alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
BND

BND may refer to:

Organisations
 Federal Intelligence Service (Germany) (), the foreign intelligence agency of Germany
 Federal Intelligence Service (disambiguation)
 Bank of North Dakota, a state-owned and -run financial institution, based in Bismarck, North Dakota, USA
 Belleville News-Democrat, a newspaper in Belleville, Illinois, USA
 Bulgarian New Democracy (), a Bulgarian centre-right political party
 VID (company) (), a Russian TV company
 Business & Decision (stock ticker: BND), a consulting company
 Banco Nacional de Desarrollo, the national development bank, for banking in Nicaragua
 National Digital Library () of Moldova; part of the National Library of Moldova

By codename
 Brunei dollar, currency of the Sultanate of Brunei, by ISO 4217 code
 Banda language (Maluku) (ISO 639 language code: bnd), found in Indonesia
 Brandon railway station (National Rail station code: BND), Suffolk, England, UK
 Bandar Abbas International Airport (IATA airport code BND; ICAO airport code: OIKB), Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan Province, Iran

Other uses
 Buy Nothing Day, an international day of protest against consumerism
 BTEC National Diploma, a further-education qualification in most of the United Kingdom
 "BND", a song on the album No Doubt by No Doubt
 Bnd, short for "Bend"; a Street suffix as used in the US

See also

 
 Band (disambiguation)
 Bend (disambiguation)
 Bind (disambiguation)
 Bond (disambiguation)
 Bound (disambiguation)
 Bund (disambiguation)
BMI

BMI may refer to:

Companies and organizations
 BMI Foundation, founded by Broadcast Music Incorporated
 BMI Healthcare, UK
 BMI Film & TV Awards
 BMI Research, a research firm
 Flybmi airline, formerly BMI Regional and a BMI mainline subsidiary
 Bmibaby.com, former airline, BMI subsidiary
 British Midland International, a UK airline incorporated into BA
 Baltimore Museum of Industry
 Bank of Makati, a Philippine bank
 Bank Melli Iran, the first national Iranian bank
 Best Motoring International, a Japanese magazine
 Birmingham and Midland Institute, England
 Broadcast Music, Inc., a collecting society for composers' copyrights
 Bundesministerium des Innern, the German Federal Ministry of the Interior
 Bureau of Military Information, US Civil War agency

Other
 Body mass index of weight in relation to height
 BMI Awards, annual award ceremonies for songwriters
 Bit Manipulation Instruction Sets for x86 microprocessors
 Brain Machine Interface
 Central Illinois Regional Airport, IATA code

See also
BSA

BSA may refer to:

Businesses and organizations

 Basketball South Africa
 Bearing Specialists Association, an American trade association
 Belarusian Socialist Assembly
 Bibliographical Society of America
 Birmingham Small Arms Company, UK manufacturer of firearms and vehicles
 Black Sky Aerospace, an Australian aerospace company
 Black Socialists in America
 Boston Society of Architects
 Botanical Society of America
 Boy Scouts of America
Scouts BSA, the flagship program
 British Social Attitudes Survey
 British Sandwich & Food to Go Association
 British Science Association
 British Sociological Association
 British Speleological Association
 British Stammering Association
 Broadcasting Service Association, the former name of the Australian radio network Macquarie Media
 Broadcasting Standards Authority, a New Zealand statutory authority
 BSA Company, motorcycle manufacturer
 BSA motorcycles, made by the Birmingham Small Arms Company Limited
 The Software Alliance, a trade group established by Microsoft and formerly called Business Software Alliance
 BSA Manufacturing, a Malaysian manufacturer of aluminum alloy wheels
 Business Services Association, of UK service providers

Schools
 Baltimore School for the Arts
 Birmingham School of Acting
 British School at Athens

Science and medicine
 Behavioral systems analysis
 Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide
 Body surface area
 Bovine serum albumin
 Broad-spectrum antiviral drug

Other uses
 Bank Secrecy Act, US
 Bilateral Security Agreement, US umbrella for military cooperation
 Bosnian Serb Army, the Army of Republika Srpska, the former armed forces of the Republika Srpska
 Bachelor of Science and Arts (BSA)
 Bachelor of Science in Accountancy (BSA)
 Bachelor of Science in Agriculture (B.S.A.)
 British Soap Awards, an awards ceremony in the UK
 BSA, a brand of bicycles produced by Tube Investments of India
 Business systems analyst
 Blue Dragon Series Awards, an annual award ceremony in South Korea

See also
Battle of El Alamein

There were two battles of El Alamein in World War II, both fought in 1942. The Battles occurred in North Africa, in HIRO, in and around an area named after a railway stop called El Alamein.

