alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Equation

A mathematical equation is an expression containing two mathematical objects connected by an equals sign (=) . The equals sign says that both sides are exactly equal, or of the same value. An equation can be as simple as x=0, or as complex as  or harder.

There are two kinds of mathematical equations:
 The kind of equation that is either true or false; these are also called identities. For example: 

 The kind of equation that is only true for certain values of the variable(s). The equation is only true if the variable(s) have that value. For example:
 

The second kind is often used to solve problems in which finding the value of some variables is involved. For example, if
 

The second kind of equation is used in algebra. For example, to solve the equation 2x = 8 for x, one would follow an algebraic rule to find that x = 4.

Types of equations 
Equations can be classified by the types of operations and quantities involved. For example:
 An algebraic equation is an equation in which both sides are polynomials. These are further classified by degree:
Linear equation for degree one
 Quadratic equation for degree two
 Cubic equation for degree three
 Quartic equation for degree four
 Quintic equation for degree five
 A Diophantine equation is an equation where the unknowns are required to be integers
 A differential equation is a functional equation involving derivatives of the unknown functions, which include:
Ordinary differential equation
 Partial differential equation

Related pages 
 Equation solving
 Formula
 Rate equation
 System of linear equations

References
1783



Events 
February 3 – American Revolutionary War: Spain recognizes the independence of the United States.
February 4 – American Revolutionary War: the Government of the United Kingdom formally declares that it will cease hostilities with the United States of America.
 February 4 – Earthquake in Calabria, Italy – 50.000 dead
March 5 – Last celebration of Massacre Day.
 May 18 – Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada– First United Empire Loyalists reach Parrtown.
 June 5 – The Montgolfier brothers publicly demonstrate their montgolfière (hot air balloon) in Annonay, France.
 June 8 – The volcano Laki, in Iceland, begins an eight-month eruption which kills 9350 people and starts a seven-year famine. Eruption causes deaths of livestock when they eat contaminated grass and also widespread crop failure.
 July 16 – Grants of land in Canada to American loyalists announced.
 August 5 – Mount Asama erupts, causing turmoil in Edo period Japan.
 September 3 – American Revolutionary War ends: Treaty of Paris –  the United States and the United Kingdom of Great Britain sign a treaty in Paris, ending the war.
 November 2 – In Rocky Hill, New Jersey, American general George Washington gives his "Farewell Address to the Army".
 November 21 – In Paris, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and François Laurent, marquis d'Arlandes, make the first untethered hot air balloon flight (flight time: 25 minutes, Maximum height: 5* miles).
 November 25 – American Revolutionary War: The last British troops leave New York City three months after the signing of the Treaty of Paris.
 December 4 – At Fraunces Tavern in New York City, US general George Washington formally bids his officers farewell.

City of Sevastopol founded;
United Empire Loyalists flee to Canada from the new United States;
Treaty of Versailles signed, ending hostilities between the Franco-Spanish Alliance and  the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
 Loyalists from New York settle Great Abaco in the Bahamas.

Births 
 January 23 – Stendhal, French writer (d. 1842)
 March 8 – Hannah Van Buren, First Lady of the United States (d. 1819)
 April 3 – Washington Irving, American writer (d. 1859)
 April 10 – Hortense de Beauharnais, Queen of Holland and mother of Napoleon III of France (d. 1837)
 July 24 – Simón Bolívar, Venezuelan patriot, revolutionary leader and statesman (d. 1830).
 September 17 – Samuel Prout, English painter (d. 1852)
1809



Events

Births 
 January 4 – Louis Braille, French teacher of the blind (d. 1852).
 January 15 – Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, French anarchist (d. 1864)
 January 19 – Edgar Allan Poe, American  writer (d. 1849)
 February 3 – Felix Mendelssohn, German composer (d. 1847)
 February 12 – Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States (d. 1865)
 February 12 –  Charles Darwin, British naturalist (d. 1882)
 February 15 – Cyrus McCormick, American inventor (d. 1884)
 March 31 – Nikolai Gogol, Russian writer (d. 1852)
 April 15 – Hermann Gunter Grassmann, Prussian mathematician (d. 1877)
 June 4 – Columbus Delano, American statesman  (d. 1896)
 June 4 – John Henry Pratt, English clergyman and mathematician (d. 1871)
 June 8 – Richard Wigginton Thompson, American politician (d. 1900)
 August 6 – Alfred Lord Tennyson, British poet (d. 1892)
 August 8 – Heinrich Abeken, German theologian (d. 1872)
 August 27 – Hannibal Hamlin, American politician (d. 1891)
 August 29 – Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., American physician and writer (d. 1894)
 October 22 – Volney E. Howard, American politician (d. 1889)
 December 24 – Kit Carson, American frontiersman (d. 1868)
 December 29 – William Ewart Gladstone, British politician (d. 1898)

Deaths
Beadle

A beadle is someone who works at a church or a Jewish synagogue and helps the clergy.  A beadle's main job is to show people to their seats and to keep order during church services. In the past they were important in running workhouses.

Like many words that describe a person's job, the word beadle can also be used as a last name.

Religious occupations
Olivine

Olivine (or chrysolite) is a silicate mineral made of magnesium iron silicate with the formula .

