alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Saint Margaret of Scotland

Saint Margaret of Scotland (c. 1045 - 16 November 1093) was married to Malcolm III of Scotland. She was the mother of David I of Scotland, Alexander I of Scotland and Edgar.  She was the daughter of Edward the Exile, and the granddaughter of Edmund Ironside.  She was probably born in Hungary.  

Margaret died four days after her husband.

Other websites
 Margaret of Scotland  at the University of Pittsburgh
 Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Margaret of Scotland

1045 births
1093 deaths
Christian saints
Kings and Queens consort of Scotland
Henry I of England

Henry I (21 September 1068 — 1 December 1135), also called Henry Beauclerc (meaning good scholar), was the King of England from his older brother, William II's assassination in 1100 until his death in 1135. He was also the Duke of Normandy from 1106 where he defeated his older brother Robert Curthose until his death in 1135. 

He was the last English King to rule the House of Normandy because after his death and when Stephen took the throne, the House was replaced by the House of Blois, which was only the house of England during Stephen's reign because when Stephen died, Henry's grandson Henry II who succeeded Stephen, replaced the House of Blois with the House of Plantagenet, which was the longest house of England in English history. 

Henry was born in Selby, a country in Yorkshire. He was the third son of William I of England and Matilda of Flanders. He was the only son of the couple who was born in England.

Henry was educated in English, Latin and liberal arts. His parents probably raised him to go into the Church when he was old enough. On William's death in 1087, Henry's two older brothers were each left half of their father's kingdom. Robert Curthose became Duke of Normandy. William Rufus became king of England. But Henry, still a minor, was left with no inheritance. Henry purchased the County of Cotentin in western Normandy from Robert. But Robert and William Rufus forced him out in 1091.  Henry gradually rebuilt his power base in the Cotentin. He then allied himself with William against Robert. Henry was present when William II was assassinated in 1100. Since Robert was away on Crusade trying to invade Palestine, Henry, who was present when William was assassinated, rushed to England to seize the throne for himself.

As King, Henry tried to make social reforms. He issued the Charter of Liberties which is considered a predecessor of the Magna Carta. He put back in place some of the laws of Edward the Confessor. Henry was also the first king to speak English since his father conquered England even though it wasn't Henry's first language despite being born in England.

Henry and his wife had two children, Matilda and William Adelin. William died in the White Ship sinking on November 25, 1120. Henry also fathered more illegitimate children than any other English King. Estimates by various historians place the number between 20 and 25.

Henry died in 1135.  He was visiting his daughter and grandchildren in Normandy. After his death, his daughter, Matilda and his nephew, Stephen, argued over who would become the ruler of England, and started a civil war called The Anarchy which lasted for the next 18 years.

References

Other websites 
 Children of Henry I

1068 births
1135 deaths
Anglo-Normans
House of Normandy
12th century in England
Matilda of Flanders

" Matilda of Flanders " (1031 - November 2, 1083) was the Queen Consort of England & the wife of William the Conqueror. She was the daughter of Baldwin V, Count of Flanders & Adela of France & the mother of Robert Curthose, William II & Henry I.

Early life
Matilda was the daughter of Baldwin V of Flanders and Adela of France, who was the daughter of king Robert II of France. Historians think she was born about 1031. Care was given to her education so she would become known for her learning as much as for her great beauty. Matilda, like other princesses of her day, was very skilled at fine needlework. Matilda was well respected because she was a part of a large Royal family. She was related to many kings in Europe including Charlemagne. Matilda was a very small woman in size, some reports said she was only four feet two inches high (129.5 Centimeters).

Duchess of Normandy
Matilda was married to William probably between 1051 and 1052 while she was still a teenager. Ever since he became duke of Normandy as a boy, William had to fight to keep Normandy. When William was born his mother and father were not married so he had the stigma of being a bastard. By marrying Matilda, who was the niece of the king of France, William gained respect in Europe.

When William was getting ready to attack England, Matilda had a ship built for him called the Mora. While William was in England and after he became King of England in 1066, Matilda stayed behind to rule Normandy while William was away.

Queen of England
A year later, in 1067, Matilda was able to join her husband in England and she was crowned Queen of England. It helped William that Matilda was related to an earlier English king, Alfred the Great. This was important to the English people to think Matilda was herself part English. Matilda died on 3 Nov 1083 when she was about 52 years old.

Family
Together they had ten children, including:
William II of England
 Adela of Normandy, who was the mother of Stephen of England
 Henry I of England
Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy after his fathers death

References 

1031 births
1083 deaths
House of Normandy
Kings and Queens consort of England
Robert II of France

Robert II of France (March 27, 972  July 20, 1031) was born in Orleans, France.  He was the son of Hugh Capet and Adelaide of Aquitaine.  He was married to Constance of Arles. 

Robert was succeeded by his son Henry I of France.  Robert is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica.

972 births
1031 deaths
Capetian dynasty
Kings and Queens of France
Orléans
People from Loiret
Adelaide of Aquitaine

Adelaide of Aquitaine (c.945-1004) was the Queen of Hugh Capet and the daughter of William III of Aquitaine.  She was the sister of William IV of Aquitaine.

