alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Alberta

Alberta is a province in western Canada. It is bounded by the provinces of British Columbia on the west, Saskatchewan on the east, the US state of Montana on the south and the Northwest Territories to the North.

Alberta is the fourth largest Canadian province with an area of . Alberta has around 4,067,175 living there, making it the fourth most populous province in Canada.

The capital of Alberta is Edmonton lying near the middle of Alberta. The city of Calgary, Alberta’s other major centre is located about 300 kilometres to the south of Edmonton.

History 
Canada became a country in 1867. It was much smaller than it is now, and did not include the parts of the country to the west. From 1670 to 1870, parts of Alberta were included in "Rupert's Land", land owned by the Hudson’s Bay Company in support of its trading monopoly over a vast area of Canada and parts of the United States. Northern part of Alberta was part of the what was then called "Northwestern Territories".

Alberta was made a province of Canada in 1905, at the same time as Saskatchewan.

The Aboriginal peoples of Canada are referred to as First Nations or by the Name of their Nation. Mixed (European/Aboriginal) People are called Metis.

Weather 
Alberta is very cold in the winter and has a lot of snow during the very cold season. There is a dry part of Alberta in the south.

Work in Alberta  
Alberta has a huge amount of oil (in the Athabasca Oil Sands) and natural gas.

There are also a lot of farms in Alberta. Farmers grow several different types of crops Farmers mainly grow wheat. There are also a lot of cows on Alberta farms, and Alberta beef is exported.

References

Other websites 

 Government of Alberta website
 
 Provincial Archives of Alberta website 
 Travel Alberta
 Alberta Encyclopedia
 CBC Digital Archives—Striking Oil in Alberta
 CBC Digital Archives—Electing Dynasties: Alberta Campaigns 1935 to 2001
 CBC Digital Archives—Alberta @ 100

 
1905 establishments in North America
1900s establishments in Canada
Scalar

Scalars are simple numbers. They are used for measuring things. Many things can be measured, and the measure can be explained by only giving the number.

Suppose we are measuring a rod. We could give the measured length as 2 metres or 3 cm—depending on the length of the rod under observation. Here, only the figure 2 or 3 along with the unit of measure is enough to transmit information about the rod.

Other examples of scalars are: 
Unit of mass (Kilograms)
Unit of measuring luminosity (Candela)
Unit of length (Metres)

In other words, mass is measured by scalars, just like distances are measured by scalars.

In mathematics, scalars are distinguished from more complex mathematical objects such as vectors and matrices in that they consist of only one number. A scalar  can also be multiplied to a vector  or a matrix , resulting in the vector  and the matrix , respectively. For vectors, scalar multiplication produces a new vector of different length in the same or opposite direction of the original vector.

Related pages 

 Dot product, a scalar quantity
 Scalar (physics)

References 

Measurement
Basic physics ideas
Soap bubble

A soap bubble is a very thin film of soap water. Their shape is a hollow, round ball, or sphere. They have a colorful surface. Soap bubbles do not last very long. Sometimes they break in the air. When they touch something else, they usually break. When people talk about soap bubbles they think about them being pretty but short-lived. So, they are a symbol for other things that are pretty but short-lived or unimportant. Children enjoy playing with bubbles. Sometimes, adults enjoy seeing art done with soap bubbles.

They get their colors from iridescence.

Artists 
 Tom Noddy, author of Bubble Magic,
 Keith Michael Johnson,
 Fan Yang,
 Louis Pearl,
 Reinhold Leppert,
 Craig Glenday,
 John Erck.

References 

Water
Fire Brigades Union

The Fire Brigades Union (FBU) is the main union for firefighters in the United Kingdom. A union is a group of workers.  They make the group to improve pay and working conditions.  It was founded in 1918 in the London area as the Firemans Trade Union.  It soon grew to cover the entire country.    Today, it has around 50,000 members.

Other websites 
FBU homepage

Organisations based in London
Firefighting
Trade unions in the United Kingdom
Wheel

A wheel is a disc or circle-shaped mechanical device. Its main purpose is to allow things to roll; in other words, the wheel spins, and object on the wheels moves more easily along the ground.  It is a simple machine. The principle behind the wheel is that of mechanical advantage.  

Most land vehicles roll on wheels. Wheels are often used in pairs, connected by a rod of wood or metal known as an axle. The wheel and axle turn together. The part of the wheel that attaches to the axle is called the hub. 

The wheel with an axle is the basis of many machines, not just vehicles.  The potter's wheel, the lathe and the windlass are examples. Many machines have wheels with teeth, known as gears.

History 

Most experts believe that  the ancient Mesopotamians invented the wheel about 4000 BC.

People in Asia also discovered it on their own around 3500 BC.  The Inca and Maya had wheels on children's toys around 1500 BC, but they did not use wheels for work.  Africa south of the Sahara desert, Europe, and Australia did not have the wheel until people there met people from Europe.  Early wheels were solid disks; the spoked wheel was invented around 2000 BC. The earliest documentation of a vehicle with wheels is a painting dated between 33503500 BC.

