alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Tensilon test

A tensilon test, also called an edrophonium test, is a pharmacological test used for the diagnosis of certain neural diseases, especially myasthenia gravis. It is also used to distinguish a myasthenic crisis from a cholinergic crisis in individuals undergoing treatment for myasthenia gravis. The test has fallen out of use due to suboptimal sensitivity and specificity as well as associated adverse risks. Edrophonium is no longer available in the United States and many other countries as of 2018.

Procedure
A 10 mg edrophonium chloride syringe and a 2 mg atropine syringe are prepared. Atropine is prepared for immediate use in case cholinergic crisis occurs. After a neurologic examination and recording of vital signs, 2 mg edrophonium is injected intravenously. After waiting 30 seconds and ensuring that no adverse reactions have occurred, the remaining 8 mg of edrophonium is also injected. The patient is then asked to perform repetitive tasks, (i.e. lifting an object or repeatedly opening and closing their eyelids). Under the influence of edrophonium, patients with myasthenia gravis are able to complete these tasks more easily and with more strength than before the injection was administered. The effects of edrophonium last around 10 minutes. The edrophonium allows accumulation of acetylcholine (ACh) in the neuromuscular junctions, and makes more ACh available to the muscle receptors, thereby increasing muscle strength in myasthenia gravis.
In newborns, a 0.15 mg/kg Neostigmine administered subcutaneously produces a response within 10 minutes. In infants, the drug is administered intravenously at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg. Improvement of diplopia is often used as an evaluation item because in this case, placebo effect can be excluded.

Precautions
The tensilon test is administered by a trained clinician, usually a neurologist. A thorough history taking and physical assessment is done before the administration of test, to rule out hypersensitivity, pregnancy, lactation and intestinal obstruction. Care is taken while performing the test in individuals over 50, and those under corticosteroids or pro-cholinergic drugs. Vital signs are monitored before, during and after the test. The test should only be performed in a medical center equipped to manage cholinergic crisis. Following the test, the patient is observed for cholinergic responses such as increased salivation, lacrimation, nausea and vomiting.

References

Diagnostic neurology
Diagnostic ophthalmology
C Centauri

The Bayer designations c Centauri and C Centauri are distinct.

The designation c Centauri is shared by two star systems in the constellation Centaurus:
 c1 Centauri (HD 129456)
 c2 Centauri (HD 129685)

The designation C Centauri is shared by three star systems:
 C1 Centauri (V763 Centauri)
 C2 Centauri (HD 100825)
 C3 Centauri (HD 101067)

See also
 γ Centauri
 Alpha Centauri C (Proxima Centauri)
 σ Centauri
 3 Centauri

Centauri, c
Centaurus
V763 Centauri

C1 Centauri is a single star in the southern constellation of Centaurus. It has the variable star designation V763 Centauri, while C1 Centauri is the Bayer designation. The star has a red hue and is dimly visibly to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude that fluctuates around +5.64. It is located at a distance of approximately 600 light years based on parallax, and has an absolute magnitude of −1.05. It is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +21 km/s. At one time it was a candidate member of the Zeta Herculis Moving Group but has since been excluded.

This object is an aging red giant star on the asymptotic giant branch with a stellar classification of M3/4III. Samus et al. (2017) classify this as a slow irregular variable of sub-type Lb and its brightness varies from magnitude +5.52 down to +5.82. It was previously classified as a semiregular variable of sub-type SRb. With the supply of hydrogen and helium at its core exhausted, the star has expanded until now it has 65 times the radius of the Sun. It is radiating 754 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,761 K.

References 

M-type giants
Semiregular variable stars
Slow irregular variables
Centaurus
Centauri, C1
CD-46 07199
100733
056518
4463
Centauri, V763
Northern Pacific-BNSF Minneapolis Rail Bridge

Northern Pacific-BNSF Minneapolis Rail Bridge is a combination plate girder bridge and truss bridge that spans the Mississippi River in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

It was built in 1884 by the Northern Pacific Railway.  The bridge was originally built in 1884 with five through-trusses.  In 1927, it was renovated with nine plate-girder spans.  In 1963, to provide upstream river navigation, two girder spans and three regular piers were removed to make room for a Warren truss span over the main channel, set on two heavier piers.  This work took almost two years.

The bridge was originally built to provide access to Northern Pacific's yards just north of downtown Minneapolis.  By the 1980s the yards were mostly gone, but the bridge remains as a link to industries located north of downtown that still require rail service by Northern Pacific successor BNSF.

See also
List of crossings of the Upper Mississippi River

References
 

  

Bridges in Minneapolis
Bridges over the Mississippi River
Railroad bridges in Minnesota
Bridges completed in 1884
Northern Pacific Railway
BNSF Railway bridges
Plate girder bridges in the United States
Warren truss bridges in the United States
HD 100825

HD 100825 is a single star in the southern constellation of Centaurus. It has the Bayer designation C2 Centauri, while HD 100825 is the identifier from the Henry Draper catalogue. The star has a yellow-white hue and is dimly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.26. It is located at a distance of 187 light years from the Sun based on parallax, with an absolute magnitude of +1.31. The radial velocity is poorly constrained, but the star appears to be drifting further away from the Sun at the rate of around 5 km/s. It is a member of the Sirius supercluster of co-moving stars.

This is an Am star or metallic-line star with a stellar classification of F0V, indicating it is a F-type main-sequence star that is generating energy by core hydrogen fusion. It is an estimated 467 million years old and has 1.62 times the mass of the Sun. The star is radiating 21 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 7,737 K.

