alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Hallvard Vebjørnsson

Hallvard Vebjørnsson (Hallvard Den Hellige) ( 1020–1043), commonly referred to as Saint Hallvard (Sankt Hallvard), is the patron saint of Oslo. He is considered a martyr because of his defence of an innocent thrall woman. His religious feast day is 15 May.

The connection of St. Hallvard to the city of Oslo was evidenced by the fact that his image was recorded in the city's seal since the Middle Ages. The municipality's highest honor, the St. Hallvard Medal (St. Hallvard-medaljen), was named after him in 1950.

Background
Little is known of his life, and all traditional stories relate to his death near Drammen. Although the exact year of birth and place of his birth are unknown, he is commonly believed to have been born . According to tradition, his father was the farmer Vebjørn.  His parents were wealthy farmers and owned the farm Husaby in Lier. His mother, Torny Gudbrandsdatter, was reportedly related to St. Olaf, the patron saint of Norway.  It is said that she was the daughter of Gudbrand Kula from Oppland,  who was also the father of Åsta Gudbrandsdatter, St. Olaf's mother.

Death
Hallvard defended a pregnant woman, most likely a thrall, who had been given sanctuary from three men accusing her of theft. Hallvard believed in her innocence and took her on his boat. Hallvard, together with the woman, were killed by arrows from the men. The woman was buried on the beach. Hallvard, however, was bound with a millstone around his neck, and the men attempted to sink his body in Drammensfjord but it refused to remain submerged and as a result their crimes were discovered. A local village buried him in a Christian manner and people came to regard him as a martyr to their faith.

Veneration

St. Hallvard's Cathedral (Hallvardskatedralen)  in Oslo was dedicated to his name  and his remains were relocated to the facility which was finished in 1130.

The cathedral was built on the hill just north of the area that is now the Old Town market square in Oslo (intersection of Bispegata –Oslo gate). For almost 500 years this was the most important church in the city. Besides being the bishop's seat and religious center, the cathedral was the coronation church, the royal wedding church and the royal burial chapel. The facility was in use as a church until about 1655.  It fell into disrepair in the 17th century and is today a ruin situated in Minneparken.

15 May is celebrated as St. Hallvard's Day. This is also known as Oslo Day.

References

External links
 St. Hallvard
 Den hellige Hallvard
 St. Hallvard's Day 
 Hl. Hallvard fra Lier

1020s births
1043 deaths
Norwegian Roman Catholic saints
11th-century Christian saints
11th-century Christian martyrs
People from Lier, Norway
Teorema (disambiguation)

Teorema may refer to:

 Teorema (film), 1968 film by Pier Paolo Pasolini
 Teorema (journal), an academic journal of philosophy
Teorema (2007 song), by Miguel Bosé from the album Papitour
Teorema (1993 song), by Mina from the album Lochness
Teorema (1992 song), by Tony Tammaro from the album Da Granto Farò il Cantanto
Teorema (1985 song), by Legião Urbana from the album Legião Urbana (album)
Teorema (1981 song), by Marco Ferradini
Teorema (1976 song), by Brian Bennett, from the soundtrack of The Opening of Misty Beethoven

See also

 Teorama, North Santander, Colombia
 Theorema (disambiguation)
 Theory (disambiguation)
 Theorem
Jason Jones

Jason Jones may refer to:

Sports
Jason Jones (baseball) (born 1976), American baseball outfielder
Jason Jones (footballer) (born 1979), Welsh professional footballer
Jason Jones (wide receiver) (born 1983), gridiron football wide receiver
Jason Jones (defensive end) (born 1986), National Football League player

Music
Jason Jones (musician) (born 1978), former lead singer of the band Drowning Pool
Jason Jones (country singer) (born 1994), country music artist
Jason Jones (The Voice singer)

Other
Jason Jones (actor) (born 1973), Canadian-American actor and comedian
Jason Jones (activist) (born 1964), Trinidadian activist
Jason Jones (activist/filmmaker) (born 1971), American film producer and anti-abortion activist
Jason Jones (programmer) (born 1971), computer game programmer, co-founder of Bungie
Jason Jones, suspected of an association with the murder of Jim Kitterman, another American in Baghdad
Jason Jones, bouncer, convicted of murder of Nisha Patel-Nasri in 2006
Johannes Plavius

Johannes Plavius (born c. 1600) was a German poet that most likely was born in Central German Thuringia, in Neuhausen (as he calls himself "M. Johannes Plavius Nehusâ Thüringus" in some works) or Plauen (Latinized to Plavia), from which his surname was derived.

At the end of 1624, he was part of a Dichterkreis (circle of poets ) in Danzig (Gdańsk) in Poland and called himself Magister (Master of Arts) for the first time in 1626. Danzig at the time had no university, so Plavius must have obtained his degree somewhere else, most likely Frankfurt/Oder since a Johannes Plavius Tyrigotanus ("Johannes Plavius Thuringian") is listed in the registers of the winter semester of 1621.

The pastor and poet Michael Albinus in Danzig (Gdańsk), who was born in nearby Pröbbenauin in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
, later wrote that Plavius was active as a private teacher, providing basic instruction in the Latin language. He may have operated one of the small, semi-official Latin schools in Danzig; one assumes that he had received the necessary educational license, because he had written his Praecepta logicalia in 1628. He was certainly close to scholars and students in the city, and he served as an influence to Andreas Gryphius. Plavius maintained relationships with other poets, such as Martin Opitz, Johann George Moeresius, and Peter Crüger. Plavius mentions Crüger in the opening letter to his Institutio Poetica. Crüger dedicated an extremely laudatory poem to Plavius, which appears in the preface to the Praecepta logicalia.

