alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Ling adder

In electronics, a Ling adder is a particularly fast binary adder designed using H. Ling's equations and generally implemented in BiCMOS.  Samuel Naffziger of Hewlett-Packard presented an innovative 64 bit adder in 0.5 μm CMOS based on Ling's equations at ISSCC 1996.  The Naffziger adder's delay was less than 1 nanosecond, or 7 FO4.

Equations
4-bit Ling adder, Sklansky architecture:
 gm1=0
 pm1=0
 p0 = a0 OR  b0    
 g0 = a0 AND b0    
 d0 = a0 XOR b0    
 p1 = a1 OR  b1
 g1 = a1 AND b1
 d1 = a1 XOR b1
 p2 = a2 OR  b2
 g2 = a2 AND b2
 d2 = a2 XOR b2
 p3 = a3 OR  b3
 g3 = a3 AND b3
 d3 = a3 XOR b3
 'Level1----------------Distance=2^0=1
 '(G,P) = (g,p) o (g,p)=(g,p)
 'GLi = gi OR gi-1
 'PLi = pi AND pi-1    'Distance=1
 GLm1 = 0              'for k<0
 PLm2 = 0              'for k<0
 '(GL0,PLm1)
 GL0 = g0 OR  gm1
 PLm1=0                'for k<0
 '(GL1,PL0)
 GL1 = g1 OR  g0
 PL0 = p0 AND pm1      'Distance=1
 '(GL3,PL2)
 GL3 = g3 OR  g2
 PL2 = p2 AND p1       'Distance=1
 'Level2---------------------------Distance=2^1=2
 '(G,P) = (g,p) o (g',p') = (g OR (p AND g'),p AND p')
 'G=g OR (p AND p')
 'P=      p AND p'
 '(GL2,PL1) o (GL1,PLm1)          '
 GL21 =  g2 OR p1 AND GL1         '
 '(GL3,PL2) o (GL1,PL0)           '
 GL31 = GL3 OR PL2 AND GL1        '
 'Ling PsevdoCarry (H)-------------------
 Hm1 = GLm1                   'Ling PsevdoCarry
 H0  = g0                     'Ling PsevdoCarry
 H1  = GL1                    'Ling PsevdoCarry
 H2  = GL21                   'Ling PsevdoCarry
 H3  = GL31                   'Ling PsevdoCarry
 'SUM-------------------------------------------------
 'si=(/Hi-1 AND di) OR (Hi-1 AND (di XOR pi-1))
 s0 = (1-Hm1) AND d0 OR Hm1 AND (d0 XOR pm1)  's0=d0
 s1 = (1-H0 ) AND d1 OR H0  AND (d1 XOR p0 )
 s2 = (1-H1 ) AND d2 OR H1  AND (d2 XOR p1 )
 s3 = (1-H2 ) AND d3 OR H2  AND (d3 XOR p2 )
 s4 = p3 AND H3  'Cout=s4

References

External links
 H. Ling, "High Speed Binary Parallel Adder", IEEE Transactions on Electronic Computers, EC-15, p. 799-809, October, 1966.
 H. Ling, "High-Speed Binary Adder", IBM J. Res. Dev., vol.25, p. 156-66, 1981.
 R. W. Doran, "Variants on an Improved Carry Look-Ahead Adder", IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol.37, No.9, September 1988.
 N. T. Quach, M. J. Flynn, "High-Speed Addition in CMOS", IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol.41, No.12, December, 1992.
 S. Naffziger, "High Speed Addition Using Ling's Equations and Dynamic CMOS Logic", U.S. Patent No. 5,719,803, Issued: February 17, 1998.
 G. Dimitrakopoulos, D. Nikolos, "High-Speed Parallel-Prefix VLSI Ling Adders", IEEE Transaction on Computers, Vol.54, No.2, February, 2005.

Adders (electronics)
Raymond Daudel

Raymond Daudel (2 February 1920 – 20 June 2006) was a French theoretical and quantum chemist.

Trained as a physicist, he was an assistant to Irène Joliot-Curie at the Radium Institute. Daudel spent almost the entirety of his career as professor at the Sorbonne and director of a laboratory of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). He is quoted as saying that the latter "was much better because the CNRS was very rich". This allowed Daudel to attract many co-workers from elsewhere in France and internationally.

Raymond Daudel was Officier de la Légion d'honneur and Officier de l'Ordre National du Mérite. He served as President of the European Academy of Arts Sciences and Humanities, in Paris, France. Daudel was a founding member and Honorary President of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.

An author as well as an academic, Raymond Daudel authored several books, including Quantum chemistry, originally with R. Lefebyre and C. Moser in 1959 (Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York) and later with G. Leroy, D. Peeters, and M. Sana, published by Wiley in 1983. He was responsible for the organization of the first International Congress in Quantum Chemistry, held in Menton, France in 1973.

References

20th-century French chemists
1920 births
2006 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Paris
Theoretical chemists
Members of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Research directors of the French National Centre for Scientific Research
Hawsepiper

Hawsepiper is an informal maritime industry term used to refer to a merchant ship's officer who began his or her career as an unlicensed merchant seaman and did not attend a traditional maritime college or academy to earn an officer's license.

A ship's hawsepipe is the pipe passing through the bow section of a ship that the anchor chain passes through.  Hawsepiper refers to climbing up the hawsepipe, a nautical metaphor for climbing up the ship's rank structure. This is in turn derived from the traditional British Naval usage of "came up through the hawsehole", referring to sailors who first entered the ship as foremast jacks before becoming officers, metaphorically by climbing up the hawser rather than being received directly onto the quarterdeck.
There is also the phrase, "going down the hawse pipe" which refers to an officer who cannot find a ship's billet  and signs on as an ordinary seaman or wiper.
Several merchant seamen's unions offer their members the required training to help them advance, and some employers offer financial assistance to pay for the training for their employees.  Otherwise, the mariner must pay the cost of the required training.