 First Battle of El Alamein: 1–27 July 1942
 Second Battle of El Alamein: 23 October – 4 November 1942

In addition, the Battle of Alam el Halfa (30 August – 5 September 1942) was fought between both battles and in the same location.

ja:エル・アラメインの戦い
Belgian

Belgian may refer to:
 Something of, or related to, Belgium
 Belgians, people from Belgium or of Belgian descent
 Languages of Belgium, languages spoken in Belgium, such as Dutch, French, and German
Ancient Belgian language, an extinct language formerly spoken in Gallia Belgica
Belgian Dutch or Flemish, a variant of Dutch
Belgian French, a variant of French
Belgian horse (disambiguation), various breeds of horse
Belgian waffle, in culinary contexts
SS Belgian, a cargo ship in service with F Leyland & Co Ltd from 1919 to 1934
The Belgian, a 1917 American silent film

See also

Belgica (disambiguation)
Belgic (disambiguation)
Ballu tundu

Ballu tundu or ballu sardu is a traditional Sardinian folk dance which is typically danced in a closed or open circle. The dance was described as early as 1805 by Mameli and by La Marmora in 1825. In northern and central Sardinia, the dance is lively and animated with leaps and agile movements and usually accompanied by a choir of three or more singers in the center of the circle. In other areas, the dance is done to launeddas and the shepherd's sulittu but the accordion had also made its appearance by the 19th century. The Introduction is in  time but the dance itself is done in .

At least in the past, the manner of holding hands was very important and followed strict rules. Married or engaged couples could hold hands palm to palm with fingers entwined, but a man could not do this with a young girl or another man's wife. If a stranger entered the circle, he had to do so to the woman's right so as not to come between her and her husband.

References

Italian folk dances
Music in Sardinia
Barbagia

Barbagia (;  or ) is a geographical, cultural and natural region of inner Sardinia, contained for the most part in the province of Nuoro and Ogliastra and located alongside the Gennargentu massif.

The name comes from Cicero, who described the land as inhabited by barbarians; Roman domination over this part of the island was in fact never more than nominal as a result of the Roman-Sardinian Wars. This word shares its etymology with the now antiquated Barbary.

The Sardinians, many of whose revolts came from this area, were also mocked by the ancient Romans with the pejorative term  'thieves wearing rough woolen garments'.

In 594, Pope Gregory the Great wrote a letter to Hospito, a Christian whom he calls the "leader of the Barbaricini" (). Hospito apparently permitted the evangelisation of pagan Barbagia by Christian missionaries.

The area is usually divided into five Barbagias: the Barbagia of Ollolai, the Barbagia of Seulo, the Barbagia of Belvì, the Mandrolisai, and finally the , the historical name by which the area of Ogliastra was once referred to. The latter two are named after a sub-region, and the others after their main villages.

The area is full of hard hills and mountains, and there is little human presence. Barbagia is one of the least populated areas in Europe, which has allowed Barbagia to preserve better the island's cultural and natural treasures. According to a thesis by the archaeologist Giovanni Lilliu, Sardinian history has always been characterised by what he called the "constant of Sardinian resistance", opposed to the invaders who attempted at various times to lord over the indigenous inhabitants. Barbagia is one of the few Sardinian regions where the Sardinian language in its own varieties, both Nuorese and Campidanese, is still spoken on an everyday basis, while the rest of the island has already mostly undergone thorough Italianization and language shift to Italian.

One of the most important villages is Gavoi. Orgosolo was famous for its bandits and kidnappers and typical murals. Oliena is well known for its wines (especially the Nepente, a  wine made with Cannonau grapes). Another well known town is Fonni, the highest town in Sardinia at more than 1,000 meters above sea level. Fonni is also the gateway to the Gennargentu mountain system.

The economy consists of agriculture, sheep breeding, art and tradition related business, tourism and light industry.

See also 
Roman-Sardinian Wars
Cantu a tenore

References 

Geography of Sardinia
Geographical, historical and cultural regions of Italy
Blue zones
Natural regions of Europe
History of Sardinia
Balance

Balance may refer to:

Common meanings
 Balance (ability) in biomechanics
 Balance (accounting)
 Balance or weighing scale
 Balance, as in equality (mathematics) or equilibrium

Arts and entertainment

Film
 Balance (1983 film), a Bulgarian film
 Balance (1989 film), a short animated film
 La Balance, a 1982 French film

Television
 Balance: Television for Living Well, a Canadian television talk show
 "The Balance" (Roswell), an episode of the television series Roswell
 "The Balance", an episode of the animated series Justice League

Music

Performers
 Balance (band), a 1980s pop-rock group

Albums
 Balance (Akrobatik album), 2003
 Balance (Kim-Lian album), 2004
 Balance (Leo Kottke album), 1978
 Balance (Joe Morris album), 2014
 Balance (Swollen Members album), 1999
 Balance (Ty Tabor album), 2008
 Balance (Van Halen album), 1995
 Balance (Armin van Buuren album), 2019
 The Balance, a 2019 album by Catfish and the Bottlemen

Songs
 "Balance", a song by Axium from The Story Thus Far
 "Balance", a song by Band-Maid from Unleash
 "Balance", a song by Ed Sheeran from - (Deluxe vinyl edition)
 "The Balance", a Moody Blues song on the 1970 album A Question of Balance

Other
 Balance (game design), the concept and the practice of tuning relationships between a game's component systems
 Balance (installation), a 2013 glazed ceramic installation by Tim Ryan
 Balance (puzzle), a mathematical puzzle
 "Balance", a poem by Patti Smith from the book kodak

Government and law
 BALANCE Act (Benefit Authors without Limiting Advancement or Net Consumer Expectations Act), a proposed US federal legislation
 Balance (apportionment), a criterion for fair allocation of seats among parties or states

Other uses 
 Balance (advertisement), a 1989 award-winning television advertisement for the Lexus LS 400
 Balance (metaphysics), a desirable point between two or more opposite forces
 Balance (stereo), the amount of signal from each channel reproduced in a stereo audio recording
 The Balance, a personal finance website owned by Dotdash

See also
 Balancing (disambiguation)
 Balanced, a wine tasting descriptor
Bihar (disambiguation)

Bihar is a state in India.