Uses 
Today, wheels are used in cars, carts, airplanes, wheelchairs, bicycles, trains, and skateboards, in addition to many more devices.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Tools
Physical exercise

The word exercise means:
Things to do to get some practical experience and skill in some activity.
Repeatedly moving the human body to make it stronger or better at doing something. This is called physical exercise.

Basic modes of physical exercises

People do physical exercises as a part of their healthy lifestyle to get stronger and healthier or stay strong and healthy or to improve their body image.  There are three basic modes of physical exercises:

 Flexibility exercises help the human body in general or its part in particular to be able to reach farther and bend better.  
 Aerobic exercises help the body work hard for a long time.  
 Anaerobic exercises, like lifting weights, make the arms and legs stronger.

Exercises can be an important part of physical therapy, weight loss, or sports performance.

Exercise can be fun, but it is important for the exerciser to do what he likes and eat enough calories , so when he exercises he is building up muscles, not just breaking them down for fuel. Carbohydrates are muscle-sparing; and if one does not get enough calories overall, there is the risk of burning muscles up with the fat to make up the deficit.

Exercise benefits
Benefits of exercise for all ages have been known since antiquity. Marcus Cicero, around 65 BC, stated: “It is exercise alone that supports the spirits, and keeps the mind in vigor.”

The CDC recommends that adults should get 150 minutes of physical activity weekly. Regular exercise has been shown to help high blood pressure, obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and depression, among others. Exercise also helps people feel less tired.

Regular exercise can have a profoundly positive impact on depression, anxiety, and ADHD. It also relieves stress, improves memory, helps sleep better, and boosts overall mood. Studies show that exercise can treat mild to moderate depression as effectively as antidepressant medication but without the side-effects, of course.

Examples of physical exercises
aerobics
bodybuilding
running
squat
sport
stretching
walking
weight training

References
7. Why Fitness is famous and necessary? 

Fitness
Percentage

Percent means out of one hundred.  It is often shown with the symbol "%". It is used even if there are not a hundred items. The number is then scaled so it can be compared to one hundred. Percent is also used to indicate changes in numerical quantities.  

For example, we have a bowl of fruit with three apples and one orange. The percentage of apples is 3 out of 4, or 3/4 = 75/100 = 75%.  

A percentage is only one way of writing a ratio; one can also write it as a fraction or decimal. There are ways to convert fractions to percentages or decimals to percentages.

Uses 
Percentages are useful in practice, because it allows one to compare things that are not out of the same number.  For example, exam marks are often percentages, which can compare them even if there are more questions on one exam paper than the other.

Related pages 

 Annual percentage rate
 Percentile
 Per mille

References 

Mathematics
Rock

Rock has several meanings:  

rock (geology), a hard substance made of minerals, often found in or on the ground
Rock music
Rock and roll music, a form of popular music that started in the 20th century
Plato

Plato was one of the most important classical Greek philosophers. He lived from 427 BC to 348 BC. A wealthy man, he owned at least 50 slaves and created the first university school, called "The Academy". Plato was a student of Socrates (who did not write) and the teacher of Aristotle, who founded another university, known as the Lyceum.  Plato wrote about many ideas in philosophy that are still talked about today. He wrote about ideas of deductive reasoning. One modern philosopher, Alfred North Whitehead, said that all philosophy since Plato has just been comments on his works.

Life
Plato wrote his books in the form of dialogues with two people or more talking about ideas, and sometimes disagreeing about them. The Laws is Plato's longest dialogue and probably his last.

Socrates is usually the main person in Plato's dialogues. Usually, Socrates talks with people about their ideas, and tries to see if they believe anything that is illogical. Other people in the stories often become angry with Socrates because of this. People who study Plato argue about whether Socrates really said the same things that Plato makes him say, or whether Plato just used Socrates as a character, to make the ideas he was talking about seem more important.

Plato opposed the rhetorics of sophism and insisted on true justice and equality in his work Gorgias, and on immortality of soul in Phaedo.

One of Plato's most famous works is The Republic (in Greek, Politeia, or 'city'). In that work, he describes Socrates's vision of an "ideal" state. The method of questioning in this dialogue, called the Socratic method, is as important as the content. The Republic contains ideas of Socrates: "Socrates said it, Plato wrote it."

Philosophy
Plato is famous for developing the idea of the theory of forms. The concept of the world of forms states that actual things of a common nature are imperfect representations of a perfect conceptual thing. For example, there are brown dogs, grey dogs, old dogs, skinny dogs etc. that are all imperfect variants of the perfect form of “dogness”. This led him to believe in “a world of forms” and that our world is a shadow of the world of forms. He thought that all perfect forms of things came from pure perfection itself, which can be seen as God. He thought the human ability to know of nonspecific conceptions of things was proof humans had immortal souls that had been in the world of forms.

Works by Plato 
There are many dialogues that were supposed to be written by Plato. This list includes those he probably did write.