Since the requirements of STCW '95 were enacted there have been complaints that the hawsepiper progression path has been made too difficult because of the cost in time and money to meet formal classroom training requirements.  Critics said that the newer requirements would eventually lead to a shortage of qualified mariners, especially in places like the United States.

See also 

 Licensed mariner
 Third mate
 Third Assistant Engineer

References 

Marine occupations
Nautical terminology

de:Klüse
es:Escobén
fr:Écubier
nl:Kluisgat
no:Klyss
sv:Ankarklys
Roland Fraïssé

Roland Fraïssé (; 12 March 1920 – 30 March 2008) was a French mathematical logician.

Life
Fraïssé received his doctoral degree from the University of Paris in 1953. In his thesis, Fraïssé used the back-and-forth method to determine whether two model-theoretic structures were elementarily equivalent. This method of determining elementary equivalence was later formulated as the Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé game. 

Fraïssé worked primarily in relation theory. Another of his important works was the Fraïssé construction of a Fraïssé limit of finite structures. 

He also formulated Fraïssé's conjecture on order embeddings, and introduced the notion of compensor in the theory of posets.

Most of his career was spent as Professor at the University of Provence in Marseille, France.

Selected publications 
 Sur quelques classifications des systèmes de relations, thesis, University of Paris, 1953; published in Publications Scientifiques de l'Université d'Alger, series A 1 (1954), 35–182.
 Cours de logique mathématique, Paris: Gauthier-Villars Éditeur, 1967; second edition, 3 vols., 1971–1975; tr. into English and ed. by David Louvish as Course of Mathematical Logic, 2 vols., Dordrecht: Reidel, 1973–1974.
 Theory of relations, tr. into English by P. Clote, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1986; rev. ed. 2000.

References 

French logicians
Model theorists
Academic staff of the University of Provence
20th-century French mathematicians
21st-century French mathematicians
1920 births
2008 deaths
Mathematical logicians
French male non-fiction writers
20th-century French philosophers
20th-century French male writers
University of Paris alumni
Decatur City Schools

The Decatur City Schools is a school system located in the city of Decatur, Alabama, and is home to seven of Alabama's International Baccalaureate schools.
The school system is also the second largest employer in Decatur.

Basic Overview
Decatur's spending per student is one of the highest in the state, and higher than many places in the nation.

The Decatur City School District was the first in North Alabama to offer the International Baccalaureate Programme.  The system contains two IB Diploma Programme schools in the high schools, and two IB Primary Years Programme schools in the two magnet schools and three IB Middle Years Programme schools in the three middle schools.  The Primary Years accredited schools are the first, and currently only, in Alabama.  The Middle Years accredited schools are also the first and currently only in Alabama.

Assets and achievements

Source: 
Decatur City Schools was the first school system in Alabama to join a partnership with the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C.
High school bands have a longstanding history of superior ratings: 
 Decatur High School leads the state of Alabama with the most Superior Ratings at State Competition, with 57 superiors, since the competition's formation in 1946.
 Decatur High School also has never received less than a Superior Rating at any District Competition since its formation.
 Austin High School has the longest string of Superior Ratings at State Competition.
The school system contains more International Baccalaureate Accredited schools than any other system in the State of Alabama.
It is the only system with two IB Diploma high schools.
It is the only system in the state that houses any elementary schools that have received IB Primary Years accreditation.
It is the only system in the state that houses any elementary schools that have received IB Middle Years accreditation.

Schools

See also
Decatur, Alabama

References

Sources
 

School districts in Alabama
Education in Morgan County, Alabama
Taquaritinga

Taquaritinga is a city in the Central North area of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The population is 57,364 (2020 est.) in an area of 594 km². The population is formed basically by European descendants (Italians, Spaniards, and Portuguese). Afro-Brazilians, and Japanese-Brazilians are important minority groups.

The climate is tropical of altitude with dry mild winter and hot rainy summer. The economy of the city is based in agrobusiness (sugarcane, orange, lemon, and fruits) and services. The city has an old and regionally famous music school (Conservatório Santa Cecília), an ETEC (Technical School), and three colleges. The most important of them, FATEC, is a public one with courses on technology. Clube Atlético Taquaritinga, founded in 1942, is the football club of the city. The club plays its home matches at Estádio Adail N. da Silva, which has a maximum capacity of approximately 20,000 people.

Notable people
Taquaritinga was the birthplace of:
 Augusto Nunes (b. 1949): journalist
 Edmílson José Gomes de Morais (b. 1976): footballer, 2002 FIFA World Cup champion
 José Paulo Paes (b. July 22, 1926 - d. October 9, 1998) was a poet, translator, literary critic and essayist.
 Luiz Araújo (b. 1996): footballer for Atlanta United

References
Artisan Sound Recorders

Artisan Sound Recorders was one of Southern California's premier disk mastering facilities. It was founded by Robert M. MacLeod Jr. in the 1960s, and acquired by Kent Duncan in 1979 when MacLeod retired. In the early 1990s, it was sold to Jon Lowry.

More than 500 gold and platinum recordings were recorded and or mastered at Artisan, including hit records by Bone Thugs Eminem, and John B. Artisan's engineering staff included Bob MacLeod, John Golden, Kevin Gray, Jo Hansch, Jon Lowry, and Aaron Connor.

