alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Myxobolus cerebralis

Myxobolus cerebralis is a small Myxozoan parasite that eats the insides of fish like salmon and trout, causing whirling disease. 

This is a problem in fish farming and also in natural fish populations. In the last 100 years, it has spread to most of Europe (including Russia), the United States, South Africa, and other countries.  In the 1980s, people found out that M. cerebralis needs to live in a worm before it can live in a fish.  It infects both the fish and the worm by poking a hole in them and putting part of itself in.

Whirling disease hurts young fish the most, and can hurt bones and nerves. Fish with the disease do not swim very well, and they "whirl" or spin instead of swimming straight.  This makes it hard for the fish to get food and get away from danger.  Dealing with M. cerebralis costs more money than most other parasites in its group (which are called "myxozoans"). People do not get sick with whirling disease, though; only fish do.

M. cerebralis has become well-established, particularly in North America. It has caused the decline of whole cohorts of fish.

Shape
M. cerebralis has many stages ranging from single cells to bigger spores.  Scientists have not studied all the stages very well yet.

Triactinomyxon stage 

M. cerebralis has many diverse stages ranging from single cells to relatively large spores, not all of which have been studied in detail.
The kind of M. cerebralis that can attack fish is called a "Triactinomyxon", and there is a picture of it on the right.  There are three "tails" that are each about 200 micrometers long, and another piece that is about 150 micrometers (μm) long.  That piece has 64 cells in it. There are also three harpoon-like weapons that can attack the fish. They shoot into the fish, making a hole that the 64 cells can go into.  Those cells make more cells that go to the cartilage near the fish's brain.

Myxosporean stage
The kind of M. cerebralis that comes out of fish is called a "Myxospore". They are sort of round and fat in the middle like a lentil or a convex lens. They are about 10  micrometers across and are made of six cells.  Two are for the harpoon weapons, two are for protecting the Myxospore, and two are for going into a worm after the weapons make a hole. Myxospores from M. cerebralis look a lot like Myxospores from other species that are sometimes in fish skin, muscle, or brains, and so it's hard to tell them apart.

References

Other websites 
Report of the World Trade Organization on Australian restrictions on salmon imports
The Whirling Disease Foundation 
The Whirling Disease Initiative 

Parasites
Edible fish
Cnidarians
Aamir Khan

Aamir Khan (born March 14, 1965 in Mumbai) is a Bollywood actor. Khan first appeared in Yaadon Ki Baaraat (1973) as a child actor. His first big starring role was in Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988). Khan was born to a Muslim family.

Another of his best-known adult roles was starring in Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India (2001), which was nominated for an Oscar. Khan was credited as producer for the movie, with his first wife (1986-2002), Reena Datta, executive producer. Khan met his future second wife (2005-), Kiran Rao, on the set, where she was an assistant director.

Their first movie released in 2006 is Rang De Basanti after his divorce with Reena Dutta. He later married Kiran Rao.

Movies

References

Other websites 

 
 
 

1965 births
Living people
Actors from Mumbai
Indian child actors
Indian movie actors
Indian movie producers
Television producers
Ambedkarites
Indian Muslims
Neoclassical economics

Neoclassical economics is an economic theory that argues for markets to be free.  This means governments should generally not make rules about types of businesses, businesses' behaviour, who may make things, who may sell things, who may buy things, prices, quantities or types of things sold and bought.  The theory argues that allowing individual actors (people or businesses) freedom creates better economic outcomes.  These outcomes may be a higher average standard of living, higher wages, better average life-expectancies, and higher GDP.

Arguments 
Markets are an abstract idea: assumed to be all the 'actors' (businesses or people) selling one thing, service or type of thing or service, and all the 'actors' buying it.

Theory 
Markets will 'reach equilibrium' if all the sellers who want to sell at or below a given price have sold to all the buyers who are willing to buy at or above a given price.  the price is worked out in the market.

It may be easier to think about this in reverse: The market is not in equilibrium if people want to buy a haircut for ten (or more) dollars and someone is happy to sell the person a haircut for ten (or less) dollars, but for some reason this does not happen.  

Neoclassical economists say this will not happen. Neo-Keynesians say it might, so the government could make the customer and the person selling the haircut happier by helping the customer somehow.

Opposition 
Neo-Keynesian economy is an alternative to Neoclassical economy. The major point of difference between neoclassical economics and neo-Keynesian economics is about whether 'markets' 'reach equilibrium'.

References 

Economic theories
Nile

The Nile (النيل an-nīl) is a river in Africa. It is the longest river on Earth (about 6,650 km or 4,132 miles), though other rivers carry more water. 

Its longest section starts in Lake Victoria, and flows into the Mediterranean Sea near Alexandria. It gets its name from the Greek word "Νεῖλος" (Neil's). 

This longest part is called the White Nile. It flows from Lake Victoria in Uganda, and through Sudan to Khartoum. There it is joined by the Blue Nile to form the Nile proper, which then flows through Egypt. The Blue Nile comes from Ethiopia near the Red Sea. The two branches meet near Khartoum, in the Sudan. About 300 million cubic metres of water flow down the Nile each day.