It ranges in colour from chartreuse green to pale olive.  In its gem form, it is called peridot.

Dunite contains (or has) over 90%+ olivine in it.  Dunite and other peridotite rocks are major constituents of the Earth's mantle above a depth of about 400 kilometers. Dunite is rarely found on land, except where slabs of mantle rock from a subduction zone have been thrust onto continental crust. 
Olivine has also been found at several extraterrestrial locations, such as the moon and many passing space rocks - as well as the outer layers of dust orbiting young stars.

Minerals
Igneous rocks
30 BC

The year 30 BC was either a common year starting on Wednesday, Thursday or Friday or a leap year starting on Thursday. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Octavian and Crassus.

Events

Roman Republic 
 Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes Roman Consul for the fourth time. His partner is Marcus Licinius Crassus the Younger.
 Octavian leads his army to the Dardanelles. He marches into Syria. Herod the Great sends him vows of loyalty and troops to help.
 Gaius Cornelius Gallus arrives in Cyrene and occupies Paraetonium. 
 Mark Antony retreats with his army to Egypt.  He learns that Pelusium opened its gates to Octavian without resistance.
 Octavian Caesar captures Alexandria. This marks the official annexation of Ancient Egypt to the Roman Republic.
 Cleopatra evacuates to Berenice on the west coast of the Red Sea. King Malchus of Nabatea attacks from the desert and burns the Egyptian ships.
 The children of Cleopatra are spared by Octavian. Octavia Minor raises Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemy Philadelphus in her house in Rome.

Asia 
 Common date given for Thiruvalluvar to write the Tirukkuṟaḷ
 First possible date for the invention of the wheelbarrow

Births 

 Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni (d. AD 37)

Deaths 

 Mark Antony, Roman consul and general  (b. 83 BC)
 Marcus Antonius Antyllus, son of Mark Antony and Fulvia (b. 47 BC)
 Hyrcanus II, king and high priest of Judea until 40 BC
 August 12 – Cleopatra VII, last queen of Ptolemaic Egypt (b. 69 BC)
 August 23 – Ptolemy Caesar, son of Julius Caesar and pharaoh of Egypt (b. 47 BC)
Economy

An economy is a system of making and trading things of value. It is usually divided into goods (materials and objects) and services (things people do). An economy assumes that there is a medium of exchange, which, in the modern world, is called 'finance'. This makes trade possible. The alternative  systems of barter – exist only on a very small scale.

To better understand how the economy works, it can be discussed in three sections:
 The primary sector which covers raw products from farming, fishing, and mining, and so on.
 The secondary sector which covers manufacturing of goods.
 The tertiary sector which covers a range of services, provided to people and companies.

The term 'real economy' is sometimes used to mean the part of the economy concerned with goods and services. This is contrasted with the 'paper economy', the financial side of the economy, which buys and sells on the financial markets.

The word 'economy' comes from the Greek word 'οἰκονόμος'. This means 'person who manages the house'.

Related pages 
 Economics
 Political economy

References
Steam

Steam is the name given to water when it is in a gas form.  Steam is sometimes thought of as a cloud of translucent mist, however that is only the result of the steam condensing in the air, forming water vapor.  Actual hot steam is invisible. 

When the pressure of the atmosphere is 1013 mbar (this is about the average pressure for a place which is at sea level), water will boil (turn into steam) at 100 degrees Celsius.  This is the boiling point.  Boiling happens in a boiler. 100 degrees Celsius is the same temperature as 212 degrees Fahrenheit, 80 degrees Réaumur and 373.15 Kelvin.

A major use of steam is to power steam engines. A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.

Heating food
Steam gets sometimes used for heating food. In a pressure cooker, some water turns into steam, and some steam gets released (or let out) thru a valve.

There are other ways to steam food.

Other websites
 Steam -Citizendium 

Basic English 850 words
Gases
1834

1834 was a common year that started on a Wednesday.

Births 
July 19 – Edgar Degas, French painter (d. 1917)
Steering wheel

A steering wheel is a circular object used by the driver of a car or boat to change the direction it is moving. 

The earliest known use of a steering wheel can be traced back to 1894 when Alfred Vacheron used one on his custom four-horsepower Panhard to participate in the Paris-Rouen race. That race in France in 1894 is one of the earliest known instances of a wheel-shaped device being used to steer a car. 

In 1898 the French manufacturer introduced a steering wheel in all its models. Other manufacturers followed suit – and the steering wheel became a set part of automotive design. Early on, carmakers also began installing bulb horns on steering wheels, for as traffic increased, it became necessary to warn other drivers as well as pedestrians and cyclists. 

For about two decades thereafter, steering wheels were incredibly simple: wooden circles directly connected to the wheel axis. They served no other task and could be extremely hard to turn, especially at low speeds or when stationary. Though power steering patents were circulating as early as the steering wheel itself, it was quite a long time before these systems were used. In the 1920s, an engineer named Francis W. Davis wanted to make truck driving a little easier and invented the first power steering system to be fitted into a vehicle, which was inspired by earlier work on power steering systems used in ships. 

In the 1950s it became popular to line steering wheels with real or artificial leather, which gave drivers a better grip.

