alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Gödel number

In formal number theory a Gödel numbering is a function which assigns to each symbol and formula of some formal language a unique natural number called a Gödel number (GN). The concept was first used by Kurt Gödel for the proof of his incompleteness theorem. 

A Gödel numbering can be interpreted as an encoding where a number is assigned to each symbol of a mathematical notation, and a stream of natural numbers can then represent some form or function. A numbering of the set of computable functions can then be represented by a stream of Gödel numbers (also called effective numbers). Rogers' equivalence theorem states   criteria for which those numberings of the set of computable functions  are Gödel numberings.

Definition

Given a countable set S, a Gödel numbering is an injective function

with both f and  (the inverse of f) being computable functions.

Examples

Base notation and strings
One of the simplest Gödel numbering schemes is used every day: The correspondence between integers and their representations as strings of symbols. For example, the sequence 2 3 is understood, by a particular set of rules, to correspond to the number twenty-three. Similarly, strings of symbols from some alphabet of N symbols can be encoded by identifying each symbol with a number from 0 to N and reading the string as the base N+1 representation of an integer.

References 

 Gödel, Kurt, "Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme I", Monatsheft für Math. und Physik 38, 1931, pages 173–198.

Further reading
 Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid, by Douglas Hofstadter.  This book defines and uses an alternative Gödel numbering.
Gödel's Proof by Ernest Nagel and James R. Newman.  This book provides a good introduction and summary of the proof, with a large section dedicated to Gödel's numbering.

Number theory
Formal language

In mathematics, computer science and linguistics, a formal language is one that has a particular set of symbols, and whose expressions are made according to a particular set of rules. The symbol  is often used as a variable for formal languages in logic.

Unlike natural languages, the symbols and formulas in formal languages are syntactically and semantically related to one another in a precise way. As a result, formal languages are completely (or almost completely) void of ambiguity.

Examples 
Some examples of formal languages include:

 The set of all words over 
 The set , where  is a natural number and  means  repeated  times
 Finite languages, such as 
 The set of syntactically correct programs in a given programming language
 The set of inputs upon which a certain Turing machine halts

Specification 
A formal language can be specified in a great variety of ways, such as:

 Strings produced by some formal grammar (see Chomsky hierarchy)
 Strings described or matched by a regular expression
 Strings accepted by some automaton, such as a Turing machine or finite state automaton
 Strings indicated by a decision procedure (a set of related yes/no questions) where the answer is 'yes'

Related pages
 Language for languages in general
 Syntax for the form of a language in general
 Semantics for the meanings in a language
 Natural language for languages that are not formal
 Computer language for application of formal languages in computing
 Programming language for the application of formal languages to program computers

References

Further reading

Other websites 
 http://icalp06.dsi.unive.it/  ICALP 2006 33rd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming.
 http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/CDMTCS/conferences/dlt/DLTConfSeries.html International Conferences on Developments in Language Theory

Mathematics
Theoretical computer science
Linguistics
Alphabet (computer science)

In computer science, an alphabet is a finite non-empty set. The elements of an alphabet are called the letters or symbols of the alphabet.

An example of an alphabet is  which may be used for Morse code or {begin, if, else, for, while} which may be the keywords of a Programming language.

The set of natural numbers is not an alphabet because as it is not finite.

The alphabet which is used the most in computer science is {0,1}. It is called the binary alphabet because it contains two symbols. An alphabet can be used to make a string (or word). This is a finite Sequence of letters from the alphabet. For example, a string of length 5 over {0,1} is 01101.

The empty string is the string containing no letters (it is often written as ). The empty string is a string over any alphabet.

If we have an alphabet called , then we write the set of all strings that can be made from  as . This is called the Kleene star (or Kleene closure) of . It is named after the mathematician Stephen Cole Kleene.

The Kleene star of the binary alphabet is . The three dots after 001, show that we cannot write the Kleene star of an alphabet in full because it is an infinite set.

Alphabets are important because they are used in studying formal languages, finite automata and very difficult questions in computer science about what can be computed and what can not.

Related pages
Formal language
Syntax
Semantics

References 

 Arto Salomaa, Formal Languages, (1973): Chapter 1
 Michael A. Harrison, Introduction to Formal Language Theory, (1978): Chapter 1.2
 John E. Hopcroft and Jeffrey D. Ullman, Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation, Addison-Wesley Publishing, Reading Massachusetts, (1979). .
 György E. Révész, Introduction to Formal Languages, (1991): Chapter 1.1
 Grzegorz Rozenberg and Arto Salomaa, Handbook of Formal Languages: Volume 1. Word, Language, Grammar, (1997): Chapter 2.1
 Dan A. Simovici and Richard L. Tenney, Theory of Formal Languages with Applications, (1999): Chapter 2.1
 Keijo Ruohonen, Formal Languages, (2009): Chapter 1.1
 John Martin: Introduction to Languages and the Theory of Computation (2010): Chapter 1.5

Computer science
Empty string

The empty string is the unique string of no characters over some alphabet Σ. It is written as ε or λ. The length of this empty string is 0. 

In simple words, given some characters of an alphabet, the empty string is the word that can be made if no letters are used. There is of course only one such word.

Under concatenation, the empty string is the identity element of the free monoid on Σ. That is, for any string s, sε = εs = s.

Representations 
In many programming languages, the empty string is written with two double quotes: "". The empty string is also sometimes noted by the Greek letter λ.

