alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
British Virgin Islands

The British Virgin Islands is a British Overseas Territory and are part of the Virgin Islands, a chain of islands in the Caribbean. The islands comprise of the eastern half of the island chain. The British Virgin Islands has sixteen inhabited islands and more than twenty  uninhabited islands. Over 22,000 people live there, which is fewer than the neighbouring United States Virgin Islands.

The capital city, Road Town, is on Tortola, one of the islands in the group.  Most of the people live on Tortola, but the other main inhabited islands include Anegada, Virgin Gorda and Jost Van Dyke.

History 
The islands were originally lived in by Caribbean Indians called Arawaks. By the time the first European explorers discovered the British Virgin Islands all of the Arawaks had left. The first Europeans to try and settle in the British Virgin Islands were the Dutch, but the English came soon after and the English and the Dutch settlers used to fight. The Spanish also claimed the islands, but no Spanish people ever tried to settle there. But the Spanish did attack the British and Dutch settlers.

In 1672 the British took control of the islands during a war against the Dutch and they have held on to them ever since.

During the early years after European settlement the British Virgin Islands was a plantation economy which relied heavily upon slave labour. After slavery was abolished in the British Virgin Islands there was a long period of decline and many people left. Those who remained were mostly descended from African slaves, although many of them also left to try and find better lives elsewhere.

In the 1950s the British Virgin Islands got its own government, and the economy of the islands began to get better with the introduction of tourism and financial services.

Government 
The British Virgin Islands are mostly self-governing, but some parts of the government is run by the United Kingdom.

A new constitution was introduced in 2007. It grants more control over everyday life to the Islanders, and lists the protection a person can expect from the government. The head of Government in the British Virgin Islands is called the Premier, and he is in charge of a group of ministers of government which is called the Cabinet. Laws are passed by a group of elected politicians in the House of Assembly. Most of the international relations are still dealt with by the British Government in London on behalf of the people of the British Virgin Islands.

Economy 
Most people in the British Virgin Islands work in the tourist trade or in financial services. There are also a small number of farmers and fishermen.

References

Other websites

 A visual guide to the British Virgin Islands

British Virgin Islands
Lamp

A lamp is a device that makes light and heat. Lamps usually work with electricity, using a lightbulb.  In the United States, a lamp is usually considered a desk lamp or floor lamp. Other sources of light are called 'lights', such as streetlights, flashlights, and headlights, which in some countries are called streetlamps, torches and headlamps.

Before electric lamps were invented, gas lamps, oil lamps or candles were used.

Related pages
 Compact fluorescent lamp
 Gas discharge lamp
Lava lamp (mostly used for decoration rather than lighting a room)

References 

Furniture
Lamps
Pinocchio

Pinocchio is a fictional character from the 1883 book The Adventures of Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi.

Pinocchio is a puppet, made by wood carver, Gepetto. When he tells lies, his nose gets longer. Pinocchio learns about being a real life boy and wants to be a real human being instead of a puppet made of wood and strings.

The most well-known version of the story is the 1940 animated Disney movie Pinocchio.

Other websites

Characters in written fiction
Acellular

Acellular or non-cellular life is life that exists without a cellular structure. Some scientists say that a virus is a type of life form.

Biology
Yawn

A yawn is a reflex. It involves a large, long taking in of air, the stretching of eardrums as the jaw opens wide, and last a (sometimes loud) breathing out. Pandiculation is the act of yawning and stretching simultaneously. It is easy to see when someone is yawning, but no-one knows what its function is.

Yawning is commonly associated with tiredness, stress, overwork, lack of stimulation and boredom. In humans, yawning is often triggered by others yawning (e.g. seeing a person yawning, talking to someone on the phone who is yawning) and is a typical example of positive feedback. This "infectious" yawning has also been observed in chimpanzees and dogs. Cats both yawn and stretch, though not necessarily at the same time.

Contagiousness 
The yawn reflex has long been observed to be contagious. In 1508, Erasmus wrote, "One man's yawning makes another yawn.," and the French proverbialized the idea to "Un bon bâilleur en fait bâillier deux." ("One good gaper makes two others gape"). Often, if one person yawns, this may cause another person to "empathetically" yawn. Observing another person's yawning face (especially his/her eyes), even reading, or thinking about yawning, or looking at a yawning picture can cause a person to yawn.

The immediate cause for contagious yawning may be the mirror neurons in the frontal cortex of certain vertebrates, which, upon being exposed to a stimulus, activates the same regions in the brain. Mirror neurons have been proposed as a driving force for imitation which lies at the root of much human learning such as language acquisition. Yawning may be an offshoot of the same imitative impulse.

Reasons, functions 
Charles Darwin argued, in The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, that if a behaviour was present in many cultures, then it must be inherited (wholly or partly). All traits which appear in a wide range of animals must have some function which is supported (or was supported) by natural selection. In most cases the function is obvious, but with yawning we do not know what that function is. Suggestions have been made, but they do not seem to account for its widespread occurrence in mammals, and possibly in other vertebrates.

Other vertebrates 
Because mammals have similar emotions, and can show their emotions very clearly, it is agreed that when they look as if they are yawning, it is yawning in every sense. The reasons for this are similar to the reasons why we think other humans feel the same as us when the show the same signs.

