alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Confederate States of America

The Confederate States of America (CSA) was a short-lived government that existed in the southern United States during the American Civil War. It was established (made) in 1861 by seven southern states in which slavery was legal, after Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the U.S., but before he took office. South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas declared their secession (independence) from the United States. After war began, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined them.  The first capital of the Confederacy was Montgomery, Alabama, but for most of the war the capital was Richmond, Virginia.

The government of the Confederacy was much like the United States government. The Confederate States Constitution was similar to that of the United States; however, it emphasized states' rights and clearly protected the enslavement of black Americans. Jefferson Davis was chosen as president and Alexander Stephens as vice-president.  As in the United States, the CSA president had a cabinet of advisors.

The United States government (also known as the Union) did not agree that the states could leave and start a new government. Thus, the Union government refused to abandon all its forts in the states that wanted to secede. War began when the CSA attacked one of those forts, Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. This war is known as the American Civil War, and it lasted from 1861 to 1865. After some of the deadliest battles in U.S. history, Union forces gradually regained control of southern states. As Confederate forces surrendered, the Confederacy fell apart and the Civil War came to a close in 1865. Following the war, slavery was outlawed everywhere in the United States. The process of restoring the states of the CSA to the Union, called the Reconstruction of the United States, continued until 1877.

It is still undecided if the Confederate States of America was ever a country. The Union never said that the Confederacy was really a country. Although British and French companies sold ships and materials to the Confederacy, no nation officially recognized the CSA as an independent country.

The CSA was also called "the South," "the Confederacy," and "Dixie."

References

Other websites 
 Confederate States of America -Citizendium

Unrecognized countries
A Tale of Two Cities

A Tale of Two Cities is a book written by Charles Dickens. It was published (printed) in 1859. It is set during the time of the French Revolution (1775-1793). The story happens in France and England. It talks about the French Revolution and the troubles the poor go through and how the rich ignore them. The main characters are Sydney Carton, Charles Darnay and their love interest, Lucie Manette. The story's main theme is society.

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1859 books
Books by Charles Dickens
English novels
Fiji

Fiji is an island country in the Pacific Ocean. It has 322 islands. The most important islands are Vanua Levu and Viti Levu. The capital city and the city with the most people is Suva.  There are about 844,330 people in Fiji.
The official languages of Fiji are Fijian, English and Hindustani (a mix of Hindi and Urdu). Fiji is part of the Pacific Rim. About 313000 speak Fiji Hindi.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch and the British explored Fiji. Fiji was a British colony up until 1970; British occupation lasted almost a century.

Fiji has many forest, mineral, and fish resources.

Divisions and provinces

Fiji is divided into Four Major Divisions:
 Central
 Eastern
 Northern
 Western

These divisions are divided into 14 provinces:

Cities
 Lautoka
 Nadi
 Nausori
 Suva

Incorporated towns
Fijian law defines "towns" as urbanized areas incorporated as municipal bodies, governed by Town Councils.

Unincorporated towns
The following localities are urbanized, but have not been municipally organized.
 Dreketi
 Lomawai
 Korolevu
 Navua
 Natumbua
 Vatukoula
 Nakasi, 9½ Miles

Tourism

Fiji has a lot of tourism and many people go to the Nadi and Denarau islands. Most visitors are from Australia, New Zealand and the USA. Fiji has many soft coral reefs. Scuba diving is a common tourist activity. More budget resorts are being opened in remote areas, which provides more tourism opportunities.

Related pages
 Fiji at the Olympics
 Fiji national football team
 List of rivers of Fiji

Other websites
 Pictures of Fiji 
 UN Fiji LESA - Association

References

 
Commonwealth member states
1970 establishments in Oceania
Archipelagos
Fijian language

The Fijian language is a Austronesian language. It is one of the official languages of Fiji. It has about 350,000 speakers.

References

Austronesian languages
Languages of Fiji
Legend

Legends (derived from Latin legenda) are stories in oral tradition passed on by word of mouth.

The word is also used for famous or historically significant people, places, events, etc. We sometimes say of someone who is extremely famous that they are a "legend" or "of legendary fame".

Examples of legends are Ali Baba, the Fountain of Youth, Paul Bunyan, Bogeyman, Kraken, Sirens, Atlantis, the Loch Ness Monster, Bigfoot, and Yeti.  Some legends are stories about real people; others are not. Odysseus and Robin Hood for example may have been real but most the stories about them are definitely fiction.

For some places, legends are the earliest history. For example, the origin of ancient Rome is known only from legends, as are the earliest dynasties in the history of China.

 	
 
Oral tradition
Fountain of Youth

The Fountain of Youth is a legendary spring. People talked about it for thousands of years. They thought its water could make people young and healthy. Herodotus put it in the Horn of Africa. Later stories said it was in India. A Spanish explorer, Juan Ponce de Leon, was said to have looked for it while in present-day Florida. 

Mythology
Apricot

An apricot is a drupe fruit. It is closely related to the plum.

Description 

The apricot comes from a small to medium-sized tree,  tall, with a trunk up to 40 centimetres in diameter with spreading, dense canopy; leaves are shaped somewhat like a heart, with pointed tips, about 8 centimetres (3 inches) wide. 
 Flowers: Flowers are white to pinkish in color.
 Fruit: The fruit has only one seed; the color runs from yellow to orange and may have a red cast; the surface of the fruit is smooth and nearly hairless.

Related pages
 List of fruits

Other websites 

 www.apricotseeds.org  – includes information on medicinal uses of apricot seeds
 Apricot Kernel products – About Apricot Kernel
 Scintro fruit book – All about fruits

Prunus
National symbols of Armenia
Contraction

A contraction is a word that is made up of two or more words that are connected together. One or more letters are removed from the words when they are connected. One or more apostrophes are added in the location letters are removed. For example, an apostrophe goes in place of the o in not when "do not" is shortened to "don't."