Implementation 
In C, the empty string is represented by a character array with a null character in the zeroeth position. Note that all strings in C are terminated by a null character.

Computer science
Mathematics
Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats

Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats is a book of poems about cats. The cats in these poems act like humans. It is by T. S. Eliot. It was first sold in 1939. Andrew Lloyd Webber used most of the poems in his musical Cats.

Contents of Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats by T. S. Eliot:
 The Naming of Cats
 The Old Gumbie Cat
 Growltiger’s Last Stand
 The Rum Tum Tugger
 Mungojerrie and Rumpelteazer
 Old Deuteronomy
 The Pekes and the Pollicles
 Mr. Mistoffelees
 Macavity: The Mystery Cat
 Gus: The Theatre Cat
 Bustopher Jones: The Cat about Town
 Skimbleshanks: The Railway Cat
 The Ad-dressing of Cats
 Cat Morgan Introduces Himself (added in the 1962 edition and not included in the musical)

References
Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats 

1939 books
20th-century British poems
Jessica Fox (actress)

Jessica Ann Fox (born 19 May 1983) is an English actress best known for playing Nancy Hayton on Channel 4 soap opera, Hollyoaks.

Early life
Fox received her acting training at the Redroofs Theatre School in Maidenhead, Berkshire, England.

Career
Fox was born in Maidenhead, Berkshire. Her early television and film roles included The Muppet Christmas Carol, in which she provided the voice of the Ghost of Christmas Past.  Shortly afterwards her career in television was furthered with roles in The Angel of Nitshill Road, May and June, Trial and Retribution, The Bill, The Detectives and the leading role of Anthea in the 1997 BBC children's serial The Phoenix and the Carpet. She then moved to comedy, playing the "naughty but nice" Enid Nightshade in three series of The Worst Witch and the slightly naughtier Enid in the spinoff Weirdsister College. Co-starring with Sarah Lancashire, she then appeared in the role of Rusty Dickinson in Back Home.

Fox then moved into soaps, playing Belle Wise in Crossroads, and made a guest appearance in children's show Powers. In 2005, she was cast as newcomer Nancy Hayton in the Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks.

Personal life
On 15 October 2022 Fox announced she is pregnant with her first child.
Fox gave birth to a son with husband Nicholas Willes on 7 March 2023.

Fox supports the charity Breast Cancer Care.

Filmography

Television

References

External links 
 
 
 

1983 births
Living people
Actresses from Berkshire
British soap opera actresses
English film actresses
English television actresses
English musical theatre actresses
English voice actresses
People educated at Redroofs Theatre School
People from Maidenhead
Bartholomew Crannell Beardsley

Bartholomew Crannell Beardsley (October 21, 1775 – March 24, 1855) was a lawyer, judge and political figure in Upper Canada and New Brunswick.

He was born in Poughkeepsie, New York in 1775, the son of John Beardsley, chaplain in a loyalist regiment, and he came north with his family to New Brunswick after the American Revolution. He studied law there and was called to the bar in 1796. In 1797, he travelled to Newark (Niagara-on-the-Lake), where he set up practice. In 1814, he served as defense counsel for several prisoners at the Bloody Assize held at Ancaster. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada in the 2nd and 3rd ridings of Lincoln in 1824; he was defeated in 1828 but reelected in 1830. He defended the rights of immigrants from the United States to hold full citizenship and opposed discrimination against religious minorities. He supported Robert Randal's case against Henry John Boulton. In 1832, he left Upper Canada to practice law in Woodstock, New Brunswick. He was appointed judge in the probate court for Carleton County there in 1834. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick for Carleton in 1837. In 1847, he returned west and set up a practice in Oakville.

He died in Oakville in 1855.

External links
 
Journal of the House of Assembly of the province of New Brunswick from ... , FC Sower (1838)

1775 births
1855 deaths
Loyalists in the American Revolution from New York (state)
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada
Members of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick
Colony of New Brunswick judges
People from Niagara-on-the-Lake
United States House Committee on the Election of the President, Vice President and Representatives in Congress

The United States House Committee on the Election of the President, Vice President, and Representatives in Congress is a former standing committee of the United States House of Representatives.

The committee was established in 1893 with jurisdiction over legislation concerning the election of the officials enumerated in its title, including proposed changes to the Constitution that affected the terms of office of the named officials, the succession to the offices of the President and Vice President, the direct election of Senators, and the meeting times of Congress. The committee considered national election laws and their enforcement, including such topics as the disqualification of polygamists from election to Congress, the use of electric voting machines in congressional elections, the necessary and proper expenses related to nominations and elections, and the publication of campaign expenses. It was responsible for changes in the law regarding the electoral count and resolutions regulating the actual electoral vote count by the Senate and House of Representatives.

See also
Public Law 62-5 (1911), fixing the number of representatives at 435
United States congressional committee

External links
Committee on the Election of the President, Vice President, and Representatives in Congress at NARA
Election of the President, Vice President, and Representatives in Congress
Connie Powney

Connie Powney (born 22 May 1983) is an English actress.

Personal life 
Powney has a twin sister, Cassie, who is her younger twin by two minutes.

Career 
She played the role of Sophie Burton in the soap opera Hollyoaks, alongside Cassie (who played Mel Burton).

She has been interested in acting since childhood and did a lot of twin roles with Cassie, including a twin role in the 2003 film What a Girl Wants which also starred the teen Hollywood star Amanda Bynes.

