alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Lesotho

Lesotho is a small country in southern Africa, it is an enclave of South Africa. Its population is about 1,800,000.
The capital of Lesotho is called Maseru.

Geography 
Lesotho has no coast on the sea nor on a lake. This type of country is called landlocked, meaning it is surrounded by land. All of Lesotho's trade must either be flown in by aeroplane, or brought in by land. Lesotho's position is unusual: it is completely surrounded by South Africa and has no borders with any other country. This type of country is called an enclave. Lesotho is one of the only three enclaved countries in the world (the other two are San Marino and the Vatican City). This makes Lesotho's relationship with South Africa very important to them both.

Lesotho has many mountains and is one of the most mountainous countries in the world. All of Lesotho is at least 1,400 m above sea level. People sometimes travel there to ski in winter. The many mountains in Lesotho mean that it rains there a lot. Lesotho uses some of its water to generate electricity and sells some of the water to South Africa.

History 
Lesotho became a country in 1818, but it was then called Basutoland. A man called Moshoeshoe brought several of the groups of people in the area together and formed a new country with him as its king. This new country came under attack from its enemies and in 1868 Moshoeshoe asked Queen Victoria of Great Britain for help. Great Britain said it would help if Lesotho became part of the British Empire.

Lesotho eventually gained its independence on 4 October 1966. Now it is a member of the British Commonwealth. King Letsie III is the ruler of Lesotho.

Cities

Related pages
Lesotho at the Olympics
Lesotho national football team
List of rivers of Lesotho

References

 
States and territories established in the 1960s
1966 establishments
Current monarchies
Least developed countries
1960s establishments in Africa
Commonwealth member states
Köbes

A Köbes (pronounced like 'kur-bess') is a waiter in traditional pubs in the Rhineland part of Germany, especially in Cologne, Düsseldorf and Krefeld.

A Köbes wears a blue apron and blue jacket and has a big leather belt with a leather purse. He serves beer and food to guests and replaces empty beer glasses with full ones until the customer either places a beermat on his glass to signal that he doesn't want any more, or until the customer asks to pay.

The word Köbes comes from the name Jakob in a local dialect.

Books 
 Michael Scuffil: Drink doch ene mit! Der kölsche Köbes, published by Verlag Emons in Cologne, Edition 1, April 2007, 47 pages, in five languages, hardbound, 

Germany
Stop-motion

Stop motion is a way of animation which makes it look like still objects are moving. Clay animation is a good example of how stop motion is used.

Stop-motion requires any camera that can make single frames (or photos). It works by shooting a single frame, moving the object a little bit, and capturing a frame again. Cartoons use a similar way; one of the main differences is that stop motion uses real objects instead of drawn.

Tim Burton, Will Vinton and the Aardman studio have used this method in their productions.

Related pages
 Clay

Animation
D.C. United

D.C. United is a Major League Soccer league soccer (or football) team that plays in Washington, D.C. in the United States.  Its nickname is "the Black-and-Red".

League title 
 Major League Soccer : 4
 1996, 1997, 1999, 2004

League position

References

Major League Soccer teams
1995 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Washington, D.C.
Wendy Carlos

Wendy Carlos (born Walter Carlos, November 14, 1939) is an American composer and musician. She was born in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. She is known as one of the first people to use electric instruments to make music. In 1968, she released her music album "Switched on Bach". This album used many new electric instruments including the Moog Synthesizer. It won three Grammy Awards. She also did the music for movies. These include A Clockwork Orange, The Shining, and Tron. In 1972, Carlos had a medical operation to change her body from male to female.

References

Other websites 

20th-century American composers
American movie score composers
American electronic musicians
LGBT musicians
Grammy Award winners
American LGBT people
Transgender people
Musicians from Rhode Island
1939 births
Living people
People from Pawtucket, Rhode Island
21st-century American composers
Boolean algebra

In mathematics, Boolean algebra is an algebra for binary digits (where 0 means false and 1 means true). It is equipped with three operators: conjunction (AND), disjunction (OR) and negation (NOT). It uses normal math symbols, but it does not work in the same way. It is named for George Boole, who invented it in the middle 19th century. Boolean algebra did not get much attention except from mathematicians until the 20th century when engineers began using it for logic gates.

NOT gate 

The NOT operator is written with a bar over numbers or letters like this:

It means that the output is not the input.

AND gate 

The AND operator is written as  like this:

The output is true if and only if one and the other input is true.

OR gate 

The OR operator is written as  like this:

If one or the other input is true, then the output to be true (and false otherwise).

XOR gate 

XOR basically means "exclusive or", meaning one input or the other must be true, but not both. It is also sometimes called NOR, which means the same thing.

The XOR operator is written as  like this:

In other words, the XOR operator returns true precisely when one or the other input is true—but not both.

Identities 

Different gates can be put together in different orders:

 is the same as an AND then a NOT. This is called a NAND gate.

It is not the same as a NOT then an AND: 

which is called AND identity table

, if
.

or if =TRUE, TRUE.,

De Morgan's laws 
Augustus De Morgan discovered that it is possible to preserve the truth values of Boolean expressions by changing a  sign to a  sign, while making or breaking a bar. That is:

These findings are commonly known as De Morgan's laws.