References 

Ethology
Physiology
Constantine Maroulis

Constantine Maroulis (born September 17 1975) is an American singer, actor and writer from New York. He was on the popular television program American Idol. With his past work experiences, he stands out from other American Idol singers. Before he was on television, he sang in the rock band Pray for the soul of Betty. Right now, he is taking a break from his band to sing on his own. He is the first Idol alum to sign a contract for the making of a new television sitcom.

American rock musicians
American Idol contestants
Musicians from New York City
Singers from New York City
1975 births
Living people
Sean Lennon

is an American actor, musician, singer and writer.

Lennon was born on October 9, 1975 at New York Hospital in New York City, He is the son of John Lennon and his second wife Yoko Ono. He is Japanese on his mother's side and English, Welsh and Irish on his father's side. This makes him Eurasian. He has the same birthday as his father.

Lennon is currently dating model/musician Charlotte Muel.  Lennon had been engaged to musican Bijou Phillips.

Groups involved in
Lennon has worked  with Mark Ronson and childhood friend Jordan Galland.
He has been a member of the groups Cibo Matto, Ghost of a Saber Toothed Tiger and Dopo Yume.

Filmography

References 

1975 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American rock guitarists
John Lennon
Musicians from New York City
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
Singers from New York City
Eurasian people

A Eurasian person is a person of mixed European and Asian descent or mixed parentage (someone with one Caucasian parent and one Asian parent). In Hawaii, the term hapa is used. Eurasian people can also mean people who live in Europe or Asia, or by the Ural Mountains

Ethnic groups in Asia
Ethnic groups in Europe
Wallonia

Wallonia (, , , , , ) or the Walloon Region (French: Région wallonne) is a French-speaking region in the south of Belgium. Its official languages are French (98%) and German (2%). Many people understand the local language Walloon, some still speak it, and few people write it. German is spoken mainly in the area of the German-speaking Community of Belgium.

The capital of the region is Namur. Other important cities are: Liège, Charleroi, Mons, Tournai and Verviers.

French speaking Walloons share the French community with French speaking people of Brussels.

Current Minister-President of the Walloon Government is Elio Di Rupo.

Provinces 
Wallonia has five provinces:

Related pages 
Wallonia (or Walloon Region) is one of three regions in Belgium. The other two regions are:
 Flanders (or Flemish Region) for the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium
 Brussels-Capital Region is bilingual (Dutch and French)

References

Other websites 
 The Walloon Region, belgium.be
1610s



Events 
 Start of the Golden Age of the Netherlands.
 Beginning of Dutch colonization of North America
The King James Version of the Bible comes out.

Deaths 
1616 – William Shakespeare, English poet
1772

1772 was a leap year.

Events 
King Gustav III of Sweden makes a new constitution in Sweden, and gains total power.
Marquis de Sade sentenced to death.

Births 
May 20-Sir William Congreve, English inventor.
August 24 – King William I of the Netherlands

Deaths 
March 29 – Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedish thinker and mathematician
Cryptorchidism

Cryptorchidism is a condition where one or both testicles does not drop down ("descend") into the scrotum.

Diseases
Male reproductive system
Buddy Holly

Buddy Holly (born in Lubbock, Texas as Charles Hardin Holley, September 7, 1936 – February 3, 1959) was an American rock and roll singersongwriter. In April 1959, he had a number one song (after  death) on UK Singles Chart music chart. He wrote "That'll Be the Day"; In 1957 the song when played by The Crickets, went to number one on Billboard Hot 100 and UK Singles Chart.

Holly was important in the history of rock and roll music overall, and in the sub genre, rockabilly music.

Holly played several different types of instruments. His style was influenced by gospel music, country music, and rhythm and blues. The style of his music shifted from country and western to entirely rock and roll. His group were called The Crickets.

Buddy Holly died on February 3, 1959 when a Beechcraft Bonanza 35 airplane carrying him crashed into a field near Mason City, Iowa. Also killed in the crash were Ritchie Valens and J.P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson, including pilot Roger Peterson.

In popular culture
Singer Don McLean's popular 1971 song "American Pie" made February 3 known as "The Day the Music Died."

References

Other websites 
 Official website
 Buddy Holly Online
 International Buddy Site
 Buddy Holly (audio) on the Pop Chronicles

American composers
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Aviation deaths in the United States
1936 births
1959 deaths
People from Lubbock, Texas
John Denver

Henry John Deutschendorf Jr. (December 31, 1943 – October 12, 1997) was an American musician and songwriter. He was of German and Irish ancestry. He was very popular in the 1970s. He died when the plane he was flying crashed in California.

Denver began his music career with folk music groups during the late 1960s. By 1974, he was one of America's best-selling performers, and AllMusic has described Denver as "among the most beloved entertainers of his era"  On 12 October 1997, John Denver died in a plane crash aged 53.