The Nile is essential to the drier countries in the north of Africa. On the Nile there are many boats: it is one of the easiest ways to get around. Historically, mostcities in Egypt are built next to the river, and the pyramids are close to the Nile. The Nile has always provided most of the water used to grow crops in Egypt: much of the rest of the country is a desert. In ancient times the Nile flooded every year and the people would starve if there was not enough water for the crops. The Ancient Egyptians got papyrus from the Nile to write on. Papyrus is made from a plant which grows near the Nile.

Many different types of animals live in or near the waters of the Nile, including crocodiles, birds, fish and many others. Not only do animals depend on the Nile for survival, but also people who live there need it for everyday use like washing, as a water supply, keeping crops watered and other jobs.

Pyramids were built close to the Nile because they needed the granite stones from Aswan to be transported by barges down the Nile.

History of the word Nile 

The word "Nile" comes from Greek Neilos (). Neilos came from the word "river valley". In the ancient Egyptian language, the Nile is called Ḥ'pī or iteru, meaning "great river", represented by the hieroglyphs shown above (literally itrw, and 'waters' determinative). In Coptic, the words piaro (Sahidic) or phiaro (Bohairic) meaning "the river" (lit. p(h).iar-o "the.canal-great") come from the same ancient name.

References

Other websites 
 Nile River -Citizendium

Nile
Egypt
Statue

A statue is a model of somebody or something, usually of a person or sometimes an animal. It is a sculpture. Several kinds of material can be used to make a statue, e.g. stone, bronze, clay, or wood. Statues are often at least life-size (the same size as the real person), but often they are much bigger, especially statues in the open air. Statues are often made to remember an important person (such as the statue of Alfred the Great), or to remember an event or an idea (such as the Statue of Liberty).

Usually there is some writing on a statue to say who the person is. This writing is called an epigraph. The statue may be standing on a base. This base is called a "plinth".

A bust is a statue of the head, shoulders and upper body of a person.

A colossus is an enormous statue.

A statue of someone on horseback (riding a horse) is called an equestrian statue.
Idea

When a person thinks of something, that which they think about is called an "idea".  Ideas are concepts which exist in the mind.  Nobody really knows how this works.  Ideas are a mental product.

One idea can change the whole world.  If someone has a better idea, they can try to convince others.

Related pages 
Idealism
Ideology

 

Basic English 850 words
Connection

A connection is when two things are put together. This can either be a 'real' connection, like a chain linking two objects, or you can use the word in a figurative way. You might talk about a train connection between two cities, and mean the trains running between them.

Basic English 850 words
Nobuo Uematsu

Nobuo Uematsu (植松 伸夫; Uematsu Nobuo, born March 21, 1959) is a Japanese video game music composer. He composed music for each role-playing games for Square Enix, including Final Fantasy and Chrono Trigger.

Other websites 
 Nobuo Uematsu's official Japanese website 
 Nobuo Uematsu's official English website 
 Smile Please Co., Ltd. official Japanese website
 Unofficial Nobuo Uematsu website

1959 births
Living people

Uematsu, Nobuo
People from Kōchi Prefecture
Dharma

Dharma (or dhamma) is part of many religions or spiritual beliefs that began in India. Hinduism, Buddhism, Ayyavazhi, Jainism, and Sikhism believe in that idea. It means the law of spiritual growth of believers.

In Buddhism

In Buddhism, the word "Dharma" also means the very old teachings of the Buddha. For example, The Four Noble Truths.

In Hinduism
In Hinduism, dharma is the spiritual law for human beings. It is the way of goodness, truth and duty. For example, a child's dharma is to be a good student. Parents’ dharma is to raise and support their family. A teacher’s dharma is to teach, and the dharma of the police is to protect others. Each age brings new responsibilities, so dharma will change over your lifetime. It is everyone’s dharma to be honest, kind and religious, to do no harm to others and to be a good citizen. Hindus believe that following dharma fulfills the highest purpose on earth. When people follow dharma, they feel good about themselves.

References

Indian religions
Columbus

Columbus usually refers to:
Christopher Columbus, the explorer
Columbus, Ohio

It might also mean:
Columbus, Georgia
Columbus, Indiana
Columbus, Kentucky
Columbus, Mississippi
Columbus, Wisconsin
Walter Sisulu

Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu (18 May 1912 – 5 May 2003) was a South African activist and politician. He fought against apartheid. Sisulu was the Secretary-General of the African National Congress from 1949 to 1954. Over the next 10 years he was put in prison seven times. 

He was one of many people, including Nelson Mandela to be found guilty of treason during trials between 1956 and 1961. He was sent to prison for 6 years because of this. While free on bail, he went into hiding. He was found in 1963 and put on trial again. In 1964, he as sent to prison for the rest of his life. He was released from prison in 1989. 

In 1991, he became the Deputy-President of the African National Congress. He held the position from July 1991 to 1994. Sisulu died from Parkinson's disease on 5 May 2003, aged 90.

