alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Asatru

Asatru (Icelandic: Ásatrú) is a religion which involves the worship of ancient Germanic and Scandinavian Viking spirits and gods. It received official legal establishment in 1970s in Iceland through the efforts of Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson and other Icelanders. The current recognized national organization of Asatru in Iceland is Ásatrúarfélagið. The name is derived from two Old Norse words. It means "faith in the Æsir," the Old Norse gods.

A person who practices Asatru is called an Asatruar, and is sometimes referred to as a Heathen. Asatru is also called Wodanism, Wotanism or Germanic paganism.

Common books that describe the knowledge in depth include the Sagas and the Eddas.

Gods and Goddesses 
Asatru is a polytheistic religion in which various goddesses and gods are worshiped. The most prominent are Thor, Odin, Freyja, Frigg, Freyr, Tyr, Loki, and Heimdall.

References
 

Paganism
Otherkin

Otherkin are people who believe that part of them is not human inside. They say that, inside themselves, they feel more like another animal than a human. That other animal can be, for example, a wolf, a dragon or an alien. Some otherkin say that they are vampires and are usually acting like them, for example by drinking blood.

Otherkin may also say they feel a special connection to other natural elements, for example minerals, the likes of fire, water, and wind, or plants.

Otherkin is a neologism—a new word—and it is usually used only by people who say they are otherkin. The definition can change depending on who uses the word. Some otherkin say that their souls or minds are not human, that they were another species in a past life, or that being not-human is part of their religion. (Otherkin practice many different religions, however.) A few of them say that their physical bodies are not human, either, but there is no proof either for or against that.

References 

Lifestyles
Illusions
Pedro Romeiras

Pedro Romeiras was a Portuguese principal ballet dancer born 3 July 1961, in Lisbon. He was the gold medal winner of the II Prix Français de la Danse 1982.

1961 births
Living people

Romeiras, Pedro
People from Lisbon
Bonfire

A bonfire or balefire is a large controlled outdoor fire made from bales of straw or wood. The word is believed to come from "bone fire". In the time of the Celts, there were midsummer festivals where animal bones were burnt to ward off evil spirits.

What it means in Great Britain
In Great Britain, bonfires are particularly associated with Guy Fawkes Night. This night is  also known as fireworks night or bonfire night. On this night, people celebrate that the Gunpowder Plot  was discovered. This discovery took place on 5 November 1605. They do this celebration each year. (It is called an annual celebration.)

In Northern Ireland, bonfires are associated with celebrations on the anniversary of the Battle of the Boyne.

What it means in Japan
In Japan, large fires called bon-bi are set to welcome the return of the spirits of the ancestors.  Though the two terms are not etymologically or historically related, they serve similar purposes and indicate the universal importance of large fires.

Use of bonfires for rituals
Bonfires were also used for rituals. The idea was that the fire would purify. It was used to consecrate things, or people, that is to make them sacred, in some way. In ancient times, cattle were important symbols of wealth and status. Such cattle were led through the smoke of a bonfire. Couples who were to be wed on May Day would leap through the flames of the bonfire to seal their vows. Coals from a bonfire would be taken home to light the fires in family hearths.  This practice was thought to bring good fortune. People also believed that the residents of the Faery realm were incapable of producing fire themselves; embers of bonfires would be carried to the underworld and tended there.

Neopagan and Wiccan beliefs
Along with the Maypole, the bonfire is an important component of the Wiccan and Neopagan celebration of Beltaine, also known as May Day.

Nine woods are placed into a traditional Wiccan balefire.  These woods are rowan, dogwood, elder, poplar, oak, juniper, holly, cedar, and apple.  Occasionally, pine is also used instead of holly or elder, as are a handful of other woods.  In some regions, superstition, religious belief, or tradition prohibits the cutting of certain trees.

Pictures

Related pages
Walpurgis Night
Pyre

Other websites

Dancing May Day Through History 

Festivals
Fire
Bic Runga

Bic Runga (born January 13, 1976) is a singer from New Zealand. She was born in Christchurch. She has sold lots of albums in New Zealand.

The names of her albums are:
Drive
Beautiful Collision
Live in Concert (With the Christchurch Symphony)
Birds

1976 births
Living people
New Zealand singers
Pop musicians
People from Christchurch
Sputnik programme

The Sputnik programme was a Soviet Union spacecraft programme. Sputnik 1, the first satellite in the programme, was launched on October 4, 1957. This was the first man-made satellite ever to enter orbit.

The United States was very surprised when the Soviet Union sent Sputnik 1 into space. It did not want to fall behind. So, it began spending more money on science and education. This was when the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States began.

Etymology 
The word Sputnik comes from the ,
 or , not .

References

Other websites 

 Sputnik, Citizendium

Soviet spacecraft
Satellites
1950s in the Soviet Union
1950s in spaceflight
Fasting

Fasting is a kind of abstinence. It is when someone does not eat or drink for some specified period of time. It is only the case if the person does so of his or her own will. It may also be that the person only eats and drinks certain kinds of food. Most often, fasting is done for religious reasons. Depending on the tradition, fasting practices may forbid sexual intercourse, (or any sexual desire), masturbation, as well as refraining from eating certain types or groups of food (e.g. meat).

Fasting for religious and spiritual reasons has been a part of human custom since pre-history. It is mentioned in the Qur'an, in the Mahabharata, in the Upanishads, and in the Bible, in both the Old and New Testament. In Buddhism it is also taught as a way to getting Nirvana. 