References 

F-type main-sequence stars
Am stars
Centauri, C2
Centaurus
CD-46 7205
100825
056573
4466
C3 Centauri

{{DISPLAYTITLE:C3 Centauri}}

C3 Centauri is a suspected astrometric binary star system in the southern constellation of Centaurus. It has an orange hue and is dimly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.46. The distance to this object is approximately 342 light years based on parallax. It is a member of the Hyades Stream of co-moving stars.

The visible component of this system is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K2 III, which indicates it has exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core then cooled and expanded off the main sequence. At present it has nearly sixteen times the girth of the Sun. It is radiating 96 times the luminosity of the Sun from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,535 K.

References 

K-type giants
Hyades Stream
Astrometric binaries

Centaurus
Centauri, C3
CD-47 06997
101067
056700
4476
Saskatchewan Highway 219

Highway 219 is a provincial highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Saskatchewan's 200-series highways primarily service its recreational areas. The highway runs from Gardiner Dam at the north end of Lake Diefenbaker north to the city Saskatoon. It is about  long.

Route description 
Highway 219 starts at Highway 44 near Danielson Provincial Park and Cutbank and travels north, passing through the hamlet of Glenside, intersecting Highway 15 east of the town of Outlook, before passing through Whitecap Dakota First Nation. North of the First Nation, the highway passes through bedroom communities of Grasswood and Furdale before entering Saskatoon as Lorne Avenue. It intersects Circle Drive before ending at Idylwyld Drive.

Parks accessed from Highway 219 include Cranberry Flats Conservation Area, Beaver Creek Conservation Area, and Danielson Provincial Park.

The province and First Nations groups are looking at upgrading the highway, which is reportedly in need of major repairs, in the near future  to improve access to the Dakota Dunes Casino located approximately  south of Saskatoon that opened in 2007.

Lorne Avenue 
Lorne Avenue is a road serving the city of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, and functions as the division between the East and West addresses on the east side of the South Saskatchewan River. It begins as a continuation of Highway 219 to its intersections of Circle Drive and Idylwyld Drive. North of Adelaide Street, a roadway that connects with northbound Idylwyld Drive, Lorne Avenue downgrades to a collector road, where heavy trucks are prohibited, through the residential neighbourhood of Buena Vista (with some small retail development). North of the intersection of 8th Street, Lorne Avenue rejoins Idylwyld Drive south of the Senator Sid Buckwold Bridge. 

In the mid-2000s, the Government of Canada agreed to contribute $20 million for two new interchanges in Saskatoon, one of them being at the SK Hwy 219 / Lorne Ave intersection with Circle Drive. This is part of the Asia-Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative to improve access to the Canadian National Railway's intermodal freight terminal thereby increasing Asia-Pacific trade. The interchange, part of the final phase of the Circle Drive South extension, was completed in 2013.

Major intersections 
From south to north:

See also 
 Transportation in Saskatchewan
 Roads in Saskatchewan

References 

219
Streets in Saskatoon
1 Centauri

1 Centauri, or i Centauri, is a yellow-white-hued binary star system in the southern constellation Centaurus. It can be seen with the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of +4.23. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 51.54 mas as seen from Earth's orbit, it is located 51.5 light-years from the Sun. The system is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −21.5 km/s.

Spectrographic images taken at the Cape Observatory between 1921 and 1923 showed this star has a variable radial velocity, which indicated this is a single-lined spectroscopic binary star system. The pair have an orbital period of 9.94 days and an eccentricity of about 0.2.

The primary component has received a number of different stellar classifications. For example, Jaschek et al. (1964) lists F0V, F2III, F4III and F4IV, thus ranging in evolutionary state from an ordinary F-type main-sequence star to a giant star. More recently, Houk (1982) listed a class of F3 V, matching an ordinary main-sequence star that is generating energy through hydrogen fusion at its core. The NStars project gives it a classification of F2 V.

References

F-type main-sequence stars
Spectroscopic binaries
Centaurus
Centauri, i
CD-32 09603
Centauri, 1
00525.1
119756
067153
5168
Social Theory and Practice

Social Theory and Practice is a peer-reviewed academic journal that features discussion of theoretical and applied questions in social, political, legal, economic, educational, and moral philosophy, including critical studies of classical and contemporary social philosophers. Established in 1970, it publishes original philosophical work by authors from many disciplines, including the humanities, the social sciences, and the natural sciences. This journal has a Level 1 classification from the Publication Forum of the Federation of Finnish Learned Societies. and a SHERPA/RoMEO "green" self-archiving policy. It is published quarterly by the Florida State University Department of Philosophy, in cooperation with the Philosophy Documentation Center.

Abstracting and indexing 
Social Theory and Practice is abstracted and indexed by:

See also 
 List of philosophy journals
 List of political science journals

References

External links
 

English-language journals
Social philosophy journals
Academic journals established in 1970
Quarterly journals
Political science journals
Philosophy Documentation Center academic journals
A Long Short War

A Long Short War: The Postponed Liberation of Iraq is a collection of twenty-two articles originally written by Christopher Hitchens for the online magazine Slate. The articles support the impending American-led invasion of Iraq and were written between November 7, 2002 and April 18, 2003.

Background
In the preface, Hitchens is typically unapologetic about his pro-invasion stance (a stance which solidified the author's break with the anti-war leadership of the American left), stating:

Among the many individuals credited in the introduction are Barham Salih (a member of the Iraqi National Assembly and former prime minister of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan), Kanan Makiya (author of a number of books, including 1989's best-selling Republic of Fear) and Ahmad Chalabi (former deputy Prime Minister of Iraq).

