alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Minsk-1 Airport

Minsk-1 Airport  was a Belarusian airport located within the city limits of Minsk, just a few kilometres south from the centre.

History
Minsk-1 was built in 1933. It was the major airport of Minsk until the new airport Minsk-2, now named Minsk National Airport, opened in 1982.

In February 2006 a decision was made to transfer a Minsk aircraft repair plant situated on the Minsk-1 territory out of the city line. 320 ha of freed land will be transferred to the city authorities for real estate development. Commercial flights were scheduled until 26 October 2012 when flights to Moscow-Vnukovo operated by UTair Aviation moved to the larger Minsk National Airport. 

The airport officially shut down on 23 December 2015.

References

External links

 NOAA/NWS current weather observations
 ASN Accident history for UMMM

Airports built in the Soviet Union
Airports in Belarus
Defunct airports
Transport in Minsk
Buildings and structures in Minsk
Airports disestablished in 2015
Gladys

Gladys may refer to:

 Gladys (given name), people with the given name Gladys
 Gladys (album), a 2013 album by Leslie Clio
 Gladys (film), 1999 film written and directed by Vojtěch Jasný
 Gladys, Virginia, United States
 Gladys the Swiss Dairy Cow, a 2002 sculpture of a cow
 Hurricane Gladys (1968)
 Talia Gladys, a character in the anime series Gundam Seed Destiny
 the launch name used for USA-215, an American reconnaissance satellite
 a character from the novel The Lost World
 a character in the cartoon The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy

See also
 Michael Gladis (born 1977), American actor
 GLADIS, a character from the cartoon series Totally Spies!
Pipunculidae

Pipunculidae is a family of flies (Diptera) commonly  termed big-headed flies, a reference to the large (holoptic) eyes, which cover nearly the entire head. The family is found worldwide and more than 1300 species have been described.

The larvae of Pipunculidae develop as parasitoids almost exclusively in Auchenorrhyncha, the exception being the genus 
Nephrocerus, whose hosts are adult Tipulidae (crane flies). The larvae develop rapidly within the crane flies before  pupating in the soil. In all pipunculids there are only two larval stages. Some species are used as biological control agents in rice fields.

Taxonomy
Taxonomy as shown at the Tree of life, with modification based on Kehlmaier, Dierick and Skevington (2014). The name Pipunculidae is derived from the type genus Pipunculus which is thought to be derived from Latin pepo for pumpkin, thus pipunculus would mean "little pumpkin", referring to the large heads.

Subfamily Chalarinae
 Genus Chalarus Walker, 1834
 Genus Jassidophaga Aczél, 1939
 Genus Protoverrallia Aczél, 1948 Baltic amber Eocene (Priabonian)
 Genus Verrallia Mik, 1899
Subfamily Nephrocerinae
 Tribe Nephrocerini
 Genus Nephrocerus Zetterstedt, 1838
 Tribe incertae sedis
 Genus Priabona Archibald, Kehlmaier & Mathewes, 2014 Florissant Formation, Eocene (Priabonian)
Subfamily Protonephrocerinae
 Genus Protonephrocerus Collin, 1931
 Genus Metanephrocerus Carpenter & Hull, 1939 Klondike Mountain Formation,Washington, Eocene (Ypresian) Baltic amber Eocene (Priabonian) 
Subfamily Pipunculinae
 Tribe Cephalopsini
 Genus Cephalops Fallén, 1810
 Genus Cephalosphaera Enderlein, 1936
 Tribe Microcephalopsini
 Genus Collinias Aczél, 1940
 Genus Microcephalops De Meyer, 1989
 Tribe Eudorylini
 Genus Allomethus Hardy, 1943
 Genus Amazunculus Rafael, 1986
 Genus Basileunculus Rafael, 1987
 Genus Claraeola Aczél, 1940
 Genus Clistoabdominalis Skevington, 2001
 Genus Dasydorylas Skevington, 2001
 Genus Elmohardyia Rafael, 1987
 Genus Eudorylas Aczél, 1940
 Tribe Tomosvaryellini
 Genus Dorylomorpha Aczél, 1939
 Genus Tomosvaryella Aczél, 1939
 Tribe Pipunculini
 Genus Pipunculus Latreille, 1802

Gallery

See also
 List of Pipunculidae species of Great Britain

References

External links

Kehlmaier on Pipunculidae Dedicated site
Scientific paper on Pipunculidae with structural diagrams
Images at BugGuide
Gallery at Diptera.info
Family Pipunculidae at EOL Image Gallery
West Palaearctic including Russia
Nearctic
 Japan
World list

 
Brachycera families
Taxa named by Francis Walker (entomologist)
Suffocate (Feeder song)

"Suffocate" is a track by the UK rock band Feeder, re-recorded from their 1997 album Polythene. It was released as an in-between single to bridge the gap between Polythene and its follow-up, Yesterday Went Too Soon. Feeder later repeated this in-between single process building up to a following album, with "Just a Day" in 2001 and "Shatter" / "Tender" in 2005. The single reached the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number 37.

The version of "Suffocate" released as a single is a full-band version of the acoustic track from the Polythene album, with slightly amended lyrics. The song began in 1994 as part of the band's demo under the name "Give".  At that time, the band was called Real. At the time of its single release, Grant Nicholas said that he wanted to revisit the song.

Frontman Grant also once said that "Give" was the song that secured the band's record deal, which in turn was one of the reasons for its inclusion on The Singles album.

