alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Taipei

Taipei City () is the capital city of the Republic of China, known by most people simply as Taiwan. It is the largest city in Taiwan. It has a monsoon  humid subtropical climate (Cwa in the Köppen climate classification). Its population in 2014 was about 2.7 million people. Its mayor is Ko Wen-je.

Taipei is the political, economic, educational, and cultural center of Taiwan island, and one of the major hubs of Greater China. Considered to be a global city, Taipei is part of a major high-tech industrial area. Railways, Taipei Metro, high-speed rail, highways, airports, and bus lines connect Taipei with all parts of the island. The city is served by two airports – Taipei Songshan and Taiwan Taoyuan. Taipei is home to various world-famous architectural or cultural landmarks which include Taipei 101, Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall, Dalongdong Baoan Temple, Taipei Zoo, National Taiwan University, Hsing Tian Kong, Lungshan Temple of Manka, National Palace Museum, Presidential Office Building, Taipei Guest House, Ximending, and several night markets dispersing over the city. Its natural features such as Maokong, Yangmingshan, and hot springs are also well known to international visitors.

History

In 1626, Spanish people took over and started to spread their religion. The Dutch moved out Spanish and took over their fortresses than the Dutch started their trading business. In 1661 Koxinga came to Taiwan and expel the Dutch. And he started to reclaim Taiwan, used a system called Tuntian (a state-promoted method of agriculture), it successfully help Taipei to grow more food. Taipei officially became part of the Tianxing county of China.

In 1683 Taiwan got marked as part of the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, a lot of Chinese moved into Taipei, so there were many villages and streets formed, like the Mengjia, Shilin Street, Xikou Street and Dadaocheng. Dadaocheng is a place that produces tea, it has an important impact on how Taipei became prosperous. It was the biggest external trade port that . Foreign countries started to set their business stores in Taipei.

Divisions
Taipei City is divided into 12 districts. Among the notable one is Tamsui.

Air quality 
When compared to other Asian cities, Taipei has "excellent" capabilities for managing air quality in the city. Its rainy climate, location near the coast, and strong environmental regulations have prevented air pollution from becoming a substantial health issue, at least compared to cities in southeast Asia and industrial China. However, smog is extremely common and there is poor visibility throughout the city after rain-less days.

Motor vehicle engine exhaust, particularly from motor scooters, is a source of air pollution in Taipei. There are higher levels of fine particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the mornings because of less air movement; sunlight reduces some pollution.

Related pages
 List of counties of the Republic of China
 Kaohsiung (Second largest city in Taiwan)

References

Other websites 

 

 
1709 establishments
Establishments in Taiwan
1700s establishments in Asia
Bob Chiarelli

Robert (Bob) Chiarelli (born September 24, 1941) is a retired Canadian politician, who from 2001 to 2006 was the mayor of Ottawa. In 2006, Chiarelli was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, serving as the Member of Provincial Parliament for the riding of Ottawa-West-Nepean. In the 2018 Ontario provincial election, Chiarelli was not reelected and decided he would retire from politics. Chiarelli grew up in Ottawa, and was married to the late Carol Chiarelli.

References

1941 births
Living people
People from Ottawa
Politicians from Ontario
GP2X

The GP2X is a handheld gaming console. It uses the Linux operating system. An operating system goes inside another system. It helps the other system do what it needs to. The GP2X can have music, videos, games, and pictures. There are updates to the GP2X so it will get more things. The GP2X can have DivX, XviD, MP3, and Ogg Vorbis. DivX and XviD are ways to keep videos and MP3 and Ogg Vorbis can keep music. It can also be able to emulate video games. Emulating means you copy a system. It can emulate systems like the Nintendo Entertainment System, Sega Master System, Turbo Grafx 16, Game Boy, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, and Genesis.

Other websites 
 Germany, Austria and Switzerland (GP2x.de) Official distributor.

Handheld video games
Upton Sinclair

Upton Beall Sinclair (September 20, 1878 – November 25, 1968) was a writer of many works from the United States. His most famous book, The Jungle from 1906, was about the American meat-packing industry.

Upton Sinclair had socialist political opinions.  Most of Sinclair's books, including The Jungle, dealt with social injustice. He also wrote a book called Mental Radio where he claimed to have conducted telepathic experiments with his wife. 

He wrote many other books.  His book The Flivver King was about the Ford Motor Company.  The Flivver King was written at the time when workers at Ford factories were trying to start a labor union.  He wrote a series (many books in a row) with Lanny Budd as the main character.  There were eleven (11) Lanny Budd books.  The Lanny Budd books were about current events in the World at the time.

He later joined the Democratic Party and ran for governor of the state of California in 1934.  He wanted California to start new businesses which would be run by the state government.  This was to help people who were unemployed (did not have jobs) because of the Great Depression.  He lost the election.  

He retired in the town of Buckeye, Arizona.

Other websites

 Works by Upton Sinclair in audio format from LibriVox

 The Jungle Department of American Studies, University of Virginia
 The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest, Bartleby.com
Guide to the Upton Sinclair Collection , Lilly Library, Indiana University
 .
Upton Sinclair, "EPIC", Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco
 .
 

writers from Maryland
1878 births
1968 deaths
19th-century American novelists
Gizmondo

Gizmondo is a handheld video game system. It is made by Tiger Telematics. It has GPRS and GPS. GPRS is used to go on the Internet, and GPS is where you can see where you are. Some games use the Gizmondo's GPS. It has a camera. It can also send text (words) and multimedia (pictures and videos and music) messages, play MP3/WAV/MIDI music and WMA/MP4 video, and play games. MP3, WAV, and MIDI are ways to keep music, and WMA and MP4 are ways to keep videos.