In almost all cases, there are exceptions for observing the fasting. These are made for the following groups of people
children
pregnant women
Those who have a disease, or are recovering from one
In some cases, old people

Politics 

Fasting as a form of protest is called a hunger strike.

Intermittent fasting 
Timed fasting is known as Intermittent fasting. It is sometimes used for weight loss.

There are different ways to time your fast. You can:

 Not eat for 16 hours
 Not eat for 20 hours
 Not eat for one day and feast on the next day and repeat
Eat one meal a day

Religious behavior and experience
Food and drink
Walpurgis Night

Walpurgis Night (Valborgsmässoafton in Swedish, Vappu in Finnish, Volbriöö in Estonian, Valpurģu nakts or Valpurģi in Latvian, Walpurgisnacht in German), Čarodějnice in Czech is a holiday celebrated on April 30 or May 1, in Finland, Sweden, Bohemia (Czech Republic), Estonia, Latvia and Germany.

Origins
The festival is named after Saint Walburga (known in Scandinavia as "Valborg"; alternative forms are "Walpurgis", "Wealdburg", or "Valderburger"), born in Wessex in 710 a niece of Saint Boniface. According to legend, she was a daughter to the Saxon prince St. Richard. Together with her brothers she travelled to Württemberg, Germany where she became a nun and lived in the convent of Heidenheim, which was founded by her brother Wunibald. Walburga died on 25 February 779 and that day still carries her name in the Catholic calendar. However she was not made a saint until 1 May in the same year, and that day carries her name in the Swedish calendar.

Historically the Walpurgisnacht is derived from Pagan spring customs, where the arrival of spring was celebrated with bonfires at night. Viking fertility celebrations took place around April 30 and due to Walburga being declared a saint at that time of year, her name became associated with the celebrations. Walburga was worshipped in the same way that Vikings had celebrated spring and as they spread throughout Europe, the two dates became mixed together and created the Walpurgis Night celebration.

Germany
In Germany, Walpurgisnacht, the night from April 30 to May 1, is the night when allegedly the witches hold a large celebration on the Blocksberg and await the arrival of Spring. When the travel to that mountain is too far, they may also chose another hill in the region they live.  
"Walpurgis Night (in German folklore) the night of April 30 (May Day's eve), when witches meet on the Brocken mountain and hold revels with their Gods..." 

"Brocken the highest of the Harz Mountains of north central Germany. It is noted for the phenomenon of the Brocken spectre and for witches' revels which reputably took place there on Walpurgis night. 
The Brocken Spectre is a magnified shadow of an observer, typically surrounded by rainbow-like bands, thrown onto a bank of cloud in high mountain areas when the sun is low. The phenomenon was first reported on the Brocken." 

—Taken from Oxford Phrase & Fable.

Paganism
Avian influenza

Avian influenza (bird flu,  or grippe of the birds), is an illness caused by a virus. The virus, called influenza A or type A, usually lives in birds. Sometimes it infects mammals, including humans. 

There are many types of influenza A, which was first found in a bird in Italy in 1878. Most types have weak symptoms, such as breathing problems, similar to the common cold.

But some types kill birds, and a few kill humans and other mammals. One type of bird flu, called Spanish flu, killed 50 to 100 million people  in 1918/1920. Another type, called Asian Flu killed one million in 1957, and another one, called Hong Kong Flu, also killed one million people in 1968.

A subtype, called H5N1, killed six people in Hong Kong in 1997, but did not kill again until 2003, this time in China. Until the middle of 2005, it was primarily found in southeast Asia but since then has spread to parts of Africa and Europe. It has killed tens of millions of birds and resulted in the slaughter of hundreds of millions of other birds to limit its spread. So far it is mostly a bird disease and rarely infects humans. The concern about H5N1 is that it is constantly evolving at a very fast rate. It might create a human flu pandemic. Governments around the world are spending money to deal with this problem: studying H5N1, creating vaccines, conducting pandemic practice exercises, stockpiling useful flu medication, and many other activities.

References 

Diseases caused by viruses
Zoonoses
Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy

The Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy is a controversy about a series of cartoons. They were first published in a Danish newspaper. The publication led to an outcry, and sparked violent protests in the Islamic world, with many people dying. The cartoons were drawn and created by Kurt Westergaard.

The crisis began after cartoons depicting the Islamic prophet Muhammad were published in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten on September 30, 2005. Danish Muslim organizations staged protests in response. As the controversy has grown, some or all of the cartoons have been reprinted in newspapers in more than fifty other countries. The protests got worse when fake cartoons were released.

One of the cartoons showed Muhammad with a bomb in his turban. Some people thought this was saying that all Muslims are terrorists. But other cartoons made fun of the Jyllands-Posten newspaper. One insulted the editors of the newspaper, by using the language Farsi. 

Critics claims that the cartoons are culturally insulting, Islamophobic, blasphemous, and intended to humiliate a "marginalized" minority. However, supporters of the cartoons claim they illustrate an important issue and their publication exercises the right of free speech. They have also claimed that similar cartoons are made relative to other religions, arguing that Islam and its followers have not been targeted in a discriminatory way.

Related pages
Jesus with erection

References

Other websites
 The page that contains Muhammad cartoons

Controversies
History of Islam
2005
Blasphemy

Blasphemy is a word that means speaking badly about a religion, or insulting a god. Some religions see blasphemy as a religious crime. Many countries witha state religion have laws that make blasphemy a crime. For example, blasphemy can be punished with the death penalty in Saudi Arabia or Pakistan. In other countries, the punishment for the crime is a fine, or imprisonment.