Track listing

CD1
 "Suffocate" (single version)
 "Eclipse"
 "Cockroach"
 "High" (Live from Reading 97' video)

CD2
 "Suffocate" (single version)
 "Dry" (acoustic)
 "Spill"
 "Descend" (Live from Reading 97' video)

7" vinyl (Dark Purple)
 "Suffocate" (single version)
 "Eclipse"

References

1998 singles
Feeder songs
Song recordings produced by Chris Sheldon
1997 songs
The Echo Label singles
Songs written by Grant Nicholas
Dumping

Dumping may refer to:

Computing
Recording the contents of memory after application or operating system failure, or by operator request, in a core dump for use in subsequent problem analysis
Filesystem dump, strict data cloning used in backing up
Database dump or SQL dump, a record of the data from a database, usually in the form of a list of SQL statements

Economics
Dumping (pricing policy), in international trade, the pricing of a product below its cost of production
Social dumping, using transitory labour to save costs 
SUTA dumping, the avoidance of paying unemployment insurance taxes

Waste management
Environmental dumping, the shipping of waste to a country with lax environmental
Ocean dumping, the deliberate disposal of waste at sea
Illegal Dumping, the arized method of collecting waste

Aircraft technology
Fuel dumping, used to lighten the aircraft's weight and flammability in certain emergency situations

Mathematics
Equivalent dumping coefficient, used in the calculation of the energy dispersed when a building moves

Medicine
Gastric dumping syndrome, when intestines fill too quickly with undigested food from the stomach
Homeless dumping, medical workers releasing homeless patients on the streets
Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act, a 1986 act of the U.S. Congress to prevent "patient dumping" or the refusal to treat people because of inability to pay

Other uses
Breakup, in which one romantic partner may be said to be "dumping" the other
Defecation, the final act of digestion
Dumpin' (Psychopathic Rydas album), a 1999 album by hip-hop group Psychopathic Rydas
Dumping, deliberately playing poorly; see Glossary of contract bridge terms#D

See also
Dump (disambiguation)
Litter
Dumper (disambiguation)
Damper (disambiguation)
Damping (music)
Dumpling (cuisine)
Vin Catoggio

Vincenzo "Vin" Catoggio (born 13 May 1954) is a former Australian rules footballer in the Victorian Football League. He was noted for his outrageous afro haircut and because of this was considered one of the real characters of the game. He is of Italian descent and played for three VFL clubs.

Family
He is the second son of the five children of Leonardo and Rocchina Catoggio.  Leonardo arrived in Australia in 1938, and Rocchina in 1936. Both Vin's grandfathers  Carmine, and Vincenzo  arrived together in Australia, from Montemurro, Italy, in 1927, and their families arrived later.

Vin married Victoria Watson in 1982. They have two sons and one daughter.

Football
In 1972 he won the Morrish Medal which was awarded to the player voted best and fairest in the VFL 19s.

In 1973 he won the Gardiner Medal which was awarded to the best and fairest player as adjudged by field umpires in the reserves competition. His first full game of VFL league football came in the 1973 VFL Grand Final.  However, in 1974 he didn't play any games in the league side. In total he played 70 reserves games during his career.

In 1977 he moved Western Australia to play for Subiaco in the West Australian Football League (WAFL), but returned to Carlton in 1978.

Catoggio moved to Melbourne in 1981 as part of a deal that recruited Greg Wells to Carlton and played nine games over two years.

After football
After retiring from playing football he became a painter.

References

External links
 
 
 Vincent (Vin) Catoggio, at WAFL Footy Facts.
 Vinny Catoggio Biography at Blueseum.org
 Demon Wiki profile
 Vincent Cattogio (sic), at The VFA Project — note that the "Cattogio" who played for Preston in 1963 was Catoggio's uncle.

1954 births
Living people
Australian people of Italian descent
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Carlton Football Club players
Subiaco Football Club players
Melbourne Football Club players
Sydney Swans players
Prahran Football Club players
Brunswick Football Club players
Tom Fowler (musician)

Thomas W. Fowler (born June 10, 1951) is an American bass guitarist and musician. Born in Salt Lake City, Utah, he has played with It's a Beautiful Day, Frank Zappa, The Mothers of Invention, Jean-Luc Ponty, Ray Charles, Steve Hackett, and many others. His brother Bruce Fowler played trombone in The Mothers (as in the album Roxy & Elsewhere) and his other brother Walt was also a horn player for Zappa.

He also recorded albums with Air Pocket, a band including his siblings among others.

Discography

With It's A Beautiful Day
 Choice Quality Stuff/Anytime - 1971
 At Carnegie Hall - 1972

With Frank Zappa/The Mothers Of Invention
 Over-Nite Sensation - 1973
 Apostrophe (') - 1974
 Roxy & Elsewhere - 1974
 One Size Fits All - 1975
 Bongo Fury - 1975
 Studio Tan - 1978
 The Old Masters Box III - 1987
 You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 2 - 1988
 The Lost Episodes - 1996
 Läther - 1996
 Frank Zappa Plays The Music Of Frank Zappa: A Memorial Tribute - 1996
 Have I Offended Someone? - 1997
 Quadiophiliac - 2004
 One Shot Deal - 2008
 Understanding America - 2012
 Road Tapes, Venue 2 - 2013
 Roxy by Proxy - 2014
 Roxy the Soundtrack - 2015
 The Crux of the Biscuit - 2016
 The Roxy Performances - 2018
 Zappa / Erie - 2022

With Air Pocket/The Fowler Brothers
 Fly On - 1975
 Hunter - 1985
 Breakfast For Dinosaurs - 1988

With George Duke
 I Love the Blues, She Heard My Cry - 1975

With Jean-Luc Ponty
 Aurora - 1976
 Imaginary Voyage - 1976

With Steve Hackett
 Please Don't Touch! - 1978

With Bruce Fowler
 Ants Can Count - 1990

With Steve Fowler
 Last Blue Sky - 1991

With Don Preston
 Vial Foamy Ectoplasm - 1993

With Ray Charles
 Ray Charles At The Olympia - 2004
 Ray - 2004
 Genius Loves Company - 2004

With Tom Fowler Interface
 Let's Start Over - 2011

References

External links
Info at united-mutations.com

American rock bass guitarists
American male bass guitarists
American double-bassists
Male double-bassists
1951 births
Living people
Musicians from Salt Lake City
The Mothers of Invention members
Guitarists from Utah
20th-century American bass guitarists
21st-century double-bassists
Air Pocket (band) members
List of Negima songs

This is a complete list of songs from the Negima! anime and live action series. The voice actresses and the live action actresses of the girls in Negi's class sing all the songs in the anime and live action series respectively.