Releases
The Gizmondo came out in the United Kingdom in March 2005 for £229. It came out in the USA in October 22, 2005. Games include Agaju: the Sacred Path, Colors, and Chicane. 

In February 2006, the company was forced into bankruptcy and stopped making the Gizmondo.

Handheld video games
Antarctic Treaty System

The Antarctic Treaty System is a set of agreements about the continent of Antarctica. It was signed in 1959 and took effect in 1961. So far, it has been signed by 46-48 countries.

The ATS is used for governing the continent. The main idea of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) is to make sure that Antarctica is:
 is used peacefully and taken care of.
 is not exploited or used for animal hunting.
 is not involved with military use unless for peaceful purposes.
 is not owned by one group.
 is not ruled by any country and/or continent.
 is not used for violence e.g. testing nuclear missiles.

References

1950s treaties
Antarctica
1959
1961
Kansas City, Missouri

Kansas City is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Missouri. The Kansas River and Missouri River meet one another in Kansas City. The city has about 448,000 people, and the entire metropolitan area has about 2,000,000 people, some of whom live in the state of Kansas. Its mayor is Quinton Lucas. Some sports teams there are the Royals (baseball), the Chiefs (American football), and the Wizards (soccer). Kansas City is well known for some of its barbecue restaurants, and is also an important place for business.

References 

 
County seats in Missouri
Cascading Style Sheets

Cascading Style Sheets, or CSS, is a way to change the look of HTML and XHTML web pages. CSS was designed by the W3C, and is supported well by most modern web browsers. The current version of CSS is CSS3. CSS4 is available, but is split into parts.

One advantage to using CSS is a web page can still be displayed, even if the CSS is not working or removed.

CSS code is saved in files with the .css file extension.

CSS Examples

Paragraphs 

To make all paragraphs on a page blue and sized 20% bigger than normal text, we would apply this CSS rule to a page:

p {
color: blue;
font-size: 120%;
background-color: white
}
The p refers to all HTML elements with the <p> tag. The CSS is being used to change this element. The color and font-size are both properties and the blue and 120% are values. Each property has a set of possible values. These values can be words or numbers.

Main Title 

To give the main Title on a page a solid red border underneath, we would apply this CSS rule to the page. 5px otherwise known as pixels, represents the thickness of the line:

h1 {
border-bottom: 5px solid red;
}The h1 refers to all HTML elements with the <h1> tag. The CSS is being used to change this element. The border-bottom is the property and the 5px and solid red are values. Each property has a set of possible values. These values can be words or numbers.

Other websites 
 W3C
 Website about CSS3

Programming languages
Web design
Allah

Allah () is the common name for God in the Arabic language. It is similar to Eloah, the name for God in the Hebrew language, and Elaha, the name for God in the Aramaic language. Muslims commonly use the word Allah for God. Sometimes, people who speak Arabic still use the word Allah when they speak English. In Islam, Allah is Merciful and Allah is the one who loves his followers.

In Arabic

Where the word comes from
Around 2000 BC (4000 years ago) there was a group of people called the Canaanites, who lived in the Middle East. They had many gods, and the ruling god was called "El" or "Il." El had power and ruled over everything, and he lived forever. He is claimed to have made the earth and everything else. Later, the word "El" became Eloh or Elaha in the Aramaic language. Another language, Hebrew, changed the Aramaic word to Eloah. In the New Testament (the second book in the Christian Bible), the words "Eli" and "Elohi" were used to mean god. "El" is also in some people's names: Gabri-el, Mika-el, Azrael, Israel, Israel, Yishmael, Emanuel etc.

As a common noun 
In Arabic, the general word for a god is ilaah. It can mean a specific god, or any god at all, depending on how it is used.

As a proper noun 

As a proper noun, "Allah" is a name for one God, the god of the Abrahamic religions. In Arabic, the word al is an article (a word for "the"), so al-ILaah means "The God". Usually, the word "Allah" is used by Muslims. However, Arab Christians also call their God "Allah." The name "Allah" is made of four letters in Arabic,  (or Alif Lam Lam Ha, from right to left, A-L-L-H, 2111), which when brought together make الله

In Islam 
In Islam, God is usually called "Allah." There are many different names for God in Islam. However, "Allah" is the most common. It means the same thing as any of the other names. For Muslims, "Allah" describes a single God who is all-powerful and never makes mistakes.  Muslims believe that Allah created everything, including the heavens and the Earth, simply by saying Kun Faya Kun ("Be and it is"). Muslims often repeat the word "Allah" many times when they are praying.

In Judaism 
In Judaism, God is usually called YHWH (by scholarly convention pronounced Yahweh) and Eloah. Both names are mentioned in the Old Testament and are one of the seven names of God in Judaism. It can also be noted that in Judaism, Elohim is a name for God and in Islam, Allahuma is a name for God. Since Jewish and Muslim names of God are very similar, Jews and Muslims say that they believe in the same God.