External links
 http://www.artisan-sound-recorders.com/index.html  Jon Lowry's  Official site (owner of Artisan Sound Recorders since 1993)

Recording studios in California
Kissi language

Kissi (or Kisi) is a Mel language of West Africa, There are two dialects, northern and southern, and both are tonal languages.  The northern dialect is spoken in Guinea and in Sierra Leone. The southern dialect is spoken in Liberia and Sierra Leone.  The two dialects are notably different, but are closely related.

In Guinea, the main places Kissi is spoken are the cities of Kissidougou and Guéckédou and their préfectures.

Phonology

Vowels 

/o, e/ can also approximate to the sounds [ɪ, ʊ].

Consonants 

Kissidougou dialects preserve a distinction between /r/ and /l/ phonemes that have been merged as allophones in dialects south of Guéckédou. For instance, "la huŋ" means exactly the same as "ra huŋ". Also, "Thank you" is realized as "barika" around Kissidougou and "balika" south of Guéckédou. [r] is considered an allophone of /l/ in Kissidougou.

/w/ can also have an allophone of [v] when preceding front vowel sounds.

The voiced labial-velar stop /gb/ occurs only in onomatopoeic phrases, and medial gb can be regarded as an allophone of its voiceless counterpart.

gbaala 'outdoor kitchen'
Gbaŋgbaŋ (a river in Kissidougou)
gbɛŋgbɔ 'stool'
maagbana 'city taxi'

Tone 
Kissi has four tones: two register and two contour. The two register tones are level and high, and the two contour tones are a rising mid tone and the a falling high tone. Kissi also has an extra-high tone, but occurs only sparingly, functioning in only a few grammatical contexts.

Grammar (northern Kissi)

Pronouns

As you can already see from these examples, verbs aren't conjugated like English verbs, but they are inflected by tone.

Articles
Definite and indefinite articles do not exist in Kissi, so "muɛi" means "the knife" as well as "a knife".
If an object has to be defined (because there are more than one, for example), "this" is used:

example: muɛi coŋ - this knife

If that is not exact enough, an object is described using adjectives.

yɔŋgu ya muɛi. / k'ya muɛi. - Give me a/the knife.

yɔŋgu ya muɛi bɛndɛi. / k'ya muɛi bɛndɛi. - Give me the big knife.

References

G. Tucker Childs. A Grammar of Kisi, A Southern Atlantic Language. 1995. 370 pp.
G. Tucker Childs: A Dictionary of the Kisi Language. With an English-Kisi Index
Denise Paulme. Les Gens du Riz: Les Kissi de Haute-Guinée. Paris. Librairie Plon. 1954, 1970. 324 pp. Online version

External links
UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive - Sound Files Kissi-Northern
Sound Files - KQS Kissi-Northern at globalrecordings.net
Sound Files - KSS Kisi-Southern (Gissi) at globalrecordings.net
Sound Files - The complete New Testament in Kisi (Select language "Kisi Southern")
Sample text at language-museum.com

Mel languages
Languages of Liberia
Languages of Guinea
Languages of Sierra Leone
Kissi

Kissi may refer to the following :

 Kissi, Burkina Faso, an African archaeological site
 Kissi language, of the Niger–Congo family
 Kissi penny, an iron currency in West Africa
 Kissi people, in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia
 Greek name of Roman Cissi in Mauretania Caesariensis (now Djinet in Algeria)
Penal Sanctions (Indigenous Workers) Convention, 1939 (shelved)

Penal Sanctions (Indigenous Workers) Convention, 1939 (shelved) is  an International Labour Organization Convention.

It was established in 1939, with the preamble stating:

Ratifications
Prior to it being shelved, the convention had been ratified by 33 states.

External links 
Text.
Ratifications.

Shelved International Labour Organization conventions
Treaties concluded in 1939
Treaties entered into force in 1948
Volvariella volvacea

Volvariella volvacea (also known as paddy straw mushroom or straw mushroom) is a species of edible mushroom cultivated throughout East and Southeast Asia and used extensively in Asian cuisine. They are often available fresh in regions they are cultivated, but elsewhere are more frequently found canned or dried. Worldwide, straw mushrooms are the third-most-consumed mushroom.

Description 
In their button stage, straw mushrooms resemble poisonous death caps, but can be distinguished by several mycological features, including their pink spore print (spore prints of death caps are white). The two mushrooms have different distributions, with the death cap generally not found where the straw mushroom grows natively, but immigrants, particularly those from Southeast Asia to California and Australia, have been poisoned due to misidentification.

Uses 
Straw mushrooms are grown on rice straw beds and are most commonly picked when immature (often labeled "unpeeled"), during their button or egg phase and before the veil ruptures. They are adaptable, taking four to five days to mature, and are most successfully grown in subtropical climates with high annual rainfall. No record has been found of their cultivation before the 19th century.

Nutrition 
One cup () of straw mushrooms is nutritionally dense and provides  of food energy, 27.7 µg selenium (50.36% of RDA),  sodium (46.60%),  iron (32.50%), 0.242 mg copper (26.89%), 69 µg vitamin B9 (folate) (17.25%), 111 mg phosphorus (15.86%), 0.75 mg vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) (15.00%), 6.97 g protein (13.94%), 4.5 g total dietary fiber (11.84%), and 1.22 mg zinc (11.09%).