Bihar may also refer to:

Places

India
 Bihar Province, former colonial province in British India
 Bihar Subah, a Bihar-based Mughal imperial province
 Bihar Sharif, headquarters of Nalanda district, Bihar, India
 Bihar River, a border river of Palamu district, Jharkhand, India
 Bihar, Unnao, a village in Uttar Pradesh, India

Elsewhere
 Bihar County, a historic county of the Kingdom of Hungary
 Bihor County (Bihar County in Hungarian), a county of current-day Romania
 Bihar, the Hungarian name for Biharia Commune, Bihor County, Romania

People
 Bihar (king), a khagan of the Khazars

See also 
 Behar (disambiguation), a portion in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading
 Bihar al-Anwar, a hadith compilation by Allamah Majlisi
 Bihari (disambiguation)
 Bihor (disambiguation)
 Hajdú-Bihar, a county in Hungary
 Cooch Behar (disambiguation), a district in West Bengal
 Cooch Behar State, a former princely state in India
Lists of universities and colleges

This is a list of lists of universities and colleges.

Subject of study
 Aerospace engineering
 Agriculture
 Art schools
 Business
 Chiropractic
 Engineering
 Forestry
 Law
 Maritime studies
 Medicine
 Music
 Nanotechnology
 Osteopathy
 Pharmaceuticals
 Social Work

Institution type

 Community colleges
 For-profit universities and colleges
 Land-grant universities
 Liberal arts universities
 National universities
 Postgraduate-only institutions
 Private universities
 Public universities
 Research universities
 Technical universities
 Sea-grant universities
 Space-grant universities
 State universities and colleges
 Unaccredited universities

Location
 Lists of universities and colleges by country
 List of largest universities

Religious affiliation

 Assemblies of God
 Baptist colleges and universities in the United States
 Catholic universities
 Ecclesiastical universities
 Benedictine colleges and universities
 Jesuit institutions
 Opus Dei universities
 Pontifical universities
 International Council of Universities of Saint Thomas Aquinas
 International Federation of Catholic Universities
 Christian churches and churches of Christ
 Churches of Christ
 Church of the Nazarene
 Islamic seminaries
 Lutheran colleges and universities
 International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities
 Muslim educational institutions
 Association of Presbyterian Colleges and Universities

Extremities
 Endowment
 Largest universities by enrollment
 Oldest madrasahs in continuous operation
 Oldest universities in continuous operation

Other
 Colleges and universities named after people

History
 Medieval universities
 Ancient universities in Britain and Ireland

See also

 
 
 
 
 Lists of schools
 Distance education
Civil law

Civil law may refer to:
 Civil law (common law), the part of law that concerns private citizens and legal persons
 Civil law (legal system), or continental law, a legal system originating in continental Europe and based on Roman law
 Private law, the branch of law in a civil law legal system that concerns relations among private individuals
 Municipal law, the domestic law of a state, as opposed to international law

See also 
 Civil code
 Civil (disambiguation)
 Ius civile, Latin for "civil law"
 Common law (disambiguation)
 Criminal law
Court of appeals (disambiguation)

A court of appeals is generally an appellate court.

Court of Appeals may refer to:

Israeli Military Court of Appeals
 (Italy)
Court of Appeals of the Philippines
High Court of Appeals of Turkey
Court of Appeals (Vatican City)

United States 
Courts of appeals
Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims
Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit
Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
Emergency Court of Appeals
Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals (defunct)
Alabama Court of Appeals (existed until 1969)
Alaska Court of Appeals
Arizona Court of Appeals
Arkansas Court of Appeals
Colorado Court of Appeals
District of Columbia Court of Appeals
Georgia Court of Appeals
Hawaii Intermediate Court of Appeals
Idaho Court of Appeals
Illinois Court of Appeals
Indiana Court of Appeals
Iowa Court of Appeals
Kansas Court of Appeals
Kentucky Court of Appeals
Louisiana Court of Appeals
Maryland Court of Appeals
Michigan Court of Appeals
Minnesota Court of Appeals
Mississippi Court of Appeals
Missouri Court of Appeals
Nebraska Court of Appeals
New Mexico Court of Appeals
New York Court of Appeals
North Carolina Court of Appeals
North Dakota Court of Appeals
Ohio Seventh District Court of Appeals
Ohio Eleventh District Court of Appeals
Oregon Court of Appeals
South Carolina Court of Appeals
Tennessee Court of Appeals
Texas Courts of Appeals
Fifth Court of Appeals
Utah Court of Appeals
Court of Appeals of Virginia
Washington Court of Appeals
Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia
Wisconsin Court of Appeals

See also

Court of Appeal (disambiguation)
Court of Criminal Appeal (disambiguation)
Appeal
State court (United States)#Nomenclature
List of legal topics
Federal Court of Appeals (disambiguation)
Character

Character or Characters may refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media

Literature
 Character (novel), a 1936 Dutch novel by Ferdinand Bordewijk
 Characters (Theophrastus), a classical Greek set of character sketches attributed to Theophrastus