Contents
The essays are constructed in highly polemical prose, and heap especial scorn on what Hitchens sees as the sickly masochism of the dovish Left, systematically addressing and dismissing the most popular of the antiwar arguments while tendering ordered expostulations of his own position.  Turkey and France were heavily chastised, while a qualified defence of George W. Bush is mounted, in one essay against the charge that the US president merits the appellative "cowboy" and in another that he rushed his nation into war.

"I used to call myself a single-issue voter on the essential question of defending civilization against its terrorist enemies and their totalitarian protectors," wrote Hitchens in 2008, "and on that 'issue' I hope I can continue to expose and oppose any ambiguity."

Responses

Hitchens is seen by many as a "liberal hawk", comprising left-leaning commentators who supported the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. This informal grouping includes the British writers Nick Cohen, Johann Hari, David Aaronovitch, Norman Geras, Julie Burchill, and the Canadian Michael Ignatieff (see Euston Manifesto). Neoconservatives of the last decade are hesitant to embrace Hitchens as one of their own, in part because of his harsh criticisms of Ronald Reagan  and his refusal to associate himself as such.

Despite his many articles supporting the US invasion of Iraq, Hitchens made a brief return to The Nation just before the 2004 US presidential election and wrote that he was "slightly" for George W. Bush; shortly afterwards, Slate polled its staff on their positions on the candidates and mistakenly printed Hitchens' vote as pro-Kerry. Hitchens shifted his opinion to "neutral", saying: "It's absurd for liberals to talk as if Kristallnacht is impending with Bush, and it's unwise and indecent for Republicans to equate Kerry with capitulation. There's no one to whom he can surrender, is there? I think that the nature of the jihadist enemy will decide things in the end".

References

2003 non-fiction books
Books about the 2003 invasion of Iraq
American history books
Books by Christopher Hitchens
English-language books
J. D. Simo

J D Simo is an American guitarist, singer-songwriter, producer, solo artist and former member of the rock band SIMO.

Biography
As a guitarist, songwriter and producer/engineer, Simo has worked with the Jack White (Beyoncé Lemonade sessions), Phil Lesh, Luther Dickinson, Cowboy Jack Clement, Dave Cobb, Chris Isaak and Baz Luhrmann on the soundtrack to his forthcoming Elvis biopic.

He was a member of the psychedelic rock band SIMO from 2012-2018. 
He has released four solo albums to date. 
He resides in Nashville with his wife and daughter.

Discography
Off at 11 (2019)
JD Simo (2020)
Mind Control (2021)
Songs from the House of Grease (2023)

with SIMO:
SIMO (2011) (album)
Let Love Show The Way (2016) (album)
Rise & Shine (2017)

References

External links
 Official website
 Official blog

1980s births
Living people
American blues guitarists
American male guitarists
American blues singer-songwriters
Blues musicians from Illinois
Singer-songwriters from Illinois
Guitarists from Illinois
21st-century American male singers
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American guitarists
American male singer-songwriters
Eppur si muove (album)

Eppur si muove is the third full-length album by the German symphonic metal band Haggard. It was released on 26 April 2004 by Drakkar Entertainment.

The album is based on the life of the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei (1564–1642), who, according to legend, muttered the phrase eppur si muove, meaning "And yet it does move", after being forced to recant, in front of the Inquisition, his belief that the earth moved around the sun.

In 2021, it was elected by Metal Hammer as the 23rd best symphonic metal album.

The following is a musical theme recurring in many tracks on the album (as All'inizio è la morte, Per Aspera ad Astra and the titletrack Eppur si muove):

Track listing 

 English translations not official.

The short version of Herr Mannelig clocks at 3:20; after two minutes of silence, a hidden track starts.

Limited edition 
The limited edition includes two bonus tracks.

"De la morte noir" (The Black Death)  – 7:59
"Robin's Song"  – 4:36

It also includes a DVD, containing five Wacken Open Air 1998 videos and a bonus video clip.

"Requiem"
"In a Pale Moon's Shadow"
"Cantus firmus" (Chant of Strength)
"De la morte noir"
"Lost (Robin)"
"In a Pale Moon's Shadow" (bonus video clip)

References

External links 
 Eppur si muove at Encyclopaedia Metallum

2004 albums
Haggard (band) albums
RVG

RVG may refer to:
RVG (band), an Australian band formed in 2018
, a Spanish Bible translation based on the Textus Receptus
Rowena V. Guanzon, Filipina lawyer and politician
Radiovisiography
Rudy Van Gelder (1924–2016), American audio engineer
RVG, a cocktail involving Wray and Nephew's White Rum
Richard, Count of Molise

Richard of Mandra (died ca. 1170) was a Norman nobleman in the Kingdom of Sicily appointed count of Molise and chancellor by the queen regent Margaret of Navarre.

Richard was son of Hugues II, Count of Molise and Clemenza, an illegitimate daughter of Roger II of Sicily.

In 1157, as the constable of Robert II of Bassunvilla, he was captured by King William I. He joined the conspiracy of Matthew Bonnellus in 1161, but when Simon of Taranto and Tancred of Lecce assaulted the palace and William was arrested, Richard put his body between certain especially violent knights and saved the king's life. For this, he was rewarded when the rebellion collapsed. On William's death in 1166, the queen, Margaret, took up the regency for the young William II. She gave him the old and important county of Molise and the chancellery because she trusted his loyalty to the royal family. 