References 

Auto parts
Netball

Netball is a sport played in two teams of seven. It is like basketball except that bouncing the ball is not allowed. The player cannot step with the ball either, nor hold it for more than three seconds. The game proceeds by players throwing (passing) the ball to each other until one attempts to throw it through the hoop, known as a "shot". 

There are 7 fixed positions on the court, which restrict the places where each player is allowed to go:
 C - Centre
 WA - Wing attack
 WD - Wing defence
 GD - Goal defence
 GK - Goal keeper
 GS - Goal shooter
 GA - Goal attack

There are many rules in netball some of which are these:
 If a shooter attempts to shoot the ball but misses the hoop without it touching, then the shooter must wait until another player touches the ball first or until the ball bounces before she can touch the ball again.
 A player can only hold the ball for three seconds - held ball
 No stepping with the ball - stepping
 When defending, a player must be 3 feet from the player with the ball - otherwise it is called obstruction
 A player may not bounce the ball to herself - replay
 A player may not contact another player - contact
 A player may not enter a part of the court where her position is not allowed - offside
 When shooting or defending, a player may not use the pole as support - free pass to the other teams.
No player is allowed to shoot from outside the semi circle or pass over a third.

Playing court 
A netball court is 30.5m long and 15.25m wide. The longer sides are called the side lines and the shorter sides the goal lines. The court is divided into three equal parts, a centre third and two goal thirds. These sections are marked by two transverse lines parallel to the goal lines. Each third measures 10.167m wide.

The goal circle is a semi‑circle 4.9m in radius and its centre is the midpoint of the goal line. The centre circle is 0.9m in diameter and is marked in the centre of the court.

All lines are part of the court and  50mm wide, preferably white. It is recommended that they are a textured, water‑based acrylic, straight and have clean, crisp edges.
Atomic number

The atomic number (symbol: Z) of an atom is the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom. The atomic number of an atom identifies which element it is. In a neutral atom, the atomic number is equal to the number of electrons orbiting the nucleus. The elements of the periodic table are listed in order of increasing atomic number.

Atomic number is not the same as:  
 atomic mass (symbol: ma), which is the mass of a single atom, commonly expressed in unified atomic mass units  
 mass number (symbol: A), which is the sum of the number of protons and number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom  
 relative atomic mass (also called atomic weight; symbol: Ar), which is the ratio of the average mass per atom of an element from a given sample to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

The atomic number of the periodic table directly corresponds to the number of protons which is in the atom. Once another proton is added, it is no longer the same element. The same cannot be applied to when another neutron or another electron is added. Adding more electrons will give the atom a negative charge and removing electrons will give the atom a positive charge. Metals tend to lose electrons, which creates a positive charge. Non-metals tend to gain electrons, forming a negative charge. Electrons are the foundation for determining how compounds are formed among atoms.

Adding or removing neutrons within an atom changes its isotope. As an example, carbon-12 is the most stable isotope for a carbon atom. However, we can add two more neutrons and carbon-12 is now carbon-14, a less stable isotope of carbon. The number of an isotope directly correlates to the atomic mass of an element.  The amount of neutrons in any given atom by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass.

For example, oxygen has 8 protons. The atomic number is the number of protons an element has.  So, if an unidentified element has 8 protons, then it is oxygen. This is because each element has a certain number of protons.  If an element had 9 protons, it would not be oxygen, but an element can have 8 protons, and 9 neutrons and still be considered oxygen; we call this an isotope.

References

Related pages 
Henry Moseley

Chemistry
Nuclear physics
Cardinal number

Cardinal numbers (or cardinals) are numbers that say how many of something there are, for example: one, two, three, four, five, six. They are sometimes called counting numbers.

The cardinality of a set is the cardinal number that tells us, roughly speaking, the size of the set.

In mathematics, people also study infinite cardinal numbers. The first infinite cardinal number was named  (pronounced "Aleph null", "Aleph-zero" or "Aleph-naught") by Georg Cantor.  is the number of numbers that are in the group 0, 1, 2, 3, ... (which goes on forever). Both the set of natural numbers and the set of rational numbers are of size  (that is, they are both countable). 

Another infinite cardinal number is the number of numbers in the set of real numbers, and is represented by the symbol  (or , the cardinality of the continuum). Cantor proved that there are many different infinite cardinal numbers that are bigger than . A famous theorem of Cantor is that the cardinality of the real numbers is larger than the cardinality of the natural numbers. The continuum hypothesis is the statement that there is no middle cardinal number strictly between that of natural numbers and real numbers.

Related pages
Cardinal numeral
Ordinal number
Names for ordinal numbers

References 

Number theory
Merchant marine

Merchant marine is a term used in many places to talk about commercial ships and crews. A country's merchant marine is made up of all the ships owned by companies or individuals in that country which are used to make money. Most of a country's merchant marine is usually made of ships that carry things from place to place, like oil tankers and freighters. Other ships, like cruise ships and ferries, are also included because they are used to make money. When a country is at peace, its merchant marine works independently. Some countries, though, require merchant ships to work for their armed forces in times of war.

In the United States, "Merchant Marine" has a different meaning. The United States Merchant Marine (USMM) is a part of the military which is controlled by the government in both peace and war. When the United States is at war, the USMM is used to carry military supplies. In World War II, nearly one out of every twenty-six American merchant mariners was killed, a higher portion of men than in the Army, Navy, or even the Marines.

