alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
1203

1203 (MCCIII) was .

Events 
 April 16 – Philip II of France enters Rouen, leading to the eventual unification of Normandy and France.
 April 8 – Congress in Bilino Polje, where Ban Kulin officially declared his allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church and denounced the heresy.
 June 23 – Fleet of the Fourth Crusade enters Bosphorus.
 July 17 – Fourth Crusade captures Constantinople by assault; the Byzantine emperor Alexius III flees from his capital into exile.
 August 1 – Fourth Crusade elevates Alexius IV as Byzantine emperor, after the citizens of Constantinople proclaim as emperor Isaac II Angelus (Alexius IV's father).
 Unknown - John, Duke of Normandy gives the Ecrehos to the Abbey of Val-Richer.

Heads of states 
 France – Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned from 1180 to 1223)
1208

1208 (MCCVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13th century.

Events 
 January 31 – Inferior Swedish forces defeats the invading danes in Battle of Lena.
 June 21 – Philip of Swabia King of Germany and rival Holy Roman Emperor to Otto IV, assassinated in Bamberg by German Count Otto of Wittelsbach because Philip had refused to give him his daughter in marriage.
 With the help of the newly converted local tribes of Livs and Letts, the crusaders initiated raids into part of what is present-day Estonia and Estonian ancient fight for independence began (lasted until 1227).

Births 
 February 2 – King James I of Aragon (died 1276)
 Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford, Constable of England (died 1275)
 Möngke Khan of the Mongol Empire
 Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester (died 1265)
 Akerian Redfern of the Redfern clan

Deaths 
 April 22 – Philip of Poitou, Prince-Bishop of Durham
 June 21 – Philip of Swabia, king of Germany
 November 9 – Sancha of Castile, queen of Alfonso II of Aragon (born 1155)
 Amhaoibh O'Rothlain, Chief of Calruidhe Cuile Cearnadha
1211

1211 (MCCXI) was .

Events 
 The oldest extant double entry bookkeeping record dates from 1211
 Canons regular of the Order of the Holy Cross founded September 14 1211
 Troops led by Estonian resistance fighter Lembitu of Lehola destroy a garrison of missionaries in the historical Estonian region of Sakala and raid the Russian town of Pskov.
 Mongol forces under Genghis Khan invade Jin China, aiming at this stage simply to loot the countryside. A Chinese army is defeated and slaughtered at the Battle of the Badger's Mouth near Zhangjiakou and another is beaten at Mukden, where the city is taken. Beijing is also besieged by the Mongol hordes.
 Church at the French city of Reims burns down; soon after, construction begins on the cathedral, Notre Dame de Reims.

Births 
 Ibn Khallikan, Muslim scholar

Deaths 
 August 9 – William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber

Monarchs/Presidents 
 France – Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned from 1180 to 1223)
 Mongol Empire – Genghis Khan, Mongol Khan (from 1206 to 1227)
 Venice – Pietro Ziani Doge of Venice (ruled from 1205 to 1229)
1213

1213 (MCCXIII) was .

Events 
 May 30 – Battle of Damme; English fleet under William Longsword destroyes a French fleet off the Belgian port in the first major victory for the fledgling Royal Navy.
 September 12 – Battle of Muret; The Toulousain and Aragonese forces of Raymond VI of Toulouse and Peter II of Aragon defeated by the Albigensian Crusade under Simon de Montfort
 Jin China is overrun by Mongols under Genghis Khan, who plunder the countryside and cities, until only Beijing remained free, despite two bloody palace coups and a lengthy siege.
 Pope Innocent III issues a charter, calling for the Fifth Crusade to recapture Jerusalem.

Births 
 March 9 – Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy, French crusader (died 1271)
 June 10 – Fakhruddin 'Iraqi, Persian philosopher and Sufi mystic

Deaths 
 September 12 – King Peter II of Aragon (killed in battle) (born 1174)
 September 24 – Gertrude of Merania, wife of Andrew II of Hungary (murdered) (born 1185)
 October 10 – Frederick II, Duke of Lorraine
 Dowsprunk, Grand Prince of Lithuania
 Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex
 Sharafeddin Tusi, Persian mathematician (born 1135)

1213
15

15 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Flaccus.

Events 
Valerius Gratus is appointed Prefect of Iudaea.
The town of Emona is founded. It is now called Ljubljana.
Legio XXI Rapax is stationed in Regensburg.
Germanicus fought a drawn battle with Arminius in the Teutoburg Forest
In Rome, the selection of civil servants passes from the people to the Emperor and the Senate.
Biography of Augustus by Nicholas of Damascus published.

Births 
 September 24 – Vitellius, Roman Emperor.
 November 6 – Agrippina the younger, Roman empress (or possibly 16) (+ 59)

Deaths 
Sejus Strabo, Praetorian prefect. His son, Sejanus, succeeds him. > 31

15
16

16 is a year in the 1st century.  It was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Taurus and Libo

Events 
A Roman army of 90,000 men commanded by Germanicus gains a victory at Idistaviso.  They defeat the German war chief Arminius and capturing his wife Thusnelda.
Noricans are defeated by Publius Silius, proconsul of Illyricum.
Ovid's "Epistulae ex Ponto" appears.