Related pages
 Abstract algebra
 Boolean data type
 Boolean satisfiability problem
 Fuzzy logic
 Propositional logic

References

Other websites
 Boolean algebra on All About Circuits
 Boolean algebra Citizendium

 
Electronics
Aramaic language

Aramaic is a Semitic language. It has been written for 3100 years and has been spoken for longer than that.

It is one of the Northwest Semitic languages. The Semitic languages include Aramaic, Hebrew, Arabic and many other languages.

Aramaic is the language of long parts of the two Bible books of  Daniel and Ezra. It is the language of the Jewish Talmud.

Words are written with the 22 characters of the Aramaic alphabet, which was widely adopted for other languages and is an ancestor to the Hebrew, Syriac and Arabic alphabets.

History 
Aramaic is the language of long parts of the two Bible books of Daniel and Ezra. It is the language of the Jewish Talmud.

In the 12th century BC, the first speakers of Aramaic started to live in what is now Syria, Iraq and eastern Turkey. As the bureaucratic language of the Achaemenid Empire, it became the most important language in the Middle East. Jewish speakers took the language with them to North Africa and Europe. Christian speakers took the language with them to Persia, India and even China.

In the 7th century AD, Aramaic stopped being the most important language in the Middle East. The Arabic language became the new important language. Aramaic is still spoken by scattered communities of Jews, Mandaeans and some Christians. Small groups of people still speak Aramaic in different parts of the Middle East. The wars of the last two centuries have made many speakers leave their homes to live in different places around the world. Today, between 500,000 and 850,000 people speak Aramaic languages.

Dialects  

Aramaic is not one language without any changes. Because many different people over many centuries spoke and wrote it, there are many different types of Aramaic languages, called dialects, but some of them are so different that they are like different languages.

The different dialects make two groups: an Eastern group and a Western group. The division between them is around the River Euphrates.

The dialects are divided also by time. Old Aramaic is the name of the oldest dialects, which only scholars learn. Middle Aramaic is the group of dialects, which are used not every day but for special things like writing and religion. Modern Aramaic is the group of dialects that is used every day by some groups.

References

Other websites 
 Aramaic Q&As: The "Family Tree" of Aramaic dialects
 Introduction to Aramaic, an alphabet

Semitic languages
11th century BC
Population density

The population density of a country or city or other place is a number showing how crowded that place is. It is got by dividing the population by the area. For example, France has a population of 60,561,200, and an area of 551,695 square kilometres, so its population density is about 109.8 persons per square kilometre.

A number of factors affect population density. For example, the climate. Greenland has a very low population density because people cannot live on its large glacier (ice sheet) or survive in such frigid temperatures.

Many cities are near rivers, because the first settlers wanted somewhere close to water to start a society. Areas around rivers often have a high population density.

The population density of New York City is 10,292 persons per square kilometre. Other places, such as large countries, can have very low population densities. The population density of Canada is only 3.8 persons per square kilometre because it is such a big country.

The country with the highest population density in the world is Monaco, with 16,620 persons per square kilometre. The country with the lowest is Greenland, which has only 0.03 persons per square kilometre.

Related pages
Population growth
Overpopulation

References

population
Saturday Night Fever

Saturday Night Fever is a 1977 American drama movie. It stars John Travolta as a 19 year old working-class Italian American man named Tony Manero. Manero lives with his parents and works in a dead-end job at a small hardware store. He tries to escape his problem-filled life in Brooklyn by dancing at a nightclub in New York City. The soundtrack (an album that has disco songs that were heard in the movie) of the movie includes music by the Bee Gees and many other artists. Both the album and movie were very popular. There are two versions of the movie: the original R-rated version and the PG-rated version which came out a year later so the movie could be popular with younger people. A sequel called Staying Alive was released in 1983 also starring John Travolta.

Release dates

References

Other websites 

1977 drama movies
American drama movies
Dance movies
English-language movies
Movies set in New York City
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by John Badham
Greyhound

A Greyhound is a dog breed that is skinny, has long legs, and runs faster than any other breed of dog. It is one of the oldest breeds of dogs. For centuries, people have raced them in some parts of the world. Greyhound racing is a bit like horse racing in many ways. In recent years, many Greyhounds have been mistreated or killed especially after they get too old to race, but many animal rights rescue groups try to stop that and to help them be adopted by people to keep as pets.

Dog breeds originating in the United Kingdom
FCI breeds
Grand unification theory

Grand unification theory or GUT is a model that tries to describe the universe. It says that three forces -  electromagnetic, weak and  strong forces - were once combined into a single force. These are three of the fundamental four forces of nature, which are responsible for all of the pushes and pulls in the universe. If gravity is also combined with these forces, then the GUT will become the proposed Theory of Everything.

Because GUT models have more dimensions than currently known, there has not been a single GUT. Particle accelerators, like the Large Hadron Collider have been built to test these GUTs indirectly, as it is too complex to observe effects on particles without them.

GUT was first proposed by researchers from CERN in the 1970s. The discovery of the Higgs Boson and other such recent discoveries will get scientists closer to knowing which GUT is correct, and ultimately know the Theory of Everything. This theory was given by Pakistani scientist Abdus Salam, who shared the Noble Prize with Weinberg and Glashow for it in 1979.

