alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Syriana

Syriana is an 2005 American drama thriller movie, which has won Academy Award and Golden Globe Awards. It is directed by Stephen Gaghan and produced by Jennifer Fox, Michael Nozik, Georgia Kacandes, Steven Soderbergh, George Clooney. The movie stars Clooney, Matt Damon, Jeffrey Wright, Chris Cooper, and William Hurt.

Plot 
The movie is about a lot of people doing complicated things. One of the people is a CIA agent (Clooney) who is angered when his boss tries to invade his privacy. Another person, Damon, whose child dies, gets a better job working for a king. Then another person, a lawyer, Jeffrey Wright finds out that the oil company is actually not good and should be removed from power immediately. The last part of the movie is about two Muslims who become suicide bombers because they feel offended.

Other websites 

2005 drama movies
2005 thriller movies
2000s drama thriller movies
Academy Award winning movies
American drama thriller movies
United Arab Emirates movies
English-language movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award-winning performance
Drone movies
American independent movies
Shareware

Shareware is a way to sell software.

The user will get a preview or demo of the software for free. This way, the user can decide if he or she likes the program or not before buying the complete program.

Users can get games for free this way but most of the time these games do not have all the levels. Sometimes Internet Relay Chat clients let users have a demo of their client for 30 days, but after that, in order to keep using it, the user will have to pay money.

Software
Aruba

Aruba is an island in the Caribbean Sea, just north of the Venezuelan Paraguaná Peninsula. It is in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Unlike much of the Caribbean region, it has a dry climate and an arid, cactus-strewn landscape.  This climate has helped tourism, because visitors to the island can reliably expect warm, sunny weather.

The island broke off from the Netherlands Antilles in 1986, hoping to gain its independence by 1996. In 1990, that effort stopped at the request of the island people.

Aruba is one of the four countries that form the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The other nations are the Netherlands, Curaçao and Sint Maarten. The citizens of these countries all share a single nationality: Dutch. 

About three quarters of the Aruban gross national product is earned through tourism or related activities.

The island came into the news after U.S. high school student Natalee Holloway disappeared on a graduation trip on May 30, 2005. Today, some refer to Aruba as "One Happy Island".

Geography 
Aruba is a generally flat, riverless island. It is in the southern part of the Caribbean Sea. The western and southern beaches have white sandy beaches. They are generally protected from the ocean currents. This is one of the reasons Aruba is a popular tourist location. 

Together with Bonaire and Curaçao, Aruba forms a group referred to as the ABC islands. Collectively, Aruba and the other Dutch islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean.

Aruba has no administrative subdivisions. For census purposes, it is divided into eight regions. Its capital is Oranjestad.

People 
The Aruba population is about 75% mixed, 15% black, and 10% white. The first inhabitants of Aruba were the Caiquetio Indians of the Arawak tribe from Venezuela.

References

 
Dependent territories
Kingdom of the Netherlands

The Kingdom of the Netherlands (), commonly called the Netherlands is a transcontinental sovereign state made up of four countries who share the same constitutional monarchy.

The member countries share a very high amount of autonomy. Foreign relations and defence are managed by the Constituent Country of the Netherlands.

Member states

Countries 
The kingdom was formed in 1954 and is now made up of four countries:

European country:
 1. Netherlands

Caribbean islands:
 2. Aruba
 3. Curaçao
 4. Sint Maarten

Special municipalities 
The Caribbean Netherlands are special municipalities ('public body') of the Netherlands (see :Category:Municipalities of the Netherlands) and consists of:
 Bonaire
 Saba
 Sint Eustatius

The Netherlands Antilles doesn't exist anymore and were made up of the six above mentioned Caribbean islands.

Suriname was also part of the Kingdom until it became independent in 1975.

Notes

References 

 
Dutch-speaking countries
Kill Bill

Kill Bill is an American martial arts crime movie directed by Quentin Tarantino. It was released in two parts; Volume 1 and Volume 2. In most countries it is rated for adult viewing only because of extreme violence and profanity.

Cast 
 Sonny Chiba as Hanzō Hattori

Other websites 
 

2003 movies
2004 movies
American crime movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Quentin Tarantino
Martial arts movies
Drive-by shooting

A drive-by shooting is when a gun is fired from a moving vehicle, at a target outside the vehicle. Drive-bys are known in gang violence. Many rappers have died in drive-by shootings such as Tupac Shakur and The Notorious B.I.G..

References

Murders by firearm
Granada

Granada is a Spanish city, capital of the province of Granada, in Andalusia. With 233,000 inhabitants, it is an important artistic and cultural center. The city has many famous monuments, such as the Alhambra, the Cathedral, the Alcaiceria, and the Corral del Carbon. It is near Sierra Nevada, the highest mountain range in Spain, in the valley where the Genil and Darro rivers meet. The Darro runs through the Albaicin and the Sacromonte, two charming historical areas of the city.

Districts

Realejo 
Realejo is where the Jewish people of Granada lived for hundreds of years. In 1492, Isabella of Castile forced the Jewish people of Granada to leave Spain. Now, it is known for its street art and food.

Cartuja 
Cartuja is named after an old monastery in this district. The area also contains many buildings that are part of the University of Granada.

Bib-Rambla 
This district is named after a big, important gate built by the Nasrid dynasty. The name means "Gate of the Ears." Bib-Rambla is in the middle of the city, and it has many important landmarks like the cathedral.