Plavius dedicated several poems to Susanne Nuber, the daughter of a Danzig minister. Moeresius was her brother-in-law, and Plavius dedicates some of his poems to him. These contacts were successful as Plavius may have wed Nuber by 1630.

Plavius dedicated his Lehrsonnete  to the councilmen of Danzig: Denen ehrenvesten und vorachtbarn herren schöpffen-herren in der rechten Stat Dantzig, Hn Arnold Dilbert, Hn. Johann Roggauen, Hn. Valentin Rögelern, Hn. Michael Bachmann. 

Plavius also maintained a relationship with a wealthy brewer from Danzig named Abraham Hoewelcke (1576–1649). Plavius would later mention Hoewelcke's son in the dedication to his Praecepta logicalia as Johannes Hoeffelius – better known as Johannes Hevelius, the astronomer.

The place and year of Plavius' death are unknown. The year of his death must have occurred after 1630.

Works
Epithalamien (1624), Danzig
Praecepta Logicalia (1628) publisher Andreas Hünefeld, Danzig
Institutio Poetica (1629)
Trauer und Treuegedichte ("Mourning and Loyalty Poems," sonnets) (1630). Printed by George Rhete, Danzig 1630
Danzig Dichterkreis, poets circle.

Sources
 Plavius: Saemtliche Gedichte
 Biographisches zu Plavius
 Plavius' Lehr-Sonnette (Original sonnets)
 Johannes Plavius, Vita

Notes

1600s births
Year of death missing
German poets
Writers from Thuringia
Writers from Gdańsk
European University Viadrina alumni
German male poets
Castell Henllys

Castell Henllys (Welsh, "castle of the old court") is an archaeological site near Nevern in north Pembrokeshire, Wales.

The Iron Age hillfort has been the subject of an ongoing excavation since the start of the 21st century, accompanied by an exercise in reconstruction archaeology whereby experiments in prehistoric farming have been practised. Four roundhouses and a granary have been reconstructed on their original Iron Age foundations – some 2,000 years old – the hillfort the only site in Britain where this has been done. The Castell Henlyss site includes significant earthworks and fortifications.

During the summer the site provides training for young archaeologists and is a popular visitor attraction. It is owned by Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.

See also
 List of hillforts in Wales
 Butser Ancient Farm
 Weald and Downland Living Museum

References

External links

 Castell Henllys website
 Celtic roundhouses at Castell Henllys
 Castell Henllys at Gathering the Jewels
 Photoraphs of Castell Henllys and surrounding area on Geograph

Hillforts in Pembrokeshire
Museums in Pembrokeshire
Open-air museums in Wales
Prehistoric sites in Pembrokeshire
Experimental archaeology
Archaeological museums in Wales
Kiyotaka Nanbara

(born 13 February 1965, in Takamatsu, Kagawa Prefecture) is a Japanese television host and comedian. He is known as the boke of the manzai duo Utchan Nanchan with Teruyoshi Uchimura.

Career
In 1985, while attending the Yokohama Broadcasting Technical School, Kiyotaka was in the same class as Uchimura, Tetsurō Degawa and Masato Irie.

He decided to perform with Uchimura as a manzai duo and was given the name "Utchan, Nanchan" by his teacher, Keiko Utsumi. They appeared on The Birth of a Comedian! show (お笑いスター誕生!!). The next year they won the competition and received the "New Duo" award. In 1992 Utchan Nanchan won the Japanese Academy Award for "Best New Actors" for their role in the movie Cult Seven (七人のおたく). In 1999 they crossed the English Channel on their TV show, Utchan Nanchan's Urinari.

Nanbara had his first job as host in the puroresu and mixed martial arts variety show Ring Soul, which lasted from April 1994 to March 2000 in Asahi TV. He initially formed a host duo with Ken Ishiguro, but had to continue the show's tenure alone due to Ishiguro's movie schedule. His popularly in Ring Soul granted him special guest appearances in the All Japan Pro Wrestling Relay show and the game show Cult Q, where he introduced puroresu-themed quizzes.

On the 1998 television program The Real Side of Un'nan (in the episode broadcast on October 28, 1998 on TBS Television), personalities claiming to have experienced the Mariko Aoki phenomenon—including Nanbara, Maako Kido, Seiko Ito and Keisuke Horibe - carried out extensive tests that also featured experts. There was a big response to this broadcast, and the program featured special segments related to this topic on multiple occasions thereafter (such as in the episode broadcast on January 20, 1999).

In 2001 he led the comedy musical group Happa-tai, whose song "Yatta" became an internet meme. After releasing the song, Nanbara became a member of Japanese musical group Memory Cats.

From 1998 to current day, Nanbara works as a host to the Asahi TV sports show Get Sports, along with former football player Tetsuo Nakanishi.

References

External links

 

1965 births
Living people
People from Kagawa Prefecture
Japanese male comedians
People from Takamatsu, Kagawa
WJML

WJML (1110 AM) is a radio station licensed to Petoskey, Michigan, which is owned by John Yob, through licensee Mitten News LLC.

History

Signing on
In somewhat of a rarity, WJML-FM 98.9 started first, on December 7, 1965, since in most situations, the AM station is usually the first to sign on. In the beginning, the station was an automated MOR format, with one live DJ, Bill Supernaw, in the morning (Supernaw is now the owner of the Cinema III movie theatre in Charlevoix). The station was owned by a Chicago broadcaster who named his station after his three children, John, Michael and Linda. It was one of northern Michigan's first-ever FM stations, and since many folks did not have an FM radio at the time, an AM station, WJML (1110 AM) was born on December 6, 1966. WJML was at the time the strongest AM station in northern Michigan during the daytime at 10 kW. However, the station was daytime only.