In Christianity 
Arab Christians call their God "Allah" due to the Arabic language. In the Arabic translation of the Christian Bible, God is referred to by "Allah". The word "Allah" was also used in the old translations of the Bible into Turkish, e.g. 1941 version, due to Islamic culture being common in Turkey, and because the Turkish language was influenced by the Arabic language.

References

Islamic terminology
Gods and goddesses
Arabic words and phrases
Proton decay

Proton decay is a theory that a proton could decay into two small particles, a pion and a positron. This would be a new type of radioactive decay. So far, proton decay has not been observed, but some physicists believe it. Most current theories say that protons do not decay.

Nuclear physics

ja:陽子#陽子の崩壊
Names of God in Islam

The 99 Names of  Allah (, translit: ) also known as the 99 attributes of Allah, according to Islamic tradition, are the names of Allah  revealed by the Creator (الله) (Allah) in the Qur'an. These are considered to be the attributes of Allah.
The 99 Names of Allah are very important to Muslims and in Islamic tradition which are taken from different verses of the Holy Qur'an.
 
According to Islamic tradition, whoever memorizes and acts upon the 99 names of Allah, will enter Paradise. 

They are: 

‘Allah’ is a title for All-Mighty Allah. The word Allah means One and only Allah in Arabic. It is a combination of ‘Ilah’ in Arabic which means Allah, and ‘al’ the alif and laam letters of the Arabic alphabet which denote the definite article, Allah, meaning "the God".

References

 https://www.britannica.com/topic/Allah

Islamic theology
Single-player video game

For single-player card games, see solitaire.

A single-player game, when talking about computer games or video games, means a game that is played by one player. It involves playing against and/or with computer-controlled (AI) characters.

Types of video games
Video game gameplay
Fallopian tube

The fallopian tubes (also known as oviducts and uterine tubes) connect the ovaries to the uterus. The fallopian tubes let the ovum pass into the uterus. The ovum is able to be fertilized by sperm during sexual intercourse.

Origin 
They are named after the 16th century Italian anatomist, Gabriele Falloppio. The Greek word salpinx (σαλπιγξ) means "trumpet".

Anatomy 
There are two Fallopian tubes attached to either side of the end of the uterus. Each tube will end near one ovary. This place is called the fimbria. The Fallopian tubes are not attached to the ovaries, but open into the peritoneal cavity.

In humans, the Fallopian tubes are about 7 - 14 cm long.

Parts 
There are four parts of the fallopian tube from the ovary to the uterus:
 Infundibulum
Ampulla - where the ovum is fertilized
 Isthmus

Layers 

The fallopian tube is made of three layers:

 Mucosa - these are folded walls with ciliated cells along them.
 Muscularis externa
 Serosa

Movement 
The Fallopian tubes can move around the pelvis.

Fertilization 

When an ovum is ready to be released from the ovary, the ovary wall breaks open and the ovum goes into the fallopian tube. There, it starts moving towards to uterus with the help of liquids and cilia on the inside walls. This can take hours or days.

If the ovum is fertilized while in the fallopian tube, then it sticks to the endometrium, which is the beginning of pregnancy.

Related pages
 Menstrual cycle

References 

Anatomy of the female reproductive system
1818

1818 is a common year in the Gregorian calendar.

Events 
 January 3: Venus occulted (block from view) Jupiter.
 February 12: Chile became independent from Spain.
 December 3: Illinois becomes a state.
Carmen Miranda

Carmen Miranda (February 9, 1909 – August 5, 1955) was a Portuguese-Brazilian singer and actress. She was best known for her exotic costumes and hats made of fruit.

Brazilian actors
Brazilian singers
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Portuguese singers
1909 births
1955 deaths
Magnum, P.I.

Magnum, P.I. is an American American crime drama television series. It stars Tom Selleck and John Hillerman. It was on TV from 1980 to 1988. It is about Thomas Magnum III, a smooth private detective working in Hawaii.

Other websites 

 

1980 establishments in the United States
1980 television series debuts
1988 disestablishments in the United States
1988 television series endings
1980s American drama television series
1980s American workplace television series
1980s crime television series
American workplace drama television series
Detective television series
Hawaii
CBS network shows
English-language television programs
Twin Peaks

Twin Peaks was an American television series that ran from 1990 to 1991. It told the story of an FBI agent who comes to the strange small town of Twin Peaks, Washington, to investigate the murder of a teenage girl. It was made by David Lynch. The show was successful around the world. In 1992, a Twin Peaks movie 'Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me' was released.

Cast
Dana Ashbrook
Kyle MacLachlan
Peggy Lipton
Joan Chen
Sam Stanley

Other websites 

1990s American television series
1990 American television series debuts
1991 television series endings
American crime drama television series
FBI in fiction
Mystery television series
Movies set in Washington (state)
English-language television programs
English people

English people refer to people who are citizens of England or of English descent. England is one of the nations that is a part of the Island of Great Britain. It shares the island with Scotland (Scots) and Wales (the Welsh). England is also a part of the United Kingdom along with Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Because of this, English people are also British people.

Originally, English people descended from Anglo-Saxons and Celts.  Modern English people often have ancestors from many different countries. Often, their ancestors came from other European countries and from the rest of the world.

Many people leave England to live in former British colonies. These include the United States, Australia and Canada. The countries with the largest number of English people, other than the United Kingdom are the United States, Australia, Canada, South Africa and New Zealand.