Music
 Characters (John Abercrombie album), 1977
 Character (Dark Tranquillity album), 2005
 Character (Julia Kent album), 2013
 Character (Rachael Sage album), 2020
 Characters (Stevie Wonder album), 1987

Types of entity
 Character (arts), an agent within a work of art, including literature, drama, cinema, opera, etc.
 Character sketch or character, a literary description of a character type
 Game character (disambiguation), various types of characters in a video game or role playing game
 Player character, as above but who is controlled or whose actions are directly chosen by a player
 Non-player character, as above but not player-controlled, frequently abbreviated as NPC

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media
 Character (film), a 1997 Dutch film based on Bordewijk's novel
 Charaktery, a monthly magazine in Poland
 Netflix Presents: The Characters, an improvised sketch comedy show on Netflix

Mathematics 
 Character (mathematics), a homomorphism from a group to a field
 Characterization (mathematics), the logical equivalency between objects of two different domains.
 Character theory, the mathematical theory of special kinds of characters associated to group representations
 Dirichlet character, a type of character in number theory
 Multiplicative character, a homomorphism from a group to the multiplicative subgroup of a field

Morality and social science
 Character education, a US term for values education
 Character structure, a person's traits
 Moral character, an evaluation of a particular individual's durable moral qualities

Symbols 
 Character (symbol), a sign or symbol
 Character (computing), a unit of information roughly corresponding to a grapheme

Other uses 
 Character (biology), the abstraction of an observable physical or biochemical trait of an organism
 Character (income tax), a type of income for tax purposes in the US
 Sacramental character, a Catholic teaching
 Neighbourhood character, the look and feel of a built environment

See also 
 (character) (disambiguation)
 Virtual character (disambiguation)
Conditional

Conditional (if then) may refer to:

Causal conditional, if X then Y, where X is a cause of Y
Conditional probability, the probability of an event A given that another event B has occurred
Conditional proof, in logic: a proof that asserts a conditional, and proves that the antecedent leads to the consequent
Strict conditional, in philosophy, logic, and mathematics
Material conditional, in propositional calculus, or logical calculus in mathematics
Relevance conditional, in relevance logic
Conditional (computer programming), a statement or expression in computer programming languages
A conditional expression in computer programming languages such as ?:
Conditions in a contract

Grammar and linguistics
Conditional mood (or conditional tense), a verb form in many languages
Conditional sentence, a sentence type used to refer to hypothetical situations and their consequences
Indicative conditional, a conditional sentence expressing "if A then B" in a natural language
Counterfactual conditional, a conditional sentence indicating what would be the case if its antecedent were true

Other 
 "Conditional" (Laura Mvula song)
 Conditional jockey, an apprentice jockey in British or Irish National Hunt racing
 Conditional short-circuit current
 Conditional Value-at-Risk

See also
Condition (disambiguation)
Conditional statement (disambiguation)
Catalan

Catalan may refer to:

Catalonia
From, or related to Catalonia:
 Catalan language, a Romance language
 Catalans, an ethnic group formed by the people from, or with origins in, Northern or southern Catalonia

Places
 13178 Catalan, asteroid #13178, named "Catalan"
 Catalán (crater), a lunar crater named for Miguel Ángel Catalán
 Çatalan, İvrindi, a village in Balıkesir province, Turkey
 Çatalan, Karaisalı, a village in Adana Province, Turkey
 Catalan Bay, Gibraltar
 Catalan Sea, more commonly known as the Balearic Sea
 Catalan Mediterranean System, the Catalan Mountains

Facilities and structures
 Çatalan Bridge, Adana, Turkey
 Çatalan Dam, Adana, Turkey
 Catalan Batteries, Gibraltar

People
 Catalan, Lord of Monaco (1415–1457), Lord of Monaco from 1454 until 1457
 Alfredo Catalán (born 1968), Venezuelan politician
 Alex Catalán (born 1968), Spanish filmmaker
 Arnaut Catalan (1219–1253), troubador
 Diego Catalán (1928–2008), Spanish philologist
 Emilio Arenales Catalán (1922–1969) Guatemalan politician
 Eugène Charles Catalan (1814–1894), French and Belgian mathematician
 Miguel A. Catalán (1894–1957), Spanish spectroscopist
 Moses Chayyim Catalan (died 1661), Italian rabbi
 Sergio Catalán (born 1991) Chilean soccer player

Mathematics
Mathematical concepts named after mathematician Eugène Catalan:
 Catalan numbers, a sequence of natural numbers that occur in various counting problems
 Catalan solids, a family of polyhedra
 Catalan's constant, a number that occurs in estimates in combinatorics
 Catalan's conjecture

Wine
 Catalan (grape), another name for the wine grape Mourvèdre
 Catalan wine, an alternative name used in France for wine made from the Carignan grape
 Carignan, a wine grape that is also known as Catalan

Sports and games
 Catalan Opening, in chess
 Catalan Open, golf tournament
 Catalans Dragons, a rugby league team often known simply as Catalan
 XIII Catalan, a rugby league team from Perpignan, France

Other uses
 Battle of Catalán (1817) in Uruguay 
 Catalan Sheepdog
 Catalan Company, medieval mercenary company
 Catalan vault, architectural design element
 The Catalans, a 1953 novel by Patrick O'Brian

See also

 

Catalonia (disambiguation)
Catalunya (disambiguation)
 Catalan exonyms
 Anti-Catalanism