References

Other websites
Anti-apartheid fighter Sisulu dies - BBC News article, dated Tuesday, 6 May 2003
South Africa mourns Sisulu - BBC News article, dated Tuesday, 6 May 2003
Nelson Mandela's tribute to Walter Sisulu - BBC News article, dated Tuesday, 6 May 2003
 The African Activist Archive Project website includes the audio of a January 1987 Interview with Walter Sisulu conducted in 1954 by George M. Houser of the American Committee on Africa. The website also includes photographs of Sisulu and demonstrations in the U.S. in support of the defendants in the Rivonia Trial.

1912 births
2003 deaths
South African anti-apartheid activists
Mthatha
Nelson Mandela
South African politicians
List of U.S. state capitals

This is a list of United States state capital cities. Each has a capital building that acts as the center of government for its state. The capital city with the fewest people is Montpelier, Vermont, while the capital city with the most people is Phoenix, Arizona.

The dates listed in the following table indicate the years it has continuously served as the state's sole capital. Most states have changed their capital city at least once. In the case of the thirteen bottom states, "statehood" in the table refers to its date of ratification of the United States Constitution.

References

State capitals
Juneau, Alaska

The City and Borough of Juneau is the capital city of Alaska. It has been the capital of Alaska since 1906. It is one of 2 capital cities that cannot be reached by road, the other being Honolulu, Hawaii. 

The government of the then-District of Alaska was moved from Sitka by the decision of the U.S. Congress. The municipality unified in 1970 when the city of Juneau merged with the city of Douglas and the surrounding Greater Juneau Borough to form the current home rule municipality.

The area of Juneau is larger than that of Rhode Island and Delaware individually and almost as large as the two states combined. Downtown Juneau  is at the base of Mount Juneau and across the channel from Douglas Island. As of the 2020 census, the City and Borough had a population of 32,255.

Juneau is named after gold prospector Joe Juneau, though the place was for a time called Rockwell and then Harrisburg (after Juneau's co-prospector, Richard Harris).  

The Tlingit name of the town is Dzántik'i Héeni ("river where the flounders gather"), and Auke Bay just north of Juneau proper is called Aak'w ("little lake") in Tlingit. The Taku River, just south of Juneau, was named after the cold t'aakh wind, which occasionally blows down from the mountains.

Downtown Juneau sits at sea level, with tides averaging , below steep mountains about  to  high. Atop these mountains is the Juneau Icefield, a large ice mass from which about 30 glaciers flow; two of these, the Mendenhall Glacier and the Lemon Creek Glacier, are visible from the local road system; the Mendenhall glacier has been generally retreating; its front face is declining both in width and height.

The Alaska State Capitol in downtown Juneau was originally built as the Federal and Territorial Building in 1931.  Prior to statehood, it housed federal government offices, the federal courthouse and a post office.  It also housed the territorial legislature and many other territorial offices, including that of the governor.  Today, it is still the home of the state legislature and the offices of the governor and lieutenant governor.  Other executive branch offices have largely moved elsewhere, in Juneau or elsewhere in the state, in the ongoing battle between branches for space in the building, as well as the decades-long capital move issue.  Recent discussion has been focused between relocating the seat of state government outside of Juneau and building a new capitol building in Juneau.  Neither position has advanced very far.  The Alaska Committee, a local community advocacy group, has led efforts to thus far keep the capital in Juneau.

References

Other websites
 City and Borough of Juneau
 Visit Juneau
 Picture of Juneau and Douglas Island, 1914
 

State capitals in the United States
Cities in Alaska
Alaska boroughs
1881 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Alaska
Little Rock, Arkansas

Little Rock is the capital city and most populous city of the U.S. state of Arkansas. Billy Joel mentions it in "We Didn't Start the Fire".

References

Other websites

 
State capitals in the United States
1821 establishments in the United States
1820s establishments in Arkansas Territory
County seats in Arkansas
Boise, Idaho

Boise is the capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Idaho.  It is also the county seat of Ada County.

The Anne Frank Human Rights Memorial is in Boise. It is the only human rights memorial in the US.

Origin of name
Although different people believe different stories about the origin of the name, it is generally accepted that the name Boise originates from the French word boisée which means wooded.

Notable People 

 Torrie Wilson: model
 Wayne Walker: former football player and Sports commentator

References

County seats in Idaho
 
State capitals in the United States
1863 establishments in the United States
1860s establishments in Idaho Territory
Springfield, Illinois

Springfield is the capital city of the U.S. state of Illinois. It is the county seat and largest city of Sangamon County, Illinois. It is close to the center of the state. In the 2020 census, Springfield had more than 110,000 people living in it.

Capitol

The state Capitol, in the middle of Springfield, is where the General Assembly (the state's legislature) meets and where the governor's office is. The Capitol is a big building with a dome that can be seen from many miles away. Springfield also has an old capitol, which is now a historic site.

People

Springfield was the home of Abraham Lincoln before he was elected president in 1860. Lincoln was a lawyer and practiced law many places in Illinois. His office is near the old capitol. When he died, his body was brought back to Springfield. His home, his law office, his tomb are all open to the public. Springfield also has a new building with a museum and library dedicated to him and his presidency.

Roads

Springfield has two Interstate highways: I-55 and I-72. I-55 runs from Chicago to Springfield and then through St. Louis, Missouri. Springfield also has many smaller roads to other cities.