Sacromonte 
The Sacromonte is in the northern half of Granada, near the Albaicin. It is famous for the Romani people that have lived there. It has many houses made from caves dug into the hill. It is famous for flamenco dancing, as well as its views of the Alhambra.

Albaicin 
The Albaicin is one of the oldest areas of Granada. In fact, before the city of Granada, there was an older city here called Elvira. Like the Sacromonte, it is famous for its views of the Alhambra.

Zaidin 
Zaidin is an area in the far south of Granada. It has the most people of any district in Granada.

Related pages
Battle of Granada

Other websites 

 Detailed information about the Alhambra
 Website of the Granada Tourist Office 
 Granada Local Tourist Guide 
 Photos of Granada
 International Students Community 
 More interesting information about the Alhambra

 
Capital cities in Spain
Cádiz

Cádiz is a Spanish city, capital of the Province of Cádiz, in Andalusia. It is the southernmost capital in the Iberian Peninsula. The population is 130,000, but it is the centre of a metropolitan area, the Bay of Cádiz, with more than 500,000 inhabitants. Majority of its inhabitants follow Catholic Church. The Cádiz Cathedral is the seat of the Diocese of Cadiz y Ceuta. The cathedral was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1931. 

Cádiz is known for its attractive beaches where many nautical sports can be practiced. This is possible thanks to the excellent climate all year round. It is one of the oldest cities in Western Europe and it used to be one of the most imporant Spanish ports during the Spanish Golden Age and the Age of Discovery.

References 

 
Capital cities in Spain
Mérida, Spain

Mérida () is the capital of Extremadura, an autonomous community in Spain. It has 55,000 inhabitants and is an important Roman center, with the theatre and the bridge over the Guadiana river.

Sister cities
  Rome, Italy
  Mérida,  Venezuela
  Mérida, Mexico
  Mérida, Philippines

Other websites

 
 Roman Art National Museum
 Pictures of Roman Mérida 
 Photos of Mérida: Roman monuments and other views of the city

Capital cities in Spain
Province of Badajoz
Municipalities in Extremadura
Cuenca

Cuenca is a Spanish city, capital of the Cuenca province, in Castile-La Mancha. Around 50,000 are living there. It is famous for its monuments: The hanging houses, the Cathedral and other churches. It is located over the Jucar river, near the Serrania of Cuenca.

Images

References

Other websites 

Cuenca

Province of Cuenca
Municipalities in Castile-La Mancha
Capital cities in Spain
World Heritage Sites in Spain
Henry Fonda

Henry Jaynes Fonda (May 16, 1905 – August 12, 1982) was an American actor. He was the head of a family of actors: son Peter, daughter Jane, granddaughter Bridget and grandson Troy Garity. He has won an Academy Award.

Fonda starred in movies including The Grapes of Wrath (1940), 12 Angry Men (1957), Once Upon a Time in the West (1968) and Yours, Mine and Ours (1968). His last performance was in 1981's On Golden Pond.

Fonda was born on May 16, 1905 in Grand Island, Nebraska. He studied at the University of Minnesota.

He was married to Margaret Sullavan from 1931 until they divorced in 1932. Then he was married to Frances Ford Seymour from 1936 until her death in 1950. Then he was married to Susan Blanchard from 1950 until they divorced in 1956. Then he was married to Afdera Franchetti from 1957 until they divorced in 1961. Then he was last married to Shirlee Mae Adams from 1965 until his death in 1982.

Fonda died on August 12, 1982 from heart disease in Los Angeles, California. He was 77.

References

Other websites
 
 Tribute Site - full of pictures
 Fonda family tree 

1905 births
1982 deaths
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Nebraska
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Kennedy Center honorees
Deaths from heart disease
Provinces of Spain

There are fifty parts of Spain called provinces. They are:

 
Spain-related lists
Cartagena

Cartagena is a city in the Region of Murcia, in Spain. In the south of the region, at the Mediterranean Sea. The population of the city is 205,000 and it is an industrial centre. Cartagena was founded by the Carthaginese as "Qart Hadasht" and the name means New City.

Other websites
Reinheitsgebot

The Reinheitsgebot is a regulation about the purity of beer.  The regulation started in Ingolstadt, in Bavaria, in Germany, in 1516.

The regulation says several things:
It says what can be part of beer, and what can not. Beer may only contain water, barley, and hops.
It gives a price to beer. This is important for taxation. The price is set to 1-2 Pfennigs per Maß.

Some people talk about the Bavarian Reinheitsgebot, or the German Reinheitsgebot. They all mean the same thing.  There are similar acts in the other states which later became known as Germany.

The Reinheitsgebot is no longer part of German law. It has been replaced by the Provisional German Beer Law,  which allows things prohibited in the Reinheitsgebot, such as wheat malt and cane sugar, but which no longer allows unmalted barley.

Yeast was not a part of beer until Louis Pasteur discovered what it did during fermentation. This was around the year 1800. Brewers (the people brewing beer) usually re-used some of the sediments of the fermentation. They took some sediments of an older brew and added those sediments to the next brew.

Hops were added as a method of preservation (to stop the beer going bad quickly).   Hops were allowed to stop other things (like adding certain mushrooms to the beer, which was done in the Middle Ages) being done to preserve beer. Other herbs, like stinging nettles had been used. The stinging nettle is part of the same plant family as hops.

A brewer who broke the Reinheitsgebot was punished: The beer barrels were taken by the state and destroyed and he/she did not receive any money for the loss.

