alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Toucan

Toucans are a South American bird in the family Ramphastidae. This bird lives in small flocks in lowland rainforests in countries such as Costa Rica. It flies short distances between trees. Toucans rest in holes in trees. They mostly eat fruit, but sometimes they also eat insects and small lizards.

They are brightly marked and have large, often-colorful bills. The family includes five genera and over forty different species.

Toucans are resident breeders and do not migrate. Toucans are usually found in pairs or small flocks. They sometimes fence with their bills and wrestle, which scientists think is to find out who is the top bird amongst them.

Beak 
Toucans are known for their huge beaks, which can grow larger than their bodies. The beak may also be used to cool the bird off. They use their beaks for reaching over and plucking fruit from branches of trees. The bright colors (usually orange) on the beak may help the toucans to recognize each other, and to scare off other birds. The structure of their beaks consists of a keratin exterior and a bony foam interior. The beak is loaded in bending and foraging and fencing activities, although it has a low compressive strength.

Diet 
The diet of toucans consists mainly of fruit, they are frugivorous. Although they sometimes consume small animals such as small birds, insects, and lizards. They also eat eggs from nests, and nestlings.

References 

Piciformes
Birds of South America
Birds of Central America
Elbow

The elbow is a hinge-joint between the bones of the upper and lower arm. It joins the humerus of the upper arm and the radius and ulna of the forearm together. Everyone has 2 elbows. It allows the lower arm to be extended or retracted (moved in). The elbow also allows the arm to turn. It moves by using three ligaments: the anterior, posterior, ulnar collateral and radial collateral ligaments.

Joints
Wrist

The wrist is the joint that links together the lower arm and the hand.

Other websites 
 The ligaments in the wrist

Joints
Knee

The knee is the joint that links 4 of the upper and lower bones of the leg, which are called the femur, tibia, fibula and the patella. The knee joint is the largest joint in the body and is an extensive network of ligaments and muscles. Basically, it is a hinge which allows movement of the lower leg in only one direction. The lower leg (tibia+fibula+foot) can swing back from the knee, and that is all.

The knee is held together by ligaments which connect the bones and produces fluid which lubricates the movement at the joint. The meniscus is a cartilage 
that lies on the inner and outer edges of the upper surface of the tibia. These are the shock
absorbers of the knee and supply proper weight distribution.

Basic English 850 words
Joints
X Japan

X Japan is a Japanese rock band. They were formed in 1982 by Yoshiki. They have sold over 30 million albums and singles and over 2 million videos to date. X Japan stopped making music in 1997, but reunited in 2007. They performed their first world tour live in Hong Kong in 2009. They played to 20,000 people in two days.

Some visual kei bands are influenced by X Japan.

Name
The band was first called "X" but because the letter X was already the name of another band they changed their name to "X Japan" to avoid confusion.

Albums
 Vanishing Vision (1988)
 Blue Blood (1989)
 Jealousy (1991)
 Art of Life (1993)
 Dahlia (1996)

References

Japanese heavy metal bands
Speed metal bands
Power metal bands
Progressive metal bands
Glam metal bands
Visual kei bands
1982 establishments in Japan
Emilio de Villota

Emilio de Villota Ruíz (born in Madrid, July 26, 1946) is a former racing driver from Spain.  He participated in 15 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on May 2, 1976.  He scored no championship points.

In 2005, he participated in Formula Palmer Audi driving a Mapfre's car (nº7)

1946 births
Living people
Spanish racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
TAE connector

TAE (Telekommunikations-Anschluss-Einheit) is the German standard for telephone plugs and sockets.

The standard covers two TAE types: F ("Fernsprechgerät": for telephones) and N ("Nebengerät": for other devices such as answering machines and modems).

Pin-out

Electrical connectors
Technological singularity

The technological singularity or tech singularity is the idea that a machine or computer, or a group of machines and computers, will one day be smarter than humans.

Because it has not happened yet, nobody really knows what the technological singularity will do, or if it will even happen. Nonetheless, the technological singularity has been a subject in many science fiction works, such as The Terminator, The Matrix, and the Borg in Star Trek. In most depictions of the singularity, machines have consciousness and humans are considered to be useless. The futurist (who studies about the future) and inventor Ray Kurzweil believes the Singularity will happen about the year 2045. The major impetus driving toward the singularity, according to Kurzweil, is that according to Moore's Law, computers are doubling in memory capacity every 18 months. According to Kurzweil, by 2029, computers will be as intelligent as human beings (see artificial intelligence).

Possible effects of such a singularity can include
 Human extinction or enslavement
 Mass unemployment, starvation, etc.
 A post-scarcity system
 Cybernetic immortality
 Mind uploading
Etc.

Related pages
 Cybernetics
 Emerging technologies
 Innovation

References

Other websites
 Technological Singularity subreddit
 The Technological Singularity and Merging with Machines - BigThink.com

Technology
Mew (Pokémon)

Mew (ミュウ, Myuu) is a fictional character from the Pokémon franchise. In the Pokémon video games, it is a Psychic-type secret Pokémon that was discovered in the first group of Pokémon games: Pokémon Red and Blue, Green, and Yellow. Mew is the Red/Blue/Green/Yellow counterpart to the Gold/Silver/Crystal Celebi and the Ruby/Sapphire/Emerald Jirachi.