Citizenship 
Citizenship refers to the United Kingdom rather than just England.
A large number of citizens in the U.K. are not ethnically British. In the past, the British Empire controlled countries all over the world. People from many of these countries moved to England and had families. Over time, this led to a large number of citizens from different ethnic groups. Examples of these groups include Indian people and other groups from the Indian subcontinent, people from African countries, people from the Caribbean islands and people from Hong Kong.

Emigration from Britain is even more significant. About 40 to 44 million people in other countries have British ancestors. Census data provide the evidence for these statements.

References

Germanic peoples
 
Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom
Abby and Brittany Hensel

Abigail Loraine Hensel and Brittany Lee Hensel (born March 7, 1990 in Minnesota, United States) are conjoined twins with mostly one body and two heads. They are joined at the pelvis and each one controls one side of their body, which means they have to do things together. Brittany is on the left, and Abigail is on the right. They have two spines that join at the pelvis. They have two stomachs and four lungs, and at birth they had a third arm in between their heads. The third arm was not properly developed, so it was removed.

They currently star in their own reality series on TLC.

References

Other websites 

 

Sites in German language with photos
Shared Lives
"Conjoined twins: Together vs. Apart" from Teen Newsweek
BBC Science on conjoined twins
The Most Intimate Bond  from Time magazine , March 25 1996.
Hensel documentary videos for sale
YouTube video
YouTube video

1990 births
Living people
Twin people from the United States
People from Saint Paul, Minnesota
52 BC

Year 52 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Pompeius and Scipio (or, less frequently, year 702 Ab urbe condita). This year has been called 52 BC since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the most common method in Europe for naming years.

Events 
 Julius Caesar conquers Paris.
Cape Town

Cape Town is the second biggest city of South Africa.  It is also home to the South African Parliament where the country's representatives assemble.

It is at the Cape of Good Hope on the south-west coast.  It has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate.

The city's dominant natural feature is Table Mountain, a mountain with a flat top.

History
It was originally called the "Cape of Storms" by Bartolomeu Dias in 1486, a Portuguese explorer but was changed by King John II of Portugal to "Cape of Good Hope". The town was started as the center of the Dutch Cape Colony in 1652.

References 

Cape Town
The Clash

The Clash were an English punk rock band formed in London in 1976. Their lead singer was Joe Strummer (1952-2002). The group was one of the most popular punk bands in England in the mid-1970s.

Music style 
Although The Clash are known as an early punk rock band, they were willing to experiment with different styles, which they added to their music. Some of these styles were ska, reggae, and funk. Lyrics in their songs often dealt with political issues or stories in the news.

Awards
In 2003, the band entered the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 2004, Rolling Stone made a list of the Top 500 Rock Songs of All Time, and London Calling, a song by The Clash, was listed as song No. 15 on the list. No song by a punk rock band was higher on the list.

Members 
 Joe Strummer - Vocals and rhythm guitar
 Mick Jones - Lead guitar and vocals
 Paul Simonon - Bass guitar
 Topper Headon - Drums

Discography 
 The Clash - (8 April 1977) #12 UK, #126 U.S.[1] [2]
 Give 'Em Enough Rope - (10 November 1978) #2 UK, #128 U.S.
 London Calling (2LP) - (14 December 1979) #9 UK, #27 U.S.
 Sandinista! (3LP) - (12 December 1980) #19 UK, #24 U.S.
 Combat Rock - (14 May 1982) #2 UK, #7 U.S.
 Cut The Crap - (4 November 1985)

References

1976 establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
English punk bands
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups disestablished in 1986
Musical groups established in 1976
Musical groups from London
 
1986 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Oasis (band)

Oasis were an English rock band started in Manchester in 1991. The band came from an earlier group, the Rain, and its first members were Liam Gallagher (lead vocals, tambourine), Paul Arthurs (guitar), Paul McGuigan (bass guitar), and Tony McCarroll (drums). Noel Gallagher (lead guitar, vocals) later joined as a fifth member. While the band were active, they had many different members, though the Gallagher brothers stayed as a part of the band up until their break-up in 2009, which was minutes before they were about to play a concert.

Discography 

 Definitely Maybe (1994)
 (What's the Story) Morning Glory? (1995)
 Be Here Now (1997)
 Standing on the Shoulder of Giants (2000)
 Heathen Chemistry (2002)
 Don't Believe the Truth (2005)
 Dig Out Your Soul (2008)

1991 establishments in England
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2009 disestablishments in England
English rock bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2009
Musical groups established in 1991
Musical groups from Manchester
Rush (band)

Rush was a Canadian rock band. They formed in the late 1960s in Toronto. The last and longest members of the group were Geddy Lee, the singer, who also plays the bass guitar and synthesizers, Alex Lifeson, who plays the guitar, and Neil Peart, who played the drums. In 2013 Rush were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Discography

Studio albums
Rush (1974)
Fly by Night (1975)
Caress of Steel (1975)
2112 (1976)
A Farewell to Kings (1977)
Hemispheres (1978)
Permanent Waves (1980)
Moving Pictures (1981)
Signals (1982)
Grace Under Pressure (1984)
Power Windows (1985)
Hold Your Fire (1987)
Presto (1989)
Roll the Bones (1991)
Counterparts (1993)
Test for Echo (1996)
Vapor Trails (2002)
Snakes & Arrows (2007)
Clockwork Angels (2012)

Other websites
Rush's official website 

1970s music groups
1980s Canadian music groups
1990s Canadian music groups
2000s Canadian music groups
2010s Canadian music groups
Canadian rock bands
Progressive rock bands
Musical entertainers from Toronto
Musical groups established in 1968
1960s establishments in Canada
Musical groups disestablished in 1997
1990s disestablishments in Canada
Musical groups established in 2002
2002 establishments in Canada
Roy Hodgson

Roy Hodgson  CBE  (born 9 August 1947) is an English former football player and manager who is currently manager of Premier League club Crystal Palace. He was recently Manager of Crystal Palace from September 2017 to May 2021 and then twice from March 2023 onwards. He, along with Larry Barilli, are amongst the oldest active managers in football history.

