alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Central Time Zone

The Central Time Zone subtracts six hours from UTC during standard time (UTC−6) and five hours during daylight saving time (UTC−5).

This time zone is called Central Standard Time (CST) during standard time (Winter). It is called Central Daylight Time (CDT) during daylight saving time (Summer). In the United States and Canada, this time zone is often just called Central Time (CT).

The zone is one hour ahead of the Mountain Time Zone and one hour behind the Eastern Time Zone.

The largest city in the Central Time Zone is Mexico City. In the United States, the largest city is Chicago, and the largest metropolitan area is the Chicago metropolitan area.

Places that are in Central Time Zone

Canada 
In Canada, this time zone includes all of Manitoba, nearly all of Saskatchewan, a little part of western Ontario, and part of Nunavut (most of the Kivalliq Region and part of the Qikiqtaaluk Region).

United States 
In the United States, the time zone includes the entire area of the states of 
Alabama, 
Arkansas, 
Illinois, 
Iowa, 
Louisiana, 
Minnesota, 
Missouri, 
Mississippi, 
Oklahoma, and 
Wisconsin.

It also includes parts of Florida, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Texas.

Mexico 
Most of Mexico belongs to the Central Time Zone. The six northwestern states are not part of the time zone.

Central America, South America, Oceania 
Central Time Zone includes the Central American countries of Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. In South America, this zone includes the Ecuadorian province of Galápagos. In Oceania, the Chilean Easter Island also belongs to this time zone.

Central Daylight Time 
Daylight saving time occurs from the second Sunday of March to the first Sunday of November. During daylight saving, Central Time Zone is only 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC−5). Most of the locations in Central Time Zone observe daylight saving time. A few places do not. These include Saskatchewan, Central America and Galápagos. They stay on standard time all year.

Other websites 

Time zones in the United States
Time in Canada
Salerno

Salerno is a southern Italian city. It has a port. It faces the Mediterranean Sea. It is capital of the province of Salerno.

Cities in Campania
Capital cities in Italy
Settlements in Salerno
Kullervo

Kullervo is a person in the Finnish national epic Kalevala. He is a good looking man with golden hair. Bad things happen to him; his destiny is tragic.

In folk stories Kullervo is the son of the giant Kaleva. In the Kalevala however Kullervo is the son of a man called Kalervo.

In the Kalevala Kullervo's family is killed by Untamo's family before Kullervo is born. Only one woman is not killed. She gives birth to Kullervo who will be a slave of Untamo. Every work that Kullervo tries goes ill. This is why Untamo sells him to a smith called Ilmarinen.

Ilmarinen puts Kullervo to shepherd cows. Ilmarinen's wife gives Kullervo bread that has stones in it. While Kullervo cuts the bread his knife hits the stone and breaks. Kullervo gets angry and curses bears to eat cows and Ilmarinen's wife. Then he escapes.

While travelling Kullervo has sex with a girl. He does not know that this is his own sister. When he finds out he goes very angry and attacks Untamo and kills him and his family. Then he commits suicide.

The story of Kullervo differs from all other folktales in the respect that it describes the effects of child abuse in a very realistic way, and in the end of the poem Väinämöinen especially warns all parents from abusing their children.

Finnish mythology
Ephraïm Inoni

Ephraïm Inoni (born 16 August, 1947) is the former Prime Minister of Cameroon, a country in central west Africa. H.E. Ephraim Inoni comes from the South West province in Cameroon, which is part of the Anglophone provinces in Cameroon. Ephraim Inoni is a member of the ruling party and a strong supporter of President Paul Biya. He was part of President Paul Biya's campaign team in 2006.

"Chief Inoni Ephraim claimed his innocence after the judge gave him a 20 years sentence for his alleged participation in funds embezzlement in the Albatross affair."

Inoni was found guilty of conspiracy in the embezzlement of about $31 million in a fouled up 2001 deal to purchase an airplane for the President Paul Biya of Cameroon. He was sentenced to 20 years in prison by the Yaounde Special Criminal Tribunal.

References

1947 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Cameroon
Criminals
Prisoners
Compton scattering

In physics, Compton scattering, or the Compton effect, is the name used for what happens to the energy (or frequency or wavelength) of an X-ray or gamma ray photon when it interacts with matter; the wavelength increases (or energy/frequency decreases) as it scatters off electrons. This scattering is one of the main things that happen when gamma rays meet matter. The Compton effect was studied by Arthur Holly Compton  in 1923.

References 

Wave physics
REO Speedwagon

REO Speedwagon is an American rock band. They formed in Illinois in the late 1960s. The band continues to record and tour to this day.  They were most popular in the 1980s, when they had a #1 album and two #1 singles.