Births 
September 16 – Drusilla, daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder (d. 38)
September 16 – Samual Yare, druid of Brittany, assistant to the Roman Emperor 100-126
Agrippina the Younger, Roman Empress

Deaths 
Possibly Scribonia, Second wife of Caesar Augustus and mother of Julia the Elder

10s
17

17 is a year in the 1st century.  It was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Flaccus and Rufus

Events

Roman Empire 
 Germanicus leads military campaigns in the East. 
 Cappadocia (in Asia Minor) becomes a Roman province. 
 Sejanus becomes Praetorian prefect.
 The book Ab Urbe condita ("History of Rome Since its Foundation") is published in 142 volumes.  Livy was the author.

Europe 
 Beginning of a civil war in Germania.

Asia Minor 
 An earthquake in Anatolia destroys the city of Sardis.

Deaths 
 Ovid, Roman poet (or 18)
 Livy, Roman historian
 Gaius Julius Hyginus, Roman writer

10s
18

18 is a year in the 1st century.  It was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Caesar.

Events 
 Tiberius and Germanicus are Roman Consuls.
 A vexillatio (sub-unit) of Legio III Augusta is destroyed by an ambush in Africa.
 The German chieftain Arminius destroys the kingdom of the Marcomanni.
 In India, the Indo-Parthians control Taxila.
 Caiaphas becomes the high priest of Jerusalem.

Deaths
 Ovid, Roman poet (or 17)

10s
19

19 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Silanus and Balbus.

Events

Roman Empire 
 Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni, is deposed by Catualda. This ended the threat to the Romans from German tribes until the reign of Marcus Aurelius. Rome places them under its protection.
 Julius Caesar Germanicus (33), Roman commandant of the Rhine legions and the best loved of Roman princes, died of poisoning. On his deathbed he accused Piso, the governor of Syria, of poisoning him.
 Tiberius expels the Egyptians from Rome, and deports 4,000 Jews from Sicily.
 Agrippina the Elder accuses Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, governor of Syria, of assassinating her husband Germanicus in Antioch. Piso commits suicide in Rome.
 A Triumphal Arch is built for Germanicus in Saintes.

Asia 
 Last year (6th) of Tianfeng era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty.
 Gondophares becomes king of the Saces.

Births 
 Tiberius Gemellus grandson of Tiberius.

Deaths 
 October 10 – Germanicus, Roman general
 Vonones I of Parthia

19
20

20 is a year in the 1st century.  It was a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus and Cotta.

Events 
 Tiberias is built on the Sea of Galilee by Herod Antipas.
 Galba is a Roman praetor.
 Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus becomes a consul.
 First year of Dihuang era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty.
 Philo defines philosophy as the maidservant of theology.

Deaths 
 Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, Roman statesman and governor of Syria (b. 44 BC) 
 Vipsania Agrippina, wife of Gaius Asinius Gallus and former wife of Tiberius (b. 36 BC)

20s
21

21 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Caesar.

Events 
 Revolt of the Aedui under Julius Florus and Julius Sacrovir, suppressed by Gaius Silius.
 Tiberius is a Roman Consul for the fourth time.
 Beginning of the revolt in Africa led by Tacfarinas.
 The Romans create a buffer state in the territory of the Quadi in southern Slovakia.
 Construction of a barracks for the Praetorian Guard on the Quirinal. 
 Pens and metal writing tools are made in Rome.

Deaths 
 Publius Sulpicius Quirinius, Roman governor of Syria
 Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus, Roman Consul (or 20)
 Arminius, Germanic leader who slaughtered three Roman legions at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.
 Empress Wang
 King Daeso of Dongbuyeo

20s
22

22 is a year in the 1st century.  It was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Agrippa and Galba.

Events 
 Gaius Sulpicius Galba becomes consul.
 Roman law replaces Celtic customs in Gaul.
 Beginning of Later Han Dynasty in China.

Births 
 Valeria Messalina, third wife of Roman Emperor Claudius

Deaths 
 Junia Tertia

20s
23

23 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Pollio and Vetus.

Events

Roman Empire 
 Strabo publishes Geography.  It covers the world known to the Romans and Greeks at the time of Emperor Augustus. 
 Aelius Sejanus gains power in the Roman Senate and Tiberius.
 Gaius Asinius Pollio, Gaius Antistius Vetus become consuls

Asia 
 Liu Xuan proclaims himself emperor against Wang Mang.
 Battle of Kunyang - troops under Liu Xiu defeat 450,000 of Wang Mang's troops

Births 
 Pliny the Elder, Roman scientist and writer

Deaths 
 September 14 – Drusus Julius Caesar, son of the Emperor Tiberius, poisoned
 October 6 – Wang Mang, Emperor of the Xin Dynasty

23
26

26 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Sabinus.

Events 
 Pontius Pilate is appointed as Prefect of Judaea.
 The Emperor Tiberius retires to Capri.  He leaves the praetorian prefect Sejanus in charge of both Rome and the Empire.
 Romans stop an uprising of Thracian tribesmen.

Deaths 
 Claudia Pulchra, second cousin and close friend to Agrippina the elder.
 Possible crucifixion of Jesus

20s
27

27 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Piso and Frugi.

Events 
A fire in Rome. 
A poorly-built stadium in Fidenae collapses, as 20,000 of the 50,000 spectators died.
Apricots are brought to Rome from Asia.
An Arc of triumph is built in Rimini, in honor of Augustus.
Baptism of Jesus, according to one dating scheme.