Character Songs
Many character CDs were released; on them was a greeting, original song, a karaoke version of that song, a remix, a short mini-drama and a free talk with the voice actors. One Character CD was released once a month.

Negima! Anime
For most episodes, the Negima anime uses one opening song that has multiple versions.

Each version is sung by a group of five or six of the girls, organized by seat number.

Negima!? Anime

Magister Negi Magi: Mahō Sensei Negima!!
Below is a list of songs from the Negima!! live action adaptation.

Negima! Shiroki Tsubasa Ala Alba OAD

Negima! Mou Hitotsu no Sekai Another World OAD

Mahou Sensei Negima! Anime Final

Negima
Negima
Urjo Kareda

Urjo Kareda (February 9, 1944 – December 26, 2001) was an Estonian-born Canadian theatre and music critic, dramaturge and stage director.

Kareda was born in Tallinn, Estonia. His parents fled the Soviet occupation of Estonia in the autumn of 1944, escaping first to Sweden, where Kareda attended schools. At age five, the family moved to Toronto, where his father, journalist Endel Kareda, helped to establish Meie Elu (Our Life), an Estonian weekly newspaper for the Estonian diaspora in Canada.

After working as a theatre critic for the Toronto Star in the early 1970s, Kareda was Literary Manager at the Stratford Festival during the tenure of Artistic Director Robin Phillips. He and a team of three other directors (Martha Henry, Pam Brighton, and Peter Moss) were hired to lead Stratford's 1981 season after Phillips' resignation, but the subsequent dismissal of the team a few months later caused several Stratford veterans to decide to work away from the Festival for some years.

He was artistic director of the Tarragon Theatre of Toronto from 1982 until his death on December 26, 2001, of cancer. Kareda also wrote for several publications and was an arts commentator for the CBC.  He served for many years as the Toronto correspondent for Opera News magazine.

Honours
His honours included the Order of Canada (1995); the City of Toronto Award for the Performing Arts (1999); and the Chalmers National Award for Artistic Direction (2000). He was also the recipient of a special honorary Dora Mavor Moore Award.

References

External links
 Urjo Kareda fonds (R9909) at Library and Archives Canada

1944 births
2001 deaths
Canadian music critics
Canadian women music critics
People from Tallinn
Estonian emigrants to Canada
Dramaturges
20th-century dramatists and playwrights
Members of the Order of Canada
Estonian World War II refugees
Canadian artistic directors
Thomas Jefferson (film)

Thomas Jefferson is a 1997 two-part American documentary film directed and produced by Ken Burns.  It covers the life and times of Thomas Jefferson, the 3rd President of the United States.

In the film Jefferson is portrayed as a renaissance man.  Not only was he a dedicated public servant, but was also a writer, an inventor, and a noted architect.  Burns captures both the public and private Jefferson.

Actors and historians
Many noted actors read lines of various historical figures. A series of American university professors of history and political figures discussed background information.

Actors included:
 Ossie Davis – Narrator
 Sam Waterston – Thomas Jefferson
 Blythe Danner – Martha Jefferson
 Gwyneth Paltrow – Jefferson's granddaughter
 Philip Bosco as Sam Adams

Historians and political commentators included: Daniel Boorstin, Andrew Burstein, Joseph Ellis, Clay S. Jenkinson, Gore Vidal, George Will, Garry Wills, John Hope Franklin, James Oliver Horton and Julian Bond.

A topic of Jefferson's private life was the long-rumored liaison between Jefferson and his mixed-race slave Sally Hemings. She was a half-sister to his late wife, and the daughter of John Wayles and his slave Betty Hemings; Sally was three-quarters white. The white historians gave all the reasons they believed Jefferson would not have done it. Black historians discussed "reality and inevitability." Noted historian John Hope Franklin referred to all the mulattos of the period and said, "These things [interracial liaisons] were part of the natural landscape in Virginia, and Mr. Jefferson was as likely as any others to have done this because it's in character with the times—and indeed, with him, who believed in exploiting these people that he controlled completely."

Following airing of this film, in 1998 a Y-DNA study showed a match between a descendant of Sally's youngest son, Eston Hemings, and a descendant of the male Jefferson line. Following a review of other historic evidence, this has led to a consensus among historians, including the Thomas Jefferson Foundation of Monticello, that Jefferson did have a long-term relationship with Hemings and fathered her children. Ellis and Burstein were among those who commented publicly about their change in thinking.

See also
 List of television series and miniseries about the American Revolution
 List of films about the American Revolution

References

External links
 
 Review: Thomas Jefferson, The US Presidents (website)
 Ken Burns interview, C-SPAN (@ 1hr 2min)
 Joseph Ellis, "Whose Thomas Jefferson is he anyway?", New York Times, 16 February 1997
 

1997 films
1997 documentary films
Documentary films about presidents of the United States
Documentary films about United States history
American documentary television films
Films directed by Ken Burns
Films set in the United States
Films shot in the United States
Films about presidents of the United States
Cultural depictions of Thomas Jefferson
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
List of X-Men: Evolution episodes

X-Men: Evolution is an American animated television series about the Marvel Comics superhero team X-Men. In this incarnation, many of the characters are teenagers rather than adults. The series ran for a total of four seasons (52 episodes) from November 2000 until October 2003 on Kids' WB.