Discography
Studio albums
 REO Speedwagon (1971)
 R.E.O./T.W.O. (1972)
 Ridin' the Storm Out (1973)
 Lost in a Dream (1974)
 This Time We Mean It (1975)
 R.E.O. (1976)
 You Can Tune a Piano, but You Can't Tuna Fish (1978)
 Nine Lives (1979)
 Hi Infidelity (1980)
 Good Trouble (1982)
 Wheels Are Turnin' (1984)
 Life as We Know It (1987)
 The Earth, a Small Man, His Dog and a Chicken (1990)
 Building the Bridge (1996)
 Find Your Own Way Home (2007)
 No So Silent Night... Christmas with REO Speedwagon (2009)

Other websites
REO Speedwagon's Official website

1967 establishments in the United States
1960s American music groups
1960s establishments in Illinois
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American hard rock bands
Musical groups established in 1967
Musical groups from Illinois
Musicians from Evanston, Illinois
Will

Will may refer to:

Common meanings
 Will and testament, instructions for the disposition of one's property after death
 Will (philosophy), or willpower
 Will (sociology)
 Will, volition (psychology)
 Will, a modal verb - see Shall and will

People and fictional characters
 Will (comics) (1927–2000), a comic strip artist
 Will (given name), a list of people and fictional characters named Will or Wil
 Will (surname)
 Will (Brazilian footballer) (born 1973)
 Will (singer), Italian singer-songwriter

Arts, entertainment, and media

Films
 Will: G. Gordon Liddy, a 1982 TV film
 Will (1981 film), an American drama
 Will (2011 film), a British sports drama
 Bandslam, a 2008 film with the working title Will

Literature
 Will (novel), by Christopher Rush
 Will, an autobiography by G. Gordon Liddy

Music
 Will (band), a Canadian electronic music act
 Will (Julianna Barwick album), a 2016 album by Julianna Barwick
 Will (Leo O'Kelly album), a 2011 album by Leo O'Kelly
Will, a 1999 album by Akina Nakamori
 "Will" (Ayumi Hamasaki song), 2005
 "Will" (Mika Nakashima song), 2002
 "Will" (Joyner Lucas song), 2020

Radio
 WILL (AM), an NPR member station licensed to Urbana, Illinois, United States
 WILL-FM, an NPR member station licensed to Urbana, Illinois, United States
 WRMR (FM), a radio station licensed to Jacksonville, North Carolina, United States, which called itself "Will FM" from 2006 to 2008
 WYHW, a radio station licensed to Wilmington, North Carolina, which called itself "Will FM" from 2008 to 2009

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media
 Will (TV series), a TV series on the life of William Shakespeare
 Will: The Death Trap II, a video game
 WILL-TV, a PBS member station licensed to Urbana, Illinois, United States

Law
 Wisconsin Institute for Law and Liberty, a conservative law firm
 Women in Law and Litigation ("WILL"), in India

Ships
 , a slave ship
 , a 1925 Thames sailing barge

Other uses
 Will County, Illinois, United States
 WiLL, a brand used by a small group of Japanese companies
 Weakside linebacker, or will, in gridiron football

See also
 
 Bill (disambiguation)
 The Will (disambiguation)
 William (disambiguation)
 Willing (disambiguation)
 Wills (disambiguation)
Carlisle

Carlisle is a city in the north of England near the border with Scotland. It is in  the county of Cumbria. Carlisle has a population of 71,773 people.

Carlisle's football team is called Carlisle United and they play at Brunton Park.

Carlisle is famous for Carr's Table Water Biscuits. They are only made in Carlisle and are by appointment of her majesty the Queen. 

Several rivers run through Carlisle, including the Rivers Eden, Caldew, Petteril and Constitution River and Carlisle River.

County towns in England
Stanislas Konarski

Stanisław Konarski, Sch.P. (actual name: Hieronim Konarski; 30 September 1700 – 3 August 1773) was a Polish teacher and writer. He wrote political books, poems, and plays. He was a monk - member of the order of Piarists; he brought the Enlightenment in Poland.

. 
Between 1725 and 1727 Konarski learned at the Collegium Nazarenum in Rome, where he became a teacher of rhetoric - the art of good speaking. After that, in order to make better his own learning, he traveled through France, Germany and Austria. In 1730 he went back to Poland and began to work on a new text of Polish law ("Volumina legum"). 

From 1736 Konarski taught at the Collegium Resoviense in Rzeszów and in 1740 he started the Collegium Nobilium in Warsaw, a school for sons of the people of high social class ("szlachta"). Thereafter, he improved teaching of Piarists in Poland, in a way that agrees with his program of teaching (Ordinationes Visitationis Apostolicae..., 1755). His improvements became an important point in the fight of 18th century to make the system of Polish teaching more modern.