Births 
Agrippa II of Judea
Petronius, Roman writer
Wang Chong (Wang-Tch'oung), Chinese philosopher

Deaths 

Jesus of Nazareth 
20s
28

28 is a year in the 1st century. It was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Silanus and Nerva.

Events 
 King Daru of Baekje succeeded the throne of Baekje in the Korean peninsula.
 The Frisians make a treaty with the Romans to avoid conquest.

Births 
 Emperor Ming of Han (d. 75)

Deaths 
King Onjo of Baekje

20s
29

29 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Geminus and Geminus.

Events 
Romans capture Sofia.
Agrippina the Elder is exiled to the island of Pandataria. Her sons (except Caligula) are imprisoned by Sejanus.
 Possible date - Jesus baptized by John the Baptist. 
 Possible date - John the Baptist was beheaded by King Herod Antipas.

Births

Deaths 
Livia, wife of Caesar Augustus

20s
31

31 is a year in the 1st century.  It was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Seianus.

Events 
 Aelius Sejanus named co-Consul to the Emperor Tiberius. Tiberius has Sejanus arrested for treachery and executed.
 April 6 - possible crucifixion of Jesus 
 Naevius Sutorius Macro becomes the leader of the Praetorian Guard 
 Tiberius returns to Rome from Capri

Births 
 Musonius Rufus, Roman philosopher

Deaths 
 October 18 - Aelius Sejanus, Roman politician 
 Marcus Velleius Paterculus, Roman historian 
 Livilla, niece and daughter-in-law of the emperor Tiberius  
 Saint Stephen

30s
32

32 is a year in the 1st century. It was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Ahenobarbus and Camillus.

Events 
 Saint Peter traditionally becomes first pope
 Symbolic interpretation of the Old Testament by Philo

Births 
 Ban Chao, Chinese general and cavalry commander (d. 102)
Otho, Roman emperor (d. 69)

Deaths 
Lucius Calpurnius Piso, consul under Caesar Augustus

32
33

33 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known in the Roman world as the Year of the Consulship of Ocella and Sulla.

Events 
 Tiberius founds a credit bank in Rome
 A financial crisis hits Rome.  Many aristocratic families are ruined.
 Traditional date for Crucifixion,  Resurrection and Ascension of Jesus. 30 and 28 are also suggested as a date for these events.
 Traditionally, Christianity was founded
 Saint Peter became Pope - possible date

Births 
 Gaius Rubellius Plautus, son of Gaius Rubellius Blandus and Julia.

Deaths 
 Gaius Asinius Gallus, widower of Vipsania Agrippina and potential lover of Agrippina the elder 
 Agrippina the Elder, wife of Germanicus 
 Nero Caesar, son of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder
 Drusus Caesar, son of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder
 Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, senator

30s
34

34 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Persicus and Vitellius.

Events 
 Roman start to build a three tier aqueduct. It began in Nîmes and ran for 269 miles.
 Naevius Sutorius Macro gained prestige by prostituting his wife Eunius to Tiberius
 Romans invaded Armenia 
 The people of Dacia revolt against the Sarmatian tribe of Iazyges who had enslaved them.

Births 
Aulus Persius Flaccus, Roman poet

Deaths 
 Stephen, the first martyr of Christianity

30s
36

36 is a year in the 1st century. It was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Allenius and Plautius.

Events 
 Pontius Pilate is called back to Rome.  He had stopped a Samaritan uprising.
 L. Vitellius defeated Artabanus of Parthia in support of another clamaint to the throne, Tiridates III.
 Herod Antipas is remarried.  
 Marcellus becomes governor of Judaea and Samaria.
 In MesoAmerica, last calendar monument created for about a century and a half.

Births

Deaths 
 Thrasyllus of Mendes
 Jesus (according to some theories)

30s
38

38 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Iulianus and Asprenas.

Events 
 Probable year of the marriage of Claudius and Messalina
 Apion represents a group to complain to Caligula about the Jews in Alexandria
 Anti-Jewish riot starts in Alexandria during a visit by Agrippa I. The mob wants to place statues of Caligula in every synagogue.
 Phaedrus writes his popular collection of fables
 Stachys the Apostle becomes the second patriarch of Constantinople

Births 
 Marcus Valerius Martialis, Latin epigrammatist

Deaths 
 June 10 - Drusilla, sister of Caligula
 Saint Andrew, apostle
 Naevius Sutorius Macro, commander of the Roman Praetorian Guard

30s
Bonar Law

Andrew Bonar Law (16 September 1858 – 30 October 1923), commonly called Bonar Law (), served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

Law was elected to Parliament in 1900 as a member of the Conservative Party.  He became leader of the Party in 1911.  He was Lloyd George's Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons while Lloyd George served as Prime Minister during World War I.

Law became Prime Minister in October 1922.  He found out he had throat cancer and resigned in May 1923.  He died in October 1923.

References

Other websites

 

1858 births
1923 deaths
British chess players
British Protestants
Canadian Christians
Cancer deaths in London
Chancellors of the Exchequer
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
People buried in Westminster Abbey
Politicians from New Brunswick
Presbyterians
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1900–1906
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
UK MPs 1918–1922
UK MPs 1922–1923
39

39 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Corbulo.