Series overview

Episodes

Season 1 (2000–2001)

Season 2 (2001–2002)
The Marvel YouTube page lists "Walk on the Wild Side" as episode 10 of season 2 (set before "Shadow Dance" because Blob still has his mohawk and Duncan gets tickets for Jean) while "On Angel's Wings" and "Operation Rebirth" are out of place, even though they may have aired on the supposed dates.

Season 3 (2002–2003)

Season 4 (2003)

References

External links
 X-Men: Evolution Episodes at Marvel.com
 TV.com: X-Men: Evolution episode list
 Toon Zone's X-Men: Evolution website
 X-Men: Evolution Page run by Kataclysm with screenshots for each episode and custom avatars

X-Men: Evolution
Evolution episodes
Episodes
X-Men
Gry (band)

Gry is an indie/electronic music band featuring Danish female singer Gry Bagøien and German musician FM Einheit (ex-Einstürzende Neubauten).

The music of Gry can be described as electronic with elements of trip hop, live instruments, many loops and samples (also orchestral samples) with a female voice.

Their debut album The Touch Of E! was released in 1998, followed by live shows in Europe and America.

Their second album Public Recording was made in 2000 in the Marstall Theater in Munich during a public performance with numerous special guests: Alexander Hacke, Caspar Brötzmann, Æter, Anatol Baginsky, Terranova, Pan Sonic, Funkstörung, Meret Becker, Chrislo Haas, and Sebastian Hess. The song "Summer Wine" from this album, sung by Gry Bagøien and Alexander Hacke, is a cover-version of a Lee Hazlewood/Nancy Sinatra song.

In 2002, Gry Bagøien left the band and Gry disbanded.

Band members 
 FM Einheit: electro, percussive and non-percussive instruments
 Gry Bagøien: vocals
 Sjang Coenen: bass
 Saskia von Klitzing: drums

Discography

Albums 

 1998 The Touch Of E!
 2000 Public Recording

Singles, MCDs 

 1998 Touch of Me
 1998 Remixes
 1998 Everything Or All
 1998 I Never Asked
 1999 Poles Apart
 2000 Rocket
 2000 Summer Wine
 2000 Princess Crocodile

Other full-length releases 

 2000 Frost 79° 40''' (Ammer / F.M. Einheit / Pan Sonic / Gry) — (Recorded live at the Stadttheater Oberhausen'' on 28 August 1998.)

External links
 
 Gry Bagøien's official website
 F.M. Einheit's official website
 Saskia von Klitzing's Official site of (German)

Danish electronic music groups
Experimental musical groups
German electronic music groups
Kirk (disambiguation)

Kirk means "church", often referring to the Church of Scotland in particular.

Kirk or KIRK may also refer to:
 James T. Kirk, a fictional character from the Star Trek franchise and TV series

Places 
 Kirk (placename element)
 Kirk, Azerbaijan
 Kirk, Ontario, Canada
 Kirk, California, United States; now Kirkwood
 Kirk, Colorado, United States
 Kirk, Oregon, United States
 Kirk, West Virginia, United States
Kirk (crater), crater on Charon, the primary moon and double planet of dwarf planet Pluto

Facilities and structures
The Kirk (Mason City, Iowa), U.S.A., a historic apartment building
Kirksville Regional Airport, a public-use airport in Missouri, United States

People 
Kirk (given name)
Kirk (surname)

Other uses 
KIRK (FM), a radio station licensed to Macon, Missouri, United States
Kirk (TV series), a 1990s American sitcom
, a U.S. frigate of the Knox class
 Kirk telecom A/S, a former Danish manufacturer of telephones, which was taken over by SpectraLink Corporation, then Polycom
Kirk (album), an album by DaBaby

See also

 
 KRK (disambiguation)
Medan, son of Abraham

According to the Bible, Medan ( Məḏān "contention; to twist, conflict"); also spelt Madan was the third son of Abraham, the patriarch of the Israelites, and Keturah whom he wed after the death of Sarah.  Medan had five brothers, Zimran, Jokshan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah.

Josephus tells us that "Abraham contrived to settle them in colonies; and they took possession of Troglodytis and the country of Arabia Felix (Arabia the Happy), as far as it reaches to the Red Sea." Little else is known about him.

There is no known connection to the Madan people of Iran and Iraq.

References

Book of Genesis people
Children of Abraham
Lochlainn O'Raifeartaigh

Lochlainn O'Raifeartaigh (; 11 March 1933 – 18 November 2000) was an Irish physicist in the field of theoretical particle physics. He is best known for the O'Raifeartaigh Theorem, a result in unification theory, and the O'Raifeartaigh Model of supersymmetry breaking.

O'Raifeartaigh was born in Clontarf, Dublin in 1933, and attended St. Joseph's C.B.S. in Fairview and Castleknock College.
Most of his scientific career was centred on that city, where he obtained his first degrees at University College Dublin (BA in 1953 and MSc in Mathematical Physics in 1956), and spent from 1968 until his death as Senior Professor at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. He obtained his doctorate from the University of Zurich in 1960, under Walter Heitler. He also visited many institutions, notably Madras, IHES Bures, and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, but it was during an extended stay at Syracuse University (1964-8) that he made the discovery that established his reputation. This result, which became known as O'Raifeartaigh's no-go theorem, showed that it was impossible to combine internal and relativistic symmetries other than in a trivial fashion, thus ending a widespread quest by the particle physics community to achieve this fusion. The O'Raifeartaigh theorem was later generalized to a result known as the Coleman–Mandula theorem.