In 1167, he was accused of having an affair with the queen, who was clearly infatuated with him. However, these claims were probably intended by his enemies solely to provoke the queen's brother, Henry, Count of Montescaglioso, into acting against Richard. In that year, however, Margaret replaced him as chancellor with Stephen du Perche. 

In 1168, Bohemond of Tarsia accused Richard of conspiracy against the new chancellor. A duel was scheduled when Count Robert of Caserta came forward with a second accusation. It was alleged that the Apulian town of Mandra among others near Troia were unlawfully obtained from the crown. A jury of his peers was assembled and found him guilty of illegally retaining the lands after the flight of the caïd Peter. He was dispossessed of all his lands and when he complained to the king he was imprisoned. It is likely that the whole trial was engineered by Gilbert, Count of Gravina, a political opponent of Richard's. After being accused of plotting against the king he was also blinded. But after his death his son Roger was still allowed to inherit him as Count of Molise.

Sources
Norwich, John Julius. The Kingdom in the Sun 1130-1194. Longman: London, 1970.
Matthew, Donald. The Norman Kingdom of Sicily. Cambridge University Press: 1992.

Italo-Normans
12th-century French people
12th-century Italian nobility
Ngaanyatjarra dialect

Ngaanyatjarra (; also Ngaanyatjara, Ngaanjatjarra) is an Australian Aboriginal language. It is one of the Wati languages of the large Pama–Nyungan family. It is one of the dialects of the Western Desert Language and is very similar to its close neighbour Ngaatjatjarra, with which it is highly mutually intelligible.

Most Ngaanyatjarra people live in one of the communities of Warburton, Warakurna, Tjukurla, Papulankutja (Blackstone), Mantamaru (Jameson) or Kaltukatjara (Docker River). Some have moved to Cosmo Newbery and Laverton in the Eastern Goldfields area of Western Australia.

Origin of the name
The name Ngaanyatjarra derives from the word  'this' which, combined with the comitative suffix  means 'having  (as the word for 'this')'. This distinguishes it from its near neighbour Ngaatjatjarra, which has  for 'this'.

Phonology
Orthography is in brackets.

Vowels

 Before alveolar consonants, the three vowels  are pronounced as .
 Before velar consonants, the three vowels  are pronounced as .
 Vowel sounds are rhotacized when preceding retroflex consonants.

Consonants

 Laminal stop sounds are different in the Ngaanyatjarra dialect, in that they are not palatal, but dental, yet they are still orthographically transcribed the same as the other dialects.
When occurring after nasal sounds, stop consonants become slightly voiced.

Sample text in Ngaanyatjarra 
Watilu kurringka watjarru kulkultju kutipitjaku tjutipungka katuma mirrkatju pala tjurra wanti. Nyangka minymali mirrka paarnu tjunu wantirru tjarrpangu wiltjangka kankunarringu. Nyangku tjilku katjarralu pitjangu mirrka mantjirnu katingu ngalungu. Nyangka wataa mungangka pitjangku kurrinku.

Source Copyright  https://omniglot.com/writing/ngaanyatjarra.htm

Notes

Citations

Sources

External links 
 ELAR archive of Western Desert Special Speech Styles Project

Wati languages
Cadmium tungstate

Cadmium tungstate (CdWO4 or CWO), the cadmium salt of tungstic acid, is a dense, chemically inert solid which is used as a scintillation crystal to detect gamma rays. It has density of 7.9 g/cm3 and melting point of 1325 °C. It is toxic if inhaled or swallowed. Its crystals are transparent, colorless, with slight yellow tint. It is odorless. Its CAS number is . It is not hygroscopic.

The crystal is transparent and emits light when it is hit by gamma rays and x-rays, making it useful as a detector of ionizing radiation. Its peak scintillation wavelength is 480 nm (with emission range between 380 and 660 nm), and efficiency of 13000 photons/MeV. It has a relatively high light yield, its light output is about 40% of NaI(Tl), but the time of scintillation is quite long (12−15 μs). It is often used in computed tomography. Combining the scintillator crystal with externally applied piece of boron carbide allows construction of compact detectors of gamma rays and neutron radiation.

Cadmium tungstate was used as a replacement of calcium tungstate in some fluoroscopes since the 1940s. Very high radiopurity allows use of this scintillator as a detector of rare nuclear processes (double beta decay, other rare alpha and beta decays) in low-background applications. For example, the first indication of the natural alpha activity of tungsten (alpha decay of 180W) was found in 2003 with CWO detectors. Due to different time of light emission for different types of ionizing particles, the alpha-beta discrimination technique has been developed for CWO scintillators.

Cadmium tungstate films can be deposited by sol-gel technology. Cadmium tungstate nanorods can be synthesized by a hydrothermal process.

Similar materials are calcium tungstate (scheelite) and zinc tungstate.

It is toxic, as are all cadmium compounds.

References

External links
Scintillator materials

Cadmium compounds
Tungstates
Phosphors and scintillators
Japan National Route 33

, also known as the Tosa Kaidō, is a Japanese highway on the island of Shikoku. It originates at the intersection of Route 32 and other arteries in the city of Kōchi (capital of Kōchi Prefecture) and terminates in the city of Matsuyama (capital of Ehime Prefecture), where it meets Route 11 and other national highways. Its history dates to the year 662.