Some countries do not have laws against blasphemy. For example, after the French Revolution, France made blasphemy legal to make sure people would have freedom of religion and the freedom of the press.

The United States, Canada, and many European countries, have laws to protect people who speak badly about religion. Sometimes people do this in a satirical way, like with a movie that makes fun of a religion. In these countries, profanity is often protected by freedom of speech as well.

Related pages
Heresy
Profanity
Sacrilege

References 

Maledicta: The International Journal of Verbal Aggression  (ISSN US 0363-3659)
Levy, L. Blasphemy. Chapel Hill, 1993.
Dartevelle, P., S Borg, Denis, Ph., Robyn, J. (eds.). Blasphèmes et libertés. Paris: CERF, 1993
Plate, S. Brent Blasphemy: Art that Offends (London: Black Dog Publishing, 2006) []

Other websites
Catholic Encyclopedia: Blasphemy
Jewish Encyclopedia: Blasphemy
 Comprehensive academic study comparing global legal approaches to blasphemy in light of the Jyllands-Posten controversy
The Rational Response Squad: The Blasphemy Challenge
A More4 news film report on how insulting the prophet Mohammed in Pakistan is a capital offence, and defiling the Koran carries life imprisonment.

Theology
1180s



Events and trends 
 September 1, 1181 - Pope Lucius III becomes 171st pope
 June 25, 1183 - Frederick I and the Lombard League sign the Peace of Constance
 1183 - Saladin takes over Syria and becomes sultan
 November 25, 1185 - Pope Urban III becomes 172nd pope
 October 21, 1187 - Pope Gregory VIII becomes 173rd pope
Brie

Brie is a type of soft cheese with a yellowish interior and a white layer (the "rind") on the outside of the cheese. 

The rind is eaten as well as the inside of this cheese. Like other cheeses, Brie is a dairy product made from cows' milk. Brie cheese may be served with fruit as a dessert at the end of a meal, or with a relish.

The cheese is sometimes served slightly melted or baked, in a round, lidded ceramic dish, and topped with nuts or fruit, or both.

How it is made 
Brie is a French cheese, and protected by AOC (Appellation d'origine contrôlée). This means only this cheese from this region (near Paris) can properly call itself "brie". This is ignored by some countries outside Europe, but the system of AOC is used in the wine business, so many parts of the world do honour it, and have similar arrangements.

The milk of soft cheeses (à pate molle in French) is not heated during the production of the cheese. Talleyrand said about this kind of cheese that it was the king of cheeses. He said that in the 19th century. This kind of cheese has been made for at least 1000 years.

In Europe this cheese is usually not treated chemically, so it might change in consistency or color. It will go bad if it is not kept cool. If that means it is kept in a refrigerator, note that it should not be eaten that cold. It is best eaten when it is somewhat below normal room temperature. In most countries, brie-style cheeses are made with Pasteurized milk.

Brie can be aged, that is, carefully treated for up to a year. Then it has a darker colour and a stronger taste. This is rarely seen outside of France.

Types of Brie

The following kinds of Brie exist:

 Brie de Meaux, from Champagne (region), AOC since 1986. The 1998 production was 7683 tonnes.
 Brie de Melun, from Ile-de-France, AOC since 1980. 264 tonnes produced in 1998.

Other French Bries are:

 Brie fermier, Île-de-France
 Brie de Melun bleu
 Brie petit moulé
 Brie laitier
 Brie de Coulommiers

Bries from outside France:

 Somerset Brie, England
 Brie Manoir, Québec
 Bleubrie, Québec

Brie de Meaux
Cheeses are made into round loaves, of about 36 cm in diameter. The cheeses then weight about 2.5 kilograms. It is best tasted from April to October, after a ripening period of 8 to 10 weeks. About 2% of the production occurs on farms.

Brie de Melun
The Brie de Melun is smaller than the Brie de Meaux, but more salt is added to it. The ripening period is 10 weeks. It is best consumed April to September, but it can be found March to November, in some locations. About 5% of production occurs on farms.

What Brie should look like
When people buy Brie, they should make sure that it has the following traits:
It is soft.
Brie is covered in a white layer. There may be reddish patches in the layer.
The interior of the cheese should be yellowish.
The cheese has a distinct smell which is often considered to be good.
It should taste slightly nutty.

French cheeses
Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (February 2, 1754 - May 17, 1838) was a French diplomat. 

He was a bishop and worked successfully for Louis XVI. He changed sides and served the French Revolution and Napoleon I. When Napoleon started losing his wars, Talleyrand changed sides again and served  Louis XVIII. He represented France at the Congress of Vienna. He changed sides once more and served Louis Philippe I. Since the beginning of the 19th century he was known simply as Talleyrand. He is widely seen as one of the most pragmatic and influential diplomats in European history. He was known to accept bribes from other European powers, especially while he served under Napoleon.

Related pages
 A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
 Mary Wollstonecraft

Other websites 
 Charles Maurice de Talleyrand Perigord 1754-1838
 Society of friends of Talleyrand 
 Career of Mme Grand, Talleyrand's wife

1754 births
1838 deaths
French diplomats
Soft cheese

Soft cheese (in French: Fromage à pate molle) is any kind of cheese that does not get heated during production.

An example of soft cheese would be Brie.

Cheeses
The Cult

The Cult are a English rock band. They formed in 1982 under the name Death Cult and later renamed to Southern Death Cult in 1983, then was again renamed to their current name The Cult.