2010s
On May 29, 2015, WJML's FM repeater in Charlevoix, W235CL on 94.9, signed on, providing 24/7 daytime coverage to the immediate Charlevoix area, with 250 watts of power. Effective August 8, 2016, W235CL moved to 101.1 FM in Traverse City, as W266CS. On January 31, 2017, WJML, WJNL and W266CS were sold to John Yob's Mitten News LLC for $700,000; the sale was consummated on May 23, 2017.

As of May 13, 2018, WJML can now be heard on WWMN 106.3 in Thompsonville, WYPV 94.5 in Mackinaw City and WHAK 960 in Rogers City.

2020s
On June 22, 2020, WWMN and WYPV changed their simulcasts to that of album-oriented rock-formatted WQON, and no longer broadcast WJML on their signals.

In June 2022, WJML went silent.

Previous logos

References

Michiguide.com - WJML History

External links

Radio stations established in 1966
JML
1966 establishments in Michigan
High Speed Digital Spirit Processing

High Speed Digital Spirit Processing is the second album by PAX, a side project of Sevren Ni-arb from X Marks the Pedwalk and former X Marks the Pedwalk producer AL/X/S. The album peaked at #22 on the CMJ RPM Charts in the U.S.

Track listing
 "Visual Effect" – 4:12
 "Tesselated Parts" – 4:16
 "Tempted Rose" – 6:29
 "Accolyte" – 6:36
 "Drip" – 6:29
 "The Providence" – 6:03
 "Frozen Landscape" – 4:51
 "Outfaced!" – 5:28
 "Antafagosta" – 5:14
 "Be Prepared" – 5:02
 "Accolyte (Dark Illumination Remix)" – 7:03
 "Accolyte (Funker Vogt Remix)" – 4:52

References

X Marks the Pedwalk albums
1998 albums
Zoth Ommog Records albums
Kotel, Bulgaria

Kotel ( , ) is a town in central Bulgaria, part of Sliven Province. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Kotel Municipality. In 2016, the town had a population of 5,329.

Kotel is known for the numerous personalities of the Bulgarian National Revival who are connected to the town in various ways, such as the politicians Alexander Bogoridi and Stefan Bogoridi, the enlighteners Sophronius of Vratsa and Petar Beron, public figure Gavril Krastevich, revolutionary Georgi Rakovski, as well as the World War II prime minister Dobri Bozhilov. It has a well-known music school and a large Romani population who can be found playing in restaurants and orchestras all over Bulgaria. Because of its location in the mountains, Kotel is also a popular health resort for the cure of diseases such as tuberculosis. Kotel has been a center for carpet making and there is a museum devoted to the craft.

Geography
The town is located in East Stara planina.

Landmarks
Zlosten protected area
Urushki skali protected area
Eagle Caves protected area

History

Kotel was settled during the beginning of the Ottoman occupation of Bulgaria, when people fled from neighboring cities and towns. The earliest information about the town is found in an Ottoman Turkish register from 1486. In 1894, much of Kotel was destroyed in a fire.

Honour
Kotel Gap on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, is named after Kotel.

Culture

Education
Kotel Literary School was established in the 16th century. Sophronius of Vratsa is a prominent representative of this school.
Filip Kutev's National School for Folk Arts
Georgi Rakovski high school

Saglasie-Napredak 1870 cultural center 
The Saglasie-Napredak 1870 cultural center was founded in 1870.

Agriculture
There is a strong sheep farming tradition in the region, which includes the practice of transhumance, migrating the sheep from lowland winter pastures to mountain summer pastures. This was profiled in a BBC Radio 4 documentary.

Notable residents

Georgi Sava Rakovski, revolutionary
Petar Beron, scientist, philosopher and educator
Gavril Krastevich, governor General of Eastern Rumelia
Stefan Bogoridi, prince of Samos
Sophronius of Vratsa, theologian, Bulgarian nationalist

Gallery

References

External links
 Kotel History

Towns in Bulgaria
Populated places in Sliven Province
Blasphemy Made Flesh

Blasphemy Made Flesh is the debut album by Canadian death metal band Cryptopsy. The album was released in 1994, re-released in 1997 by Displeased Records, and also re-released in 2001 by Century Media with a different cover. It is the only album to feature bassist Martin Fergusson.

Track listing
All songs written and arranged by Cryptopsy.

Personnel

Cryptopsy
 Lord Worm – vocals
 Jon Levasseur – lead and rhythm guitars
 Steve Thibault – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
 Martin Fergusson – bass
 Flo Mounier – drums, backing vocals, photography, logo art

Additional personnel
 François Quévillon – cover art (original cover)
 Jacky Mounier – photography
 Rod "The God" Shearer – engineering
 Kevin Weagle – design

References

Cryptopsy albums
1994 debut albums
Century Media Records albums
Bob Grim

Robert or Bob Grim may refer to:

Bob Grim (baseball) (1930–1996), Major League Baseball player
Bob Grim (American football) (born 1945), American football player
Bobby Grim (1924–1995), American racecar driver

See also
Bob Grimm, guitarist with The Four Seasons
Robert Grimm (1881–1958), Swiss Socialist politician
Wizzo Band