945 births
1004 deaths
Kings and Queens consort of France
William III of Aquitaine

William III of Aquitaine (c. 915 – April 3, 963) became the Duke of Aquitaine and Count of Poitiers in 935. He was the son of Ebalus of Aquitaine.

William's nickname was Towhead.

William was married to Adela of Normandy. He was the father of Adelaide of Aquitaine, who became Queen of France when she married Hugh Capet. He was succeeded by his son, William IV of Aquitaine.

915 births
963 deaths

William III of Aquitaine
Basilica of Saint-Denis

The Basilica of Saint-Denis is a basilica near Paris, France. It is famous for its architecture and as the burial place for many Kings of France. It is in the suburb of Saint Denis, which is in the north of Paris. Since 1966, it is the cathedral of the diocese of Saint-Denis. It is located in the Greater Paris area, about  from Paris.

The Basilica is named after Saint Denis. Saint Denis is the patron saint of France. He was also the first Bishop of Paris.

The Basilica was an Early Gothic building. In 1136 the Abbot Suger (1081 - 1155) began replacing the building, bit by bit, beginning with the west front and then with a new east end. The east end is said to be the first building in the Gothic style. It was not completed until the 13th century.

The current organ of the basilica is the first organ built by Aristide Cavaille-Coll. With 4200 pipes, it contains a lot of innovations, opening the romantic area. The French organist Pierre Pincemaille, titular between 1987 and 2018, set up lots of recitals and recorded 8 CDs with this instrument.

People who are buried in Saint Denis Basilica

Other websites 
 L'Internaute Magazine: Diaporama 

Cathedrals in France
Saint-Denis
13th-century buildings and structures‎
Cathedral

A cathedral is a Christian church that is the seat of a Bishop. As cathedrals are the seat of a bishop, they are central church of a diocese. Only those Christian denominations that have bishops have cathedrals. Cathedrals can be found in the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican as well as some Lutheran churches. 

In the Greek Orthodox Church, the terms "kathedrikos naos" (literally: "cathedral shrine") and "metropolis" (literally "mother city") are both used to describe the same thing. "Metropolis" is more common, but both terms are officially used.
 
There are variations on the use of the term "cathedral"; for example, some pre-Reformation cathedrals in Scotland now within the Church of Scotland still retain the term cathedral, despite the Church's Presbyterian polity which does not have bishops. As cathedrals are often particularly impressive buildings, the term is often used incorrectly to refer to any large important church. Some diocese, however, have other churches that are bigger than the cathedral.

Several cathedrals in Europe, such as Strasbourg, and in England at York, Lincoln and Southwell, are referred to as Minster (German: Münster) churches, from Latin monasterium, because the establishments were served by canons living in community or may have been an abbey, prior to the Reformation. The other kind of great church in Western Europe is the abbey.

Definition 

The word cathedral is derived from the Latin noun "cathedra" (seat or chair), and refers to the presence of the bishop's or archbishop's chair or throne. In the ancient world, the chair was the symbol of a teacher and thus of the bishop's role as teacher, and also of an official presiding as a magistrate and thus of the bishop's role in governing a diocese.

The word cathedral, though now grammatically used as a noun, is originally the adjective in the phrase "cathedral church", from the Latin "ecclesia cathedralis". The seat marks the place set aside in the prominent church of the diocese for the head of that diocese and is therefore a major symbol of authority.

Many cathedrals are very old.

Cathedrals which are not the seat of a bishop
Some churches are called cathedral, but they are not the seat of a bishop. This  may be because the way the church is organised changed over time. This is the case for Our Lady of Sorrows Church, Poprad, in Slovakia, for example. In Slovak language, this church is called cathedral. It is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Spiš. This diocese was re-organised several times. Currently, the cathedral of the diocese is St. Martin's Cathedral (Spišská Kapitula). Churches that formerly were a diocesan seat may be called concathedral, co-cathedral, or pro-cathedral.

References

Gallery
Patron saint

A patron saint is someone who has devoted their whole life to something greater than themselves. They are someone who worked hard to make the world a better place. Catholics traditionally take a name of a patron saint to help them throughout their life.

Here is a list of patron saints and the things that they are the patron saint of:

Countries
Saint Andrew (Scotland, Russia)
Catherine of Siena Italy and Europe
Saint David (Wales)
Saint Denis (France)
Saint George (Canada, England, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, Montenegro, Ethiopia, Aragon, Catalonia, Moscow)
Francis of Assisi Italy
Saint Patrick (Ireland)
Saint Piran (Cornwall)
Saint James (Spain)

Saints
Saint David

Saint David (c. 512 - 587) is the patron saint of Wales. He was a Welsh bishop in the 6th century. He is usually represented standing on a little hill, with a dove on his shoulder.  He is commemorated on 1 March. The earliest mention of St. David is found in a tenth-century manuscript of the "Annales Cambriae", which assigns his death to A.D. 601.