Even today, many brewers are proud of the Reinheitsgebot; most German breweries say they follow it. Some only use it as a marketing tool.  The ''Reinheitsgebot' says that beer is made of barley, so all wheat beers were not allowed by the original Reinheitsgebot).

Belgian beers are different.  The brewers often add sugar (to boost fermentation). Nevertheless, Belgian beers have a brewing tradition at least as long as those of Germany. They taste totally different from the German ones.

References

Beer-related culture
German beers
Maß

A Maß or Mass is an old unit of measurement of liquid. Literally translated, it means mass. It is equal to 1.069 litre. Today, it is only used for measuring quantities of beer (one litre). Beer is usually served as 0.2 or 0.3 l (small beer) or as 0.5 l (big beer), but at some occasions (like the Oktoberfest) and some places it is also served as a Maß.

Usually this Maß is served in special mugs. These used to be made of ceramics, especially clay. During the 19th and 20th centuries most were replaced by ones made of glass.

Old units of measurement
Units of volume
Wolverine

The wolverine or glutton (Gulo gulo) is the largest member of the Mustelidae family (the weasels). It is a stocky and muscular carnivore, more like a small bear than other mustelids. The wolverine, a solitary animal, has a reputation for ferocity, and can kill prey many times larger than itself. It is a powerful and versatile predator and scavenger.

There is a clear difference between two subspecies: the Old World form Gulo gulo gulo and the New World form G. g. luscus.

The male is about  tall, the female . Their length ranges from  (female) to  (male) and they reach a weight of around . Their tail measures about . Their brown fur protects them from the extremely cold temperatures and their big feet enable them to walk on top of snow.

Distribution
 Wolverines live primarily in isolated arctic and alpine regions of northern Canada, Alaska, Siberia, and Scandinavia. they are also native to European Russia, the Baltic countries, northeast China and Mongolia. In 2008 and 2009, wolverines were sighted as far south as the Sierra Nevada, near Lake Tahoe, for the first time since 1922. They are also found in low numbers in the Rocky Mountains and northern Cascades of the United States, and have been sighted as far south and east as Michigan. However, most New World wolverines live in Canada.

Wolverines feed on almost every type of food that they can find: mice, rats, birds, bird eggs, reindeer and other large prey. Wolverines prefer to hunt larger prey in winter, when the snow slows down the prey and gives the wolverine an advantage.

Wolverines are highly territorial. Wolverines reproduce every two or three years. The female gives birth to one to three young (called kits) in a tunnel called a den deep underneath snowdrifts.

Protection 
Humans are the wolverine’s main enemy. The wolverine’s thick, warm fur is used to manufacture the trim of a parka's hood or other winter clothes, as the dense guard hairs do not collect frost.

In February 2013, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service proposed giving Endangered Species Act protections to the wolverine largely because climate change (global warming) is whittling away its wintry habitat in the northern Rockies. Wolverines have poor eyesight but a keen sense of smell, they can smell prey 20 feet under the snow.

References 

Mustelids
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Europe
Mammals of North America
Republic of Mahabad

The Republic of Mahabad (also Republic of Kurdistan), established in Iranian Kurdistan, was the second independent Kurdish state of the 20th century after the Republic of Ararat in Turkey. Its capital was the Kurdish city of Mahabad in northwestern Iran. The Republic was part of the Iran crisis a conflict between the United States and USSR.

The republic was led by President Qazi Muhammad and Minister of Defense Mustafa Barzani. Prime Minister was Hadschi Baba Scheich. The Republic of Mahabad declared independence on January 22, 1946, but the movement was defeated a year later by the army of the central government of Iran.  . After the collapse of the republic in 1947, Qazi Muhammad was hanged in public in Chuwarchira Square in the center of Mahabad.

Massoud Barzani, the current President of Iraqi Kurdistan, was born in Mahabad when his father, the late General Mustafa Barzani, was chief of the military of Mahabad declared in Iranian Kurdistan  .

Archibald Roosevelt son of the former US-President Theodore Roosevelt, wrote in "The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad", that a main problem of the peoples Republic of Mahabad, was the Kurds needed the power of the USSR. Only with the Red army they had a chance. But these close relationship to Stalin and the USSR let many Kurdish tribes to be in opposition with this Kurdish state.

References 
 "The Republic of Kurdistan: Fifty Years Later," International Journal of Kurdish Studies, 11, no. 1 & 2, (1997). 
 The Kurdish Republic of 1946, William Eagleton, Jr. (London: Oxford University Press, 1963)
 Moradi Golmorad: Ein Jahr autonome Regierung in Kurdistan, die Mahabad-Republik 1946 - 1947 in: Geschichte der kurdischen Aufstandsbewegungen von der arabisch-islamischen Invasion bis zur Mahabad-Republik, Bremen 1992, 
 M. Khoubrouy-Pak: Une république éphémère au Kurdistan, Paris u.a. 2002, 
 Archie Roosevelt, Jr., "The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad", Middle East Journal, no. 1 (July 1947), pp. 247–69.
 Kurdish Republic of Mahabad, Encyclopedia of the Orient.  
 The Kurds: People without a country, Encyclopædia Britannica 
 Meiselas, Susan Kurdistan In the Shadow of History, Random House, 1997.  
 McDowall, David A Modern History of the Kurds, I. B. Tauris, 1996 (Current revision at May 14, 2004). 
 Yassin, Burhaneddin A., Vision or Realty: The Kurds in the Policy of the Great Powers, 1941-1947, Lund University Press, Lund/Sweden, 1995. ,  Lund University Press. ou  Chartwell-Bratt Ltd.