She was nominated for the Best Actress Award at the 2006 British Soap Awards but lost out to Lacey Turner.

Filmography

External links 
 

British identical twins
English child actresses
English twins
Identical twin actresses
People from Seaford, East Sussex
1983 births
Living people
English soap opera actresses
English television actresses
People from Eastbourne
Actresses from Sussex
Kayalar

Kayalar can refer to:

 Kayalar, Karayazı, Turkey
 Kayalar, Maden, Turkey
 Kayalar, someone from Kayalpatnam, Tamil Nadu, India
Chadae of Goguryeo

King Chadae (71–165, r. 146–165) was the seventh ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Although his wife is unknown, he had at least a son named Prince Chu'an (추안, 鄒安) who escaped from the palace after King Sin ascended the throne and then asked the king to spare his life and pardoned later.

Background and rise to the throne
According to the Samguk Sagi, he was the younger brother of the previous king Taejo the Great. He was said to be brave but cruel.

During his brother's reign, Chadae successfully repelled attacks by Han Dynasty China, and gained power within the Goguryeo court. After eliminating opponents, including Go Bok-jang, he eventually received the throne from Taejo, who was probably forced to abdicate in 146.

Reign
Chadae continued to consolidate power even after rising to the throne. In the third year of his reign, he ordered the deaths of Taejo's two sons, forced one of his brothers to commit suicide, and persecuted his youngest brother Baekgo (later King Sindae).

Following several natural disasters and civil unrest, he was killed by his minister Myeongnim Dap-bu, according to the Samguk Sagi. According to the Samguk Yusa, the subsequent king Sindae killed both Chaedae and Taejo.

See also
History of Korea
Three Kingdoms of Korea
List of Korean monarchs

References

Goguryeo monarchs
71 births
165 deaths
2nd-century monarchs in Asia
2nd-century Korean people
1st-century Korean people
United States House Committee on Enrolled Bills

The United States House Committee on Enrolled Bills is a former standing committee of the United States House of Representatives.

The House standing Committee on Enrolled Bills was a result of the dissolution of the old Joint Committee on Enrolled Bills. The Joint Committee on Enrolled Bills was established on July 27, 1789, with the responsibility for the enrollment of engrossed bills. The enacting resolution states the following:

After a bill shall have passed both Houses, it shall be duly enrolled on Parchment by the Clerk of the House of Representatives or the Secretary of the Senate, as the bill may have originated in one or the other House, before it shall be presented to the President of the United States. ... When bills are enrolled they shall be examined by a joint committee for that purpose, who shall carefully compare the enrollment with the engrossed bills as passed in the two Houses, and, correcting any errors that may be discovered in the enrolled bills, make their report forthwith to their respective Houses.

In 1876 the joint rules of Congress were allowed to lapse, and although the committee continued to be referred to as a "joint committee," it consisted thereafter of a separate committee in each house, each supervising the enrolling of bills originated in its own house. Under the Reorganization Act of 1946 the functions of the Committee on Enrolled Bills were incorporated into those of the House Administration Committee. The Joint Committee on Enrolled Bills has since that date been composed of three members from the House Administration Committee and three members from the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration.

See also 
 Enrolled bill
 Enrolled bill rule

External links
Committee on Enrolled Bills at NARA

References

Enrolled Bills
Clifton House, Pennsylvania

Clifton House, previously known as Sandy Tavern, is a historic building located at 473 Bethlehem Pike in Fort Washington, Pennsylvania.

During the autumn of 1777, George Washington's Continental Army spent six weeks camped at nearby Whitemarsh. Colonels Clement Biddle (the "Quaker General" and member of one of Philadelphia's prominent families) and Stephen Moylan, and General George Wheedon, were quartered here during the encampment.

The house that currently stands on the property was built in 1801.  At the time of the American Revolution, it was known as the Sandy Tavern.

Today, the Clifton House is a library and museum operated by the Fort Washington Historical Society, and also serves as the society's headquarters.

See also
Hope Lodge

References

Sources

External links
Map: 
Ambler History - The Clifton House

American_Revolutionary_War_sites
Taverns in Pennsylvania
Taverns in the American Revolution
Museums in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
History museums in Pennsylvania
Houses in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Houses completed in 1801
Kevin Sacre

Kevin Sacre-Dallerup (born Kevin Bignell on 23 March 1978) is a British actor. He is most famous for his performance as Jake Dean in the Channel 4 British soap opera Hollyoaks, a role he played from 2002 to 2010.

Early life
He was born in London. He attended secondary school at Aylesbury Grammar School.

Acting career
Kevin started his career at the Royal Shakespeare Company followed by TV series Night and Day for ITV in which he played Dennis Doyle from 2001 to 2002 with ex-cast member Stuart Manning then on to Hollyoaks. He left the show in May 2008. In December 2008, Kevin played the lead in Aladdin at Sheffield Lyceum Theatre. On 6 July 2009, after much speculation it was confirmed Sacre will be returning to his role as tragic, incarcerated, mentally ill Jake Dean.

Other appearances
Sacre made a cameo appearance in the Ricky Gervais show Extras. He also made a guest appearance on The Weakest Link alongside co-star Ali Bastian. Kevin took part in Living TV's The Underdog Show last summer where ten celebrities train ten rescue dogs and won the show. He also met girlfriend Camilla Dallerup to whom he is now married. Kevin was also seen on the BBC Three show Dancing on Wheels.