Related pages
Saint David's Day

References
 Catholic Online

512 births
587 deaths
British priests
Christian saints
Bishops
Welsh Christians
Saint Andrew

Saint Andrew is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus and the patron saint of Scotland, Romania, Ukraine and several other countries. He was crucified on a cross that was turned sideways to look like an "X". The Saint Andrew's flag is the official flag of Scotland.
On St Andrew's Day, many people in Scotland wear a thistle.

Related pages
Twelve Apostles

References

Early Christian saints
Twelve Apostles
1st-century births
1st-century deaths
Saint Patrick

Saint Patrick (about 402 - March 17, probably 491 or 493) is the patron saint of Ireland. He was born in a village in Roman Britain. Saint Patrick came from a Christian family. He was the son of Calpornius, who was a deacon. According to the autobiographical Confessio of Patrick, when he was about sixteen years old, he was captured by Irish pirates. They took him from his home in Britain and sold him as a slave in Ireland. His work was to take care of animals. He lived there for six years and learned the local language. He then escaped and returned to his family. 

After becoming a cleric, he returned to northern and western Ireland as a missionary. Because he knew the language he could preach to the people.  He also married couples when the king prohibited it. 
He brought Christianity to Ireland. He converted many pagans to Christianity. He also challenged many of their leaders and druids such as Aodhan the Brave also known as Chief Aodhan. St.Patrick eventually converted Chief Aodhan and they worked together to convert many other pagans.  

St. Patrick's Day is celebrated every year on March 17 in his honour.

Saint Patrick's Bell 

There is a bell in the National Museum of Ireland that was made around the time of Saint Patrick's life. There is no evidence that Saint Patrick owned the bell but the Irish have believed for 1400 years that the bell belonged to Saint Patrick. One of the kings of Ulster who was the high king of Ireland at the time had a beautiful cover made out of gold and gems to preserve the bell. The names of the bishops of Ireland were engraved on the cover. The style of the letters on the cover were used to make the first typewriters. It is believed that the bell was rung by Saint Patrick to let people know it was time for church.

Saint Patrick and the snakes 

There are no snakes in Ireland but there is a legend that at the time of Saint Patrick there were lots of snakes and he chased them all into the Irish Sea. Some say that this legend came to be because pagans had tattoos of snakes and Saint Patrick got rid of the pagans by teaching Christianity and therefore drove out the snakes from Ireland.

Holy Trinity and the Shamrock 
 St. Patrick is credited with teaching the Irish about the doctrine of the Holy Trinity. He used a three-leafed shamrock as an illustration of "three-in-one". For this reason, shamrocks are a central symbol for St. Patrick’s Day.

References

Other websites 

 Some facts about Saint Patrick 
 The history of ringing Saint Patrick's bell in modern times 
 A list of catholic patron saints 

402 births
Patrick
Slaves
460s deaths
491

491 was a common year.

Deaths 
 March 17 – Saint Patrick, patron saint of Ireland (possibly died this year, could also have died in the year 493)
402

402 is a common year in the Common Era. It started on a Wednesday. It was known as year 1155 in some places in the Ab urbe condita.

Births 
 Saint Patrick, patron saint of Ireland
Somerset

Somerset is a county in South West England.

The main town of Somerset was Somerton, but it is now Taunton. There are two cities in Somerset. They are Bath and Wells.

History

The name "Somerset" comes from the Anglo-Saxon phrase Sumorsaete, which was used to describe people from Somerton.

In the past, the northern border of Somerset was the River Avon. However, as the city of Bristol has grown, the border moved south.

In 1974 parts of north Somerset, the city of Bristol and parts of south Gloucestershire were joined into a new county. This county was named Avon. In 1996 Avon was split into 4 parts, which are now unitary authorities. People usually say that 2 of these parts (named North Somerset and Bath and North East Somerset) are part of Somerset, even though they have their own councils.

The oldest prison in England which is still used is in a town named Shepton Mallet in Somerset. Somerset also has the world's oldest road which people built. It is called the Sweet Track; it was built in about 3800 BC.

Industry and tourism

There is not much large industry in Somerset, but Bridgwater is a port, and Yeovil is important in building helicopters.

Tourism is an important industry in the county; in 2001 about 23,000 people worked in tourism. Tourists like Somerset because it is very beautiful, with much countryside and few big towns. Somerset has many places to visit:
 Part of the Exmoor National Park is in Somerset.
 Another popular place is Glastonbury, which has a popular music festival every year.
 The Cheddar Gorge has caves which are popular with visitors, and locally made cheese.

Farming is an important industry in Somerset, but not as many people work in this industry today. Somerset is famous for its cider (an alcoholic apple drink) and it has many apple orchards.

Interesting places in Somerset

Politics

Districts of Somerset

The numbers on the map are linked to the numbers below.