Route data
Length: 122.9 km (76.4 mi)
Origin: Kōchi (originates at the terminus of Routes 32 and 55 and the origin of Routes 55, 194, 195, 197 and 493) 
Terminus: Matsuyama (ends at the terminus of Routes 11 and 56)
Major cities: Niyodogawa, Kumakōgen

History
1952-12-04 - First Class National Highway 33 (from Kōchi to Matsuyama)
1965-04-01 - General National Highway 33 (from Kōchi to Matsuyama)

References

033
Roads in Ehime Prefecture
Roads in Kōchi Prefecture
HD 111968

HD 111968, also known by the Bayer designation n Centauri, is a single star in the southern constellation of Centaurus. It is a white-hued star that is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +4.25. The star is located at a distance of approximately 149 light years from the Sun based on parallax. The radial velocity of the star is poorly constrained, with an estimated value of 2.5 km/s.

This is classified as an A-type star but there has been disagreement about the luminosity class. A. de Vaucouleurs in 1957 found a class of III, suggesting this is an evolved giant star. O. J. Eggen gave a class of V in 1962, as did R. O. Gray and R. F. Garrison in 1989, indicating this is a main sequence star. In 1979, N. Houk found a class of IV, meaning this is a subgiant star.

HD 111968 is a young star, some 400 million years old, with 1.6 times the mass of the Sun. It is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 92 km/s. The star is radiating 34 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 7,835 K.

References 

A-type giants
Centaurus
Centauri, n
Durchmusterung objects
Gliese and GJ objects
111968
062896
4889
N Centauri

N Centauri is a binary star in the southern constellation of Centaurus. The brighter star is dimly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.26, and it is approximately 304 light years away based on parallax.  It has an absolute magnitude of +0.76 and is drifting further away from the Sun with a radial velocity of +27 km/s. It is a candidate member of the Sco OB2 moving group.

The double nature of this system was discovered by German astronomer Carl Rümker in 1835. As of 2016, the companion lay at an angular separation of  along a position angle of 289° from the primary. They form a co-moving pair with a projected separation of . The more luminous member is a B-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of B9V. Its fainter companion is an F-type main-sequence star with a class of F0Vn, where the 'n' suffix indicates that the metal absorption lines in its spectrum are unusual broad ("nebulous") and indicative of rapid rotation. Based upon discrepancies in the proper motion measurements, there are hints of a third member of this system.

References 

B-type main-sequence stars
F-type main-sequence stars
Double stars
Centauri, N
Durchmusterung objects
Centaurus
120642
067703
5207
John Cutts

John Cutts may refer to:

 Sir John Cutts (died 1615), English MP
 Sir John Cutts (died 1646), English MP, son of above
 John Cutts, 1st Baron Cutts (1661–1707), British soldier and author
 John Cutts (jockey) (c. 1829 – 1872), Australian jockey
 Sir John Cutts, 1st Baronet (c. 1634 – 1670), of the Cutts baronets
 John Edward Knight Cutts (1847–1938), English ecclesiastical architect

See also
Cutts (disambiguation)
The World's Most Beautiful Transsexual Contest

The World's Most Beautiful Transsexual Contest is a beauty pageant that was held in Las Vegas in 2004 that selected the "most beautiful" transsexual in the world.

Competition 
Jahna Steele was the mistress of ceremonies for the pageant, in which 35 trans women competed. Contestants were required to provide proof of their original sex, and both pre-operation (pre-op) and post-operation (post-op) trans women were allowed to enter the contest.

The pageant featured four competition stages:
 swimwear
 evening gown
 talent competitions
 interviews

Coverage 
Entertainment Tonight and The Howard Stern Show were among the many media organizations that covered the pageant, which was also made into a documentary entitled Trantasia which aired on Showtime.  Three of the contestants featured in the pageant and documentary later reunited to appear in their own reality television series Wild Things.

Results 
The 2004 winner was Chicago showgirl Mimi Marks, who had won the "Miss Continental Pageant" in 1992. Erica Andrews (Miss Continental 2004) was the first runner-up and Lucie Marie Pereyra was the second runner-up  In addition, both Mimi and Erica have won the "Miss International Queen" contest in Pattaya, Thailand; Marks in 2005, Andrews in 2006.

Other category winners included:

 Erica Andrews, "Best Talent"
 Lucy Marie Pereyra, "Best Swimsuit"
 Tara Willow Desy, "Miss Congeniality"

Original 2004 Contestants

 Alecia Cienega
 Cézanne
 Cassandra Cass
 CoCo Van Cartier
 Delilah Paris
 Dorae Saunders
 Erica Andrews
 Ireen Sue
 Jurnee Abigail
 Kayla
 Kristina Marie
 Lana Blake
 Maria Roman
 Marie
 Mimi Marks
 Milissa Ravin
 Montana Navarre
 Nicole Xtravaganza, also known as Nikki Exotika
 Ruby Bella Cruz
 Sonovia
 Susan B. Whitney
 Tamalah Taylor
 Tara Willow Deasy
 Tiara Russell
 Tiffany Pagie
 Venus Envy
 Vi
 Victoria 'Porkchop' Parker

References

External links
Trantasia official website
Trantasia on the Internet Movie Database

2004 in Nevada
LGBT events in Nevada
LGBT history in Nevada
Transgender beauty pageants
Transgender in the United States
Proving a negative

Proving a negative or negative proof may refer to:

Proving a negative, in the philosophic burden of proof
Evidence of absence in general, such as evidence that there is no milk in a certain bowl
Modus tollens, a logical proof
Proof of impossibility, mathematics
 Russell's teapot, an analogy: inability to disprove does not prove
Sometimes it is mistaken for an argument from ignorance, which is non-proof and a logical fallacy
Xi1 Centauri

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Xi1 Centauri}}

Xi1 Centauri, Latinized from ξ1 Centauri, is a solitary star in the southern constellation of Centaurus. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +4.83. With an annual parallax shift of 14.79 mas, it is located around 221 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the apparent visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an interstellar extinction factor of 0.10 due to intervening dust. Just 17 arc minutes to the east of Xi1 Centauri lies the galaxy NGC 4945.