In linguistic analysis, contractions should not be confused with crasis, abbreviations and initialisms (including acronyms), with which they share some semantic and phonetic functions, though all three are connoted by the term "abbreviation" in loose parlance. Contraction is also distinguished from morphological clipping, where beginnings and endings are omitted.

The definition overlaps with the term portmanteau (a linguistic blend), but a distinction can be made between a portmanteau and a contraction by noting that contractions are formed from words that would otherwise appear together in sequence, such as do and not, whereas a portmanteau word is formed by combining two or more existing words that all relate to a singular concept that the portmanteau describes.

Pronoun + verb contractions

Helping verbs
 I will = I'll
 He will = He'll
 You are = You're

Negative contractions

Be
 Are not = aren't
 Is not = isn't

Do
 Do not = don't
 Did not = didn't
 Does not = doesn't

Helping Verbs
 Cannot or Can not = can't
 Could not = couldn't
 Shall not = shan't
 Should not = shouldn't
 Might not = mightn't
 Must not = mustn't
 Will not = won't
 Would not = wouldn't
 He did = he'd

Have
 Has not = hasn't
 Have not = haven't
 Had not = hadn't

References

Grammar
Tonga

Tonga is a country in Pacific Ocean. It has 169 islands. Only 36 islands have inhabitants. The most important island is Tongatapu. Tupou IV is the king of Tonga and the Prime Minister is Siaosi Sovaleni. The capital of Tonga is Nuku'alofa, which is on Tongatapu.

The official languages of Tonga are Tongan and English. Tonga had 102,321 inhabitants in 2000. It is a very hot country. Tonga became independent in 1970.

History
About 3000 years before, the Polynesians had settled in Tongatapu. In 1845, Tāufaʻāhau united Tonga into a kingdom. He declared Tonga a constitutional monarchy. Between 1845 and 1893, slavery was stopped. Also, constitution was made up.

In 1900, Tonga became a protected state of the United Kingdom. Tonga maintained its sovereignty. It remained the only Pacific nation never to have given up its monarchical government. Foreign affairs was managed by the UK. Tonga was no longer a protected state and became independent in 1970. Tonga joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970. It became a member of the United Nations in September 1999. Tonga has never lost indigenous governance.

Geography

Tonga is in Oceania. It is an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean. It has 177 islands. Thirty-six of them are inhabited. The islands are divided into three main groups – Vava'u, Ha'apai, and Tongatapu. The largest island is Tongatapuon. The capital city of Nukuʻalofa is on Tongatapuon.

Politics

Tonga is a constitutional monarchy.

Tonga provides for its citizens:
 free and mandatory education for all
 secondary education with only nominal fees
 and foreign-funded scholarships for post-secondary education

Tongans have universal access to a national health care system. The Tongan constitution protects land ownership. Land cannot be sold to foreigners. While there is a land shortage on the urbanised main island of Tongatapu, there is farmland available in the outlying islands.

The majority of the population engages in some form of subsistence production of food. Women and men have equal access to education and health care. They are fairly equal in employment. Women are discriminated against in land holding, electoral politics, and government ministries.

Climate 
The climate is tropical with a distinct warm period (December–April) and a cooler period (May–November). The average wettest period is around March. The average daily humidity is 80%.

References

 
Current monarchies
1970 establishments in Oceania
Commonwealth member states
Archipelagos
Filippo Azzaiolo

Filippo Azzaiolo (1530 - 1569) was an Italian composer. He lived in 16th century. Azzaiolo worked in Bologna.

All his known songs were composed between 1557 and 1569. Azzaiolo's most famous song is "Chi passa".

References

1530 births
1569 deaths
16th-century Italian composers‎
Renaissance composers
1724

1724 was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events
 January 14 – King Philip V of Spain leaves the throne for his 16-year-old son Louis I.
 January 28 – Saint Petersburg State University is established.
 February 8 – Catherine I of Russia is officially named czarina by her husband, Peter the Great.
 May 29 – Pope Benedict XIII succeeds Pope Innocent XIII as the 245th pope.
 June 23 – Treaty of Constantinople is signed

 April 22 – Immanuel Kant
1914

1914 (MCMXVI) was a common year that started on a Thursday of the Gregorian calendar.  It was the year that saw the start of what became known as World War I.

Events 
 June 28 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Countess Sophie were assassinated by Black Hand in Sarajevo. This led to World War I.
 August 2 – According to the NSDAP 25 points manifesto, anyone who was not German-race who did not live in Germany before this date had to leave the country.
 August 15 - Construction of the Panama Canal is finished.
 August 31 – Saint Petersburg, Russia is renamed Petrograd by Nicholas II.
 September 26 - The Federal Trade Commission is formed.

Date unknown 
 Australian supermarket chain Coles Supermarkets was founded.
 The Iglesia ni Cristo ("Church of Christ") was built in the Philippines.
 The Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main opened.
 Yuma, Arizona became a city.
 Portugal got rid of the monarchy of Kongo.

Nobel Prizes 
 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Robert Bárány, Austrian doctor.