In the beginning, Konarski was joined politically with King Stanislas Leszczynski; later, he came near to Czartoryski's "Familia" and to King Stanislas August Poniatowski. He took part in the well-known "Thursday dinners". Stanislas August Poniatowski caused that a medal was made in the honor of Konarski, with his likeness. There was written in Latin: Sapere auso ("who was brave to be wise").

Konarski, Stanislas
Konarski, Stanislas
1700 births
1773 deaths
Gaetano Donizetti

Gaetano Donizetti (born Bergamo 29 November 1797; died Bergamo 8 April 1848) was an Italian composer. He was the most famous composer of operas in Italy in the years between the death of Bellini (1835) and the time when Verdi was becoming well-known. Bellini and Donizetti wrote operas in the bel canto style: music with beautiful, smooth melodies.

Donizetti’s family were very poor. His talent was discovered by Simon Mayr who was maestro di cappella (music director) at S Maria Maggiore in Bergamo. He opened a school which trained boys to sing in the church choir and gave them a good musical education. Donizetti learned a lot from Mayr and was always very grateful to him.

Donizetti’s first operas were performed in Venice. A rich lady who realized he was very talented paid so that he did not have to do military service. His opera Zoraida di Granata was very successful in Rome and he was given a contract for an opera for Naples. For several years he composed between two and five operas every year. They were not particularly successful. One of the reasons was that the libretti he was given (the words he had to set) were not very good. 

In 1828 he married. None of their three children lived very long and his wife died in 1837 which made him very sad during his last years. This can be felt in his music.

His opera Anna Bolena made him internationally famous. It was performed in London and Paris. His opera Maria Stuarda was based on a play by Schiller. It was not popular at first. The audience did not like the tragic ending. Today it is recognized as containing some great music, especially in the final scene. After a visit to Paris he returned to Naples to produce Lucia di Lammermoor which was based on Scott’s novel The Bride of Lammermoor. There is a French version as well as an Italian version of this opera. 

In 1838 he moved to Paris where he had his operas performed in four theatres. Berlioz wrote very critical articles about him in a music journal. Donizetti had gone to Paris hoping that he would earn lots of money so that he could then retire, just like Rossini had done. However, his health was not good and he found it harder to concentrate. He managed to composed Don Pasquale which is one of the best comic operas every written, but it does have a lot of music that he had written earlier. He was obviously finding it difficult to think of new ideas. Soon he became really ill. He was suffering from syphilis. He was put in a sanatorium near Paris for 17 months. In 1847 some friends arranged for him to stay with them, but he was very ill by then. He was paralysed and almost unable to speak. His friends looked after him until he died.

He was buried in Bergamo. His remains are now in a church there. The house where he was born is a museum.

1797 births
1848 deaths
Romantic composers
19th-century Italian composers
People from Bergamo
Blonde

Blond or blonde is a light color of hair or a person with this color hair. The spelling blonde means a female with this hair colour, and the spelling blond may mean a male with the same hair color. The color itself can have either spelling (blonde or blond), according to Merriam-Webster's Dictionary.

Natural blonds have quite fair skins, and their skin is finer (less thick) than people with dark skin. Light skin is natural amongst people living (or whose ancestors lived) in northern climates. It is an adaptation for their skins to make vitamin D. This vitamin is essential for health, and people in northern climates may not make enough. 

One thing to mention: hair colour may change during life, and many children have blond hair at first, but it grows darker as they get older. That's a normal thing. Blondes do not make the melanin for their hair (and skin) to go dark. It is very unusual to see a blond person with dark skin, but it does happen occasionally. 

People who are blonde have less pigment in their hair than dark haired people. To be blonde is usually to have blonde ancestors. It is not albinism. People may also use chemicals to make themselves blonde, but that is just a fashion thing. 

Natural blondes are most common around the Baltic Sea and Scandinavia. The Nordic countries such as Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, and Finland also have many blond people. Ireland and Scotland also have a high number of natural blondes. 
Likewise in Poland), north-western parts of Russia.

References

Hair
Vitamins
Harold Macmillan

Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (10 February 1894 – 29 December 1986), was a Conservative statesman. He was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963.

Macmillan served in the Grenadier Guards during the First World War. After the war he joined his family publishing company, then entered Parliament at the 1924 general election. After losing his seat in 1929, he regained it in 1931.

During World War II, Churchill made Macmillan Minister Resident in the Mediterranean. This made him the go-between for Churchill and the British forces in North Africa and the Middle East. The Mediterranean was a major theatre of war, and Macmillan's work made his name as a serious politician.