This is an A-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of A0 V. It is about 125 million years old with a relatively high rate of spin, having a projected rotational velocity of 185 km/s. The star has an estimated 2.4 times the mass of the Sun and about 2.7 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 43 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 10,462 K.

References

A-type main-sequence stars
Centaurus
Centauri, Xi1
Durchmusterung objects
0113314
063724
4933
Xi Centauri

The Bayer designation Xi Centauri (ξ Cen / ξ Centauri) is shared by two star systems, in the constellation Centaurus:
 ξ¹ Centauri
 ξ² Centauri
They are separated by 0.66° on the sky.

Centauri, Xi
Centaurus
Xi2 Centauri

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Xi2 Centauri}}

Xi2 Centauri, Latinized from ξ2 Centauri, is a triple star system in the southern constellation of Centaurus. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.30, and forms a wide optical double with the slightly dimmer ξ1 Centauri. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 6.98 mas, Xi2 Centauri lies roughly 470 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an interstellar extinction factor of 0.32 due to intervening dust.

This system was discovered to be a single-lined spectroscopic binary in 1910 by American astronomer Joseph Haines Moore. The pair, component A, orbit each other with a period of 7.6497 days and an eccentricity of 0.35. The primary is a B-type star with a stellar classification of B1.5 V or B2 IV, depending on the source. This indicates it may be a main sequence star or a more evolved subgiant star. It has about 8.1 times the mass of the Sun and radiates 1,702 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 20,790 K. It is a hybrid pulsator and shows spacings in both g and p modes.

A third star, component B, is a magnitude 9.38 F-type main sequence star with a classification of F7 V. It has 1.25 times the mass of the Sun and radiates 2.4 times the solar luminosity at an effective temperature of 6,194 K. It lies at an angular separation of 25.1 arc seconds from the inner pair. They share a common proper motion, indicating they may be gravitationally bound with an orbital period of around 41,000 years.

The system has a peculiar velocity of . It belongs to the Scorpius–Centaurus association and appears to be a member of the Gould's Belt.

References

External links
http://server3.wikisky.org/starview?object_type=1&object_id=884

B-type main-sequence stars
F-type main-sequence stars
Centauri, Xi2
Spectroscopic binaries
Triple star systems
Centaurus
Durchmusterung objects
113791
064004
4942
Scorpius–Centaurus association
Shadow Conspiracy

Shadow Conspiracy is a 1997 American political thriller film starring Charlie Sheen, Donald Sutherland, Linda Hamilton, and Sam Waterston. It was the final film directed by George P. Cosmatos. The film was poorly received by critics. It was released on DVD in the United States in November 2003 by Buena Vista Home Entertainment.

Plot

Set in Washington, D.C., this film documents an attempted power grab by White House Chief of Staff Jacob Conrad. Bobby Bishop is a special aide to the President of the United States who finds out about a plot to assassinate the President from a former professor. Bobby's old professor is murdered shortly thereafter and Bobby is left to try to uncover the conspiracy on his own. He recruits his journalist friend Amanda Givens to help him uncover the mystery and stop the assassination.

Cast

Production
Production began in June 1995. Shadow Conspiracy was filmed in 12 weeks, with most of the principal photography taking place in Richmond, Virginia, Georgetown, Washington and Baltimore, Maryland.

Reception
Shadow Conspiracy was panned by critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 3% based on reviews from 29 critics, and an average rating of 3.3/10. The site's critics' consensus reads: "Rather than exciting audiences with a thrilling race against time, Shadow Conspiracy suggests there may be a secret cabal duping talented actors into selecting woefully deficient scripts." The film did not fare well at the box office, grossing a little over $2 million domestically.

See also
 The Awakening (buried-giant sculpture featured in the film)

References

External links
 
 
 
 Shadow Conspiracy  at MovieWeb

1997 films
1997 thriller films
1990s American films
1990s English-language films
1990s political thriller films
American political thriller films
Cinergi Pictures films
Films about conspiracy theories
Films directed by George P. Cosmatos
Films scored by Bruce Broughton
Films set in Maryland
Films set in Virginia
Films set in Washington, D.C.
Films shot in Baltimore
Films shot in Virginia
Films shot in Washington, D.C.
Hollywood Pictures films
Cheongnyangni 588

Cheongnyangni 588 () is a now-defunct red-light district in Dongdaemun District, Seoul, South Korea. It was located near the Cheongnyangni station. By 2022, last brothels were closed, with new construction occurring in the area.

Cheongnyangni is often referred to as "Oh Pal Pal", meaning "five eight eight" in Korean possibly due to a bus which once passed through the area. At its peak in the 1980s, it housed 200 brothels and 500 prostitutes, and was the largest red-light district in Seoul.

History
The area was first became used for prostitution during the 1910-1945 Japanese occupation following the building of Cheongnyangni Station. In the 1950s during the Korean War, the station had many soldiers passing through it and these soldiers were the main customers for the area.