There have been numerous failed attempts to form a Grand Unified Theory, and many scientists believe that it is impossible¹. Although the attempts have not been successful so far, we have gained invaluable insight and understanding through the endeavours to find the Grand Unified Theory. By Aditya.A.Malpani

Basic physics ideas
Factory

A factory is a building where workers use machines to make things for sale.  It usually means a building where companies use mass production to make different things.  Many of the same thing are made in a short amount of time.

People who work in factories are losing their jobs because machines can do their work more easily. (Automation) Now some factories are lights-out, which means they can run without any workers.

Factories during the Industrial Revolution had horrible working conditions.

References

Other websites 

Manufacturing buildings
Prejudice

Prejudice means preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.  The word comes from the Latin "pre" (before) and "judge".  People may prejudge any question, but the word is often used for an opinion about a person or group of people.  English understanding of the Latin has changed in past centuries.  In old English the word "prejudice" denotes the use of "good judgment" before an event, e.g., "I decided (showed prejudice) not to run with the bulls because I could have been hurt". 

The word "prejudice" is often used when people dislike another group of people that are different from them. They may decide they do not like them because of their skin color (this is "racial prejudice"), religion (religious prejudice) or nationality. Such prejudices can lead to discrimination, hatred or even war.

Judges in a court of law should not be prejudiced when deciding whether someone is guilty. They should have an "open mind" so that they can make a fair decision (this is also known as not having a bias; most judges in a court of law have sworn to be unbiased when deciding a penalty). For example, if that person is the judge's friend then the judge would be prejudiced because he (or she) would not want his (or her) friend to get into trouble. In many other situations it is important not to be prejudiced, such as serving as an adjudicator in a competition or a juror in a trial.

Modern people sometimes use "prejudice" to mean "bigotry."  This leaves them with two words for one thing, and none for the other.

Related pages 
 Bigotry
 Discrimination 
 Bias
 Stereotype

Discrimination
Botswana

Botswana (officially called the Republic of Botswana) is a country in southern Africa. The capital of Botswana is Gaborone.

History 
The first people in Botswana's territory were the Khoe and San people. Botswana was first formed as the Bechuanaland Protectorate by the British Empire in 1885.

Geography 

The countries that border Botswana are Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Namibia. It is also possible to travel from Botswana directly into Zambia by crossing the Zambezi River by ferry.

Botswana is landlocked. All of Botswana's trade must be brought in over land or by airplane.

The two most important geographical features in Botswana are the Okavango Delta and the Kalahari Desert.

Divisions
Botswana is divided into 10 districts:
Southern District
South-East District
Kweneng District
Kgatleng District
Central District 
North-East District
Ngamiland District
Kgalagadi District 
Chobe District
Ghanzi District

Culture 
People from Botswana are called Batswana. The population of Botswana is about 2.2 million.  This is only 2.7 persons per km², a small number for a country of this size. This is because most of the country is desert and very dry.

Botswana has two official languages: Setswana and English. Setswana is the national language (also called Tswana).

Governance 
Botswana is a democracy. The people vote for their political leaders. Those leaders vote for the president. In 2008 Ian Khama became the fourth president of Botswana.  

President Khama won elections in 2009 and 2014. The current President of Botswana is Dr. Eric K. Mokgweetsi who took over from Dr. Ian Khama Seretse Khama in 2018.

Economy 
The economy of Botswana has been growing very fast since it became an independent country in 1966. The people of Botswana have had the world's fastest growth in standard of living since that time.

Botswana's economy comes mostly from mining. This includes diamonds, metals (including copper) and minerals (including salt). Botswana is the highest producer of diamonds by value in the world. In 1999, Botswana produced over 30 million carats (6,000 kg) of diamonds from the three Debswana mines. That is about 25% of worldwide production.  There has been an agreement with De Beers since 1969.  In 2023 a new agreement was made giving the country more of the diamonds - 30% in 2023, 40% from 2028 and 50% from 2033.

Tourism is also important to the country. Many people come to Botswana each year to see its wildlife.

The currency of Botswana is called the pula (which means rain). It is made up of 100 thebe (which means shield). In 2017, one US dollar was about 10.32 pulas.

In popular culture

The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency books by Alexander McCall Smith are set in Botswana.  The HBO television series based on the books was filmed in Botswana.

Gallery

Related pages
Botswana at the Olympics
Botswana national football team
List of rivers of Botswana

References

Other websites
 
 
 Botswana Newspapers

 
English-speaking countries
1966 establishments
1960s establishments in Africa
Commonwealth member states
Ferry

Ferry is a boat or ship that is used to take people, vehicles or goods across large bodies of water, such as seas, lakes and rivers. 

In many places around the world, ferries are very important for public transport. Some of these places can only be reached by ferry, because they have no roads or railways with bridge or tunnels that join them to nearby places, nor do they have any locations at which to land airplanes, whether it is an airport or only an airfield.

Sometimes the trip in a ferry is free and sometimes it must be paid for. Many ferries also carry cars, some even have own rail tracks, allowing the ferry to carry trains on board.

The word 'ferry' can also mean 'to take someone or something by ferry'.