Notes

References

Further reading

  Angle, Paul M. "Here I have lived": A history of Lincoln's Springfield, 1821–1865 (1935, 1971)
 Crouthamel, James L. "The Springfield Race Riot of 1908." Journal of Negro History 1960 45(3): 164–181.  in Jstor
 Harrison, Shelby Millard, ed. The Springfield Survey: Study of Social Conditions in an American City (1920), famous sociological study of the city vol 3 online
 
 Laine, Christian K.  Landmark Springfield: Architecture and Urbanism in the Capital City of Illinois. Chicago: Metropolitan, 1985. 111 pp.  
 Lindsay, Vachel. The Golden Book of Springfield (1920), a novel excerpt and text search
 Senechal, Roberta.  The Sociogenesis of a Race Riot: Springfield, Illinois, in 1908. 1990. 231 pp.
 VanMeter, Andy.  "Always My Friend: A History of the State Journal-Register and Springfield." Springfield, Ill.: Copley, 1981. 360 pp. history of the daily newspapers
 Wallace, Christopher Elliott.  "The Opportunity to Grow: Springfield, Illinois during the 1850s."  PhD dissertation Purdue U. 1983. 247 pp. DAI 1984 44(9): 2864-A. DA8400427 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
 Winkle, Kenneth J. "The Second Party System in Lincoln's Springfield."  Civil War History 1998 44(4): 267–284.

External links

 
 
 
 You Know You're From Springfield When... (Springfield History)

 
State capitals in the United States
County seats in Illinois
Indianapolis

Indianapolis ( ), commonly called Indy, is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana. It is also the seat of Marion County and is combined with the county as a part of Unigov. The U.S. Census Bureau said that the population of Indianapolis together with Marion County was 977,203 in 2020. The "balance" population was 887,642. This measurement leaves out some cities that are slightly autonomous from Unigov. It is the 16th-most populous city in the U.S., the third-most populous city in the Midwest after Chicago and Columbus, Ohio, and the fourth-most populous state capital after Phoenix, Arizona, Austin, Texas, and Columbus. The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 33rd-most populous metropolitan statistical area in the U.S., with 2,111,040 residents. Its combined statistical area ranks 28th, with a population of 2,431,361. Indianapolis has an area of . This makes it the 18th largest city by land area in the U.S.

Indigenous peoples lived in the area as early as 10,000 BC. In 1818, the Lenape gave their territory to the U.S. in the Treaty of St. Mary's. In 1821, Indianapolis was made as a planned city to be the new capital of Indiana. The old capital was Corydon. The city was platted by Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham on a  grid next to the White River. The finishing of the National and Michigan roads and the start of railroad building made the city an important transport hub. Two of the nicknames for Indianapolis (the "Crossroads of America" and "Railroad City") matches the city's history with transportation. In 1970, Indianapolis and Marion County were combined. This system is called Unigov. The city is led by an elected 25-member city-county council led by the mayor.

Indianapolis has the 30th-largest city economy in the U.S. It is based on the industries of trade, transportation, utilities, business services, education, health, government, leisure, and manufacturing. The city has big amateur sports and auto racing markets. The city is home to three Fortune 500 companies, two major league sports teams, the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League and the Indiana Pacers of the National Basketball Association, five university campuses, and many museums. Indianapolis has the world's largest children's museum. The city is maybe best known for hosting the world's largest single-day sporting event, the Indianapolis 500. The city has many historic sites and districts. Indianapolis has the most monuments about veterans and war casualties in the U.S. outside of Washington, D.C.

References 

 
County seats in Indiana
State capitals in the United States
1821 establishments in Indiana
Des Moines, Iowa

Des Moines is a city in Iowa.  It is the capital city of Iowa.  The city had a population of 203,433 in the 2010 United States Census. It is the home of the Des Moines Art Center, a regional art museum, and the Pappajohn Sculpture Park, an outdoor sculpture garden.

References 

 
County seats in Iowa
State capitals in the United States
Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Baton Rouge is the capital and second-largest city of the U.S. state of Louisiana. It has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Koeppen climate classification).

Explanatory notes

References 

 
Parish seats in Louisiana
State capitals in the United States
1699 establishments
1690s establishments in North America
Augusta, Maine

Augusta is the capital city of the U.S. state of Maine. 18,560 people live in Augusta.

State capitals in the United States
Cities in Maine
County seats in Maine
1754 establishments
1750s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
18th-century establishments in Maine
Saint Paul, Minnesota

Saint Paul is the capital city of the U.S. state of Minnesota.  It is across the Mississippi River from Minneapolis.  When people talk about both cities, they call them the Twin Cities.

Well-known people from Saint Paul

F. Scott Fitzgerald, author
Darnella Frazier, civil rights activist

References

Other websites 

Saint Paul official city government website

 
County seats in Minnesota
State capitals in the United States
Jackson, Mississippi

Jackson is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Mississippi.

References 

 
State capitals in the United States
County seats in Mississippi
1822 establishments in the United States
1820s establishments in Mississippi
Helena, Montana

Helena is the capital city of the U.S. state of Montana. It is also the county seat of Lewis and Clark County. About 28,000 people lived there in 2010.