References 

Sources:

Related pages 
Platonic realism
Platonic solid

427 BC births
340s BC deaths
Ancient Greek philosophers
Slavers
Sundial

A sundial shows the current solar time during the day. It does this because the sun appears to move through the sky. At different times in the day when the sun is shining, a shadow is cast in different places on the dial. A person marks the dial with the time at a certain shadow. This lets users easily see the time. There are a few commonly seen designs, such as the 'ordinary' or standard horizontal garden sundial. However, sundials can be designed for any surface where a fixed object casts a predictable shadow. They may be horizontal or vertical or tilted. 

Ancient Egypt had sundials. Other cultures developed them further, including the Greeks and Romans.

Related pages
 Time

Other websites 

 Sunbeams and Sundials Children's guide to the sun, the seasons and sundials.
 There is a book from 1319 that talks about sundails
 There is another old book from the 1500's that talks about how to make a sundial. It's written in the Arabic language

Clocks
Peninsula

A peninsula is a region of land that sticks out in a body of water. It is also defined as a piece of land with water on three sides.

Many countries are on peninsulas, and may either take up part of a peninsula (such as Portugal) or all of it (such as India). Parts of a country may also be on a peninsula. For example, Jutland is a peninsula, as is Baja California in Mexico.

If Eurasia is considered a continent then the continent of Europe is technically a peninsula. In this case, the great peninsulas of Europe, the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas would technically be peninsulas within peninsulas. The area of the European Peninsula, comprised of Europe minus Russia, Fennoscandia, and any islands, is roughly 4.4 million square kilometers.

The Arabian Peninsula is usually cited as the largest peninsula in the world with an area of 3,237,500 square kilometers.

Referencens
Derivation

A derivative is something created from a Primary source, and can mean different things.

 Derivative (linguistics), a word that is made from a more basic word
 Derivative (chemistry), a substance that has similar properties to the original. However, one or more components of the original are replaced
 Derivative (finance), or derivative security
 Derivative (mathematics), a central idea of calculus
Derivative works made from an existing work of art
Nim

Nim is a simple game used for examples in combinatorial game theory. The rules of nim are simple:
 The game begins with some piles of counters.
 Players alternate turns.
 On a turn, a player takes counters from a pile. At least one counter must be taken, but up to 3. All counters must be in the same pile.
 If a player cannot take a counter, that player loses.

There is a simple mathematical strategy to play the game perfectly. If both players play perfectly, the winner is determined by the initial setup.

Other websites 
 Nim Game 

Game theory
Blue

Blue is one of the colors of the rainbow that people can see. It is one of the primary colors (colors that can be mixed with other colors) of light, along with red and green. Apart from indigo and violet, it has the shortest wavelength of colors in the rainbow (about 470 nanometers).

Blue paint can be made by mixing magenta and cyan paint.

Blue is the color of the Earth's sky and sea.  Earth looks blue when seen from outer space by astronauts.

Meaning of blue 
The color blue is sometimes associated with sadness, which may be where the name of the music style The Blues comes from.
Blue is a color of the Jewish religion.
In Western cultures since the 1940s, blue is associated with men/boys, while pink is associated with women/girls. Before the 1940s, it was the other way around, so blue was for women/girls and pink was for men/boys. Nobody knows exactly why it changed.

Comparison of green, teal, blue and ultramarine

Comparison of blue, indigo, violet and purple

Tones of blue color comparison chart

Related pages

 List of colors
 Aqua
 Aquamarine
 Azure
 Blueberry
 Blue-gray
 Blue-green
 Blue-violet
 Brilliant blue
 Cerulean
 Cobalt
 Cool
 Cyan
 Denim blue
 Electric blue
 Indigo
 Navy blue
 Prussian blue
 Royale blue
 Sky blue
 Teal blue
 Ultra
 Ultramarine

References

Basic English 850 words
Memory

Memory is the personal record of past experiences. It is the brain's ability to store information to use later. The Greeks considered memory (Mnemosyne) as the mother of Muses, for without her there would be no art and no science. 

Memory is studied in sciences known as "cognitive psychology". 

There are two types of memory: short-term and long-term memory, or known as working memory and reference memory.

 Short-term memory, the ability to keep information in mind for a short time, like remembering a phone number long enough to find a piece of paper.
 Long-term memory, the ability to remember things long after they happen, like remembering a holiday you had last year.

Related pages
Commemorative plaque
Memorial
Performing music from memory
Damnatio memoriae

References

Basic English 850 words
Human skills
Freedom of speech

Freedom of speech is the right to state one's opinions and ideas without being stopped or punished. Sometimes this is also called Freedom of expression. Freedom of speech is thought to also include freedom of the press and Freedom of information. However, new laws are usually needed to allow information to be used easily.
Most people think freedom of speech is necessary for a democratic government. In countries without free speech, people might be afraid to say what they think. Then, the government does not know what the people want. If the government does not know what they want, it cannot respond to their wants. Without free speech, the government does not have to worry as much about doing what the people want. Some people say this is why some governments do not allow free speech: they do not want to be criticised, or they fear there would be revolution if everyone knew everything that was happening in the country.

A well-known liberal thinker, John Stuart Mill, believed that freedom of speech is important because the society that people live in has a right to hear people's ideas. It's not just important because everyone should have a right to express him or herself.