Macmillan became Foreign Secretary and then Chancellor of the Exchequer under Churchill's successor Sir Anthony Eden. When Eden resigned in 1957 after the Suez Crisis, Macmillan succeeded him as Prime Minister and Leader of the Conservative Party.

Macmillan  presided over a country becoming more affluent (rich), with low unemployment and high (but uneven) economic growth. In his Bedford speech of July 1957 he told the nation they had 'never had it so good'.

References

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Crucifixion

Crucifixion is a way to execute (kill) someone, usually because they have committed a crime. It was used as a capital punishment by the government of Rome. A prisoner was beaten with whips, and made to carry their own cross. They were either tied or nailed to the cross. The Romans used different types of crosses: T-shaped, X-shaped, and sometimes just trees. It killed people by making them bleed, go into shock, and making it hard for them to breathe, eventually dying of suffocation. Some of the people would live for several days before dying. The Roman soldiers (which were like the police of that time) would often break the legs of the criminal to speed it up.

Jesus Christ

The most famous person to have been crucified was Jesus Christ, the Son of God according to the Christian religion. He was crucified along with two thieves. The cross later became a symbol of Christianity. Six of the twelve apostles of Jesus were also crucified later on, but most of them asked to be crucified in a different way from Jesus. For example, Andrew (who later became the patron saint of Scotland) was crucified on an X-shaped cross. In the year 337 AD, Emperor Constantine I abolished crucifixion in the Roman Empire.

References

Capital punishment
Christian symbols
Steeple

A steeple is the tower at the top of a church, which is a building or temple of the Christian religion. It often has a cross at the top, in memory of Jesus' crucifixion.

Related pages
List of church architecture terms

Church architecture
Baltic paganism

Baltic Paganism are different religions and mythologies that people had in Baltic countries before Christianity and that some people still have. All of those religions have their own features but also between these religions many things are similar. Baltic pagans just like Scandinavian and Finnish pagans believes that greatest god is a male god of sky and thunder. He has a hammer or axe that makes lightning. This belief is very old. In the Stone Age, Corded Ware culture already had this kind of a god and that his weapon was a boat shaped stone axe. Corded Ware culture lived in a large area and many features of Nordic and Baltic people are derived from it.

Paganism
Baltic states
Kaleva

Kaleva or Kalevi and his sons are people or creatures in Finnish, Karelian and Estonian stories. However many things about them are forgotten.

History

Estonian history 
The name of Estonian national Epos Kalevipoeg means "Sons of Kalevi" and the name of Finnish national epos Kalevala means "Land of Kaleva".

In Estonian stories sons of Kaleva are sons of King.

Finnish history 
Finnish people called Sirius Kalevantähti which means "Star of Kaleva". Belt of Orion was called Kalevas sword.

In Finnish stories they are more often giants. People told that some things in nature, like big or weird stones, are made by Kalevas sons. Stories tells that while people became Christians, they started to hate Kaleva's sons who remained pagans. Soon Kaleva's sons had to go away. All the time Christian people took more land, Kaleva's sons had to go farther away. At one island they staid and did not want to leave. Priests came and they cursed Kaleva's sons until they took a big stone and sailed with it away. They have not been seen since that, but sometimes they come at night and hits crop or even forest down.

Other creatures 
Almost the same thing happened to Hiisi people who resembles trolls. Christian humans made them to flee also.

Finnish mythology
National park

A national park is a park or an area of land officially recognized and protected by a nation's government. National parks are often made to protect the animals that live inside them or the land itself.  There are many National Parks in the world.

The first one established (in 1872) was the United States Yellowstone National Park. It was the first national park in the world. But the idea of protecting areas from human development was proposed years earlier. American painter George Catlin offered the idea during the 1830s. 

An international organization, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and its World Commission on Protected Areas, has defined National Parks as its category II type of protected areas. The largest national park in the world meeting the IUCN definition is the Northeast Greenland National Park, which was established in 1974. According to the IUCN, there are about 7000 national parks worldwide (2010 figure).

Definitions
In 1969 the IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) declared a national park to be a relatively large area with:  

with one or more ecosystems (or ecological system) not much altered by humans. It should have plant and animal species, geology sites and habitats. These should be of special scientific, educative and recreative interest, or contain a natural landscape of great beauty.
the country has taken steps to prevent or eliminate exploitation or occupation in the area. They must enforce respect for its ecological, geomorphological or aesthetic features.
visitors are allowed to enter, under special conditions, for inspirational, educative, cultural and recreative purposes.
a minimum size of 1,000 hectares within zones where nature is protected
statutory (or legal) protection
a budget and staff to provide sufficient effective protection
no business use of natural resources (including the development of dams) except such activities as sport, fishing, the need for management, facilities, etc.