References

Other websites 
 The Marine Society 
 International Merchant Marine Community  
 United States Merchant Marine Academy
 Canadian Merchant Navy: Second World War 
Official database of deceased Canadian Merchant Mariners 
 SwissWorld: The Swiss Merchant Navy
Photos of the Merchant Marine Memorials in London

Naval transport
FreeBSD

FreeBSD is an operating system for many different kinds of computers. This means that if the user has a computer around the house and want to run FreeBSD on it, the user probably can. Computers that run Microsoft Windows will also run FreeBSD. It is based on BSD, the version of UNIX developed at the University of California, Berkeley.

Open source 
FreeBSD is open source. This means that anyone can download the source code and change, or learn from it. The people who work on FreeBSD do not usually get paid. They keep working on it because they enjoy it or want to become more experienced programmers.
Most open source software that runs on Linux will run natively on FreeBSD without the need for any compatibility layer.

Operating systems based on FreeBSD 
There are a lot of operating systems, which are based on FreeBSD.

Operating systems with a GUI 
Several projects created an operating system, based on FreeBSD, which has a GUI by default.

Examples for that kind of operating systems are:
 DesktopBSD
 GhostBSD
 PC-BSD

Related pages
 DragonFly BSD
 OpenBSD
 NetBSD

Further reading

Other websites 

 FreeBSD
 FreeBSD software
 Other interesting information about FreeBSD including One Floppy FreeBSD MP3 and CD Player 
 mdoc.su — short manual page URLs, a URL shortener written in nginx
 BXR.SU — FreeBSD source code search
 FreeBSD 9.1 - Announcement of FreeBSD 9.1

BSD
Free software
Operating systems
Garry Marshall

Garry Marshall (November 13, 1934 – July 19, 2016) was an American writer, producer, director and actor.

Career
Marshall wrote for comedians Joey Bishop and Phil Foster. Soon he moved on to writing for television series, including The Dick Van Dyke Show and The Tonight Show. In 1970, he adapted the Neil Simon play and 1968 movie The Odd Couple into a popular television series starring Tony Randall and Jack Klugman.

It was very successful. Marshall worked on Happy Days, Laverne and Shirley (which co-starred his sister Penny), and Mork and Mindy. Both of there were spin-offs from Happy Days and just as successful and well-known. He directed and acted in several movies including Pretty Woman and Runaway Bride.

Marshall also ran and works out of a local community theatre house in Los Angeles, The Falcon Theatre.

Death
On the morning of July 19, 2016, Marshall, aged 81, died at a hospital in Burbank, California, due to complications of pneumonia after suffering a stroke.

Filmography

Animation
 BoJack Horseman - Abe
 Father of the Pride - Bernie
 Penn Zero: Part-Time Hero - Soda Jerk
 Pinky and the Brain - Mr. Itch (The Devil)
 Rugrats - Fred
 The Looney Tunes Show - Dr. Weisberg
 The Simpsons - Larry Kidkill, Sheldon Leavitt

Live action
 Happy Days - Drum Player, Prom Drummer
 Laverne & Shirley - Drummer
 The Naked Truth - Garry Marshall
 The Odd Couple - Walter Madison

Films
 A League of Their Own - Walter Harvey
 Can't Be Heaven - Pawn Shop Broker
 Chicken Little - Buck Cluck
 Finding Bliss - Garry Marshall
 Hocus Pocus - Devil (Husband)
 Orange County - Arthur Gantner
 Pretty Woman - Bum Tour Guide
 Race to Witch Mountain - Dr. Donald Harlan
 Runaway Bride - First Baseman in Softball
 Scooby-Doo and Kiss: Rock and Roll Mystery - Manny Goldman
 The Strangest Rugrats Adventure - Garry Marshall

References

Other websites 

1934 births
2016 deaths
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
American voice actors
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from stroke
Infectious disease deaths in Los Angeles County, California
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
Writers from the Bronx
Johnny Weissmuller

Johnny Weissmuller (June 2, 1904 – January 20, 1984) was a German-American swimmer and actor. He was born in Timisoara, Austria-Hungary to German parents.

He was one of the world's best swimmers in the 1920s. He won five gold medals and set five then-Olympic records in swimming competitions at the Olympics in 1924 and 1928, and a bronze medal in water polo at the 1924 Olympics.

He later played Tarzan in a series of movies in the 1930s and became a movie star. This made him a character actor. He then had trouble getting parts in other movies because of this.

Death 
On January 20, 1984, Weissmuller died of pulmonary edema. He was 79. He was buried in Acapulco, Mexico, where he was living when he died.  At his funeral, a sound recording of the Tarzan yell he had made famous in the movies was played three times, at his request.

References

Other websites 

1904 births
1984 deaths
Actors from Chicago
American movie actors
American Olympic bronze medalists
American Olympic gold medalists
American swimmers
Deaths from pulmonary edema
Disease-related deaths in Mexico
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Sportspeople from Chicago
1756



Events 
 Mme Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont revises Beauty and the Beast.