Studio albums 
 Dreamtime (1984)
 Love (1985)
 Electric (1987)
 Sonic Temple (1989)
 Ceremony (1991)
 The Cult (1994)
 Beyond Good and Evil (2001)
 Born into This (2007)
 Choice of Weapon (2012)
 Hidden City (2016)

English hard rock bands
English heavy metal bands
English punk bands
1028

1028 (MXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday when the Julian calendar was used. It was the twenty-eighth year of the 2nd millennium and the 11th century.

Events 
 November 12 – Dying Emperor Constantine VIII of the Byzantine Empire marries his daughter Zoe of Byzantium to his chosen heir Romanus Argyrus.
 November 15 – Romanus Argyrus becomes Eastern Roman Emperor as Romanus III.
1056



Events 
 Anselm of Canterbury leaves Italy.
 Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, becomes King of Germany.
 Ottokar, Count of Steyr, becomes Margrave of the Karantanian March, later known as Styria
James A. Michener

James Albert Michener ( or ; February 3, 1907 – October 16, 1997) was an American writer. His books include Tales of the South Pacific, Hawaii, The Drifters, Texas, and Poland. Most of his 40 books are very large sagas. They are about the lives of many generations in a particular place. His non-fiction writings include the 1992 book The World is My Home and Sports in America.

Michener wrote that he did not know who his parents were or exactly when and where he was born. He was raised by an adoptive mother, Mabel Michener, in Doylestown, Pennsylvania. Some have argued that Mabel was his birth mother. He graduated from Swarthmore College, where he played basketball, in 1929. He later studied at the Colorado State Teachers College. He taught there for several years. He also taught at Harvard University. 

His writing career began during World War II. He was assigned to the South Pacific Ocean as a naval historian. He used his time there as the basis for Tales of the South Pacific, his first book. This book was the basis for the musical South Pacific.

Michener met his wife Mari while in Japan. His novel Sayonara is autobiographical.

On January 10, 1977, he was given the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Gerald R. Ford.

In his final years, he lived in Austin, Texas, where he died of kidney failure on October 16, 1997 at the age of 90.

Books by James A. Michener 
 Alaska
 The Bridge at Andau
 The Bridges at Toko-Ri
 Caravans
 Caribbean
 Centennial
 A Century of Sonnets
 Chesapeake
 Collectors, Forgers - And A Writer: A Memoir
 The Covenant
 Creatures of the Kingdom
 The Drifters
 The Eagle and The Raven
 The Fires of Spring
 The Floating World
 Hawaii
 Iberia
 Japanese Prints
 Journey
 Kent State: What Happened and Why
 Legacy
 Literary Reflections
 Mexico
 Miracle in Seville
 The Novel
 Pilgrimage: A Memoir of Poland and Rome
 Poland
 Presidential Lottery
 The Quality of Life
 Rascals in Paradise
 Recessional
 Return to Paradise
 Sayonara
 Six Days in Havana
 The Source
 Space
 Sports in America
 Tales of the South Pacific
 Texas
 The World is My Home
 This Noble Land
 Ventures in Editing
 The Voice of Asia
 Years of Infamy

References 

1907 births
1997 deaths
Writers from Pennsylvania
Writers from Hawaii
Writers from Austin, Texas
Harvard University faculty
1150s



Events 
 King Sverker I of Sweden is killed and succeeded by Eric IX of Sweden.
 Eric IX of Sweden tries to conquer Finland 
 The first fire insurance policy is issued. It is in Iceland.
 Church of Ireland starts obeying the Pope.
 Eleanor of Aquitaine marries Henry II of England and brings the province of Aquitaine to English control.

Births 
 Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury 
 Alfonso II of Aragon

Deaths 
 Suryavarman II, Khmer king, builder of Angkor Wat
 King David I of Scotland
Chandigarh

Chandigarh, also called "The Beautiful City", is a city in India. It is a union territory, because it is the capital of two states: Punjab and Haryana. As a territory it does not belong to either state. Before 1 November,1966 it was capital of Punjab, but after formation of Haryana on 1 November, 1966 it become a union territory.There are many tourism places in Chandigarh like Rock garden, Rose garden and Sukhna lake.

Chandigarh came into existence in 1952 when its first stone was laid. It is one of the modern cities of India, designed by a French architect Le Corbusier. It was the dream city of India's first Prime Minister, Sh.Jawahar Lal Nehru.

It is well known for its mixed cultural background and its fast development in the field of Information Technology. It has outlets of many famous multinational companies established here and is emerging as a hub for business development. The territory covers an area of 44 mi² or 114 km², it is bigger than Montserrat but smaller than Jersey. It's also the proposed capital of Khalistan.

Territorial symbols of Chandigarh

Capital cities in India
Punjab, India
Haryana
Territories of India
Convection

Convection is the movement of heat because of the movement of warm matter.

For example, atmospheric circulation moves warm air to cool places, causing wind. Wind, in turn, can enter and cool a room if the window is open. The movement of the clouds, the ocean currents and many types of heaters are examples of convection.

Forced convection and natural convection 
Convection can happen naturally ("natural convection") or because of a moving device ("forced convection").

The fan is a device that  produces the movement of the air artificially. The air in this case is moving because of the rotation of the fan. This is an example of "forced convection".

Natural convection happens because a fluid is lighter if is hot and it is heavier if is cold, so if a fluid has a hot part and a cold part, the hot part will naturally move upward and the cold part naturally moves downward. For example, if the water in a pot is hotter near the bottom because of the fire, it moves from the bottom to the surface. At the same time the water near the surface is colder so it moves to the bottom.

Convection currents 
Convection currents occur when there are significant differences in temperature between two parts of a fluid. When this happens, hot fluids rise and cold fluids sink. This causes movements or currents in the fluid. Atmospheric circulation, for example, is made by convection currents.