Few countries with "free speech" let everything be said. For example, the United States Supreme Court said that it was against the law to shout "fire" in a crowded theater if there is no fire, because this might cause people to panic. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights also says that it is not okay to cause national, racial or religious hatred. Also, some countries have laws against hate speech.

As Tocqueville pointed out, people may be hesitant to speak freely not because of fear of government punishment but because of social pressures.  When an individual announces an unpopular opinion, he or she may face the disdain of their community or even be subjected to violent reactions.  While this type of suppression of speech is even more difficult to prevent than government suppression is, there are questions about whether it truly falls within the ambit of freedom of speech, which is typically regarded as a legal right to be exercised against the government, or immunity from governmental action.

Related pages
 Free Speech Flag
 Civil and political rights

References

Human rights
Freedom
Libertarianism
Biel/Bienne

Biel/Bienne (official name; Biel is German, Bienne is French) is an industrial town in Switzerland. It is in the part of Switzerland named Bern and near the city also named Bern. The town is known for many companies that make watches and machines.

Description 

The town of Biel, the capital of Swiss watch-making, lies at the end of Lake Biel, at the foot of the Jura Hills in the Lake Region. 
The wonderful old town with its  town church and its location as the gateway to the three Jura lakes (Lakes Biel, Lake Neuchâtel and Lake Murten) with vineyards on the hillsides and extensive vegetable cultivation make the town very attractive.
Biel is the only town in Switzerland in which German and French are spoken side by side We can feel the relaxed mentality here coming from the mixture of these three languages. 

Biel was awarded the Wakker Prize in 2004 by the Swiss Heritage Society for the way it conserved its 20th century buildings, especially the ‘new construction’ from the 1920s and 30s. 

Swatch, Rolex, Omega, Tissot, Movado and Mikron all come from this town. But Biel has also become important in the field of other industries and in communication. 

It is possible to travel on various routes along the lakes on passenger boats in summer. The day trip through all three Jura lakes is especially popular. Of course there are all types of water sports on Lake Biel.

Old town 
The town of Biel was built by the Prince-Bishop of Bale between 1220 and 1230. The old town is the smallest part of Biel with only . Most buildings there still look as in the 18th century. The biggest part of the old town is without any traffic. There aren’t any big stores or industries or any big companies. Each Saturday there is a market. The castle, “the ring” and the theatre are very popular. The town church is on the “Ringplatz” and was built between 1451 and 1470.There they burned the witches in the 18th century. From the 6 medieval city gates only one and two towers survived.

Heritage sites 
The entire town of Biel is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites. Several individual buildings in the old town have also been protected for their cultural heritage.

The Reformed City Church is one of the most important late-Gothic buildings in the Canton of Bern. The church has a main floor, two second floors and four small chapels. There are some wall-paintings in the church. Most windows are among the oldest ones in Switzerland. The church was first written about in an index in 1228. After a horrible fire in the old town the church was destroyed. It was rebuilt between 1367 and 1451. The town church got on a new organ on 6th November 2011. The church was closed for more than half a year to put the new organ in and to improve the inside of the church. It cost about 1,74 million Swiss francs. The old organ was sent to Poland.

Language 
About 57% of the people in Biel speak German as their mother tongue. The remaining 43% speak French as their mother tongue. That is why the city has two names.

References

Other websites 

www.biel-bienne.ch
Official website
Dickemauern
Swatch Internet Time

Swatch Internet Time is a way to measure time invented in 1998 by the Swatch manufacturing firm in Biel/Bienne, Switzerland. Time is shown as an "@" mark with three numerals. The day starts with @000 for midnight. Noon is @500. Just before midnight is @999. The thousand parts which make up a day are called "dot beats" (.beats). Each dot beat is one minute and 26.4 seconds long. Midnight is the same as Central European Winter Time (UTC+1)and Internet Time is the same all over the world. It does not change during the Summer. People can use it to plan phone calls or Internet meetings. Most types of Linux can show Internet Time as the desktop clock.

time
Test tube

A test tube is a kind of laboratory glassware, composed of a fingerlike length of glass tubing, open at the top, usually with a rounded lip at the top, and a rounded 'U' shaped bottom.

They range in size from a couple inches to several inches long, from a few millimeters to a couple centimeters in diameter. They are designed to allow easy heating of samples, to be held in a flame, and often are made of expansion-resistant glasses, such as borosilicate glass (known by brand-names such as Pyrex and Kimax).

Tests tubes are often preferred above beakers when multiple small chemical or biological samples have to be handled and/or stored.

Vacutainers are a type of test tube that can be used for both collection and storage of blood.

Laboratory equipment
Beaker

A beaker is a kind of laboratory glassware. A beaker is a cylinder with a lip and a spout (a bend in the rim of the beaker which makes it easier to pour liquids without spilling any). A beaker is usually about the same width as its height. This makes beakers very stable and easy to handle. They may be made of plastic, glass, or borosilicate glass. Some beakers have marks on them to show about how much volume of liquid they hold - these can not be used for exact measurements.

Beakers are often used to make solutions and they are probably the most used piece of laboratory glassware. 