References

External links 

 Straw Mushroom
 http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=307802 
 http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=307802
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2019.09.008

Pluteaceae
Chinese edible mushrooms
Fungi described in 1786
Fungi in cultivation
Fungi of Asia
Sanhan

Sanhan may refer to:

Samhan, a period of Korean history
Sanhan, Yemen
Nanpu

Nanpu may refer to:

Nanpū, limited express train service in Japan operated by JR Shikoku
Nanpu Bridge, Bridge in Shanghai, China
Nanpu Bridge station, station on Shanghai Metro Line 4
Nanbu County in Sichuan, formerly romanized as Nanpu
Nanpu Island, island in Panyu, Guangdong, China
Nanpu Town, town in Quanzhou, Fujian, China

See also
 Nampo (disambiguation)
Kono, Rivers

Kono is a village in Rivers State, Nigeria. It is situated on the coast in Khana Local Government Area, about 45 miles (72.4 km) from Port Harcourt. The dialect spoken in Kono is Khana, and the people are Ogoni.  Former Footballer Joseph Yobo was born and grew up in Kono. The present traditional Ruler in Kono is Mr Anson Monday Nwige. The Community has about four oil wells. It can boast of ethnic and cultural events which include the Waaro festival and Nwikorobee Festival. These festivals attract many visitors.

References

Populated places in Rivers State
Thawan Thamrongnawasawat

Thawan Thamrongnawasawat (also spelt Thawal Thamrongnavaswadhi or Thawal Thamrongnavasawat; , ; ), born Thawan Tharisawat (, ; 21 November 1901 – 3 December 1988), was the eighth Prime Minister of Thailand from 1946–1947. Before becoming a politician, he was a naval officer, holding the rank of rear admiral.

Education 
 Ayutthaya Wittayalai School
 Debsirin School
 Chulalongkorn University
 Royal Thai Naval Academy

Careers 

A career naval officer of Chinese ancestry, Thamrong was a leading member of the anti-Japanese Free Thai Movement resistance movement during World War II. He became Thailand's elected prime minister on 23 August 1946, replacing Pridi Banomyong. However, he was removed from office by a military coup orchestrated by Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram on 8 November 1947. Khuang Aphaiwong then assumed the post of prime minister.

After King Rama VII abdicated the throne, Thamrong was appointed by the government to be the leader of a faculty of representatives to travel to invite Prince Ananda Mahidol, who was living in Switzerland with his mother and two siblings, to ascend to the throne as King Rama VIII of the Chakri dynasty.

However, due to political fluctuations, a coup eventually occurred originating from within a group of soldiers led by Phin Choonhavan on 8 November 1947, resulting in Thamrong having to leave the country and stay in Hong Kong for a period. When Thamrong later returned to Thailand he was appointed as a member of the Constitutional Drafting Assembly. After that, he lived a relatively quietly life.

Death 
Thawan Thamrongnawasawat died on 3 December 1988 at Phramongkutklao Hospital, aged 87 years, being the first and only naval officer to date who has served as prime minister.

Academic rank
 1939 Adjunct Professor of Thammasat University

Royal decorations
Thawan has received the following royal decorations in the Honours System of Thailand:
  Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant
  Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of The Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand
  Victory Medal - World War II 
  Safeguarding the Constitution Medal
  Medal for Service Rendered in the Indochina (Franco-Thai War)
  Medal for Service in the Interior - Asia (Pacific War)
  Chakrabarti Mala Medal
  King Rama VIII Royal Cypher Medal, 1st

References

1901 births
1988 deaths
Thawan Thamrongnawasawat
Thawan Thamrongnawasawat
Thawan Thamrongnawasawat
Thawan Thamrongnawasawat
Thawan Thamrongnawasawat
Thawan Thamrongnawasawat
Thawan Thamrongnawasawat
Thawan Thamrongnawasawat
Thawan Thamrongnawasawat
Thawan Thamrongnawasawat
Thawan Thamrongnawasawat
Thawan Thamrongnawasawat
Leaders ousted by a coup
Migration for Employment Convention, 1939

Migration for Employment Convention, 1939 is  an International Labour Organization Convention.

It was established in 1939, with the preamble stating:

The treaty was not ratified by any countries and was never brought into force.

Withdrawn
The convention was withdrawn at the ILO General Conference May 30, 2000.

Modification 
The principles found in the convention were subsequently revised and included in the ILO Convention C97, Migration for Employment Convention (Revised), 1949.

External links 
Text.

Migrant workers
International Labour Organization conventions
Treaties concluded in 1939
Unratified treaties
1939 in labor relations
Gao Jian (footballer, born 1982)

Gao Jian () (born August 10, 1982) is a Chinese association football player.

Club career
Gao started his football career for Changchun Yatai in the 2001 league season after graduating from their youth team. He would eventually establish himself as a regular within the team and would particularly rise to prominence during the 2005 league season when he aided the team to a runners-up position within the division, leading to promotion to the top tier. The following season saw Changchun Yatai thrive in the top tier, however Gao struggled in attack and only scored four goals in 22 appearances. After his disappointing season Changchun Yatai brought in Guillaume Dah Zadi at the beginning of the 2007 league season, leading to Gao's playing time to severely drop and having to watch as the team won the league title. To get some more playing time he was loaned out to Shenzhen Shangqingyin in 2008 season for 300,000 RMB.

Honours
Changchun Yatai
Chinese Super League: 2007
Chinese Jia B League: 2003

References

External links
Profile at sodasoccer.com

1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Shenyang
Chinese men's footballers
Changchun Yatai F.C. players
Shenzhen F.C. players
Chinese Super League players
China League One players
Men's association football forwards
Clair Armstrong Callan

Clair Armstrong Callan (March 29, 1920 – May 28, 2005) was an American Democratic Party politician.