On 23 February 2019, Roy Hodgson became the oldest man to manage a Premier League match, at the age of 71 years and 198 days.

References

1947 births
Living people
Footballers from London
English football managers
England national football team managers
People from Croydon
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Switzerland at the 1994 FIFA World Cup
England at UEFA Euro 2012
England at the 2014 FIFA World Cup
England at UEFA Euro 2016
Mime

Mime is a type of acting that does not use words or speech. Mime is all about physical movement and exaggerating your expressions. Mimes (people who practice mime) must use their actions to send a message or tell a story. They are not allowed to speak directly to the audience.

Probably the most well-known mime was Marcel Marceau. Mime originates from Rome and Greece. Some people also believe that cavemen used mime to communicate as they could not talk.

Other websites 
The World of Mime Theatre

Related pages
Pantomime
Physical theatre

 
Entertainment occupations
Device driver

A device driver is a program that lets the operating system communicate with specific computer hardware. 

Computer parts need a driver because they do not use standard commands.  For example, video cards from Advanced Micro Devices (or AMD) and Nvidia do the same job, but each requires its own driver as different hardware requires different commands.  Different operating systems also need different drivers, a driver written for macOS can not be used by Microsoft Windows.

Many parts of a computer need drivers, and common examples are:
Computer printers
Graphic cards
Modems
Network cards
Sound cards

Some other computer parts do not need drivers (or the driver is built-in to the operating system) because they use a kind of standard; the operating system recognizes those parts and knows how to use those parts.

Such parts include items on the following list:
Processors
RAMs
Compact disc (called CD) and digital versatile disc (called DVD) drives (including player and burner).
Mouse and keyboard
Integrated video cards
PC speaker (the speaker inside the computer case that beeps)
Floppy drives
Hard drives
Webcams
USB sound cards
USB hubs (devices that turn one USB port into two or more)

computer science
software
Computer hardware
Running of the Bulls

The Running of the Bulls (in Spanish el encierro, meaning "the enclosing") is an activity that involves running in front of bulls on a course of a sectioned-off area of a town's streets. It is done all around Spain, but the most famous running of the bulls is in Pamplona. In most bull runs the bulls are not killed, and they live for a whole season. This is a dangerous activity but very exciting. Safety varies in some places like Xabia the area is surrounded by cages that people can slip in and out of but the bulls can not.

Festivals in Spain
Pamplona
Red shift

Red shift is a method astronomers use to tell the speed of any object that is very far away in the Universe. The red shift is one example of the Doppler effect. 

The easiest way to experience the Doppler effect is to listen to a moving train. As the train moves towards a person, the sound it makes as it comes towards them sounds like it has a higher tone, since the frequency of the sound is squeezed together a little bit. As the train speeds away, the sound gets stretched out, and sounds lower in tone. This is also the same as filling a water bottle under a tap. As you fill, the sound of the filling gets higher and higher, for the same reason that the noise the train makes gets higher as it gets closer to you. The same happens with light when an object that emits light moves very fast. An object, like a star or a galaxy that is far away and moving toward us, will look more blue than it normally does.  This is called blue shift.  A star or galaxy moving away from us will look more red than it would if the source were not moving in our frame of reference. This is where red shift got its name, since the colours are shifted towards the red end of the spectrum.

The reason astronomers can tell how far the light gets shifted is because chemical elements, like hydrogen and oxygen, have unique fingerprints of light that no other element has. Astronomers use spectroscopy to analyse the light from an object (galaxy or star). Once they know that, they check to see the difference between where the spectral lines are compared to where they normally are. From that, they can tell whether it is moving toward us or away from us, and also how fast it is going. The faster it goes, the farther the spectral lines are from their normal position in the spectrum.

Other websites

Ned Wright's Cosmology tutorial
Article on redshift from SPACE.com
Cosmic reference guide entry on redshift 
Mike Luciuk's Astronomical Redshift tutorial 
Animated GIF of Cosmological Redshift by Wayne Hu

Astronomical phenomena
Cosmology
Spectral line

A spectral line is the way scientists can tell one element from another by looking at color.

The colors of the rainbow 

In order to understand spectral lines, color has to be understood. In a rainbow, the colors of light go from purple to red. Several hundred years ago, the famous scientist Isaac Newton did an experiment where he showed that even white light from the Sun was made up of all the colors of the rainbow. When other scientists following him looked at this rainbow very closely, they noticed that there were dark lines breaking up the rainbow, where certain shades of colors should be. These lines were very small, but could be seen when the rainbow got stretched out very far. They investigated this further, and discovered that certain chemical elements, like the hydrogen and helium that make up the Sun, absorbed certain frequencies of light where those colors should be, like a sponge absorbs water, but does not absorb chalk.