Related pages
 Republic of Ararat
 Kurdish Autonomous Region
 Ethnic minorities in Iran

Other websites 
 Mahabad Republic at Britanica encyclopedia
 Kurds at the crossroad
 The Encyclopedia of World History 
 The kurdish Republic of Mahabad at PDKI-Canada  

History of Iran
Kurdistan
Former countries in the Middle East
Former republics
Coat of arms of Iran

The Emblem of Iran was made after the Islamic Revolution in that country, in 1979. After the revolution, Iran decided to use a new flag. The old flag had a picture of a golden lion and a sabre, that was a symbol for the Shah (king) of Iran. This emblem is a symbol for the whole country and the Islamic character of the new government. It is drawn to look like a version of the word الله which means "God" in the Arabic language, which is not the official language in Iran. It looks like a tulip, which is an old symbol for Iran.
Iran

National symbols of Iran
Teacher

A teacher is a person who helps people to learn. A teacher often works in a classroom. 

There are many different kinds of teachers. Some teachers teach young children in kindergarten or primary schools. Others teach older children in middle, junior high and high schools. Some teachers teach adults in colleges and universities. Some teachers are called professors. 

Teachers are usually professionals. They have been to college and got qualifications. They use various methods to teach. Teachers explain new knowledge, write on a blackboard or whiteboard, sit behind their desks on chairs, help students with their work and mark students' work. They may also use a computer to write tests, assignments or report cards for the class.

Teachers are not always professionals. Parents usually do a lot of teaching before children ever get to school.

Related pages 
Education
Pedagogy
School
Training

References

Education
Training
Getafe

Getafe is a city 15 km south of Madrid, in the Community of Madrid, Spain. 158,363 people live there. It has great commercial and industrial activity and many mass media. In Getafe there is a university, a military air base, and has a football team in the first division of the Spanish's League.

References
Hadschi Baba Scheich

Hadschi Baba Scheich (Haji Baba Sheikh) (Hecî Baba Şêx in Kurdish) was the prime minister of the Republic of Mahabad. After the republic was conquered by the Iranian army in 1947 he was the only one who was not hanged together with president Qazi Muhammad at the Chuwarchira Square in Mahabad in 1947.  He was immune because of his religious standing. The journalist and lyric Hemin Mukriyani was his secretary during the republic.

Literature
Archie Roosevelt, Jr., "The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad" ,Middle East Journal, no. 1 (July 1947), pp. 247-69

Kurdish politicians
Boston Terrier

Boston Terriers are a dog breed. They are considered to be one of the few American breeds as they can trace their origins to Boston, Massachusetts. It's hard to believe that these comical, family friendly dogs were originally bred to be ferocious pit-fighting dogs tracing their ancestors to an English Bulldog and the now extinct English White Terrier. 

They are usually very small, but can also be bred as medium sized dogs. They are considered to be cute dogs and are getting ever more popular. They are in many commercials and many celebrities have them.

Boston Terriers are a smart breed of dogs.  They can be extremely hyperactive, but overall are well behaved with training.  Their excitement and enthusiasm is a perk of their personality. They are compactly built with short, round heads, short tails, but strong limbs.  They have a smooth coat, with colors of brindle, seal brown or black and evenly marked with white.

Boston Terriers are inside dogs that love affection. This breed is balanced with being independent (sometimes stubborn) and affectionate and wanting attention from humans. They require very little work when a part of a family and they are good dogs for children. 

Caring for a Boston Terrier requires little work. With a short coat, Bostons might need a bath every one to two weeks. Brushing is not necessary although it helps remove loose hair and reduces shedding. Bostons love rawhides (a chewy animal skin) and other chew toys that help with keeping their teeth healthy. Brushing your dog's teeth is recommended by vets for any breed. Boston Terriers do have sensitive stomachs and will eat grass when their stomach is upset but for the most part, this breed does not have restrictions on what they can eat. 

Terriers
FCI breeds
Dog breeds originating in the United States
1750s



Events 
 The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) fought between two rival alliances: the first side was the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the Electorate of Hanover, and Prussia; the second side was Austria, the Kingdom of France, the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Saxony, and Sweden. 
 Gregorian Calendar accepted in Europe.
 The French and Indian War on the American Continent. 
 Lisbon is destroyed by an earthquake.
 Great Upheaval: French settlers are moved out of Acadia by the British.
 The Battle of Plassey of 1757 in Bengal resulted in the beginning of British rule in India and the end of Indian independence.

Births 
 Betsy Ross, American seamstress
 Miguel Hidalgo, Mexican Catholic priest and revolutionary
 Marie Antoinette, Queen of France

Deaths 
 Johann Sebastian Bach, German musician 
 King John V of Portugal 
 Montesquieu, French writer
 Iyasus II, Emperor of Ethiopia
1798