Personal life
He married professional dancer Camilla Dallerup on 29 July 2010 in Ibiza, two years after meeting on the set of the reality TV series The Underdog Show. Both now go by the last name Sacre-Dallerup.

References

External links

 TV.com Profile

Living people
1978 births
Alumni of Middlesex University
People educated at Aylesbury Grammar School
English male television actors
English male stage actors
MUTV

MUTV may refer to:

 Marquette University Television, an American student channel featuring student programming
 MUTV (Manchester United F.C.), a British subscription based television channel, operated by Manchester United F.C.
Sansang of Goguryeo

King Sansang of Goguryeo (died 227, r. 196–227
) was the 10th ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.  He was the third son of the eighth king Sindae and the younger brother of the ninth king Gogukcheon, who died without an heir.

Family
Father: King Sindae (신대왕, 新大王)
Consort and their respective issue(s):
Queen, of the U clan (왕후 우씨, 王后 于氏); daughter of U So (우소, 于素) – No issue.
Unnamed woman from Jutong village (주통촌)
Prince Uwigeo (우위거, 憂位居)

Background and rise to the throne
Upon Gogukcheon's death, his queen Lady U supported Sansang's claim and had him placed on the throne.  She then became Sansang's queen.  This indicates that the custom of Levirate marriage was still practiced in Goguryeo, but also demonstrated Lady U's power in court.

Balgi, older brother to Sansang, led a rebel force attacking the capital, gaining military support of Chinese faction. Sansang had his younger brother Gyesu repel the attack, and Balgi committed suicide.

Goguryeo was invaded by warlord Gongsun Kang in 204 after the older brother of the Goguryeo King Sansang of Goguryeo, Balgi, went to Gongsun Kang and requested 30,000 soldiers to invade Goguryeo so that Balgi could become king. Around this time, Kang established the Daifang Commandery by separating the southern half from the Lelang commandery. Although Goguryeo defeated the first invasion and killed Balgi, in 209, Kang invaded Goguryeo again seized some of its territory and weakened Goguryeo. 

Pressure from Liaodong forced Goguryeo to move their capital in the Hun River valley to the Yalu River valley near Hwando. In 217, he granted refuge to a thousand families from the Liaodong region.

Successor
In the eleventh lunar month of 208, the king chased a sacrificial boar to the village of Jutongchon, where he met a young woman and spent the day with her.  The queen heard of this and sent royal forces, failing to kill her owing to her assertion that she conceived. The woman gave birth to a son and became a royal concubine. The son was made crown prince in 213 and later became King Dongcheon.

Sansang died during 227, the 31st year of his reign, and was buried in Sansang-neung.

See also
History of Korea
Three Kingdoms of Korea
List of Korean monarchs
Gongsun Kang

References

Goguryeo monarchs
227 deaths
3rd-century monarchs in Asia
2nd-century monarchs in Asia
Year of birth unknown
2nd-century Korean people
3rd-century Korean people
HMS Iris

Eight ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Iris after the Greek mythological figure Iris or after the flower by that name. A ninth was planned but renamed before entering service:

 HMS Iris was a 28-gun sixth rate, formerly the American USS Hancock. The British captured Hancock in 1777 and renamed her Iris, but lost her to the French in 1781, who sold her in 1784.
  was a 32-gun fifth rate launched in 1783. The Navy lent her to Trinity House in 1803, but reclaimed and refitted her in 1805. She was renamed HMS Solebay in 1809 and was broken up in 1833.
  was a 44-gun fifth rate, formerly the Danish Marie. She was captured in 1807 and sold in 1816.
  was a 26-gun sixth rate launched in 1840 and sold in 1869.
  was an  second class cruiser launched in 1877 and sold in 1905.
  was an  sloop launched in 1915 and sold in 1920.
  was a river ferry acquired by the Royal Navy for use in the Zeebrugge Raid.
  was a railway ferry converted to a "Landing Ship Sternchute (LSS)"
 HMS Iris was to have been a . She was renamed  before being launched in 1941, and was lent to the Free French Navy that year, being renamed Commandant Detroyat. She served until 1947 and was broken up in 1948.

Battle honours
The ships of this name have several battle honours:
 Chesapeake 1781
 New Zealand 1860–1861
 Port Said 1882
 Suakin 1884
 Belgian Coast 1918
 Zeebruge 1918

Royal Navy ship names
Anwon of Goguryeo

Anwon of Goguryeo (died 545) (r. 531–545) was the 23rd ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.  He was the younger brother of Anjang of Goguryeo, and is said to have been tall and wise.

Battles
The other two of the Three Kingdoms, Baekje and Silla, formed an alliance in response to the Goguryeo threat, leading to a relatively balanced peace. In the only conflict during Anwon's reign, in the ninth lunar month of 540, Baekje laid siege to Usan Castle, but Anwon sent 5,000 cavalry and drove the attackers off.

Disasters
Goguryeo suffered many natural disasters during Anwon's reign, such as flooding in the south of his kingdom, earthquakes, thunderstorms and a severe epidemic, a severe drought (in his 6th year of reign. He had help the people because of the incident), a plague of locusts. However, he attempted to salvage starving people from hunger during the 7th year of his reign during the spring.