O'Raifeartaigh's prolific career in theoretical physics was manifested by many fundamental contributions to the application of symmetries in particle physics. In the 1970s he showed that the new supersymmetries could provide a mechanism (O'Raifeartaigh's mechanism) for circumventing his no-go theorem which had assumed only classical Lie group symmetries. In the 1980s he applied non-Abelian gauge theory to the analysis of magnetic monopoles. His interests encompassed the spin-statistics theorem, Kac–Moody and W-algebras, and included early contributions to the theory of non-invariance (dynamical) groups, among much else. His long and productive career in the application of symmetry methods to theoretical physics was acknowledged by the award of the Wigner Medal in August 2000.

Lochlainn is the father of Cormac O'Raifeartaigh, an Irish physicist and of Úna Ní Raifeartaigh, an Irish lawyer who has been a Judge of the High Court and is currently serving as a Judge of the Court of Appeal.

Notes

External links
 Article about O'Raifeartaigh on the DIAS website
 Obituary, Physics Today, November 2001

1933 births
2000 deaths
20th-century Irish physicists
Scientists from Dublin (city)
Mathematical physicists
Academics of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
Louis IV, Elector Palatine

Louis IV, Count Palatine of the Rhine (1 January 1424, Heidelberg – 13 August 1449, Worms) was an Elector Palatine of the Rhine from the House of Wittelsbach in 1436 - 1449.

Biography
Louis IV was the son of Louis III, Elector Palatine and his second wife Matilda of Savoy. His mother was a fourth-generation descendant of Thomas III of Piedmont (1248 - 1282), the eldest son of Thomas II of Savoy.

From the death of Louis III in 1436 until 1442, Louis IV ruled under guardianship of his uncle, Count Palatine Otto I of Mosbach. In 1444 he repelled the attacks of the Armagnacs as an Imperial captain.

In 1445 he married Margarete of Savoy, widow of king Louis III of Naples and daughter of Duke Amadeus VIII of Savoy. With her, he had his only son, Philipp (14 July 1448 – 28 February 1508). When Louis died in 1449, aged 25 years, in Worms, his brother Frederick inherited the Palatinate. Louis was buried in the Holy Spirit church of Heidelberg.

References

External links
  genealogie-mittelalter.de

1424 births
1449 deaths
Nobility from Heidelberg
Imperial vicars
House of Wittelsbach
Prince-electors of the Palatinate
Medieval child monarchs
Burials at the Church of the Holy Spirit, Heidelberg
15th-century people from the Holy Roman Empire
Avocado sunblotch viroid

Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBV) is a disease affecting avocado trees.

Infections result in lower yields and poorer quality fruit. ASBV is the smallest known viroid that infects plants and is transmitted by pollen and infected seeds or budwood.

Trees infected with the viroid often show no symptoms other than a reduction in yield, (by 30% or more). However, they are still carriers and can pass the disease onto other plants. Symptoms in more serious infections include depressed longitudinal streaks of yellow in the fruit. The fruit may also become red or white in colour. Symptoms in the leaf are uncommon but include bleached veins and petioles. Rectangular cracking patterns also occur in the bark of older branches.

The amount (titre) of viroid particles present in avocado trees varies a great deal. Viroids levels can vary by 1000 times between branches on the same tree and by 10000 times between trees. Infected but symptomless trees have a higher concentration of viroid particles than those showing symptoms. Symptomless trees also represent a greater danger in terms of spread of the viroid. PCR is used to detect infection.

References 
 ARC- Institute for Tropical & Subtropical Crops

External links
 ICTV Online (10th) Report; Avsunviroidae

Viroids
Viral plant pathogens and diseases
Avocado tree diseases
Barrio Echesortu

Echesortu is a barrio (neighborhood) in Rosario, Argentina. It is unofficially known by that name even though, from the administrative point of view, its name is Remedios Escalada de San Martín. The neighborhood was formerly a town on its own, named after Ciro Echesortu, the original owner of the land; it was absorbed into the city later.

Geography 
Echesortu is located near the geographical center of the city. Its limits are:
 West: Paraná St., railways of the former Ferrocarril General Manuel Belgrano railway company;
 East: Francia Avenue;
 North: Tucumán St.;
 South: Pellegrini Avenue.

The major streets within the barrio are Mendoza St., Avellaneda Boulevard, and Córdoba St. (which becomes Eva Perón Avenue south of Avellaneda). Important landmarks include San Francisco Solano Church, San Miguel Church, Pestalozzi School, Plaza Buratovich, Plaza Ciro Echesortu and, opposite it, the abandoned Rosario Oeste Station of the Ferrocarril Belgrano.

References
 Echesortu at the Spanish Wikipedia.

Echesortu
Poker Nations Cup

The Poker Nations Cup is an international poker tournament, televised on Channel 4 from March 2006 onwards.

The series is commentated by Jesse May and Barny Boatman. Padraig Parkinson covered for Boatman in preliminary match 2.

The series was filmed in Cardiff, Wales. Thomas Kremser was the tournament director, and the dealers were Marina Kremser and Stevie Pollak.

The event in 2006 was sponsored by 888.com. In 2007 888.com has been replaced by Partypoker as main sponsors. The event will also be televised on Channel 4.

Format
Six nations compete in the series, with six members to each team. Each team has a captain and an internet qualifier.

The captain chooses one player from the six available to compete in each of the six preliminary tournaments (each player on the team plays once, and once only.)

Points are awarded for the finishing position of each player in each preliminary event. These points are totalled and used to calculate chips in the Grand Final. Points are awarded as follows:

1st: 10 points
2nd: 7 points
3rd: 5 points
4th: 3 points
5th: 2 points
6th: 1 point

Team captains can choose to substitute team members during the Grand Final, where the winning team receives $100,000.

(NB: As members of a nation's team never face other members of the same team, there is no possibility of collusion, as is possible in other team-format poker tournaments.)

Teams
NB: The flags within this article show the country the player is representing. e.g.: below Scott Gray is identified with the Irish flag as that is the country he is representing, despite Gray being born in Canada.