Language and nationality disambiguation pages
Ethnonymic surnames
Commentary

Commentary or commentaries may refer to:

Publications
 Commentary (magazine), a U.S. public affairs journal, founded in 1945 and formerly published by the American Jewish Committee
 Caesar's Commentaries (disambiguation), a number of works by or attributed to Julius Caesar
 Commentaries of Ishodad of Merv, set of ninth-century Syriac treatises on the Bible
 Commentaries on the Laws of England, a 1769 treatise on the common law of England by Sir William Blackstone
 Commentaries on Living, a series of books by Jiddu Krishnamurti originally published in 1956, 1958 and 1960
 Moralia in Job, a sixth-century treatise by Saint Gregory
 Commentary of Zuo, one of the earliest Chinese works of narrative history, covering the period from 722 to 468 BCE
 Commentaries, a work attributed to Taautus

Other uses
 Published opinion piece material, in any of several forms:
 An editorial, written by the editorial staff or board of a newspaper, magazine, or other periodical
 Column (periodical), a regular feature of such a publication in which usually the same single writer offers advice, observation, or other commentary 
 An op-ed, an opinion piece by an author unaffiliated with the publication
 Letters to the editor, written by readers of such a publication
 Posts made in the comments section of an online publication, serving a similar function to paper periodicals' letters to the editor
 Commentary (philology), a line-by-line or even word-by-word explication (and usually translation) of a text
 Audio commentary track for DVDs and Blu-Rays – an additional audio track that plays in real-time with the video material, and comments on that video
 Sports commentary or play-by-play,  a running description of a game or event in real time, usually during a live broadcast
 Color commentary, supplementing play-by-play commentary, often filling in any time when play is not in progress
 Atthakatha, commentaries on the Pāli Canon in Theravāda Buddhism
 Criticism, the practice of judging the merits and faults of something or someone
 Commentary! The Musical, the musical commentary accompanying Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog
 Commentary or narration, the words in a documentary film
 Exegesis, a critical explanation or interpretation of a text, especially a religious text (e.g. a Bible commentary)
 Literary criticism, the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature
 Close reading in literary criticism, the careful, sustained interpretation of a brief passage of text
 Political criticism or political commentary, criticism that is specific of or relevant to politics
 Public commentary received by governmental and other bodies, e.g. in response to proposals, reports, etc.

See also
 Commentry, a place in central France
 Comment (disambiguation)
 List of biblical commentaries
 Jewish commentaries on the Bible
 Commentaire, a French quarterly
 Reaction video, commentaries in video format
Chinese

Chinese may refer to:
 Something related to China
 Chinese people, people identified with China, through nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity
Han Chinese, East Asian ethnic group native to China.
Zhonghua minzu, the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation
 List of ethnic groups in China, people of various ethnicities in contemporary China
 Ethnic minorities in China, people of non-Han Chinese ethnicities in modern China
 Ethnic groups in Chinese history, people of various ethnicities in historical China
 Nationals of the People's Republic of China
 Nationals of the Republic of China 
 Overseas Chinese, Chinese people residing outside the territories of mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan
 Sinitic languages, the major branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family
 Chinese language, a group of related languages spoken predominantly in China, sharing a written script (Chinese characters in traditional and simplified forms)
 Standard Chinese, the standard form of Mandarin Chinese in mainland China, similar to forms of Mandarin Chinese in Taiwan and Singapore
 Varieties of Chinese, topolects grouped under Chinese languages
 Written Chinese, writing scripts used for Chinese languages
Chinese characters, logograms used for the writing of East Asian languages
 Chinese cuisine, styles of food originating from China or their derivatives
"Chinese", a song about take out meals by Lily Allen from It's Not Me, It's You

See also
 Chinese citizen (disambiguation)
 Tang Chinese (disambiguation)
 

Language and nationality disambiguation pages
Critical philosophy

The critical philosophy () movement, attributed to Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), sees the primary task of philosophy as criticism rather than justification of knowledge. Criticism, for Kant, meant judging as to the possibilities of knowledge before advancing to knowledge itself (from the Greek kritike (techne), or "art of judgment"). The basic task of philosophers, according to this view, is not to establish and demonstrate theories about reality, but rather to subject all theories—including those about philosophy itself—to critical review, and measure their validity by how well they withstand criticism.

"Critical philosophy" is also used as another name for Kant's philosophy itself. Kant said that philosophy's proper inquiry is not about what is out there in reality, but rather about the character and foundations of experience itself. We must first judge how human reason works, and within what limits, so that we can afterwards correctly apply it to sense experience and determine whether it can be applied at all to metaphysical objects.

The principal three sources on which the critical philosophy is based are the three critiques, namely Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Practical Reason and Critique of Judgement, published between 1781 and 1790 and mostly concerned, respectively, with metaphysics, ethics and aesthetics.

See also 
Critical idealism
Critical thinking
Charles Bernard Renouvier
Léon Brunschvicg

References
 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Immanuel Kant

Kantianism
Commelinales

Commelinales is an order of flowering plants. It comprises five families: Commelinaceae, Haemodoraceae, Hanguanaceae, Philydraceae, and Pontederiaceae. All the families combined contain over 885 species in about 70 genera; the majority of species are in the Commelinaceae. Plants in the order share a number of synapomorphies that tie them together, such as a lack of mycorrhizal associations and tapetal raphides. Estimates differ as to when the Commelinales evolved, but most suggest an origin and diversification sometime during the mid- to late Cretaceous. Depending on the methods used, studies suggest a range of origin between 123 and 73 million years, with diversification occurring within the group 110 to 66 million years ago. The order's closest relatives are in the Zingiberales, which includes ginger, bananas, cardamom, and others.