The lifting of the nighttime curfew in 1982, (which had been in place since the end of WW2), increased trade to the area.

In 1988 Seoul hosted the Summer Olympics. In an attempt to improve the area ahead of the Olympics, windows were fitted to the front of the sex establishments in the style of Amsterdam's De Wallen district. This improvement of the area was backed by the government.

In 2004, the South Korean government passed an anti-prostitution law (Special Law on Sex Trade 2004) prohibiting the buying and selling of sex and shutting down brothels. Although now illegal, and despite police crackdowns, the area continued.

Closure
The Seoul Metropolitan Government (SMG) set up a "Civic watchdog programme" to try to shut down the district in 2013, some vigilante actions occurred under this scheme.

Plans to redevelop the area were announced by the SMG. The re-development entailed demolishing the area and building of four 65-story luxury residential-commercial complexes and a 42-story shopping mall by 2020. At the end of 2016 the closure of the 156 brothels started, although may of the sex-workers had already left, many having previously left to work in massage parlors or huegaetael (sex-hotels). Demolition started in March 2017, at which time 8 brothels and 40 sex-workers were still operating. One brothel remained in operation until March 2018.

In literature
The Cheongnyangni district is mentioned in several works of fiction and non-fiction as the setting for a crime drama Seoul: Lost in the big city () and also in the book In Search of Life ().

References

Former red-light districts in South Korea
Society of South Korea
Geography of Dongdaemun District
Coop Norden

Coop Norden was a Scandinavian retail chain. It was based in Sweden and owned by three major cooperative retail companies: Sweden's KF (42%), Denmark's FDB (38%), and Norway's Coop NKL (20%). During its years of operation, Coop Norden ran around 1,000 stores and had yearly turnover of approximately SEK 90 billion. In 2007, the parent companies decided to dissolve the arrangement and, in January 2008, operation and ownership of the retail chains were returned to the national cooperatives.

Former chains

Sweden
Coop Forum 
Coop Bygg — hardware store
Coop Konsum 
Coop Extra — discount store
Coop Nära 

Denmark
Brugsen — grocery store
SuperBrugsen — supermarket
Dagli'Brugsen — grocery store
LokalBrugsen — small grocery store
Irma — high-end grocery store
Kvickly — supermarket
Kvickly xtra — hypermarket
Fakta — discount store

Greenland
Brugseni (KNB)

Norway
Coop Byggmix — hardware store
Coop Elektro — electrical article store
Coop Extra — convenience store
Coop Kjøkken og Hjem — kitchen and interior store
Coop Marked — grocery store
Coop Mega — supermarket
Coop Obs! — hypermarket
Coop Obs! Bygg — hardware
Coop Prix — discount store
Coop Sport — sport store

Notes

 
Defunct companies of Sweden
Defunct companies of Denmark
Defunct companies of Greenland
Defunct companies of Norway
Retail companies established in 1918
Retail companies disestablished in 2008
Cooperatives in Denmark
Cooperatives in Sweden
Cooperatives in Norway
Japan National Route 11

is a Japanese highway on the island of Shikoku. The most important artery in Shikoku, it originates at the intersection with Routes 28, 55 and 195 in the prefectural capital of Tokushima (Tokushima Prefecture) and terminates at the intersection with Routes 33, 56, 317, 379, 440 and 494 in Matsuyama (the capital of Ehime Prefecture). Between the terminals, it passes through Naruto (Tokushima Prefecture) and Takamatsu (the capital of Kagawa Prefecture), as well as other regional population centers. Route 11 measures 239.4 km in length.

Route data
Length: 239.4 km (148.8 mi)
Origin: Tokushima (originates at junction with Routes 28, 55 and 195)
Terminus: Matsuyama (ends at Junction with Routes 33, 56, 317, 379, 440 and 494)
Major cities: Naruto, Takamatsu, Sakaide, Marugame, Shikokuchuo, Niihama, Saijo, Toon

History
4 December 1952 - First Class National Highway 11 (from Tokushima to Matsuyama)
1 April 1965 - General National Highway 11 (from Tokushima to Matsuyama)

Overlapping sections
From Tokushima (Kachidoki-bashi intersection) to Matsushige: Route 28
From Naruto (Naruto IC intersection) to Higashikagawa (Takoda intersection): Route 377
In Takamatsu, from Bancho intersection to Nakajincho intersection: Routes 30 and 436

References

011
Roads in Ehime Prefecture
Roads in Kagawa Prefecture
Roads in Tokushima Prefecture
Drop-dead

Drop-dead is the ninth full-length studio album of the band The Violet Burning. It was released February 14, 2006 on Northern Records.

Track listing
All tracks by Michael J. Pritzl

 "Human" – 5:17 
 "All I Want" – 4:02 
 "Do You Love Me?" – 3:26 
 "Already Gone" – 3:55
 "More" – 5:40
 "Swan Sea" – 3:50
 "Eleanor" – 3:42
 "Rewind" – 3:41
 "Blown Away" – 4:10
 "Trans" – 0:41 
 "The End Begins" – 7:00 
 "One Thousand Years" – 6:46

Personnel
 Michael J. Pritzl - vocals
 Lenny Beh - drums
 Chris Buelow - guitar
 Daryl 'Black Cherry' Dawson - bass

References

2006 albums
The Violet Burning albums
EMSA

EMSA may stand for:

Acronyms 
Egyptian Medical Students' Association
Electron Microscopy Society of America former name of the Microscopy Society of America
Electrophoretic mobility shift assay
Emergency Medical Services Alliance, in Marion County, Florida, United States
Emergency Medical Services Authority, In Oklahoma City and Tulsa, OK
Emsa (Household goods) manufacturer from Germany 
Encoding Method for Signature Appendix, a method used in RSA cryptographic signing in PKCS #1
European Magnetic Sensors and Actuators
European Maritime Safety Agency
European Masters Sports Association, the organization responsible for bidding and placing athletic competitions
European Medical Students' Association, in Brussels, Belgium
European Multiple System Atrophy study group

Location 
 Emsa: a small archaeological site near Tetouan, Morocco
Phạm Hùng

Phạm Hùng (June 11, 1912 – March 10, 1988)  was a Vietnamese politician and the 2nd Prime Minister of the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam from 1987 to 1988.