1: denotes Team Captain
2: denotes online qualifier

Results

Preliminary rounds

Grand Final
Team captains chose three players to compete in the Grand Final. Only one player started, who then had to be substituted by the end of the third level. The second player had to be substituted for the third player at the end of the sixth level. Blind levels ran twice as long as in the preliminary heats.

Team captains were also entitled to call a 60-second time-out with any player in their team once per game.

The Grand Final's television broadcast spanned over two episodes.

2007 Event
The 2007 event aired in March 2007 featuring teams representing Great Britain, USA, Germany, Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands with the winning team receiving $100,000 prize money.

External links
Article by Joe Beevers

Television shows about poker
Poker tournaments in Europe
Rene Daalder

Rene Daalder (born René Daalder 3 March 1944 in Texel, North Holland, died December 31, 2019, sometimes credited as Renee Daalder) was a Dutch writer and director.  He lived in Los Angeles. Originally a protégé of Russ Meyer, Daalder has worked with Jan de Bont, Frans Bromet, and Rem Koolhaas.

He is regarded as a pioneer of virtual reality and digital motion picture technologies.

Movies
His movies include the teenage horror classic Massacre at Central High (1976); the punk-rock musical Population: 1 (1986); Habitat (1997); and Hysteria (1997). He also directed the music video for Supertramp's "Brother Where You Bound". In October 2008, Population: 1, which features Tomata du Plenty of The Screamers, was released on DVD. He also wrote and directed a documentary on Bas Jan Ader entitled Here is Always Somewhere Else, which was released on DVD in November 2008.

Other projects
At the end of 2007, Rene Daalder launched SpaceCollective in collaboration with Folkert Gorter. The community-driven website, where information and ideas are being exchanged about the current state of our species, our planet and the universe, has over 2500 contributors. A growing number of universities, architecture and design schools are conducting projects on the website.

In 2008 Rene proposed a new genre of art called “Gravity Art” based on the idea of gravity as a medium.  Bas Jan Ader is seen as the founder of this genre, for the themes of his work of falling and letting go.

References

External links
 Rene Daalder's website
 Here is Always Somewhere Else official website
 
 Rene Daalder exhibition
 Population:1 official website

People from Texel
Dutch film directors
1944 births
2019 deaths
MI14

MI14, or British Military Intelligence, Section 14 was a department of the British Directorate of Military Intelligence. It was an intelligence agency of the War Office, which specialised in intelligence about Germany. Originally part of MI3, during the Second World War the German sub-department's expertise and analysis became so important to the war effort that it was spun off into its own Military Intelligence section.

One of MI14's most valuable sources, codenamed COLUMBA, consisted of reports returned by pigeons dropped over Nazi-occupied countries in packs containing a miniature spying kit.

Now defunct, the foreign intelligence remit is handled by the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6).

External links
 What happened to MI1 - MI4? MI5 FAQ
Documents reveal role of 'winged spies'

Defunct United Kingdom intelligence agencies
Military communications of the United Kingdom
British intelligence services of World War II
War Office in World War II
Gillette Mach3

The Gillette Mach3 (, ) is a line of razors produced by Gillette.

Production
Prior to the announcement, Gillette built plywood walls around the production lines in its factory in Boston, in order to keep it a secret from many of its own employees. Gillette said its manufacturing plant was capable of producing 250 cartridges per minute.

Trade secret theft 
Steven Davis, a process controls engineer working for a Gillette subcontractor that designed the Mach3, stole information about the Mach3 and faxed it to Gillette's competitors, Warner-Lambert, Bic, and American Safety Razor. Davis pleaded guilty to five counts of stealing Gillette's trade secrets in January 1998. Davis was sentenced to 27 months in prison. Davis said he committed the crime because he was angry at his boss.

Announcement and introduction
Gillette announced the Mach3 razor on April 14, 1998, following more than $750 million in R&D.

Gillette budgeted $300 million for a two-year advertising campaign for the Mach3 razor. Gillette marketed the three blade design as allowing for a shave with less pressure to the skin and with fewer strokes, thereby reducing skin irritation. The Mach3 razor was released in North America during the last week of June 1998. It was first sold in Europe in September 1998.

Mach 3 system 
The Mach 3 system is also used in razors offered by other producers like Truefitt & Hill, DR Harris, and Muhle.

References

External links

Procter & Gamble brands
Products introduced in 1998
Personal care brands
Begum Nusrat Bhutto International Airport

The Sukkur Airport , also known as Begum Nusrat Bhutto International Airport Sukkur, is a domestic airport located in Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan. It is a medium-sized airport located about  from the centre of Sukkur, and serves Sukkur and its surrounding areas; Khairpur, Jacobabad, Sibi, and Shikarpur.

Sukkur International Airport is the second main operational airport in Sindh, after Jinnah International Airport, Karachi. The paved runway is about 2,700 metres long. It also handles international flights, especially in time of emergencies and because of bad weather conditions.

It is the main alternative to Karachi's Jinnah International Airport, with a distance of about , well under an hour's flight time by turboprop aircraft, and less than 35 minutes by jet.

On 26 January 2012, the Provincial Assembly of Sindh unanimously passed a resolution to name the airport after Nusrat Bhutto (), a former first lady of Pakistan in the 1970s.

During Hajj season every year, Hajj flights operate from Sukkur to Jeddah and Medina in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and back. The first Hajj flight from the Begum Nusrat Bhutto Airport, Sukkur, left for Jeddah on 6 August 2016. The Hajj flight operation continued until 13 August 2016.

Planned upgrades and expansion 
In September 2022, the Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority assigned the upgrade and expansion project of the Begum Nusrat Bhutto Airport Sukkur to the National Engineering Services Pakistan. According to the plan, the airport is planned to be turned into an international airport for wide-body aircraft with all allied facilities. The renovation project includes extension of the runway and the taxiway, reconstruction of the apron and terminal building, along with other related facilities.