The name "Mew" refers to the sound made by a cat. Mew was secretly put in the game by one of the lead programmers, Shigeki Morimoto. When the Game Freak president, Satoshi Tajiri, found out about it, he told about it being in the game.

Mew is #151 in the Pokédex and could only be obtained through special events or by using a cheating device like Gameshark, or a game-enhancing device. Mew can also be obtained in the original issues of the Pokémon yellow and blue (US) by “cheat”. If you get a Pokémon early on (before going to Misty’s gym or defeating man to the left of the nugget bridge) that has growl (charmander has it from the start) and an Abra or a Pokémon that can fly but you can’t fly this early in game (you can get an abra in the grass next to the nugget bridge but be careful not to battle the man standing above that grass he’s needed later). After this go to the health center and heal, then go to the top of the nugget bridge and save. Head down to Misty’s gym, go straight and take a right and challenge hit the guy trainer in a pool to the right use growl 6 times on his shelder then defeat him. Go back to the fight a Pokémon that’s low enough in level not to level your Mew up to level 2, it will automatically level up to 100.

Mewtwo 

Mewtwo is a "Genetic" species of Pokémon that is number 150 in the Pokédex. Mewtwo was cloned from Mew by scientists. It is a Psychic type Pokémon. Mewtwo appeared in two movies: Pokémon: The First Movie and Pokémon: Mewtwo Returns.

In Pokémon Red and Blue the player first learns of Mewtwo by research papers left in a ruined laboratory on Cinnabar Island. Mewtwo is told to be a mutant child of Mew made after years of work by one scientist. Mewtwo is obtainable in the Cerulean Cave, which opens after defeating the Elite Four. In the remakes Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen the player now has to  get 60 Pokédex entries before they can go in the cave. 

In Pokémon X and Y, Mewtwo can be found in the Unknown Dungeon after entering the Hall of Fame. It can Mega Evolve into two different forms: Mega Mewtwo X using Mewtwonite X and Mega Mewtwo Y using Mewtwonite Y.

Mewtwo is a character in Super Smash Bros. Melee, and is one of eleven playable characters that can be unlocked in the game. 	It uses the moves Shadow Ball, Confusion, Teleport, and Disable

References 

Fictional characters introduced in 1996
Mew
Marseille

Marseille (Occitan: Marselha) is a city in the south of France in the Bouches-du-Rhône department. About 1.7 million people live in the metropolitan area, and about 850,000 in the city itself. This makes it the second largest city in France by number of people. Its commercial port  is the biggest in France and one of the most important in the Mediterranean sea.

Although part of the region of Provence, Marseilles has its own history.  This city is the oldest in France and probably the most complex.  The city was started around 600 BC by Greek sailors from Phocaea (modern day Foça, near İzmir).  This was a Greek colony in Asia Minor that is in what is now Turkey.

Marseille has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Koeppen climate classification).

Education 
 École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
 Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancées
 Kedge Business School
See also  Transport in Marseille

References
Actuary

Actuaries are people who are experts in mathematics, probability, economics, and finance who figure out how much money businesses should charge for making promises to pay for something that may or may not happen.


History
Hundreds of years ago, when people got sick or died, it cost a lot of money to take care of them or bury them. People had the idea of joining their money together to help each other out. This was called pooling. Eventually, people started to make a business out of collecting enough money to help people who had big problems.

Figuring out how much money needed to be collected from people to be used if problems happened was not easy. Over hundreds of years, the math needed for this was developed by many people from all over the world.

Today, actuaries use computers to figure out problems that were too difficult before.

Work
Actuaries now work in many places. Most work for insurance companies, but others work in all kinds of finance companies. Actuaries still figure out how much money needs to be paid for life insurance, as well as other kinds of money promises, like pensions, car insurance, house insurance, and similar.

Actuaries also work with companies to figure out if making certain business deals are a good idea, since actuaries work with figuring out what the probabilities are of different business situations happening.

Tests
People who want to be actuaries need to take many tests. The tests are not the same in different parts of the world.

Notes

Mathematicians
Financial occupations
Thesaurus

A thesaurus is a dictionary of synonyms (words that have the same or similar meaning). Thesauruses (or thesauri) often include related words that mean almost the same thing. Some thesauruses also include antonyms (words that have the opposite meaning).

For example, by looking up the word "big" in a thesaurus, someone would find a list of other similar words such as "huge" and "massive". If the thesaurus also has a list of antonyms, the user could also find words which mean the opposite, like "small" and "tiny".

Many students and writers use a thesaurus to help them find words when they are writing. Using a thesaurus can help a person to improve their vocabulary (the number of words that they know).

Related pages 
Wiktionary

Other websites 
 Power Thesaurus - website with lists of synonyms and antonyms ordered by rating
 Thesaurus.com - website with detailed options for each word
 Visual Synonyms - website with visualization of synonyms and antonyms

Reference works
Vocabulary
Bass (fish)

For other uses of the word "bass," see bass.