Births 
 January 27 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer (d. 1791)
 February 6 – Aaron Burr, American politician, 3rd Vice President of the United States (d. 1836)
 March 3 – William Godwin, English journalist (d. 1836)
 May – John Macadam, Scottish engineer, invented Tarmac for the roads (d. 1836)
1715

In 1715 lots of people who didn't like king George I of Great Britain rebelled in Scotland. These people were the Jacobites and they wanted James Francis Edward Stuart to be king instead of George I. Their luck was going well at first when they managed to take control of most of Scotland but the British Army came in and they lost.

Deaths 
 September 1 – Louis XIV of France dies and his great-grandson, Louis XV of France becomes king even though he is just five years old.
Priscilla Presley

Priscilla Presley (née Wagner) is an American actress. She is the former wife of Elvis Presley and is the mother of Lisa Marie Presley. Presley is probably most famous for her roles in the television primetime soap opera Dallas, and The Naked Gun movies with Leslie Nielson. She is also a member of Scientology.

Early life

Presley was born at Brooklyn Naval Hospital in Brooklyn, New York City.  Her maternal grandfather, Albert Henry Iversen (1899–1971), emigrated from Egersund in Norway to the United States in 1905. He married Lorraine Davis (1903–1984), who was of Scots-Irish and English ancestry. They had three children: Albert, Jr. (March 1922), James Richard (March 1924) and Anna Lillian Iversen (March 1926). Anna was later called, or her name was changed to, Ann. She was called Rooney (short for Annie Rooney) as a child. At the age of 19, she gave birth to Priscilla. They both still have cousins in Norway. In a letter to the City Hall of Egersund, Ann asked for information about their relatives, and wrote that Priscilla was interested in knowing about them; Priscilla's parents then visited family members in Norway in 1992.

She attended General H.H. Arnold High in Wiesbaden, West Germany.

References

Other websites
Priscilla Presley at the Internet Movie Database (IMDb)

1945 births
Living people
Actors from Brooklyn
American movie actors
American television actors
Elvis Presley
Scientologists
Canada Dry

Canada Dry is a brand name belonging to a company that produces beverages. Canada Dry makes ginger ale, club soda, and tonic water. Ginger ale is flavored with ginger root. Club soda is a clear drink sometimes used to remove stains from clothing. Tonic water is often used to make an alcoholic beverage known as gin and tonic.

American drink companies
Companies based in Texas
Ginger ale

Ginger ale is a soft drink flavored with the root of a plant known as ginger. It has a sweet yet spicy flavor. Even though it has the name ale, which can be another word for beer, it is not beer. It is enjoyed by all ages. Canada Dry is a well known maker of ginger ale. Most ginger ales come in a green can.

Related beverages
Ginger beer is a non-alcoholic soft drink flavored with ginger root. Ginger beer is spicier than ginger ale and popular in some Caribbean countries, such as Trinidad.

 

Ginger ale
Shaving

Shaving is removing hair from the face or other body part with a razor. 

"Shaving" often refers to men who cut their facial hair with a razor or clipper. Sometimes they just trim their facial hair while other men completely shave it. Some people do not shave the chin, this is called a goatee beard. Other men do not shave the upper lip, this is called a mustache.

In addition to this, many men choose to shave their heads and be bald. In many armies, male soldiers are required (have to) shave their heads.

Hygiene
Hygiene

Hygiene is the act of being clean. Washing the body to remove dirt and germs, brushing the teeth to keep them clean, shaving, using the toilet properly, and dressing correctly are some examples. Proper hygiene is often taught to children at a young age, and it becomes a habit. People who do not have good hygiene might smell bad, lose teeth, or become ill (sick).
First proven use of the word in English was in 1677s. The word hygiene comes from the French word hygiène, which is the western version of Greek word ὑγιεινή (τέχνη) - hugieinē technē, meaning "(art) of health", from ὑγιεινός (hugieinos), "good for the health, healthy",  in turn from ὑγιής (hugiēs), "healthful, sound, salutary, wholesome". In ancient Greek religion, Hygeia (Ὑγίεια) was the daughter of Asclepius and represented health.

Related pages 
 Public health
 Global Handwashing Day

References
Spork

A spork is a combination of a spoon and a fork to create a special tool used to eat. Most sporks are made from plastic. Many fast food chains use the spork, including Taco Bell, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Taco John's, and Taco Bueno.  Many people dislike the spork because it cannot poke food as well as a fork nor hold liquids as well as a spoon.

Other websites 

 The Straight Dope on: why is it so hard to get a good spork? 
 The spork’s weird history, Bee Wilson, Salon

Food utensils
Vauxhall Astra

Vauxhall Astra is a car produced by Vauxhall since 1980. It was first just branded as a Vauxhall, since 1991 it has also been sold as a Opel, a Holden and a Chevrolet. From 2007 to 2009 it was sold as a Saturn.
 

1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Astra
Ford Ka

The Ford Ka is a car made by the Ford Motor Company in Spain, Poland and Brazil. It has three doors and was first made in 1996. The Ka is very popular in Europe, about 1.5 million cars have been sold. A new model has been released in Brazil in 2008, in Europe a new model has been introduced in 2009.