International Status 
In September 2022, the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) accelerated the process of granting international status to Begum Nusrat Bhutto Airport (BNBA) in Sukkur.

After getting international status, it is the second-largest international airport in Sindh.

Airlines and destinations

See also 
 Begum Nusrat Bhutto
 List of airports in Pakistan
 Airlines of Pakistan
 Begum Nusrat Bhutto Women University
 Transport in Pakistan
 Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority

References

Airports in Sindh
Sukkur
The Dark Room (Narayan novel)

The Dark Room is a novel written by R.K.Narayan, the well-known English-language novelist from India. Like most of his other works, this is a tale set in the fictitious town of Malgudi.

This work of literature was first published in Great Britain in 1938 by Macmillan & Co., Ltd. London. The first Indian edition came out in 1956.

Plot summary 
Savitri is a submissive wife who listens to all the harsh abuses sent out to her by her husband Ramani. Ramani works for the elite Engladia Insurance Company and will do anything to satisfy his bosses.

Savitri has three children Kamala, Babu and Sumati. Savitri would flee to her dark room when she could not tolerate the pangs of intolerance and maltreatment meted out to her unfairly. She discovers sadly that her husband is having an affair with another woman. Her husband even takes her favorite bench so that he can use it to decorate the other woman's house. Her husband seems more interested in flattering and pleasing the other woman. A simpleton like Savitri has nowhere to go. She tries to drown herself but unfortunately she gets saved. She works as a temple custodian. She can fend for herself but she has her past life also. She cannot forget the bleak look on her children's faces when she abandoned them, much to their shock.

Release details
1938, UK, Macmillan Publishers ISBN ?, Pub date ? ? 1938, hardback (first edition)
1990, UK, Mandarin ISBN ?, Pub date ? ? 1990, paperback
1994, UK, Minerva ISBN ?, Pub date ? ? 1994, paperback
1994, US, University of Chicago Press , Pub date 1 September 1994, paperback
2005, UK, Indian Thought Publications , Pub date ? ? 2005, paperback reissue

1937 novels
Novels by R. K. Narayan
Eyre & Spottiswoode books
Novels set in India
Naomi Blumenthal

Naomi Blumenthal (, born 22 November 1943) is a former Israeli politician. First elected to the Knesset in 1992, her political career was ended by a conviction for corruption in 2006.

Biography
Born in Bitzaron during the Mandate era, Blumenthal served in a Nahal brigade during her national service. She gained a BA in Political Science and Criminology from Bar-Ilan University and also graduated from the Beit Zvi School of Art in Ramat Gan.

Blumenthal was one of the founders of the Beersheba theatre and chaired the Al-Sam anti-drug abuse association. She is also a former chairwoman of the Political Centre - Israel Women's Network, and was a member of the Israeli delegation to the United Nations Conference on the Status of Women in 1989, 1990, 1991 and 1995.

In 1992 she was elected to the Knesset on Likud's list. After retaining her seat in 1996 and 1999, she was appointed Deputy Minister of National Infrastructure by Ariel Sharon in 2001. She served as chairwoman of the Worldwide Likud Movement between 2001 and 2002, and stepped down from the cabinet in January 2003.

Although re-elected in 2003, it later emerged that she had bribed 15 Likud activists and central committee members during the party primaries in December 2003 by hosting them in a hotel in Ramat Gan. The episode became known as the "Sheraton City Tower Affair".

Criticised by the judge for using her right to silence, she was sentenced to eight months in prison, a ten-month suspended sentence and was fined NIS 75,000. She appealed against the verdict, but lost. However, in July 2007 President Shimon Peres commuted her sentence to community service, though she was not pardoned. The Movement for Quality Government appealed Peres' decision, but their petition was rejected by the Knesset.

See also
List of Israeli public officials convicted of crimes or misdemeanors

References

External links

1943 births
Living people
Bar-Ilan University alumni
Beit Zvi School for the Performing Arts alumni
Deputy ministers of Israel
Israeli people convicted of bribery
Israeli politicians convicted of corruption
Israeli female criminals
Women members of the Knesset
Jews from Mandatory Palestine
Likud politicians
Members of the 13th Knesset (1992–1996)
Members of the 14th Knesset (1996–1999)
Members of the 15th Knesset (1999–2003)
Members of the 16th Knesset (2003–2006)
Moshavniks
Recipients of Israeli presidential pardons
21st-century Israeli women politicians
20th-century Israeli women politicians
Israeli politicians convicted of crimes
Dave Green (astrophysicist)

Dave Green (born 1959) is an astrophysicist at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, UK and University Senior Lecturer at the University of Cambridge. He is also a Fellow of Churchill College, where he a Director of Studies for Physics. His research focuses on supernova remnants (SNRs), including studies of G1.9+0.3 the youngest Galactic SNR yet identified, and he has written a book on the historical supernovae along with F. Richard Stephenson. He designed the cubehelix colour scheme for intensity images.

His sporting interests include coxing, cricket and croquet.

External links
 Dave Green's homepage
 Dave Green's "Other Homepage"
 Historical Supernovae and Their Remnants by D.A. Green and F.R. Stephenson
 Dave Green Facts
 Dave Green's cubehelix colour scheme

1959 births
Living people
British astrophysicists
21st-century British astronomers
Fellows of Churchill College, Cambridge
Alumni of Churchill College, Cambridge
Alumni of Robinson College, Cambridge
Place of birth missing (living people)
Haverford College Arboretum

The Haverford College Arboretum () is an arboretum comprising the entire campus of Haverford College, in Haverford, Pennsylvania. It is open daily, dawn to dusk, without charge.

