alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Chet Culver

Chester John "Chet" Culver (born January 25, 1966) is the former Governor of Iowa.

Culver was born in Washington, D.C.. His father, John Culver, was a United States Senator. Before entering politics, Culver was a teacher.

In 1998, Culver won election to be the Iowa Secretary of State. He was reelected in 2002. After Governor Tom Vilsack said he would not run for Governor in 2006, Culver became a Democratic candidate for Governor. In November 2006, he defeated his Republican opponent, Jim Nussle, and in January he became Governor of Iowa. He lost to Terry Branstad in the 2010 election.

Other websites 
 Office of the Governor website

Governors of Iowa
1966 births
Living people
The Castle (movie)

The Castle is a 1997 Australian movie. The Castle starred Michael Caton and Anne Tenney and was filmed in Melbourne, Australia.

The Castle was made in 11 days for about AUD$750,000. Some people have said that The Castle is a very simple movie because it was filmed cheaply and quickly. However, fans of the movie generally appreciate it because it is a good movie that was made on a low budget. The movie was popular in Australia. Some people outside Australia did not understand some of the humor.

Plot

The story is about the Kerrigan family, who have been living in their home—their "castle"—for years. Their house is next to the local airport.  The airport wants the Kerrigans to move so that they can build a new building on the Kerrigans' land. Darryl Kerrigan is the father. He does not want to leave his house, so he fights the airport in court.  At first he loses in court because his lawyer is not very good. Then he meets a very good lawyer (a Queen's Counsel). The Queen's Counsel argues very well and the Kerrigans can keep their house.

The Castle is funny to Australians because the movie is about ordinary people. They are not rich or stylish, but they are good people.  Australians like the idea of "the little Aussie battler", someone who is hard-working even when life is tough. The movie title is named for the English saying, which is said many time during the movie, "A man's home is his castle." The movie also talks about the land rights movement of the Australian Aborigines. Darryl Kerrigan compares his problem to the Aboriginals problems about land. The movie talks about  famous Australian Constitutional Law Cases, like Mabo and the Tasmanian Dams Case.

Cast
 Michael Caton as Darryl Kerrigan
 Anne Tenney as Sal Kerrigan
 Stephen Curry as Dale Kerrigan
 Anthony Simcoe as Steve Kerrigan
 Sophie Lee as Tracey Kerrigan
 Wayne Hope as Wayne Kerrigan
 Tiriel Mora as Dennis Denuto
 Eric Bana as Con Petropoulous
 Charles 'Bud' Tingwell as Lawrence Hammill
 John Flaus as Sgt. Kennedy

Quotes
It is common in Australia to humorously quote lines from "The Castle". Some of the most popular of these are:
What do you call this? (in reference to obvious items)
Tell 'em they're dreaming!
A man's home is his castle.
It's not a house, it's a home.
Dale dug a hole.
That is going straight to the Pool Room.
How's the serenity? So much serenity!
It's what you do with it.
It's the vibe.

Related pages
Australian Constitutional Law

Other websites

References

1997 comedy movies
Australian comedy movies
Movies set in Australia
Documenta

documenta is one of the most important exhibitions of modern art in the world. Since 1955, it takes place every five years in Kassel, Germany. 

The exhibition documenta was held as late as 2022; The next exhibition is scheduled five years after that. Art Cologne and Transmediale are held every year.
More than 1.2 million people visited the exhibition documenta 14, which was held in 2017.

Related pages

German art

Art exhibitions
Hesse
Al Pacino

Alfredo James "Al"  Pacino (born April 25, 1940) is an American actor. He has won an Academy Award for Best Actor an Emmy Award, and two Tony Awards. He is known for movie roles in Scarface and The Godfather. Pacino is the co-president, along with Ellen Burstyn and Harvey Keitel, of the Actors Studio.

Personal life 
Pacino has three children. The eldest, Julie Marie (born 1989), is his daughter with acting coach Jan Tarrant. He also has twins, son Anton James and daughter Olivia Rose (born 2001), with actress Beverly D'Angelo. They had a relationship from 1996 to 2003. Pacino had a relationship with Diane Keaton, his co-star in the Godfather Trilogy. Other women he has had relationships with include Tuesday Weld, Marthe Keller, Kathleen Quinlan and Lyndall Hobbs. Pacino has never married.

Filmography

Video game

Awards and nominations 
Pacino has been nominated and has won many awards during his acting career.  These include eight Oscar nominations (winning one), 15 Golden Globe nominations (winning four), five BAFTA nominations (winning two), two Primetime Emmy Awards for his work on television, and two Tony Awards for his work on the stage.  In 2007, the American Film Institute awarded Pacino with a lifetime achievement award. In 2003 British television viewers voted Pacino as the greatest movie star of all time in a poll for Channel 4.

References 

1940 births
Living people
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Drama Desk Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Tony Award winning actors
Balfour Declaration of 1917

The Balfour Declaration was a letter from British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to banker and prominent Jewish leader (Zionist) Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, dated 2 November 1917.

The Balfour Declaration of 1917 consisted of a public statement by the government of the United Kingdom during the First World War. In this letter, The declaration, Arthur Balfour declared on behalf of His Majesty's Government, that Britain supported plans for a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

The issuance of the Declaration had many long lasting consequences, and was a key moment in the lead-up to the Arab–Israeli conflict, often referred to as the world's "most intractable conflict".