 South Somerset
 Taunton Deane
 West Somerset
 Sedgemoor
 Mendip
 Bath and North East Somerset (Unitary)
 North Somerset (Unitary)

Cities, towns, and villages 

This is a list of the main towns and cities in Somerset:

Other websites 
 BBC Somerset
 Somerset County Council
 Bath and North East Somerset Council
 North Somerset Council
 Travel Information 

 
Ceremonial counties of England
Glastonbury

Glastonbury is a town in Somerset, England. It is well known for being mistakenly thought of where Glastonbury Festival is held, however the festival is in fact held in the village of Pilton, nearly 7 miles to the east.

History
Glastonbury is also well known because of Glastonbury Abbey. This is because Glastonbury Abbey is said to be the place where King Arthur is buried, and it was burned down when King Henry the Eighth got angry at all Catholic monasteries in the country as the Pope would not grant him a divorce. The abbot, Abbot Whiting, was killed on the Tor, a local landmark.

Gallery

Towns in Somerset
Civil parishes in Somerset
Glastonbury Abbey

Glastonbury Abbey is in Glastonbury, Somerset, England. It was King Ine of Wessex who decided to build Glastonbury Abbey and out of stone. King Edmund I of England was buried at the Abbey in 946 AD. It is said to be the burial place of King Arthur.

References

Abbeys
Churches in England
Buildings and structures in Somerset
12th-century buildings and structures‎
Somerton

Somerton is a town in Somerset. In 2001 there were 4509 people living in Somerton. It is between the towns of Yeovil and Street.  It is in the South Somerset District of Somerset. 

Somerton was the capital of the Kingdom of Wessex from 871 to 901.  It also used to be Somerset's county town, but this is now Taunton.

References 

Towns in Somerset
Civil parishes in Somerset
Yeovil, Somerset

Yeovil is a town in the county of Somerset.  It is in the South Somerset District.  Yeovil takes its name from the River Yeo.  Yeo Village became Yeovil over time.

Transportation
The town has two railway stations.  They are called Yeovil Junction and Yeovil Pen Mill.  The town has many villages near by.  These are West Coker, East Chinnock, East Coker, Stoford, Evershot, Halstock and Yetminster.

Politics
Yeovil is where the council is based for the district of South Somerset.  The town's main employers are GKN Westlands Helicopters.

Sports
Yeovil is home to the giant killer football club Yeovil Town F.C..  The club played against Liverpool F.C in 2004. Yeovil used to be famous for glove-making.  This is why the football team are nicknamed The Glovers.

Towns in Somerset
County towns in England
Bridgwater

Bridgwater is a town in the county of Somerset.  It is in the District of Sedgemoor.

Towns in Somerset
Street

See also Street (town)
A street is a piece of land, made flat and often with pavement, so that people can travel on it better. "Street" and "road" may mean the same thing, but "street" is more often used only in a town.

Many streets are the center of local culture or of a specialized activity. New Orleans’ Bourbon Street, for example, is famous for its active nightlife and also for its role as the center of the city’s French Quarter. The Bowery in Manhattan was, at different times, a main highway, a center of underground punk culture, and a specialized shopping district for light fixtures.

Related pages
 Avenue
 Boulevard
 Road

Basic English 850 words
Roads
Taunton

Taunton is a town in the county of Somerset.  It is in the Taunton Deane District.  Taunton is the county town of Somerset.  Taunton is on the River Tone and takes its name from the river.  Tone town became Taunton.

In 1685, Judge Jefferies was based in Taunton during the Bloody Assizes that followed the Battle of Sedgemoor.

References

Towns in Somerset
Shepton Mallet

Shepton Mallet is a town in the county of Somerset, England.  It is in the Mendip district.

Shepton Mallet is where the council is based for the Mendip district. It is a pleasant place to go, and has a beautiful countryside.

Towns in Somerset
Mendip
Bath, Somerset

Bath is a city in the county of Somerset in England. It is  west of London, and  southeast of Bristol.

Bath is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city has preserved some of its Roman remains and its 18th century architecture.

History
The city gets its name from the famous Roman baths in the town. The Romans built the baths as part of a spa, in the year 43 BC. They called it Aquae Sulis, which means "The waters of Sulis". Sulis was a local goddess.

During the Middle Ages, it was an important city for buying and selling wool.

Bath became a city in 1585, when Queen Elizabeth I declared it to be one.

Bath has two universities and several schools and colleges.

Bath is where Roald Dahl's short story "The Landlady" takes place. The city is also mentioned in many of Jane Austen's books, like Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, and Pride and Prejudice.

Gallery

References

Other websites
 

Spa towns in the United Kingdom
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Wells, Somerset

Wells is a city in the county of Somerset. It is in the district of Mendip. The only other city in Somerset is the much larger Bath. In 2018 there were 12,000 people living in Wells.

Wells Cathedral is in Wells. The cathedral is very popular with visitors to Wells. The cathedral has a school attached to it. The school specializes in music (as well as normal school subjects). Timothy K. Murray, composer, was a student there.

The city of Wells is named after springs in the grounds of the Bishop's Palace.