The Herald of Free Enterprise disaster, in which 193 people died near Zeebrugge in 1987, was one of the worst ferry accidents of recent times. It was caused by a crew member forgetting to close the bow doors of the ferry.

Other websites

References
Rapa

Rapa or Oparo is an island in French Polynesia. It is sometimes called Rapa Iti to distinguish it from Rapa Nui (Easter Island).

History 
The first European, who visited the island, was the captain George Vancouver. He visited the island in 1791. The island had an estimated population of about 2000 inhabitants. Four tribes inhabited the island. There were many tribal wars on the island. 

The Rapan people were converted to Christianity in 1826, when six embassadors were sent from Tahiti. Soon after that some slaves were brought to Rapa. It caused an epidemy and in 1867 the island's population had declined to about 120. Since late 1800s, the island's population has steadily grown.

Geography 
The main village of Rapa is Haurei. Nearly all inhabitants of Rapa are living in Haurei. The Bay of Haurei, which is on the western end of the island, is named after the village. The bay's original name was, however, "Oparo" or "Paro". Smaller villages include 'Area. 

Rapa's nearest inhabited neighbor island is more than five hundred kilometers away. Together with Marotiri and some smaller islets, Rapa forms the Bass Islands. Marotiri is 46 miles away from Rapa. 

To the southeast is the uninhabited islet Motu Tauturu. 

Many mountains are in Rapa. The highest of them is Mt. Perau (650 m). Rapa has a land area of forty km².

Rapa is 1240 kilometers away from Tahiti, the main island of French Polynesia.

Demographics 
Most inhabitants of Rapa are Polynesians. Polynesians are believed to inhabit the island in about 1000 BC.

Rapa has a population of 521 inhabitants (1996). Most of them are fishermen. The most spoken language of the island is Rapan. Most children and youth can also speak French. 

Rapan is however an endangered language. It is sometimes considered to be a dialect of Tubuaian.

Culture 
The most common form of Rapan folk music is himene tarava. The band The Tahitian Choir is from Rapa and its songs are sung in the Rapan language.

Islands of French Polynesia
Jo Whiley

Johanne "Jo" Whiley (born 4 July, 1965 in Northampton) is an English radio DJ on BBC Radio 1, and television presenter. She had a weekday lunchtime show, called The Jo Whiley Show and later The Lunchtime Social. When Simon Mayo left Radio 1 for Radio Five Live in February 2001, Whiley's show was moved to mid-morning.

In July 2009, Whiley published her autobiography, My World in Motion, on CD from Random House Audiobooks.

References

1965 births
Living people
British radio personalities
English television presenters
People from Northampton
The Gambia

The Gambia is officially called the Republic of the Gambia. This country is also known as Gambia. It is a country in West Africa. It is surrounded by Senegal. It is the smallest country on mainland Africa.

Banjul is the capital city. The largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama.

Geography 
The geography of Gambia is unusual. It is a long, thin country. Except for its coastline it is completely surrounded by the country of Senegal. The River Gambia flows from Senegal through its centre and into the Atlantic Ocean.

Climate
The Gambia has a tropical climate. A hot and rainy season normally lasts from June until November.

Politics and government
The Gambia gained independence from the United Kingdom on 18 February 1965. It was ruled by Dawda Jawara and his People's Progressive Party (PPP) from 1965 to 1994. There was a military take-over in 1994. In 1996, Yahya Jammeh became president. Then in 2016, Adama Barrow was elected.

Administrative divisions
The Gambia is divided into eight local government areas. They are:
 Banjul
 Kanifing
 Brikama
 Mansa Konko
 Kerewan
 Kuntaur
 Janjanbureh
 Basse

As of 2013, these are then divided into 43 districts.

Culture 
The population of The Gambia is about 1.7 million. People from The Gambia are called Gambians. A number of people from different cultures and backgrounds live in The Gambia. Some of the largest groups are called Mandinka, Fula, Wolof and Jolo, in that order.

English is the official language, but people speak other languages as well.

Most Gambians follow the religion of Islam.

The American writer Alex Haley, who wrote the book Roots, found that his family came from The Gambia in the 1760s.

References

Other websites 
 Gambia information

 
English-speaking countries
Former British colonies
Least developed countries
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1965 establishments
1960s establishments in Africa
Commonwealth member states
Londonderry

Derry  is the second largest city in Northern Ireland (after Belfast) and the fourth largest city on the island of Ireland (after Dublin, Belfast and Cork. The population is about 100,000. The city was founded in 542. It has old city walls which are still complete. The city is in County Londonderry, near the border with the Republic of Ireland's County Donegal.

History
The city was originally called Doire (pronounced duhruh) which is an Irish word for a group of oak trees. In English, this word became "Derry". After the Ulster Plantations, the London Companies gave money for the building of the Port and Walls in Derry.

In 1984 the city council changed the name of the local government area back to its original title of Derry but the city's official name is still Londonderry.

People from the Republic of Ireland call the city Derry. Many people (mostly Catholics/republicans) from Northern Ireland also call it Derry. Many people from Northern Ireland who want Northern Ireland to stay in the UK call the city Londonderry.