Born in Odell, Nebraska, the grandson of Irish immigrants, Callan graduated from Nebraska State Teachers College, now known as Peru State College. He served as an officer in the United States Navy during World War II on a destroyer in the Pacific Theater.

He served on the Odell Village Board, Odell School Board, Gage County School Reorganization Board, Gage County Fair Board, and the Gage County Extension Board. He was chairman of both the Governor's Committee on State Government Reorganization Board and the Nebraska Power Review Board. He worked as a farmer, stockman, and in the hardware and farm supply business.

After losing his first race for Nebraska's 1st Congressional District in 1962 to incumbent Ralph Beermann, Callan was narrowly elected to the Eighty-ninth United States Congress in 1964, serving from January 3, 1965, to January 3, 1967.  He was defeated for reelection to the Ninetieth United States Congress in 1966 by Robert Vernon Denney and lost a rematch to him in 1968.  In 1970, when Denney decided not so seek reelection, Callan ran as an independent when he failed to receive the Democratic nomination, winning 26% in a three way race and finishing ahead of the Democratic nominee. He was Deputy Administrator of the Rural Electrification Administration from 1967 to 1968 and president of the Allied Industries International, Inc. and Agri-Tech in Nashville, Tennessee. He died on May 28, 2005, in Fairbury, Nebraska.

He was a member of the United Methodist Church, a member of the American Legion, Veterans of Foreign Wars, the Freemasons, the Shriners, the Elks, the Odd Fellows and of the Optimist Club.

References

 
 
 
 

1920 births
2005 deaths
20th-century American politicians
20th-century Methodists
21st-century Methodists
United States Navy personnel of World War II
American people of Irish descent
American United Methodists
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska
Farmers from Nebraska
People from Gage County, Nebraska
Peru State College alumni
School board members in Nebraska
Morton Horwitz

Morton J. Horwitz (born 1938) is an American legal historian and law professor at Harvard Law School.  The recent past dean of Harvard Law School, Elena Kagan, relates that during her time at law school, students often nicknamed him as "Mort the Tort" since he taught the first-year subject Torts.

Career
Horwitz obtained an A.B. from the City College of New York (1959), an A.M. and Ph.D. from Harvard University (1962 and 1964), and an LL.B. from Harvard Law School (1967).

He became an associate professor of law at Harvard Law School in 1970 and gained tenure as a full professor in 1974.  In 1981, he was appointed the Charles Warren Professor of American Legal History.

Transformation work
His first book, The Transformation of American Law, 1780-1860, was published in 1977, and is widely regarded as one of the most important books in modern American legal historiography.  It won the Bancroft Prize, the preeminent prize in American history in the United States.  A product of its time, this book sought to give a "thick description" (à la Clifford Geertz) of the transformation of American law in the period, without appealing to "covering laws" (à la Carl Gustav Hempel).  The book was conceived as an attack on the so-called "Consensus School" of American Legal History, which had dominated the field of Legal History in the 1950s and minimized the role of class dimensions in American legal history.  The main argument of his book is that in the first half of the 19th century, many judges self-consciously allied themselves with a rapidly growing class of mercantile capitalists and promoted a series of legal rules which favored those capitalists. 

In The Transformation of American Law, 1870-1960: The Crisis of Legal Orthodoxy (1992), the sequel to his first book, Horwitz focused on the critics of the system which he described in his first book, especially Oliver Wendell Holmes, Roscoe Pound, and Karl Llewellyn.  He frames this change in the law as a debate between "Legal Formalists" and "Legal Realists".  He argues that in this period, the victors from his first book tried to present the current state of the law as the natural and necessary consequence of the application of the rules of reason.  In their critique of Legal Formalism, the Legal Realists argued that the inductive and analogical model applied by the Legal Formalists was logically incoherent; that all law was ultimately a power relationship; and that, therefore, law was basically a form of public policy which should be decided on public policy grounds rather than by recourse to abstract categories like "reason".

In 1998, Horwitz published his third book, an encomium on the Warren Court entitled The Warren Court and the Pursuit of Justice.

See also
Legal realism

External links
Official faculty biography
NPR Profile

1938 births
Living people
American legal writers
American legal scholars
City College of New York alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Harvard Law School faculty
Legal historians
Bancroft Prize winners
AP Computer Science

In the United States, Advanced Placement (AP) Computer Science (commonly shortened to AP Comp Sci) is a suite of Advanced Placement courses and examinations covering areas of computer science. They are offered by the College Board to high school students as an opportunity to earn college credit for college-level courses.  The suite consists of two current classes and one discontinued class.

AP Computer Science was taught in Pascal for the 1984–1998 exams, in C++ for 1999–2003, and in Java since 2004.

AP Computer Science A
AP Computer Science A is a programming class.  The course emphasizes object-oriented programming methodology, especially problem solving and algorithm development, plus an overview of data structures and abstraction. The AP Computer Science A exam tests students on their knowledge of Java.

It is meant to be the equivalent of a first-semester college course in computer science. 

The Microsoft-sponsored program Technology Education and Literacy in Schools (TEALS) aims to increase the number of students taking AP Computer Science classes.

AP Computer Science AB (discontinued)
AP Computer Science AB included all the topics of AP Computer Science A, as well as a more formal and a more in-depth study of algorithms, data structures, and data abstraction. For example, binary trees were studied in AP Computer Science AB but not in AP Computer Science A. The use of recursive data structures and dynamically allocated structures were fundamental to AP Computer Science AB. 

AP Computer Science AB was equivalent to a full-year college course.  

Due to low numbers of students taking the exam, AP Computer Science AB was discontinued following the May 2009 exam administration.