Wizzo Band were an English jazz rock band formed by Roy Wood after Wizzard split in 1975, fulfilling his ambitions to create an ensemble that was more jazz-orientated than rock or pop. The line-up included former Wizzard and Move member Rick Price (pedal steel guitar), alongside Bob Wilson (trombone), Billy Paul (alto and baritone saxes), Paul Robbins (keyboards, backing vocals), Graham Gallery (bass), and Dave Donovan (drums).
A lot of people had been doing jazz-rock stuff. There had been jazz musicians getting into the rock field, like Chick Corea and Stanley Clarke, but it's very rare that you find a band doing it the other way around a rock and roll band getting into jazz, and it's quite interesting. The rhythm section is very heavy, almost Zeppelinish, the horns are very jazzy and the songs are very commercial, so it makes for quite an interesting combination.
 - Roy Wood, Melody Maker, 3 September 1977

They played one show, broadcast live by BBC Television and BBC Radio 1 in the Sight and Sound In Concert series, on 2 April 1977.  Most of the material they played was new, though they also included The Move's "California Man", interpolating the basic riff from another Move oldie, "Brontosaurus", and Wizzard's "Are You Ready to Rock".  Several of the songs appeared on their only album Super Active Wizzo, released in September 1977 on the Warner Bros. record label.  They also issued two singles, "The Stroll"  (1977), and "Dancin' At The Rainbow’s End"  (1978).  None of the recordings charted.

A UK tour was scheduled for spring 1978, but was cancelled as they disbanded at around the same time.  Wizzo Band had proved an uncommercial venture; the records received unenthusiastic reviews from critics who were baffled by the music, especially in the light of Wood's earlier track record as a creator of hit records with his previous bands, and they were ignored by radio programmers.

The live version of "California Man" was issued as the B-side of Wood's 1982 single "O.T.T.", under the title "Mystery Song". A similar arrangement was used by Cheap Trick in their own cover version of the song.

Discography
Super Active Wizzo (1977)
"The Stroll"/"Jubilee" (1977) - single
"Dancin' At The Rainbow's End"/"Waitin' At This Door" (1978) - single

References

External links
 Official Roy Wood web site
 Campaign to get Wizzo album released on CD

English jazz-rock groups
Groundwork

Groundwork or ground work may refer to:

Literature
 Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals or simply Groundwork, a 1785 philosophical treatise by Immanuel Kant
 Groundwork, a 1997 novel by Robert Anthony Welch
 Groundwork, a 1983 biography of Charles Hamilton Houston by Genna Rae McNeil
 Ground Work: Before the War, a 1984 book of poetry by Robert Duncan
 Ground Work: Selected Poems and Essays, 1970-79, a 1990 book by Paul Auster
 Groundwork: Autobiographical Writings, 1979–2012, a 2020 book by Paul Auster
 Ground Works: Avante-Garde for Thee, a 2003 book edited by Christian Bök

Music
 Groundwork, a 2010 mixtape by Yung Berg
 "Groundwork", a 2022 single by Ed Sheeran, Big Narstie and Papoose
 GroundWork Records, a record label co-founded by Jenn Korbee
 GroundWorks, a South African hip-hop group featuring Snazz D

Organizations
 Groundwork UK, an environmental organisation working as a federation of trusts
 The Groundwork, an American technology firm
 Groundwork Collaborative, an American nonprofit organization

Other
Groundworker, a person who prepares land for building construction
Ground fighting or ground work, hand-to-hand combat that takes place on the ground
Ground work or ground training, a stage of horse training

See also
 Earthworks (disambiguation)
Adye

Adye is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:

Surname
John Adye (born 1939), British cryptographer
John Miller Adye (1819–1900), British Army general and artist
Stephen Galway Adye (1740−1838), English Royal Artillery Officer
Stephen Payne Adye (c. 1740 – 1794), English Royal Artillery officer

Given name
Adye Douglas (1815–1906), Australian lawyer, politician and cricketer
Ismael Ortiz

Ismael Jafet Ortiz Zuñiga (born October 22, 1982, in Panama City) is a swimmer from Panama. He participated in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, competing in the Men's 100-meter Freestyle. His heat time was 51.74 seconds, which was not enough to advance to the semi-finals. Ortiz also represented his native country at the World Championships (long course) in 2001 and 2003.

Despite qualifying to represent Panama in the 2008 Olympics with a time below 23.00 seconds, domestic political circumstances prevented him from competing in the games, causing a small public outcry in his home country.

He swam for the USA's Drury University from 2005 to 2007. He graduated with a degree in Fine Art in 2008, and currently teaches youth swimming in Miami.

Trivia 

 Ortiz is known affectionately by teammates and fans as "The Ish."
 He is also a successful sculpture artist in his own right, having had many shows in both the United States and in Panama. His found-object artwork is reminiscent of the sculptures of Robert Rauschenberg and Jean Tinguely.
 Ortiz is a noted fan of the manga series Naruto, admittedly spending hours on end watching pirated YouTube transcriptions of the comics. Playful attempts at coining the nickname "Pablo Naruto" (cf. Chilean love poet Pablo Neruda), a pun derived from his characteristic romantic Latin machismo and his aforementioned otaku tendencies, never stuck.

Ortiz is also an avid sailor according to the Denver post.

References

1982 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Panama City
Panamanian male freestyle swimmers
Swimmers at the 2003 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Drury Panthers men's swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Panama
Pan American Games competitors for Panama
Galoli language

The Galoli, or Galolen, are a people of East Timor with a population of about 50,000, primarily along the northern coast of the district of Manatuto. To the west lies the Mambai people. There is an old colony on the southern coast of Wetar island, the Talo, who speak the Talur dialect.