Births 
 February 5 – William S. Burroughs, American writer (d. 1999)
 March 31 – Octavio Paz, Mexican writer, poet and diplomat (d, 1998)
 April 2 – Alec Guinness, English actor (d. 2000)
 May 13 – Joe Louis, American boxer (d. 1981)
 May 29 – Tenzing Norgay, Sherpa climber (d. 1986)
 September 24 – John Kerr, 18th Governor-General of Australia (d. 1991)
 October 16 – Mohammed Zahir Shah, last Shah of Afghanistan (d. 2007)
 October 27- Dylan Thomas, Welsh poet (d. 1953)
 November 25 – Joe DiMaggio, American MLB baseball player (d. 1999)
 December 14 – Karl Carstens, 5th President of West Germany (d. 1992)
 December 20 - Harry F. Byrd, Jr., American politician (d. 2013)
 December 30 – Igor Diakonov, Russian (Soviet) historian and linguist (d. 1999)
 Nancy Drew, Fictional character

Deaths 
 June 14 – Adlai E. Stevenson, Vice President of the United States (b. 1835)
 June 28 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (b. 1863), and his wife Countess Sophie
 August 6 – Ellen Louise Wilson, American First Lady, wife of Woodrow Wilson. (b. 1860)

 

nv:1901 – 1950
Torah

Torah () is a Hebrew word that means "instructions". When most people say the word Torah they either mean the whole Jewish Bible, the Tanakh, the first five books of the Bible, or all of the Jewish teaching in general. These five books are the beginning of both the Jewish and Christian bibles. They are

 Genesis (),
 Exodus (),
 Leviticus (),
 Numbers () and
 Deuteronomy ().

Other names for this set of books are the "Five Books of Moses," or "Pentateuch".

Some people may use the word Torah as a name for all the main Jewish teachings.

Each of the books in the Torah are separated into parts called "Parshiyot." Parsha is a Hebrew word meaning "portion." Every Shabbat one parsha is read in the synagogue, but sometimes two are read. This is so that all the parshiyot are finished every year, on the Jewish holiday of Simchat Torah.

It is also known as the Five Book of Moses because Moses received these five books from God.

The "Tawrat" () is the Arabic name for the Torah within its context as an Islamic holy book believed by Muslims to be given by God (Allah) to prophets and messengers amongst the Children of Israel, and often refers to the entire Hebrew Bible.

Pentateuch 
Pentateuch means the first five books of the Bible. These books are Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. The word Pentateuch comes from two Greek words that mean "five books" or "five scroll"

According to tradition, the books were written by the Israelite leader, Moses. The Pentateuch is often called the Five Books of Moses or the Torah.

The Pentateuch tells the story from the Creation of the world to the death of Moses and the preparation of the Israelite's to enter the land of Canaan. The story is told in three parts. The first part (Genesis 1-11) is about the Creation and the beginning of human beings on earth. The second part (Genesis 12-50) are the stories of the ancestors of the Israelites, mainly Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph. The third part, beginning with the book of Exodus, describes how the Israelite's left Egypt and the early history of the people of Israel as a nation. It also has many laws about how the Israelite's must build their society. Deuteronomy is mostly Moses's final speech to his people and a summary of the Pentateuch.

References

Other websites
Hesse

Hesse () is a state of Germany. It was formed in 1945 as Greater Hesse, and became Hesse in 1946

The capital is Wiesbaden. The main rivers in the northern part of Hesse are Werra, Fulda and Lahn. It is a hilly countryside, the main mountainchains being the Rhön, the Westerwald, the Odenwald, the Taunus and the Spessart. Most inhabitants live in the southernmost part of Hesse between the rivers Main and Rhine.

Hesse is divided into 21 districts. There are also five cities, which belong to no district.

Municipalities

Independent cities 
 Darmstadt
 Frankfurt (Main)
 Kassel
 Offenbach
 Wiesbaden

Cities 
 Hanau
 Marburg
 Fulda
 Giessen
 Wetzlar
 Bad Homburg
 Rodgau

Districts 
The cities and counties of Hesse are grouped into three Regierungsbezirk. automobile registration is handled by the districts.  The two or three letters of the automobile registration plate are in italics

Other websites 

 Official government portal
 Portal about east part of Hesse 
 360 Degree virtual trip through the Rhön - part of eastern Hesse
Schleswig-Holstein

Schleswig-Holstein (Danish: Slesvig-Holsten, Low Saxon: Sleeswiek-Holstain, Frisian: Sleeswyk-Holstein, North Frisian: Schleswig-Holstian) is the northernmost of the 16 states (German: Bundesländer) in Germany.

Schleswig-Holstein borders on Denmark in the North, the North Sea in the West, the Baltic Sea and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania in the East, and Lower Saxony and Hamburg in the South. Kiel is the capital of this state.

There are 4 independent towns:
 Kiel
 Lübeck
 Neumünster
 Flensburg

Countryside

The countryside is lowlands and hills with no mountains. The highest elevation in the state is the Bungsberg at only . There are many lakes, especially in the eastern part of Holstein called the Holsteinische Schweiz ("Holstein Switzerland") or Schweiziann-Schwezalia. It has this name because there are many small hills which came to existence in the last ice age.

Other websites 
 Official governmental portal in German

References
Lower Saxony

Lower Saxony ( ; ; Saterland Frisian: Läichsaksen) is a German Bundesland (state).

Places 
The capital is Hannover (Hanover).

There are 38 districts:

There are 8 urban districts
 Braunschweig (Brunswick)
 Delmenhorst
 Emden
 Oldenburg
 Osnabrück
 Salzgitter
 Wilhelmshaven
 Wolfsburg

Other important towns are Göttingen, Hildesheim and Goslar.

Other websites 
 Official governmental portal (German) 
 Official governmental portal (English)
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern or known by its anglicized name: Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania or Mecklenburg-West Pomerania (Low German: Mäkelborg-Vörpommern) is one of the 16 States of Germany. The capital is Schwerin.

As of 2016, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania had about 1,612,000 people.

It made part of former East Germany.

It is the most northeastern state of Germany. It borders the Baltic Sea in the north, Poland in the east, Brandenburg in the south, Lower Saxony in the southwest and Schleswig-Holstein in the west.

Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania is low-lying and has many rivers, canals and lakes. The Stettin Lagoon lies partly in this state and partly in Poland.