Taxonomy
According to the most recent classification scheme, the APG IV of 2016, the order includes five families:
 Commelinaceae
 Haemodoraceae
 Hanguanaceae
 Philydraceae
 Pontederiaceae

This is unchanged from the APG III of 2009 and the APG II of 2003, but different from the older APG system of 1998, which did not include Hanguanaceae.

Previous classification systems 
The older Cronquist system of 1981, which was based purely on morphological data, placed the order in subclass Commelinidae of class Liliopsida and included the families Commelinaceae, Mayacaceae, Rapateaceae and Xyridaceae. These families are now known to be only distantly related.
In the classification system of Dahlgren the Commelinales were one of four orders in the superorder Commeliniflorae (also called Commelinanae), and contained five families, of which only Commelinaceae has been retained by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group.

References

 
Angiosperm orders
Extant Campanian first appearances
Cross ownership

Cross ownership is a method of reinforcing business relationships by owning stock in the companies with which a given company does business. Heavy cross ownership is referred to as circular ownership.

In the US, "cross ownership" also refers to a type of investment in different mass-media properties in one market.

Cross ownership of stock
Countries noted to have high levels of cross ownership include:
 Japan
 Germany

Positives of cross ownership:
 Closely ties each business to the economic destiny of its business partners
 Promotes a slow rate of economic change

Cross ownership of shares is criticized for:
 Stagnating the economy
 Wasting capital that could be used to improve productivity
 Expanding economic downturns by preventing reallocation of capital
 Lessening control of shareholders over corporate leadership.

A major factor in perpetuating cross ownership of shares is a high capital gains tax rate.  A company has less incentive to sell cross owned shares if taxes are high because of the immediate reduction in the value of the assets.

For example, a company owns $1000 of stock in another company that was originally purchased for $200.  If the capital gains tax rate is 25% (like in Germany), the profit of $800 would be taxed for $200, causing the company to take a $200 loss on the sale.

Long term cross ownership of shares combined with a high capital tax rate greatly increases periods of asset deflation both in time and in severity.

Media cross ownership

Cross ownership also refers to a type of media ownership in which one type of communications (say a newspaper) owns or is the sister company of another type of medium (such as a radio or TV station). One example is The New York Timess former ownership of WQXR Radio and the Chicago Tribune'''s similar relationship with WGN Radio (WGN-AM) and Television (WGN-TV).

The Federal Communications Commission generally does not allow cross ownership, to keep from one license holder having too much local media ownership, unless the license holder obtains a waiver, such as News Corporation and the Tribune Company have in New York.

The mid-1970s cross-ownership guidelines grandfathered already-existing cross ownerships, such as Tribune-WGN, New York Times-WQXR and the New York Daily News'' ownership of WPIX Television and Radio.

References 

Business ownership
Strategic management
Capricorn

Capricorn (pl. capricorni or capricorns) may refer to:

Places
Capricorn and Bunker Group, islands of the southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Capricorn District Municipality, Limpopo province, South Africa

Animals
Capricorn, an animal from the ibex family, particularly the Alpine ibex
Capricornis, a genus of goat-like or antelope-like animals

Astronomy and astrology 
 Capricornus, one of the constellations of the zodiac
 Capricorn (astrology)

Arts, entertainment, and media

Fictional characters
Capricorn (comics), several Marvel Comics characters
Capricorn (Inkworld), Inkheart character

Music

Groups and labels
 Capricorn Records, an American record label active 1969–1979
 Capricorn (ensemble), a British chamber ensemble active 1973–2000

Albums
Capricorn (Jay Chou album), 2008
Capricorn (Trevor Powers album), 2020
Capricorn (Mike Tramp album), 1997
"Capricorn (A Brand New Name)", a 2002 single by 30 Seconds to Mars from their self-titled album

Songs
"Capricorn", a song by IQ from their 1997 concept album Subterranea
"Capricorn", a song by Barclay James Harvest from the album Eyes of the Universe
"Capricorn", a song by Motörhead from the album Overkill

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media 
 Capricorn, a 1988 manga series created by Johji Manabe
 Capricorn One, a 1977 thriller

Brands and enterprises
Capricorn (microprocessor), a family of microprocessors used in the HP series 80 scientific microcomputers
Capricorn, one of the names for the Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer
Capricorn Investment Holdings, an umbrella for the Capricorn group of companies

Other uses
Capricorn, a ship that on January 28, 1980 collided with and sank the USCGC Blackthorn (WLB-391)
Capricorn Africa Society, a pressure group in British African colonies

See also
Capricornia (disambiguation)
Tropic of Capricorn (disambiguation)
Foreign relations of Cameroon

Cameroon's noncontentious, low-profile approach to foreign relations puts it squarely in the middle of other African and developing country states on major issues. It supports the principles of non-interference in the affairs of third world countries and increased assistance to underdeveloped countries. Cameroon is an active participant in the United Nations, where its voting record demonstrates its commitment to causes that include international peacekeeping, the rule of law, environmental protection, and Third World economic development. In the UN and other human rights fora, Cameroon's non-confrontational approach has generally led it to avoid criticizing other countries.