Events 
 January 22 – Coup d'état in the Netherlands (Batavian Republic). Unitarian Democrat Pieter Vreede makes an end to the power of the parliament (with a conservative-moderate majority).
 7 March – French forces invade the Papal States and establish the Roman Republic
 April 7 – The Mississippi Territory is organized from territory from Georgia and South Carolina and is later twice made larger to include disputed land claimed by both the U.S. and Spain
 April 26 – France leaves Geneva
 May 24 – Irish nationalists start bloody rebellion against British occupation.
 June 12 – French take Malta
 June 12 – Coup d'état in the Netherlands (Batavian Republic). Moderates depose Pieter Vreede.
 July 1 – Napoleon's troops land in Egypt
 July 14 – The Alien and Sedition Acts become United States law making it a federal crime to write, publish, or utter false statements about the United States government
 July 21 – Napoleon defeats Mameluke forces near the Pyramids
 July 24 – Napoleon occupies Cairo
 July 30 – Selim III defeats Napoleon in Egypt
 July 31 – Second elections in the Netherlands (Batavian Republic). No general elections this time.
 August 1 – Horatio Nelson defeats the French navy under Admiral Brueys at the Battle of the Nile. Nelson himself is injured on the head.
 August 22 – French troops land at Killala in County Mayo to assist Irish rebellion.
 September 18 – Lyrical Ballads published anonymously by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth

Franz Xaver, Baron Von Zach, Scientific Editor, Astronomer, begins editing journals about navigation and the geographic positions of cities.
XYZ Affair in the U.S., followed by naval battles, but no war is declared.
 First mechanical music boxes
 Alessandro Volta and La Place discover electricity
 The Afghans Army occupied Lahore in Punjab
 Aarau is the temporary capital of the Helvetic Republic
 Alois Senefelder invents lithography
 Eli Whitney contracts with the US Federal Government for 10,000 rifles, which he produces with interchangeable parts
 Charles Brockden Brown publishes the first American Novel Wieland or The Transformation an American Tale

Ongoing events 
 French Revolution (1789-1799) Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802)-Second Coalition/Egyptian Campaign
 May-October – Irish Rebellion of 1798
1160



Events 
 Erik den helige is succeeded by Karl Sverkersson. See Swedish monarchs.
 Heiji Rebellion in Japan
 Yasovarman II succeeds his uncle Dharanindravarman as ruler of the Khmer Empire. Dharanindravarman's son Jayavarman, acquieses to his cousin's succession and goes into exile in neighboring Champa.
 Spital am Semmering founded by Margrave Ottokar III of Styria
 The City of Tomar is founded in Portugal by Gualdim Pais

1160
1169

1169 was a common year.

Events 
 Nur ad-Din invades Egypt, and his nephew Saladin becomes the sultan over the territory conquered by Nur ad-Din.
 Prince Andrey Bogolyubskiy sacks the Kievan Rus' capital Kiev.
 Start of the conquest of Ireland. Richard fitzGilbert de Clare ('Strongbow') makes an alliance with the exiled Irish chief, Dermot MacMurrough, to help him recover his kingdom of Leinster.
 Eleanor of Aquitaine leaves the English court of Henry II to establish her great court in Poitiers where the Courts of Love flourished.
1196

1196 (MCXCVI) was .

Events 
 Spring, London, popular uprising of the poor against the rich led by William Fitz Osbern.
 According to a popular legend, Prince Madog of Gwynedd reached North America in what is present-day Alabama.
 Stefan Prvovencani becomes Grand Župan of Serbia
 Creation of water boards in the region of present-day Netherlands, thereby being one of the oldest democratic entities still in existence in the world today.

Births 
 January 3 — Emperor Tsuchimikado of Japan (d. 1231)
 Alice of Champagne, daughter of Henry II of Champagne and regent of Jerusalem (d. 1246)

Deaths 
 August 15 — Conrad II, Duke of Swabia (b. 1173)
 King Alfonso II of Aragon (b. 1152)
 Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria
 William Fitz Osbern
 Vsevolod Svyatoslavich, Prince of Trubchevsk and Kursk
1800

1800 (MDCCC) was an exceptional common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Sunday in the Julian calendar.  As of the start of 1800, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

As of March 1 (O.S. February 18), when the Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not, the Julian calendar fell one day further behind, bringing the difference to 12 days until February 28 (O.S. February 16), 1900.

Events 
 World population hits 1 billion.
 March 14 – Cardinal Barnaba Chiaramonti is elected pope as Pius VII.
 March 21 – Pius VII is ordained.
 April 24 – U.S. Library of Congress founded.
 May 5 – Great Britain passes the Act of Union to join Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to take effect on 1 January 1801. The act is signed by King George III in August.
 May 15 – Napoleon Bonaparte crosses the Alps and invades Italy.
 June 14 – Battle of Marengo, Napoleon defeats the Austrian troops near Marengo, Italy.
 June 2 – First smallpox vaccination in North America, at Trinity, Newfoundland.
 June 27 – Pascha Jussuf Karamanli of Tripoli declares war on Sweden by having the flagpole on the consulate chopped down.
 September 5 – The island of Malta, that was occupied by the French, is conquered by British troops.
 November 1 – U.S. President John Adams becomes the first President of the United States to live in the Executive Mansion (later renamed the White House).
 November 17 – The U.S. Congress holds its first Washington, DC session.
 December 3 – Battle of Hohenlinden, the French army defeats the Austrian troops.
 December 24 – An assault on Napoleon Bonaparte fails in Paris.
 December 24 – Pierre Coudrin and Henriette Aymer de la Chevalerie found the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary in Paris.
 Invention of the voltaic pile by Alessandro Volta: the first chemical battery
 The infrared radiation is discovered by Wilhelm Herschel.
 The Althing of Iceland, the world's oldest parliament, is abolished.
Vigdís Finnbogadóttir

Vigdís Finnbogadóttir  (born April 15, 1930) was the 4th president of Iceland.  She was president from 1980 to 1996.  She was the world's first elected female head of state. With a presidency of exactly sixteen years, she also remains the longest-serving, elected female head of state of any country to date. Currently, she is a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador, and a Member of the Club of Madrid. At her election in 1980 she was the first woman to be elected the head of state in a democratic election. She was re-elected unopposed in 1984 and 1992, and beat her opponent in the election of 1988. She studied literature and drama at the University of Grenoble and the Sorbonne in Paris, and also at the University of Iceland. She graduated in English and French literature, and has a degree in education.