The state hosts the biggest German island called Rügen, and the second biggest German lake called Müritz.

Politics 
Seats in the state parliament (Landtag) since 2016:
 SPD: 26
 AfD: 18
 CDU: 16
 Linke: 11

Total: 71 seats

Cities 
The largest cities/towns in the state are:
 Rostock
 Greifswald
 Stralsund
 Schwerin
 Neubrandenburg
 Güstrow

Besides Rostock all have a population of less than 200,000. Schwerin, the state capital, is the smallest state capital in Germany. Usually Schwerin would not be called a city. In Germany a city has over 100,000 people.

Districts

Former districts 
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania was going to change the borders of all of its urban districts (towns) and rural districts (kreise or "counties").  The state supreme court stopped the changes.

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern was divided into twelve rural districts (Landkreise):

Also there were six independent urban districts:

 Greifswald (HGW)
 Neubrandenburg (NB)
 Rostock (HRO)
 Schwerin (SN)
 Stralsund (HST)
 Wismar (HWI)

Current districts 

Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania has been divided into six rural districts (Landkreise) and two independent urban districts (kreisfreie Städte) since 4 September 2011:

Rural districts:
 Ludwigslust-Parchim
 Mecklenburgische Seenplatte
 Nordwestmecklenburg
 Rostock
 Vorpommern-Greifswald
 Vorpommern-Rügen

Urban districts:
 Rostock 
 Schwerin

References
1536



Events 
February 2 – Spaniard Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires, Argentina.
 February 25 – Jacob Hutter burned in a stake for heresy
 May 19 – Execution of Anne Boleyn
 May 30 – Henry VIII of England marries Jane Seymour
 October 13 – The Pilgrimage of Grace, a rebellion in York, is "resolved" by Robert Aske
 October 29 – Coronation of Jane Seymour as the Queen of England
 Various religious buildings are closed as part of Henry VIII's dissolution of the monasteries, including
Basingwerk Abbey
Bourne Abbey
Brinkburn Priory
Cartmel Priory
Dore Abbey and
The Cistercian Abbey of St Mary and St Chad
 Wales is united with England by an Act of Union
 Manco Capac II revolts from Spanish rule in Peru
 Resumption of war between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V. Francis ceases control of Savoy and captures Turin.
 Protestantism introduced in Denmark
 Portuguese Crown divides Brazil into fifteen donatory captaincies.

Deaths 
 January 7 – Catherine of Aragon, first wife of Henry VIII of England.
 May 19 – Anne Boleyn, second wife of Henry VIII of England.
 Pargalı İbrahim Pasha Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.
2005 Hoboken mayoral election

The Hoboken election of 2005 was an election when people living in Hoboken, New Jersey voted for a mayor. They also voted for a person for council of the city. The main people hoping to be mayor were:
David Roberts (won)
Carol Marsh (lost)
Frank Raia (lost)
Michael Russo (lost)
Evelyn Smith (lost)

The people hoping to join the council were:
Ruben Ramos Jr. (with Roberts, won)
Theresa LaBruno (with Roberts, won)
Peter Cammarano (with Roberts, won)
Inés García-Keim (with Marsh)
Anthony Soares (with Marsh)
Brian Urbano (with Marsh)
Theresa Burns (with Raia)
Anthony Mussara (with Raia)
Ron Rosenburg (with Raia)
Genevy Dimitrion (with Russo)
Manny Ortega (with Russo)
Brian Keller (with Russo)
Carrie Gilliard (with Smith)
Diane Nieves (with Smith)
Elizabeth Falco (with Smith)
Andrew Amato (by himself)
Scott Delea (by himself)

The election was on May 10, 2005. Roberts and Marsh got the most votes. Neither of them got 50% of the vote. Because this happened, a second election will happen (June 14, 2005).

2005 in the United States
2005 elections
2000s in New Jersey
2000s elections in the United States
May 2005 events
1519

1519 was a common year.

Births 
 Lady Eleanor Brandon (d. 1547)
 March 31 – Henry II of France (d. 1559)
 April 13 – Catherine of Medici (d. 1589)

Deaths 
 May 2 – Leonardo da Vinci (b. 1452)
1475

1475 was a common year.

Births 
 March 6 – Michelangelo (Michelangelo Buonarroti)
1564



Events 
 March 8 –  Naples bans kissing in public under the penalty of death
 June 22 – Fort Caroline, the first French attempt at colonizing the New World
 September 10 – The Battle of Kawanakajima
 Ottoman Turks invade Malta
 Modern pencil becomes common in England
 Conquistadors crossed the Pacific
 Spanish found a colony in the Philippines

Births 
 February 15 – Galileo Galilei
 April 23 – William Shakespeare

Deaths 
 March 18 – Michelangelo (Michelangelo Buonarroti)
1483

1483 was a common year.

Births 
 April 6 – Raphael (d. 1520)
 November 10 – Martin Luther (d. 1546)
1919

1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar.