Cameroon enjoys good relations with the United States and other developed countries. Cameroon enjoys generally good relations with its African neighbors. It supports UN peacekeeping activities in Central Africa.

International disputes
Delimitation of international boundaries in the vicinity of Lake Chad, the lack of which led to border incidents in the past, is complete and awaits ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; dispute with Nigeria over land and maritime boundaries around the Bakasi Peninsula and Lake Chad is currently before the International Court of Justice (ICJ), as is a dispute with Equatorial Guinea over the exclusive maritime economic zone.  As of 10 October 2012, it has been resolved that Cameroon own Bakassi.

Cameroon also faces a complaint filed with the African Commission on Human Rights by the Southern Cameroons National Council (SCNC) and the Southern Cameroons Peoples Organisation (SCAPO) against the Government of the Republic of Cameroon, in which the complainants allege that the Republic of Cameroon is illegally occupying the territory of Southern Cameroons. The SCNC and SCAPO ultimately seek the independence of the territory of Southern Cameroons. As of 2008, both parties have submitted briefs and responded to the Human Rights Commissions' inquiries. A ruling by the African Commission on Human Rights is awaited.

Bilateral relations

Multilateral relations
In addition to the United Nations, Cameroon is very active in other multilateral organisations or global institutions such as the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, The Commonwealth, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Group of 77, the Non-Aligned Movement, the African Union and the Economic Community of Central African States.

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees (country of origin): 20,000-30,000 (Chad); 3,000 (Nigeria); 24,000 (Central African Republic) (2007)

See also
 List of diplomatic missions in Cameroon
 List of diplomatic missions of Cameroon

References
Foreign relations of Cape Verde

Cape Verde follows a policy of nonalignment and seeks cooperative relations with all friendly states. Angola, Brazil, the People's Republic of China, Cuba, France, Germany, Portugal, Senegal, Russia, South Korea and the United States maintain embassies in Praia.

Cape Verde is actively interested in foreign affairs, especially in Africa. It has bilateral relations with some Lusophone nations and holds membership in a number of international organizations. It also participates in most international conferences on economic and political issues.

Diplomatic relations 

List of countries with which Cape Verde maintains diplomatic relations with:

Bilateral relations

Multilateral Relations

European Union

See also 
 List of diplomatic missions in Cape Verde
 List of diplomatic missions of Cape Verde
 International organization membership of Cape Verde
 International recognition of Cape Verde

References
Politics of the Cayman Islands

The politics of the Cayman Islands takes place within a framework of parliamentary democracy, within the confines of the Government of the Cayman Islands.

Constitutional Modernisation
Constitutional Modernisation has come to the forefront of politics recently with the collapse of the now defunct Euro Bank Corporation in 2003. The prosecution in the trial was forced to reveal that the British Government had planted moles (and used wire taps) throughout the banking industry using MI6, with the consent of the Governor. This caused the trial's collapse, and subsequent release of those charged with wrongdoing. Along with this, the only mole that was known at the time was allowed to leave the country, never to answer for what he (or the United Kingdom) was doing. This infuriated the elected members of the Legislative Assembly as they maintained that the Governor and the United Kingdom had put into question the Cayman Islands' reputation as a tightly regulated offshore jurisdiction. Some saw this as the United Kingdom meddling in the territory's affairs to benefit itself (and the EU), at the expense of the islands' economy. 

Constitutional talks however went on hold following Hurricane Ivan in 2004. Subsequently, in May 2005 the ruling UDP was ousted by the PPM, which restarted the process of constitutional modernisation. The new constitution took effect on 6 November 2009.

See also
Elections in the Cayman Islands

References
Telecommunications in the Cayman Islands

Communications in the Cayman Islands

Telephone 

Telephones – main lines in use: 37,400 (2009) 

Telephones – mobile cellular: 99,900 (2004)

Telephone system:
Domestic: Reasonably good overall telephone system with a high fixed-line teledensity. Liberalization of telecom market in 2003; introduction of competition in the mobile-cellular market in 2004.  FLOW Cayman, Digicel
 International: The Cayman Islands have landing points for the MAYA-1, and the Cayman-Jamaica Fiber System submarine cables that provide links to the US and parts of Central and South America. Service on both of these cables are controlled by Liberty Latin America.

Satellite earth station – 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2007) Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio 
Radio broadcast stations: AM 0, FM 17, shortwave 0 (2006)
 List of radio stations in Cayman Islands

Radios: 36,000 (1997)

Television 

Television broadcast stations: Cayman27

Internet 

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):Four companies offer internet service in the islands with in fixed configurations or mobile or both:
 Liberty Latin America d/b/a FLOW
 Digicel
 Logic - Fibre based service. Founded in 2004 as WestTel when it was granted a telecommunications license. Purchased TeleCayman in 2013
 C3

Country code (Top-level domain): .ky

References 

Cayman Islands
 
Cayman
Transport in the Cayman Islands

The transport infrastructure of the Cayman Islands consists of a public road network, two seaports, and three airports.

Roads
As of 2000, the Cayman Islands had a total of 488 miles (785 km) of paved highway.