References

Other websites 
official cv 
Vigdís Finnbogadóttir Institute of Foreign Languages

1930 births
Living people
People from Reykjavík
Presidents of Iceland
Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson

Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson (born May 14, 1943) is an Icelanic politician. He served as the fifth President of Iceland, from 1996 to 2016, re-elected without opposition in 2000, and was re-elected in 2004, 2008, and 2012. 

He was born in Ísafjörður, Iceland.

From 1962 to 1970, he studied economics and political science at the University of Manchester. He was a professor at the University of Iceland for political science, served as a Member of the Althing, and was the Minister of Finance (1988–1991).

He married Guðrún Katrín Þorbergsdóttir in 1974, who gave birth to twin daughters the following year. Guðrún Katrín was very popular in Iceland, and her charm is without a doubt one of the main reasons her husband was elected; she charmed the nation from the start of his campaign. Her death from cancer in 1998 was a shock to the nation and her family. 

Ólafur's second marriage was to Dorrit Moussaieff to whom he had been engaged since May 2000. This took place on his 60th birthday May 14, 2003.

He announced in his new year's message on 1 January 2016, that he would be stepping down from the presidency at the end of his fifth term, namely on 1 August 2016. He left office on 1 August 2016. He was succeeded by Guðni Th. Jóhannesson.

References

1943 births
Living people
Presidents of Iceland
1811

1811 was a common year.

Births 
March 4 - Sir John Lawrence, British Indian administrator
October 22 – Franz Liszt, Hungarian composer

Events 
May 14 – Paraguay declares independence from Spain.
Bolivia declares indepencence.
Uruguay fights against Spain.
Coral Springs, Florida

Coral Springs is a planned city in Florida, United States. It was founded on July 10, 1963.

Cities in Florida
1963 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Florida
1560s



Events 
 In 1565 St. Augustine is founded by the Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés on August 28 in modern-day Florida. The city is the oldest continually occupied European settlement in the continental United States.
 In 1569, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is founded.
 Start of Eighty Years' War.

World leaders 
 Queen Elizabeth I in England
 Philip II, King of Spain

Births 
 William Shakespeare, British writer
 Karl I of Liechtenstein, first Prince of Liechtenstein
 Jahangir, Mughal Emperor of India

Deaths 
 Pieter Brueghel the Elder, Flemish painter
 Vladimir of Staritsa, Russian prince
Affenpinscher

The Affenpinscher is a small breed of dog in the toy group. These dogs originally came from Germany. They are known to have existed since the 1600s. Their name comes from the German word "Affe," which means "monkey," because their faces remind people of monkeys. Originally, the dog was bred to be a "ratter," a type of dog that kills rats and mice in homes, farms, and stables. Now that mice are not so commonly found in the home, Affenpinschers are usually just kept as pets.

Appearance 
The Affenpinscher is a very small kind of dog. It weighs between . Its height is between  at the shoulder. Their face is flat and "monkey-like." The most common and preferred colour of fur for this breed is black, but they can also come in grey, beige, and other colours. In the American Kennel Club, a good example of these dogs could be any colour. In the French and British Kennel Clubs they must only be black.

Temperament 
Even though Affenpinschers were bred to hunt mice, they do not like to chase other animals, so they can happily live with other pets. They are playful but very stubborn. These dogs can be difficult to train, because they do not like to listen to instructions and often become bored. Affenpinschers are somewhat territorial (protective) when it comes to their toys and food, so they are not recommended for homes with very small children.

This dog is mostly quiet, and does not bark much. It can become very excited if attacked, and shows no fear. toward any aggressor.

Health 
A small study showed that these dogs live an average of 11.4 years, which is not very long for a small dog (small dogs usually live 14–15 years). One of their most common health problems is bladder disease, which happens most often when the dogs are older (8 years and up.) Their short faces can make it difficult for them to breathe and exercise in hot weather. Like many kinds of dogs, Affenpinschers often get a disease called hip dysplasia which makes it difficult for them to run or walk.

Extinct variant 
The Seidenpinscher (Silky coated Pinscher),  was bred from the Affenpinscher and the Maltese (dog) around 1800.
The dog had long, tousled, silky hair, a curly tail like the Maltese dog, a face like the Affenpinscher, and a size like an Affenpinscher or Maltese dog. All colors was allowed.

The Seidenpinscher is believed to have died out between the two world wars. A well-known painting is that of the Seidenpinscher Puss from 1863.

References

Dog breeds originating in Germany
Rare dog breeds
FCI breeds
Yorkshire Terrier

The Yorkshire Terrier or Yorkie is a small breed of terrier dog. It originated in the United Kingdom in the town of Yorkshire, from where it gets its name.

They were first bred to catch mice and rats, so they are often fast and energetic. Yorkies usually weigh about 7 pounds (3.18 kg) and have a dark gray or black coat with a brown face. According to the American Kennel Club (AKC), Yorkies are the second most popular dog breed in America, behind only the Labrador Retriever. They are really playful, they will always want to play.