Surrounding features include Spring Meadow Lake State Park, Lake Helena, Helena National Forest, the Big Belt Mountains, the Gates of the Mountains Wilderness, the Missouri River, Canyon Ferry Lake, Holter Lake, Hauser Lake, and the Elkhorn Mountains.

Notable people
 Max Baucus, former U.S. Senator
 Liz Claiborne, fashion designer
 Mike Cooney, Lt. Governor of Montana
 Charles Donnelly, president of the Northern Pacific Railway
 Myrna Loy, actress
 Charley Pride, country music singer

References

Other websites

City of Helena official website

Cities in Montana
County seats in Montana
State capitals in the United States
1864 establishments in the United States
1860s establishments in Montana Territory
Carson City, Nevada

Carson City is the capital city of the American state of Nevada. At the 2020 census, Carson City had a population of 58,639.

History
Settlers who lived present-day Carson City named the area "Washoe", after the Washoe Native Americans who lived there. John C. Frémont and his party of explorers were the first European Americans to visit the Carson City area in 1843. Frémont named a river flowing through the valley Carson River for Christopher "Kit" Carson, who was a scout on Frémont's expedition.

When Nevada became a state in 1864 during the Civil War, Carson City was confirmed as Nevada's permanent capital. Abraham Curry, the founder of Carson City, reserved an area equivalent to four city blocks (10 acres or 4.04 ha) at the center of the town for the future state capitol building. When the Capitol building was built ten years later, it was located there. The fourth session of the state legislature met in the still-incomplete building at the beginning of 1871. Construction was completed by May 1, 1871.

Transportation

There are three major highways in the city US Route 395, US Route 50 and Interstate 580.

Carson City's first bus system, called Jump Around Carson, opened in October 2005. There is almost no ground public transportation to other cities.  Passenger train service stopped in 1948. Greyhound Lines stopped bus service there in 2006. Amtrak stopped their bus to Sacramento in 2008. Greyhound and Amtrak have busses to Reno, Monday to Friday.

Carson Airport is in the northern part of the city. Reno-Tahoe International Airport,  away, has domestic commercial flights.

References

State capitals in the United States
Cities in Nevada
Nevada counties
1858 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Nevada
Austin, Texas

Austin is the capital city of the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Travis County. Austin is the 11th-largest city in the United States, and the 4th-largest in Texas. Its population in 2016 was 931,830. The University of Texas at Austin is located there.

Austin is frequently called the "Live Music Capital of the World". Several Fortune 500 companies have their main offices (also known as the headquarters) and regional offices in Austin.

History 
Austin was first called Waterloo in 1835.  In 1839, it was chosen to be the capital city of The Republic of Texas and named for Stephen F. Austin.  The University of Texas at Austin was founded in 1883.

In March 2018, a series of bombings occurred in Austin killing two people.

Climate
Austin has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Koeppen climate classification) with hot summers and mild winters. The city rarely gets snow at all and frosts are infrequent.

Government 
The current mayor of Austin is Steve Adler.

Austin also has a city council with ten district representatives plus the mayor.

Business 
Many businesses have their main offices in or near Austin, including AMD, Dell, Freescale Semiconductors, PayPal, and Whole Foods.

Famous Destinations 
-6th Street (Also known as Pecan Street): Known for various bars, including old fashioned saloons, dive bars, gay bars, etc. Most of these bars host live music.

-Mount Bonnell: The highest point in Austin, TX. Come here for romantic moments and beautiful nature in front of scenic vistas.

-Capitol Building: Taller than the U.S. Capitol.

-Congress Ave.: One of the main streets of the city. Famous for the bat bridge which hosts millions of Mexican Free-Tail Bats. South Congress Ave. (Aka SOCO) is a famous tourist district with unique and odd shops, trailer park eats, and more live music.

Sports 
The sports team of the University of Texas at Austin is known as the Texas Longhorns.

Austin is the largest city in the United States without a major-league professional sports team.

Formula One has made an agreement with the city of Austin to host the Formula 1 United States Grand Prix in the city. A new racetrack was built to host the race. The United States Grand Prix began taking place in Austin since 2012.

References

Notes 

1839 establishments in the Republic of Texas
 
State capitals in the United States
County seats in Texas
Montpelier, Vermont

Montpelier 
is a city in the U.S. state of Vermont that serves as the state capital. It is also the shire town (county seat) of Washington County. As the capital of Vermont, Montpelier is the site of the Vermont State House, the seat of the legislative branch of Vermont government. The Vermont State House has a golden dome. The population was 7,855 at the 2010 census. By population, it is the smallest state capital in the United States. The Vermont History Museum and Vermont College of Fine Arts are in Montpelier.

The state legislature made Montpelier the state capital in 1805.

References

Other websites

 City of Montpelier, Vermont
 Kellogg-Hubbard Library
 Central Vermont Chamber of Commerce
 State of Vermont

State capitals in the United States
Cities in Vermont
County seats in Vermont
1787 establishments in the United States
18th-century establishments in Vermont
Concord, New Hampshire

Concord is the capital city of the U.S. state of New Hampshire. The land which Concord now occupies along the banks of the Merrimack River was settled thousands of years ago by Native Americans. The broad sweeps of the river valley, good soil for farming, and easy transportation on the Merrimack made the site of Concord equally inviting to English-speaking settlers in the eighteenth century. Settled by immigrants from Massachusetts in 1725, the community grew in prominence during the eighteenth century. Some of Concord's earliest houses remain today at the north end of Main Street. In the years following the American Revolution, the city's central location made it a logical choice for the state capital, and in 1808 Concord was named the official seat of state government. Today the 1819 State House is the oldest state capitol in which the legislative branches meet in their original chambers.