References 

542 establishments
6th-century establishments in Europe
Cities in Northern Ireland
Establishments in Northern Ireland
County towns in Northern Ireland
County Londonderry
Point

Point can refer to:
 Point and counterpoint, meaning or purpose, especially in a discussion or dispute
 Point of order, a matter raised during a debate concerning the rules of debating themselves
 Point (geometry), an entity that has a location in space or a plane but no extent
 Point man, the lead soldier or vehicle in a patrol
 Basis point, 1/100th of one percent, denoted bp, bps, or ‱
 Point (typography), a measurement used in printing, the meaning of which has changed over time
 In typography, a dot character (e.g.: full stop, interpunct), decimal point)
 Point (coat color), fur coloration of the extremities, in animals
 Point (gemstone) (2 mg) or one-hundredth of a carat
 Point (mortgage), one percent of the loan amount
 Points, a railroad switch (British English)
 Points, contact breaker in an ignition system
 Point system, a system of demerits for driving offenses
 Taking point, being the lead element in a military formation
 Vowel points: niqqud for Hebrew language; harakat for Arabic
 Point Music, a record label
 Point (landform)
 Projectile point, a hafted archaeological artifact used as a knife or projectile tip
 Unit of length
 Le Point, a French weekly news magazine
 Point (album), a 2001 album by Cornelius
 
 Also see The Point

In navigation:
 Compass point, one of the 32 directions on a traditional compass
 Point, one eighth of a right angle (11.25 degrees).
 Points of sail, a sailing boat's course in relation to wind direction

Places:
 Point, Outer Hebrides, a district of the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland
 Points, West Virginia
 Palmer Trinity School, a high school in Palmetto Bay, Florida

In sports and games:
 Point, a unit of scoring in some sports and games
 Point (basketball), units obtained by scoring baskets during a game
 Point (tennis), the smallest unit of scoring in tennis
 Point (ice hockey), a goal or assist a player earns during a game
 Point, a fielding position in cricket
 The point (ice hockey), the location of an ice hockey player
 Point guard, in basketball
Federal Reserve

The Federal Reserve (sometimes called "The Fed") is a large central bank in Washington, D.C. that was founded in 1913. It lends money to other, smaller banks. The Federal Reserve Board is a group of financial leaders who work for the Federal Reserve and decide how much to charge these banks for borrowing money (this charge is called an "interest rate"). The Federal Reserve interest rate is decided by the Federal Reserve Board after studying the condition of the U.S. economy. 

When the economy is growing too fast, the Federal Reserve makes borrowing more expensive by increasing the interest rate, which means people and companies spend less, which discourages inflation. When economic growth slows, the interest rate is decreased so that borrowing will increase and there will be growth.

Other websites
 
 Official website

Banks of the United States
Central banks
1913 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in Washington, D.C.
Art Deco buildings
Trent Reznor

Trent Reznor (born Michael Trent Reznor) (May 17, 1965) is an American singer and musician. He is the creator of the band Nine Inch Nails. For a long time, he was the only member of Nine Inch Nails. That changed in 2016, when Atticus Ross became an official member of the band. He sings and plays most of the music himself. He also writes all of the lyrics.

Reznor started playing music when he learned the piano, which he started when he was five years old. He was so good he could maybe have become a pianist if he had wanted to. He also learned saxophone and tuba.

He joined his first band when he was in college, called Option 30. He moved to Cleveland, Ohio, USA in 1985 and joined a band called The Innocent where he played keyboard. In 1986 he joined another band, The Exotic Birds.

He got a job as a cleaner at a music recording studio called Right Track Studio which is now called Midtown Recording. He sometimes used the studio to record songs which later went on his first album Pretty Hate Machine. When the studio heard how good he was, he quit his job as a cleaner and made the band Nine Inch Nails. Their albums since then have been Broken (1992), The Downward Spiral (1994), The Fragile (1999), With Teeth (2005), Year Zero (2007), Ghosts I-IV (2008), The Slip (2008),  Hesitation Marks (2013), and Bad Witch (2018).

Singers from Pennsylvania
1965 births
Living people
Nine Inch Nails
Terry Jacks

Terry Jacks (born March 29, 1944) is a Canadian musician. He was born and raised in Winnipeg. He now works as an environmental activist.

Jacks is most famous for his song "Seasons in the Sun". The song was ranked number one in multiple countries in 1974. It is one of the fewer than forty all-time singles to have sold 10 million copies worldwide.

Studio albums
 Seasons in the Sun (1974)
 Y' Don't Fight the Sea (1975)
 Pulse (1983)
 Just Like That (1987)
 Starfish on the Beach (2015)

References

1944 births
Living people
Canadian rock guitarists
Canadian rock singers
Canadian environmentalists
Musicians from Winnipeg
Sark

Sark is one of the Channel Islands. About 600 people live on Sark. Sark also has its own language called "Sercquiais". Only 400 people speak it. No cars are allowed on Sark. People must either walk, go on a bicycle, or go by horse and cart.

Their parliament is called the Chief Pleas.  It started in 1579.  It manages its own health, education and transport.

In 1993, the Barclay brothers bought the lease of the island of Brecqhou off the coast. They went to law to challenge the way the island was run. In 2007 they bought  four of the island’s six hotels, one of the two pubs and one side of the main shopping street. They invested a lot of money.