Their language, also known as Galoli, is one of the Timor–Babar group of Austronesian languages. It is one of the national languages designated by the constitution of East Timor. Because the area was used as a trading center for different cultures, there are many foreign loan words in the vocabulary, principally from Moluccan and Malay languages. Although it is not spoken by as many people as other national languages, it was adopted by the Roman Catholic Church in the district of Manatuto and thus has become fixed in grammars and dictionaries.

Dadu'a is erroneously listed in some sources as a dialect of Galoli (e.g. Glottolog), but actually represents a transplanted population of the Atauro dialect of Wetarese.

Alphabet
A B D E G H I K L M N O R S T U ' 

The  '  mark represents a glottal stop, [ʔ].

References

External links 
 Paradisec open access short description of Galoli
 Paradisec open access Galoli texts
 Paradisec open access Galoli phrases

Timor–Babar languages
Languages of East Timor
Languages of Indonesia
David Mills financial allegations

A series of financial allegations concerning corporate lawyer David Mills came under investigation in 2006 by Italian authorities, who suspected him of corruptly receiving £340,000 from Silvio Berlusconi in the 1990s. As he was married at the time to Tessa Jowell, the then United Kingdom Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport, some newspapers termed the accusations Jowellgate.

History 
Tessa Jowell married international corporate lawyer David Mills in 1979. In the early 1990s, Mills acted for Silvio Berlusconi, then a high-profile businessman and former Prime Minister of Italy. During his work for Berlusconi, Mills received $600,000 (£340,000); the precise source of the money and the reason for its payment was under dispute, with Mills saying that the money was part of a larger amount paid indirectly to him by another Italian client, Diego Attanasio, although Attanasio has denied this claim when found in London on 2 March (between custodial sentences for bribery and corruption).

Mills was investigated in Italy for money laundering and alleged tax fraud and on 10 March 2006 Italian prosecuting magistrates decided that they had sufficient evidence to ask a judge to indict Berlusconi and Mills.

The judgement was appealed by David Mills. On 27 October 2009, the Italian Appeal Court upheld his conviction and his sentence of 4½ years prison. He confirmed that he would initiate a second and final appeal to the Cassation Court.

On 25 February 2010, the Italian Cassation Court (the second and last court of appeal under Italian law) ruled a sentence of not guilty because the statute of limitations had expired.

Procedural changes
Sir Alistair Graham, Chairman of the Committee on Standards in Public Life (2003-7), said the controversy over Jowell highlighted the problem that public trust was being undermined by the way alleged misconduct by ministers was policed. He stated that he was "puzzled" by the Prime Minister's reluctance to change the rules; the Committee proposed that independent figures, rather than senior civil servants, should investigate claims that the ministerial code has been broken.

On 16 March 2006 Blair announced that a new independent figure would advise ministers on potential clashes between their public duties and private affairs and investigate potential breaches of the ministerial code of conduct. The Prime Minister would continue to have the final say on taking action.

References

Jowellgate
2006 in the United Kingdom
Singhan

Singhan was a king of the Yadava kingdom in approximately the 13th century, located in what today is the Maharashtra State of India.

13th-century Indian monarchs
13th-century deaths
Year of birth unknown
Local gigantism

Local gigantism or localised gigantism is a condition in which a certain part of the body acquires larger than normal size due to excessive growth of the anatomical structures or abnormal accumulation of substances. It is more common in fingers and toes, where it is termed macrodactyly. However, sometimes an entire limb may be enlarged.

Causes
Local gigantism may be caused by a heterogeneous group of both congenital and acquired conditions.

Congenital

Congenital causes include:
Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome
Maffucci syndrome
macrodystrophia lipomatosa
neurofibromatosis,
lipoatrophic diabetes.
Proteus syndrome, which by one theory accounts for the deformities of the Elephant Man

Acquired
There are a number of acquired causes of local gigantism. A body part can attain bigger size from causes as common as the following:
inflammation, due to trauma or infection
tumors like osteoid osteoma, melorheostosis, and lipofibromatous hamartoma
Arteriovenous malformations occurring on a limb, before the closure of epiphyses in long bones
Elephantiasis, which is quite common in southeast Asia due to prevalence of filariasis.
Still's disease
amyloidosis
acromegaly

Treatment
As the causes of local gigantism are varied, treatment depends on the particular condition.  Treatment may range from antibiotics and other medical therapy, to surgery in order to correct the anatomical anomaly.

References

Growth disorders
Bezděkov nad Metují

Bezděkov nad Metují () is a municipality and village in Náchod District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants.

History
The first written mention of Bezděkov nad Metují is from 1358. It was probably founded before 1241.

Sights
The main landmark of Bezděkov nad Metují is the Church of Saint Procopius. It was built in the Baroque style in 1724–1726 according to the design by architect Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer. For its value it has been protected as a national cultural monument since 2022.

References

External links

Villages in Náchod District
Babeland

Babeland, until 2005 known as Toys in Babeland, is a sex toy boutique offering erotic toys, books and pornographic films. Babeland has an online store and four retail stores (in Seattle, Brooklyn,  and two in Manhattan).

History
Claire Cavanah and Rachel Venning founded Toys in Babeland in 1993, in response to the lack of women-friendly sex shops in Seattle.  The store's name is a spoonerism of Babes in Toyland, a feminist riot grrrl punk band and Babes in Toyland, the title of a 1934 Laurel & Hardy film.  Committed to offering information and encouragement to women who wanted to explore their sexuality, the owners focused on selling quality sex toys in a boutique-like setting.