Chaos around succession and death
Anwon's first queen had not given birth to a son.  In his third year on the throne, he had designated as crown prince his eldest son by his second queen, prince Pyeongseong (subsequent king Yangwon). However, in the last year of Anwon's reign, there was a power struggle between his second and third queens who each sought to make her son the crown prince.

The aristocracy split into two camps, leading to violent battles during which the king was apparently killed.  This internal division was the beginning of a significantly weakening of the royal throne and Goguryeo itself in subsequent years.

The king died in the third lunar month of 545, after 15 years on the throne. He was given the posthumous royal title of King Anwŏn.

Foreign relations
The king paid tribute to  Northern Wei Liang dynasty and Eastern Wei.

Family
Father: King Munja (문자명왕, 文咨明王)
Grandfather: Prince Joda/Juda (조다, 助多)
Consorts and their respective issue(s):
Center Lady (정부인, 正夫人) – No issue.
Middle Lady (중부인, 中夫人)
Prince Pyeongseong (평성, 平成)
Little Lady (소부인, 小夫人)
Unknown son

See also
History of Korea
Three Kingdoms of Korea
List of Korean monarchs

References

Goguryeo monarchs
545 deaths
6th-century monarchs in Asia
Year of birth unknown
6th-century Korean people
Yangwon of Goguryeo

Yangwon of Goguryeo (538~559) (r. 545–559) was the 24th ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He was the eldest son of Anwon of Goguryeo. During Yangwon's reign, Goguryeo gradually grew weaker and was obliged to take various urgent measures to block foreign invasions, eventually losing the Seoul region to the alliance of the other two Korean kingdoms.

Family
Father: King Anwon (안원왕, 安原王)
Grandfather: King Munja (문자명왕, 文咨明王)
Mother: Middle Lady (중부인, 中夫人)
Unknown wife
Son: Prince Yangseong (양성, 陽成)

Life and reign

He was confirmed as heir to the throne in 533, the third year of Anwon's reign. Although he was the heir, it is said that he was not able to simply assume power after his father's death. Anwon had three wives, and because the first did not bear him a son, the other queens strove to put their son on the throne.  Yangwon's supporters won the military struggle and he was able to succeed to the throne.

Preparing for war in 547, Yangwon rebuilt Baegam fortress and repaired Sin fortress. In 548, he sent 6,000 soldiers against Baekje's Doksan Fortress but the Silla general Ju Jin led a relief army and the Goguryeo assault failed. In 550, Baekje invaded and sacked Dosal fortress. Goguryeo counterattacked and struck Baekje's Geumhyeon fortress, but Silla took advantage of this to seize two more Goguryeo castles.

In 551, the emerging empire of the Göktürks invaded from Central Asia and laid siege to Sin fortress; unable to take it, they attacked Baegam fortress instead. At this, Yangwon sent his general Go Heul and 10,000 troops against the Göktürks; they killed or captured 1,000. In the same year, Silla invaded once again and captured ten districts of the present-day Seoul region.. In 552, Jangan fortress was built. In 554, Yangwon's forces attacked Ungcheon fortress in Baekje, but failed to take it.

In 553, Northern Qi's Emperor Wenxuan sent ambassador Cui Liu to Goguryeo to request the return of Chinese civilians who had fled the turmoil during the end of Northern Wei. When Yongwon's court refused, Cui Liu became furious and punched Yangwon off his chair. Frightened, Yangwon apologised for refusing and agreed to return five thousand households.

In 557, Yangwon designated the prince Go Yang-seong as heir to the throne. In the tenth lunar month of that same year, the commander Gan Juri of Hwando fortress rebelled, but the rebellion was put down and he was executed. Yangwon died in 559, after fifteen years on the throne.

See also
History of Korea
List of Korean monarchs

References

Goguryeo monarchs
538 births
559 deaths
Year of birth unknown
6th-century monarchs in Asia
6th-century Korean people
Calanque de Morgiou

The Calanque de Morgiou is one of the biggest calanques located between Marseille and Cassis.

Formerly a fishing port, it is famous for the gigantic tuna fishing organized there in 1622,  when the king Louis XIII paid a visit to Marseille. It still houses small fishing cabins, but they're now used for tourism rather than fishing.

The Calanque de Morgiou is also famous for the Cosquer cave, an underwater grotto containing numerous cave drawings dating back as far as 27,000 years BP.

Landforms of Bouches-du-Rhône
Landforms of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Cliffs of Metropolitan France
Massif des Calanques
Clara Bryant

Clara Elise Bryant (born February 7, 1985, in Glendale, California) is an American actress and lawyer. She is best known for her roles as Amy in Under Wraps and Tru Walker in Tru Confessions. She is an alumna of University of Georgia School of Law. Bone Eater was Clara Bryant's final acting project. After filming Bone Eater Clara retired from acting.

After retiring from acting in 2008, she went on to law school. Today Clara Bryant is a lawyer in Atlanta, Georgia.