References

Islands of the Channel Islands
Robert Crumb

Robert Crumb (born August 30, 1943) is a famous American cartoonist and musician. He founded the underground comics movement in the 1960s and early 1970s. He is most famous for the album cover for Big Brother and the Holding Company's Cheap Thrills, the catchphrase "Keep on Truckin'" and Fritz the Cat, which was made into a movie without his approval. He also collects 78 rpm phonograph records and plays the mandolin. He was the subject of an award-winning documentary movie made in 1994 called Crumb.

American animators
Musicians from Philadelphia
Writers from Philadelphia
American cartoonists
1943 births
Living people
Renée Zellweger

Renée Kathleen Zellweger (born April 25, 1969) is an American actress, producer and voice artist. She won two Academy Awards for her role in the movie Cold Mountain and as Judy Garland in Judy. She has acted in many movies, including Jerry Maguire, Bridget Jones's Diary, Chicago and Cinderella Man.

Early life
Zellweger was born in Katy, Texas. Her father, Emil Erich Zellweger, is from a small town in the canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland, and is a mechanical and electrical engineer who worked in the oil refining business. Her mother, Kjellfrid Irene (née Andreassen), a native of Norway, is of Norwegian, Finnish, Swedish, and possible Sámi, ancestry. Kjellfrid grew up in Kirkenes and Ekkerøy, and is a nurse and midwife who moved to the United States to work as a governess for a Norwegian family in Texas. Zellweger has described herself as being raised in a family of "lazy Catholics and Episcopalians". 
Zellweger took acting classes because she wanted to make certain she graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a literature degree.

Acting career
Zellweger appeared in many television shows, for example A Taste for Killing and Shake, Rattle and Rock. Her first part in a movie was in Dazed and Confused followed by Ben Stiller’s Reality Bites.

Movies
 Cinderella Man (2005)
 Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004)
 Shark Tale (2004)
 Cold Mountain (2003)
 Down with Love (2003)
 Chicago (2002)
 White Oleander (2002)
 Bridget Jones's Diary (2001)
 Nurse Betty (2000)
 Me, Myself and Irene (2000)
 The Bachelor (1999)
 One True Thing (1998)
 Jerry Maguire (1996)
 Empire Records (1995)
 Shake, Rattle and Rock! (1994)

Awards 
 Academy Awards
 Best Supporting Actress: Cold Mountain (2004)

 Golden Globe Awards
 Best Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture: Cold Mountain (2004)
 Best Performance by an Actress-Comedy/Musical: Chicago (2003)
 Best Performance by an Actress-Comedy/Musical: Nurse Betty (2001)

References

Other websites
 

1969 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Texas
American movie actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Singers from Texas
American movie producers
American television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
People from Katy, Texas
Meryl Streep

Meryl Streep (born Mary Louise Streep; June 22, 1949) is an American actress. She has appeared in many movies, including Falling in Love, The Bridges of Madison County, and The House of Spirits. She was born in New Jersey. Streep is considered one of the best actresses of her time. She has won three Academy Awards and has been nominated for twenty-one in total. President Barack Obama awarded her the 2010 National Medal of Arts.

Early life
Streep was born in Summit, New Jersey. Her mother, Mary Wolf (née Wilkinson; 1915–2001), was a commercial artist and an art editor, and her father, Harry William Streep, Jr. (1910–2003), was a pharmaceutical executive. She has two brothers, Dana David and Harry William III. Her patrilineal ancestry traces back to Loffenau, Germany, from where her second great-grandfather, Gottfried Streep, emigrated to the United States, and where one of her ancestors served as mayor. Another line of her father's family was from Giswil in the canton of  Obwalden, a small town in Switzerland. Her mother had English, German, and Irish ancestry. Some of Streep's maternal ancestors lived in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island, and were descended from 17th century immigrants from England. Her eighth great-grandfather, Lawrence Wilkinson, was one of the first Europeans to settle Rhode Island. Streep is also a distant relative of William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, and records show that her family is among the first purchasers of land in the state. One of Streep's maternal great-grandmothers, Grace Strain, was from Creeslough, County Donegal, Ireland.

Personal life
Streep is married to Don Gummer since September 30, 1978. They have four children, son Henry Wolf Gummer (born November 13, 1979) and daughters Mary Willa Gummer (born August 3, 1983), Grace Jane Gummer (born May 9, 1986), and Louisa Jacobson Gummer (born June 12, 1991).

References

Other websites

1949 births
Living people
Actors from New Jersey
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Best Actress Academy Award winners
Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners 
Kennedy Center honorees
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Vassar College alumni
Bench

A bench is a kind of chair, a place where people can sit.  Benches are long and often found outside, and more than one person can sit on them.  Benches are usually made of wood, metal, stone, and other synthetic things.  Many benches have no back. 

Furniture
Street furniture
Fahrenheit

Fahrenheit (more precisely, a degree Fahrenheit) is a unit of measurement used to measure temperature. The conversion rate to Celsius is C= 5/9 x (F − 32).  The degree Fahrenheit is abbreviated °F.