Events

Roman Empire 
 Tigellinus, minister and favorite of the later Roman emperor Nero, is banished for adultery with Caligula's sisters.
 Domitius Afer becomes a consul.
 Caligula is also a consul.
 Agrippa I, king of Iudaea, is called back to Rome.
 Legio XV Primigenia and XXII Primigenia are levied by Caligula for the German frontier.
 Caligula's campaign into Germany was stopped by a conspiracy led by Cassius Chaerea.
 Caligula orders that a statue of himself be placed in the temple in Jerusalem. Jews protest.  They are able to stop construction of the statue until the death of Caligula (January 24, 41).
 Philo leads a Jewish delegation to Rome to protest the anti-Jewish conditions in Alexandria.

Asia 
 The Trung Sisters resist Chinese influence in Vietnam.

Births 
 November 3 – Lucan, Roman poet
 December 30 – Titus Flavius, Roman emperor (79–81)
 Julia Drusilla, daughter of current Roman Emperor Caligula
 Britannicus, son of later Roman emperor Claudius and his third wife Messalina

Deaths 
 Seneca the Elder, Roman rhetorician
 Herod Antipas

39
Pulmonary artery

The pulmonary artery is a blood vessel that connects the heart to the lungs. The pulmonary artery carries blood that does not have much oxygen. The blood from throughout the body is taken into the heart by the right atrium into the right ventricle. The blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery and into the lung capillaries. When the blood passes through the capillaries slowly to absorb the oxygen from the lungs.  The oxygenated blood is taken through the pulmonary vein back into the heart through the left atrium and the left ventricle. It is then pumped throughout the body.

Anatomy 

The pulmonary artery is an extension of the pulmonary trunk (lat. truncus pulmonaris), extending from the right ventricle; it is located in front and to the left of all the vessels that flow in and out of the heart, and brings venous blood to the lungs (the only one of the human arteries, except for the umbilical arteries of the fetus).

The initial lobe of the pulmonary artery goes up and back and somewhat covers the beginning of the aorta. Next, lying to the left of the ascending aorta and in front of the left atrium, the pulmonary artery lies at the level of the IV thoracic vertebra under the concavity of the aortic arch. Here the pulmonary trunk is divided into:

 right branch, right pulmonary artery (lat. arteria pulmonaris dextra);
 left branch, left pulmonary artery (lat. arteria pulmonaris sinistra).
Between the initial lobe of the left branch of the pulmonary artery and the concavity of the aortic arch is the connecting tissue cord - the arterial ligament (Latin ligamentum arteriosum).

This is the remnant of the Botal duct (Latin ductus arteriosus (Botalli)), through which the fetus and blood entering the right ventricle are redirected from the pulmonary artery to the aorta: a small circle in the fetal stage of development does not function. In the future, the duct is obliterated (parallel overgrowth of the oval hole in the atrial septum).

Blood vessels
Respiratory system
Jönköping

Jönköping is a city in Sweden. About 90,000 people live there. It is in southern Sweden near the lake Vättern.

Jönköping was actually 3 towns that grew into one large town. The 3 towns were, Jönköping (55.000), Huskvarna (22.000) and Norrahammar (9.000).

Jönköping is the 9th biggest city in Sweden.

Sports 
 HV71, ice hockey club
 Jönköping Bandy IF, bandy club
 Jönköpings IK, floor ball club
 Jönköpings Södra IF, soccer club

References

Other websites
Doppler effect

The Doppler effect is a change in frequency and wavelength of a wave. It is caused by the change in distance between the thing creating the wave (causer) and whatever is measuring seeing or hearing the wave (watcher or observer).

Another word for "causer" is "sender" or "source". Another word for "change in distance" is "speed" or "relative velocity". 
A common example is sitting in a car while another car goes by the watcher.  The watcher will hear a change in pitch, while the sender will not.

For waves read all the waves that can send out or reflected by an object. And for reflection read change of direction of a wave.

Effects of changes in distance 

If observer and creator of the wave get closer, the frequency is higher and the wavelength is shorter.
 For light, this causes a shift in colour towards the blue end of the spectrum called a blue shift. The faster something is moving toward us, the greater the blue shift.
 For sound, this causes the sound to become higher in pitch

If the distance between the observer and creator gets longer, the frequency is lower and the wavelength is longer.
 For light, this causes a shift towards the red end of the spectrum called a red shift, the faster something is moving away, the greater the red shift.
 For sound, this causes the sound to become lower in pitch.

Light waves can also be read, examples are:
 Microwaves
 Radio waves

An extreme example of the doppler effect is an aeroplane flying at a faster speed than the speed of sound and how the wall of sound is heard on the ground.

Related pages 
red shift
blue shift

References 

Wave physics
Monagas S.C.

Monagas Sport Club is a club of football from Maturín, Venezuela.