Studio albums

Awards and recognition 
Academy of Country Music

 1974 Album of the Year for Back Home Again

American Music Awards

 1975 Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist
 1976 Favorite Country Album for Back Home Again
 1976 Favorite Country Male Artist

Country Music Association

 1975 Entertainer of the Year
 1975 Song of the Year for "Back Home Again"

Emmy Awards

 1975 Emmy for Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Special for An Evening With John Denver

Grammy Awards

 1997 Best Musical Album For Children for All Aboard!
 1998 Grammy Hall of Fame Award for "Take Me Home, Country Roads"

Songwriters Hall of Fame

 Inducted in 1996

Death 
On October 12th, 1997 Denver was piloting his own "experimental ultralight plane" off of Monterey Bay, California. He made an error in calculating his remaining fuel levels and fatally crashed directly into the ocean near Lover's Point, Pacific Grove, after the plane ran completely out of gas. After a thorough investigation completed by the National Aviation Services and supporting law enforcement, it was deemed that he was too confined within the limited space of his plane to successfully engage his reserve tank. Denver was 53 years old; his remains were cremated, and his ashes were scattered in the Rocky Mountains.

References 
5. https://gulfnews.com/today-history/october-12-1997-singer-john-denver-dies-in-plane-crash-1.2104320

1943 births
1997 deaths
American country guitarists
American country singers
American folk singers
American pop singers
American singer-songwriters
Singers from New Mexico
Aviation deaths in the United States
 
Writers from New Mexico
Roswell, New Mexico
Castaic, California

Castaic is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in the U.S. state of California. It is in Los Angeles County.

References

Census-designated places in California
Unincorporated communities in California
Settlements in Los Angeles County, California
North West England

North West England is one of the regions of England in the United Kingdom. The cities of Liverpool and Manchester are in the south of this region. The northern area (which includes Cumbria and part of Lancashire) is full of villages.

Local government 
The official region consists of the following subdivisions:

Other websites 
 The North West HUB
Central Point, Oregon

Central Point is a city in Oregon, USA.  It has a population of 16,550 people as of 2006.  It has an area of 3.1 square miles.

References

Other websites
 City of Central Point 

Cities in Oregon
1889 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Oregon
Puebla, Puebla

Puebla, Mexico is a Mexican city. It is  southeast of Mexico City in a broad valley. The city has had many names over the years including City of Angels, City of Tiles, and Heroic City of Zaragoza.

Puebla was the main city of colonial Mexico. The architecture and look of Puebla is the most European of all the colonial cities. This is because it was built completely by a Spanish. Most cities at the time were built within an existing Native American community.

Puebla is highly industrialized, having factories belonging to Volkswagen, Audi, and Bimbo. The historic downtown area remains a Spanish colonial treasure. It is filled with 17th and 18th century European architecture. The city has a nice climate all year around, friendly and courteous people living there and good food.

Capital cities in Mexico
Puebla (state)
Puebla

Puebla is part of the name of several places:

 Puebla (state), a state in Mexico
 Puebla, Puebla, the capital city of the state of Puebla
 Puebla F.C., Mexican football club
Namur (city)

Namur (, ) is a municipality in Belgium. It is the capital of both Namur Province and of Wallonia, one of the three administrative regions of Belgium. It is in the French-speaking part of Belgium. 

In 2012, there were 112'246 people in Namur.

Namur is at 50° 27 North, 04° 51 East.

References
Mariska Hargitay

Mariska Magdolna Hargitay (born January 23, 1964 in Los Angeles, California, USA) is an American actress. She is best known for her role on the television series Law & Order, SVU. She is also the daughter of actors Jayne Mansfield and Mickey Hargitay.

Career 
Hargitay plays Detective Olivia Benson on the television series Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Olivia is a sex-crimes detective who works with people and children who have been abused, assaulted, raped, molested, and otherwise victimized.

Hargitay was inspired by the sad stories she learned on SVU, and she created the real-life Joyful Heart Foundation in 2004. The Joyful Heart Foundation helps real-life survivors of domestic violence and sexual assault.

References

Other websites 
 

1964 births
Living people
American television actors
Actors from Santa Monica, California
Santa Cruz de Tenerife

Santa Cruz de Tenerife is the capital of the Canary Islands. It is in Tenerife, the biggest and most important (political and economic) island in the Canary Islands.

The Parliament of the Canary Islands is in Santa Cruz de Tenerife. The population was 222,417 in 2009. During the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, thousands of people take to the streets each year for over a week. On January 18, 1980 it was declared a Fiesta of International Tourist Interest by the Secretary of State for Tourism, and is one of the world's largest carnivals.

Attractions 
 Auditorio de Tenerife
 Torres de Santa Cruz
 Plaza de España
 Centro Internacional de Ferias y Congresos de Tenerife
 Parque Gracía Sanabria

 
Capital cities in Spain
Helicopter

A helicopter (also often used: chopper or heli) is a kind of flying machine or aircraft. A helicopter lifts up off 
of the ground and moves because of its rotors. A rotor is several small wings, called rotor blades, that spin together around a shaft. For that reason, helicopters are sometimes called rotary-wing aircraft. A helicopter flies differently from an airplane. An airplane must move forward to stay in the air, but because the helicopter's rotor blades are always moving, the helicopter can stop and stay in one place above the ground. Not needing a runway, they can land in places where an airplane cannot. Helicopters can move by tilting their rotor blades, which causes the aircraft to fly in the direction the blades are tilted.