History
This temperature scale was made in 1724 by a German scientist named Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit.  In the twentieth century, the unit became less used, and the degree Celsius more used.  Fahrenheit is still often used in the United States. In the United Kingdom, Fahrenheit is used on some websites, and on weather forecasts. The main reason for this is that the older population is more familiar with Fahrenheit.

The degree Fahrenheit is considered by many to be old fashioned and outdated way of measuring temperature. The degree Celsius has largely replaced Fahrenheit's use.

Overall, the use of the degree Fahrenheit is in decline throughout most of the world, with the USA being the main exception.

Examples
 
On the Fahrenheit scale, water freezes at 32° and boils at 212°.
 Room temperature is about 70 °F.
 A human's body temperature is usually close to 98.6 °F.
 Absolute zero is –459.67 °F.

Related pages
Celsius
Kelvin
Rankine
Delisle
Newton (Unit) (force)
Réaumur
Rømer

Imperial units
Units of temperature
Anthrax

Anthrax, or splenic fever, is a disease. Both humans and other animals can get it. It is caused by the bacterium bacillus anthracis. It is common with even-toed ungulates (some hoofed creatures, like camels and giraffes). The spores of the bacteria can live for hundreds of years. Humans usually catch the disease from animals. It is usually not passed from one human to another.  Anthrax can be treated with antibiotics. There is also a vaccine against it. If not treated, anthrax often leads to death.

Types of anthrax 
There are 89 different strains (kinds) of anthrax. One of them, the Ames strain, was used against the United States in 2001 as a biological weapon.

History

Outbreaks 
On April 2, 1979, there was a leak at one of the plants just outside of Sverdlovsk that made anthrax during the Cold War. 94 people were infected and 64 of those people died. The USSR blamed the deaths on another strain of anthrax that the people caught by digesting infected meat. However, later it was revealed that the outbreak was caused by an accidental release of the bacteria from a nearby plant which developed biological weapons for the USSR. 

In September 2001, several letters containing anthrax were mailed to several USA media companies and senators. The attacks were linked to the September 11 attacks which occurred a few days before the start of the attack.

Hoaxes 
There were many cases of fake powder being found in envelopes.

References

Diseases caused by bacteria
Zoonoses
Wetzlar

Wetzlar is a city at the river Lahn in Hesse in Germany. It is near Frankfurt. The number of people in the city is about 53,000.

Wetzlar is famous for the historic Oldtown and for Goethe.

The camera maker Leica is there.

Wetzlar has a connection to the Autobahn 45 with three junctions.

Twin towns

Wetzlar is twinned with:
 Avignon, France
 Colchester, United Kingdom
 Siena, Italy
 Schladming, Austria
 Ilmenau, Thuringia
 Berlin-Neukölln, Berlin
 Písek, Czech Republic

References

Other websites

1803 disestablishments
1800s disestablishments in Germany
Andy Warhol

Andy Warhol (Andrew Warhol, Jr.; August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987) was one of the most famous American artists of the latter half of the 20th century. Many people think that Warhol is the "bellwether of the art market". 

Warhol was born Andrew Warhola, Jr. in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on August 6, 1928. He graduated from the Carnegie Institute of Technology before moving to New York City. His first big break was in August 1949 when he was asked to illustrate an article in Glamour Magazine. He dropped the 'a' from the end of his name when the credits read "Drawings by Andrew Warhol". Warhol was also famous for painting Campbells' and Watties' soup cans. He painted about 300 different paintings. .He originally worked as a commercial artist. He designed things like advertisements and window displays for stores. He soon became famous as an artist in the Pop Art movement, in which everyday objects and media images were used. One of his most famous paintings is his colourful portrait of American movie star, Marilyn Monroe. After she died, he was deeply moved and wanted to create some sort of memorial.

In 1968, Warhol was shot by Valerie Solanas. He was known for his The Factory studio in New York City where most of his work was created.

In 1987, Warhol was in a hospital in New York City after an operation on his gallbladder. He died in his sleep from a sudden post-operative cardiac arrhythmia, aged 58. His family sued the hospital for inadequate care, saying that the arrhythmia was caused by improper care and water poisoning.

References

Other websites

 Andy Warhol Print at Adam's Auctioneers
 Warhol Foundation in New York City
 Andy Warhol Collection in Pittsburgh
 Time Capsules: the Andy Warhol Collection
 Documentation of recent exhibitions of work by Andy Warhol 
 The work of Andy Warhol  spoken about by David Cronenberg on UbuWeb
 
 Warhol in Paris—slideshow by The First Post
 Andy Warhol makes a digital painting of Debbie Harry at the Commodore Amiga product launch press conference in 1985
 Andy Warhol: A Documentary film by Ric Burns for PBS

 
American crime victims
LGBT people from Pennsylvania
American painters
Pop artists
Deaths from surgical complications
Deaths from cardiac arrhythmia
Gay men
LGBT artists
People from Pittsburgh
1928 births
1987 deaths
Romulus and Remus

Romulus and Remus were the legendary founders of Rome. In Roman mythology they were twin brothers, children of Rhea Silvia and the god Mars.