Events 
 January 15 – Great Molasses Flood in Boston kills 21 people.
 January 16 – Prohibition begins in the United States.
 June 28 – The Treaty of Versailles is signed, ending World War I.
 Charles Strite invents the toaster.
 Jules Bordet, Belgian doctor, won the 1919 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Births

January 

 January 1 – Carole Landis, American actress and singer (d. 1948)
 January 13 – Robert Stack, American actor (d. 2003)
 January 14 – Giulio Andreotti, 41st Prime Minister of Italy (d. 2013)
 January 27 - Ross Bagdasarian, Sr., creator of Alvin and the Chipmunks (d. 1972)
 January 31 – Jackie Robinson, American baseball player (d. 1972)

February 

 February 5 – Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1996)
 February 18 – Jack Palance, American actor and singer (d. 2006)

March 

 March 2 – Jennifer Jones, American actress (d. 2009)
 March 17 – Nat King Cole, American singer and jazz pianist (d. 1965)
 March 25 – Jeanne Cagney, American actress (d. 1984)

April 

 April 8 – Ian Smith, 8th Prime Minister of Rhodesia (d. 2007)
 April 13 – Madalyn Murray O'Hair, American atheist activist (d. 1995)

May 

 May 3 - Pete Seeger, American folk musician (d. 2014)
 May 7 – Eva Perón, former First Lady of Argentina (d. 1952)
 May 16 – Liberace, American pianist (d. 1987)
 May 17 – Antonio Aguilar, Mexican singer, actor, equestrian, film producer, and screenwriter (d. 2007)

June 

 June 6 – Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington, 6th Secretary General of NATO (d. 2018)
 June 14 – June Spencer, English actress

July 

 July 8 – Walter Scheel, 4th President of Germany (d. 2016)
 July 20 – Edmund Hillary, New Zealand mountaineer and explorer (d. 2008)
 July 26 – James Lovelock, English environmentalist (d. 2022)

August 

 August 9 – Joop den Uyl, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1987)

September 
 September 26 - Matilde Camus, Spanish poet (d. 2012)

October 

 October 3 - James M. Buchanan, American Nobel Prize winning Economist (d. 2013)
 October 6 – Siad Barre, 3rd President of Somalia (d. 1995)
 October 8 – Kiichi Miyazawa, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 2007)
 October 18 – Pierre Trudeau, 15th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 2000) 
 October 26 - Edward Brooke, American politician (d. 2015)

November 

 November 4 – Martin Balsam, American actor (d. 1996)

December

Deaths 
 Alexis Mérodack-Jeanneau – French painter
 January 6 – Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States 
 April 10 – Emiliano Zapata
 May 6 – L. Frank Baum, American writer 
 August 11 – Andrew Carnegie, Scottish businessman
 October 7 – Alfred Deakin, second Prime Minister of Australia
 October 13 – Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Danish writer, Nobel Prize winner
Brown

Brown is a color. There are many ways to make the color brown - it can be a mixture of orange and black, of red, blue and yellow, of red and green, of blue and orange, of yellow and purple or of red, yellow and black paint.

Brown is the color of:
 Some chocolate
 Wood
 Toast
 Some hair
 Coffee
 Tree bark

Tones of brown color comparison chart

Related pages 

 List of colors

Basic English 850 words
Yoda

Yoda is a fictional character from the Star Wars universe. He is a Grand Jedi Master who plays an important part in the films. Frank Oz voices Yoda. Originally he was a puppet, played by Oz. But in the last two movies, Episodes II and III, Yoda is made with CGI.

History 

Yoda has lived for over 900 years and not much of his history before Episode I: The Phantom Menace is known. He is an alien, but his race and where he is from are never said. He speaks the same language as everyone else but says his sentences sort of backwards. For example, "Teach you, I will" instead of "I will teach you".

Yoda is the oldest and wisest member of the Jedi Council. Even though he is very small, he is very good with a lightsaber and uses the 4th jedi style known as Ataru.

Other websites 
 Article by Urrutia: "Interview with Master Yoda."
 Yoda on Wookiepedia

Fictional characters introduced in 1980
Soulcalibur series guest characters
Star Wars characters
Magenta

Magenta is a color that is usually pinkish-purplish-red. The technical answer is that magenta is the concentrated form of pink or purple. Sometimes it is confused with  pink. magenta is a form of purple. In terms of the HSV (RGB) color wheel, the hue is the same for both pink and magenta; only the saturation and value differ. Another name for magenta is fuchsia, named after the fuchsia flower.

This color is one of the three colors of ink used by an inkjet printer, along with cyan and yellow. The tone of magenta used in printing is called "printer's magenta" (Magenta (CMYK)) and it is shown in the color chart below.

The first written use of magenta as a color name in English was in 1860.

Meaning of magenta
 Like the colors red, pink, and rose, one might use this color to express love because along with those other three colors, it is used to represent Valentine's Day.
 Many women like to wear clothing in shades of magenta because it is an attractive and vibrant color.
 The color magenta is used to symbolize anti-racism by the Amsterdam-based anti-racism Magenta Foundation.

Comparison of purple, magenta, rose and red

Tones of magenta color comparison chart

Tones of fuchsia color comparison chart
Although magenta and fuchsia are the same color, the chart below (the colors displayed on which are also shown in the magenta color chart above) shows those tones of magenta which are specifically named fuchsia.

Wrapping the spectrum into a color wheel
If the visible spectrum is wrapped to form a color wheel, magenta (additive secondary) appears midway between red and violet:

Related pages
 List of colors
 Cerise
 Fuchsia
 Pink
 Raspberry
 Rose

References

Shades of magenta
Shades of pink
Shades of red
Shades of violet
Abu Dhabi

Abu Dhabi (, ʼAbū Ẓaby) is the capital city of the United Arab Emirates. It is in the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Abu Dhabi is one of the seven emirates which form the United Arab Emirates(UAE). The city is on a T-shaped island going into the Persian Gulf from the central western coast.  The city is 972 km2 in size.  The city had a population of 1.45 million people in 2022. Abu Dhabi is also the capital of UAE and is the largest emirates in UAE.

History 
People started to live in the area and call it Abu Dhabi about 300 years ago.  In the 1970s, the Bani Yas tribe made Abu Dhabi their capital city.  Shakhbut bin-Dhiyab Al Nahyan became the leader of the city in 1818.  People found oil in 1958 in Abu Dhabi.  They started to sell the oil in the 1960s.  In 1971 December the 2nd, Abu Dhabi joined the United Arab Emirates and became the capital city.