Presidents 
 Rubén León  (1988–1992)
 Rumualdo Romero (1993–1995)
 Jesús Salgado (1995–1996)
 Rafael Castellín Osuna  (1997)
 Claudio González  (2000–2001)
 Roicis Pérez  (2001–2003)
 Antonio del Moral 
 Antonio Núñez
 Manuel Villalba
 Ramón Caballero (–2006)
 Nelson Núñez  (2006–)

Coaches 
   Joaquín (Fariñas) Da Silva
   Víctor Pignanelli
 Luis Fernández
   Antonio Mejías
 Radamel García 
 Manolo Contreras
   Eduardo Borrero
   Luis Mendoza
 Daniel Lanata
   Alí Cañas
   Franco Fasciana
   Del Valle Rojas
   Bernardo Redín

Famous players 
   Alexander Bottini
   José (Cuervito) Rivas
   Rafael Castellín
   José Fasciana
   Franco Fasciana
   César González
   José (el Papi) Rivas
   Carlos (Pomada) Bravo

Current roster 2007 
Goalkeepers 
   José Bottini
   Andrés Rivas
Defenders 
   Juan Carlos Guazá
   Lenín Díaz
   Andrés Mosquera
   Pedro Agustín Duval
   Frank José Presilla
   Luis Salazar
   Benzon Rovira
   Robert Alexander Varrone
   Ever Avendaño
Midfielders 
   Edward Leonett
   Williams Lacle
   John Mancilla
   Jarvy Mejía
   Timshel Tábarez
   Néstor Sánchez
   Laynecker Zafra
  Ricardo Wisniewski
Forwards 
   Alexis Acuña
   Luis Alberto Moreno
   Hermes Orejuela
   Jamerson Rentería

Source 
liderendeportes.com

Other websites 
 Official page

Venezuelan football clubs
Monagas
Vättern

Vättern is the second biggest lake in Sweden. The lake's total surface area is about  . The deepest known point is . The average depth of the lake is .

Vättern is famous for the quality of its transparent water. Many of the people living in the area get their drinking water directly from Vättern. The lake water does not need to have many things done to it before it is used in nearby cities and towns. The water can be safely drunk from almost any point in the lake. It has been said that Vättern is the largest body of potable water in the world.

Vättern is also noted for its fishing. Tourist sport fishermen and people on vacation are allowed to fish in the lake as long as they do not use nets.

References

Other websites

Lakes of Sweden
Summer of Love

The Summer of Love is the name for the summer of 1967 in the United States, especially in the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco, California. Thousands of young people from all over the world went to San Francisco to help create a hippie counterculture. The Summer of Love made the rest of America much more aware of the hippie movement. The Human Be-In is often called the start of the Summer of Love, although it happened in January of that year.

During the Summer of Love, as many as 100,000 young people from around the world travelled to San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district, Berkeley, California, and other cities in the San Francisco area. Once there, they joined in a popular version of the hippie experience. The people who were a part of the Summer of Love are sometimes called "Flower Children". When these new Flower Children returned home at the end of summer, they brought their new clothing, ideas and behaviors to most major cities in the U.S., Canada, Britain, Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand.

References

1967 in California
American culture
20th century in San Francisco
Sexual revolution
Appenzell Innerrhoden

Appenzell Innerrhoden is one of the twenty-six cantons of Switzerland. It is the smallest canton by population and the second smallest by area.

It is one of the only direct democracies in the world

Districts 
The 6 (districts) of Appenzell Innerrhoden are:

Appenzell, population 5587 (2002)
Gonten, population 1398 (2002)
Oberegg, population 1831 (2002)
Rüte, population 3036 (2002)
Schlatt-Haslen, population 1160 (2002)
Schwende, population 2094 (2002)

Other websites 
Official Page 
Official Statistics
Säntis  (German)
Cataphile

A cataphile, also known as an urban explorer or "kata", is a person who illegally explores the catacombs underneath Paris, France. The catacombs go on for approximately 186 miles. The cataphiles carry maps, usually made by hand.

Paris
Staffordshire

Staffordshire (abbreviated Staffs) is a county in the West Midlands region of England. The county town is Stafford. Part of the National Forest is there. It is next to the counties of Cheshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Warwickshire, West Midlands, Worcestershire and Shropshire.

The largest city in ceremonial Staffordshire is Stoke-on-Trent.

Places of interest

Other websites 
Staffordshire County Council
Staffordshire Past Track - Historical archive about the county
The story of a Staffordshire Home Guard Battalion, 1940-1944
Staffordshire Photographs
Staffordshire Tourism website 

 
Ceremonial counties of England
Upper Cretaceous

The Upper Cretaceous is the last geological epoch in the Cretaceous. It began 100.5 million years ago, and ended 66 million years ago.

The Cretaceous is traditionally divided into Lower Cretaceous (early), and Upper Cretaceous (late), because of the different rocks. The rocks reflect the conditions in which they were formed. From lowest to highest, it is subdivided into the Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian, Santonian, Campanian, and Maastrichtian ages.   

The Upper Cretaceous is the time of chalk. Chalk is composed of countless millions of calcareous (CaCO3) plates called coccoliths. They are so small they can only just be seen with a light microscope; details require an electron microscope. The plates are formed by single-celled planktonic algae called coccolithophores, and were laid down in the off-shore seas. 

The only other rock found in chalk is the flint, which is siliceous (silica, SiO2). This derives from those algae and animals which have skeletons of silica. Undoubtedly, this marks periods when the climate was somewhat different.

The Cretaceous was the last period when dinosaurs were the dominant land animals. Triceratops, Tyrannosaurus and Velociraptor lived at this time. The huge Mosasaurus was the dominant marine predator. In the Cretaceous period, birds became more diverse. Flowering plants developed more, and became the dominant plants on land. The Upper Cretaceous ended with the K/T extinction event.

Extinction events 
The end of the Cretaceous period is marked by the huge extinction event which marked the end of the dinosaurs. However, many groups had already disappeared long before then. There was an earlier extinction event in the Upper Cretaceous at the CenomanianTuronian boundary, about 95 to 90 million years ago. All we know about it is that there was huge volcanic activity which led to changes in sea life.