Related pages 
 Heat transfer
 Heat conduction
 Thermal radiation

References 

Basic physics ideas
Fluid mechanics
Heat transfer
Chipmunk

A chipmunk is a small squirrel-like rodent. It is in the Sciuridae family. About twenty-three species fall under this title, with one species in North America.

The name may have originally been spelled "chitmunk" (perhaps from a Native American word meaning "red squirrel"). However, the earliest form comes from the Oxford English Dictionary (in 1842) as "chipmonk". Other early forms include "chipmuck" and "chipminck". 

Chipmunks are hoarders, meaning they store food for winter.

Popular culture 
Chip 'n Dale, two Disney cartoon characters, are famous chipmunks in pop culture. Another such trio is Alvin, Simon and Theodore (created by Ross Bagdasarian).

Diet 
Chipmunks eat seeds, nuts, fruit, grass, shoots, and lots of other plants.They also mushrooms, insects, small frogs, worms, and bird eggs. They will also some times eat newly hatched baby birds. When near where humans live, chipmunks can eat grains and vegetables, and plants from their farms and gardens, so they are sometimes considered pests. Chipmunks mostly look for food on the ground, but they climb trees to obtain nuts like acorns. At the beginning of autumn, many chipmunks begin to hoard foods that wont go bad for winter. They mostly put their foods in a special room their burrows and stay in their nests until spring. Cheek pouches allow chipmunks to carry food items to their burrows to store or to eat.

References

Other websites 
 
 
 

Squirrels
Mammals of North America
Vicente Mondéjar Piccio

Major General Vicente Mondéjar Piccio (1 March 1927 – 28 April 2015) was a Filipino soldier. He was Chief of the Philippine Air Force during the last years of the dictatorship of Marcos, notably during the 1986 People Power Revolution.

Other websites
Biography from the Philippine Air Force website 

1927 births
2015 deaths
Filipino generals
Piccio

The Piccio family is a family of Portuguese Jewish origin. The family's name is an Italianisation of the original Portuguese Figo.

People
Efrem Piccio, Venetian rabbi
Lazzaro Piccio, Venetian rabbi
Vicente Mondéjar Piccio, a general in the Philippine air force

References

Italian families
1143



Events 
 Portugal established

Births 
 Pope Gregory IX

Deaths 
 Pope Innocent II
Donald Duck

Donald Duck is a cartoon character created by Walt Disney. He is a white duck with an yellowish-orange bill and legs. He usually wears a sailor cap, a blue sailor shirt and a black or red bow tie. He first appeared on-screen in "The Wise Little Hen" on 9 June 1934. Donald is Scrooge McDuck's nephew. His girlfriend is Daisy Duck. His nephews are Huey, Dewey and Louie. Donald appeared in animated shorts, comic books, and newspaper comic strips. Donald Duck appears frequently in Mickey Mouse Clubhouse.

Donald Duck is the third most popular cartoon character of all time, after Mickey Mouse and Bugs Bunny.  Donald Duck has had a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame since 2004.

Filmography
The Wise Little Hen
Don Donald
Modern Inventions
Donald's Ostrich
Self Control
Donald's Better Self
Donald's Nephews
Polar Trappers (With Goofy)
Good Scouts
The Fox Hunt (With Goofy)
Donald's Golf Game
Donald's Lucky Day
The Hockey Champ
Donald's Cousin Gus
Beach Picnic
Sea Scouts
Donald's Penguin
The Autograph Hound
Officer Duck
The Riveter
Donald's Dog Laundry
Billposters (With Goofy)
Mr. Duck Steps Out
Put-Put Troubles
Donald's Vacation
The Volunteer Worker
Window Cleaners
Fire Chief
Timber
Golden Eggs
A Good Time for a Dime
Early to Bed
Truant Officer Donald
Old MacDonald Duck
Donald's Camera
Chef Donald
The Village Smithy
The New Spirit
Donald's Snow Fight
Donald Gets Drafted
Donald's Garden
Donald's Gold Mine
The Vanishing Private
Sky Trooper
Bellboy Donald
Der Fuehrer's Face
Donald's Tire Trouble
The Flying Jalopy
Fall Out Fall In
The Old Army Game
Home Defense
Trombone Trouble
Donald Duck and the Gorilla
Contrary Condor
Commando Duck
The Plastics Inventor
Donald's Off Day
The Clock Watcher
The Eyes Have It
Donald's Crime
Duck Pimples
No Sail (With Goofy)
Cured Duck
Old Sequoia
Donald's Double Trouble
Wet Paint
Dumb Bell of the Yukon
Lighthouse Keeping
Frank Duck Brings 'Em Back Alive (With Goofy)
Straight Shooters
Sleepy Time Donald
Clown of the Jungle
Donald's Dilemma
Crazy with the Heat (With Goofy)
Bootle Beetle
Wide Open Spaces
Chip an' Dale
Drip Dippy Donald
Daddy Duck
Donald's Dream Voice
The Trial of Donald Duck
Inferior Decorator
Soup's On
Three for Breakfast
Tea for Two Hundred
Donald's Happy Birthday
Sea Salts
Winter Storage
Honey Harvester
All in a Nutshell
The Greener Yard
Slide, Donald, Slide
Toy Tinkers
Lion Around
Crazy Over Daisy
Trailer Horn
Hook, Lion and Sinker
Bee at the Beach
Out on a Limb
Dude Duck
Corn Chips
Test Pilot Donald
Lucky Number
Out of Scale
Bee on Guard
Donald Applecore
Let's Stick Together
Uncle Donald's Ants
Trick or Treat
Don's Fountain of Youth
The New Neighbor
Rugged Bear
Working for Peanuts
Canvas Back Duck
Spare the Rod
Donald's Diary
Dragon Around
Grin and Bear It
The Flying Squirrel
Grand Canyonscope
No Hunting
Bearly Asleep
Beezy Bear
Up a Tree
Chips Ahoy
How to Have an Accident in the Home
Donald in Mathmagic Land
How to Have an Accident at Work
Donald and the Wheel
The Litterbug
Donald's Fire Survival Plan