Bass is the name of some species (types) of fish that are often caught for food or sport.  There are freshwater bass (that live in rivers and lakes) and saltwater bass (that live in the ocean).  Many bass live in or near North America.  Bass are from the order of Perciformes or "perch-like fish".  Their name comes from the word for 'perch'.

Some well-known bass species are:
temperate basses such as the striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and white bass (M. chrysops), from the family Moronidae.
warm water basses, such as the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), smallmouth bass (M. dolomieu), spotted bass (M. punctulatus), Guadalupe bass (M. treculii) and rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris), from the sunfish family, Centrarchidae. These basses are also called black basses.

Many other species are also called basses, such as: 
The Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata, from the perch family, Percichthyidae.
The black sea bass, Centropristis striata, from the family Serranidae.
The giant sea bass Stereolepis gigas, also called the black sea bass, from the family Polyprionidae.
The Chilean sea bass, Dissostichus eleginoides, more commonly known as the Patagonian toothfish.
The European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax.

Perciformes
Roxette

Roxette is a Swedish pop music group formed in 1986. The band had 2 members, Per Gessle and Marie Fredriksson. Their song "It Must Have Been Love" was one of the most sold singles by the duo. It was released first as a Christmas song in 1987 and then as an "ordinary song" in 1990. In 1991, Roxette release the very popular album Joyride. For this album, they went on tour worldwide, playing 107 concerts. "The Look" and "Listen To Your Heart", are other popular songs by Roxette. They are very popular in South America and Europe.

They had released 8 studio albums and 9 compilation albums. One album, Baladas En Español, was sung in Spanish.

The band ended in December 2019 after Fredriksson died of brain cancer.

Discography
 1986 – Pearls of Passion 
 1987 – Dance Passion - The Remix Album 
 1988 – Look Sharp!
 1991 – Joyride 
 1992 – Tourism 
 1994 – Crash! Boom! Bang!
 1995 – Rarities
 1995 – Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus! Roxette's Greatest Hits
 1996 – Baladas En Español
 1999 – Have a Nice Day
 2001 – Room Service
 2002 – The Ballad Hits
 2003 – The Pop Hits
 2006 – Roxette Hits
 2006 – The Rox Box / Roxette 86-06
 2011 – Charm School
 2012 – Travelling

Other websites 

1980s Swedish music groups
1990s Swedish music groups
2000s Swedish music groups
2010s Swedish music groups
Musical groups established in 1986 
Pop rock bands
Swedish pop music groups
Swedish rock music groups
Hindu scripture

The Hindu scriptures are a number of books and other texts which tell about Hinduism and Hindu mythology. They are sacred literature for Hindus. Important Hindu scriptures include the following:

The Vedas
The Brahmanas
The Upanishads
The Puranas

Two epics (very important pieces), the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, are also important Hindu scriptures. 

All above sacred literature or scriptures are written in Sanskrit language. 

Besides the above, there are several other works that are sacred literature of Hindus. Many of them are written in other languages of India such as Tamil and Hindi.

Hinduism
Hindu texts
Aum

Om (also spelled Aum), is the most sacred symbol in Hinduism. Hindu scriptures tell many things about this symbol. In Hinduism, Om is like calling god's name towards you. This name is generally said three times, before chanting any prayers. Om is usually related to the Hindu God Shiva, who is the destroyer god.

Related pages
 Om Shinrikyo is a Japanese new religion or cult.

Hinduism
Religious symbols
Atlas (mythology)

Atlas is a Titan in Greek mythology. He is the son of Iapetus. He has seven daughters with the Oceanid Pleione. They are called the Pleiades.

After the war between the Olympians and the Titans, Atlas was punished. Zeus forced him to hold the heaven on the western edge of the world. Later, the story about him changed and it was said that he held the whole world on his shoulders. Mostly in modern times, he is shown holding a globe of the world.

Heracles came to Atlas and asked him to for help with one of his Labours. He wanted Atlas to get the "Golden Apples" for him as only an immortal could take them. Atlas agreed, but only if Heracles would hold up the sky. Atlas was pleased to be free from its weight but Heracles tricked him into holding it again.

Perseus also came to Atlas for help after killing Medusa. Atlas, who was tired of holding the heavens, asked Perseus to allow him to see Medusa's head. Perseus took out Medusa's head and Atlas turned into a mountain.

Atlas was turned into a mountain called, "[The] Atlas Mountains."

Titans
El Paso, Texas

El Paso is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat (the city where the county is governed) of El Paso County. It is in the far southwestern part of the U.S. state of Texas, along Interstate 10. The name comes from "El Paso de Norte", meaning The Passageway to the North.

The large majority of the city's inhabitants are Hispanic. The 2020 population from the U.S. Census Bureau was 678,815, making it the 23rd-largest city in the United States, the sixth-largest city in Texas, and the second-largest city in the Southwestern United States behind Phoenix, Arizona. The city is also the second-largest majority-Hispanic city in the United States, with 81% of its population being Hispanic.

El Paso won the All-America City Award five times: 1969, 2010, 2018, 2020, and 2021. 

The city has a desert climate and is home to the University of Texas at El Paso.