It is the second smallest city in the United Kingdom after St Davids in Wales. The area of Somerset was known in past centuries as a stronghold of taxation avoidance and liquor smuggling (from ships wrecked on the coast). In the 18th century the Bishop of Bath and Wells used to travel with half-a-dozen armed soldiers, and no doubt they were needed. The city has been there since Roman times, indeed it was originally a Roman settlement.

References 
 

Cities in Somerset
Mendip
Tatworth

Tatworth is a village near Chard in the South Somerset District of Somerset, England. It was settled in 1254, but traces of earlier settlers have been found, such as a Roman villa.

Villages in Somerset
Chard (Somerset)

Chard is a town in Somerset.  It is in the South Somerset District.  It is near the border of the county of Devon.

Chard is the birthplace of aviation.  It was in Chard, during 1848, that John Stringfellow (1799 - 1883), first demonstrated that powered flight was possible.

In 1685, Chard was one of the towns in which Judge Jefferies held some of the Bloody Assizes after the failure of the Monmouth Rebellion.  He stayed in The Choughs, a public house in Chard.

Towns in Somerset
Crewkerne

Crewkerne is a town in Somerset, England where about 6,700 people live. It is in the South Somerset District. 

The first time it is mentioned in history is 899, when king Alfred the Great left the manor to his son Ethelweard. The name Crewkerne comes from the Saxon words Cruce (cross) and earne (cottage), because of the early church there. There was also a mint where coins were made between 978 and 1035. In 1066, the manor belonged to Edith, mistress of Harold Godwinson. After the Norman Conquest, it belonged directly to William the Conqueror.

Other websites
 Archaeology of Crewkerne  (.pdf file)

Towns in Somerset
Civil parishes in Somerset
Stoford, Somerset

Stoford is a village in the county of Somerset, England. It is in the South Somerset District.

Villages in Somerset
River Tone

The River Tone is a river in the county of Somerset.  It flows through the town of Taunton and joins the River Parrett.

Taunton takes its name from the River Tone.  Tone town became Taunton.

Rivers of England
Somerset
River Yeo

The River Yeo is a river in the county of Somerset in the United Kingdom.  It flows through the town of Yeovil and joins the River Parrett.

Yeovil takes its name from the River Yeo.  Yeo Village became Yeovil over time.

Rivers of England
Somerset
River Adur

The River Adur is a river in the county of Sussex, in England. It starts from South Downs, southern England and ends in the port town of Shoreham-by-Sea.

Other websites 
 Adur Valley Guide

Rivers of England
Sussex
River Aire

The River Aire is a river in England.  It runs through the counties of North Yorkshire, West Yorkshire and the East Riding of Yorkshire, although most of it is in West Yorkshire.

The river starts in Malham, and from there flows through (in order) Skipton, Keighley, Shipley, Leeds, Castleford, Knottingley and Airmyn.

Rivers of England
West Yorkshire
River Aln

The River Aln is a river in the county of Northumberland.  It starts at the hamlet of  in the . The river ends at the North Sea at  on the east coast of England. The river forms part of the name of the town of Alnwick. It also forms part of the names of the villages of Alnmouth and Alnham. The river served as a war zone between the English and the Scots.

References 

Rivers of England

Northumberland
River Alt

The River Alt is a river in the county of Merseyside in England just north of Liverpool. The river begins near Huyton and flows about 28 km northeast to empty into the Irish Sea at the town of Hightown. Other towns along the river include Kirkby, Maghull and Formby. There are 75 km of tributary feeding the river. About 250,000 people live in the area around the river. The northern part of the river forms the boundary between the counties of Merseyside and Lancashire.

Rivers of England
Merseyside
River Yare

The River Yare is a river in the county of Norfolk, England.

The river starts south of Dereham in the county of Norfolk. From there it flows to the east of the world.  The river flows along the southern edge of the city of Norwich. The river continues past Norwich into the tidal lake of Breydon Water. Here the Yare is joined by the Rivers Bure and Waveney. It empties into North Sea at Gorleston, Great Yarmouth.Google Chrome

Small coastal boats can sail along the river from Norwich to the North Sea. In the past, the river had a large number of boats carrying goods to Norwich. Larger modern boats cannot get across Breydon Water because it is not deep enough. Because of this, a canal was created at Reedham to provides a connection to the River Waveney.

References

Rivers of England
Norfolk
River Exe

The River Exe is a river in the county of Devon in England. It usually flows directly south through the city of Exeter. The island had many mills making paper and textiles, and also created valuable land by draining the marshlands. The wide estuary of the River Exe is a ria (drowned river valley).

The name of the city of Exeter means "castle on the river Exe".

References
 The Leats of Exeter - A Short History 

Rivers of England
Devon
Ilminster, Somerset

Ilminster is a town in the county of Somerset. It is in the South Somerset District.  

Ilminster is on the River Ile and has a large church.  The church is known as the Minster.  It is from both of these things that Ilminster takes its name.  Ile and Minster became Ilminster.

Towns in Somerset
South Cadbury

South Cadbury is an archaeological site in south Somerset.