AP Computer Science Principles
AP Computer Science Principles is an introductory course to computer science, "with a focus on how computing powers the world". It is designed as a complement to AP Computer Science A, to emphasize computational thinking and fluency. It is meant to be the equivalent of a first-semester course in computing.

See also

AP Computer Science A
Computer science
Glossary of computer science
 Scope (computer science)
 Computer graphics (computer science)

References

Computer science education
Computer engineering
Jyoti Sunita Kullu

Jyoti Sunita Kullu (born 9 September 1978 in Sundargarh, Odisha) is a female field hockey player from India, who made her international debut for her native country in 1996 in Delhi at the Indira Gandhi Gold Cup. In 2002, she became the topscorer of the Champions Challenge tournament in Johannesburg, South Africa, with five goals in six matches. In the same year Kullu won the golden medal with India at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, England.

International Senior Tournaments
 1996 – Indira Gandhi Gold Cup, New Delhi
 1997 – World Cup Qualifier, Harare (4th)
 1998 – World Cup, Utrecht (12th)
 1998 – Commonwealth Games, Kuala Lumpur (4th)
 1998 – Asian Games, Bangkok (2nd)
 1999 – Hockey Asia Cup, New Delhi (2nd)
 2000 – Olympic Qualifier, Milton Keynes (10th)
 2001 – World Cup Qualifier, Amiens/Abbeville (7th)
 2002 – Champions Challenge, Johannesburg (3rd)
 2002 – Commonwealth Games, Manchester (1st)
 2002 – Asian Games, Busan (4th)
 2003 – Afro-Asian Games, Hyderabad (1st)
 2004 – Hockey Asia Cup, New Delhi (1st)
 2006 – Commonwealth Games, Melbourne (2nd)
 2006 – World Cup, Madrid (11th)

Awards

 Arjuna Award, 2007

References

External links
Commonwealth Games Biography

1978 births
Living people
People from Sundergarh district
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
Field hockey players from Odisha
Sportswomen from Odisha
Indian female field hockey players
Field hockey players at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Field hockey players at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Field hockey players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India
Asian Games medalists in field hockey
Field hockey players at the 1998 Asian Games
Field hockey players at the 2002 Asian Games
Field hockey players at the 2006 Asian Games
Asian Games silver medalists for India
Asian Games bronze medalists for India
Commonwealth Games medallists in field hockey
21st-century Indian women
21st-century Indian people
Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
Medallists at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
The Legend of Johnny Cash

The Legend of Johnny Cash is a single-disc compilation album of American musician and singer Johnny Cash's career. It is the first such album to contain material from Cash's American Recordings era in addition to songs from his time at Sun and Columbia, as well as one track recorded for Island Records. It was released on October 25, 2005, on the Island/American/Columbia/Legacy record labels and tied to the release of the Cash biopic Walk the Line. In the wake of that film's success its sales made the compilation an overwhelming success. The album was certified Gold on December 7, 2005, Platinum on December 14, 2005, and 2× Platinum on May 19, 2006, by the RIAA. As of November 2017, the album has sold 3,866,300 copies in the United States.

A UK version entitled Ring of Fire: The Legend of Johnny Cash has a different track listing.

Track listing

Alternate UK track listing
A version released in the UK entitled Ring of Fire: The Legend of Johnny Cash has a slightly altered track listing, with some of the above songs absent and others, such as covers of U2's "One" and Depeche Mode's "Personal Jesus", included in their place.

Personnel
 Johnny Cash – vocals, guitar, harmonica, piano, production

Additional personnel
 Rick Rubin, Steven Berkowitz, Charlie Bragg, Gregg Geller, Bob Johnston, Frank Jones, Don Law, Andy McKaie, Chips Moman – production 
 Gavin Lurssen, Dana Smart – remastering
 Adam Abrams – production coordination
 Tom Jermann/t42design – design
 David Gahr, Don Hunstein, Les Leverett, Jim Marshall, Alan Messer – photography
 Ryan Null – photo coordination
 Adam Starr – product manager
 Rich Kienzle – liner notes. * Compilation produced by Rick Rubin. * Engineered by David Ferguson

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

External links
 Johnny Cash’s official website

2005 compilation albums
Blues compilation albums
Folk compilation albums
Gospel compilation albums
Country music compilation albums
Rock compilation albums
Johnny Cash compilation albums
Columbia Records compilation albums
Legacy Recordings compilation albums
Canadian Country Music Association Top Selling Album albums
Maxfield Research

Maxfield Research is a Minnesota based real estate research company. The company specializes in obtaining and interpreting real estate market information and conducts feasibility studies for potential land development.

History
Founded in 1983 by Lee Maxfield and business partner Gary Solomonson, Maxfield Research has grown into a small team-based company of research analysts, interns, and an office manager. The headquarters are in Northeast, Minneapolis. The current President is Mary Bujold and Vice President is Jay Thompson.

Clients
Maxfield serves both the private sector and public sector. The majority of its clients include real estate developers, independent proprietors, and housing authorities. Besides many types of housing studies, the company also conducts demand research for office, retail, food, industrial, and recreational. 

In the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area, Maxfield is best known for evaluating condominium projects and senior housing. Due to regular publishing of real estate market reports, company researchers are frequently sourced and opined by local news.

Maxfield is an independent proprietary of the Griffin Companies.

References

Companies based in Minneapolis
Minnesota Security Hospital

The Minnesota Security Hospital is a secure psychiatric hospital located in St. Peter, Minnesota.  It serves people who have been committed by the court as mentally ill and dangerous.  It was established as St. Peter State Hospital in 1866 under the Kirkbride Plan. The original building is mostly demolished though the hospital is still active.