Elemental fingerprints 

Soon, scientists discovered that when they heated other chemical elements, like calcium and oxygen, so hot that they shined with a white light, they found similar lines, but in different places. No two chemical elements had these lines in exactly the same places along the rainbow, and they also soon discovered that could be used to be able to tell what stars were made up of in the Universe. The lines that a particular element produces are called the emission spectrum of that element.

The reason the chemical elements can do this is because of the number and places of electrons orbiting around the center of each atom of each chemical element. These electrons, when light hits them, absorb a specific wavelength, or color of light, and what color they absorb depend on their position around the atom. Since each chemical element has a certain number of electrons, each chemical element has this unique set of spectral lines.

Red shift 

Since each set of spectral lines was unique, scientists could also be able to use this in a technique called red shift. Red shift is a method astronomers use, after they know what a star is made of, to tell how fast an object far away in the Universe is moving. It also tells them how far away it is, .

Chemistry
Astrophysics
1090s

The 1090s was the decade that started on January 1, 1090 and ended on December 31, 1099.

Events 

 1090 - Béjaïa becomes the capital of the Hammadid Dynasty in Algeria.
 1091 - King William II of England invades Normandy.
 1093 - Sviatopolk II becomes Grand Prince of Kiev and ruler of Kievan Rus'.
 1094 - El Cid becomes ruler of Valencia, Spain.
 1095-1099 - The First Crusade
1101

The year 1101 (MCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 A second wave of crusaders arrives in the newly established Kingdom of Jerusalem, after being heavily defeated by Kilij Arslan I at Heraclia. See Crusade of 1101.
 Raymond IV of Toulouse, count of Tripoli, takes Ankara from the Seljuk Turks.
 Robert Curthose signs the Treaty of Alton, giving up his claim to the Anglo-Norman throne and establishing Henry I as King of England.
 The County of Berg, Germany is established.
 Canute II of Denmark is canonized.
1137

1137 was a common year.

Events 
 Louis VII becomes King of France and marries Eleanor of Aquitaine
 Rochester Cathedral is hurt by a fire, but is soon rebuilt.
1194

1194 (MCXCIV) was .

Events 
 July 5 – Emperor Guangzong of Sung China was forced to step down.
 November 20 – Palermo falls to Henry VI
 December 25 – Henry VI becomes king of Sicily.
 City of Portsmouth awarded its Royal Charter.
 Henry Marshal becomes Bishop of Exeter.
 Yellow River of China experienced a major course change. It took over the Huai River drainage system for the next 700 years.

Births 
 July 16 — Clare of Assisi, Italian follower of Francis of Assisi (d. 1253)
 December 26 — Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1250)

Deaths 
 February 20 — King Tancred of Sicily
 May 5 — King Casimir II of Poland (b. 1138)
 June 27 — King Sancho VI of Navarre (b. c. 1133)
 June 28 — Emperor Xiaozong of China (b. 1127)
 September 27 — Renaud de Courtenay, Anglo-Norman nobleman (b. 1125)
 November 15 — Margaret I of Flanders
 December 31 — Duke Leopold V of Austria (killed at a tournament) (b. 1157)
 Benedictus Abbas, English chronicler
 Guy of Lusignan, king consort of Jerusalem (b. c. 1150)
 Raymond V of Toulouse (b. 1134)
 Roger III of Sicily (b. 1175)
 Sviatoslav III of Kiev
1207

1207 (MCCVII) was .

Events 
 Stephen Langton consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury June 17 by Pope Innocent III.
 Pope Innocent III declares for Philip of Swabia as Holy Roman Emperor, a reversal of his previous support for Otto IV.
 King John issued letters patent creating the new Borough of Liverpool

Births 
 September 8 – King Sancho II of Portugal
 September 30 – Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi, Persian poet and Sufi mystic (died 1273)
 October 1 – King Henry III of England (died 1272)
 Henry II, Duke of Brabant (died 1248)
 Elisabeth of Hungary, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary and saint (died 1231)
 Philip I of Savoy (died 1285)

Deaths 
 January 4 – Simon II, Duke of Lorraine
 June 17 – Daoji, Chinese buddhist monk (born 1130)
 Amaury of Bene, heretic
 Kaloyan, Tsar of Bulgaria
 Xin Qiji, Chinese poet (born 1140)

Monarchs/Presidents 
 France – Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned from 1180 to 1223)
 Mongol Empire – Genghis Khan, Mongol Khan (from 1206 to 1227)
 Venice – Pietro Ziani Doge of Venice (ruled from 1205 to 1229)
 England – John King of England (reigned from 1199 to 1216)
 Latin Empire of Constantinople – Henry of Flanders (reigned from 1205 to 1216)
 Pope – Innocent III (pope from 1198 to 1216)
The Beach Boys

The Beach Boys are an American pop/surf rock group from Hawthorne, California. They formed in 1961. The original members were brothers Brian, Dennis, and Carl Wilson, their cousin Mike Love, and their friend Al Jardine.  Many of the band's early songs were about life in southern California, the beach, girls, cars, and surfing.

David Marks replaced Jardine when he went away to school; after Jardine's return, Marks left the band. Bruce Johnston later became a regular band member, first replacing Brian Wilson on tour, then  joining in on recording sessions. Reunions with some of the original band members still occur from time to time.