On August 3, 2019, 22 people were killed in a mass shooting.

References 

 
County seats in Texas
Ecosystem

An ecosystem (or ecological system) is a large community of living organisms (plants, animals and microbes) in a particular area. The living and physical components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. Ecosystems are of any size, but usually they are in particular places.

Each ecosystem has its own community. An aquarium community, for example, can have small fish and other organisms. A desert community may have cacti, small snakes, and scorpions. A pond community can have frogs, insects, snakes, and plants, and a forest community may have rabbits, foxes and pine trees. The species in a community are divided into populations according to the particular habitats and ecological niches in the ecosystem.

Energy 
Ecosystems are stable, but changeable. They react to major changes in the environment, especially climate changes. For example, the major rainforests have lasted for a long time (perhaps 50 million years or more in some cases). As the rainfall and temperature changes, they change. We know that the Amazon rainforest shrank in size during ice ages, and expanded in the warmer periods.

Primary production 
What drives all ecosystems is the primary production. Primary production is the production of organic matter from inorganic carbon sources. This happens through photosynthesis. It drives the carbon cycle, which influences global climate via the greenhouse effect.

Through the process of photosynthesis, plants capture energy from sunlight and use it to combine carbon dioxide and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen. The photosynthesis carried out by all the plants in an ecosystem is called the gross primary production (GPP). About 48–60% of the GPP is consumed in plant respiration. The rest is known as the net primary production (NPP). Total photosynthesis is limited by a range of environmental factors. These include the amount of light available, the amount of leaf area a plant has to capture light (shading by other plants limits photosynthesis), the supply of carbon dioxide and water, and suitable temperatures for carrying out photosynthesis.

Types 
Some of the major types of ecosystem:
 Aquatic ecosystem
 Marine ecosystem
 Freshwater ecosystem
 Lake ecosystem
 River ecosystem
 Wetland
 Terrestrial ecosystem
 Forest
 Rain Forest
 Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
 Littoral zone
 Riparian zone
 Desert
 Grassland
 Tundra
 Taiga

Related pages 
 Biodiversity
 Biosphere Reserve
 Ecology
 Ecosystem services
 Ecosystem valuation
 Natural environment
 Vegetation
 Wildlife

References
House of Stuart

The House of Stewart, or Stuart, is a royal house of Scotland and England.
The Tudor dynasty ended when Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603. She named her cousin James I as heir. He became James I of England, and started the Stuart dynasty.

List of monarchs
Here are the rulers of the Stuart dynasty:

Scotland

Great Britain and Ireland

References
Gregor Mendel

Gregor Johann Mendel (Heinzendorf, Austria, 20 July 1822 – Brünn, Austro-Hungary, 6 January 1884) was an Austrian monk and botanist.

Mendel founded genetics by his work cross-breeding pea plants. He discovered dominant and recessive characters (genes) from the crosses he performed on the plants in his greenhouse. What he learnt is known today as Mendelian inheritance.

His work was not appreciated at first, but was 'rediscovered' in 1900 by  Carl Correns and Hugo de Vries. Erich von Tschermak's status as a third rediscoverer is now less convincing.

The experiments 
Mendel used the edible peas (Pisum sativum) for his crosses. He selected seven characters which were distinctive, and never blended; they occurred as either-or alternatives. Examples:  plant height (short or tall); colour of peas (green or yellow); position of flowers (restricted to the top or distributed along the stem).

When he crossed varieties which differed in a trait (e.g. tall crossed with short), the first generation of hybrids (F1) showed only one of the two alternatives. One character was dominant, and the other recessive. But when he crossed these hybrids with each other, the recessive character reappeared in the second (F2) generation. The proportion of plants showing the dominant as opposed to the recessive character was close to 3 to 1. Further analysis of the descendants (F3) of the dominant group showed that one-third of them were true-breeding and two-thirds were of hybrid constitution. The 3:1 ratio could therefore be rewritten as 1:2:1, meaning that 50 percent of the F2 generation were true-breeding and 50 percent were still hybrid. This was Mendel’s major discovery.

It could all be summed up by saying that inheritance was not blending, as Darwin had thought, it was particulate. The factors (genes) were not merged or mixed, they stayed separate and were passed on to the next generation unchanged.

He published his work in 1866, but at the time no-one saw how significant it was. 35 years later, the papers were rediscovered and, immediately, modern genetics began.

Related pages
List of biologists
 Mendelian inheritance

References 

 Iltis, Hugo 1932. Life of Mendel, transl. by Eden & Cedar Paul. Allen & Unwin, London. German original: Gregor Mendel: Leben, Werk und Wirkung. Springer, Berlin 1924.

Other websites 
 Mendel's Paper in English
 Mendel Museum of Genetics
 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia entry, "Mendel, Mendelism"
 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
 Augustinian Abbey of St. Thomas at Brno
 Johann Gregor Mendel: Why his discoveries were ignored for 35 (72) years 

1822 births
1884 deaths
Austrian botanists
Geneticists
Austrian Roman Catholics
Christian monks
Moravian-Silesian Region
Marshal of the German Democratic Republic

Marschall der DDR (Marshal of the German Democratic Republic), was the highest rank in the NVA, the army of the DDR. It was founded on 25th March 1982. The reason was a strategy change in the armies of Warsaw Pact. After the change the DDR needed a new rank to be sure there was only one high command. The rank was never used and abolished in 1989.