Engine data 

4 cylinders in line; SOHC; 8 valves; electronic multipoint fuel injection 

1.0l Duratec (Brazil) 
48 kW (65 HP) at 6.000 rpm
87 Nm at 3.250 rpm

1.3l Duratec (1297 cc-Europe) 
44 kW (60 HP) at 5500 rpm 
99 Nm at 2500 rpm 

1.3l Duratec (1297 cc-Europe) 
51 kW (70 HP) at 5500 rpm 
106 Nm at 3000 rpm 

1.6l Duratec (1597 cc-Europe and Brazil)
70 kW (95 HP) at 5500 rpm
135 Nm at 4250 rpm

Second Generation 
The second generation of the Ka was released in the beginning of 2009. The car is build in cooperation with Fiat, the technic is the same as used in the Fiat 500.

For the first time, a Diesel engine is available for the Ford Ka.

Engine data 

4 cylinders in line; SOHC; 8 valves

1.2l Duratec (1242 cc)
51 kW (69 HP)
102 Nm at 3.000 rpm

1.3l Duratorq (1248 cc)
55 kW (75 HP)
145 Nm at 1500 rpm 

1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Ka
Tower Bridge

Tower Bridge is a drawbridge in London. It crosses the River Thames near the Tower of London. It allows ships through the bridge deck when is raised at an angle in the centre.

The north side of the bridge is Tower Hill, and the south side of the bridge comes down into Bermondsey, an area in Southwark. Tower Bridge is far more visible than London Bridge, which people often mistake it for. Many tourists go to London to see the Tower Bridge. It has its own exhibition centre in the horizontal walkway. This gives one of the best vantage points in London.

The "bascules" are the surfaces raised to allow tall ships to pass through: this happens about 900 times per year. The bridge's decks (bascules) can be raised to 83o from the horizontal.

History
The City of London Corporation held a competition for the design in 1876. Over 50 designs were entered, and in 1884 Horace Jones and John Wolfe Barry's design was chosen.

Workers began to build the Tower Bridge in April 1886 and the bridge was opened on 30 June 1894.

In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the route of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames.

Design
The bridge is  in length with two towers, each  high, built on piers. The central span of  between the towers is split into two equal bascules or leaves, which can be raised to an angle of 83o to allow river traffic to pass. The bascules, weighing over 1,100 tons each, are counterbalanced to minimize the force required and allow raising in five minutes. The bascules are raised by huge hydraulic pumps which were first powered by steam engines. In 1976 these were replaced by oil and electricity. The bridge is made from more than 11,000 tons of steel, and covered with Cornish granite and Portland stone.

The two side-spans are suspension bridges, each  long, with the suspension rods anchored both at the abutments and through rods contained within the bridge's upper walkways. The pedestrian walkways are  above the river at high tide. These walkways allow people to still cross the river, even when the bridge is raised. They were closed in 1910 because not enough people used them, but were reopened in 1982.

Gallery

Tower Bridge,London Getting Opened

Tower Bridge Photo

Related pages 
 List of crossings of the River Thames

References

Other websites

 Tower Bridge Exhibition 
 Tower Bridge

Buildings and structures completed in the 19th century
Bridges in London
Steel bridges
Transport in the London Borough of Southwark
Transport in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Suspension bridges
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Grade I listed buildings in London
Waiter

A waiter is a person who serves people often at a restaurant or at a café. They are usually called a waiter because they wait for the order.  A female waiter is called a waitress. They will take orders and deliver food to customers. A good waiter can also help the customers by recommending the best food in the restaurant or café.

Many waiters and waitresses are required by their employers to wear a uniform. Most uniforms used are black and white or all black. Historically the term waiter was used to describe customs officers who waited on the tide for vessels to come in carrying goods to tax.

Food-related occupations
Variable

A variable is a special type of amount or quantity with an unknown value. The opposite of a variable (that is, a known value) is called a constant.

Variables in math
In mathematics, a variable is usually given a letter, such as x or y. Other letters are often used for particular kinds of variable:

 The letters m, n, p, q are often used as variables for integers.
 The letters a, b and c are often used as coefficients of functions.
 The letters i, j ,k are often used as indices of summation.
 The letter t is often used as a variable for time.
 The letter z is often used as a variable for complex numbers.

Most letters are used in equations to show numbers that are unknown (an exception is e, which is a constant). Using a type of math called algebra, one can find the value of the variable.

Any number cannot change its value. This is true whether the number is rational (such as -8.625) or irrational (such as 2√3, which is 2 multiplied by the square root of 3), or whether the number is real (such as ) or imaginary (such as ).

Variables are also common in science, where they usually represent physical properties that do not stay the same. For example, if a person stands 5 feet away from a building, the distance variable compared to the building does not change over time. 5 feet is called a fixed amount, which is the opposite of a variable amount. But if a person walks away from the building, the distance variable compared to the building is increasing. So it does not have the same value and we cannot use the same number for it, as the distance might be 1 foot now, but 2 feet a second later.

Variables in computer science
In computer science, a variable is a value in a program that can change. It does not have to be a number. In fact, it can be a string (text value), a date, an amount of money, an object such as a picture, or simply null (which means it has no content). The value that is stored in a variable can change the behavior of a program when it is run. Because of this, variables are commonly used to store input and output values.