The event brought about the extinction of the pliosaurs, and most ichthyosaurs, and most lines of pterosaurs. Although the cause is uncertain, the result starved the Earth's oceans of oxygen for nearly half a million years. This caused the extinction of about 27 percent of marine invertebrates, including certain planktonic and benthic foraminifera, mollusks, bivalves, dinoflagellates and calcareous nannofossils. This global environmental disturbance increased atmospheric and oceanic temperatures. Boundary sediments show an enrichment of trace elements, and contain elevated δ13C values. δ13C varies in time as a function of biological productivity. This means the seas were no longer so favourable for life at that time, and many species went extinct.

References 

Cretaceous
Thai language

The Thai language is the national and official language of Thailand. It is the first language of the Thai people, Thailand's main ethnic group. Thai is closely related to the Lao language. In fact, some dialects of Thai and Lao are mutually intelligible, meaning that speakers of one language can talk with and understand speakers of the other language without knowing the other's language.

Sounds 
Thai is a tone language, like Chinese.

Writing System 
The Thai alphabet has 44 consonants:

The alphabet has Thai numbers:
๑ 1 
๒ 2
๓ 3
๔ 4
๕ 5
๖ 6
๗ 7
๘ 8
๙ 9 
๐ 0

Other websites 

 thai-language.com English speakers' online resource for the Thai language
 Thai Online Web Application with 105 Interactive Lessons of which the first 10 are free to access.
 Thai Flashcards, online flashcards with sound.
New England Patriots

The New England Patriots is an American football team in the National Football League or the NFL. They are in the American Football Conference or the AFC. Their starting quarterback is Mac Jones. Cody Kessler plays the second string quarterback. The Patriots play in Gillette Stadium on Foxborough, midway between Boston, Massachusetts and Providence, Rhode Island.

In the 2007 season, the Patriots have won all 16 games and became the first team with 16 wins and no losses. They would win 2 more playoff games and enter the Super Bowl at 18-0. However, they did not complete a historic 19-0 season, because they lost to the Giants. The Giants scored 17 points when David Tyree made a helmet catch and the Patriots scored 14 points.

The New England Patriots won the Super Bowl in 2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016, and 2018. They play in Foxboro, Massachusetts. They lost to the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLVI on February 5, 2012 in a rematch of Super Bowl XLII which their perfect season got spoiled. This time, the Giants scored 21 points and the Patriots scored 17 points.

The Patriots also won Super Bowl XLIX against the Seattle Seahawks when Russell Wilson threw an interception on the final play. The Patriots scored 28 points and the Seahawks scored 24 points.

The Patriots were originally called the "Boston Patriots", and played in Fenway Park. Their name comes from the city of Boston's importance in the American Revolution.

Players of note

Patriots All-Decade teams

2000s
On March 16, 2010, the Patriots Hall of Fame group selected an all-decade team for the 2000s:

Bold indicates those elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

2010s
On April 29, 2020, the Patriots Hall of Fame group selected an all-decade team for the 2010s:

Patriots Anniversary teams
The Patriots Hall of Fame group will select an anniversary team to celebrate the greatest members of the team at every position up to the year of the selection.

35th Anniversary team (1994)
In 1994, a group of local media selected a 35th anniversary team:

Bold indicates those elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

50th Anniversary team (2009)
In 2009, the Patriots Hall of Fame group selected a 50th anniversary team:

Bold indicates those elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

References

Other websites
Official Website
Digenea

Digenea are a type of flatworms. They are parasites. They have two suckers, usually. One of them is ventral (on the belly), and the other is oral (where the mouth is).

Flatworms
Aspidogastrea

The Aspidogastrea (gr. aspid - shield, gaster - stomach/pouch) is a small group of flukes. There are about 80 species. 

The group is a subclass of the Trematoda, and sister group to the Digenea. Species are between approximately one mm to several cm long. They are parasites of freshwater and marine molluscs and vertebrates (cartilaginous and bony fishes and turtles). Maturation may occur in the mollusc or vertebrate host. 

None of the species has any economic importance, but the group is of very great interest to biologists because it has several characters which appear to be basal.

Other websites 
Aspidogastrea from Tree of Life 
Checklist of European aspidogastreans 
Fishdisease.net 

Flatworms
Theropod

Theropods ('beast foot') are a group of bipedal saurischian dinosaurs.

Although they were primarily carnivorous, a number of theropod groups evolved herbivory, omnivory and insectivory.

Today, they are represented by 10,000 living species of birds, which evolved in the Upper Jurassic from small feathered coelurosaurian theropods.

Among the features linking theropods to birds are bipedalism, the three-toed foot, a furcula (wishbone), air-filled bones, feathers and brooding of the eggs.

Early theropods
Theropods first appear in the earliest part of the Upper Triassic about 230 million years ago. They were the sole large terrestrial carnivores from the Lower Jurassic until the close of the Cretaceous, about 66 million years ago.