20th century in Israel
1917 in the United Kingdom
Jewish history
Mandatory Palestine
Zionism
November 1917 events
Radius

In geometry, the radius of a circle or sphere, written as , is the shortest connection between the center and the boundary. It is either the distance from the center to the perimeter (in the case of a circle), or the distance from the center to the surface (in the case of a sphere). It is half of the diameter. That is, when r is the radius and d is the diameter:

r = d ÷ 2

d = 2 x r = r + r

The relationship between the radius  and the circumference  of a circle is 

The area  of a circle of radius 
 is

Related pages
 Area
 Covalent radius
 Diameter
 Radian

References

Other websites 
 Definition and properties of the radius of a circle with interactive applet

Geometry
Morality

Morality  is the concept of doing the right thing. Morals are basic guidelines for living.

Many people have written about ways of choosing what the right thing is. Some believe that there is an objective (true even if you do not agree with it) morality, often thinking it was set by God or another similar being; others think that morality is subjective (that what is good or bad is a community choice).

People can learn morals from religion, parents, friends, school, books, or from ethical traditions. People that teach or follow morals are called moralists.

It can also be a lesson that someone learns in a book or story. It is usually one line at the end of the story ("The moral of this story is....."). Fables are stories with a moral. 

The opposite of "moral" is "immoral", meaning the wrong thing to do. "Amoral" means something that is not related to morality, or has no morally good or bad aspect to it. It is the same as "morally neutral". Morality means that you can tell between a right and a wrong thing.

Some morally correct things to do are

•Eat healthy

•Sleep well

•be polite

•use your brain

•use common sense

•Don't smoke

•Don't drink alcohol

•Don't murder

Related pages
Ethics
Moral equivalence
Moral hazard

Ethics
Psychology
Philosophy
Saliva

Saliva is the watery substance made in the mouths of humans and many animals.  Saliva begins digesting food in the mouth, and moistens food to make swallowing easier. Saliva consists of 99.5% water.

The mouth is obviously the point of entry to the whole alimentary canal. It follows from this that saliva must both help digestion, and protect against infections.

The digestion part is by three enzymes, one each for carbohydrates, fats and proteins. The digestion started here carries on in the stomach. There are some other 'minor' enzymes as well, and we do not know the full story about them yet. Also there is a pain-killing opiorphin, and a wrap-around haptocorrin which keeps vitamin B12 safe from stomach acids. Finally, there are a set of anti-bacterial proteins which make life difficult for any bacteria which get in with the food.

Saliva is filtered blood, "These observations are consistent with the fact that saliva is a filtrate of blood, meaning that the contents of blood—water, salts and macromolecules—pass through capillary walls into the salivary glands."  Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2741028/#:~:text=These%20observations%20are%20consistent%20with,walls%20into%20the%20salivary%20glands.

References 

Mouth
Digestive system
Villarosa

Villarosa is a town in the province of Enna, in the region of Sicily in southern Italy.

Sister cities
 Morlanwelz, Belgium (2002)
 Le Quesnoy, France (11/08/2006)

Other websites 
 Villarosani.it - The Community of Villarosa citizens

Settlements in Enna
Maria Sharapova

Maria Sharapova (born 19 April 1987) is a retired Russian tennis player. She was born in Nyagan, Western Siberia, RSFSR.

Early life 
Her parents had moved from Belarus to protect themselves from the Chernobyl nuclear accident. The Sharapov1 family moved again in 1989, when Maria became interested in tennis, when watching her father play, and played tennis with a second-hand racquet. She would practice tennis by hitting the tennis ball against the wall every day, and her dad soon noticed that she was very good at the sport.
Maria's tennis coaches told the Sharapovs that they should move to Moscow, Russia, to get better training. The Sharapova moved again, from Moscow, to follow Maria's coach, Martina Navratilova's advice, to move to the United States.

There was a problem, though. Sharapova's mother, Yelena, could not get a visa to go to the United States. Meanwhile, Maria and her father tried to get Maria to go to a famous sports school, and they also had to learn English. Maria had already learned a lesson in her life  that tennis excellence would only come at a price.

“I used to be so lonely,” Maria Sharapova recalls. “I missed my mother terribly. My father was working as mush as he could to keep my tennis-training going. So, he couldn't see me either “Because I was so young, I used to go to bed at 8 p.m. The other tennis pupils would come in 11 p.m. and wake me up and order me to tidy up the room and clean it.

“Instead of letting that depress me, I became more quietly determined and mentally tough. I learnt how to take care of myself. I never thought of quitting because I knew what I wanted. When you come from nothing and you have nothing, then it makes you very hungry and determine.... I would have put up with much more humiliation and insults that to steadfastly purse my dream." That toughness runs through Maria even today.

Career 
She began to win tournaments and many people started to notice her. Her games improved, and Maria Sharapova gained more fans.

She has won 35 singles titles in her career, including five Grand Slam championships: Wimbledon in 2004, the US Open in 2006, the Australian Open in 2008 and the French Open in 2012 and 2014. She won an Olympic silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. She is the world number 3 women's tennis player as of September 2015. In 2005, she was ranked world number 1 for the first time, and in 2012 for the last time. 