Filmography

Film

Television
 1991 Gabriel's Fire as Rachel Goldstein
A Prayer for the Goldsteins (season 1, episode 18), March 7, 1991
 1992 Billy as Annie MacGregor
 1992 Roseanne as Lisa Healy
It's No Place Like Home for the Holidays (season 5, episode 12), December 15, 1992
 1993 Star Trek: Deep Space Nine as Chandra
Move Along Home (season 1, episode 10), March 14, 1993
 2002-2003 Buffy the Vampire Slayer as Molly
Bring on the Night (season 7, episode 10), December 17, 2002
Showtime (season 7, episode 11), January 7, 2003
Potential (season 7, episode 12), January 21, 2003
Get It Done (season 7, episode 15), February 18, 2003
Storyteller (season 7, episode 16), February 25, 2003
Lies My Parents Told Me (season 7, episode 17), March 25, 2003
Dirty Girls (season 7, episode 18), April 15, 2003
 2003 Fastlane as Muffy
Simone Says (season 1, episode 17), March 14, 2003
 2003 Hack as Jessica
To Have and Have Not (season 2, episode 9), November 22, 2003
 2006 Numb3rs as Karen
Double Down (season 2, episode 13), January 13, 2006

Awards and nominations

Awards
 2003 – Young Artist Award – Best Performance in a TV Movie, Miniseries, or Special, Leading Young Actress for Tru Confessions

Nominations
 1998 – Young Artist Award – Best Performance in a TV Movie or Feature Film, Young Ensemble for Under Wraps (shared with Mario Yedidia and Adam Wylie)
 2001 – Young Artist Award – Best Performance in a Feature Film, Supporting Young Actress for L' Amante Perduto

References

External links
 

1985 births
Living people
American child actresses
American film actresses
American television actresses
Actresses from California
University of Georgia School of Law alumni
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
People from Glendale, California
Georgia (U.S. state) lawyers
21st-century American lawyers
21st-century American women lawyers
Demak, Demak

Demak is a town in Central Java, Indonesia. It is the capital of Demak Regency and the location of the former Sultanate of Demak, briefly the strongest power on the island of Java. The town covers an area of 61.13 km2, and had a population of 110,165 at the 2020 Census.

Climate
Demak has a tropical monsoon climate (Am) with moderate to little rainfall from May to October and heavy to very heavy rainfall from November to April.

References

Demak Regency
Districts of Central Java
Populated places in Central Java
Regency seats of Central Java

Tuntang basin
I (Kingston Wall album)

I (Originally titled as Kingston Wall) is the debut album from the Finnish group Kingston Wall.

This album was originally released under the band's own record label, Trinity, in 1992. It was also licensed and released in Japan by Japanese Zero record label. Both of these prints have been sold-out in the 1990s and are considered somewhat collector's items. The original Trinity print featured a psychedelic cartoon drawing inside the album cover booklet. The Japanese print included English lyrics in the jewel case insert booklet as well as Japanese translations of the lyrics.

In 1998, Finnish record label Zen Garden (later Sony BMG Finland) re-released the whole Kingston Wall discography as remastered versions along with a 2-disc limited print-version of each album which included a Bonus CD featuring rare/unreleased studio and live material. These 2-disc versions have also been sold-out and are considered collectibles. The album is still available as a remastered 1-disc version from Zen Garden (2006).

Track listing
All song written by Kingston Wall, except where noted.
1. "With My Mind" - 4:39 
2. "Used to Feel Before" - 4:02 
3. "I'm Not the One" - 3:43 
4. "Fire" - 2:58 (Jimi Hendrix)
5. "Waste of Time" - 6:26 
6. "Nepal" - 8:37 
7. "And I Hear You Call" - 4:55 
8. "Tanya" - 3:51 
9. - 16. "Mushrooms" - 21:09 
I Prelude 1:18
II On My Own 6:50
III The Weep 2:01
IV Mushrooms 3:04
V Circumstances 2:18
VI Captain Relief 2:15
VII More Mushrooms 2:07
VIII The Answer 1:16

1998 re-issue limited edition bonus CD
"Freak-Out Intro" (live) – 2:13 (Kingston Wall)
"Purple Haze" (live) – 3:43 (J. Hendrix)
"Call Me the Breeze" (live) – 4:23 (J. J. Cale)
"Rocky Raccoon" (live) – 3:44 (McCartney & Lennon)
"Western Plain" (live) – 1:10 (Lead Belly)
"Freak-Out Outro" (live) – 3:54 (Kingston Wall)

Live from Kingston Wall Freak-Out Club at Live Marathon, Helsinki, Autumn -91

Personnel
Petri Walli - guitars, vocals, mixing
Jukka Jylli - bass, backing vocals, Egyptian horn on "Circumstances"
Sami Kuoppamäki - drums, percussion
Tom Vuori - mixing
Pauli Saastamoinen, Robert Palomäki - remastering (1998 reissue)
Kie Von Hertzen - cover design, illustrations
Mark Flynn - Sound effects, rambling on "More Mushrooms" and "Circumstances"
Petteri Vilkki - technical support, colors
Joni Vihervä - photography

References

1992 debut albums
Kingston Wall albums
Danish Sale of Goods Act

The Danish Sale of Goods Act (; Consolidation Act number 237 of March 28, 2003) lays down various rules of trade between companies (commercial sale) and between companies and consumers (consumer sale).

Main points
 Overdue delivery or defective goods are considered breaches of contract on the seller's part.
 Overdue payment or non-payment are considered main breaches of contract on the buyer's part.
 Seller's breach of contract may cause the customer to claim damages, rescind the contract of sale or demand goods delivered to replace the defective ones.
 The rules of commercial sale are the most restrictive ones. 
 Any delay usually makes it possible for the customer to rescind the contract of sale or claim damages (if the goods have to be purchased elsewhere at a higher price). 
 Defective goods of any kind must immediately be reported to the seller. 
 The Sale of Goods Act's provisions on defective goods and overdue delivery can be departed from through terms of sale and delivery. However, most trades have set forth individual customs impeding full disclaimer of any provisions. Otherwise, they will never see any customers.