References

Fictional characters introduced in the 1930s
Duck, Donald
 
Kingdom Hearts characters
1717



Events 
January 4 — The Netherlands, Britain & France sign the Triple Alliance.
February 26-March 6 What is now the northeastern United States was paralyzed by a series of blizzards that buried the region.
 March 2 — Dancer John Weaver performs in the first ballet in Britain shown in Drury Lane  The Loves of Mars and Venus.
 March 31 – Bishop Benjamin Hoadly, acting on the advice of King George begins the Bangorian Controversy by saying that God favors churches with no government.
 June 24 — The Premier Grand Lodge of England (UGLE), a branch of Freemasonry, is started in London.
September: The first known Druid revival ceremony is held by John Toland at Primrose Hill, in London, at the Autumnal Equinox, to found the Mother Grove, what is later to become the Ancient Order of Druids (AOD).
 December 24/25 A disastrous storm flood hits the North Sea coast between the Netherlands and Denmark. Thousands die or lose their houses.
 Voltaire is sentenced to Bastille for a year because of his satirical writings.
 Spain unites its South American colonies as New Grenada.
Montevideo, Uruguay, founded by Portuguese.
 A rift between George I of Great Britain and his son the Prince of Wales leads to the latter being thrown out of the royal household.

Births 
December 25 – Pope Pius VI, Roman Catholic pope during the French revolution. (d. 1799)

References

Other websites
Montevideo

Montevideo is the capital and the largest city in Uruguay. It was founded by the Portuguese in 1717. Its best neighbourhood is called Carrasco. This neighbourhood is very exclusive due to its architectural styles.

References

Other websites

 
Capitals of Uruguayan departments
1726 establishments
18th-century establishments in the Viceroyalty of Peru
18th-century establishments in Uruguay
Clay

Clay is a fine-grained silicate mineral made when rocks break down. Wet clay is soft and can be shaped to make pottery, bricks and other things. When it is shaped and then fired in a kiln to make it hard, it becomes pottery.

Clay often contains some water because the water molecules stick to the tiny grains. There may also be some organic materials in the clay.

There are 35 recognized clay mineral species on Earth, they make muds stick together ('cohesive'), or able to flow ('plastic'). The thixotropy of clay sometimes causes landslides.

Quartz, feldspars, iron oxides, and carbonates can weather to sizes of a typical clay mineral. The formation of clay is well understood.  It can come from soil, volcanic ash, and glaciation.  Ancient mudrocks are another source, because they weather and disintegrate easily.

Clay is by far the smallest particles recognized in mudrocks. A clay particle is about 1/1000th the width of a sand grain. This means a clay particle will travel 1000 times further at constant water velocity, thus requiring quieter conditions for settlement. Where the grains are more than a few millimeters wide, the material is called silt, not clay.

References 

Sedimentary rocks
Rifle

The rifle is a gun with a stock to brace against the shoulder and a barrel with twisting grooves.  The grooves are called rifling and make bullets spin as they fly through the air. Rifles are made to shoot many different sizes of bullets using different amounts of gunpowder.  Rifles are usually made to be able to hit targets at long ranges. Modern rifles are made for many different purposes. Some are made for hunting animals. Some are made for soldiers to use in war. Others are made for police to have in case they need them. Some rifles are made for target shooting.

Types 
 
Rifles can work in different ways. Some rifles have what is called a bolt action. A small handle is used to move a part of the rifle called a "bolt". By moving the bolt backward, then forward, allows the shooter put a bullet in the chamber ready for firing. It also ejects any spent shells still in the chamber from any previously fired rounds. The rifle in the picture above is a bolt action. Some rifles are semi-automatics, where a bullet is loaded (automatically) and fired each time the trigger is pulled. Some are fully automatic, which work like semi-automatics but allow the shooter to fire more than one bullet at a time by holding down the trigger. The automatic rifle stops firing when the trigger is released or it runs out of ammunition.

Related pages
Assault rifle
Battle rifle
CornerShot

References

Other websites 
Quick Guide to Olympic Shooting
Nazarian's Gun's Recognition Guide on Bolt Action Rifles 
Nazarian's Gun's Recognition Guide on Automatic Rifles 
UK Air Rifles 
Israeli Special Forces Rifles at isayeret.com
 On the AK-47's social and military effect on history  
WW2-era Small Arms
ShootingWiki.org Competition Arms Database
1748

1748 was a leap year.

Events 
 July 25 - A Solar eclipse happened.  It was one of the reasons Charles Messier became an astrologer.

 February 15-Jeremy Bentham
Deuterocanonical books

Deuterocanonical books means "second canon" in Greek. It usually means the parts of the Bible that are only used by some Christian churches (mostly Roman Catholic and Orthodox). The books only exist in Greek language manuscripts that were written by the Jewish people living in Greek speaking areas of the Mediterranean Sea between 250 and 50 BC, as were all of the books of the Old Testament. It was not until circa 900 AD that the Old Testament as known in Jewish and Protestant religions was written in Hebrew and limited to the current so-called "canons".