Laboratory equipment
Containers
Measuring tools
Crucible

In chemistry, a crucible is a kind of laboratory equipment that is usually a small cup, about the size of a shot glass, made of porcelain or non-reactive metal. Crucibles are used to heat chemical compounds to very high temperatures using a gas burner. One of the earliest uses of platinum was as a material in crucibles. Metals such as nickel and zirconium are also used as a modern crucible material.

References
 Metal Technology - a manufacturer of crucibles 

Laboratory equipment
Beryllium

Beryllium is in group 2 of the periodic table, so it is an alkaline earth metal. It is grayish (slightly gray) in color. It has an atomic number of 4 and is symbolized by the letters Be. It is toxic and should not be handled without proper training.

Beryllium has 4 electrons, 4 protons, and 5 neutrons.

Beryllium has one of the highest melting points of the light metals: 1560 K (1287 °C). It is added to other metals to make stronger alloys. Beryllium-copper alloy is used in tools because it does not make sparks.

At standard temperature and pressure, beryllium resists oxidation when exposed to oxygen.

Beryllium is best known for the chemical compounds it forms.  Beryllium combines with aluminium, silicon and oxygen to make a mineral called beryl.  Emerald and aquamarine are two varieties of beryl which are used as gemstones in jewelry.

Since it has a very high stiffness to weight ratio, beryllium is used to make the diaphragms in some high-end speakers.

Uses 
Beryllium is used to make jet aircrafts, guided missiles, spacecraft, and satellites, including the James Webb telescope. Beryllium can reflect neutrons, and thin foils of beryllium are sometimes used in nuclear weapons as the outer layer of the plutonium pits. Beryllium is also used in fuel rods for CANDU reactors. Beryllium is used to make many dental alloys.

Rarity 
It is a relatively rare element in the universe. It usually occurs when larger atomic nuclei have split up. In stars, beryllium is depleted because it is fused and builds larger elements.

Related pages 
 Periodic table
 List of common elements

References
Data compression

Data compression is a set of steps for packing data into a smaller space, while allowing for the original data to be seen again.  Compression is a two-way process: a compression algorithm can be used to make a data package smaller, but it can also be run the other way, to decompress the package into its original form.  Data compression is useful in computing to save disk space, or to reduce the bandwidth used when sending data (e.g., over the internet).

Lossless compression

Lossless compression packs data in such a way that the compressed package can be decompressed, and the data can be pulled out exactly the same as it went in. This is very important for computer programs and archives, since even a very small change in a computer program will make it unusable.

This type of compression works by reducing how much waste space is in a piece of data. For example, if you receive a data package which contains "AAAAABBBB", you could compress that into "5A4B", which has the same meaning but takes up less space. This type of compression is called "run-length encoding", because you define how long the "run" of a character is. In the above example, there are two runs: a run of 5 A's, and another of 4 B's.

The problem with run-length encoding is that it only works on long pieces of the same value of data. If you receive a package with "ABBAABAAB" inside, that can be compressed into "1A2B2A1B2A1B"; but that's longer than the original! In this case, there's another method that can be used: checking how often a particular value comes up in the whole data package. This is often called frequency compression.

The most common kind of frequency compression is called Huffman coding, after the scientist who came up with the idea. The basic plan is to give each distinct value in a piece of data a code:- values that crop up all the time get shorter codes, and values that only show up once or twice get longer codes.

Examples of lossless compression

 Archiving formats: Zip, GZip, bZip2, 7-Zip, etc.
 Images/diagrams: GIF, PNG, PCX
 Audio: FLAC, WavPack
 Video: FFV1, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC High Predictive Profile
 Program compressors: UPX

Lossy compression

For some types of data, lossy compression can go much further; this is most often the case with media files, like music and images.  Lossy compression loses some of the data so that there's less to store.  Depending on what information is lost, people do not notice it is missing.  As a result, it can simply be removed from the data.

Of course, this will not work for computer programs and other such data where every piece is important; throwing away pieces of a computer program is generally unhealthy for the program.

Examples of lossy compression
 Images: JPEG
 Audio: MP3, Windows Media
 Video: MPEG, DivX, Windows Video

Data structures
Tongue-twister

A tongue-twister is a phrase that is hard to say. They often use alliteration and homophones. They are commonly employed to help warm up singers and actors

Examples 
 How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?  He would chuck as many wood as a woodchuck chucks if a woodchuck could chuck wood.
 She sells sea-shells on the sea-shore. The sea shells she sells are sea shells for sure.
 Six sick hicks nick six slick bricks with picks and sticks.
 The lips, the teeth, the tip of the tongue.

References 

Linguistics
AbiWord

AbiWord is a free word processor that can be downloaded for free, it is open source and is much smaller in size than a proprietary alternative, Microsoft Word. It is available for FreeBSD, Linux, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and QNX. Its mascot is Abi the ant. It is much smaller than many other commercial word-processors of its time, only using about 15Mb on a computer's hard drive under Microsoft Windows.

Related pages
OpenOffice.org Writer

Sources

Other websites 
Abiword 

Free software
Word processors
GNOME
Cross-platform software
Computer jargon

Computer jargon means words to do with computers and surrounding topics. Knowing what these words mean can help people know more about computers. Most people use these words to discuss computer ideas, but some people use these words to impress others (also known as buzzwords).