While national parks are generally understood to be administered by national governments (hence the name), in Australia national parks are run by State Governments and predate the Federation of Australia. Also in Japan, some of them called "Quasi-national Parks" (国定公園) are recognized by the government and managed by local governments.

Examples 
Manú National Park, Peru
Everglades, Florida
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Yosemite National Park, California
Grand Canyon, Colorado River, Arizona
Yellowstone National Park, United States
Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia
Dartmoor, Devon, England
Galapagos National Park, Ecuador
Teide National Park, Spain

Other websites 

 UNESCO — Man and the Biosphere Programme (Biosphere Reserves)
 World Heritage Sites
 UN Protected Areas database 
 EUROPARC federation — Europe's protected areas
 United States National Park Service
 National Parks of Japan by Ministry of the Environment,  Japan
 South Korea- Korea National Park Service
 European National Parks Centre (ENPC) 
  TeddyRoosevelt.com:  "The National Parks President"

References
William Ewart Gladstone

William Ewart Gladstone  (29 December 1809 – 19 May 1898) was a British Victorian politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom for the Liberal Party in four terms between 1868 and 1894.

His career lasted more than 60 years. He served as Liberal Prime Minister four times. This was more than any other person (1868–1874, 1880–1885, 1886 and 1892–1894). Gladstone was 84 years old when he resigned for the last time. This made him Britain's oldest ever Prime Minister. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer four times (1853–1855, 1859–1866, 1873–1874 and 1880–1882).

Gladstone was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 

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Stanley Baldwin

Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley,  (3 August 186714 December 1947) was a Prime Minister of the United Kingdom three times. He presided over the economic crisis of the 1930s and abdication of King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom.

He also believed in being soft on Germany since many people in nearby countries were German and wanted to become part of it, the country stopped the Soviet Union from spreading its communism and most British people did not want another world war. 

1867 births
1947 deaths
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William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham

William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham (15 November 1708 – 11 May 1778) was a prime minister of Great Britain. He was appointed by King George III. 

His London house, in St. James's Square, is now the home of the international affairs think tank called Chatham House.

In 1758, during the Seven Years' War, he came up with the strategy of blocking the St. Lawrence River so the French troops in Quebec and Montreal could not get more supplies. This weakened the French side, and helped to win the war.

His son, William Pitt the Younger, was also a prime minister.

References 

1708 births
1778 deaths
English Earls
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Whig party (UK) politicians
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Herbert Asquith

Herbert Henry Asquith, 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith KG PC KC (12 September 1852 – 15 February 1928) served as the Liberal Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1908 to 1916. Until 5 January 1988, he had been the longest continuously serving Prime Minister in the 20th century. He was not, however, in favour of the right of women to vote.

As Prime Minister, he led the Liberal Party to a series of domestic reforms, including social insurance and the reduction of the power of the House of Lords. He led the nation into the First World War, but a series of military and political crises led to his replacement in late 1916 by David Lloyd George. His falling out with Lloyd George played a major part in the downfall of the Liberal Party.

His ministry was significant for the Old Age Pension (1908), National Insurance Act (1911) and the Parliamentary Act (1911), which restricted the power of the House of Lords. 

Asquith's descendants include: ambassador Dominic Asquith (great-grandson), actress Helena Bonham Carter (great-granddaughter) and actress Anna Chancellor (great-great-granddaughter).

References 

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Commerce

Commerce is another word for trade or business, and can mean simply the buying and selling of goods and services. Some commerce involves high finance and big companies and organisations. Commercial real estate is a place for commerce, a place to do business. Interstate commerce is the movement of goods, money or transportation between two or more states. International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries.

References
Plantation

A plantation is a large farm which is usually specialized on farming one type of crop.  Plantations grow cash crops, mostly for export, and less for local use. Crops grown on plantations include banana, sugarcane, coffee, tea, cotton and tobacco. 

Some of the problems with plantations come from the fact that most are monocultures, that is there is only one kind of crop that is grown there. This makes them vulnerable to pests, for example.
Among the earliest examples of plantations were the latifundia of the Roman Empire. They produced large quantities of wine and olive oil for export. 

Plantation agriculture grew rapidly in the early modern period with the increase in international trade and the relative decline of subsistence farming. Like every economic activity, it has changed over time. Earlier forms of plantation agriculture were associated with large disparities of wealth and income, foreign ownership and political influence, and exploitative social systems such as indentured labor and slavery, especially with the southern American plantations.

Agriculture
Pine

Pines are a large and important genus of conifers in the family Pinaceae. The Plant List of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden lists 126 species of pines, plus a lot of synonyms.