Weather 
Abu Dhabi is in a desert and has a desert climate.  There is not a lot of rain but it does rain a little in the winter months.  The average rainfall per year is 51 cm.  It can also be very hot.  In the daytime, the average summer temperature is 42 °C. The average daytime temperature in the winter is more comfortable at 23 °C.

Tourism 
Abu Dhabi has many tourist attractions such as the Sheikh Zayed Mosque, Abu Dhabi Louvre Museum, Mangrove Kayaking Tours, Ferrari World, the Emirates Palace, Qasr Al-Hosn, bout towers, Abu Dhabi According to the Department of Culture and Tourism. The usual amount of people that come in Abu Dhabi is 10 million per year. Abu Dhabi also has Jabal Hafeet, which is the tallest mountain in the UAE.

References

Cities in the United Arab Emirates
National capitals in Asia
Abu Dhabi (emirate)
1944



Events 
 January 4 – The Battle of Monte Cassino begins.
 January 5 – Murder of Danish playwright Kaj Munk
 January 17 – British forces, in Italy, cross the Garigliano River.
 January 17 – Meat Rationing ends in Australia
 January 20 – The Royal Air Force drops 2,300 tons of bombs on Berlin; the U.S. Army 36th Infantry Division, in Italy, attempts to cross the Rapido River.
 January 22 – Allies begin Operation Shingle, the assault on Anzio, Italy. The U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division stand their ground at Anzio against violent assaults for 4 months.
 January 27 – The two year Siege of Leningrad is lifted.
 January 29 – The Battle of Cisterna takes place.
 January 30 – United States troops invade Majuro, Marshall Islands.
 January 31 – American forces land on Kwajalein Atoll and other islands in the Japanese-held Marshall Islands.

Births 
 January 9 - Jimmy Page, English guitarist (Led Zeppelin)
 February 23 – Johnny Winter
 March 1 - Roger Daltrey, English singer (The Who)
 March 28 – Ken Howard (d. 2016)
 April 7 – Gerhard Schröder
 April 9 – Leila Khaled
 May 8 – Gary Glitter
 May 14 – George Lucas
 May 19 – Peter Mayhew (d. 2019)
 June 4 - Michelle Phillips, American singer and musician (The Mamas & the Papas)
 July 13 – Ernő Rubik
 July 19 - Tim McIntire (d. 1986)
 August 21 - Peter Weir, Australian director
 September 10 – Judit Pogány, Hungarian actress
 September 18 - Veronica Carlson, British actor (d. 2022)
 October 9 - John Entwistle, English bass guitarist (The Who) (d. 2002)
 October 24 – Ray Downs
 November 2 - Michael Buffer, American ring announcer
 November 2 - Keith Emerson, English keyboardist (Emerson, Lake & Palmer) (d. 2016)
 November 10 - Sir Tim Rice, English lyricist
 November 25 – Ben Stein

Deaths 
  7 January 1944  – Lou Henry Hoover, First Lady of the United States
  21 July 1944   – Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, German army officer
  14 October 1944  – Erwin Rommel, German army officer
  26 October 1944  Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom Princess Henry of Battenberg youngest daughter and youngest child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha

New books 
An American Dilemma – Gunnar Myrdal
Au rendez-vous allemand – (To the German Rendezvous) – Paul Éluard
A Bell for Adano – John Hersey
Beyond the Palisade (poetry) – James K. Baxter
The Book of Imaginary Beings – Jorge Luis Borges
Book of Naturalists – Charles William Beebe
The Case of Mrs. Wingate – Oscar Micheaux 
Dangling Man – Saul Bellow 
The Dawn Appears – Annie Greene Nelson
Friday's Child – Georgette Heyer
The Golden Fleece – Robert von Ranke Graves
The Horse's Mouth – Joyce Cary
Johnny Tremain – Esther Forbes
The Lost Weekend – Charles R. Jackson
Our Lady of the Flowers – Jean Genet 
The Razor's Edge – W. Somerset Maugham 
The Tall Book of Nursery Tales – Feodor Rojankovsky
Terras do Sem Fim (The Violent Land) – Jorge Amado
Thou That Dwellest in the Gardens – Hayyim Hazaz
Two Frontiers (poetry) – Edwin James Bradley

Nobel prizes
 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Joseph Erlanger, American doctor, (1874-1965), and Herbert Gasser, American doctor (1888-1963)
Watt

The watt (symbol: W) is the SI unit of power. It is named in honour of the physicist James Watt (1736–1819).

Definition 

The watt is a method of measuring the rate of energy transfer of an appliance. A one watt lightbulb, for example, will change one joule of electrical energy into light energy (and some heat/sound) every second, thus "consuming" it. It is a measure of an appliance's power (appetite for joules).

The watt is the rate a source of energy uses or produces one joule during one second, so the same quantity may be referred to as a joule per second, with the symbol J/s. It can also be written as kg·m2·s−3. The more watts, the more energy used per second. That is why a higher-watt electrical appliance works faster than a lower-watt appliance.

It is equivalent to one volt ampere (1 V·A) or 1/746 of a horsepower. The power of a light bulb is measured in watts. LEDs have much smaller consumption of power. Example small led can be used by  what can be also written 15 milliwatts.

Watt is a unit of power, joule is a unit of work and energy, and time is a unit of time. An equation for solving Power, Work and Time is Power = Work ÷ Time, Work = Power × Time, or Time = Work ÷ Power.

Kilowatt
1000 watts is called a kilowatt, written as kW. It is also known as (103) watts. In many countries, electric bills are based on how many kilowatt-hours are being used.

Megawatt
1000000 watts is called a megawatt, written as MW. It is also known as (106) watts. This is used to describe how much electricity is needed by a large town.