History
Since around 400 BC, the Chinese had a flying top that was used as a children's toy. The flying top was made from bamboo and used the same method of spinning wings to fly up in the air. Later flying tops were made of feathers tied to a stick. Leonardo da Vinci first thought of a helicopter flown by a man in 1490, and drew pictures of his ideas. It was hundreds of years later (in the early 20th century) before anyone built one that could really fly. The first practical helicopters were built by Frenchman Louis Breguet in 1935 and by German Henrich Focke in 1936. A Russian immigrant, Igor Sikorsky, built and perfected the first practical helicopter in America in 1939.

Uses
Helicopters are especially useful when there are disasters when infrastructure is damaged. Food packets, water, medicines and clothes are dropped from the air to people on the ground who cannot be reached by road. When people are injured, helicopters can carry them to hospitals faster than an ambulance on the road. 

Helicopters are also used by the military, because they can move troops and equipment to places an airplane cannot take them. Attack helicopters act as attack aircraft carrying and shooting guns and missiles.

Training helicopter is used for learning how to be a helicopter pilot.

 
Aircraft
Baku

Baku (; , from the medieval  Bâd-kube, meaning "wind-pounded city", a compound word of bād, "wind", and kube, which is rooted in the verb کوبیدن kubidan, "to pound", thus meaning a place where the wind would be strong and pounding, and ancient city names  Baraca/) is the capital) is the capital and the largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region. It is on the southern shore of the Absheron Peninsula. Baku is located  below sea level, which makes it the lowest lying national capital in the world and also the largest city in the world located below sea level. Modern Baku has three parts: the Old Town (İçəri Şəhər), the boomtown and the Soviet-built town. About 3 million people live in the metropolitan area.  There are large numbers of refugees and internally displaced persons.

In Baku area there is a lot of oil. There are a lot of state and private universities.

Baku is hosted the 57th Eurovision Song Contest in May 2012.  They also bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics.  The city's three main football clubs are Neftchi Baku, FC Baku and Inter Baku. Baku is one of world's leading chess centres.

Divisions
Today, Baku is divided into 11 raions (administrative districts) and 5 settlements of city type.

References
Librarian

A librarian is a person responsible for selecting, organizing, and delivering information materials in a variety of formats such as electronic databases, primary source materials, or printed books. Librarians also teach people to find and evaluate information found on the World Wide Web using Internet search tools and strategies. Librarians may work in different areas. Purchasing materials, putting them into categories, teaching, assisting people with questions, and working with information technology are a few of the possible specializations.

The role of a librarian varies across different types of libraries and locations.

Training 
To become a librarian in a university a person needs to have a master's degree in Library Science (MLS) or a master's degree in Library and Information Science.

Employment 
Most librarians work for libraries in schools, colleges, or universities or in municipal, regional, or national libraries. Some librarians also work for private companies, to help them to organize their documents and reports. There are librarians that also work with the deaf and in prisons.

Related jobs 
Other jobs in libraries include the job of library technician. To become a library technician, a person needs to complete a college diploma.

References 

 
Education occupations
Geronimo

Geronimo (Chiricahua Goyaałé 'One Who Yawns'; often spelled Goyathlay in English), (June 16, 1829–February 17, 1909) was a well-known Native American leader, but not chief, of the Chiricahua Apache tribe, but he was a Bedonkohe Apache. He was born in what is now the state of New Mexico and was also a respected medicine man. The name Geronimo was given to him by Mexican soldiers who either called to Saint Jerome while fighting him or transcribed his name into Spanish wrong. He led 38 Apache men, women, and children to resist being sent to reservations by the United States government or being captured by the Mexican Army. He surrendered in 1886. After that, he was moved to many different forts in the United States. In 1904 during the world fair in St. Louis, he sold souvenirs and pictures of himself. He died in 1909 from pneumonia.

1829 births
1909 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Native American people
People from Oklahoma
People from New Mexico
California Gold Rush

The  California Gold Rush started when James Wilson Marshall was building a water-powered sawmill (for John Sutter) in 1848. When he finished building the mill, he went to the river to fetch some water. He saw some shiny little flakes of gold in the river. He immediately went to tell John, and they tried to keep it a secret. But word soon got out, and the gold rush started. It was 1849 when the Gold Rush started. People who came to California for gold were called forty-niners because they came in the year 1849. Some of them became rich but most did not. 

Some people started selling things, mostly to miners at first. Some even became rich, famous, and politically powerful. Levi Strauss was one of them. He invented and sold jeans made from strong denim. Most merchants, farmers and other suppliers merely became richer than most miners. Sometimes a woman could earn more than her mining husband. 

The California Gold Rush ended in 1855. Many gold miners returned to their home country because gold was harder to find than before; others found other work around the area. Henti was the only one.

1840s in California
1850s in California
Gold rushes
Jeans

Jeans are a type of pants made from heavy, strong cotton material (fabric) called denim. They were invented in the United States by Levi Strauss in 1872. In the late 1800s, jeans were worn by workers. Jeans are one of the most obvious symbols of American cultural influence in the world. They are worn in many countries around the world.