East Germany
Farscape

Farscape is a science fiction television show.  The series was filmed in Australia.  It was first shown from March 19, 1999 to March 21, 2003, followed by Farscape: The Peacekeeper Wars, which was broadcast on October 17 and 18, 2004.  The show was cancelled after four seasons and ended with a cliffhanger.  The cliffhanger was resolved in a miniseries, The Peacekeeper Wars, in 2004.

Rockne S. O'Bannon came up the idea for the series.  It was produced by Jim Henson Productions and Hallmark Entertainment.

Plot
The show's main character is an astronaut named John Crichton.  He travels through a wormhole by accident.  He exits the wormhole at a distant part of the universe.  The astronaut joins an alien crew on board a living ship.  The members of the crew are escaped prisoners.

Cast
Ben Browder
Claudia Black
Virginia Hey
Anthony Simcoe
Gigi Edgley
Paul Goddard
Lani Tupu
Wayne Pygram
Jonathan Hardy

References

Other websites 

Karlsweb Farscape e-Zine
Farscape World
The Farscape Encyclopedia 
Far-what?
SCI-FI.COM | Farscape 
What Is Farscape?
Watch Farscape 
BBC Online - Cult - Farscape
The Farscape Props Forum
Neural Cluster
Terra Firma
ScapeCast - The Farscape Podcast

Science fiction television series
English-language television programs
Interplanetary internet

An interplanetary internet does not exist yet.  When people talk about an interplanetary internet, they are talking about a problem they are still trying to solve - the problem of making the internet to work between different planets.

Method 
The way the internet works here on Earth is simple. Computers need to connect to each and can share a network.  One computer sends another computer a message (called a packet) and then the other sends back a message saying it got it. Internet messages move at the speed of light, about 300 thousand kilometres in a second, which is very fast. But if you were sending that message to Mars, it would take about ten minutes for the message to get there, and another ten for it to get back.  That means we need to completely change the way computers talk to each other if we are going to communicate between different planets.  That is the problem people are trying to solve when they talk about the interplanetary internet. It's a new and a very interesting concept.

References

Other websites 
 The InterPlaNetary Internet Project IPN Special Interest Group

Internet
Briefs

Briefs are a type of short underwear for males or females. They provide a close fit, and come in either white, or in other colors like blue, pink, or red.

For male briefs, before the 2000s, briefs often came with hard elastic waistbands. This would cause stretch marks, and this was eventually replaced by the soft elastic waistband. However, hard elastic waistbands are still found on generic store brand underwear (that save consumer and manufacturing costs by not being fashion forward).

Female briefs are also called knickers or panties.

Underwear
Bottoms (clothing)
Kayastha

Kayastha is one of the social groups of India. They have a long history. They number around 10-12 million people and most of them live in India.

Hindus believe that Lord Brahma created the world. He then created 16 sons from different parts of his body. His 17th son, Shree Chitraguptjee, was created from his mind and soul. He is the only son to be made from the whole body, not just parts. In human form he is called kayastha, kaya meaning whole. Kayastha's have two roles in the caste system, as Kshatriya (a warrior) and Brahmin (a learned person or scribe). The Kayastha caste is divided into 12 sub-castes. Subdivision of Kayastha:- Chitragupta Kayastha of North India, Prabhu Kayastha of Maharashtra, Karnam/Karuneegar (Kayastha) of South India, Karanas (Kayastha) of Orissa, Bengali Kayastha of Bengal and Kalitas (Kayastha) of Assam.

References

Ethnic groups in India
Rainbow Brite and the Star Stealer

Rainbow Brite and the Star Stealer is an animated movie from 1985. It was produced by DiC Entertainment and Hallmark Cards, and released by Warner Bros.

This is the only movie in which the title character, Rainbow Brite, appears.

Other websites 

Moria.co.nz review 
Kiddie Matinee overview 

1980s animated movies
1985 fantasy movies
American animated movies
American fantasy movies
English-language movies
Warner Bros. movies
Arctic Monkeys

Arctic Monkeys are an indie rock band from Sheffield, England. Arctic Monkeys' first album was Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not. It reached #1 in the United Kingdom album charts. Over 300 thousand copies of the album were sold in the first week. This makes it the fasting selling first album by a band in British music history. It was nominated for Best Alternative Album at the 2006 Grammy Awards. Their second album, Favourite Worst Nightmare was first released in Japan on April 18, 2007. Their third album, Humbug was released in England on 24 August 2009. In 2011 their fourth album Suck It and See was released. AM, the Monkeys' fifth album, was released 6 September 2013. The sixth Arctic Monkeys album, Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino was released in 2018. 