As of 2006, the arboretum contains mature oaks and maples, specimen trees, flowering trees, and natural woodland areas. Over 1,500 trees are labeled with their scientific name, common name and nativity. Specific points of interest include:

Ryan Pinetum - Over 300 mature conifers, labeled and arranged by family groupings.
State champion trees - Loblolly Pine, Pinus taeda; and Hinoki False Cypress, Chamaecyparis obtusa. 
Penn Treaty Elm - a descendant of the American Elm under which William Penn signed his treaty with Native Americans; planted 1915. In 2010, a descendant of Haverford's Elm was planted in Penn Treaty Park, the site of the 1683 treaty. 
Asian gardens - the Denis Asian Garden and Teaf Memorial Zen-style Garden.
2.2-mile Nature Trail - A public, wooded recreation trail following the perimeter of campus, popular with runners and dog walkers

History 

The arboretum's origins stretch back to 1831, when the campus property was purchased by a group of Welsh Quakers. The College itself was founded two years later. 

In 1834, English gardener William Carvill laid out the campus in the English landscape tradition championed by noted landscape architect Sir Humphry Repton. 

In 1901, shortly after the discovery of Carvill's original landscape drawings, students and alumni seeking to preserve Haverford's natural beauty formed the Campus Club.

In 1928 the College minutes record that "a comprehensive planting of trees" was discussed, and in response the Superintendent of Grounds began a scientific collection of trees arranged in generic and family groupings. 

The Haverford College Arboretum Association was founded in 1974 and continues to oversee the preservation of historic landscapes and trees; the implementation of sustainable plantings and practices; and the development of educational community programming.

See also
List of botanical gardens in the United States
ArbNet

Further reading

External links
Haverford College Arboretum
Facebook
Instagram
Philadelphia - America's Garden Capital
Tree Campus USA

Arboreta in Pennsylvania
Botanical gardens in Pennsylvania
Haverford Township, Pennsylvania
Parks in Delaware County, Pennsylvania
Abbas Ibn al-Ahnaf

Abu al-Fadl Abbas Ibn al-Ahnaf () (750 in Basra-809), was an Arab Abbasid poet from the tribe of Banu Hanifa. His work consists solely of love poems (ghazal). It is "primarily concerned with the hopelessness of love, and the personae in his compositions seems resigned to a relationship of deprivation". The vocabulary he chose was simple and his style is fluent and easy.

He grew up in Baghdad, where he became a friend of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid. who employed him for the purpose of amusing him in time of leisure. His work was an acknowledged influence on Abdullah ibn al-Mu'tazz and Abu al-Atahiya.

References

External links
Article

750 births
809 deaths
Poets from the Abbasid Caliphate
8th-century Arabic-language writers
8th-century Arab people
Hey Now Hey (The Other Side of the Sky)

Hey Now Hey (The Other Side of the Sky) is the nineteenth studio album by American singer-songwriter Aretha Franklin. 

Released in mid-1973 by Atlantic Records, it was the first Atlantic album by Franklin to miss the Top 25 of the main Billboard chart, peaking at #30, and reaching #2 on the R&B albums listing. This album was originally planned to be a straight jazz album with songs like "Moody's Mood" and "Just Right Tonight", but producers Franklin and Quincy Jones took a detour and produced songs like "Mister Spain" and the title cut.

Other notable songs include the No. 1 R&B and top 20 pop single "Angel" written by Franklin's younger sister Carolyn, as well as a cover of "Somewhere" which features Franklin on piano and Phil Woods on alto saxophone. This recording was reissued on compact disc through Rhino Records in the 1990s. The song "Master of Eyes" was included as the tenth track on the reissue though it was  not included on the first release.

Track listing
Side One
 "Hey Now Hey (The Other Side of the Sky)" (Aretha Franklin) - 4:41
 "Somewhere" (Leonard Bernstein, Stephen Sondheim) - 6:14
 "So Swell When You're Well" (James Booker, Aretha Franklin) - 4:14
 "Angel"  (Carolyn Franklin, Sonny Sanders) - 4:26
 "Sister from Texas" (Aretha Franklin) - 3:08
Side Two
 "Mister Spain" (Carolyn Plummer) - 6:41
 "That's The Way I Feel About Cha" (Bobby Womack, Jim Grisby, Joe Hicks) - 7:10
 "Moody's Mood" (James Moody, Jimmy McHugh, Dorothy Fields) - 2:55
 "Just Right Tonight" (Aretha Franklin, Avery Parrish, Buddy Feyne, Quincy Jones, Robert Bruce) - 7:42'
CD reissue bonus track
 "Master of Eyes (The Deepness of Your Eyes)" (Aretha Franklin, Bernice Hart) - 3:25

Personnel
 Aretha Franklin – lead vocals, acoustic piano solo (2, 3)
 Spooner Oldham – keyboards
 Billy Preston – acoustic piano solo (9)
 Jimmy Johnson – guitar
 Tommy Cogbill – bass guitar
 Jerry Jemmott – bass guitar
 Roger Hawkins – drums
 Richie Pratt – drums 
 Phil Woods – alto saxophone (2)
 Joe Farrell – tenor sax solo (4), flute solo (6)
 Willie Bridges – saxophone
 Charles Chalmers – saxophone
 Andrew Love – saxophone
 Floyd Newman – saxophone
 Wayne Jackson – trumpet

Production
 Producers – Quincy Jones and Aretha Franklin 
 Recording Engineer – Phil Schier 
 Remixing – Gene Paul (Track 1); Quincy Jones and Phil Schier (Tracks 2–9).
 Track 1 remixed at Record Plant; Tracks 2-9 remixed at Atlantic Studios (New York, NY).
 Mastered at Artisan Sound Recorders (Hollywood, CA).
 Album Design – Ken Cunningham, Jim Dunn and Aretha Franklin.
 Cover Illustration – Jim Dunn

References

1973 albums
Aretha Franklin albums
Albums produced by Quincy Jones
Atlantic Records albums