In the 1950s, jeans became a popular fashion for teenagers and young adults. In the 1950s, jeans were part of rockabilly fashion for teenagers. Now, jeans are a very popular type of pants. They are usually worn as casual fashion clothing. Jeans are made in many styles and colors.

The word "jeans" came from the French name of the city in Italy where a strong cotton fabric was made. The Italian city's name, Genoa, was spelled "jene" in Middle English and "Gênes" in the French language.

References 

Trousers and shorts
FIFA

The  (FIFA ; French for "International Federation of Association Football") is the organization that controls international football (also called association football). The organization’s main  buildings are in Zürich, Switzerland. FIFA organizes major international football tournaments, and the most famous one is the FIFA World Cup, which has been held since 1930. FIFA was established on May 21, 1905 in Paris and has 209 national associations as its members. The organization’s official languages are English, French, German and Spanish.

The president of FIFA is currently Gianni Infantino, serving since 26 February 2016.

The most powerful organ of FIFA is the FIFA Congress, which is an assembly made up of representatives from each member association. The Congress holds a regular meeting once a year, and since 1998 an additional meeting has been held every year. Only the Congress can pass changes to FIFA's laws.

The Congress decides whether FIFA should accept new national associations and elects the President of FIFA, its General Secretary and the other members of FIFA's executive committee. The President and General Secretary take care of what goes on within and around FIFA. The executive committee, with the President as its head, is responsible for deciding the dates, locations and format of tournaments.

Also, there are six regional confederations recognized by FIFA which take care of the game in the seven different continents of the world. National associations must be members of both FIFA and their regional confederation in order for their teams to compete in FIFA's competitions. The six confederations are AFC (Asian Football Confederation in Asia and Australia), CAF (Confédération Africaine de Football in Africa), CONCACAF (Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football in North America and Central America), CONMEBOL (Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol in South America), OFC (Oceania Football Confederation in Oceania) and UEFA (Union Européenne de Football Association in Europe).

Related pages 
 FIFA World Cup
 FIFA Women's World Cup
 FIFA Club World Cup
 Asian Football Confederation
 Confederation of African Football
 CONCACAF
 CONMEBOL
 Oceania Football Confederation
 UEFA

Further reading 
 Paul Darby, Africa, Football and Fifa: Politics, Colonialism, and Resistance (Sport in the Global Society), Frank Cass Publishers 2002, .
 John Sugden, FIFA and the Contest For World Football, Polity Press 1998, .
 Jim Trecker, Charles Miers, J. Brett Whitesell, ed., Women's Soccer: The Game and the Fifa World Cup, Universe 2000, Revised Edition, .

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 FIFA Laws of the Game 

 
1904 establishments
Smile

A smile is a face made by flexing the muscles near both ends of the mouth. The smile can also be made through the eyes (See 'Duchenne smile' below). Smiles usually express happiness. A smile can be natural or fake. However, smiling can be different with animals. When smiling, the teeth shows, but sometimes animals do this when they are threatening. When chimpanzees show their teeth, it can also be a sign of fear.

Dimples 

Dimples are genetically inherited. They are caused by the flesh underneath the skin, that forms on some people's cheeks, especially when they smile. Some people may only have one dimple on only one side of the face.

Duchenne smile 

Although there are many different types of smiles, researchers are interested in the duchenne smile because it is done with the eyes. The Duchenne smile was named after the French physician Guillaume Duchenne. Duchenne identified two types of smiles. A Duchenne smile is when the cheek raises and forms a wrinkle around the eyes. Many researchers think that Duchenne smiles are usually hard to make when you are pretending to smile.

Internet

On the Internet, smiles can normally be typed up. This is normally called a smiley, smiley face, or happy face. Smileys show emotion when people are not able to see it in real life. Smileys typed on the computer are called emoticons. Smileys can change depending on where the person typing the smiley is.

Western Style: :-), :-(, ;-), :-O, :-D, (;D)

Eastern Style: d(^.^)b, \(^o^)/, >.<, ^_^, *<):)

Related pages
Laughter
Smiley
Social psychology

References

More reading
Conniff, R. (2007). What's behind a smile? Smithsonian Magazine, 38,46-53.
Ottenheimer, H.J. (2006). The anthropology of language: An introduction to linguistic anthropology. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworh.
Ekman, P., Davidson, R.J., & Friesen, W.V. (1990). The Duchenne smile: emotional expression and brain psysiology II. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 342-353. 
Russell and Fernandez-Dols eds. 1997. The psychology of facial expression. Cambridge. .
 Messinger D. & Fogel A. 2007.  The interactive development of social smiling. In  Robert Kail (ed) Advances in child development and behavior, 35, 327-366. Oxford: Elsevier. Retrieved 25 June 2010 from

Other websites 

 BBC News: Scanner shows unborn babies smile

Non-verbal communication
Słupsk

Słupsk is a city in northern Poland in Pomeranian Voivodeship. It has about 100.000 inhabitants and 43,15 km².