History
This area's first settlement in 1659 was named Penacook, for the Indian name Pannukog, meaning crooked place or bend in the river. The first land grant was in 1725, and the town was incorporated as Rumford in 1733. The name was changed to Concord in 1765 upon resolution of a bitter boundary dispute between Rumford and Bow. Its central location was the logical choice for state capital, and Concord was so named in 1808. The State House, built in 1818 and first occupied in 1819, is the oldest in continuous use in the country. In 1853, the State granted Concord a city charter. It was in Concord that the Abbotts built the famous Concord Coach, modeled after the coronation coach for King George III. Granite quarrying has been another major industry, and Concord's quarries supplied granite for the US Library of Congress. Concord was home to Franklin Pierce, 14th President of the United States, following his presidency.

Population Trends
Concord had the tenth largest numeric change in population, totaling 12,777 over 50 years, from 27,988 in 1950 to 40,765 in 2000. The largest decennial percent change was a 22 percent increase between 1980 and 1990; all other decades increased by ten percent or less. The 2005 Census estimate for Concord was 42,336 residents, which ranked third among New Hampshire's incorporated cities and towns.

 
County seats in New Hampshire
State capitals in the United States
1733 establishments
1730s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
18th-century establishments in New Hampshire
Trenton, New Jersey

Trenton is the capital city of the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is the county seat of Mercer County. Trenton is in the middle part of New Jersey, along the Delaware River.

References

Other websites

County seats in New Jersey
 
State capitals in the United States
1719 establishments
1710s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
18th-century establishments in New Jersey
Santa Fe, New Mexico

Santa Fe (; Tewa: Ogha Po'oge, ) is the capital of the U.S. state of New Mexico.  It is the fourth-largest city in the state. It is the seat of Santa Fe County. Santa Fe (literally 'holy faith' in Spanish) had a population of 67,947 in the 2010 census. It is the principal city of the Santa Fe, New Mexico Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of Santa Fe County and is part of the larger Santa Fe-Española Combined Statistical Area. The city's full name when founded was "La Villa Real de la Santa Fé de San Francisco de Asís" ("The Royal Town of the Holy Faith of St. Francis of Assisi").

In 1912, New Mexico became the United States of America's 47th state, with Santa Fe as its capital.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 37.4 square miles (96.9 km2), of which, 37.3 square miles (96.7 km2) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km2) of it (0.21%) is water.

Santa Fe is at 7,199 feet (2134 m) above sea level, making it the highest state capital in the United States.

Museums
Santa Fe has many world-class museums. Many are around the historic downtown Plaza or close by:
 New Mexico Museum of Art – collections of Southwestern Arts.
 Institute of American Indian Arts Museum – Native American arts with political aspects.
 Georgia O'Keeffe Museum – devoted to the work of O'Keeffe and others whom she influenced.
 New Mexico History Museum – behind the historic Palace of the Governors, showcasing the history of New Mexico.
 Site Santa Fe – A contemporary art space, at 1606 Paseo De Peralta. Known as the forefront for contemporary art presentation in the Southwest.

Others are on Museum Hill:
 Museum of International Folk Art – showcasing folk arts from around the world.
 Museum of Indian Arts and Culture – exhibits Native American arts.
 Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian – Native American art and history.
 Museum of Spanish Colonial Art – Tradition arts from the Spanish-colonial era to contemporary times.

References

Other websites

State capitals in the United States
Cities in New Mexico
County seats in New Mexico
17th-century establishments in New Spain
Raleigh, North Carolina

Raleigh (pronounced , ) is the capital and the 2nd most populous city in the U.S. state of North Carolina as well as the county seat of Wake County. Raleigh is known as the "City of Oaks" for its many oak trees. The area is also nicknamed "The Triangle".

Raleigh is part of the Research Triangle area, together with Durham and Chapel Hill. The "Triangle" nickname began after the 1959 plan and construction of the Research Triangle Park, in Durham and Wake Counties. It is in the middle of the three cities and their universities.

The Research Triangle area makes up the U.S. Census Bureau's Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area (CSA). It had an estimated population of 2,037,430 in 2013.

History

Raleigh was started in 1770. In 1788, it became North Carolina's state capital. The first state fair happened in 1853 and has kept on happening. Raleigh was not hurt by the Civil War. It did not grow much after the Civil War.

In the early 1900s, Raleigh had streetcars, but they got rid of them later. Raleigh got its first TV station in 1956. In 1959, the Research Triangle Park was built. This caused people to move to the area for the jobs. In the late 1900s, Interstate 40 and Interstate 440 (freeways)were built, helping traffic. Since the late 1900s, Raleigh has grown quickly.