It was dug in the early 1970s, and it showed many times that people lived there. The first was in the early Neolithic (around 4000-3000 BC?) when the hill seems to have been an important place for groups of early farmers who moved around. Most things were found from when late Bronze Age people lived on the hill (around 1200 BC). In the Iron Age the site changed, with many big walls. There are signs that when the Romans came to Britain, they killed many people here. Ruins of a feasting hall built after the Roman time were also found in the dig. There are also legends connecting this place with King Arthur.

Somerset
Archaeological sites in England
Watchet

Watchet is a harbor town in the county of Somerset in England. It gets its name either from the blue wacet dye found in the cliffs, or from British gwo coed or waeced, "under the wood".

History
It is first recorded in the 7th century, when Saint Decuman crossed over from South Wales on a raft with a cow to help the people there. Legend says he was killed there by a violent man who cut off his head. There is a spring of water dedicated to him there. 

Coins were minted here for Ethelred II and five other Saxon kings. They have been found as far away as Scandinavia, probably because they were part of the Danegeld - payments made to the Vikings, who attacked Watchet in 918, 977, 988, and destroyed part of it in 997. Harold Godwinson's mother Eleanor fled through this port in 1066.

Watchet is the only place in England to still have the Court leet system, but only in name, with people chosen for ceremonial jobs like port reeve and ale taster.

Other websites 
 Watchet's rich heritage 
 Somerset Urban Archaeological Survey 
 Watchet

Towns in Somerset
Burnham-on-Sea

Burnham-on-Sea is a small town in the county of Somerset in England on the mouth of the River Parrett at Bridgwater Bay. Burnham was a small fishing village until the late-18th century when it became popular as a seaside resort. This made the village grow larger into a town.

Towns in Somerset
Cheddar cheese

Cheddar is a type of hard cheese made from cow's milk. It originally was produced in the English village of Cheddar, Somerset. Romans may have brought the recipe to Britain from the Cantal region of France. The first record of cheddar cheese dates back to the 12th century. In 1170, King Henry II bought  at a farthing per pound.  Charles I (1600–1649) also bought cheese from Somerset.  Cheddar cheese traditionally had to be made within  of Wells Cathedral.

Cheddar cheese is different from other cheeses in how it is made. After the curds are heated, they are cut and stacked. The stacks are then turned periodically and re-stacked. This process is called cheddaring. Cheddar cheese is sometimes aged in caves for up to 30 months before it is ready to eat.

Cheddar cheese is the most popular cheese in the United Kingdom. It accounts for 51 percent of the country's £1.9 billion annual cheese market. It is the second most popular cheese in the United States, behind mozzarella, with an average annual consumption of  per person. The United States produced 3,233,380,000 lbs in 2010, and the UK 258,000 tonnes in 2008. The name "cheddar cheese" is widely used and has no protection within the European Union. Only cheddar produced from local milk within four counties of South West England may use the name "West Country Farmhouse Cheddar."

Cheddar cheese may be used to make cheese on toast.

References 

English cheeses
Yatton

Yatton is a large village with 9,000 people in the county of Somerset in England. Archaeology in the area has found a Roman villa (country-house) belonging to some rich person who lived here in the late 3rd century, judging from the coins. Records show the land was part of the manor of John the Dane before the Norman Conquest, and Giso, bishop of Wells afterward.

Other websites 
Yatton Parish Council 
Roman villa 

Villages in Somerset
Backwell

Backwell is a village in the county of Avon, in North Somerset. 5,455 people live in Backwell. It is 7 miles from Bristol. Nailsea, Flax Bourton, Yatton, Brockley and Barrow Gurney are nearby.

There is a railway station in the village called Nailsea and Backwell. Bristol International Airport is less than three miles away.

References

Villages in Somerset
Nailsea

Nailsea is a town and civil parish in Somerset, England. In 2011, there were 15,630 people living in Nailsea.

References 

Towns in Somerset
Civil parishes in Somerset
Clevedon

Clevedon is a town in the county of Somerset, in England. The name comes from Old English and means "divided hill". Archaeology shows that many people lived here during the Roman occupation. Just before the Norman Conquest in 1066 it was part of a huge manor held by John (Gunni?) the Dane. At the time of the Domesday Book (1086) it belonged to Matthew of Mortaigne and had only a few people living there. The town of today was not built until around 1800 as a seaside resort.

Other websites 

Clevedon Civic Society

Towns in Somerset
Weston-super-Mare

Weston-super-Mare, sometimes known as just Weston is a sea-side town in Somerset, England. Weston is  from the city of Bristol. It also includes the suburbs of Oldmixon, West Wick and Worle. The beach is a popular tourist destination. The town has many museums and a pier.

History

Iron age
The earliest settlements of Weston are iron age hill forts in the north

19th century

By the time of the 19th century, Weston had already become a popular tourist destination

Modern history
in world war 2, 4,000 people migrated to weston-super-mare

Transport

Weston is connected to the M5 motorway by junction 21 where the dual carriageway A370 goes to the town centre.

The main railway station is on a short loop off the Bristol to Exeter line. The station is called Westo-super-Mare. It is close to the town centre and less than ten minutes walk from the sea front.