Cities in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Solomonid dynasty

The Solomonic dynasty, also known as the House of Solomon, was the ruling dynasty of the Ethiopian Empire from the thirteenth to twentieth centuries. The dynasty was founded by Yekuno Amlak, who overthrew the Zagwe dynasty in 1270. His successors claimed he was descended from the legendary king Menelik I, the supposed son of the biblical King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, in order to legitimize the dynasty's assumption of power.  Although this claimed ancestry gave the dynasty its name, there is no credible evidence that the dynasty was descended from Solomon or the Davidic line. This biblical claim was mainly made to legitimize the empire as a Christian kingdom. The Solomonic dynasty remained in power until 1974, when its last emperor Haile Selassie was overthrown by a coup d'état.

The emperors did not use their real name when they became Emperor of Ethiopia, but they made up a new one for their rule.  For example, the first Emperor of the Solomonids was Yekuno Amlak.  But he used the name Tasfa Iyassus after he became ruler.

The dynasty began in 1270, when Yekuno Amlak killed the last king of the Zagwe dynasty, which had ruled Ethiopia.  Yekuno Amlak was made king, and European historians say was the first ruler of the dynasty.  But most Ethiopian books say that Menelik I, the son of King Solomon of Israel and the Queen of Sheba, was the first Emperor of this dynasty.

The leaders of Ethiopia from 1270 to 1975 (mostly Solomonids):

History of Ethiopia
Royal dynasties
13th-century establishments in Africa
1975 disestablishments
1270 establishments
20th-century disestablishments in Africa
The Sound of Music

The Sound of Music is a musical. It was based on a 1956 German movie, Die Trapp-Familie and The Story of the Trapp Family Singers by Maria von Trapp. The book was written by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse. The lyrics were written by Oscar Hammerstein II. The music was written by Richard Rodgers. It was the last musical written by Rodgers and Hammerstein. Hammerstein died nine months after the Broadway opening.

Story 
A young Austrian woman named Maria Rainer becomes the governess to the children of Captain Georg von Trapp, a widow. The children included Liesl (16), Friedrich (14), Louisa (13), Kurt (10 or 11), Brigitta (9), Marta (7) and Gretl (5). Maria teaches the children how to sing, during the famous song Do Re Mi. The captain and Maria fall in love and marry. Von Trapp refuses to join the Nazis and escapes from the Salzburg Festival, where his family performed. The story ends with Maria and her family leaving from Austria to Switzerland.

Productions
The Sound of Music was released on 16 November 1959 at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre on Broadway. It starred Mary Martin as Maria and Theodore Bikel as Captain von Trapp. It moved to the Mark Hellinger Theatre on 6 November 1962, and closed on 15 June 1963 after 1,443 performances. The musical opened on the West End at the Palace Theatre on 18 May 1961. It starred Jean Bayless as Maria and Roger Dann as Capt. von Trapp. The musical ran for 2,385 performances.

Awards
The musical won a Tony Award for Best Musical.

Adaptations
The musical was released as a 1965 movie starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer.

 

1950s musicals
Broadway musicals
West End musicals
Musicals by Rodgers and Hammerstein
Musicals based on books
Cult movies
1959 works
Academy Award for Best Picture

The Academy Award for Best Picture is one of the Academy Awards. Also called Oscars, the Academy Awards are given to people working in the movie industry by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). The name of the award has changed over time. It was first Outstanding Picture in 1927. In 1930, the name was changed to Best Picture. It is still called that today.

In the list below are the winners of the award for each year. A list of the winners and other nominees is in the main article for each decade.

Winners

1920s

1930s

1940s

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

2020s

References

Notes

Other websites 
 Oscars.org (official Academy site)
 Oscar.com (official ceremony promotional site)
 The Academy Awards Database  (official site)
 Academy Awards Photos and News (People.com)
 Complete Downloadable List of Academy Award Nominees
 IMDb.com (Internet Movie Database site)
 Link to DVD list of all Best Picture Winners 

 
Picture
Bulimia nervosa

Bulimia nervosa (bulimia) is a disease and a type of eating disorder. It is when a person eats large amounts of food then will force themself to vomit it up or purge. Other ways that they get it out of their body include laxatives and exercising. Most who have it feel that they are fat and want to be skinny.

Symptoms 
Most people with bulimia eat large amounts of food then make themselves vomit or purge. Typically, they will do this at least once a week or more often. Bulimic people often think about how their bodies look, and usually, the motive behind purging is the want to be skinny. The person may also have anorexia nervosa. However, most with bulimia have a normal weight or are overweight, which makes it difficult to know when someone has bulimia from just simply looking at them. It is also common to have calluses or bruising on the fingers from purging.

Risks 
Bulimia nervosa can cause many health problems. Because vomit has lots of acid in it, purging frequently can burn the person's mouth, throat, or teeth. One can lose nutrients or fluids in their body. Glands in one's throat and face may get larger and hurt. The immune system is weakened, as well as the possibility of muscle or heart problems.
Sometimes bulimia can cause difficulty breathing. This is because the acids that are in your mouth go to your lungs and damage the bronchioles. There is also feedback to the ego and a social stigma that may cause further psychological impact.

Statistics 
Most people who have bulimia are between the ages of 10 to 25. It is more common in females than it is in males. People who have had past trauma are more likely to be bulimic. People with obsessive compulsive disorder or perfectionism are also likely to have bulimia.