Discography
Studio albums

 Surfin' Safari (1962)
 Surfin' U.S.A. (1963)
 Surfer Girl (1963)
 Little Deuce Coupe (1963)
 Shut Down Volume 2 (1964)
 All Summer Long (1964)
 The Beach Boys' Christmas Album (1964)
 The Beach Boys Today! (1965)
 Summer Days (And Summer Nights!!) (1965)
 Beach Boys' Party! (1965)
 Pet Sounds (1966)
 Smiley Smile (1967)
 Wild Honey (1967)
 Friends (1968)
 20/20 (1969)
 Sunflower (1970)
 Surf's Up (1971)
 Carl and the Passions – "So Tough" (1972)
 Holland (1973)
 15 Big Ones (1976)
 The Beach Boys Love You (1977)
 M.I.U. Album (1978)
 L.A. (Light Album) (1979)
 Keepin' the Summer Alive (1980)
 The Beach Boys (1985)
 Still Cruisin' (1989)
 Summer in Paradise (1992)
 Stars and Stripes Vol. 1 (1996)
 That's Why God Made the Radio (2012)

Selected archival releases 
 The Pet Sounds Sessions (1996)
 The Smile Sessions (2011)
 The Big Beat 1963 (2013)
 Keep an Eye on Summer 1964 (2014)
 Becoming the Beach Boys: The Complete Hite & Dorinda Morgan Sessions (2015)
 Beach Boys' Party! Uncovered and Unplugged (2015)
 1967 – Sunshine Tomorrow (2017)
 Wake the World: The Friends Sessions (2018)
 I Can Hear Music: The 20/20 Sessions (2018)

See also
 Smile (1966–1967) 
 Discographies of Brian Wilson, Dennis Wilson, Carl Wilson, Mike Love, and Al Jardine

Other websites

1961 establishments in the United States
1960s American music groups
1960s establishments in California
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American pop music groups
American rock bands
Hawthorne, California
Musical groups established in 1961
Musical groups from California
 
Warner Bros. Records artists
Modem

A modem (comes from: modulator demodulator) is a piece of computer hardware. It is used to communicate between distant computers. Two modems, one on each computer, are required to make a connection, and each modem can send and receive data to and from the other modem. 

 Modulation is changing the digital data from a computer to analog data (audio tones or sounds) to be sent over telephone lines.
 Demodulation is changing the analog data which is received over the telephone lines to digital data to be used by the computer.
   
Modems are classified by the amount of data they can send in a given time, normally measured in bits per second (bit/s, bps, or baud). They are also classified by their connection method. Dial-up modems were the usual kind in the 20th century, and DSL modems and Cable TV modems are now more used. 

Modems that connect to the computer by a cable are called external modems. Modems that go inside the computer are internal modems. Some internal modems are part of the motherboard; others are inserted into the computer on a PC card. Most DSL and cable modems are external.

Many modems are used to connect to the Internet through telephone service or cable television service. Slow telephone service is called dial-up (maximum 56,000 bits per second). Faster telephone service is called DSL and is usually more than ten times faster. Cable modems connect through cable television, and are similarly fast. 

A Consumer Electronics Association study in 2006 found that dial-up Internet access is on a decline in the United States. In 2000, dial-up Internet connections accounted for 74% of all U.S. residential Internet connections. This decline has been more or less mirrored in Canada and Australia.

Dial-up modem use in the US dropped to 60% by 2003, and in 2006 stood at 36%. Voiceband modems were once the most popular means of Internet access in the U.S. But as more homes adopted faster ways of accessing the Internet, the traditional 56K modem is losing popularity.

References

Computer hardware
Telecommunications
3DO

The 3DO Interactive Multiplayer (often just called the 3DO) is a video game console invented by The 3DO Company. It was created by Trip Hawkins, the man who created Electronic Arts. The 3DO was not built by the company itself. They had a list of instructions that other companies could use to build their own. Panasonic made the first models in 1993, and other types of the machine were sold in 1994 by Sanyo and GoldStar.

Many good things were said about it when it was created, including being named Time Magazine's "1993 Product of the Year". It also had many technologies that were new and advanced. But the 3DO cost more money than the video game consoles that were already popular. This meant more people bought consoles from Sega or Nintendo instead of the 3D0. Because of this, no more 3D0s were made after 1996.  It was also not advertised very well, so almost no one knew about it. Some games planned for it include Alone in the Dark and Myst. The 3DO company also wanted to make another console called the M2, but it was never released.

References 

video game consoles
APF-M1000

The APF-M1000 was a video game console made by APF in 1978. The controllers had numbers (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0 called a numeric keypad) and a joystick. With a joystick, the player moves the joystick and uses it to control the action in the game. It could only be used on a color TV. It came built-in with the game "Rocket Patrol".

Specifications 
CPU: Motorola 6800 at 3579 kHz
RAM: 1 KB
Colors: 8 on-screen
Resolution: 256 by 192

Cartridge list 
MG1008 Backgammon
MG1006 Baseball
MG1007 Blackjack
MG1004 Bowling/Micro Match
MG1012 Boxing
MG1005 Brickdown/Shooting Gallery
MG1009 Casino I: Roulette/Keno/Slots
MG1001 Catena
MG1003 Hangman/Tic Tac Toe/Doddle
MG1011 Pinball/Dungeon Hunt/Blockout
Built-In Rocket Patrol
MG1013 Space Destroyers
MG1010 UFO/Sea Monster/Break It Down/Rebuild/Shoot

Video game consoles
Windsor, Ontario

Windsor is a city in southern Ontario, Canada, which is across the Detroit River from the U.S. city of Detroit, Michigan. Windsor was founded in 1749 by the French. It has a population of 233,763 (counted in 2017).