Gigawatt
1000000000 watts is called a gigawatt, written as GW. It is also known as (109) watts. This is used to describe how much electricity is needed for a power grid.

Example 
If 1000kJ of energy was used to power one lightbulb of 100W, how long will the lightbulb last for using that energy?

Because Time is unknown, but you know the other two, the correct equation would be "Time = Work ÷ Power", then 1,000,000J ÷ 100W = 10000 seconds. Then convert it into proper time and you'll get 2 hours, 46 minutes and 40 seconds.

Units of power
SI derived units
Koblenz

Koblenz is a city in northern Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany with about 107,000 inhabitants. It is the third biggest city in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate and one of its main centres. Koblenz is the base of the Campus Koblenz of the University of Koblenz-Landau and the seat of the Mayen-Koblenz municipality.

Geography 
Koblenz is at the meeting of the Rhine and Moselle rivers, between Bonn ( downstream the Rhine) and Mainz ( upstream the Rhine). Parts of Koblenz belong to a UNESCO World Heritage site.

References

Other websites
Delta

Delta (uppercase/lowercase Δ δ), is a letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "d" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 4. Letters that came from it include the Roman D and Cyrillic Д.

In mathematics, the upper-case letter Δ can be used as symbol to represent "change" in a variable (e.g., ). It can also be used to represent discriminant—a key algebraic expression used to determine the number of roots a polynomial has. The lower-case letter , on the other hand, is often used to denote small quantities in proofs involving limit, a key concept on calculus is based on.

In molecular chemistry, the lower case Greek letter δ is used to represent a partial charge. This is always less than the unit charge associated with an ion, but has no real fixed value.

A river delta is so named because its shape approximates the upper-case letter delta.

Related pages 
Greek alphabet

 Epsilon

References
Elbe

The Elbe River ( , , , ) is one of the major waterways of central Europe.  It comes from the North West Czech Republic. It flows through much of Germany. At Cuxhaven, it flows into the Wadden Sea, which is part of the North Sea. Important big cities on the boards of the river are Hradec Králové, Pardubice and Ústí nad Labem in the Czech Republic, and Dresden, Magdeburg and Hamburg in Germany.  

Each of mentioned cities in the Czech Republic has almost 100,000 inhabitants. There are about 500,000 people living in Dresden, and 250,000 in Magdeburg. With 1.8 million people in the city proper, Hamburg is the second largest city in Germany, and the sixth largest city in the European Union. Hamburg is still  away from the estuary.  

The port in Hamburg is the second most important seaport in the EU, after Rotterdam, and the third most important for container ships in the EU (after Rotterdam and Antwerp). Ships can travel up to Pardubice.  

The Elbe is an important river, and is classified as a stream.  Up to Cuxhaven, it is  long,  are in the Czech Republic. Officially, its length is , which is a point in the open sea.

Gallery

Hamburg
Geography of Brandenburg
Geography of Lower Saxony
Geography of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Geography of Saxony
Geography of Saxony-Anhalt
Geography of Schleswig-Holstein
Rivers of the Czech Republic
Rivers of Germany
Danube

The Danube (Latin name Hister) is the second-longest river in Europe (the Volga is the longest). It is the longest river of the European Union.

The river is 2,860 km (1,777 mi) long. Brigach and Breg join in Donaueschingen (near the Black Forest) to "make" the Danube. The Danube flows through or makes part of the border of 10 countries: Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova and Ukraine. The river ends in the Black Sea through the Danube Delta.

Bigger cities include Ulm, Regensburg in Germany; Linz, Vienna in Austria; Bratislava in Slovakia, Budapest in Hungary; Vukovar in Croatia; Novi Sad and Belgrade in Serbia.

The Danube is named in many other languages: ,  (Dunav), German and Plattdüütsch: , , , , , ,  or Danubius, , , , , .

The Danube is an important waterway. Ocean ships can go to Brăila in Romania. River boats can go to Kehlheim in Bavaria. Smaller ships can travel as far north as Ulm, Germany.

There are three artificial waterways built on the Danube:
 the Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal (DTD) in the Banat and Bačka regions (Vojvodina, in the northern province of Serbia)
 the 64 km Danube-Black Sea Canal, between Cernavodă and Constanţa (Romania) finished in 1984, shortens the distance to the Black Sea by 400 km
 the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal (about 171 km), finished in 1992, linking the North Sea to the Black Sea.
There is much history and culture related to the Danube. As with many other rivers, its natural environment and plants and animals are affected by pollution.

Images

Other websites 

 Danube in easy French

References 

Geography of Baden-Württemberg
Geography of Bavaria
Geography of Bulgaria
Rivers of Austria
Rivers of Croatia
Rivers of Germany
Rivers of Hungary
Rivers of Moldova
Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Serbia
Rivers of Slovakia
Rivers of Ukraine
Lower Austria
Upper Austria
Vienna
Main

The Main (pronounced in German like the English word mine) is a river in Germany, 524 km in length, and one of the bigger tributaries of the Rhine river. Its average discharge at Frankfurt East Harbour is 190 cubic metres/second. It flows through the Bundesländer (states) of Bavaria, Hesse and 25 Kilometers along the border of Bavaria with Baden-Württemberg. The biggest city on the Main is Frankfurt, others are Bayreuth, Bamberg, Würzburg, Hanau and Offenbach. The mid Main valley is characterised by many vineyards. It is part of the region of Franken. Boats on the Main can use the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal to go to Eastern Europe. 

The name of the river has nothing to do with the English word main, which means most important, or the French word main, which means hand. The river was named Mogin by the ancient celts after their god Mogon. Later, the Romans called the river Moenus in their language. In the Middle Ages, this name became Meyn and later Main.