In 1995, Toys in Babeland started its mail order business with a small print catalog based out of their Seattle store.  Shortly thereafter, in 1996, the Toys in Babeland website followed.  In 1998, the owners opened their second Toys in Babeland store in New York City, on the Lower East Side of Manhattan.  In 2003, they opened another New York store, in SoHo. In 2005, Babeland debuted its fourth store in Los Angeles, which has since closed.  In 2008, Babeland opened a new location in Park Slope, Brooklyn, making a total of three stores in New York City.

In 2003, Venning and Cavanah published Sex Toys 101: The Ultimate Guide to Choosing and Using Sex Toys.

In 2008, Babeland ran a promotion in which they gave away a free sex toy to anyone who voted in that November's election.

In January 2010, Venning and Cavanah, in association with Jessica Vitkus, published a second book: Moregasm: Babeland's Guide to Mind-Blowing Sex

In May 2016, the Babeland stores in New York City voted to be represented by the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union, becoming the first U.S. sex shops to be unionized.

In August 2017, Babeland was sold to rival sex shop Good Vibrations. Babeland continues to operate as a separate brand.

Notable employees
Queer erotica author Dena Hankins worked at Babeland as Web Operations Manager from 1998 to 2006.

Awards
Babeland has received numerous awards over the years, including a 2006 Zagat's Survey award as "the best shopping experience in New York."  It was voted "Best Place to Buy Sex Toys" by The Village Voice , Voted "Best Sex Shop" of 2016 & 2017 by the Best of Seattle 2016 Reader Poll in Seattle Weekly

Books published by Babeland

References

External links
 Babeland website

BDSM organizations
Companies based in Seattle
History of women in New York City
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Beall Woods State Park

Beall Woods State Park is an Illinois state park on  bordering the Wabash River and Keensburg in Wabash County, Illinois in the United States.   of the state park is an old-growth forest designated as a Natural Area by the state of Illinois.  The trees within the forest consist overwhelmingly of hardwoods of the former Eastern Woodlands ecosystem.  Portions of Beall Woods State Park have been designated a National Natural Landmark as the Forest of the Wabash. The state park was created in 1966. The nearest towns with any sizable commercial infrastructure, including hotels and grocery stores, are Grayville and Mount Carmel. The park does host a small primitive campground and maintains a visitor center which opened in April 2001.  The park maintains  of hiking trails, primarily through the Forest of the Wabash portion of the park.

Forest of the Wabash
The Forest of the Wabash Natural Area within Beall Woods State Park contains trees from 64 separate species.  Foresters have counted more than 300 climax trees with trunks of greater than  diameter at breast i.e.  high.  Some of the trees in the Forest of the Wabash are more than  tall.

Trees of note include the white oak (the state tree of Illinois), the tuliptree (the state tree of Indiana, across the Wabash River), the American sycamore, and the American Sweetgum.  One of the sweetgums of this Forest is designated as the "state champion" tree as being the largest member of this species known to grow within the boundaries of Illinois.

The Forest of the Wabash was patented by the federal government to the Beall family in the early 19th century, and was owned by them as an undisturbed woodlot until the 1960s.  Meanwhile, almost all of the other old-growth trees in the Wabash Valley were cut down to harvest fine hardwoods, cut timber, or even for firewood.  Upon the death of Laura Beall, the last private-sector guardian of the Forest of the Wabash, and after a fight with a lumber company, in 1965 the State of Illinois condemned the Beall farm and forest for public use.

In 2007, Beall Woods State Park was designated as an Important Bird Area of Illinois.

References

State parks of Illinois
Protected areas of Wabash County, Illinois
Protected areas established in 1966
National Natural Landmarks in Illinois
Old-growth forests
1966 establishments in Illinois
Regnosaurus

Regnosaurus (meaning "Sussex lizard") is a genus of herbivorous stegosaurian dinosaur that lived during the Early Cretaceous Period in what is now England. It was one of the first stegosaurs discovered.

Discovery and species
 
The fossil remains, a portion of the right lower jaw, were found near Cuckfield in Sussex, and made part of the collection of the British Museum of Natural History. In 1839 Gideon Mantell reported having noticed the fossil during a visit. Mantell soon came to the conclusion that the specimen represented the, until then unknown, lower jaw of his Iguanodon, probably that of a juvenile. On 8 February 1841 he presented it as such to the Royal Society. This interpretation was immediately challenged by Richard Owen, who felt that any proof of a connection was lacking. In 1848, after several real jaws of Iguanodon had been discovered, Mantell changed his position, concluding it was a related but different genus or subgenus, coining the name Regnosaurus Northamptoni. The generic name is derived from the Regni, a British tribe inhabiting Sussex. The specific name honours Spencer Compton, 2nd Marquess of Northampton, the president of the Royal Society, who was about to resign. By present conventions, the type species is written as Regnosaurus northamptoni.

Regnosaurus is known only from the holotype BMNH 2422, a right mandibular (lower jaw) fragment, consisting of a third of the dentary and a part of the splenial,  found in the Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation.  The specimen is six inches long and shows fifteen tooth sockets. Also some replacement teeth are visible. Other bone fragments have sometimes been referred to Regnosaurus, such as a fossil pubis recovered on the Isle of Wight, but as these are of other parts of the body and a reasonably complete skeleton is lacking, the identity cannot be proven. The same is true for some dermal spikes reported by William Blows. Regnosaurus was probably a rather small animal, about 4 metres (13 feet) long.