Life
Phạm Hùng was born on June 11, 1912, in Vĩnh Long Province, in the Mekong River Delta of southern Vietnam. He was a member of the Communist Party of Indochina since 1930. The following year he was arrested by the French colonial authorities for killing a landowner and sentenced to death. His sentence was converted into a prison sentence. In 1936, he was amnestied. He was arrested again in 1939 and remained imprisoned until 1945 on the prison island Poulo Condore. During his imprisonment, he is described as one of the leaders of the communist prisoners. During the First Indochina War, he was one of the active party leaders in the south of the country and although in a formally subordinate position, controlled large sections of the Viet Minh security forces in the south. In 1951 he was appointed as a member of the Central Committee of the party.

After the withdrawal of France Pham Hung was ordered in 1955 to Hanoi. In 1957, he became a member of the Politburo of the party. He was closely allied with Lê Duẩn who by early 1964 had become the effective leader of North Vietnam. Lê Duẩn and his supporters adopted a more belligerent approach to the armed struggle in South Vietnam in contrast to moderates such as Ho Chi Minh and Võ Nguyên Giáp.

In July 1967, after the mysterious death of Lê Duẩn ally, Nguyễn Chí Thanh, under the code name Bay Cuong, he took command of the Central Office for South Vietnam (COSVN). 

After the war, he returned to his role in the Politburo. In 1979, he became Minister of the Interior. In 1987, he took over the post of prime minister after the withdrawal of Phạm Văn Đồng.

During the Vietnam War, he acted as commissar to the Viet Cong. He also served as Interior Secretary before his relatively brief period as Prime Minister.

References

External links

1912 births
1988 deaths
People from Vĩnh Long province
Prime Ministers of Vietnam
Members of the 2nd Politburo of the Workers' Party of Vietnam
Members of the 3rd Politburo of the Workers' Party of Vietnam
Members of the 4th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam
Members of the 5th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam
Members of the 6th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam
Members of the 2nd Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Vietnam
Members of the 3rd Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Vietnam
Members of the 2nd Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Vietnam
Members of the 3rd Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Vietnam
Members of the 4th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam
Members of the 5th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam
Members of the 6th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam
Deputy Prime Ministers of Vietnam
Interior ministers of Vietnam
Vietnamese nationalists
Vietnamese revolutionaries
People of the Sino-Vietnamese War
Guy Nadon

Guy Nadon, CM (born August 28, 1952 in Montreal, Quebec) is a French-Canadian actor. Though his most notable English-language role was arguably in H2O, his other works have been in his first language of French. In 2010, he was appointed a Member of the Order of Canada.

Film

References

External links
 

1952 births
Male actors from Montreal
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male film actors
French Quebecers
Living people
Members of the Order of Canada
Tasr

TASR may refer to:

 News Agency of the Slovak Republic (), a Slovak news agency
 TASER International (NASDAQ: TASR), a developer, manufacturer, and distributor of less-lethal electroshock guns in the United States
 Tłı̨chǫ All-Season Road, in Northwest Territories, Canada
Peltidium

Peltidium is a prodorsal shield found in animals of the Subphylum Chelicerata, in the Phylum Arthropoda. In some groups (Schizomida, Palpigradi, Solpugida and Opiliones) the peltidium, also known as schizopeltid, can be subdivided in: propeltidium, a carapace-like shield that covers the proterosoma, which comprises the fused acron (protocerebral region) and first four segments; and two free segments, mesopeltidium and metapeltidium (Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology).

External links 
Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology

References

Chelicerate anatomy
Columbia Center (Kennewick, Washington)

Columbia Center is a shopping mall located in northwestern Kennewick, Washington, owned by Simon Property Group.  It is the largest mall in southeastern Washington, with two Macy's stores (both formerly The Bon Marché) and JCPenney as its anchors. It opened in 1969, and has undergone two major renovations. In 1988, the expansion opened anchors Sears and Lamonts (later Gottschalks, The Bon Marché Men's and Children's, now Macy's Men's and Children's). The second in 1997 on the site of a former Pay 'n Save, brought Barnes & Noble, Old Navy, plus a renovated eight-screen Regal Cinemas (Columbia Center 8), which closed in July 2018, and was demolished for a Dick's Sporting Goods that opened in Fall 2019.

On December 28, 2018, it was announced that Sears would be closing as part of a plan to close 80 stores nationwide. The store closed in March 2019.

References

External links
 Columbia Center Official Site
 Mall directory
 Simon Malls

Tri-Cities, Washington
Shopping malls in Washington (state)
Shopping malls established in 1969
Simon Property Group
Buildings and structures in Benton County, Washington
Tourist attractions in Benton County, Washington
Kennewick, Washington
1969 establishments in Washington (state)