Pines live in almost the entire Northern Hemisphere. In North America, they live in the southern part of Arctic to Nicaragua and Hispaniola. In Europe, they live in areas from Portugal and Scotland to Russia. In Asia, they live in areas from Russia to Japan and the Philippines. They also live in the Himalayas, some northern parts of Africa, and north of Majorca (Mallorca) on the rugged mountains.

Pines are long-lived trees (rarely large shrubs), typically reaching heights of 5–70 metres tall and ages of 100–1,000 years, some even more. The longest-lived is the Great Basin bristlecone pine, Pinus longaeva. One individual of this species, named "Methuselah", is the world's oldest living tree at around 4,600 years old. This tree can be found in the White Mountains of California.

Cones 
Pines usually have male and female cones on the same tree (monoecious). The male cones are small, typically 1–5 cm long, and are only present for a short period, usually in spring. They fall as soon as they have shed their pollen. The female cones take 1.5–3 years (depending on species) to mature after pollination, with actual fertilization delayed by one year. At maturity, the female cones are 3–60 cm long. Each cone has numerous spirally arranged scales, with two seeds on each fertile scale; the scales at the base and tip of the cone are small and sterile, without seeds. The seeds are mostly small and winged, and are wind-dispersed. Some have larger seeds that look like nuts and are dispersed by birds. 

At maturity, the cones usually open to release the seeds, but in some of the bird-dispersed species (e.g. whitebark pine), the seeds are only released by the bird breaking the cones open. In others, the seeds are stored in closed ("serotinous") cones for many years until a forest fire triggers the cones to open, releasing the seeds. The resin on the cones holds the scales closed until it melts in the fire.

References 

Conifers
Philip II of France

Philip II of France (21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223), was King of France from 1180 to 1223.

Kings and Queens of France
1165 births
1223 deaths
Pohjola

Pohjola is an evil country in Finnish and Karelian ancient stories. Pohjola is at north and it is very cold place. Ruler of Pohjola is Louhi, an evil witch woman. We think that Pohjola does not really exist, but long ago when people thought about Pohjola they thought about Lapland and a region of Pohjanmaa.

There was high wall around Pohjola and there were gates of Pohjola that could be seen from far away. 

Many evil things, like diseases and cold are from Pohjola. In Pohjola lives people of Pohjola. They are great warriors and magicians. The ruler of Pohjola Louhi is ugly but powerful old woman who can do great magic. She had a husband and daughters. Daughters of Louhi were very beautiful. They were so white and bright that they were actually transparent; you could see flesh through their skin, bones through their flesh, and bone marrow through their bones. Daughters of Pohjola were sitting on the sky weaving gold and silver threads.

Many heroes went to Pohjola to ask daughters of Louhi them to be their wives. Louhi did not give her daughters easily. She made men to do almost impossible missions to have her daughters. One such mission was to make Sampo, a machine that would do money, crop and salt. One hero, Ilmarinen, did this machine, but still Louhi did not let her daughter to marry Ilmarinen. Ilmarinen and other heroes then stole Sampo from Louhi. Louhi attacked them. There was a big battle and Sampo was destroyed. Some pieces of Sampo drifted on sea and they came to shores of Finland. Since that they have made wealth to Finnish people.

Finnish mythology
Gulf of Finland

The Gulf of Finland is a body of water that points east from the Baltic Sea with Finland on its north side and Estonia on its south side. Both Finnish capital Helsinki and Estonian capital Tallinn are at shore of Gulf of Finland. At the bottom of the gulf of Finland is Russia and its most important coast city St. Petersburg.

The water is less salty in the eastern side of the Gulf. This is because the Neva River flows into the Gulf in the east.

Finland
Atlantic Ocean
Baltic states
Geography of Estonia
Geography of Finland
Geography of Russia
Edmund II of England

Edmund Ironside or Edmund II (; c. 989 – 30 November 1016) was the son of Æthelred the Unready. When his father died he was king of England from 23 April to 18 October 1016 and of Wessex from 23 April to 30 November 1016.

989 births
1016 deaths
House of Wessex
Arthur Balfour

Arthur James Balfour, 1st Earl of Balfour, KG OM PC (25 July 1848 – 19 March 1930) was a British Conservative statesman and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1902 until 1905.

He was minister of Foreign Affairs from 1916 to 1919. In this capacity he wrote the so-called Balfour Declaration in 1917.

1848 births
1930 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Knights of the Garter
Order of Merit
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
United Kingdom Earls
Zionists
UK MPs 1874–1880
UK MPs 1880–1885
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
UK MPs 1918–1922
People from East Lothian
Henry Pelham

Henry Pelham (25 September 1694–6 March 1754) was a British Whig statesman. He was Prime Minister of Great Britain from 27 August 1743 to his death about ten years later.