Phylogeny
First seen as some iguanodontid, Regnosaurus was later connected to armoured dinosaurs. In 1888 Richard Lydekker assigned it to the Scelidosauridae. In 1909 Friedrich von Huene classified it in the stegosaurian Omosauridae and in 1911 Alfred von Zittel assigned it to the Stegosauridae but these groups then had a different content and also included armoured forms. In 1956 Alfred Romer synonymised it with Hylaeosaurus. An entirely different suggestion was made by John Ostrom who surmised it might have been a sauropod.

The first to state that it was a stegosaurian in the modern sense was George Olshevsky in 1993. This was confirmed by Paul Barrett and Paul Upchurch in 1995 who concluded that it is a stegosaur similar to Huayangosaurus, as the jaws are very similar. As the remains are so limited, many recent researchers have concluded Regnosaurus to be a nomen dubium.

See also 
 Timeline of stegosaur research

References 

Stegosaurs
Barremian life
Hauterivian life
Valanginian life
Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe
Cretaceous England
Fossils of England
Fossil taxa described in 1848
Taxa named by Gideon Mantell
Nomina dubia
Ornithischian genera
Sarras

Sarras is a mystical island to which the Holy Grail is brought in the Arthurian legend. In the Lancelot-Grail Cycle, Joseph of Arimathea and his followers visit the island on their way to Britain; while there Joseph's son Josephus is invested as a bishop and shown the mysteries of the Grail by Christ himself. The party wins many converts, and moves on to Britain where they establish a great line of kings. After they achieve the Grail the knights Galahad, Percival, and Bors return the object to Sarras aboard Solomon's ship, but they find the residents fallen back to paganism. The Grail knights restore the people's faith and preside over them benevolently for a year, but Galahad dies in ecstasy when the Grail is taken to Heaven by God, and Percival follows him shortly after. Bors returns to Arthur's kingdom to tell the tale.

The Lancelot-Grail Cycle places Sarras on the road from Jerusalem to the Euphrates and Babylon, and it is considered the origin of the name "Saracens" for Muslims. In reality "Saracens" was a Greek designation for Arab tribes of the Sinai Desert.

References
Norris J. Lacy (editor), Lancelot-Grail: The Old French Arthurian Vulgate and Post-Vulgate Cycles in Translation, 5 volumes.

External links
Sarras | The Camelot Project

Fictional islands
Locations associated with Arthurian legend
Roman Catholic Diocese of Hakha

The (Roman Catholic) Diocese of Hakha (, ) is located in the Chin State and the Sagaing Division in northwestern Myanmar. It is a suffragan diocese of the archdiocese of Mandalay.

The diocese was created on November 21, 1992 by splitting off the territory from the archdiocese of Mandalay.

The diocese covers an area of 27,516  km². It is subdivided into 31 parishes. 31,624 of the 485,247 people in the area belong to the Catholic Church, 76% of the population belong to the Protestant church.

List of bishops
 Nicholas Mang Thang, (November 21, 1992 - November 30, 2011)
 Lucius Hre Kung, (appointed bishop 19 October 2013)

External links
 Catholic-hierarchy.org

Roman Catholic dioceses in Burma
Christian organizations established in 1992
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century
Clockwork universe

In the history of science, the clockwork universe compares the universe to a mechanical clock. It continues ticking along, as a perfect machine, with its gears governed by the laws of physics, making every aspect of the machine predictable.

History 

This idea was very popular among deists during the Enlightenment, when Isaac Newton derived his laws of motion, and showed that alongside the law of universal gravitation, they could predict the behaviour of both terrestrial objects and the Solar System.

A similar concept goes back, to John of Sacrobosco's early 13th-century introduction to astronomy: On the Sphere of the World. In this widely popular medieval text, Sacrobosco spoke of the universe as the machina mundi, the machine of the world, suggesting that the reported eclipse of the Sun at the crucifixion of Jesus was a disturbance of the order of that machine.

Responding to Gottfried Leibniz, a prominent supporter of the theory, in the Leibniz–Clarke correspondence, Samuel Clarke wrote:

"The Notion of the World's being a great Machine, going on without the Interposition of God, as a Clock continues to go without the Assistance of a Clockmaker; is the Notion of Materialism and Fate, and tends, (under pretence of making God a Supra-mundane Intelligence,) to exclude Providence and God's Government in reality out of the World."

In 2009, artist Tim Wetherell created a large wall piece for Questacon (The National Science and Technology centre in Canberra, Australia) representing the concept of the clockwork universe. This steel artwork contains moving gears, a working clock, and a movie of the lunar terminator.

See also
Mechanical philosophy
Determinism
Eternalism (philosophy of time)
Orrery
Philosophy of space and time
Superdeterminism

References

Further reading
 E. J. Dijksterhuis (1961) The Mechanization of the World Picture, Oxford University Press
 Dolnick, Edward (2011) The Clockwork Universe: Isaac Newton, the Royal Society, and the Birth of the Modern World, HarperCollins.
 David Brewster (1850) "A Short Scheme of the True Religion", manuscript quoted in Memoirs of the Life, Writings and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton, cited in Dolnick, page 65.
 Anneliese Maier (1938) Die Mechanisierung des Weltbildes im 17. Jahrhundert
 Webb, R.K. ed. Knud Haakonssen (1996) "The Emergence of Rational Dissent." Enlightenment and Religion: Rational Dissent in Eighteenth-Century Britain, Cambridge University Press page 19.
 Westfall, Richard S. Science and Religion in Seventeenth-Century England. p. 201.
 Riskins, Jessica (2016) The Restless Clock: A History of the Centuries-Long Argument over What Makes Living Things Tick, University of Chicago Press.