Each programming language works differently with variables. Most of them allow any character string that is not "reserved" (that is, has a special meaning) to be the name of the variable. It is good in computer programming to use names that tells what will be stored in the variable (such as "person", "age", "total", and so on). Also, some languages like C and Java require the data type of the variable (that is, the kind of content that will be stored in it) to be declared (written) when the variable is created. Others, like Python and Visual Basic, do not have this rule, which allows the type of variable to be changed when a new value is stored in it.

Related pages 

 Dependent and independent variables
 Explanatory variable

References 

Mathematics
Computer science
Musical instrument

Musical instruments are things used to make music. Anything that somehow produces sound can be considered a musical instrument, but the term generally means items that are specifically for making music. 

Musical instruments can be divided by type into:
 string instruments (plucked or bowed)
 wind instruments
 woodwind
 brass
 percussion instruments
 keyboard instruments

An orchestra has instruments from four families:
 bowed string instruments (e.g. violin)
 woodwind (e.g. flute)
 brass (e.g. trumpet)
 percussion (e.g. drums)

Some people think that the voice is a "natural musical instrument" because singing is a way to make music without any instrument at all.
Golan Heights

The Golan Heights is a plateau and a disputed land between Syria and Israel, which captured the area in the Six Day War of 1967. The United Nations has voted to ask Israel to pull its troops out of the Golan Heights. Syria and Israel still have not signed a peace treaty from that war, mostly because of the issue of the Golan. They almost reached a peace deal but they could not agree on where to draw the line, and what Syria would have to do in return. The Golan Heights and Mount Hermon was annexed by Israel in 1981. On the western edge of the Golan Heights is a range of dormant and extinct volcanos.

In January 2013, the Israeli government said it planned to build a wall along the eastern edges of the Golan Heights, on its ceasefire line with Syria.

Maps

References

Notes

Other websites 

 Israeli community portal 
 The Syrian Golan  – Permanent Mission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations
 Gaulonitis in the Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
 What is the dispute over the Golan Heights? 
 A View From Damascus: Internal Refugees From Golan’s 244 Destroyed Syrian Villages from Washington Report
1650

1650 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events 
 The city of Helsinki is founded.
Translator

A translator works with different languages. They may read something written in one language and speak it or write it in another language or vice versa. For example, they might read a book in French and then translate it into English. See translation for more information.

In order to convert meanings from one language into another one, translators must be able to know the target language deeply. They are conveying the original meaning of the source text or material to a second language. As a result, translators do not only convert words, which makes it more like an art than a science. 

Translators also work to convert speech as well as writing. The United Nations debates are translated as they are spoken, one individual translator for every individual language if it is the General Assembly.

One advantage of professional translation is that it reduces the problems of understanding what is said. On the other hand, there is often a loss of nuance (subtlety) in a translations, especially one done immediately the text is spoken. For this reason, many translators do a rough version immediately, and then work it over later on.

Translation
1466

Year 1466 (MCDLXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

Events

January–December 
 June – Second Siege of Krujë:  Mehmed II leads an army of 150,000 to stop the Albanian resistance by taking Krujë. The Albanians stop him and the Ottoman army leaves from Albania.
 August 26 – A conspiracy against Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, led by Luca Pitti and Borso d'Este, is discovered and put down in Florence.
 October 19 – The Thirteen Years' War ends

Date unknown 
 The Chimú Empire is conquered by troops of the Inca.
 Erik Axelsson Tott replaces Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna as Regent of Sweden.  
 The first printed German language Bible is made.
 Louis XI of France introduces silk weaving to Lyon.
 Kingdom of Georgia ends. Rival states of Kartli, Kakheti, Imereti, Samtskhe-Saatabago start.

Births 
 February 11 – Elizabeth of York, queen of Henry VII of England (d. 1503)
 June 18 – Ottaviano Petrucci, Italian music printer (d. 1539)
 August 10 – Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua (d. 1519)
 September 9 – Ashikaga Yoshitane, Japanese shogun (d. 1523)
 October 27 – Erasmus, Dutch philosopher (d. 1536)
 November 30 – Andrea Doria, Italian naval leader (d. 1560)
 probable
 Moctezuma II, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlán (d. 1520)
 Alonso de Ojeda, Spanish conquistador and explorer (d. 1515)
 Laura Bowen, founder of the nursing profession.

Deaths 
 March 8 – Francesco I Sforza, Duke of Milan (b. 1401)
 October 30 – Johann Fust, German printer (b. c. 1400)
 December 13 – Donatello, Italian artist (b. 1386)
 date unknown
 Benedetto Accolti, Italian jurist and historian (b. 1415)
 Hacı I Giray, first ruler of the Crimean Khanate
 Barbara Manfredi, Italian noblewoman
 Nicolaus Zacharie, composer

References
1502



Events 
 The Franco-Spanish War over Naples begins.
 Montezuma II becomes ruler of the Aztecs.
 January 1 – The place where Rio de Janeiro is now is explored.
 Safavid dynasty begins.
Teenager

A teenager, or teen, is someone who is 13 to 19 years old. They can also be called "adolescents". The laws on what teenagers may do varies between countries.

The term “teenager” became widely used for people who are old enough to have their own money to spend, but are not yet adults, after the scientist Mark Abrams wrote a research paper called “The Teenage Consumer” in 1959. The paper defined this group to be people 13-25 years old (despite ages 20-25 not being within the teens anymore).