The members are:
Alex Turner (guitar and singing)
Jamie Cooke (guitar)
Nick O'Malley (bass guitar)
Matthew Helders (drums)
Andy Nicholson (bass guitar, left in 2006)

Studio albums 
 Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not (2006)
 Favourite Worst Nightmare (2007)
 Humbug (2009)
 Suck It and See (2011)
 AM (2013)
 Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino (2018)
 The Car (2022)

References

2002 establishments in England
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
Brit Award winners
English rock bands
Indie bands
Musical groups established in 2002
Musical groups from Sheffield
Swarm

A swarm is a big group of animals. The term is usually used for insects, but other animals such fish and birds can make a swarm also. A good example of animals that swarm are locusts. Mammals do not build swarms, but herds.

Insects
Queen's University

Queen's University is a public university in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Queen's University was started on October 16, 1841.

References 

Queen's University
Opus number

Opus or the shortened form op.  after the title of a piece of music means “work”.  It is followed by a number.  When a composer writes their first piece of music it is followed by the term “opus 1”.  The next composition would then be called “opus 2”, etc.

Giving pieces of music opus numbers helps us to identify which piece of music (from a certain composer) that composition is.  For example: Beethoven wrote lots of piano sonatas. His first Piano sonata in A flat major has the opus number of op.26. This shows that he wrote this sonata when he was young in his composing career.  Many years later, he wrote another piano sonata which is also in A flat major, and this piece one has the opus number of 110 (op. 110).

You cannot always tell from a composer’s opus numbers the order in which the works were composed.  Until around the end of the 18th century, opus numbers were only given to pieces of music which were published.

Some musicologists (people who study and write about music) have studied all the works by a famous composer and have given them a catalogue number.  For example Mozart’s music does not have opus numbers.  Some of them are long operas, others are tiny little pieces for the piano he might have written in a hurry one day.  A man called Köchel made a list of every single work by Mozart and gave them K numbers (K for Köchel). His numbering goes up to 622.  This is useful, for example, to tell the difference between his Symphony in G minor K183 and his Symphony in G minor K550.

The plural of “opus” is “opuses” in English.  This is because the Latin plural is opera which is rather confusing to English speakers as the word is already used in musical terminology. 

The word "opus" can also refer to the "work" of an artist. (For example: "This opus was composed by Chopin," or "This opus is the last Piano sonata that Beethoven composed")

An artist's "magnum opus" means his or her "greatest" work.

Musical terminology
Enlightenment

Enlightenment has several meanings. Some of them are given below:

A concept in philosophy and psychology.
Nirvana, the goal of Buddhism
Moksha, a religious concept of Hinduism
Age of Enlightenment, a period in European history
Enlightenment (Window Manager), A window manager for Linux distributions
Yuan dynasty

The Yuan dynasty was a Mongol dynasty that ruled Mongolia and China from 1271 to 1368. Before this dynasty, China was ruled by the Song dynasty. After the Yuan dynasty, the Ming dynasty ruled China. Genghis Khan and his army of Mongols conquered many parts of China. His grandson Kublai Khan added more parts of China to his kingdom. He founded the Yuan dynasty in 1271.

In the year of 1206, Genghis Khan ruled the Mobi tribes(a part of a country)  to establish the Mongol country at the Onon River. Jin was the main race in Mongolia, but Jin and Xia were in decline, Mongolia had attacked the Western Xia and Jin in August 1227, and Jin lost, so Mongolia occupied the whole north of China in March 1234.   

In 1259, Möngke Khan died after the Song Yuan dynasty war. His brothers all wanted to be king. His fourth brother, Kublai, and his seventh brother, Ali Khan, fought to rule the Mobi tribes. And finally in 1264, Kublai won. Kublai made the name "DaYuan" in 1271 and proclaimed the Yuan Dynasty and said its founder was his grandfather Genghis. In 1276, Yuan ruled southern of Song, so yuan ruled the whole China in this year. In 1279, the Kublai subdued southern Song dynasty. The Yuan dynasty ruled China and brought different parts of China together that had been split since the late Tang dynasty. They were the first foreign dynasty to rule just about all of China. 

For centuries, most of what the West knew about China came from the book by Marco Polo about his visit to Kublai's empire. The Yuan dynasty  ended in 1368 when the Ming dynasty took control.

Related pages
 History of China

Notes

References 

Chinese dynasties
1271 establishments
1368 disestablishments
13th-century establishments in Asia
14th-century disestablishments in Asia
1250s

The 1250s was a decade that began on 1 January 1250 and ended on 31 December 1259.

Births 
 1254 – Marco Polo

Deaths 
 1250 – Fibonacci
The Life and Times of Michael K

Life and Times of Michael K is a novel written by J. M. Coetzee in 1983. It won a Booker Prize.

The story is about a simple gardener called Michael K, trying to run away from South Africa in the Apartheid Era.

Some people think there is a link between Michael K and Josef K. in The Trial by Franz Kafka.

1983 books
Booker Prize winners
English-language novels
African literature
Lawsuit

A lawsuit occurs when two people or organizations ask a court or judge to solve a disagreement or argument.  The two (or more) participants in a lawsuit are called the parties.  Each party is usually represented by a lawyer.  That means that the lawyer will talk to the judge for the party.