References

Towns in Somerset
Civil parishes in Somerset
South Somerset

South Somerset is a district in the county of Somerset.  Its council is based in the town of Yeovil.  The district was formed on 1 April 1974 and was originally called Yeovil.

District and borough councils in England
Somerset
1974 establishments in England
Scone

A scone is a kind of bread that is baked on a griddle or sheet. Scones are very small, and are in the same group as the crumpet or muffin. It is made of wheat, barley, or oatmeal and baking powder to make it rise. The scone is shaped closely like the North American biscuit, and its recipe is almost the same with it as well. Sometimes scones may have raisins, currants, cheese, or dates in them. In the United States, however, scones include more sweet kind of fillings like cranberries, chocolate chips, or nuts. They can often be found in coffee shops and in a great variety in the British Isles. It is generally thought that scones are best eaten when they are very hot and freshly baked right from the oven, accompanied with melting warm butter.

Etymology 

Some think that scone comes from the Gaelic "sgonn", which meant a piece of dough that has been cooked for a couple of minutes, shapeless mass or large mouthful; and the Dutch "schoonbrot", which meant fine white bread; or, for last, the German "sconbrot", which meant fine or beautiful bread. The Oxford English Dictionary believes the German and Dutch is more accurate.

It is sometimes debated on the correct pronunciation for "scone". In Scotland and North England, the word is pronounced as "skawn", or "skahn", while in Southern England, it is pronounced as "skoan" or "skown". The latter pronunciation came from the United States and Canada.

Meanwhile, Cambridge Dictionary presents both options as acceptable.

History 

Scones are connected traditionally with England, Scotland, and Ireland, but nobody knows which country invented it. However, the first known mention of a scone that was printed is from the translation of The Aenaid (1513) written by a Scottish poet named Gavin Douglas.

Scones are related to the ancient Welsh tradition of cooking small round yeast cakes on stones, that later changed to griddles. First-made scones included oats inside them, and were baked over an open fire. However, today's scones are more like American biscuits. They are made with wheat, and baked in the oven.

The most popular scones are soda scones, wholemeal scones, rich white scones, treacle scones, potato scones, ballater scones and drop scones. Scones usually take about four to ten minutes to bake.

References 

Sweet breads
British food
Irish food
Ankara

Ankara is the capital city of the country of Turkey. It is in the center of Anatolia. Ankara is the second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a population of 4,319,167 (2005) (Province 5,153,000), and an elevation of 938 meters (3080 feet). It was formerly known as Engürü the city is also the capital of Ankara Province

Ankara is a very modern city. Ankara was made the capital of Turkey in 1923. Ankara is known for its performing arts, home to the State Opera and Ballet, the Presidential Symphony Orchestra and several national theater companies. In Ankara there's a place called Anitkabir, which is a big hilltop mausoleum that was built to celebrate Kemal Atatürk who was the first president.

History 
Ankara is a city that has a lot of history. Ankara was invaded many times. In 546 BCE, Achaemenid Persians was in control of Ankara (approximated date). Ankara was then invaded by the Romans in 25 BCE. At the time, Ankara was controlled by Augustus. Ankara castle was captured by the Crusaders in 1101. Ankara castle was captured again by the Seljuks in 1227. Ankara was controlled again by the Ottomans in 1403. On October 13, 1923 Ankara became the capital of Turkey.

References
Johannes Gutenberg

Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg (more commonly known as Johannes Gutenberg) (1390s – 3 February 1468), was a German metal-worker and inventor. He is famous for his work in printing in the 1450s, and is specifically known for inventing typography.

Gutenberg was born in Mainz, Germany, as the son of a merchant, Friele Gensfleisch zur Laden. Gutenberg's father took the surname "zum Gutenberg" after the name of the place they now lived.

Gutenberg invented a sort of metal alloy for printing; inks; a way to fix type (metal letters) very accurately; and a new sort of printing press. He took the idea for his printing press from the presses wine-makers used. Many people say Gutenberg invented printing with moveable type, but it was already invented in China before that: see printing.

Before movable type, people used block printing, where the printer prints a whole page from one piece of metal or wood. With movable type, the printer makes a letter (A, B, C ...) from a piece of metal or wood, and can use it again and again in different words. Together, all Gutenberg's inventions made printing fast. In Renaissance Europe, the improved information technology made an information explosion – in a short time, people printed many new books about many topics.

The high number of new books was partly because of the popular Bible Gutenberg printed – the Gutenberg Bible. This was the first Bible people made in large numbers; Gutenberg started on 23 February 1455. Gutenberg was not a clever businessman, and did not get much money from his system. He had legal problems, and lost his machines to his partner, Johann Fust. The Archbishop at the time sympathized with Gutenberg because of his contributions to society, so told him that he would receive a pension each year with clothes, wine, and grain.  Gutenberg died in Mainz, Germany, in 1468.