November 28, 1988 tornado 

On November 28, 1988, Raleigh was hit by a F4 tornado. The tornado formed after a very warm late November day. A line of thunderstorms that was spotted over the Charlotte area during the afternoon hours hit Raleigh just after 1:00 a.m. ET, however the National Weather Service (NWS) issued no tornado or severe thunderstorm watches for the area. They believed the conditions had not support the right for a tornado. There were two fatalities in the city of Raleigh, and four in total.

2011 tornado 
On April 16, 2011, an EF3 tornado struck Raleigh, killing 24 people in North Carolina and four in Raleigh.

Geography
Raleigh is in north-central North Carolina. It is in a hilly area.

Climate
Raleigh has a mild climate. The summers are hot, with an average high of about 90 °F (32 °C). The winters are cool, with an average high of about 50 °F (10 °C). It snows about twice a year with a total of six inches (15 centimeters). Raleigh also gets around 45 inches of rain.

Transportation
Raleigh has a lot of good transportation. Some freeways are Interstate 40, I-440, and I-540. Some highways are U.S. Route 1, 64, and 70, and N.C. highway 50. Raleigh also has a Amtrak station and a big airport.

References

Other websites
 Official website of Raleigh, NC
 Raleigh Chamber of Commerce
 From Crossroads to Capitol: the Founding and Early History of Raleigh, N.C. 

County seats in North Carolina
 
State capitals in the United States
Bismarck, North Dakota

Bismarck is the capital city of the U.S. state of North Dakota. It is also the county seat of Burleigh County. As of 2010, 61,272 people lived there.  108,779 people lived in the metropolitan area.

Bismarck was founded in 1872. It is named in honor of the German chancellor, Otto von Bismarck. It has been North Dakota's capital since it became a state in 1889.

Bismarck is on the east side of the Missouri River, directly across the river from Mandan. The two cities make up most of the Bismarck-Mandan Metropolitan Statistical Area.

The North Dakota State Capitol, the tallest building in the state, is in the center of Bismarck. The state government employs more than 4,000 in the city.  Bismarck is the economic center of south-central North Dakota and north-central South Dakota with health care and retail businesses.

References

 
County seats in North Dakota
State capitals in the United States
1872 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in Dakota Territory
Columbus, Ohio

Columbus is the capital city and largest city of the U.S. state of Ohio. It is in the middle of the state. The Ohio State Buckeyes and Columbus Blue Jackets play there. In 2010 there were 787,033 people.

Columbus is the third largest city in the American Midwest, and the fifteenth largest city in the United States of America. It is the county seat of Franklin County. The city has expanded and annexed portions of adjoining Delaware County and Fairfield County. It is named for explorer Christopher Columbus. The city was founded in 1812 at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers. It became Ohio's state capital in 1816. The city has a diverse economy based on education, government, insurance, banking, fashion, defense, aviation, food, clothes, logistics, steel, energy, medical research, health care, hospitality, retail, and technology.

Columbus has many technology companies. It has the world's largest private research and development foundation, the Battelle Memorial Institute; CAS, or Chemical Abstracts Service, the world's largest clearinghouse of chemical information; NetJets, the world's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet; and The Ohio State University, the nation's largest campus.

In 2008, MarketWatch named Columbus as the 7th best place to do business in the nation. In 2011, the city had five corporations named to the U.S. Fortune 500 list including Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, American Electric Power, Limited Brands, Momentive Specialty Chemicals, and Big Lots. Major foreign corporations operating or with divisions in the city include Germany-based Siemens and Roxane Laboratories, Finland-based Vaisala, Tomasco Mulciber Inc., and A Y Manufacturing, as well as Switzerland-based ABB Group and Mettler Toledo.

Media

Television stations

References 

 
County seats in Ohio
State capitals in the United States
Oklahoma City

Oklahoma City is the capital city of the U.S. state of Oklahoma, and the most populous city in the state. As of 2006, the population of the city was about 537,734. In 1995, 168 people were killed by a truck bomb. Oklahoma City has an NBA team called the Oklahoma City Thunder. It is the county seat of Oklahoma County. The city has a large Native American population.

Images

References 

 
County seats in Oklahoma
State capitals in the United States
Casablanca (movie)

Casablanca is a 1942 American movie set in Casablanca, Morocco during World War II. It stars Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman. From the time of its debut, it has been called one of the greatest movies ever made.

Other websites 

 
 Casablanca at the Movie Wiki

1942 war movies
1942 romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies
American war movies
Best Picture Oscar
Casablanca
English-language movies
Movies set in Morocco
United States National Film Registry movies
World War II movies
Movies directed by Michael Curtiz
Warner Bros. movies
Cult movies
Venus flytrap

The Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) is a carnivorous plant (a plant that eats small animals, such as insects). Carnivorous plants grow in soil that has little nitrogen. They get nitrogen from the insects they trap. This nitrogen is used to make intravenous food like proteins and fats.

The Venus flytrap is one of a very small group of plants that can snap shut very quickly. When an insect or spider crawls along the leaves and touches a hair, the trap closes only if a different hair is touched within twenty seconds of the first touch. The two-touch trigger means that little energy is wasted on things that are not food.