The party that starts the lawsuit is called the plaintiff because they are complaining about something the other side has done. This is also called "suing", or to "sue".  The other party is called the defendant because it must defend what it has done.  Both sides or parties will show evidence or proof that they are right and the other side or party is wrong.  The parties may also ask witnesses questions about what the argument or disagreement is about.

After both parties have shown evidence and asked witnesses questions, the judge or jury will decide which party is right.  Then the court will do something to make the winning party happy again.  The court might make the losing party pay the winner money, or it might make the losing party stop doing something that made the winner unhappy.

The conduct of a lawsuit is called litigation. The plaintiffs and defendants are called litigants and the attorneys representing them are called litigators. The term litigation may also refer to criminal trial.

References 

Law
Stefano Mei

Stefano Mei (born 3 February 1963 in La Spezia) was an Italian long-distance runner in several international athletics (also called track and field) events.

Mei won the silver medal in the 5,000 metre race, and the gold medal in the 10,000 metre race during the 1986 European Championships in Athletics in Stuttgart, Germany. Mei also won a bronze medal in the 10,000 metre race during the 1990 European Championships in Athletics, in Split, Yugoslavia (now Croatia). He competed in the 1984 and 1988 Summer Olympics.

References
 1986 European Championship results 
 1990 European Championship results 

1963 births
Living people
1984 Summer Olympics
1988 Summer Olympics
Italian long-distance runners
Italian Olympians
Sportspeople from Liguria
People from La Spezia
Bielsko-Biała Museum and Castle

The Bielsko-Biała Museum is a museum at Bielsko Castle, Poland. Since the 1970s there are three local branches: the Julian Fałat Museum, the Museum of Technology and Textile Industry and the Weaver's House Museum.

The castle
The castle was built in the 14th century by the Piast family, the rulers of the Cieszyn Duchy in Poland, the castle was used as one of their residences for over two centuries. In 1752 the Bielsko state became a duchy owned by the Sulkowski family. The castle was their property until 1945. After World War II the castle was taken over by the Polish State. Since 1983 its only owner has been the Bielsko-Biała Museum.

The permanent exhibition in the castle
In the west wing of the building the hunting room and armoury are located. The next two rooms display three centuries of art history from the 15th to the 17th century. Neighbouring with these rooms are a rococo concert hall and a Biedermeier room. The castle's east wing contains a gallery of the 19th and 20th century painting and graphic art. Next rooms located in the north wing display an exhibition of the history of the city and castle, as well as craftsman traditions of old Bielsko and Biała. The east wing of the castle is occupied by art gallery (the 19th century paintings displayed here include works of art representing realism and academism, Młoda Polska (Young Poland) paintings, works of artists connected with Bielsko-Biała during the twenty years of independence after World War I and during the modern times)

Museum of Technology and Textile Industry 

The museum shows traditions of wool industry in Bielsko-Biała, by means of collecting machines, equipment and documents. The exhibits are stored in four rooms and show the look of old textile factory A separate room displays machines for making hats and the history of Bielsko-Biała fire brigade. There is also a little printing office and a room where all the historical household equipments, radio sets, typewriters etc., are being stored.

The weaver’s house
Reconstruction of the weaver’s house and workshop owned by a guild master. It shows live and work in 19th and 20th centuries. There are two main rooms – workshop on the left and living room on the right, with a kitchen and a bedroom. 
The weaver’s house is an original example of the old wooden house. It tries to show craftsman’s work.

Julian Fałat’s villa
The museum of Julian Fałat in Bystra Śląska is housed in a historical villa of the artist, called “Fałatówka” and its visitors can see the art and some biographical documents of the artist. This is the house where the artists lived after he stoped being a headmaster of the Cracow Academy of Fine Arts. The exhibition presents oil paintings and watercolours: self-portraits, portraits of his family and friends, landscapes from his travels and hunting scenes.

Related pages
Poland

Other websites 

Museum in Bielsko-Biała

Museums in Europe
Castles in Europe
Buildings and structures in Poland
Education in Poland
14th-century buildings and structures
Moirai

The Moirai (also known as the Fates) were the three goddesses of destiny in Greek mythology. They were Clotho, Lachesis and Atropos ().

The role of the Moirai is to control the fate of every being. The life of each being is represented by a "thread of life". Clotho spins the thread, beginning the being's life. Lachesis measures it (looks how long it is) and Atropos cuts the thread at the end of the person's life once they have reached their destiny, killing them.

The Moirai are considered to be above the Greek gods. However, in some stories, Zeus, the Chief God, is capable of controlling them.

The decisions of the Moriai about a person's life cannot be changed. 

The parents of the Moirai are not surely known. Some said they were the daughters of Zeus and the Titaness Themis, or more likely of primordial beings like Nyx, Chaos or Ananke. 

Their Roman equivalent were the Parcae.

Greek gods and goddesses
Wikisource

Wikisource – The Free Library – is a project by Wikimedia. Its goal is to make a free wiki library of source texts. It has translations into many languages.

History 
It began on November 24, 2003. Its name was "Project Sourceberg" (a play on words for Project Gutenberg), and its URL was http://sources.wikipedia.org. On December 6, 2003, members wanted to change the name to "Wikisource", but the URL was not moved to http://wikisource.org until July 23, 2004.