1694 births
1754 deaths
People from Sussex
Whig party (UK) politicians
Prime Ministers of Great Britain
List of U.S. states by elevation

This is a list of United States states by alphabetical state. Elevation means the height of something above sea level.  The highest point in the U.S. is Denali at 20,320 feet (6,194 m) above sea level. The lowest point on land in the U.S. is Badwater in Death Valley at 282 feet (86 m) below sea level.

List

Images

References

The Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2004
No. 351 Extreme and Mean Elevations by State and Other Areas
"Kentucky State Facts"' U.S. Department of the Interior | U.S. Geological Survey 
 National Geodetic Survey web site

Other websites 
State Highpoints on SummitPost
State Highpoints ranked by difficulty 
Highpoints 

Elevation, List of U.S. states by
Geography of the United States
Toxicology

Toxicology is the study of how chemicals hurt living things. Toxicologists use biology, chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine. Measuring toxicity of a substance (relation between does and effect), is a major part of the work. 

Many chemicals that we call poisons are only toxic when made into different chemicals by the body.  Many chemicals are made toxic in the liver by enzymes, for example paracetamol, which is a common drug. There is also some variation in liver enzymes (caused by genetic variation) in different people that can cause a substance to be more toxic in one person than it is in another. Some substances are also only toxic when they are with other chemicals, as one liver enzyme can cause activity in another enzyme.

Some measures of toxicity 
 LD50 is a test that finds an average dose required to kill half of the animals being tested (normally rats in human toxicity).
 The Fixed Dose Procedure, an alternative to the LD50 which measures oral toxicity in a similar way, but using fewer animals and with less suffering.
 Minimum lethal dose (MLD, also LDmin), the smallest amount of drug that can produce death in an animal species under controlled conditions.
 Draize test
 LDLo
 IC50
 EC50

Related pages
 In vitro toxicology
 Toxicity

Other websites 
 Society of Toxicology
Monte Carlo

Monte Carlo is the largest quarter in Monaco. Its area is 5 square km, and around four hundred people live there.

Monte Carlo is also the centre of  gambling, politics, fireworks and culture. Monte Carlo has a lot of casinos, hotels and historical buildings.

Monte Carlo is one of Europe's leading tourist resorts. Within the casino complex is the Grand Théâtre de Monte Carlo, the Opéra de Monte-Carlo and ballet house, and the headquarters of the Ballets de Monte Carlo.

References
Trickery

Trickery is the act of misdirection (leading into the wrong way of thinking) or an illusion (seeing things that are not true). 

For example, magic tricks are when someone makes the person seeing it think that the magic they are doing is true, but it actually is not. But magic tricks can also be pleasant entertainment when the audience know it's all tricks. 

A trick can also mean to lie or misdirect (lead to wrong way of thinking) a person so that someone who is tricking the person can enjoy winning the game they are playing for example gambling.

Trick is also slang for a prostitute's client.

Animal tricks
 
Some sort of useful action taught to an animal, for example from "shaking hands" to handing back tools or dropped objects so that people seeing the action can enjoy the trick

In the Norse mythology

Loki is the God of trickery and cunning in the Norse Mythology.

Comedy
Mythology
Slideshow

Slideshow means a show of slides. It is a display of several slides  for information or for artistic purposes.  

Slideshows are presented using a tool, such as a slide projector, an overhead projector  or in more recent years, a computer running presentation software. The word comes from the use of slides which have been around for many years. Slides originally were projected on movie theater screens by magic lanterns as part of early movie house shows.

The word slideshow does not appear in the Webster’s New Twentieth Century Unabridged Dictionary (1973 edition), but is accepted as correct spelling in Microsoft Word in both Office 2000 and Office XP editions.

Other websites 
myPicPals - Online Sideshow Builder
Myspace Slideshow  - Reviews of online slideshows
Example of a show of objects of art 

Photography
Slide

In photography, a slide  is a thin translucent photograph bound in paper, plastic or similar frame and often used for projection with use of a slide projector for a slideshow. The terms reversal film and transparency are also used. 

One can distinguish it from negative and print.

Related pages
 Slide projector
 Slide copier

Other websites 
Agfa SCALA 200x Professional film  
Kodak TRI-X Reversal Film 7266 
Chemical Reversal Processing of B&W Negative Film

Photography
Slide projector

A slide projector is a device that is used to view photographic slides by using optical and mechanical
methods. It contains an electric light bulb. focusing lenses.
reflector and condensing lenses. a holder that holds the slide.  