History
In 1866, the Minnesota Legislature approved the building of a state hospital for the insane, hoping to reduce the growing amount of mentally ill people in jails throughout the state. They first had to find an area willing to deed  of land for the hospital. St. Peter leaders bought a  farm for $7,000 and lent it to the state.

The hospital was constructed in 1866 in the Kirkbride design. A fire destroyed the men's ward of the hospital on November 15, 1880. C. K. Bartlett was the superintendent of the hospital in its early years before his resignation in 1894.

Its first patient checked on December 6, 1866. The hospital soon became overcrowded, so the state built 3 other facilities in Rochester, Fergus Falls, and Anoka. The St. Peter location remained the main hospital. Other hospitals also opened to reduce the population of patients but either closed or turned into retirement homes for the elderly.

In 1911, the Asylum for Dangerous Insane officially opened on the campus of the St. Peter Hospital. The name was later changed to the Minnesota Security Hospital (MSH) in 1957.

After the attempted assassination of Bishop Patrick Heffron of the Diocese of Winona, Reverend Louis M. Lescher was committed to this hospital until his death in 1943.

In 1982, the current MSH building opened.  The original hospital has since been demolished.  The coordinates of the original hospital are .

Records
Records documenting the population and activities in the security hospital, including admission and transfer book (1911–1938), admissions index (1911–1963), daily movement of population record, dangerous insane (1911–1913), and scrapbook (1937–1987) kept by longtime medical director Charles G. Sheppard are available for research use.

References

 

Hospital buildings completed in 1866
Hospital buildings completed in 1957
Hospitals in Minnesota
Psychiatric hospitals in Minnesota
Buildings and structures in Nicollet County, Minnesota
1866 establishments in Minnesota
Hospitals established in 1866
Ildéphonse Nizeyimana

Ildéphonse Nizeyimana (born 5 october 1963) is a Rwandan soldier, who was convicted of having participated in the Rwandan genocide by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.

Life
An ethnic Hutu, Nizeyimana was born in Gisenyi prefecture on 5 October 1963, in the same commune as President Juvénal Habyarimana. In 1994, he held the rank of captain in the Rwandan Armed Forces, and was the second-in-command, after Tharcisse Muvunyi, of the École des sous-officiers (ESO). He was convicted of ordering the execution of Queen Dowager Rosalie Gicanda at the beginning of the killings in Butare.

On November 27, 2000, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) issued an indictment against Nizeyimana, charging him with "genocide, or in the alternative complicity in genocide, direct and public incitement to commit genocide, and crimes against humanity." Specifically, the indictment alleged that during the genocide, Nizeyimana had "instigated, encouraged, facilitated, or acquiesced to [...], the Interahamwe committing killings, kidnappings and the destruction of property." He was described as "one of [the] highest targets" of the ICTR.

On October 6, 2009, Nizeyimana was arrested in the Ugandan capital Kampala, apparently traveling from the Democratic Republic of the Congo to Kenya on false documents. The United States government had previously offered a reward of up to US$5 million for information leading to his arrest or conviction.

On September 29, 2014,  the ICTR confirmed the conviction of Nizeyimana for genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity for his personal involvement in the killings, including  the killing of Queen Gicanda. They reduced his sentence from life imprisonment to 35 years.

References

External links 
U.S. State Department press release about Nizeyimana

Rwandan soldiers
1963 births
Living people
Hutu people
People convicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
Fugitives wanted on genocide charges
Fugitives wanted on crimes against humanity charges
Rwandan people convicted of genocide
Rwandan people convicted of murder
Rwandan people convicted of crimes against humanity
Rwandan people convicted of war crimes
Rwandan prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
People from Rubavu District
The Fallen

The Fallen may refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media

Fictional entities
 The Fallen (comics), character in Marvel Comics
 The Fallen (Transformers), a Transformers comic book and movie character

Film and television 
 The Fallen (1926 film), a German silent film
 The Fallen (2004 film), a 2004 film about World War II
 The Fallen (Arrow), an episode of Arrow

Games
 Star Trek: Deep Space Nine: The Fallen, a 2000 video game
 The Fallen, also known as Eliksni, are a race in Destiny and Destiny 2.

Literature
Series
 The Fallen (series), a series of novels authored by Thomas E. Sniegoski

Books
 The Fallen (Higson novel), book 5 in Charlie Higson's young adult horror series, The Enemy
 The Fallen, a novel by Stephen Finucan
 The Fallen (2016), a futuristic Christian novel by Robert Don Hughes, published by Venture Press 
 The Fallen, a novel by T. Jefferson Parker

Poetry
For the Fallen, by Laurence Binyon, often recited at Remembrance Day services.

Music
Groups
 We Are the Fallen, a band consisting of several former Evanescence members
Songs
 "The Fallen", a 2006 song by the rock band Franz Ferdinand
 "The Fallen", a 2012 song by Hoobastank from Fight or Flight
 "The Fallen", a song by the metal band Suicide Silence

See also
 Fallen (disambiguation)
Extreme Music from Women

Extreme Music From Women is a compilation album released in 2000 on the Susan Lawly label.