References

Other websites 
The English Wikisource website
Multilingual portal for Wikisource

Wikis
2003 establishments
Opinion

An opinion is something a person or a group of people think.  "What is your opinion?" is like saying: "What do you think about it?"

The person's answer might start with: "In my opinion..........." or "I think........."

Sometimes companies try to find out what people think about something by asking many people their opinion.  This is called an "opinion poll" and the people who do it are "pollsters".  They might be trying to find out whether people think something is good or bad, such as electricity or exercise or Wikipedia, or whether one politician or beer or sport team is better than another.

Opinions are usually contrasted with facts. Facts are statements which are reliably supported by evidence. Opinions may or may not turn out to be facts.

Related pages 
Endoxa
Freedom of speech

Basic English 850 words
Human communication
School year

A school year is the time of year when students go to school. In some countries, it starts after summer, and goes to the next summer. The typical school year in the United States ranges from 170 days to 190 days. In the south, a school year is 180 days for students and 190 days for teachers.

Education
Academia
Audience

An audience is a group of people that see, hear or otherwise experience the same thing.  It may be many different kinds of thing, such as a play, a movie, a book, or a broadcast.  Audience members participate in different ways in different kinds of art; some live performance events invite the audience to be part of the performance, while others allow only applause and criticism. Mass media seldom provide for audience participation.

An audience at a sporting event are called spectators or  a live audience

Performing arts
Entertainment
Group

This page is about 'group' in the common sense. For the mathematical concept, see Group (mathematics).

A group is a set of things or a number of individuals who have regular contact and frequent interaction.

Examples of groups
 A family of people
 A herd of animals
 A class of students
 A sports team
 Ethnic group
 The apples on a tree
 The hats in a box
 Britain, China, France, Russia, and the United States of America are in the United Nations Security Council. 
 Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and phosphorus are a group of chemical elements that life needs.

Basic English 850 words
Side-scrolling video game

A side-scrolling video game or 2D game is a video game where the player goes toward one side of the screen, either to the left or the right, although this is different for each video game. A famous side-scroller is Super Mario Bros. The character usually moves from left to right but sometimes it is the other way around. In the golden age of video games, Side scrollers were a big thing and they still are to this day.

Types of video games
Video game gameplay
Eating

Eating is taking in food to get energy or nutrients or for enjoyment. People and animals need to eat because they cannot make their own food inside their bodies like plants. All plants' energy comes from the sun. Plants take the sun's energy, and they are eaten by other animals as food. The animals then eat each other for the energy.

However, many people can not stop themselves from eating, and they become fat or obese. You can become fat by eating the wrong, unhealthy types of food and by eating too much. When a plant collects energy from the sun through its leaves, it is called photosynthesis. If a plant gets too much food, it can just store it until later. They use this stored food during the winter. When you are proven to be fat or obese through your body mass index (BMI), it means you are heavier than the average for your height. The taller you are, the heavier you should be, in theory. If someone is too heavy to be called fat, then they are called obese. When someone eats too much of one thing, they become fat. Someone can eat junk food, but they can also balance themselves by also eating fruits and vegetables. 
 

Food and drink
Bathroom

A bathroom (also known as a restroom, washroom, toilet or lavatory) is where people go for personal hygiene activities. This includes use of the toilet, wash their hands, brush their teeth, take a bath, painted bathtub , or take a shower. The room may also contain a sink, often called a "wash basin", “hair basin” or "hand basin" (in parts of the United States) and often a "lavatory." In the United States, "bathroom" mostly means "a room containing a lavatory." In other countries this is mostly called the "toilet". The word "bathroom" is also used in the United States for a public toilet or "restroom." Bathrooms also have bathroom cabinets.

History
Baths go back to 3,000 B.C. Usually, a town would have a special building for people to take baths, which sometimes were part of a religious ceremony. Starting in the 16th century, public baths started declining. People at this time started building baths inside their homes.

Variations
Usually, a full bath will have a toilet, a sink, a bathtub (painted) , and/or a shower. If a bathroom has only a toilet and a sink, then it is called a half bath or a powder room. A master bath is connected to a master bedroom for the use of whoever lives in that bedroom and no one else.

Rooms
Shower

A shower is a place where a person cleans themself by using water. They stand up when they use a shower and usually do not wear clothes in a shower. Showers have a shower head that squirts out water usually from above.

There are different kinds of showers. One is a "power shower" where there are many jets of water from all around. Another is the one in the picture. Some are in baths, and others are on their own.

Showers are mainly used for hygiene.

Hygiene
Gangtok

Gangtok is the capital of the Indian state of Sikkim, It has a population of 50,000. It is located at a height of 1,780 metres in the Himalayan Mountains . It is small town, filled with different cultures and religions living together. 

The city has wide roads, flyovers, markets, a modern hospital, schools, colleges and universities, fast food shops, discothèques, and all other modern amenities. One imposing man-made landmark of the town is the 200 ft-high TV tower which overlooks the town and is near the Enchey Monastery below Ganesh Tok. 

Capital cities in India
Towns in Sikkim