In March 2016, Maria Sharapova revealed she had failed a drug test at the 2016 Australian Open, admitting to testing positive for meldonium, a substance banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) at the start of 2016. On June 8, 2016, she was suspended from playing tennis for two years by the International Tennis Federation (ITF).

Foot 
1In Russia, female surnames are changed so that their gender can be identified, so Sharapov becomes Sharapova.

References 

1987 births
Living people
Australian Open champions
Doping cases in sport
Russian tennis players
French Open champions
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Russian Olympic silver medalists
Russian models
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
World No. 1 tennis players
True bug

The true bugs are an order of insects. Biologists call true bugs the Hemiptera. There are around 80,000 species of true bugs. The word bug by itself can have other meanings.

There are many different kinds of true bugs, some of which are aphids, cicadas, planthoppers, shield bugs, and others. All of these are true bugs. Their size is from 1 mm to over 10 cm. All true bugs have similar mouthparts, which they use to suck up plant sap.

Features of true bugs 
Bugs have piercing, sucking mouthparts: this defines the Hemiptera. They pierce plants with their long, tube-like mouth, called a proboscis or a beak. They cannot chew. The true bug pumps saliva through this mouth, to partly digest their food. It then sucks up the food, which is usually plant sap.

The name "Hemiptera" is from the Greek: it means hemi (half) and pteron (wing). Most true bugs have half of their front wings hardened and have the other half soft. These wings are called hemelytra (singular hemelytron), because they halfway look like the hard wings (elytra) of beetles. The hind wings are totally soft and are shorter than the front wings.

The antennae of bugs usually have five segments. The tarsi (foot parts) of their legs have three or fewer segments.

References
Dayton, Ohio

Dayton is a large city in the American state of Ohio. It is where Orville and Wilbur Wright grew up. The Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, also near Dayton, gets part of its name from the Wright brothers. The National Museum of the United States Air Force is inside the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.

Dayton has a humid continental climate (Dfa in the Koeppen climate classification).

Ten people were killed in a mass shooting in Dayton on 4 August 2019.

References

Other websites 

 

1796 establishments in the United States
1790s establishments in the Northwest Territory
County seats in Ohio
Native Esperanto speakers

Native Esperanto speakers are people who learned Esperanto as one of their first languages. Esperanto is not spoken in any countries as an official language, so they must become bilingual, trilingual, or multilingual. Native Esperanto speakers can use this language completely and more fluently than non-native Esperanto speakers. There are not very many native Esperanto speakers. It is thought that no more than one or two thousand people speak Esperanto as their first language.

Children who learned Esperanto as one of their first languages speak with grammar like the other languages they learned.

Related pages
Constructed language

Esperanto
Soldering iron

A soldering iron is a device used for attaching wires and electronic components together with solder (usually a mixture of tin and lead). This action is called soldering. They can also be used for other tasks such as fixing jewelry. There are several different kinds of soldering irons, such as ones that make use of transformers, or ones that heat up to higher temperatures than others. Some even use natural gas.

A soldering iron stand can be used to hold the iron. It is usually a flat metal stand with a coil that holds the iron.

Electronics
tools
Hungarian Vizsla

Hungarian Vizsla is a dog breed. Vizslas are known for being affectionate and not aggressive. They originated in Hungary and are an excellent hunting dogs.

History 
The breed was developed from dogs used by Hungarian tribes. Vizslas were owned by sporting nobility of Hungary who use to hunt with them. They were used to hunt deer, wild boar and wolf. The breed  almost disappeared during the First World War and Second. Dogs were smuggled out of Hungary during the Second World War. These dogs were used later to breed in other countries.

Appearance and personality 
Hungarian Vizsla's have a dark gold coat. Some dogs may also have small white marks on their feet and/or chest.
They are active, enthusiastic, friendly. Vizslas need human company to stay happy. They do not make good kennel dogs.

Exercise needs 
Daily exercise and mental tasks are necessary. Outside they are very active. Indoors, Vizslas can be quite inactive. The dogs prefer to rest beside their owners. Some are quite demanding of attention. If Vizslas do not receive enough  exercise, they will become bored. If bored, they may choose to do to amuse themselves with digging or chewing on things.

Dog breeds originating in Hungary
Drawing (manufacturing)

Drawing is a manufacturing process for producing a wire, bar or tube by pulling on a material until it increases in length. This is typically accompanied by a thinning out of the material, usually through a reduction in the girth.

This technique has long been used to produce flexible metal wire by drawing the material through a series of holes of decreasing size. More recently drawing has been used with molten glass to produce high quality optical fibers.

Tools
Manufacturing

Manufacturing is producing goods out of raw materials. It is a branch of industry. It includes making big, complicated things that need many steps to finish, and small, simple things. Often machines are involved in manufacturing.

In the past, products were made by handicraft workers using tools and manual labor. In modern times, most manufacturing jobs were replaced by automated machines, which made the products much faster and in turn - cheaper than humans could.

Other websites 
 How Everyday Things Are Made 
 Engineers Edge
 Manufacturers Alliance
 Logistics Quarterly 
 National Association of Manufacturers

Related pages
 Flexible manufacturing system

References 

Economics
Finished goods

Finished goods are goods that have completed required manufacturing process and are ready to be fitted/mixed/processed with final product.  The final product itself could also be called finished goods. 
Examples: cars, clothing, food, furniture etc.