In his lifetime Gutenberg was not successful, but his invention was very important. In a short time, news and books were traveling around Europe very fast. Scientists could communicate better, which helped bring the scientific revolution and new technology. More Europeans, not just priests, scribes and scholars, learned to read.

Today, there are still 60 Gutenberg Bibles. They are most likely the oldest books that printers made with moveable type.

The Gutenberg Galaxy and Project Gutenberg use Gutenberg's name. The city of Guttenberg, Iowa in the United States is named after him.

References 

1390s births
1468 deaths
German inventors
People from Mainz
German publishers
Cate Blanchett

Catherine Elise Blanchett  (; born 14 May 1969) is an Australian actress, producer, and theatre director. She was born in Ivanhoe, Victoria, Australia. 

In 1998 she won an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress for playing Elizabeth I in Elizabeth. In 2005 she won Best Supporting Actress for playing Katharine Hepburn in Martin Scorsese's The Aviator. 

Regarded as one of the greatest actresses of her generation, she is noted for her versatile roles in blockbusters, independent films, and in her stage work in various theatre productions. She has received  numerous accolades, including two Academy Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, and three British Academy Film Awards. 
In 2022 she was awarded with the international Goya award in Spain for her outstanding cinematographic career. That same year, she appeared in the movie Tár, which earned her multiple nominations such as for the Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Actress.

Filmography

References 

Satellite Award winners
1969 births
Living people
Actors from Melbourne
Australian movie actors
Australian stage actors
Australian television actors
Best Actress Academy Award winners
Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Kylie Minogue

Kylie Ann Minogue,  (; born 28 May 1968) is an Australian singer, songwriter and actress, sometimes known simply as Kylie. She became popular in the late 1980s, because of her role in the Australian television soap opera Neighbours, before becoming a pop and dance singer.

Early life
Minogue was born in Melbourne to a Welsh immigrant mother and Irish-Australian father. Her sister Dannii Minogue is also a singer and actress, and her brother Brendan works as a cameraman.

Career
She was signed to a contract by British songwriters and producers Stock, Aitken & Waterman, she got hit records throughout the world. Her popularity began to decline by the early 1990s and she left Stock, Aitken & Waterman in 1992. For years she tried to become an independent performer and songwriter. Her projects were widely talked about, but her albums resulted in the lowest sales of her career.

In 2000, Minogue became popular again as a dance-pop singer and became well known for her sexual music videos and elaborate concerts. She has one of the longest and most successful careers in pop music, and she has become one of the most recognisable celebrities and sex symbols. In Australia, she holds the record for the highest concert ticket sales for a woman, and has had nine singles at number one on the ARIA Singles Chart.

Personal life

Breast cancer
On 17 May 2005, Minogue was diagnosed with breast cancer. She was on tour at the time, and the rest of it had to be cancelled. Minogue had surgery for it on 21 May 2005 at a hospital in Malvern, Victoria, and started chemotherapy soon afterwards. She finished her chemotherapy treatment in January 2006 but still needed six more weeks of radiotherapy to stop any new cancerous tumours from growing.

Relationships
Minogue was in a relationship with Andres Velencoso from 2008 until 2013. 

Minogue began a relationship with Joshua Sasse in 2015. The couple became engaged in February 2016. They said in February 2017 that they had split up.

Discography 
Kylie (1988)
Enjoy Yourself (1989)
Rhythm of Love (1990)
Let's Get to It (1991)
Kylie Minogue (1994)
Impossible Princess (1997)
Light Years (2000)
Fever (2001)
Body Language (2003)
X (2007)
Aphrodite (2010)
Kiss Me Once (2014)
Kylie Christmas (2015)
Kylie Christmas: Snow Queen Edition (2016)
Golden (2018)

References

Other websites 
 Official website

1968 births
Living people
Actors from Melbourne
Australian child actors
Australian movie actors
Australian pop singers
Australian singer-songwriters
Australian television actors
Australian voice actors
Musicians from Melbourne
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Officers of the Order of Australia
Synth-pop singers
Natalie Imbruglia

Natalie Jane Imbruglia  (born 4 February 1975) is an Australian actress and singer-songwriter. 

Imbruglia was born in Sydney, New South Wales to an Anglo-Australian mother and Italian-Australian father.

Imbruglia began acting in Australian television commercials and was in spots for Coca-Cola and the popular Australian snack Twisties. By age 16, she left high school to start a career in acting. She soon had the chance to play a regular role on the Australian soap opera Neighbours. She left the show to move to London in 1994. 

She received an MTV Award for Best New Artist in 1998.  She had 3 Grammy Award nominations in 1999. That same year, she also won two Brit Awards for Best International Newcomer and Best International Female. She has sold over 9 million albums worldwide.

Discography 
 Left of the Middle (1997)
 White Lilies Island (2001)
 Counting Down the Days (2005)
 Come to Life (2009)

Movie career

Television

Awards and nominations

References

Actors from Sydney
Australian movie actors
Australian pop musicians
Australian singer-songwriters
Australian television actors
Musicians from Sydney
Singers from New South Wales
1975 births
Living people
Officers of the Order of Australia