Terriers
FCI breeds
Dog breeds originating in England
The Chiffons

The Chiffons was an all-woman singing group. They started in New York City in 1960.

1960 establishments in the United States
1960s American music groups
1960s establishments in New York (state)
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
African-American musical groups
American girl groups
Musical groups established in 1960
Musical groups from New York City
The Bronx
Mott the Hoople

Mott the Hoople was a English hard rock/glam rock band. They formed in 1969 and broke up in 1976.

English rock bands
English hard rock bands
Musical groups established in 1969
Turner & Hooch

Turner & Hooch is a 1989 American criminal comedy-drama movie. It stars Tom Hanks as Detective Turner and Beasley the Dog as Hooch. It was a very successful movie from A Dog’s Life.

1989 comedy-drama movies
1980s buddy movies
1989 crime drama movies
1980s criminal comedy movies
American comedy-drama movies
1980s American crime drama movies
American criminal comedy movies
American buddy comedy movies
Buddy cop movies
Buddy drama movies
1980s English-language movies
Movies about dogs
Movies set in California
Movies directed by Roger Spottiswoode
The Temptations

The Temptations are a successful R&B singing group. They formed in Detroit, USA in 1960.  The Temptations have four Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles and 14 Billboard R&B number-one singles. They have three Grammy Awards.  The Temptations were the first Motown act to earn a Grammy Award.

Other websites
 

Musical groups from Detroit
1960 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Michigan
Brenda Lee

Brenda Mae Tarpley or Brenda Lee (born December 11, 1944 in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American pop singer. She was popular in the 1960s. She stood  tall and was called “Little Miss Dynamite” because of her strong voice. She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2002.

References

Notes

Other websites

Brenda Lee's official site

1944 births
Living people
Singers from Atlanta
People from Springfield, Missouri
Buddy Clark

Buddy Clark (born Samuel Goldberg, July 26, 1912 – October 1, 1949) was an American popular singer of the Big Band era. He had success in the 1930s and 1940s, returning to the United States after World War II. He died in a plane crash in 1949.

Singers from Massachusetts
American Jews
1912 births
1949 deaths
Air Supply

Air Supply is a pop music singing group. They formed in Melbourne, Australia in 1976.

The current members are Russell Hitchcock (born June 15, 1949 in Melbourne) and Graham Russell (born June 11, 1950 in Nottingham, England). In 1981 they got with their song "The One That You Love" a number one hit in the United States. They had their most popular times during the early 1980s.

Australian rock bands
Australian pop music groups
Musical duos
Musical groups from Melbourne
Musical groups established in 1975
1975 establishments
1970s establishments in Australia
Sex Pistols

The Sex Pistols were the first popular punk group in Britain and one of the first bands to come from the rising U.K. punk scene of the late 1970s. They were only together for about 3 years, from late 1975 to early 1978, and they were known for their rowdy behaviour more than their music. The music they made gave many new artists a big influence on their music, mostly in the alternative music and punk scenes such as California punk rock group Green Day.

The band members were Johnny Rotten (vocals), Paul Cook (drums), Steve Jones (guitar) and Glen Matlock (bass). Sid Vicious later replaced Matlock on bass in February 1977 but died 2 years later. They recorded only one studio album, called Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols during the summer of 1977. One of their most famous songs is "Anarchy In The UK". Another one of their most famous songs is "God Save the Queen (Sex Pistols song)", which was banned by the BBC for it's contents. They split up after a show at Winterland on January 14th, 1978, with Rotten saying "You ever get the feelin' you're bein' cheated?"

Albums 
 Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols (1977)
The Great Rock n' Roll Swindle (1979) (Soundtrack to a film of the same name)
Flogging A Dead Horse (1980) (Greatest Hits Compilation Album)

Other websites 
 God Save The Sex Pistols
 John Lydon Official Site 
 The Filth and the Fury
 Photographs by Bob Gruen 

1975 establishments in the United Kingdom
1978 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
English punk bands
Musical groups established in 1975
Musical groups disestablished in the 1970s
Musical groups from London
Walter Murphy

Walter Murphy (b. December 19, 1952) is a classically trained American pianist. He was born in New York City. He had a hit song in the late 1970s, "A Fifth of Beethoven".

Other websites 

Walter Murphy's Allmusic Page

American pianists
Musicians from New York City
1952 births
Living people
1570s



Events 
 Transition from the Muromachi to the Azuchi-Momoyama period in Japan
Fourth War of Religion in France, including the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
Vilcabamba, last independent part of the Inca Empire, is conquered by the Spanish.
8.3 Ms Earthquake destroys the town of Concepción

Births 
Abbas I of Safavid dynasty, Shah of Iran 
Juan Pujol, Catalan composer of music and organist
Robert Catesby, English leader of the Gunpowder Plot

Deaths 
Tupac Amaru, last of the Inca kings
John Knox, Scottish religious reformer
Bette Davis

Bette Davis (April 5, 1908 – October 6, 1989), full name Ruth Elizabeth Davis, was an American actress of the stage, cinema and television. She was born in Lowell, Massachusetts. She was nicknamed "The Queen of Hollywood" or the "First Lady of the American Screen" and "The Fifth Warner Brother" during her career.

Davis had held the most Academy Award nominations for any actress (with ten) until Katharine Hepburn took her place with twelve.