Manufacturing
In manufacturing there are three different sorts of stuff:

Raw material
Work in process
Finished goods

Something bought as a "raw material" is used to manufacture a product.  A thing that is not completed during the manufacturing process is called "work in process".  When the manufacturing of the thing is completed but it is not yet sold or distributed to the end-user, it is called a "finished good".

"Finished good" is a relative term. Finished goods of a supplier can be the raw material of the buyer. For example, a paper mill sells paper to a book publisher who uses it as raw material.

Reference

Factors of production
Good (economics)

A good in economics is any object or product (factors of production) that is useful. A commodity is one kind of good. 

A good that cannot be used by consumers directly, such as an office building or  capital equipment, can be called a good because it can be useful if it is sold. A 'good' in economic usage does not necessarily mean that the object is good in a moral sense. 

If an object or service is sold for a positive price, then it is a good since the purchaser considers the utility of the object or service more valuable than the money. Some things are useful but not scarce such as air and are referred to as free goods and common goods. 

In macroeconomics and accounting, a good is contrasted with a service. A good here is defined as a physical product that one can deliver to a buyer. The service is not an object, but an action that benefits someone. A more general term that preserves the distinction between goods and services is 'commodities'. In microeconomics 'good' is often used in this more inclusive sense of a commodity.

Reference
Business Dictionary

Goods
Ruslana

Ruslana Stepanivna Lyzhychko (May 24, 1973) is a popular Ukrainian pop singer, composer, producer, conductor and dancer. She was born in the city of Lviv in Ukraine. She won the Eurovision Song Contest in Istanbul in 2004.  She is also a former Member of Parliament serving as deputy in the Ukrainian parliament (Verkhovna Rada) for the Our Ukraine Party.

Human rights 

In 2014, Ruslana became a leader in the Maidan movement for human rights and democratic reform in Ukraine.   During the demonstrations, Ruslana stayed on the streets.  At night she slept in a cold tent.  Every night she sang the Ukrainian national anthem for the protestors. When the government police came, she stayed on the stage.  She told the protesters to stay calm.  She told the police to respect human rights.

Ruslana was also in the 2004 Orange Revolution.  She was UNICEF National Ambassador in Ukraine in 2005. In 2008 she spoke for green energy.

Awards 

In 2014 Ruslana received the International Women of Courage Award form the U.S. Department of State.

Discography

Albums 
 Myt Vesny - Dzvinkiy viter (Moments of Spring - Sonorous wind) (1998)
 Ostanne Risdvo x-90 (Last Christmas of the 90ies) (1999)
 Najkrashche (The Best) (2001)
 Dobriy vechir, tobi... (Good evening to you...) (2002)
 Dyki Tantsi (Wild Dances) (2003)
 Dyki Tantsi (Eurobonus) (2004)
 Wild Dances (2004)
 Wild Dances (New Year Edition) (2005)
 Club'in (2006)

Singles 
 Wild Dances (2004)
 Dance with the Wolves (2004)
 The Same Star (2005)
 Dyka Energyia (Wild Energy) (2006)

References

Other websites

Official website of Ruslana
Official Fan Club of Ruslana
RuslanaTV
RuslanaTube on YouTube
 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
 Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

1973 births
Living people
Ukrainian singers
Pop musicians
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Mustard plant

The word mustard is used to refer to several species of plants. These plants belong to the genera Brassica or Sinapis. They have tiny seeds. These seeds can be used as a condiment. When they are first ground, and then mixed with water, vinegar and other ingredients, a condiment called mustard can be made. The seeds can also be pressed, to give a kind of oil called mustard oil. Some kinds of mustard plants have edible leaves. These leaves are known as mustard greens.

Mild white mustard (Sinapis hirta) grows wild in North Africa, the Middle East and Mediterranean Europe and has spread farther by long cultivation; brown or Indian mustard (B. juncea), originally from the foothills of the Himalaya, is grown commercially in the UK, Canada and the US; black mustard (B. nigra) in Argentina, Chile, the US and some European countries. 

In addition to the mustards, the genus Brassica also includes cabbages, cauliflower, rapeseed and turnips.

There has been recent research into varieties of mustards that have a high oil content for use in the production of biodiesel, a renewable liquid fuel similar to diesel fuel. The biodiesel made from mustard oil has good cold flow properties and cetane ratings. The leftover meal after pressing out the oil has also been found to be an effective pesticide.

An interesting genetic relationship between many species of mustard have been observed.

The mustard plant is in no way related to mustard gas, an agent for chemical warfare.

Gallery

References 

Leaf vegetables
Brassicaceae
Mustard gas

Mustard gas or sulfur mustard is a chemical compound which has been used as a chemical weapon. It was used in World War I by the German Army against British and Canadian soldiers near Ypres, Belgium, in 1917. Later it was also used against the French Second Army.

Most sulfur mustards are squishy liquids with no color and no smell when they are at room temperature. When used in warfare, they have a color yellowish to brown. Some of them smell like culinary mustard (the type used for food), horseradish or garlic. They got their name from the smell, but are completely unrelated to culinary mustard.

Sulfur mustard (in its form mustard gas) was synthesized by Frederick Guthrie in 1860. It may have been discovered as early as the 1820s, by M.Depretz.