Track listing
Rosemary Malign - "No You Listen"
Lisa & Naomi Tocatly - "Stiletto Nights""
Delores Dewberry - "Paragraph 64"
Candi Nook - "Schizephrenisis II''
Annabel Lee - "Lycanthropy"
Mira Calix - "Too Slim For Suicide"
Clara Clamp - "September"
Debra Petrovich - "Dislocated"
Karen Thomas - "Puritan"
Betty Cannery - "Closeted"
Gaya Donadio - "Indiscretion"
Maria Moran - "Tattoo"
Frl. Tost - "I Hate You, Laura"
Wendy Van Dusen - "Dog"
Cat Hope - "Mindimi Trek"
Diane Nelson - "Mounted Insect - Dissected Insect"

External links

2000 compilation albums
Beretta AS70/90

The Beretta AS70/90 was a light machine gun or squad automatic weapon derived from the Beretta AR70/90 rifle system.  It used the same gas operated, rotating bolt system as the rifle but fired from an open bolt and had a much heavier fixed barrel.

There were some minor cosmetic changes from the rifle, including an enhanced front hand grip and enlarged handguard around the barrel.  The stock was modified slightly to support the shooter's shoulder and provides a grip for the support hand.

The carrying handle was removable and its mounting can be used for a variety of optics.

The AS70/90 light machine gun had been introduced by Beretta as a response to the requests of the Italian Army, which by the time (the late 1980s) was looking for a more compact and handy squad automatic weapon to replace in this role the MG-42/59 (Italian license-made version of the German Rheinmetall MG3 machine-gun). The AS70/90 anyway never passed well the extremely stringent trial tests it underwent by the Alpini troops of the Italian Army. The open bolt working system made this gun more sensitive to the penetration of dirt and other elements which caused frequent jamming and malfunctions. Furthermore, the AS70/90 fed only by STANAG magazines; and although this includes the possibility of using the high-capacity (100-rounds) Beta C-Mag, this was still too little for the necessity of the Italian Armed Forces, who wanted a belt-fed weapon with magazine-feeding possibility as an emergency optional. As a result, the AS70/90 was discarded, the FN MINIMI light machine-gun being adopted instead (and being since manufactured under license in Italy by Beretta). The AS70/90 never interested any other customer, and quickly went out of the Beretta Defence/Police catalogues. The very few samples manufactured are today in the hands of Beretta itself and of the Italian Armed Forces, which make no use of it.

Sources

Charles Cutshaw, Tactical small arms of the 21st century

5.56 mm machine guns
Machine guns of Italy
Squad automatic weapons
AS70 90
Julia Greville

Julia Emma Greville (born 18 February 1979) is an Australian middle-distance freestyle swimmer who won a bronze medal in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay at the 1996 Summer Olympics.

Coming from Perth, Western Australia, Greville emerged onto the scene in 1995, winning the 200-metre freestyle at the Australian Championships and going on to win a silver medal in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay at the 1995 Pan Pacific Championships in Atlanta, Georgia.  At the Atlanta Olympics the following year, Greville reached the final of the 200-metre freestyle, as well as collecting a bronze medal in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay, alongside Susie O'Neill, Nicole Stevenson and Emma Johnson.

Greville's emergence was complete when she claimed a bronze medal in the 200-metre freestyle at the 1998 FINA World Championships in Perth, as well as the relay event. However, aside from a relay gold medal in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay, she failed to medal at the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

In 1999, Greville sustained a shoulder injury from a car accident. Due to this injury, Greville withdrew from the 1999 Pan Pacific Games in order to surgically repair her shoulder. Five weeks from Olympic Trials Greville's shoulder failed. Greville swam trials with an injured shoulder missing selection for the 2000 Summer Olympics.

See also
 List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)
 List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming (women)

References

1979 births
Living people
Olympic swimmers for Australia
Swimmers from Perth, Western Australia
Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Australia
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Olympic bronze medalists in swimming
Australian female freestyle swimmers
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Sportswomen from Western Australia
Undead (disambiguation)

Undead is a collective name for supernatural entities that are deceased yet behave as if alive.

Undead or The Undead may also refer to:

Fictional characters
 Undead (Dungeons & Dragons), a classification of monsters in Dungeons & Dragons
 Undead (Kamen Rider), a race of monsters in the TV series Kamen Rider Blade
 Undead (Warhammer), an army of monsters in Warhammer games
 Undead, a type of character in Heroscape
 Skeleton (undead), undead manifested as skeletons

Film
 The Undead (film), a 1957 horror film directed by Roger Corman
 Undead (film), a 2003 horror comedy film

Music 
 Undead (Six Feet Under album), 2012
 Undead (Tad Morose album), or the title song, 2000
 Undead (Ten Years After album), 1968
 "Undead" (song), by Hollywood Undead, 2008
 "Undead", a song by The Haunted from The Haunted
 The Undead, an American horror punk band, or a 1995 album by the band

Other uses
 Undead (series), a series of vampire romance novels by MaryJanice Davidson
 Undead (board game), a 1981 game from Steve Jackson Games
 Undead (Mayfair Games), a 1986 supplement for fantasy role-playing games published by Mayfair Games
List of United States Senate election disputes

Article One of the United States Constitution gives the Senate the power to "determine the elections, returns, and qualifications" of its own members.  As a result, the Senate has been asked to review the election of one of its members many times.

Election cases

References 

Disputes
Disputes
Sodium tartrate

Sodium tartrate (Na2C4H4O6) is a salt used as an emulsifier and a binding agent in food products such as jellies, margarine, and sausage casings.  As a food additive, it is known by the E number E335.

Because its crystal structure captures a very precise amount of water, it is also a common primary standard for Karl Fischer titration, a common technique to assay water content.

See also
 Monosodium tartrate

References

External links
Properties of Sodium Tartrate at linanwindow
Properties of Sodium Tartrate at JTBaker

Tartrates
Organic sodium salts
Food additives
E-number additives