Some of the earliest and most primitive of the theropod dinosaurs were:
Eodromaeus
coelophysids, a family including Coelophysis

Related pages
 Origin of birds
 Dinosaur brains and intelligence

References
1294



Events 
 July 5 – Pope Celestine V succeeds Nicholas IV as the 192nd pope.
 December 24 – Pope Boniface VIII succeeds Pope Celestine V as the 193rd pope after Celestine V abdicates the papacy on December 13, only five months after reluctantly accepting his surprise election on July 5, wishing to return to his life as an ascetic hermit.
 John Balliol, King of Scotland, decides to refuse King Edward I of England's demands for support in a planned invasion of France, and instead informs the French of Edward's plans and negotiates the Auld Alliance with France and Norway. These actions play a part in precipitating the Scottish Wars of Independence, to begin in 1296.
 The Strata Florida Abbey is rebuilt; it had been destroyed some years earlier in King Edward I of England's conquest of Wales.
 Architect Arnolfo di Cambio designs the Florentine cathedral Santa Maria del Fiore, better known smply as Il Duomo. He also begins work on the Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze, also in Florence.
 England and Portugal enter into the first iteration of the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, the oldest alliance in the world still in force.
 The death of Kublai Khan allows the four khanates of the Mongol Empire (the Chagatai Khanate, the Golden Horde, the Ilkhanate, and the Yuan Dynasty of China) to formally become independent; they each had already been moving toward independence during Kublai's reign.

Births 
 Charles IV of France (died 1328)
 Kusunoki Masashige, Japanese samurai (died 1336)

Deaths 
 February 18 – Kublai Khan of the Mongol Empire (born 1215)
 May 3 – John I, Duke of Brabant
 December 25 – Mściwój II of Pomerania
 Roger Bacon, English philosopher and scientist
 Emperor Yagbe'u Seyon of Ethiopia
 John I of Brienne, Count of Eu
 Brunetto Latini, Florentine philosopher (born c. 1220)
 Dmitri of Pereslavl, Grand Duke of Vladimir-Suzdal
989

989 was a common year.

Events 
 September – Halley's Comet is at perihelion
 Sankore University founded in Timbuktu

Births 
 Adémar de Chabannes (died 1034), monk and historian
 Gisela of Swabia (died 1043), Holy Roman Empress

Deaths 
 6 September – Sharaf al-Daula, emir of Kerman and Fars
988

988 is a year in the 10th century.

Events 
 Al-Azhar University is founded in Cairo, Egypt. It is the 2nd oldest university in the world.
 Vladimir I, Prince of Kiev marries Anna, sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II and converts to Christianity. Baptism of Kievan Rus'.
 Abbo becomes abbot at Fleury
 Baile Átha Cliath (Dublin, Ireland) was founded.
 Liao Dynasty adopts civil service examinations in the Southern Chancellery based on Tang Dynasty models.

Births 
 King Edmund II of England, English royal (died 1016)
 Tilopa, Indian tantric practitioner and mahasiddha

Deaths 
May 19 – Saint Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 909)
987

987 is a year in the 10th century.

Events 
 Hugh Capet, Count of Paris, crowned King of France
 Kukulcan conquers Chichen Itza

Births 
 Earl Godwin of Wessex, Anglo Saxon nobleman (died 1053)
 Liu Yong, Chinese poet of the Song Dynasty

Deaths 
May 21 King Louis V of France
986

986 was a common year in the 10th century.

Events 
March 2 – Louis V becomes King of the Franks
End of the reign of Emperor Kazan, emperor of Japan
Emperor Ichijō ascends to the throne of Japan
Explorer Bjarni Herjólfsson becomes the first inhabitant of the Old World to sight North America
Sweyn Forkbeard becomes King of Denmark
Song Dynasty sends armies on three fronts against the Liao Dynasty in the Sixteen Prefectures but are defeated on all fronts.
The Truth about Nanjing

The Truth about Nanjing is a Japanese movie from 2007. It is thought to be made by fundamental Japanese nationalists. In this movie they want to deny the fact of the Nanjing Massacre.

Other websites 
 'Nanking No Shinjitsu' official website (Japanese language only)
 'Nanking No Shinjitsu' Supporting Website ( Automatic translation ) 

2007 movies
Neoliberalism

Neoliberalism is a term for different social and economic ideas. Originally the term was used by a group of liberals who helped shape social market economy in the mid 20th century. Classic liberalism is characterized by free market trade, deregulation of financial markets, mercantilism and the shift away from state welfare provision.

Alexander Rustow was the first economist to develop this concept, looking after a Social Democracy system rather than a Laissez Faire Capitalist Society.

Characteristics of Neoliberalism 

In the application of neoliberal ideals, the state might also intervene and regulate, for example, to prevent exploitation, or to ensure social fairness and equality.

Neoliberalism is antithetical to the protection of group - rather than individual - interests, for example, that might be achieved through lobbying of groups, or state interventions that protect national interests via tariffs or subsidies.

Neoliberalism has moved away from a centrally governed economy.

Contemporary use 
Since the 1990s the term has been consistently used in academia to imply the move from welfare state to laissez faire economic management, particularly associated with the promotion of free market ideals in the late 1980s by Margaret Thatcher in the UK and Ronald Reagan in the US.

Examples of neoliberal regimes of Government 

 Chile under Augusto Pinochet
 Argentina under Mauricio Macri
 Great Britain under Margaret Thatcher
 New Zealand under David Lange
 The United States of America under Ronald Reagan attempted to establish this but never did.
 Australia under Bob Hawke and Paul Keating
 Brazil under Jair Bolsonaro
 Japan under Shinzō Abe

References 

Liberalism
Economic theories
Oligopoly

In economics, an oligopoly is a market form in which the market or industry is controlled by a small number of sellers. Usually, the market has high barriers to entry, which prevents new firms from entering the market or even be able to have a significant market share. 