Bette Davis made over 100 films across 60 years. Some of the most popular
films include: Of Human Bondage (1934), Marked Woman (1937), Jezebel (1938), Dark Victory (1939), The Letter (1940), The Little Foxes (1941), Now, Voyager (1942), Watch on the Rhine (1943), Mr. Skeffington (1944), All About Eve (1950), The Virgin Queen (1955), The Catered Affair (1956), Pocketful of Miracles (1961), What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962), Death on the Nile (1978) and The Whales of August (1987).

In 1981 Kim Carnes sang the hit song "Bette Davis Eyes". Davis liked the song. Carnes gave Davis a gold record. Davis hung the gold record on a wall.

The Kennedy Center honored Davis in 1987. She died of breast cancer in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.

Other websites 
 Bette Davis at Classic Actresses 
 Classic Movies (1939 - 1969): Bette Davis

Sources

Actors from Massachusetts
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Cancer deaths in France
Deaths from breast cancer
Kennedy Center honorees
1908 births
1989 deaths
People from Lowell, Massachusetts
John Knox

John Knox (c. 1510 – 24 November 1572) was the man who brought the Protestant Reformation to Scotland.  He was one of the founders of the Presbyterian Church. Knox joined the movement to change the Roman Catholic church in Scotland. He married twice and had five children. Knox preached until he died.

A  fight between Catholic France and Protestant England for Scotland began again because of the Reformation. Sometimes France had more power. Other times England had it. Knox spent many months as a galley slave. He also spent time in exile because of his Protestant beliefs. During a trip to Scotland, Knox's preaching helped the Protestant movement. Several Protestant noblemen came together and made a group called the Lords of the Congregation. When the group had more power, they invited Knox back to Scotland to stay.

During 1500 and 1561, the Scottish Parliament accepted the Reformed confession of faith made by Knox and other people. Knox argued many times with Mary, Queen of Scots. In his book History of the Reformation in Scotland he writes about his five "conversations" with the Roman Catholic queen. In one of these conversations, Mary asked Knox what right he had to rebuke the queen so directly and openly. Knox replied, "...I am a worm of this earth, and yet a subject...but I am a watchman, both over the realm (land) and the Kirk [Church] of God...For that reason I am bound in conscience (it is my duty) to blow the trumpet publicly (openly)". Mary's violent life finally made even her Catholic helpers lose their support. She gave up the throne. So, Knox was able to make the Protestant church in Scotland. Because of him, the Presbyterian church was made.

References

1510s births
1572 deaths
British Protestants
Calvinists
Christian theologians
Presbyterian ministers
Protestant Reformers
Scottish Christian clergy
People from East Lothian‎
List of Nobel Prize winners in Literature

The Nobel Prize in Literature is one of many Nobel Prizes given in honor of Alfred Nobel. Every year, a writer is chosen by the Swedish Academy to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature. They choose someone who they think has written something that has great value. The prize was awarded the first time in 1901 to Sully Prudhomme of France.

List of laureates 

List of Nobel Prize laureates (winners) in Literature from 1901 to the present date.

Related pages 

 List of Nobel Prize winners by country
 List of Nobel Prize winners in Chemistry
 List of Nobel Prize winners in Economics
 List of Nobel Prize winners in Physics
 List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine
 List of Nobel Peace Prize winners

References

Other websites 

 The Nobel Prize in Literature - Laureates 
 Nobel Prize Winners in Literature
 The Nobel Prize
 Written in Stone  - Burial locations of literary figures.

Literature
Zuni

The Zuni, also called Zuñi or Ashiwi are a Native American tribe. They live near the Zuni River. This river flows into the Little Colorado River, in western New Mexico, United States.

They are famous for their language, which is not like other Pueblo or Native American languages. It is a language isolate.

Native Americans
People from New Mexico
1460s



Events 
Sonni Ali, first Songhai king, conquers many of his African neighbors.
Thirteen Years' War ends in eastern Europe.
The Portuguese continue to explore the world.
Chimú Empire taken over by soldiers of the Inca Empire in South America.

Births 
King Louis XII of France
Emperor Go-Kashiwabara of Japan
Erasmus, Dutch thinker
Montezuma II, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlán
Pope Paul III
Juan de Zumárraga, first bishop of Mexico

Deaths 
Prince Henry the Navigator, Portuguese explorer
David of Trebizond, Byzantine Emperor
Zhengtong Emperor of China
Nicholas of Cusa, German mathematician and astronomer 
Pope Pius II
Skanderbeg, Albanian national hero
Zara Yaqob, Emperor of Ethiopia
1460



Events 
 The first Portuguese navigators reach the coast of modern Sierra Leone.
 March 5 – King Christian I of Denmark declares the unity of the two provinces of Schleswig and Holstein, who have been treated as one ever since (although under different national affiliations).
 March 6 – Treaty of Alcacovas – Portugal gives Castile the Canary Islands in exchange for claims in West Africa
 June – The Earl of Warwick and Edward, Earl of March, eldest son of the Duke of York, land in England with an army and seize London.
 July 18 – Battle of Northampton – Warwick and March defeat a Lancastrian army and seize King Henry. It is agreed that York will be Henry's heir, disinheriting the King's son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales.
 December 30 – Battle of Wakefield – A Lancastrian army under Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset and Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland defeats a Yorkist army under the Duke of York and his son, Edmund, Earl of Rutland. Both York and Rutland are killed, the latter murdered after the battle. York's son Edward becomes leader of the Yorkist faction.