A flat piece of heat absorbing glass is often placed between the condensing lens and the slide, to avoid damaging the slide. This glass absorbs infrared. Light passes through the transparent slide and lens, and the resulting image is enlarged and projected onto a screen. So the audience can view its reflection.

The image may be projected onto a translucent "rear projection" screen. That is used for continuous automatic display for close viewing. This form of projection also avoids that people who look at the show interrupt the light stream or bump into the projector.

Slide projectors were common in the 1950s and 1960s as a form of entertainment; family members and friends would gather to view slideshows.

In-home photographic slides and slide projectors have largely been replaced by low cost paper prints, digital cameras, DVD media, video display monitors and digital projectors.

As of October 2004, Kodak no longer manufactures slide projectors. It is also increasingly difficult in some countries to locate photo processors who will process slide film. this is how to make an easy and cheap slide projector at home !! this can be also used for projects.

Other websites 
 Kodak: Slide projectors family 

Photography
Machines
Video projector

A video projector takes a video signal and projects the corresponding image on a screen using a lens system. All video projectors use a very bright light to project the image, and most modern ones can correct any curves, blurriness, and other inconsistencies through manual settings. Video projectors are widely used for conference room presentations, classroom training, and home theatre applications.

A video projector may also be built into a cabinet with a rear-projection screen to form a single unified display device, now popular for “home theater” applications. 

Common display resolutions for a portable projector include SVGA (800×600 pixels), XGA (1024×768 pixels), and 720p (1280×720 pixels). 

The cost of a device is not only determined by its resolution, but also by its light output, acoustic noise output, contrast, and other characteristics.

Obsolete technologies 
 Eidophor oil-film projectors
 Telaria oil-film projectors
 ILA (Image Light Amplifier) light valves.

Major manufacturers 
 Hewlett-Packard
 Sharp
 Sony

References 
 LCD VS. DLP in Projectors  SaveOnProjectors.com

Machines
Output devices
Wall Street Crash of 1929

The Wall Street Crash of 1929 was the greatest stock market crash in the history of the United States.

It happened in the New York Stock Exchange on Tuesday October 29, 1929, now known as Black Tuesday. Bank failures followed, resulting in businesses closing. This caused worldwide panic, which started the Great Depression. Stock prices did not reach the same level until late 1954.

The crash signaled the beginning of the 10-year Great Depression that affected all Western industrialized countries. Countries imposed high tariffs and otherwise restricted imports. International trade was on the decline. Soup kitchens were the place to go for food for many people. The Depression ended in the United States with the start of American mobilization for World War II at the end of 1941. People who lost their homes lived in what were Hoovervilles, blaming President Herbert Hoover for the Depression.

The Depression ended as dramatically a decade later on September 3, 1939, when the Second World War began. The widespread poverty and suffering during the 1930s. The Great Depression spread rapidly from the US to Europe and the rest of the world as a result of the connection between the United States and European economies after WWI. The Wall Street Crash was the U.S. Stock Market crash of October 29, 1929, which triggered the Great Depression

Causes 
Stock-exchange speculation led hundreds of thousands of Americans to invest heavily in the stock market, creating an economic bubble. Many were borrowing money to buy more stocks.

"At the turn of the 20th century, stock market speculation was restricted to professionals, but the 1920s saw millions of 'ordinary Americans' investing in the New York Stock Exchange. By August 1929, brokers had lent small investors more than two-thirds of the face value of the stocks they were buying on margin – more than $8.5bn was out on loan".

The amount of money out on loan was more than the entire amount of currency circulating in the US at the time. When a stock price declined below the amount of borrowed money, the owner had to sell to pay the debt. This caused prices to decline more. Years later, regulations limited the use of debt in this way.

References 

1929 in the United States
Economic history
Greater London

Greater London is an administrative district. It covers London, England. About 7.5 million people live there.

It is also one of the regions of England used by the Government for various purposes, including administration and statistics. 

Greater London is a conurbation, a city made from merging many smaller villages, towns and cities into a larger one.  "London" is technically only the City of London, one of London's 33 administrative districts. In order to avoid confusion, "Greater London" is often used to mean the whole modern urban area centred on the City of London, and not just the City of London itself.  When most people say London, they are referring to Greater London.  

Local government in London
Ceremonial counties of England
Chemical Weapons Convention

The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) is an arms control agreement which prohibits chemical weapons and chemical warfare. It is forbidden to make, store or use the weapons. Every country can become a part of it and most countries (188 in 2010) are. The full name is the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction. 

The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (abbreviated OPCW) is the international organization which organizes the discussions and decisions on the convention. It also checks if member states follow the rules by inspections. 

Treaties and Conventions