As there are only a few sellers in the market, each seller would take note of the actions made by one another, and thinks about how the other sellers will respond when making decisions  As such, there is a possibility in which an oligopoly can come together to make a common decision that allows them to have less competition and charge higher prices for consumers.

Examples
In many countries, some country-held companies were privatized. Very often, this privatization lead to oligopolies. In many countries, there are only a handful of companies providing networks for mobile phones. They control the prices for accessing the network. That is why using a mobile phone is often much more expensive than using a land line one.

Trains run by private sectors are much costlier than those run by a government. As a government gives rights to private sectors to get a hold of some other sectors, they take advantage of it.

Related pages 
Oligarchy
Plutocracy

Other websites 
 Microeconomics by Elmer G. Wiens: Online Interactive Models of Oligopoly, Differentiated Oligopoly, and Monopolistic Competition
 Vives, X. (1999). Oligopoly pricing, MIT Press, Cambridge MA. (A comprehensive work on oligopoly theory)
Market forms

In economics, market structure (also known as market form) describes the state of a market with respect to competition.

Most market forms given below talk about a homogeneous product.  This simply means that they all make the same thing. They simply want to get the cheapest one, since all kinds of sugars (or soaps) look the same anyway. 

The major market forms are:

 Perfect competition: there are many numbers of buyers as well as many numbers of sellers, all the producers sell the homogeneous product and price remains unchanged
 Monopolistic competition, also called competitive market: there are a large number of  independent firms. Each firm has  a very small proportion of the market share.
 Oligopoly: A market is dominated by a small number of firms which own more than 40% of the market share.
 Oligopsony: A  market dominated by many sellers and a few buyers.
 Monopoly: There is only one seller and many number of buyers.
 Natural monopoly: A monopoly in which economies of scale cause efficiency to increase continuously with the size of the firm.
 Monopsony: There is only one buyer in the  market.

The imperfectly competitive structure is quite identical to the realistic market conditions where some monopolistic competitors, monopolists, oligopolists, and duopolists exist and dominate the market conditions.

These somewhat abstract concerns usually determine some but not all details of a specific concrete market system where buyers and sellers actually meet and commit to trade.

The correct sequence of the market structure from most to least competitive is perfect competition, imperfect competition, oligopoly, and pure monopoly.

The main criteria by which one can distinguish between different market structures are: the number and size of producers and consumers in the market, the type of goods and services being traded, and the degree to which information can flow freely.

Related pages
 Economics
 Constitutional economics
 Political economy
 Microeconomics
 Macroeconomics
 Industrial organization

Other websites 
 Microeconomics  by Elmer G. Wiens: Online Interactive Models of Oligopoly, Differentiated Oligopoly, and Monopolistic Competition

Market forms
Elasticity (economics)

In economics, people talk about elasticity of an economic variable, usually supply or demand, in relation to another economic variable such as income or price. The elasticity of a variable is a measure of how much the variable changes in response to a change in a second variable.

If the price for a good with a price-elastic demand goes up, the demand for it will go down. For example, people will buy fewer DVDs if DVDs get more expensive − DVDs have a price-elastic demand.

If a good has a completely price-inelastic demand, the demand for it will not be affected by the price of it. For example, if the price of salt increases, people will not buy less of it. They need their daily salt intake. The demand of salt is therefore price-inelastic.

Elasticity is often measured in percents. If a 2% increase in price causes people to buy 1% fewer of a product, it has a price elasticity of demand of -0.5.

Related pages
Price elasticity of demand

Microeconomics
Worcestershire

Worcestershire (ˈwʊs.təˌʃə; abbreviated Worcs) is a county in the West Midlands region of central England. From 1974 to 1998 it was part of Hereford and Worcester. The city of Worcester, where the sauce named after Worcestershire was invented, is within this county.

The county borders Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, West Midlands, Warwickshire, and Gloucestershire.

Physical geography 
Worcestershire is a fairly rural county. The Malvern Hills, which run from the south of the county into Herefordshire, are made up mainly of volcanic rock, some of which date from before 1200 million years ago. For more on the geology of the Malvern Hills, see the other websites section below.

Places of interest 
Avoncroft Museum of Historic Buildings
Walton Hill and the Clent Hills
Malvern Hills Area of Outstanding Natural beauty
Severn Valley Railway
Worcester Cathedral
Great Malvern Priory
Leigh Court Tithe Barn
Claines Church
River Teme and valley
Tenbury Wells with its unique Pump Rooms.
River Severn at Worcester, River Avon at Pershore or Evesham
Witley Court at Great Witley. A burnt out shell of a large English stately home, famous for its gigantic fountain, now restored to working order. Currently owned by English Heritage.
West Midlands Safari Park
Hanbury Hall
Forge Mill Needle Museum at Redditch, the only remaining working needle mill in the world.

Local groups 
Worcestershire Conservative Future 
Herefordshire and Worcestershire Earth Heritage Trust

Related pages 
 Worcestershire sauce

Other websites 
Worcestershire County Council main site
Official Worcestershire County Council eHub 

 
Ceremonial counties of England
Zlín

Zlín (from 1949 to 1990 Gottwaldov) is a town in the Czech Republic. It is on the Dřevnice River. The Bata Shoes company has developed this city. It is now famous for urbanism.

Towns in the Czech Republic