The books are not part of the Jewish Tanakh (also called the Hebrew Bible), although they were quoted as Scripture well into the Middle Ages as is found in the Jewish Mishna and later Rabbinical writings, even into the 6th century AD. The current Jewish canon was closed by the time of the Masoretic Text in the 10th century AD. 

Some books considered deuterocanonical by Catholics are:

 The Book of Tobit
 The Book of Judith
 The First Book of Maccabees, also called 1 Maccabees
 The Second Book of Maccabees, also called 2 Maccabees
 The Wisdom of Solomon, also called The Book of Wisdom
 The Book of Sirach, also called Ecclesiasticus
 The Book of Baruch, with the Letter of Jeremiah as its last chapter

The Book of Daniel and the Book of Esther are longer in Catholic Bibles than in Protestant Bibles because they have more stories.

Many, but not all Protestant churches do not accept these books as inspired by God and use the derogatory term for them: Apocrypha. Martin Luther considered these books good to read while John Calvin read and studied them but did not think they should be part of the Bible. The Catholic Church, the Orthodox Church, 

Books of the Bible
1247

1247 was a Year starting on a Tuesday of the Julian Calendar

Births 

 Angelo da Clareno, Italian priest and religious leader (d. 1337)
 Isabelle of Luxembourg, countess of Flanders (d. 1298)
 John II Avesnes, count of Hainaut and Holland (d. 1304)
 John of Montecorvino, Italian diplomat and bishop (d. 1328)
 Philippe de Rémi, French official and seneschal (d. 1296)
 Rashid al-Din, Persian statesman and historian (d. 1318)
 Robert FitzWalter, English nobleman and knight (d. 1326)
 Todros ben Judah Halevi Abulafia, Castilian Jewish poet
 Yishan Yining, Chinese monk and calligrapher (d. 1317)
 Yolande II of Nevers, French noblewoman (d. 1280)

Deaths 

 February 12 – Ermesinde, countess of Luxembourg (b. 1186)
 February 16 – Henry Raspe, landgrave of Thuringia (b. 1204)
 February 25 – Henry IV, duke of Limburg (House of Limburg)
 May 9 – Richard de Bures, French knight and Grand Master
 June 10 – Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, Spanish bishop (b. 1170)
 July 8 – Mōri Suemitsu, Japanese nobleman and samurai (b. 1202)
 August 31 – Konrad I of Masovia, Polish nobleman (House of Piast)
 November 5 – Ogasawara Nagatsune, Japanese samurai (b. 1179)
 December 21 – Roger of Salisbury, bishop of Bath and Wells
 December 24 – Shōkū, Japanese Buddhist disciple (b. 1177)
 Helen of Sweden (or Helena), Swedish princess and abbess
 Śārṅgadeva, Indian scholar, musicologist and writer (b. 1175)
 Tomoe Gozen, Japanese female samurai warrior (b. 1157)
 William de Ferrers, English nobleman and knight (b. 1168)
Sidekick

A sidekick is someone who regularly travels with, and helps, another person. In fiction, the other person is often a crimefighter or superhero, such as Batman and his sidekick Robin. Some people consider Sancho Panza, Don Quixote's ever-faithful companion, to be a type of sidekick, even though the book was written long before the word sidekick was invented. Annabeth Chase is nobody's sidekick.

+
Nicobar Islands

The Nicobar Islands are an island chain in the eastern Indian Ocean. They are part of India.

The Nicobar islands include 22 islands of different sizes. The largest one is Great Nicobar. The total land area of the chain is 1841 km². The highest point on the Nicobars is Mount Thullier at 642 m. The population of the islands was 42,026 in 2001, roughly 65% of whom are indigenous peoples (the Nicobarese and Shompen peoples, listed among the Scheduled Tribes of India), and 35% migrants from India and Sri Lanka.

The Nicobars are located southeast of the Indian subcontinent. They are separated form the subcontinent by the Bay of Bengal by about 1,300 km and are separated from the Andaman Islands to the north by the 150 km wide Ten Degree Channel and are 189 km from the Indonesian island of Sumatra to the southeast. The Andaman and Nicobar islands separate the Bay of Bengal from the Andaman Sea. Until the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, Indira Point, south of Great Nicobar, was the southernmost point in India.

The islands cluster into three groups. The northern group includes Car Nicobar (127 km²) and uninhabited Batti Malv (2 km²). The central group includes Chowra (8 km²), Teressa (101 km²), Poahat (13.3 km²), Katchal (174 km²), Camorta (188 km²), Nancowry (67 km²), and Trinket (86 km²); the Isle of Man and Tillangchong (17 km²) are uninhabited. Tillangchong is a wildlife sanctuary. The southern group includes Great Nicobar (1045 km²), Little Nicobar (157 km²), Kondul (4 km²) and Pulomilo (1 km²); the islets of Meroe, Trak, Treis, Menchal, Cubra, Pigeon, and Megapod are uninhabited. Megapod is a wildlife sanctuary.

Administratively the Islands are part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a Union territory of India. The capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands territory is Port Blair on South Andaman. The Union Territory is divided into two districts, Andaman district and Nicobar district (the latter encompassing all of the Nicobars). The Indian Government presently restricts access to the Nicobars by special permit, and in general non-Indian citizens are forbidden from visiting the Nicobar Islands.

Islands of India
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Andaman and Nicobar Islands

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are a union territory of India. The name is often shortened to A & N Islands, or ANI.