See also
Sale of Goods Act

References

External links
Danish Sale of Goods Act Full text (unofficial translation of law)

Danish business law
Sindae of Goguryeo

King Sindae (89–179; r. 165–179) was the eighth ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.  The Samguk Sagi records him as the half-brother of the sixth king Taejo and the seventh king Chadae. Other records indicate he may have been Taejo or Chaedae's son.

He remained quiet under the harsh reign of Chadae, secluding himself in the mountains.  After Myeongnim Dap-bu assassinated Chadae, Sindae was invited to ascend the throne by court officials.  At that time he was already 77 years old.  The Samguk Yusa indicates that Sindae himself killed Taejo and Chadae to become king. He tried to stabilize the court by incorporating Chadae's son and other opponents into his administration. To strengthen royal power, he created the supreme ministerial post of guksang(國相), and appointed Myeongnim Dap-bu to the office.

In 169 and 172, Goguryeo was attacked by China, but successfully continued resistance to control the border. Goguryeo united with the Xianbei and attacked the Yuju and Byeongju districts of the Later Han Dynasty of China; however, their alliance brought no great victory. The Later Han invaded Goguryeo in the eleventh month of 172, but were destroyed by Myeongnim Dap-bu's army at Jwawon(坐原), gaining success to expand its territory into western side of the kingdom.

In 176, he named his second son Nammu as the crown prince (subsequent king Gogukcheon), which consolidated the tradition of patrilineal succession. Sindae died in the twelfth lunar month of 179, at the age of 91.

Family
Unknown wife
1st son: Prince Nammu (남무, 男武)
2nd son: Prince Balgi (발기, 發岐); committed suicide after King Sansang ascended the throne.
3rd son: Prince Yeonu (고연우, 高延優)
4th son: Prince Gyesu (계수, 罽須); an active general during the reign of both king Gogukcheon and Sansang.

See also
History of Korea
Three Kingdoms of Korea
List of Korean monarchs

References

Goguryeo monarchs
89 births
179 deaths
2nd-century monarchs in Asia
1st-century Korean people
2nd-century Korean people
CURB-65

CURB-65, also known as the CURB criteria, is a clinical prediction rule that has been validated for predicting mortality in community-acquired pneumonia and infection of any site. The CURB-65 is based on the earlier CURB score and is recommended by the British Thoracic Society for the assessment of severity of pneumonia. It was developed in 2002 at the University of Nottingham by Dr. W.S. Lim et al. In 2018 a new toolkit was presented on the basis of CURB-65.

The score is an acronym for each of the risk factors measured.  Each risk factor scores one point, for a maximum score of 5:
 Confusion of new onset (defined as an AMTS of 8 or less)
 Blood Urea nitrogen greater than 7 mmol/L (19 mg/dL)
 Respiratory rate of 30 breaths per minute or greater
 Blood pressure less than 90 mmHg systolic or diastolic blood pressure 60 mmHg or less
 Age 65 or older

Predicting death

Pneumonia
The risk of death at 30 days increases as the score increases:
 0—0.7%
 1—3.2%
 2—13.0%
 3—17.0%
 4—41.5%
 5—57.0%

The CURB-65 has been compared to the pneumonia severity index in predicting mortality from pneumonia.  It was shown that the PSI has a higher discriminatory power for short-term mortality, and thus is more accurate for low risk patients than the CURB-65 or its predecessor, the CURB score. However, the PSI is more complicated and requires arterial blood gas sampling amongst other tests; given this, the CURB-65 score is more easily used in primary care settings. A variant of the CURB-65 that omits the urea measurement (CRB-65) is even simpler, as it relies only on history and examination findings rather than blood tests.

The CURB-65 is used as a means of deciding the action that is needed to be taken for that patient. 
 0-1: Treat as an outpatient
 2: Consider a short stay in hospital or watch very closely as an outpatient
 3-5: Requires hospitalization with consideration as to whether they need to be in the intensive care unit

Any infection
Patients with any type of infection (half of the patients had pneumonia), the risk of death increases as the score increases:
 0 to 1: <5% mortality
 2 to 3: < 10% mortality
 4 to 5: 15-30% mortality

References

Diagnostic intensive care medicine
Diagnostic pulmonology
Medical scales
Science and technology in Nottinghamshire
University of Nottingham
Calanque de Sormiou

The Calanque de Sormiou is the biggest calanque of the Calanques National Park, France. Located in the 9th arrondissement of Marseille, it is famous for its climbing spots. Access by car is restricted in the summer due to the risk of forest fires.

9th arrondissement of Marseille
Landforms of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Cliffs of Metropolitan France
Massif des Calanques
Pauli group

In physics and mathematics, the Pauli group  on 1 qubit is the 16-element matrix group consisting of the 2 × 2 identity matrix  and all of the Pauli matrices
,
together with the products of these matrices with the factors  and :
.
The Pauli group is generated by the Pauli matrices, and like them it is named after Wolfgang Pauli.

The Pauli group on  qubits, , is the group generated by the operators described above applied to each of  qubits in the tensor product Hilbert space .

As an abstract group,  is the central product of a cyclic group of order 4 and the dihedral group of order 8.

The Pauli group is a representation of the gamma group in three-dimensional Euclidean space. It is not isomorphic to the gamma group; it is less free, in that its chiral element is  whereas there is no such relationship for the gamma group.