Its use during warfare was prohibited by the Geneva Protocol of 1925. This protocol outlawed the use of poison gas (which was widely used in the First World War). An additional agreement, the Chemical Weapons Convention, was ratified in 1993. It also outlaws the production and stockpiling of such agents.  Despite these prohibitions it has been used in several wars. 

Sulfur mustard is the organic compound with formula (ClCH2CH2)2S. 
It is a viscous liquid at normal temperatures. The pure compound has a melting point of 14 °C (57 °F) and decomposes before boiling at 218 °C (424 °F).

Chemical warfare
Organosulfur compounds
Amelia Earhart

Amelia Mary Earhart (born July 24, 1897 – disappeared July 2, 1937, declared dead January 5, 1939) was an American aviator, one of the first women to fly a plane long distances. She was the first woman to fly a plane by herself across the Atlantic Ocean. She broke many records and showed how air travel had moved forward. She also wrote books, most of them were about her flights. Earhart vanished over the South Pacific Ocean on July 2, 1937 while trying to fly around the world. She was declared dead on July 3, 1937.

Many theories stand in place about Amelia's end. Some believe she was a spy for the U.S. government and was captured by the Japanese on Gardner Island, others say she faked her death. The most plausible though is many researchers believe, which is that the Electra ran out of fuel and that Earhart and Noonan ditched at sea. The "crash and sink" theory is often the most widely accepted explanation of Earhart’s and Noonan’s fate.

However, there is a range of documented, archaeological, and anecdotal evidence supporting the hypothesis that Earhart and Noonan found Gardner Island, uninhabited at the time, landed the Electra on a flat reef near the wreck of a freighter, and sent sporadic radio messages from there. It has been surmised that Earhart and Noonan might have survived on Nikumaroro for several weeks before succumbing.

References

Other websites 
 Official Amelia Earhart Website 
 Amelia Earhart at Find a Grave
 

1897 births
1937 deaths
American aviators
Aviation deaths
Missing American people
Writers from Kansas
People declared dead in absentia
People from Atchison, Kansas
Situation comedy

A situation comedy, usually called a sitcom, is a type of comedy program. Sitcoms were first on radio, before television was invented, but are now on television and are a large part of the programs shown. Sitcoms usually have the same characters in the same places (for example; a home, a workplace, a bar, a city or town) on every episode.

Comedy
 
Television genres
Frank Sinatra

Francis Albert "Frank" Sinatra   (December 12, 1915 – May 14, 1998) was an American singer and actor. His singing career was 60 years long, and more than 250 million records of his have been sold worldwide. Extremely regarded as one of the best and most admired popular singers in history of America standards.

He is also well known by the nickname "Old Blue Eyes". The New York Times said he was "the first modern pop superstar". At first, he was mostly known as a crooner, a singer of love songs. By the 1950s and 1960s, he was singing swing and jazz songs as well.
Sinatra was also part of the Rat Pack, a group of entertainers (musicians and actors), in the 1950s and 1960s. The name was informal, and the group was not an official organization of any sort, but a group of friends. Members of the Rat Pack included Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr., Peter Lawford, and Joey Bishop, as well as (more loosely) Humphrey Bogart, Judy Garland, Lauren Bacall, Sidney Luft, and Shirley MacLaine.

Early life
He was born in Hoboken, New Jersey to Italian immigrants.

The only child of Sicilian immigrants, a teenaged Sinatra decided to become a singer after watching Bing Crosby perform in the mid-1930s. He'd already been a member of the glee club in his high school and began to sing at local nightclubs

Acting career
Sinatra was also an actor. He was in movies such as The Manchurian Candidate, From Here to Eternity, and The Man With The Golden Arm. He won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in From Here To Eternity.

Personal life
Sinatra was married 4 times. He was married to Nancy Barbato from 1939 to 1951, to Ava Gardner from 1951 to 1957, to Mia Farrow from 1966 to 1968, and to Barbara Marx from 1976 until his death on May 14, 1998.

Death
Sinatra died on May 14, 1998 at 10:50 pm  at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, after suffering a heart attack. His wife Barbara was at his side. The words "The best is yet to come" are written on his gravestone.

References

Bibliography
• Gildo De Stefano, The Voice - Vita e italianità di Frank Sinatra, Coniglio Press, Roma 2011

Other websites
Album "Songs for Young Lovers" at YouTube
Hear Frank Sinatra on the Pop Chronicles

Actors from New Jersey
American movie actors
American movie producers
American television actors
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People from Hoboken, New Jersey
American musicians
American pop singers
Kennedy Center honorees
Singers from New Jersey
1915 births
1998 deaths
Bing Crosby

Harry Lillis "Bing" Crosby Jr. (May 3, 1903 – October 14, 1977) was an American singer and actor. His singing career was around fifty years long and more than 1 billion records of his have been sold worldwide. Crosby is known for creating the style of music that Perry Como, Frank Sinatra,  Dean Martin , Elvis Presley,  John Lennon  would later copy. Crosby said that he was inspired by Al Jolson.
 
He sang "White Christmas" and it became "the best-selling record of all time." Irving Berlin wrote this song. In 1962, Crosby became the first person ever to receive the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

Crosby won the Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for his role in Going My Way.

Crosby was a Roman Catholic. He died of a heart attack in Madrid, Spain.