Some examples of jargon are:
Disk - a place to store data.
Data - information stored on a computer. The amount of data that is stored on a disk is measured with the following terms:
Bit - the smallest data unit, can either be a "0" or a "1."
Nibble, sometimes nybble - there are 4 bits in a Nibble. This is the amount of data that can be expressed in one hexadecimal (base 16) character.
Byte - there are 8 bits in a byte. One byte is enough to hold one single letter or number of text.
Kilobyte - there are 1024 Bytes in a Kilobyte.
Megabyte - there are 1024 Kilobytes in a Megabyte.
Gigabyte - there are 1024 Megabytes in a Gigabyte.
Terabyte - there are 1024 Gigabytes in a Terabyte.
Petabyte - there are 1024 Terabytes in a Petabyte.
Note that some people and some companies use a different version of these numbers, replacing 1024 with 1000 in each of the above numbers.
Upload - to put data on somewhere. For example, on the internet or a website, "I uploaded my pictures to Facebook."
Download - to copy data from somewhere. For example, "I downloaded a song from iTunes."
Load - to get data from, or put it on, a disk.
Save - to put data on a disk.
RAM - random access memory.
ROM - read only memory. This is memory that does not get changed.
Hardware - the solid parts of a computer, like monitors, fans, CPU, etc. 
CPU - central processing unit, another name for processor.
GHz - gigahertz. Used to describe the speed of a processor. Some processors are capable of doing more than one thing at once, as they have multiple "cores", so a bigger number is not necessarily better. The bigger the GHz number, the faster it runs and the more energy it uses.

USB - universal serial bus, a method used to plug computer tools into a machine.
Email - electronic mail.
WWW - World Wide Web, part of the Internet.
Broadband - a fast internet connection.
WiFi - a way to connect to a network wirelessly.
Plug & Play - a function from the OS that auto-recognizes any change to the hardware of the computer.
OS - operating system. The main program that controls all the computer functions, it calls other programs.
Program - set of data that tells the processor what to do and call for in the rest of PC.
Software - another name for program.
Installation - the way a software sets the place for itself in a computer. 
Malware bad software made to do something to a computer or destroy data

 Spyware Malware made to steal data
 Computer Virus - Malware that spreads automatically
 Hacker - people who search flaws in the way computers work. They can use their knowledge for evil, too.   

Computer terminology

en:Computer jargon
Million

1,000,000 (1000000, one million or one thousand thousand or million or thousand thousand for short) is a natural number  between 999,999 and 1,000,001. The name is derived from Italian, where  was 1,000, and 1,000,000 became a "milione", as 'a large thousand'.

In scientific notation, the number is written as 1×106 or just 106. Physical quantities can also be explained using the SI prefix  when using SI units. For example, 1 megawatt is 1,000,000 watts.

The word 'million' is common to both the short-scale and long-scale numbering systems, unlike the larger numbers, which have different names in the two systems.

The million is sometimes used in the English language as a metaphor for a very large number, as in 'Never in a million years' and 'You're one in a million', or as hyperbole, as in 'I've walked a million miles'.

Il Milione is the title of Marco Polo's narration of his travels in China. The name is supposed to come from Polo's nickname after his tales of riches and multitudes.

Examples 
 A millionaire is someone who owns at least one million or more units of currency.
 In computer science a megabyte is equal to a million bytes, or 1,048,576 (1,0242).
 In measurement there are a million millimeters in a kilometer. There are a million meters in a megameter. (A person who travels completely around earth's equator travels 40 megameters). Also, the speed of light travels a million kilometers in around 3 seconds (See: light speed).

Integers
1000 (number)

1000 (1,000, one thousand or thousand for short) is the natural number after 999 and before 1001. One thousand thousands is known as a million.

In Roman numerals, 1000 is written as M.

Examples of a thousand 
 The number of grams in a kilogram
 The number of millimeters in a meter
 The number of years in a millennium

19E03 1000
Gross domestic product

In economics, gross domestic product (GDP) is how much a place produces in an amount of time. GDP can be calculated by adding up its output (total production) inside a country.

To find the GDP of a country, one adds up all consumer spending (C), all investment (I), all government spending minus taxes (G), and the value of exports minus imports (X – M). This is shown by the equation: This measure is often used to find out how healthy a country is; a country with a high value of GDP can be called a large economy. The United States has the largest GDP in the world. Germany has the largest in Europe, Nigeria in Africa and China in Asia.

When a country's GDP is negative for two consecutive quarters it is considered to be in a recession. This is an unhealthy state for the country.

There are different ways to calculate GDP. Nominal GDP is the total amount of money spent on all the goods (new and final) in an economy; however, real GDP (adjusting for changes in prices) tries to correct this number for inflation. For example, if the prices rise by 2% (meaning, everything costs 2% more) and the nominal GDP grows by 5%, the real GDP growth is only increased by 3%.

GDP per capita  
GDP per capita is the total income of a country divided by the number of people living in that country. It shows how rich people are, on average.