Birth and youth 
Rhea Silvia was the daughter of Numitor Silvius, king of Alba Longa, a legendary town founded by Ascanius, son of Aeneas, prince of Troy. When Numitor's brother Amulius became king by force, he made Rhea Silvia a Vestal Virgin, so she would not have children who could be kings instead of him. But the god Mars seduced her and she had the twins Romulus and Remus. Rhea Silvia was punished, and her sons were thrown into the Tiber, but were saved by the river god Tiberinus, who also saved Rhea Silvia and married her. Romulus and Remus were found by a she-wolf who suckled them. A woodpecker fed them. The brothers were later found by a shepherd, Faustulus, who raised them.

The founding of Rome 
Once they were grown, Romulus and Remus founded the city of Rome. However, the twins had an argument about where to start Rome. Romulus favored the Palatine Hill, but Remus favored the Aventine Hill. They decided to settle the disagreement by asking the gods. Each brother stood on his respective hill. Remus saw six birds fly overhead, and Romulus saw twelve. However, Remus countered that he had seen the birds first. Nonetheless, Romulus started to build a wall around his city. Then, Remus jumped over the wall as an insult to his brother. Angered, Romulus killed Remus. He regretted it, and took Remus to Amulius's palace, and buried him there.

Other websites

Roman mythology
Twin people
Kings of Rome
Bell

A bell is a simple musical instrument. Most bells are made of metal. Bells are also in churches to announce the time between hours. Ships usually carry a ship's bell. Alarm bells warn of danger. Some bells are in bell towers.

Basic English 850 words
Transformers (toy line)

Transformers are robots that turn into other things.  Usually they turn into vehicles, like cars or jets.

Transformers started in 1984 as a toy line, but then an animated series and a comic book were made. In 1986 a movie came out. In 2002 a new series and story line called Transformers Armada came out. This was followed by two more shows, Energon and Cybertron.

Transformers is about different things sometimes.  Usually it is about the heroic Autobots fighting the evil Decepticons.  The Autobots are usually led by Optimus Prime.  The Decepticons are led by Megatron.

Transformer universe
The Dynasty of Primes were the first seven Primes in Cybertronian history. They were on a quest to harvest Energon using the Star Harvester. In some documents of history, they were loosely known as "The Thirteen".

Other websites

Animated television series
Toys
Transformers (franchise)
Simplicity

When something is simple, it is very easy to understand or to do. The opposite is hard or complex or difficult. Simplicity is the quality of being simple.

Simple can mean something that is only made up of a few parts.  It lacks complexity.
 A bicycle is much simpler than a space ship.

Simple can mean that something or someone is humble (lowly) or common:
He lives very simply. "Simple living" is a way of life. It uses the ideas of Henry David Thoreau or Epicurus or Diogenes as its moral goals. Simple living says that a person needs only few and basic things to be happy.

Simple can also be used to refer to someone whose mind thinks in a very simple way. Calling a person "simple minded" is usually rude.

Related pages
Simpleton
Wikipedia:Simple English Wikipedia

Basic English 850 words
Mathematician

A mathematician is someone who studies mathematics, either as a hobby or as a job. Many mathematicians are math professors at universities, or work at cryptography. Euclid, Ramanujan, Sir Isaac Newton are some of the most famous early mathematicians.

Mathematical societies and foundations

Gallery

Notes

Notable Mathematicians

Europe
 Carl Friedrich Gauss
 Emmy Noether
 Karl Weierstrass
 Leonid Kantorovich
 Lucy Joan Slater
 Sophie Germain

Asia
 Masao Iri
 Masatake Mori
 Ryogo Hirota

Other websites

 Mathematics Genealogy Project
 International Congress of Mathematicians
 Timeline of women in mathematics
 
Science occupations
Virginia

Virginia is a state in the United States. Its capital is Richmond and its largest city is Virginia Beach.  The official name of Virginia is the Commonwealth of Virginia. About 8.6 million people lived there in 2020.

Geography 
Virginia is bordered (touching) by West Virginia, Maryland, and the District of Columbia (across the Potomac River) to the north, by Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, by North Carolina and Tennessee to the south, and by Kentucky and West Virginia to the west.

History 
Native Americans were the first people to settle in Virginia.

Virginia became a state in 1788 after the American Revolution. Before it became a state of the United States, Virginia was one of the Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain. Virginia was founded (started) in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia.

The state of West Virginia was part of Virginia until the American Civil War.  Virginia then left (seceded from) the United States and joined the Confederate States of America.  The western counties of Virginia seceded from Virginia to form a new state which was loyal to the Union.  After the end of the Civil War, Virginia became part of the United States again in 1870, but the counties that had left to start West Virginia did not join Virginia again.

Virginia is the state where eight United States presidents were born. This is more than any other state.

The first African-American slaves were sent to Virginia.

Economy 
Virginia has many industries like local and national government, military, farming, technology and business. Many Virginians work for the government because it is next to Washington, D.C.. The Central Intelligence Agency, Department of Defense, as well as the National Science Foundation are in Northern Virginia.  Farming is the largest industry in the state, making 334,000 jobs. Tomatoes, peanuts, tobacco, and hay are grown in Virginia. Technology is a fast growing industry. Virginia is 4th in technology workers after California, Texas, and New York.

Related pages
 Colleges and universities in Virginia
 List of counties in Virginia

References

Other websites 

 Virginia at Citizendium

 
1788 establishments in the United States