Related pages
Anorexia nervosa

References 

Eating disorders
Vichy France

The Vichy France, officially the French  State, was the government of all of France during the early 1940s/ In included all of France except for Alsace-Lorraine. It also governed the French colonial empire. The state was led by Philippe Pétain. He had been notable for helping to win World War I.

When the French and the British armies lost the Battle of Dunkirk, and the rest of the Battle of France was being lost, the French Parliament made Pétain Minister. He negotiated an armistice with Germany. He agreed that France would bebe neutral in World War II. 

He became head of state and ruled as a dictator. He  usually did what the Germans told him to do. 

The Axis powers militarily occupied northern and western France. They also controlled part of the southeastern part of the country. The Vichy government, as a client state of Germany, controlled the Free Zone, the unoccupied parts of France. In November 1942 the United States joined the North African Campaign by invading French North Africa, so the German army occupied the Vichy zone.

In 1943, the Vichy government, now a puppet state, moved to Paris. In 1944, it moved to Germany under Nazi rule. The government disbanded in 1945 with the defeat of Nazi Germany.

1940 establishments in France
1944 disestablishments
1940s in France
World War II
Puppet states
Former dictatorships
1940s disestablishments in Europe
20th-century disestablishments in France
Anguilla

Anguilla is a group of five islands in the Caribbean Sea.  The islands are ruled by the United Kingdom.

Anguilla was colonized by the British Empire and used to be part of what is now Saint Kitts and Nevis, but broke away in 1980 so it could stay part of Great Britain. Saint Kitts and Nevis wanted to be independent.

It is named after the Spanish word for "eel", because it has such a shape.

Anguilla was first settled by Arawakan-speaking Indians who called it Malliouhana.

Politics
The King or Queen of the United Kingdom is the ruler of Anguilla, but she works through a governor.  He or she names, or appoints the governor, and he is just working there in place of the monarch.  The legislature is elected by the people, has 11 members, and is called the House of Assembly.

Economy
Anguilla has mostly been part of the British Empire since the 17th century. The British brought thousands of slaves from Africa and forced them to work, like they did all over the Caribbean and North America. Many of the slaves decided to run away rather than be forced to work. When the British decided to abolish slavery they paid all the slave owners a lot of money, but didn't give anything to the slaves. Now Anguilla gets most of its money from fishing and tourism.

Culture
Most people in Anguilla are Protestants, and speak English.

References

Other websites

Anguilla
1980 establishments
Caribbean island nations
Central American countries
English-speaking countries
Former British colonies
Islands of Central America
Islands of the United Kingdom
Tarja Halonen

Tarja Halonen (born December 24, 1943) is the former President of Finland. She is from Helsinki. She was elected in 2000 and 2006. Her mandate ended in 2012 and she left office on 1 March 2012.

References

1943 births
Living people

Presidents of Finland
Politicians from Helsinki
Social Democratic Party of Finland politicians
Turku

Turku () is a city in Southwest Finland. It is the fifth-largest city in Finland, with a population of around 190,000.

It is next to the municipalities of Aura, Kaarina, Lieto, Masku, Mynämäki, Naantali, Nousiainen, Pöytyä, Raisio and Rusko.

The official languages spoken in Turku are Finnish and Swedish.

The harbour of Turku is an important port. Many ships go from there to Mariehamn and  to Stockholm. Turku Airport is also one of Finland's busiest airports.

Turku is located near the mouth of Aura river, and is spread on either side of the river. There are ten bridges over the Aura river in Turku.

History
Turku is the oldest city in the country. it was founded in 13th century, when Finland was part of the Kingdom of Sweden. It used to be the largest city and capital of Finland. From 1809 Russia ruled Finland, and in 1812 the government moved to Helsinki.  A big fire destroyed much of Turku in 1827. After that, even the university moved to Helsinki.

The first school in Finland was established in Turku, the old Cathedral school in 13th century. The first university in Finland, "The Royal Academy of Turku" was established in the city in 1640, but it has moved to Helsinki and become the University of Helsinki. Now there are five universities in Turku: three in Finnish language and two in Swedish language.

Museums and other sights

References

Other websites 
 Official site of Turku
Wings (movie)

Wings is a silent movie released in 1927. It is most famous as the first movie to win the Academy Award for Best Picture.

Plot

Jack Powell (Charles "Buddy" Rogers) and David Armstrong (Richard Arlen) are rivals in the same small American town, both vying for the attentions of pretty Sylvia Lewis (Jobyna Ralston). Jack fails to realize that "the girl next door", Mary Preston (Clara Bow), is desperately in love with him. The two young men both enlist to become combat pilots in the Air Service. When they leave for training camp, Jack mistakenly believes Sylvia prefers him; she actually prefers David and lets him know about her feelings, but is too kindhearted to turn down Jack's affection.

Jack and David are billeted together. Their tent mate is Cadet White (Gary Cooper), but their acquaintance is all too brief; White is killed in an air crash the same day. Undaunted, the two men endure a rigorous training period, where they go from being enemies to best friends. Upon graduating, they are shipped off to France to fight the Germans.