References

External links

Finite groups
Quantum information science

2. https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9807006
Carex cespitosa

Carex cespitosa (Tuft carex) is a species of perennial sedge of the genus Carex which can be found growing in tufts (caespitose), as the Latin specific epithet  suggests. The name is synonymous with Carex cespitosa f. retorta.

The species is able to hybridise with the common sedge (Carex nigra) to produce a plant  tall, flowering from May to June. The species can be found in all of Scandinavia, ranging from common to rare, and central parts of Europe, becoming rare to the west and towards the Mediterranean, and including isolated locations in Great Britain and the Iberian Peninsula.

The species is often found in a mosaic with other Carex, but can become almost entirely dominant. It grows in very moist soil.

References

cespitosa
Flora of Europe
Flora of Asia
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
II (Kingston Wall album)

II is the second studio album from the Finnish group Kingston Wall.

This album was originally released under the band's own record label, Trinity, in February 1993. It was also licensed and released in Japan by Japanese Zero record label. Both of these prints have been sold-out in the 1990s and are considered somewhat collector's items. The Japanese print included English lyrics in the jewel case insert booklet as well as Japanese translations of the lyrics.

In 1998, Finnish record label Zen Garden (later SonyBMG Finland) re-released the whole Kingston Wall discography as remastered versions along with a 2-disc limited print-version of each album which included a Bonus CD featuring rare/unreleased studio and live material. These 2-disc versions have also been sold-out and are considered collectibles. The album is still available as a remastered 1-disc version from Zen Garden (2006).

Track listing
"We Cannot Move"  – 4:39 (Kingston Wall)
"Istwan"  – 4:02 (Kingston Wall)
"Could It Be So?"  – 5:52 (Kingston Wall)
"And It's All Happening"  – 6:07 (Kingston Wall)
"Love Tonight"  – 6:40 (Kingston Wall)
"Two Of a Kind"  – 6:23 (Kingston Wall)
"I Feel Love"  – 6:39 (Giorgio Moroder, Donna Summer)
"Shine On Me"  – 7:05 (Kingston Wall)
"You"  – 10:11 (Kingston Wall)
"Palékastro"  – 4:54 (Kingston Wall)

1998 re-issue limited edition bonus CD
"Between The Trees" – 3:36 (Kingston Wall)
"She's so Fine" – 3:34 (N. Redding)
"Can't Get Thru" (live) – 11:15 (S. Kuoppamäki / P. Walli / Kingston Wall)

Tracks 1 & 2 have been originally released on the "We Cannot Move" single.
Track 3 is a live recording from Henry's Pub on Kuopio on September 30, 1993 by Robert Palomäki.

Personnel
Petri Walli - guitars, vocals, mixing
Jukka Jylli - bass, backing vocals
Sami Kuoppamäki - drums, percussion
Sakari Kukko - saxophone ("Shine On Me")
Ufo Mustonen - violins ("Istwan")
Tom Vuori - mixing
Pauli Saastamoinen, Robert Palomäki - remastering (1998 reissue)
Eppu Walli and Kie Von Hertzen - cover design, illustrations
Petteri Vilkki - technical support, colors
Joni Vihervä - photography

References

1993 albums
Kingston Wall albums
Calanques de Piana

Calanques de Piana ( or ) are Corsican calanques located in Piana, between Ajaccio and Calvi, in the Gulf of Porto. It is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site that includes other sites in the Gulf of Porto, due to its beauty, rich marine biodiversity, and unique maquis shrubland. The jagged cliffs are made of red ochre.

References

External links 

 Official site
 UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Gulf of Porto: Calanche of Piana, Gulf of Girolata, Scandola Reserve

World Heritage Sites in France
Landforms of Corsica
Tourist attractions in Corse-du-Sud
Winogradsky

Winogradsky is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Winogradsky family from Tokmak, Ukraine, sons of Olga and Isaac Winogradsky:
 Lew Grade (born Louis Winogradsky)
 Bernard Delfont (born Boris Winogradsky)
 Leslie Grade (born László Winogradsky)
 Michael Grade, son of Leslie
 Éric Winogradsky, French tennis player
 Sergei Winogradsky, Ukrainian scientist
Winogradsky column, a device designed to analyze several types of microorganisms and their energy sources
Vinogradsky (crater), a Martian impact crater
 Alexander Avraham Winogradsky,(usual name: Alexander A. Winogradsky Frenkel) a Russian born Soviet citizen, now a psycho-linguist and Eastern Orthodox archpriest of the patriarchate of Jerusalem.
Vinokurov

Vinokurov, feminine: Vinokurova, (also Winokurow, Winokurowa) is a Russian occupational surname derived from the word "винокур", which is an archaic name of the profession of spirit distilling. The Ukrainian-language version is Vynokurov, Vynokurova

The surname may refer to:

 Andriy Vynokurov, Ukrainian professional track cyclist
Alexander Vinokurov (1869-1944), Soviet statesman
Alexander Vinokourov, Kazakh professional road bicycle racer
Eduard Vinokurov (1942–2010), Kazakh-born Soviet Olympic and world champion fencer
Evgeny Vinokurov (born 1975), Russian economist
 (1925-1993), Russian poet 
Vadym Vinokurov, Ukrainian footballer

See also
 
Vinokur

Russian-language surnames
Occupational surnames