mathematical logic) or symbols. Boolean algebra is about things being true and false.

The relationship between verbal claims and external reality is handled by epistemology and the philosophy of science.

Philosophers argue over what makes up truth and how to define and identify truth.

Related pages
 Truth value
 Veritas (mythology)

References

Other websites
Closer to Truth

Basic English 850 words
Logic
Epistemology
Reality
Supermarkets in the United Kingdom

The main supermarket chains in the United Kingdom are:

United Kingdom-related lists
Jettingen

Jettingen is a village in the south-west of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
There are 7,657 people living in Jettingen.

Municipalities in Baden-Württemberg
Villages in Baden-Württemberg
Böblingen (district)