The brain is still developing into a person's early or mid-20s. A person becomes a teenager when they become 13 years old. It ends when they become 20 years old. Teenagers who are between 13 and 17 years old are considered both children and teenagers in most countries. Teenagers who are 18 and 19 years old may be considered both teenagers and adults.

The way the word is used varies. Some societies have rites of passage to mark the change from childhood to adulthood. These ceremonies may be very complicated. During puberty, rapid mental and physical development can occur. Adolescence is the name for this transition period from childhood to adulthood.

"Teenager" is mainly an English word, as many foreign languages do not include a suffix "teen" in their translations of the numbers 13 to 19. In non-English speaking countries, people between these ages may be called adolescents, youths, young adults, or just children, depending on the culture.

The law of each country may set dates when teenagers can do things. So, in the United States, alcoholic drinks are not served to young people under 21. Younger people on licenced premises (such as bars) need to carry identity cards (ID cards) to verify their age.

The life of a teenager can change every day. Constantly exposed to new ideas, social situations and people, teenagers work to develop their personalities and interests. Before their teenage years, they focused on school, play, and gaining approval from their parents.

Changes in time 
If by "teenager" we mean adolescents, then we have to realise that children today develop faster on average mainly because of modern nutrition. No matter where the "teens" start linguistically, their sexual development starts earlier than it did a century ago. That affects many things. An example is the change from primary education to secondary education. In many countries, children go to different schools when they are 11 or 12. The change to single-sex classes is often done at the age of 11. If a country decides to educate girls and boys separately after puberty, then it may be necessary to change schools a year earlier than previously.

References  

Human life stages
1533



Events 
 Ottoman-Habsburg War in Hungary
 January 25– Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn

Births 
 September 7 – Elizabeth I of England

Deaths 
 June 25 – Mary Tudor
1546

1546 (MDXLVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 The Anglo-French War ends
 The Book of Apocrypha is added in the Roman Catholic church

Births 
 December 14 – Tycho Brahe, Danish astronomer (d. 1601)
 date unknown
 Thomas Digges, English astronomer (d. 1595)

Deaths 
 February 18 – Martin Luther, German religious reformer (b. 1483)
1598

1598 was a common year.

Events 
 The Franco-Spanish War ends
 The Eighth War of Religion ends

Births 
 April 17 – Giovanni Battista Riccioli
 Bonaventura Cavalieri
1600

1600 was a leap year starting on Saturday, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The year 1600 was also a century leap year.

Events 
 Scotland adopts the Gregorian Calendar
 The Polish-Swedish War begins
 October 8 – San Marino adopts its constitution
 October 30- Sekigahara- Ieyasu unifies Japan after warring sates period by defeating the western army, lead by Mitsunari Ishida.

Deaths 
 September 16 – Gracia Hosokawa
 December 13 – Mitsunari Ishida

Births 
Charles I of England (d. 1649)
Adult

An adult may mean different things. In law and social norms, an adult is a human who has reached the age of majority. The age of majority is the age at which an individual will be legally considered an adult. That age varies: in most countries, an adult is a person who is 18 years old or older. Once someone is adult, they no longer have to take directions from a parent or guardian but can make decisions for themselves, and be held responsible for their own actions. Legal penalties for crimes are different before and after the age of majority. 

There are many factors that constitute being an adult. An adult is much more than turning the age of 18. The definition in the dictionary states an adult means being completely grown: fully developed and mature. I think there is much more that defines an adult. In the United States an adult is considered to be someone who takes responsibility for themselves and their actions. An adult has stability in their life and is able to take care of themselves physically, mentally, financially and emotionally. In other countries and cultures their definition of an adult differs. Adults are unique in many ways. Every person is an entity having their own identity, thought process, and way they see things.

In contrast, a person who has not yet reached the age of majority is a minor.

There are additional laws that decide from what age a person is allowed to do something; for example, vote, drink alcohol, and have sexual intercourse. For example, in the United States, a person becomes an adult on their 18th birthday, but they cannot buy alcoholic beverages until they turn 21. To verify their age, a young person must have an I.D. card for inspection by the bartender.

There are also some cultures that says a person is an adult from an age of 13 years on, for example see Bar Mitzi, which usually corresponds to puberty.

In biology, an animal is an adult when they are sexually mature. This means that they are able to sexually reproduce.

Related pages
Adolescence
Middle age
Old age
Teenager

References

Human life stages
Developmental biology
Colony

A colony is a piece of land controlled by another country. The metropolitan state is the country that owns the colony. The phrase dependent territory is now used instead of colony. Colony can also refer to a commune or a currently hypothetical human settlement in the sea (ocean colony) or outer space (space colony).

A country that has many colonies is often called an empire. A colonist is a person from the metropolitan state who lives in a colony.

Colonial means having to do with a colony. Colonial land is land that belongs to the colony. A colonist is sometimes called a colonial. The philosophy of having colonies is called colonialism. There must be many people to start a colony. There are many colonies, or countries that were once colonies, in the world. Most countries that were once colonies of Britain are part of the British Commonwealth.

Related pages
Dependent territory

Other websites
 http://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/decolonization/trust3.htm - Non-self governing territories as listed by the United Nations General Assembly in 2002
International relations
Colonialism