Geography of Baden-Württemberg
Geography of Bavaria
Geography of Hesse
Rivers of Germany
Weser

The Weser is a river of north-western Germany. Formed at Hannoversch Münden by the confluence of the Fulda and Werra rivers, it flows through Bremen to the North Sea, and has a length of 440 km. Together with the Werra, its length is 730 km.

Bremen (state)‎
Geography of Hesse
Geography of Lower Saxony
Geography of North Rhine-Westphalia
Geography of Thuringia
Rivers of Germany
Bicentennial

A bicentennial is the two hundredth year of something. In the United States, bicentennial is commonly is used to refer to the year 1976. This is because 1976 is two hundred years after the country was started in 1776. In Australia it commonly means one of two bicentennials. The first, in 1970, was the two hundredth anniversary of James Cook finding Australia. The second, in 1988 was the two hundredth anniversary of the first white settlement on the continent.

Time
Shropshire

Shropshire, sometimes known as Salop and sometimes shortened to Shrops in print, is a ceremonial county of England. It has no cities and only a few large towns - Shrewsbury, Telford, Ludlow and Oswestry. It is a very rural county with many hills, forests, farms and rivers within its borders.

The county borders Cheshire to the north, Staffordshire to the east, Worcestershire to the south-east, Herefordshire to the south and Powys and Wrexham County Borough, counties of Wales, to the west.

The county's county town is Shrewsbury, the birthplace of evolutionist Charles Darwin, however its largest town is Telford. Telford is known for its tourist attraction, Ironbridge Gorge. Ironbridge Gorge is the world's first iron structure. Shrewsbury is also the location of the Ditherington Flax Mill, also known as the Flaxmill Maltings, the world's the first iron-framed building. It is seen as the world's first skyscraper, described as "the grandfather of skyscrapers".

Places of interest
Places of interest in Shropshire include:

Attingham Park, Atcham
Blists Hill Victorian Town, Madeley
Bridgnorth Castle, Bridgnorth
Ditherington Flax Mill, Shrewsbury
Haughmond Hill, near Shrewsbury
Hawkstone Park, near Hodnet
Ironbridge Gorge, Telford
Long Mynd, Church Stretton
Offa's Dyke Path
Severn Valley Railway, Bridgnorth
Shrewsbury Abbey, Shrewsbury
Shrewsbury Castle, Shrewsbury
Snailbeach, near Shrewsbury
The Stiperstones, Pontesbury
Wroxeter Roman Village, Atcham

Related pages
 River Severn
 West Midlands
 British Isles

Shropshire
Ceremonial counties of England
Kermit the Frog

Kermit the Frog is a Muppet created by Jim Henson. Kermit was Henson's trademark muppet character. He was originally performed by Henson himself. After Henson's death, Kermit was played by Steve Whitmire. In 2017, Whitmire stopped working with the Muppets. Matt Vogel replaced him and is the current person who plays Kermit until 2022.

Kermit has appeared on many TV shows including Sesame Street, The Muppet Show, Sam and Friends, The Ed Sullivan Show, and Muppet Babies. Kermit has also appeared in several films and has been a guest speaker.

Other websites 

Fictional animals
Muppets
Sesame Street characters
Cotton

Cotton is a soft, natural fiber that grows with the seeds of the cotton plant.  (Fiber is long and thin, like hair.)  After the cotton fiber is gathered from the plant, it can be spun into cotton thread. The cotton thread can then be made into cloth.  The cloth can be used to make clothes for people and many other things.  People often wear cotton clothing, especially in hot weather. Bandages are usually cotton.

There are different types of cotton plants.  Some cotton plants grow wild in tropical and subtropical areas of the world.  This is how cotton was discovered many years ago.  Most of the cotton gathered to make cloth comes from crops grown on cotton plantations.  Cotton is farmed in Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia, and the Americas.  Cotton soaks up to 24-27 of its own weight in water (very absorbent). All parts of cotton plants are useful.

Cotton is in the mallow family and produces delicate, lovely flowers.  Other members of the mallow family include hollyhocks and hibiscus, used to brighten gardens all over the world.  The cotton fiber forms around the seeds of the cotton plant. It helps carry the seeds long distances on the wind so the baby plant can grow up far away. Early humans realized that the soft, fluffy fibers might be suitable for textile use and began to breed the plant, selecting for fluffy, easily spun varieties.

Cotton is one of the oldest fibers under human cultivation, with traces of cotton over 7,000 years old recovered from archaeological sites. Cotton is also one of the most used natural fibers in existence today, with consumers everywhere wearing and using cotton for various purposes. The word "cotton" comes from the Arabic word "qutn".Millions of acres globally are devoted to the production of cotton, whether it be new world cotton, with longer, smoother fibers, or the shorter and coarser old world varieties.

After harvesting, cotton must be combed to remove the seeds. This was a laborious process until the industrial revolution and invention of the cotton gin, which quickly separates the seeds from the fiber and combs them for spinning. While a single cotton fiber is not terribly strong, when multiple curling fibers are straightened and twisted together, they form a strong, smooth thread that can be knitted or woven, as well as dyed.

Other websites 
 Cotton -Citizendium 

Basic English 850 words
Fibers
Arabic words and phrases
Hewlett-Packard

Hewlett Packard (HP) is a computer technology company. It was created in 1939 by Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard, in a garage in California. It is based in Palo Alto, California. They are best known for making computers and computer hardware such as inkjet printers, laser printers, all-in-one printers, scanners and digital cameras.

In 2002, HP bought Compaq and re-branded together as one company that is stylized as hp. The letters in the latest logo are lower case.

Other websites 

 
 The Museum of HP Calculators
 HP History Links
 Protect 724 Community 
 hp drivers 
 Local HP 

1939 establishments in the United States
American computer hardware manufacturers
Companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
1930s establishments in California