References 

1903 births
1977 deaths
Actors from Washington (state)
American movie actors
American Roman Catholics
American television actors
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Grammy Award winners
National Radio Hall of Fame inductees
Singers from Washington (state)
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Felt

Felt is a type of cloth or textile. It is a complex network of threads or yarns. They are pressed together usually when wet. This is matting wool fibers, with water and soap. It may also be made by poking the fibers with barbed needles. Felt can be made by hand, or by machine.

People have been making felt longer than any other kind of fabric. Felt can be of any color, and made into any shape or size. Felt is used to make many things like clothing, hats, and rugs. Nomadic people in many countries live in tents made of felt.

Felt is used for many different things. Today  people use felt for hat-making, insulating (making warm), sound-proofing, and cushioning.

Felt versus fabric

The difference between felt and most fabrics, like denim, is that most fabrics have a regular criss-cross, in-and-out weaving pattern, but felt is a messy jumble of fibers. 

Most fabrics are woven for strength and smoothness: they need carding to straighten the fibers, spinning to turn fibers into long threads and weaving to make fabric. 

Felt only needs a carding comb. Because of this, felt was often used by nomadic people.

References 

Cloth
Torrance, California

Torrance is a city in southwest Los Angeles, California. Jared Torrance founded it in 1911. In 2020, there were 147,067 people living in Torrance. It is the eighth biggest city in Los Angeles county.

Things to See 
 Del Amo Fashion center is one of the biggest malls in the United States. 
 Madrona Marsh is a nature center that protects wild animals and plants.
 Torrance Beach is between Redondo Beach and Malaga Cove.
 The Armed Forces Day Parade shows people many military vehicles and soldiers. 
 Torrance High School is one of the oldest high schools in California. Many television shows used Torrance High, for example Buffy the Vampire Slayer and She's All That.
 Alpine Village is a restaurant, market, and mall. Oktoberfest is held here.

Trivia 
 It is where superstar teens Alyson Michalka and Amanda Michalka were born.

Notes

Other websites 
 City of Torrance official website 

 
1911 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in California
Chuck Berry

Charles Edward Anderson "Chuck" Berry (October 18, 1926 – March 18, 2017) was an American singer, guitarist and songwriter. He is one of the original musicians who helped to create rock and roll and is known as the Father of Rock and Roll.

Career
In 1955 Berry met Muddy Waters who told him of a record company that would release his first song. In 1957 he joined the Everly Brothers, Buddy Holly and other popular musicians on a tour around the United States. Over the next few years he became more and more popular and had many popular songs on the radio.  "Maybellene" (1955), "Roll Over Beethoven" (1956), "Rock and Roll Music" (1957) and "Johnny B. Goode" (1958) were massive hits.

He has influenced many rock and pop musicians who came after him. Berry has influenced many music artists, like The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Beach Boys, and Bob Dylan. Berry tried to help an Apache waitress cross the US-Canadian border, but was caught by police and charged for prostitution. This dented his career: he served 18 months. When released, his first recording was "Nadine", (1964) also a huge hit. 

Berry was a favorite with The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and The Beach Boys, who adapted and recorded a number of his songs.

In 1986 a documentary film, Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll, was made. It featured a celebration concert for Berry's sixtieth birthday, organized by Keith Richards.

Death
Berry died at his home in Wentzville, Missouri on March 18, 2017 from a congestive heart failure, aged 90.

Discography
Chuck Berry discography

References

Other websites 

 Official website
 
 

1926 births
2017 deaths
African American musicians
African-American singers
American criminals
American prisoners
American robbers
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
American singer-songwriters
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Singers from St. Louis, Missouri
Musicians from St. Louis, Missouri
Nagamaki

Nagamaki is a Japanese pole weapon with a large and heavy blade. It is very much like a glaive. It was introduced and used primarily during the Kamakura (1192 - 1333), Nanbokucho (1334 - 1392) and early Muromachi (1392 – 1573) periods. It was a long sword with 2–4 foot blade and a handle with 2–3 foot length. The blade was single-edged. It was also sharpened along the back edge to reduce its weight. It looks similar to a traditional naginata, but the main difference was that the handle (tsuka) of the nagamaki was not constructed of wood; it was made more like a katana handle. Even the name "nagamaki" is given by the tradition of handle wrapping. The word "nagamaki" means "long wrapping". The nagamaki handle was wrapped with cords in criss-crossed manner, very similar to the wrapping that is made on katana. The nagamaki is considered to be a type of the no-dachi sword. This one was a variation of long samurai sword. 

The way to hold nagamaki was also very specific. It was held with the two hands in a fixed position in the same way a katana sword is held. Unlike the naginata, the hands did not change when handling the weapon and the right hand was always the closest to the blade. While handling nagamaki not too many sliding actions on the handle were performed as it was in naginata's case, where you use the entire length of the shaft. The nagamaki was not spread and developed until much later like the naginata sword. During the middle of the Muromachi period (1336-1600 A.D.) it reached its peak of usage. 

The nagamaki is designed for large sweeping and slicing strokes. It also works as a spear. Traditionally, it was used as an infantry weapon. Warriors used the weapon against horsemen. Still, it required more time and materials to create a nagamaki than a spears or a naginata sword, this is why it was not so widely spread. 