Media

CKLW 800

CBET CBC

Cities in Ontario
List

A list is a part of a text, which has many words separated by commas (,) or a group of words going down the page that may use bullet points, letters, or numbers. Semicolons (;) are also used sometimes to separate items in a list.

These are lists:

I have invited Peter, Mary, and Henry to my birthday.

People who I have invited to my birthday are:
Peter
Mary
Henry

People I invited to my birthday: Peter; Mary; Henry.

Related pages 

 Mailing list

Basic English 850 words
Minsk

Minsk or Miensk (Мінск (official spelling in Belarus), Менск; Минск ; Mińsk) is the capital and a major city of Belarus. About 2 million people lived in the city as of 2021. Minsk is also a headquarters of the Commonwealth of Independent States. As a capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is also the capital of Minsk voblast (province) and Minsk raion. Minsk is built next to the Svislach and Niamiha rivers. The timezone in Minsk is GMT +2.

The oldest mentions of Minsk date back to the 11th century (1067). In 1326 Minsk became a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and received its town privileges in 1499. From 1569 it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodship in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was annexed by Russia in 1793 as a result of the Second Partition of Poland. During 1919–1991 Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian SSR.  In 2019, Minsk hosted the European Games.

Other websites 

 Photos of Minsk on GOMINSK.ORG 
 Photos on Globus.tut.by
 Weather of Minsk - minsk.the.by
1310s



Events 
 The Fraticelli pose a problem for the Roman Catholic church
 In Europe, climate change leads to the Great Famine of 1315–1317
1326



Events 
 Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Osman I (1299-1326) to Orhan I (1326-1359)
 Aradia de Toscano, is initiated into a Dianic cult of Italian Witchcraft (Stregheria), and discovers through a vision that she is the human incarnation of the goddess Aradia. Known as La Bella Pelegrina amongst the outlaws near Lake Nemi, she becomes the leader of a religious anarchist movement.
Chancellor of Germany

The chancellor of Germany (German: Bundeskanzler, literally: federal chancellor) is the head of government of the Federal Republic of Germany.  The Chancellor of Germany is elected by the majority of the members of the Bundestag, the German parliament.  The chancellor is the German people's version of a Prime Minister or Premier.

The current chancellor is Olaf Scholz (SPD) since 8 December 2021.

Chancellors since 1949 
 Konrad Adenauer (CDU), 1949–1963
 Ludwig Erhard (CDU), 1963–1966
 Kurt Georg Kiesinger (CDU), 1966–1969
 Willy Brandt (SPD), 1969–1974
 Helmut Schmidt (SPD), 1974–1982
 Helmut Kohl (CDU), 1982–1998
 Gerhard Schröder (SPD), 1998–2005
 Angela Merkel (CDU), 2005–2021
 Olaf Scholz (SPD), since 2021

Related pages 
 List of chancellors of Germany
 Reich Chancellor, chancellors of the German Reich

References
Mysore

Mysore is a city in Karnataka, India. Mysore is  south-west of Bangalore. Travel time from Bangalore to Mysore is 2-3 hours by road or rail. Mysore is the second largest city in Karnataka.

Mysore Palace, Jaganmohan Palace, Chamundi Hills, Brindavan Gardens, and Mysore Zoo are the places to see in Mysore. Some people go to Mysore to see the Dasara procession. 

People also go to Mysore to learn yoga.

Cities in Karnataka
Kannada

Kannada () is a language, and it is a script used for writing the language. Most people in the southern Indian state of Karnataka speak Kannada, and there are speakers in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Kerala and Goa. There are some differences in the way Kannada is spoken in these places.There are about 44 million people who speak the language.It had been since 2nd Century.

Language profile
Kannada is a Dravidian language, which is a different language family from the Indo-European or Aryan languages of the north, such as Hindi but close to the other southern languages like Telugu. It has about 3000 years of written history. The first version is known as the Old Kannada script. By about 3000 it had morphed into the Kannada and Telugu scripts. Printing presses introduced by Christian missionaries  at the beginning of the 19th century standardized the Kannada and Telugu scripts.

Script
The Kannada script is a type of writing system called an alphasyllabary. All consonants have a built-in vowel. Other vowels are indicated with diacritics, which appear next to the consonants. When they appear at the beginning of a syllable, vowels are written as separate letters. When consonants appear together without intervening vowels, the second consonant is written as a special joint symbol, usually below the first. The direction of writing: left to right in horizontal lines.

Literature
It has highest number of Janapeeta literary awards compared to any Indian language. Kannada had a huge boost during the Vijayanagar period. Shri Vinoba Bhave called "Kannada" script the "Queen of Kannada Scripts" not for all Language. "Vishwa Lipigala Raani".

References

Other websites 
 Kannada News
 Kannada News
 Kannada Newspaper
 Online Kannada News

Dravidian languages
Languages of India
1458



Events 
January 24 – Matthias I Corvinus becomes King of Hungary
 Start of Magdalen College, University of Oxford
 George of Podebrady becomes King of Bohemia
 Pope Pius II becomes pope
 Turks issue a decree to protect the Acropolis after they conquer Athens.