Appearance 
The Venus flytrap is a small plant, with small leaves. Its clam-shaped leaves look rather like flowers, and so they attract insects. When they are open, they are red and smell sweet. They have stiff hairs on each edge. Inside the leaves, there are very sensitive, tiny hairs which cause the leaves to snap shut when they are touched. Two hairs must be touched to make the leaves close. This makes it more likely that the thing that touched its hair is living.Then it secretes juices to digest the insect

Nutrition 
The Venus flytrap feeds on insects, such as ants, beetles, woodlice, worms, flies, grasshoppers, and moths.
First it traps the insect inside its leaves, and then lets out a liquid that helps digest the trapped animal. The plant consumes the insect and takes the nitrogen from the insect's body.

The Venus flytrap makes sugar by photosynthesis. The insects give it nutrients which it cannot get from the waterlogged soil. With the nutrients it can build up enzymes and other molecules which need trace elements as well as sugars and amino acids.

House plants 
Venus flytraps were first discovered in North America on the coast of North and South Carolina, where it grows wild near the Cape Fear River. However, people anywhere can grow Venus flytraps in pots. Venus flytraps in pots need water and soil without calcium or nitrogen in it. It is named after the Roman goddess of love, Venus.

References

Other websites
 Information about the Venus flytrap from the Botanical Society of America website
 website with information about the Carnivorous Plants of the world

Caryophyllales
Mimicry
Carnivorous plants
Rapid plant movement
Igloo

An igloo  is a shelter (a place for people to stay warm and dry) made from blocks of snow placed on top of each other, often in the shape of a dome like half of a hollow ball. They were used in winter as temporary shelters by hunters when they were away from their regular homes.

They were most often built in places where a lot of snow covers the land for weeks or months at a time, such as the far north of Canada and Greenland. Most igloos are built by native Inuit people (sometimes called Eskimoes). As they learned to build them better, sometimes people would build larger igloos that would last longer and hold more people, even for dancing.

Accommodations
The Phantom of the Opera

The Phantom of the Opera () is a French novel by Gaston Leroux. It was published in 1910. An English edition came out a year later.

The book was adapted to a musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber in 1986. The musical was made into a movie in 2004.

Movie versions include one starring Lon Chaney in 1925, one from 1943 with Claude Rains, another from 1962 with Herbert Lom, and The Phantom of the Paradise (1974). The story has been adapted to made for television movies several times.
The band iron maiden made a song name the phanTom of the Opera from their self titled album iron maiden.

1910 books
French novels
Fleet, Hampshire

Fleet is a town in Hampshire, United Kingdom and tends to be a dormitory town serving London and Reading.

Fleet has one shopping center, and a music shop just off the High Street and many small, fun attractions.

There are a number of pubs there with some character, and even two small nightclubs. It has a lot of green, and is good for rambling but there is the danger of a field being an army firing range.

Working in Fleet
Its local business parks seem to be a focus for many CAD companies serving the local military in Fleet, Aldershot, and Farnborough. Notably there are AutoDesk and PTC.

There are also many good schools especially Heatherside Infant and Juniors and Court Moor!

Travelling in Fleet
It has its own train station on the London-Basingstoke line. It also has bus services running to and from local towns, including Reading. The local bus company did go bust a few times, notably at the same time as the major plague of train accidents and strikes in early 2002 - where combined with large snow deposits, made travel in or out of the town impossible or at least very unpleasant. Anyone who lived on the London-Basingstoke line will remember people being crammed into the guard-vans of the train after waiting 90 minutes, or being stuck between stations for what seemed like days.

Towns in Hampshire
Hentai

Hentai is a Japanese word that literally means "strange appearance", but also means "perverted". Hentai, because of this, is a word used by countries outside of Japan to show porn and sex-related anime, manga and video games. The word is not used to mean this in Japan. In Japan, terms such as ecchi are used.

The word hentai is sometimes used to apply to cartoon characters that are not anime characters. Hentai is the anime version of porn. There is on screen sex, often very graphic and very imaginative. Since hentai is anime, the performers are not bound by physical laws. Makers of hentai often use this in very creative ways. Some of the acts performed in hentai would be physically impossible. Some of the performers are often impossible themselves. Fairies, monsters, and even new and strange creatures are stars of hentai.  Monsters and demons with tentacles are seen so often that “tentacle porn” is its own sub-category of hentai.

Most of the hentai (anime)-films in the late 1990s to the present day are based on Ero-Games, where the only actual goal is to date the girls in the game and have sex with one of them. The games feature various character-types, like a bookworm, a tough girl, a younger girl, and a tomboy. Ero-games can include highly taboo themes, such as coprophilia or dismemberment, pedophilia, and rape. Sometimes slightly less taboo subjects, such as incest. Some examples of these kind of game-to-hentai-anime conversions are Immoral Sisters, Isaku, Pia Carrot, Five Card, Bible Black, Words Worth, Night Shift Nurses, Huniepop, and Milk Junkies.

Famous hentai films include:
 Cream Lemon (1984)
 Urotsukidôji (1987)
 La Blue Girl (1992)
 Night Shift Nurses (2000)
 Bible Black (2001)
 Boku No Pico (2006)

Pornography
Hentai