The islands are in the Indian Ocean, in the southern part of the Bay of Bengal. The capital of this territory is the Andamanese town of Port Blair.

It is made of two island groups - the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands - separating the Andaman Sea to the east, from the Indian Ocean. These two groups are separated by the 10° N parallel, the Andamans lying to the north of this latitude, and the Nicobars to the south. The channel that separates ANI is the 10° degree channel. This islands have the only active volcano in India, Barren Island. These islands are also uninhabitated. It also has the lowest point in India, The Indira Point

The territory's population in the last (2001) census of India was 356,152. Added together, the total land area of the territory is around 6,496 km² or 2,508 mi², it is larger than the Palestinian territories but smaller than Georgia territory of Abkhazia.

Territorial symbols of Andaman and Nicobar

References

Commonwealth dependent states
Islands of India
Kazan

Kazan (; ) is the capital city of Tatarstan and one of Russia's largest cities. It is a major industrial, commercial and cultural center, and remains the most important center of Tatar culture. Kazan lies at the meeting of the Volga (İdel) and Kazanka (Qazansu) rivers in central European Russia.

Name 
The origin of the name is unclear. The literal translation of Tatar qazan is a boiler or cauldron. Or, it may have come from qazğan, Tatar for dug [ditch].

"Qazan" is originally a name for a special cooking pan, a kind of a wok, but heavier. It was believed that the city of Kazan is named after this object because of its geographical similarity with a "qazan"-pan; namely the city is in a U - shape lowland.

Another, more romantic legend tells a story of a Tatar princess Söyembikä, who dropped a golden dish (golden qazan) into the river on which the city is located while washing it.

Nevertheless, Chuvash legends refer to Bulgarian prince Khusan (Chuvash rendering of Muslim name Hassan) and Chuvashes call this city Хусан after the name of this prince.

History 
In 2021, nine people were killed in a mass shooting.

Images

References

Other websites

Geography of Tatarstan
Cities and towns in Tatarstan
Magnet

A magnet is a special kind of metal. When a magnet goes near a special kind of metal or another magnet, and the poles (sides) touching are opposite, it will pull, or attract the other object closer. If the two poles are the same, the magnet and the other object will push away, or repel, from each other. This attraction and repulsion is called magnetism. Magnets can make some other metals into magnets when they are rubbed together.

Types of magnet 
Soft magnets (meaning impermanent magnets) are often used in electromagnets.  These increase (often hundreds or thousands of times) the magnetic field of a wire that carries an electrical current and is wrapped around the magnet.  The field also increases with the current. 

Permanent magnets have ferromagnetism. They occur naturally in some rocks, particularly lodestone, but are now commonly manufactured. A magnet's magnetism decreases when it is heated and increases when it is cooled. It has to be heated at around . Like poles (S-pole and S-pole/N-pole and N-pole) will repel each other while unlike poles (N-pole and S-pole) will attract each other.

Magnets are only attracted to special metals. Iron, cobalt and nickel are magnetic. Metals that have iron in them attract magnets well. Steel is one. Metals like brass, copper, zinc and aluminum are not attracted to magnets.  Non-magnetic materials such as wood and glass are not attracted to magnets as they do not have magnetic materials in them.

Rare earth magnets 
Lanthanoid elements can make very strong magnets. The spin of their electrons can be aligned, resulting in very strong magnetic fields. So  these elements are used for high-strength magnets when their high price is not a concern. The most common types of rare-earth magnets are samarium–cobalt and neodymium–iron–boron (NIB) magnets.

Natural magnets 
Natural/permanent magnets are not artificial.  They are a kind of rock called lodestone or magnetite.

The compass 
A compass uses the Earth's magnetic field, and points to the North magnetic pole. A north side of the magnet is attracted to the south side of another magnet. However, the north side of the compass points to the north pole, this can only mean that the "north pole" is really the magnetic south, and the "South magnetic pole" is really the magnetic north.

Discovery 
Ancient people discovered magnetism from lodestones (or magnetite) which are naturally magnetized pieces of iron ore. Lodestones, suspended so they could turn, were the first magnetic compasses. 

The earliest known surviving descriptions of magnets and their properties are from Anatolia, India, and China about 2500 years ago. The properties of lodestones and their affinity for iron were written of by Pliny the Elder in his encyclopedia Naturalis Historia.

Related pages
Electromagnet
Alnico
Rare-earth magnet

References 

Magnetism
Tools
By-product

A by-product is something that is made or produced while a product is manufactured in a factory. Usually, the by-product is not used, and it becomes waste that is put in a landfill or garbage dump. Sometimes by-products are toxic materials which are dangerous to humans, animals, and plants. 

Some companies are trying to find ways to reuse or recycle the by-products, instead of putting them into landfill or garbage dumps as waste.

Animal by-products are produced by slaughterhouses (places designed to kill animals for food). Animal by-products are the parts of the animals that cannot be eaten by humans. Animal by-products are sometimes included in non-human foods, such as pet food or animal feed (for farm animals).

Waste
Toxic waste

Toxic waste is any sort of waste that is harmful to people, plants, or animals, but usually it is said about waste that hurts people. Toxic wastes are usually liquid chemicals. These poisons are made as by-products of making other things, usually by manufacturing but sometimes they are chemicals used for farming. Another type of toxic waste is radioactive materials.

waste
Space Runaway Ideon

Space Runaway Ideon was an animated television series from 1980. It lasted for 39 episodes before being cancelled. It was originally aired in Japan, where it was well known. It also had two movies called A Contact and Be Invoked.

Animated television series