External links
"The Clockwork Universe".   The Physical World. Ed. John Bolton, Alan Durrant, Robert Lambourne, Joy Manners, Andrew Norton.

History of physics
Isaac Newton
Astronomical hypotheses
Anthropic principle
Physical cosmology
Determinism
Ray Edmonds

Ray Edmonds (born 25 April 1936 in Grimsby, Lincolnshire) is a former English professional player of English billiards and snooker. He twice won the World Amateur Snooker title, and won the World Professional Billiards Championship in 1985.

Playing career
Edmonds first played snooker as an amateur, winning the World Amateur crown in 1972 and 1974. After turning professional he reached the main stages World Snooker Championship on four occasions, in 1980, 1981, 1985 and 1986, on each occasion losing in the first round. He was as a semi-finalist at the 1981 English Professional Championship, and runner-up in the invitational 1982 Bass and Golden Leisure Classic.

Edmonds became World Professional Billiards Champion in 1985. At the 1988 Grand Prix (snooker), he reached the last-16 round.

In the qualifying competition for the 1994 World Snooker Championship, he lost 3–5 to Surinder Gill, and the following year he lost 4–5 to Darren Limburg. In 1995, he resigned from the board of the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association after serving on it for 14 years.

Post-retirement
Edmonds set up the Ray Edmonds Snooker Centre in Grimsby in December 1983. He also worked as a snooker commentator with both ITV and the BBC, before retiring in 2004.

References

Living people
1936 births
Sportspeople from Grimsby
English players of English billiards
English snooker players
Snooker writers and broadcasters
World champions in English billiards
Karius and Bactus

Karius and Bactus  () is a Norwegian children's novel written and illustrated by playwright Thorbjørn Egner. The book was first published in 1949 and produced as a 15-minute puppet animation film by film director Ivo Caprino in 1955. An English translation by Mike Sevig and Turi Olderheim was published in the United States in 1986.

The main characters are Karius (black haired) and Bactus (red haired). Their names are puns on Caries and Bacteria, and they are two small "tooth trolls" that live inside cavities in the teeth of a boy named Jens. They have a very good life, especially when Jens eats white bread with syrup and fails to brush his teeth afterwards. Eventually their homes are destroyed by the work of a dentist and they are rinsed out of Jens' mouth through proper dental care.

The story of Karius and Bactus, with its humorous illustrations and important message, has become a classic of Norwegian children's literature. Since its publication, the idea of "tooth trolls" has been used as a pedagogical device for generations of Scandinavian children.

References

Other sources
Thorbjørn Egner (1971) Karius og Baktus (Oslo: Cappelen)

External links
Karius og Baktus home.online.no
Karius and Bactus  bokmerker.org

1949 children's books
Children's novels
Dentistry education
Teeth in fiction
20th-century Norwegian novels
Works about dentistry
Norwegian children's literature
Fictional trolls
Literary duos
1949 fantasy novels
1940s fantasy novels
Jean-Baptiste Huet

Jean-Baptiste Marie Huet (Paris, 15 October 1745 – Paris, 27 January 1811) was a French painter, engraver and designer associated with pastoral and genre scenes of animals in the Rococo manner, influenced by François Boucher.

Born into a family of artists— his uncle was Christophe Huet, his father Nicolas Huet—he apprenticed with the animal painter Charles Dagomer, a member of the painters' guild, the Académie de Saint-Luc, Paris, who was working in the 1760s. Huet’s interest in printmaking and his acquaintance with Gilles Demarteau, who later engraved many of his compositions, both date from this period. About 1764 Huet entered the studio of Jean-Baptiste Le Prince, where he further developed his printmaking skills, largely reproducing his own paintings, a method of publishing them with some profit.

In 1768 he was approved (agréé) by the Académie Royale, and 29 July 1769 he was received (reçu) in the minor category (petite manière) of painter of animals and was well received in the public reviews when he began to exhibit at the Paris Salon that same year, with a Dog Attacking Geese, now at the Louvre. He continued to exhibit annually until 1789, though his attempts at the grand manner of history painting, considered the noblest genre, were not met with approval.

The most important of his paintings were his morceau de réception, the Fox among the Chickens  (San Francisco,  California Palace of the Legion of Honor), The Dairymaid  (Paris, Musée Cognacq-Jay).

Huet is equally known for his designs for the decorative arts.  He provided scenic vignettes to be printed by copperplate on cottons at the manufacture of toiles de Jouy directed by Oberkampf. Lengths of these may be seen at The Detroit Institute of Arts, the Musée des Arts Décoratifs, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Metropolitan Museum of Art and many other institutions. His ink-and-wash drawings and studies of animals and children are also admired.

In the 1780s he provided tapestry cartoons for the manufacture at Beauvais. A suite of thirteen hangings of pastorals was in the Isaac de Camondo bequest to the Louvre. In 1790 he remained attached to the reorganized and combined tapestry manufacture of Gobelins and Beauvais.

References
J-B Huet on-line

Notes

1745 births
1811 deaths
18th-century French painters
French male painters
19th-century French painters
19th-century French male artists
18th-century French male artists
Nicolas Huet (snowboarder)

Nicolas Huet (born 22 July 1976) is a French snowboarder who competed in parallel giant slalom at the 2002 Winter Olympics, where he placed 4th, and 2006 Winter Olympics, where he placed 10th. He was born in Nice, France.

Huet also competed at the World Snowboard Championships from 1999 through 2005:

References

External links
 

1976 births
Living people
Snowboarders at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic snowboarders for France
French male snowboarders
21st-century French people