Mary joins the war effort by becoming an ambulance driver. She later learns of Jack's reputation as an ace and encounters him while on leave in Paris. She finds him, but he is too drunk to recognize her. She puts him to bed, but when two Military Police barge in while she is innocently changing from a borrowed dress back into her uniform in the same room, she is forced to resign and return to America.

The climax of the story comes with the epic Battle of Saint-Mihiel. David is shot down and presumed dead. However, he survives the crash landing, steals a German biplane, and heads for the Allied lines. By a tragic stroke of bad luck, he is spotted and shot down by Jack, who is bent on avenging his friend. When Jack lands to pick up a souvenir, he becomes distraught when he learns what he has done, but before David dies, he forgives his comrade.

With the end of the war, Jack returns home to a hero's welcome. When he returns David's effects to his grieving parents, David's mother blames the war, not Jack, for her son's death. Then, Jack is reunited with Mary and realizes he loves her.

References

Other websites

1927 drama movies
1920s American drama movies
Best Picture Oscar
American romantic drama movies
American silent movies
American war movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by William A. Wellman
Sunrise (movie)

Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans or Sunrise is a 1927 silent movie. It is the only movie to ever win Academy Award for Unique and Artistic Production. This category was not used again. It won the award for Best Cinematography and actress, Janet Gaynor, won the Best Actress award. It was directed by F.W. Murnau.

References

1927 drama movies
American silent movies
Academy Award winning movies
United States National Film Registry movies
1920s American drama movies
1920s American romance movies
American romantic drama movies
Movies directed by F. W. Murnau
The Broadway Melody

The Broadway Melody is one of the first Hollywood musical movies. It was released in 1929. It made more money than any movie that year. It also won the Academy Award for Best Picture.

Starring
 Charles King
 Anita Page
 Bessie Love
 Jed Prouty

1929 movies
1920s musical movies
American musical movies
Best Picture Oscar
MGM movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Harry Beaumont
Rocky

Rocky is a 1976 American sports drama movie. It was written by, and starred, Sylvester Stallone. The movie is about a man living in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, who is trying to become a great boxer.

It won three Academy Awards and was ranked #78 in AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list. It was followed by 5 sequels, the most recent came out in 2006.

The movie was made on a budget of less than $1 million. It was shot in 28 days.  Many people liked the movie.  It turned Stallone into a major star.

Release Dates

Cast

 Sylvester Stallone as Robert "Rocky" Balboa, Sr., an enforcer for a loan shark by day and a semi-pro boxer by night. He is given the chance at the heavyweight title.
 Talia Shire as Adrian Pennino, Rocky's love interest; a quiet pet store clerk who falls in love with Rocky and supports him through his training.
 Burt Young as Paulie Pennino, Adrian's brother; a meat-packing plant worker by trade, Paulie lets Rocky train in the freezer.
 Carl Weathers as Apollo Creed, Rocky's opponent and heavyweight champion. The character was based on real-life boxing great Muhammad Ali.
 Burgess Meredith as Mickey Goldmill: Rocky's manager and trainer, a former bantamweight fighter from the 1920s and the owner of the local boxing gym.
 Thayer David as George Jergens: the fight promoter who has "promoted fights all over the world".
 Joe Spinnell as Tony Gazzo, loan shark and Rocky's employer.

Boxer Joe Frazier has a cameo appearance in the movie. Due to the movie's low budget, members of Stallone's family played minor roles. Michael Dorn made his acting debut as Creed's bodyguard.

Awards
Rocky received ten Academy Awards nominations in nine categories, winning three:

The Directors Guild of America awarded Rocky its annual award for best movie of the year. It was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay. The Writers Guild of America Award selected it as the 78th best screenplay of all time.

Sequels
 Rocky II (1979)
 Rocky III (1982)
 Rocky IV (1985)
 Rocky V (1990)
 Rocky Balboa (2006)
 Creed (2015)
 Creed II (2018)

References

Other websites

1976 drama movies
American drama movies
American sports movies
Best Picture Oscar
Movies set in Philadelphia
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by John G. Avildsen
Screenplays by Sylvester Stallone
Rocky movies
Movies set in the 1970s
Tailor

A tailor is a person whose job is to make clothes to fit people. A tailor might make a new piece of clothing, or change an item so that it fits better. They also mend (fix) clothes. A tailor is also called a seamster, or a seamstress for a woman.

Clothing
Artisans
Occupations
Template

A template is a tool that shows the shape of something or it is a tool to help make something. It can separate the form of something from the things inside it.

In drawing, a template can be a wood, plastic or metal tool that is used to help make marks with a pen or pencil. Lines can be drawn on paper, or on metal or wood to make the same shape many times.

In publishing for example, a template is a layout made by someone else to give an idea what to write in different parts of a book or story.  A simple publishing template can have spaces for the words, for pictures, for the story title (name), and for the name of the publication.

Humans or machines can use templates.  Some computer programs that work with the Internet use a template to separate the way the program works from the way it shows the words and pictures.  It can be a way to copy words and pictures. In computer programming, templates save time because the programmer does not need to write the same words over and over.

When doctors plan to give a person a new bone joint made of metal or plastic, they can use a template in the shape of the new joint.  This type of template is put on an x-ray picture of the person to help to decide the size of joint needed.

Related pages
 Computer programming

Tools
Computer science