The closest exemplar of real nagamaki you can see today is nagamaki-naoshi. It appears to be like a long katana-shaped glaive but straighter and thinner, with a very long handle. In contrast to it naginata is shorter, wider and more curved to the tip.

Other websites 
Japanese sword etiquette 

Japanese swords
Ainu language

The Ainu language is the language of the Ainu people in northern Japan. It was not written until the 19th century. Since then, it has been written in katakana or the Latin alphabet.

In the 19th century, Ainu was spoken in Ezo (including Hokkaidō Island and the southern part of Chishima Islands), the southern part of Karapto (Sakhalin) and the northern part of Chishima Islands (Kuril Islands). Now it is only spoken in Hokkaidō.

Ainu had many dialects, including Chitose, Saru, and Karapto. Now only the Hokkaidō dialect survives. The dialects were so different from one another that a speaker of one dialect could not understand a speaker of another dialect.

Historically, speakers of Ainu lived near speakers of Japanese and Itelmen (from Kamchatka). The Nivkh, which was spoken in the northern part of Sakhalin, is another isolated language.

Grammar 
Ainu has subject-object-verb word order, like Japanese. Ainu phrases have left-branching structures: the word for a property is before the word for a person or thing.

Sample words 
The word ainu means "human being" and is the name used by the Ainu to refer to themselves. In contrast, kamuy means "god". The Ainu think that all existence that has mind and plays a role in this world are kamuy. Sparrows or standing trees are kamuy. In the Ainu perspective of the world, all goes well and human being can also be happy if ainu and kamuy help each other.

Most linguists think that the Ainu numeral system is based on twenty.

 Ape - fire.
 Iyomante - A festival to send a bear's soul to heaven.
 Kunnechupu - The moon.
 Kotan - village.
 Konru - ice.
 Sumari - (pronounced as in "Shumari") - fox.
 Seta - dog.
 Tonoto - sake.
 Nonno- flower.
 Huci - (pronounced as in "Hoochi") - grandmother, Old women.
 Pone - bone.
 Pirka - Beauty, cute.
 wakka - "drinkable" water.

Relations with other language families 
The Ainu language is classificated as language isolate, although there are several theories about a genetic relation. Some linguists suggest a relation to Altaic languages while others suggest a link to Indo-European languages. Some similarities also exist with northern native american languages.

References

Bibliography
 

Language isolates
Languages of Asia
Japan
Tenacious D

Tenacious D is an American rock band formed in Los Angeles, California in 1994. The members of the band are actor Jack Black and his best friend Kyle Gass. Their songs have lots of profanity. Including Tribute, Beezleboss and many others.

Albums 
 Tenacious D (2001)
 The Pick of Destiny (2006)
 Rize of the Fenix (2012)
 Post-Apocalypto (2019)

Movies
 Tenacious D in: The Pick of Destiny

1994 establishments in California
1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
American comedy bands
American rock bands
American hard rock bands
American heavy metal bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Saurischia

Saurischia is one of the two orders of dinosaurs. In 1888, Harry Seeley classified dinosaurs into two main orders. Their hip structure was why they were put into these orders. Saurischians ('lizard-hipped') and the ornithischians ('bird-hipped') have differences in the ways bones in the hip are put together.

All carnivorous dinosaurs (the theropods) are saurischians, and so are the sauropods like Diplodocus and Brachiosaurus.

Birds are direct descendants of a group of theropod dinosaurs, so they are a sub-clade of saurischian dinosaurs in modern classification.

Order Saurischia
suborder Theropoda
suborder Sauropoda

Related pages
Ornithischia

References
Stethoscope

A stethoscope is a instrument used by doctors and other medical people.  It is used to measure peoples heartbeat and their breathing.  It is placed on the area where the heart is or on the back. 

The modern stethoscope is made up of a Y-shaped flexible plastic tube. An earpiece is attached to each end of the Y and a sound-detecting device at the other end. The sound-detecting device has a thin plastic sheet on one side and a bell shape with a hole in on the other. The diaphragm is used to listen to a patient's chest for high-pitched sounds. The bell end is used to detect lower-pitched sounds. The lung sounds have a higher frequency than heart sounds.

Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laënnec (1781-1826) was a French physician who, in 1816, invented the stethoscope. Using this new instrument, he investigated the sounds made by the heart and lungs and determined that his diagnoses were supported by the observations made during autopsies.

Medical equipment
Gouda cheese

Gouda is a kind of soft cheese made from cows' milk. The cheese is named after the city of Gouda, which is famous for it. The name Gouda is not protected, so Gouda is made all over the world. There is also a protected designation of origin Noord-Hollandse Gouda (Gouda from North Holland). This may seem inaccurate, because the city of Gouda is in South Holland. Most of the cows however graze in North Holland.

There are two varieties of Gouda for export: Young gouda, which is between one and six months old. Young gouda is usually sold with a yellow or red coating of paraffin wax. 

Gouda that is older, is usually sold with a black coating. It is more brittle, and has a stronger scent. 

There are other variations, like Smoked Gouda, which is a processed cheese, and Leyden Gouda.

There is also spiced gouda which has spices in it to make it have more flavour.

References 

Dutch cheeses
Gouda
Passion bearer

In Russian Orthodox Christianity, a passion bearer is someone who faces their death in a Christian or Christ-like way. They were not killed because of their religion, unlike martyrs, but they love God and show good virtues.