Driving is on the left, and speed is reckoned in miles per hour, as in the UK. The legal blood alcohol content is 100mg per 100ml (0.1%), the highest in the world.

Seaports
Two ports, Cayman Brac and George Town, serve the islands. One hundred and twenty-three ships (of 1,000 GT or more) are registered in the Cayman Islands, with a total capacity of 2,402,058 GT/. Some foreign ships (including vessels from Cyprus, Denmark, Greece, Norway, the UK, and US) are registered in the Cayman Islands under a flag of convenience.  (All figures are 2002 estimates.)

Airports

There are three airports on the Islands. The main airport Owen Roberts International Airport serving Grand Cayman, Charles Kirkconnell International Airport serving Cayman Brac and Edward Bodden Airfield serving Little Cayman.

Buses
A fleet of Share taxi minibuses serves Grand Cayman.

A daily service starts at 6.00 from the depot and runs as follows from George Town to:

West Bay — every 15 minutes: 6.00–23.00 (24.00 on Fr, Sa). CI$1.50 each way. 
Bodden Town — every 30 minutes: 6.00–23.00 (24.00 on Fr, Sa). CI$1.50 each way. 
East End and North Side — every hour, 6.00–21.00 (24.00 on Fr). CI$2 each way. 

Colour-coded logos on the front and rear of the buses (white mini-vans) identify the routes:

See also 
 Cayman Islands

References
Foreign relations of the Cayman Islands

The foreign relations of the Cayman Islands are largely managed from the United Kingdom, as the islands remains one of 14 overseas territories under British jurisdiction and sovereignty. However, the Government of the Cayman Islands have autonomy and often resolves important issues with foreign governments alone, without intervention from Britain. Although in its early days, the Cayman Islands' most important relationships were with Britain and Jamaica, in recent years, this has shifted, and they now rely more so on the United States and Canada.

Though the Cayman Islands are involved in no major international disputes, they have come under some criticism due to the use of their territory for narcotics trafficking and money laundering. In an attempt to address this, the Government entered into the Narcotics Agreement of 1984 and the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty of 1986 with the United States, in order to reduce the use of their facilities associated with these activities. In more recent years, they have stepped up the fight against money laundering, by limiting banking secrecy, introducing requirements for customer identification and record keeping, and requiring banks to cooperate with foreign investigators.

Due to their status as an overseas territory of the UK, the Cayman Islands have no representation either on the United Nations, or in most other international organizations. However, the Cayman Islands still participates in some international organisations, being a full member of the Central Development Bank and International Olympic Committee, an associate member of Caricom and UNESCO, and a member of a subbureau of Interpol.

Bilateral relations

India

United States

References

See also
Foreign relations of the United Kingdom
British Overseas Territories

Government of the Cayman Islands
Foreign relations of the Caribbean
Transport in the Central African Republic

Modes of transport in the Central African Republic include road, water, and air. Most of the country is connected to the road network, but not all of it. Some roads in the country do not connect to the rest of the national road network and may become impassable, especially during heavy monsoon rain. Many remote areas that not connected to the country's road network, especially in the eastern part of the country outside of the major cities and towns, can only be reached by light aircraft, boat (via river) or on foot. Most roads are unpaved, and which centres on the routes nationales identified as RN1 to RN11. Bangui serves as a seaport, and 900 km of inland waterways are navigable, the main route being the Oubangui river. There is one international airport at Bangui-Mpoko, two other paved airports, and over 40 with unpaved runways.

Railways 

There are presently no railways in the Central African Republic.

A line from  Cameroon port of Kribi to Bangui was proposed in 2002.

Highways 

 Total: 23,810 km
 Paved: 643 km
 Unpaved: 23,167 km (1999 est.)

Major roads include:
 RN1 (Route Nationale 1) north from Bangui. 482 km via Bossangoa to Moundou, Chad.
 RN2 east from Bangui. 1202 km via Bambari and Bangassou to the South Sudanese border at Bambouti.
 RN3 west from RN1 at Bossembélé. 453 km via Bouar and Baboua to Boulai on the Cameroon border as part of the east-west Trans-African Highway 8 Lagos-Mombasa.
 RN4 from RN2 at Damara, 76 km north of Bangui, north 554 km via Bouca and Batangafo to Sarh, Chad.
 RN6 south and west from Bangui, 605 km via Mbaïki, Carnot and Berbérati to Gamboula on the border with Cameroon.
 RN8 north-east from RN2 at Sibut, 023 km via Kaga Bandoro, Ndéle, and Birao to the Sudanese border.
 RN10 south from RN6 at Berbérati, 136 km via Bania to Nola.
 RN11 from Baoro on RN3 south, 104 km to Carnot on RN6.

The roads east to Sudan and north to Chad are poorly maintained.

Waterways 
900 km; traditional trade carried on by means of shallow-draft dugouts; Oubangui is the most important river, navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 m or less; 282 km navigable to craft drawing as much as 1.8 m.

Ports and harbors 
There is only one river port. It is at the city of Bangui.

Airports

Airports with paved runways 
 Total: 3
 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2002)

The most important airport in the Central African Republic is Bangui M'Poko International Airport (ICAO: FEFF)

Airports with unpaved runways 
 Total: 47
 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10
 914 to 1,523 m: 23
 Under 914 m: 13 (2002)

See also 
 Central African Republic

References

External links 
 UN Map