There are also different ways of calculating GDP per capita: nominal and purchasing power parity (PPP). Nominal does not take into account the inflation rate and the cost of living of a country, but it's more useful when comparing national economies on the international market. PPP may be more useful when comparing peoples' living standards between countries.

Gross national product 
The GDP measure is different from gross national product (GNP) in that GNP = GDP + net income from assets in other countries (net income receipts).

Nominal GDP 
When the gross domestic product is evaluated at the current market prices, it is called the nominal GDP. It includes changes in prices which makes it different from the real GDP due to inflation or price fluctuations. It can be measured in one of three different ways: income approach uses the total of all income from businesses and individuals in a single year; the expenditure approach uses the market value of all goods purchased in a single year; and the production approach is based on the total production in a single year.

References
Track and field athletics

Track and field is part of the sport of athletics. Athletics is a collection of sport events that includes running, jumping and throwing. Track and field events take place in a sports stadium, either on the running track, or on the field inside the running track. These tracks are generally made up of synthetic rubber – rubber particles bound with latex or polyurethane. Other athletics events that are not track and field, include cross country running, road running, marathon running, and race-walking - these events take place outside a sports stadium.

Athletics is a very common sporting event over the world. Athletics is a combination of different sports, generally running, jumping and throwing events. Running events include marathons, hurdle races, long distance and short-distance events. Some jumping events are high jump, long jump, triple jump and pole vault. Throwing events involve javelin throw, discus throw, hammer throw and shot put.

There are also events that combine parts of running, jumping, and throwing. One of these is the decathlon, which includes two short-distance races, a mile run, a hurdles race, javelin, discus, shot-put, high jump and pole vault.

All participants are timed or have a distance measured and this is their result. Participants train hard for an event and always aim to better their results.

Athletics is a sport that people take part in all over the world. It is a sport that is most common between young children up to younger adults. Athletics can be played for enjoyment, but it can also be a competitive sport. Athletics is also an event in the Olympic games.

Notes

Other websites

International Association of Athletics Federations website
USA Track & Field website
Results & Statistics for Collegiate, High School, Middle School, and Club teams
Badminton

Badminton is a sport for two or four( "singles" or "doubles") people. The game is either one player against one player or a team of two players against another team of two players. Players use rackets to hit a shuttlecock over a net but if it goes too far it will be an out. It is often enjoyed in various settings, from casual backyard matches to to intense professional tournaments.  

The aim of the game is to hit the shuttlecock over the net in a way that the other player or pair cannot hit it back properly before it hits the floor. Every time this is done, the player or pair gets one point. They also get to serve. The first player or pair to reach 21 points wins a set. 

The winner of the match is the first to win 2 sets.

History 
Badminton traces its history to a game called George Cajoles, which was played in Pune, India in the 19th century by the British military officers stationed there. This game was taken by retired officers back to England where it developed and quickly grew in popularity. 

In 1877, the first set of written rules were arranged by the newly formed Bath Badminton Club. The All England Open Badminton Championships, the first badminton competition in the world, was held in 1899.
Badminton has been an Olympic sport since 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.
Although badminton originated in England, it is mainly played in countries of Asia such as China, Nepal, Indonesia, India, and the Republic of Korea that now dominates this sport.
The first Indian to win the All England Badminton Championship was Prakash Padukone in the year 1980.

Equipment
Rackets
Shuttlecocks
Net/ court
Line Courtyard
Badminton shoes

References

Other websites 
 International Badminton Federation
 Badminton Central
 Badminton World Federation
 https://www.badmintonengland.co.uk/
North

North is one of the 4 main directions on a compass. North is usually up on most maps. For Example: The United States is north of the Mexico, which is itself north of Brazil. The North Pole is the farthest north you can go. The North of the world is considered to be the top. 

Basic English 850 words
Compass directions
List of football clubs in Portugal

These are some Portuguese football teams.

Academica
Alverca
Amadora
Beira Mar
Belenenses
Benfica
Boavista
Braga
Gil Vicente
Guimaraes
Leiria
Maritimo
Moreirense
Nacional
Pacos Ferreira
FC Porto
Rio Ave
Sporting

References
www.PortuGOAL.net The definitive Portuguese football site

Lists of football teams
Portugal-related lists

ru:Список футбольных клубов Португалии
Epiphany (software)

Epiphany is a Web browser for GNOME. It is also available for Mac OS X and was made from Galeon.

It uses the Gecko layout engine from the Mozilla project to show web pages; however, the Epiphany developers have a new but less stable version of Epiphany 2.21.4 using the WebKit engine instead of Gecko. The Epiphany team wants to stop using Gecko and only use the WebKit engine, by the time they release Epiphany 2.24 or 2.26.  Epiphany has tabbed browsing, cookie management, popup blocking and an extensions system.  Epiphany can be extended with the Epiphany-extensions package in GNU/Linux Operating Systems.

Epiphany was made from Galeon by Marco Pesenti Gritti (also the creator of Galeon) with the aim of making a web browser with a very simple user experience. Because of that, Epiphany does not have its own themes, instead, it uses GNOME’s settings that are set in the GNOME Control Center.