Christian saints
Tile

A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, porcelain, metal or even glass.  Tiles are generally used for covering roofs, floors, and walls.  They have been made for thousands of years.

Tiles can be simple square tiles or arranged in complex mosaics. Tiles are most often made from ceramic, with a hard glaze finish.

At the end of the 20th century, the technology of porcelain and glass tiles advanced, making them cheaper.  They became more commonplace.

Roof tiles 

Roof tiles are designed mainly to keep out rain, and are traditionally made from locally available materials such as clay or slate. Modern materials such as concrete and plastic are also used and some clay tiles have a waterproof glaze.

A large number of shapes (or "profiles") of roof tiles have evolved.

Fired roof tiles are found as early as the 3rd millennium BC in the  House of the tiles in Lerna, Greece. Debris found at the site contained thousands of terracotta tiles having fallen from the roof. In the Mycenaean period, roofs tiles are documented for Gla and Midea.

References 

Ceramics
Gouda

Gouda can mean:

 Gouda, Netherlands, a city in the Netherlands
 Gouda (cheese)
 Gouda (pottery)
 Gouda (slang)
 Gouda, South Africa, a town in the Western Cape Province of South Africa.
 Gouda was astate in India.  It joined with Banga state when India became independent in 1947 to form the state of West Bengal.
 Emperor Go-Uda, emperor of Japan
 Kazundo Gouda, a character in Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex 2nd Gig.

Related pages 
 Gauda
Kiln

A kiln is a thermally insulated chamber or oven in which a controlled temperature regime is produced.

Other websites 
 Young International Woodfirer Association, an international association of people building and using woodfired kilns
 Northern Hardwood Initiative: Drying Hardwoods 

Pottery
ChuChu

ChuChu is a comic magazine that is written for teenage girls. It is published by Syougakukan（Japan).

Famous works 
Sakura zensen（Miyuki Ohbayashi）
ALMIGHTY×10(Aqua Mizuto)
NG boy×Paradise(Yukino Miyawaki)
Hitohira no koi ga furu(Yuu Yabuuchi)

Manga writers who write for ChuChu 
Aqua Mizuto
Chitose Yagami
Hisa Kyoumachi
Iori Shigano
Kana Nanajima
Kei Ouri
Kirara Himekawa
Kiyoko Arai
Kyoko Mami
Mai Jinna
Mikiko Satsuki
Miwako Sugiyama
Miyuki Ohbayashi
Naomi Uramoto
Naoto Kohaku
Natsumi Kawahara
Nimi Fujita
Nozomi Shiratori
Rei Nanase
Ryouko Mizoguchi
Satoru Takamiya
Sayumi Nakamura
Tae Usami
Takemaru SaSaki
Yukako Iizaka
Yukino Miyawaki
Yuu Yabuuchi

Manga
Mettā

Metta is a Buddhist term translated as loving kindness or friendliness.

Metta is wanting others to be happy. 
The opposite is wanting others to be unhappy: anger, hatred.

Related pages
 Meditation

Other websites 
 The Path of Unlimited Friendliness  - a translation of the Karaniya  Metta Sutta by Dharmachari Ratnaprabha

Buddhist terminology
Oxide

An oxide is a chemical compound containing at least one oxygen atom and at least one atom of one other element. Most of the Earth's crust consists of oxides (mainly silica). Oxides can be made when elements are oxidized by air (when oxygen in the air reacts with the element).

Some common oxides are:
Water (hydrogen oxide) (H2O)
Iron(III) oxide (Rust) (Fe2O3)
Aluminium oxide (Al2O3)
Lead(II) oxide (PbO)
Calcium oxide (CaO)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Magnesium oxide (Magnesia) (MgO)
Phosphorus pentoxide (P4O10)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Sulfur trioxide (SO3)
Silicon dioxide (SiO2)
Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) (N2O)
Zinc oxide (ZnO)
Copper(I) oxide (CuO) and Copper(II) oxide (Cu2O)

 
Ions
Mew

Mew can be:

Mew (band), a band from Denmark
Mew (Pokémon), a Pokémon
Proposal

A proposal is when people suggest an idea. One kind of proposal is used when someone suggests an idea of marriage, when they ask the person they like to marry them.

Social sciences
Marriage
Versailles, Yvelines

Versailles is a French city. It is in the western suburbs of Paris, 17.1 km. (10.6 miles) from the center of Paris. It is the capital of the Yvelines département. This city is very important for the History of France because it was formerly the capital of the kingdom of France.

Its name comes from the Latin word vertere, meaning to turn the soil.  

Versailles is made world-famous by the Palace of Versailles (Château de Versailles), where Louis XIV, Louis XV and Louis XVI lived.

In 2004, about 85,900 people lived here.

This is where the Treaty of Versailles was signed at the end of The Great War.

Surroundings
Paris
Viroflay
Ville-d'Avray
Meudon

Education 
 Institut supérieur international du parfum, de la cosmétique et de l'aromatique alimentaire
 Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines

References
Major

Major is a rank that is given for a mid-level command officer (higher than the rank of Captain and lower than the rank of Lieutenant Colonel). In Canada, it is shown by a thick bar followed by a thin bar and again by a thick bar. In Great Britain it is represented by a single crown. In the United States, it is shown by a gold oak leaf. The pay grade for the rank of major is O-4.

Military ranks