References

Other websites 

Epiphany Homepage
Galeon History homepage  covering the decision to split development
GNOME Human Interface Guidelines 
Epiphany WebKit Project

Mozilla
Web browsers
GNOME
Cross-platform software
Video game console

A video game console is a machine that is used to play video games. Video game consoles usually connect to a television.  
Special controllers are attached to the console to control the game.  Some video game consoles are handheld. They can be carried around and have their own screens. The Nintendo DS and PlayStation Portable are examples of handheld consoles. Some video game consoles can also run general software, such as Linux.

Video game consoles

Atari

Bandai

Coleco

Commodore

GamePark

Magnavox

Mattel

Microsoft

NEC

Nintendo

Sega

SNK

Sony

The 3DO Company

VTech

Other consoles
PlayStation

The PlayStation (often known as the PS1 or the PSX) is a video game console made by Sony released in December 1994. At the time, it was competing against the Nintendo 64 and the Sega Saturn. PlayStation games were stored on CDs. The controllers that were first released with the console had no analog joysticks on them, but analog joysticks and a vibration feature were added to later controllers. 

A slimmer version of the console called the PS one was released in 2000. It was white instead of grey. 

It was succeeded by the PlayStation 2 in March 2000 and was discontinued on March 23, 2006 (eight months before the PlayStation 3 was released).

Sales
The PlayStation and the PSOne have sold over 120 million consoles.

Peripherals

PocketStation 
The PocketStation was a very small games console released as a peripheral (an extra accessory) for the PlayStation. It had a clock, an LCD display and four buttons. It could be used as a memory card. It wasn't released in the United States, because it did not sell well.

References
Transport

Transport, or transportation, is moving people or things from one place to another place. Transport can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations.

Infrastructure includes cableways, roads, railways, airports, canals and pipelines. The infrastructure is the network where things are carried. Infrastructure also includes airports, railway stations, bus stations and seaports (docks). Infrastructure is usually built by governments and paid for by taxes from the citizens of a country or region. Infrastructure such as roads and railways are designed by civil engineers and urban planners.

Vehicles or vessels travel on the infrastructure. Vehicles include cable cars, cars, trucks, trains, spaceships and airplanes. Vehicles are usually designed by mechanical engineers. Vessels include boats, ferries, and barges which travel on canals and use docks and seaports. In the same way that trains use train stations, airplanes use airports. In the same way that trains use railway lines (train tracks), airplanes use flight paths and then fly in the sky.

Operations control the system. Operations include traffic signals, railway signals and air traffic control. Operations also include the government policies (a policy is a plan of action to guide decisions and actions) and regulations (a set or group of laws and rules) used to control the system, such as tolls, fuel taxes, and traffic laws.

Transport and communications 
Transport and communication can be used instead of each other (someone could telephone a person rather than visit them). Transport traffic also needs communication.  For example, air traffic control lets more airplanes fly. So, an increase of either transport or communication usually leads to an increase in the other one.

Transport, energy, and the environment 
Transport uses a lot of energy. Trams, trolleybuses and trains use electricity and cycling is human-powered. Most transport uses hydrocarbons (oil and gas). This can create pollution. Environmental regulations (laws) and low-pollution fuels (for example liquified natural gas) can reduce pollution. But as more vehicles are used, more pollution is created.  Ethanol and biodiesel pollute less than petroleum.

Kinds of transportation 

Transport can be by cable, land, water or air:
 Cable using cableways. e.g. cable cars and ski lifts etc.
 Land transport using walking, roads and railway tracks  by bicycles and other vehicles. e.g. buses, cars, trucks, trains, trams, bikes etc. 
 Water transport using ships and  barges in canals and in rivers and seas  e.g. ships, submarines, jet skis etc. 
 Air transportation using airplanes and airports and helicopters. e.g. jets, aeroplanes etc. 
 Pipeline

References

Other websites

Basic English 850 words
Road

A road is a piece of land which connects two or more places. Usually, a road has been made easy to travel on, for example by removing trees and stones so the ground is more level. Although many roads are made of gravel and dirt, some are paved with concrete or bricks or stones.

People have been making roads for a long time. Roman roads in Britain and the Inca road system are famous. Transport by boats on waterways was usually easier and faster than transport by road. In the industrial revolution, the railway was invented. A railway is a special type of road, using railway tracks. Roads are now usually made for wheeled vehicles, like cars, to travel on.

When traffic congestion becomes a frequent problem, the road may be made wider or other roads built.

Road building and care is usually paid for by taxes.  Some roads are toll roads, where people pay to use the road.

Other kinds of road 

 Bicycle path
 Tracks
 Trails
 Freeways
 Highways

Basic English 850 words
Hawaiian Islands

From west to east, Hawaii is made up of the following Hawaiian Islands:

Niihau
Kauai
Oahu
Moloka'i
Lana'i
Kaho'olawe
Maui
Hawaii

Hawaii has been a U.S. state since 1959.

The Hawaiian islands, plus former islands now below sea level (guyots), make up the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain.

 
Archipelagos