alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Trichloroisocyanuric acid

Trichloroisocyanuric acid is an organic compound with the formula (C3Cl3N3O3).  It is used as an industrial disinfectant, bleaching agent and a reagent in organic synthesis.  This white crystalline powder, which has a strong "chlorine odour," is sometimes sold in tablet or granule form for domestic and industrial use.

Synthesis
Trichloroisocyanuric acid is prepared from cyanuric acid via a reaction with chlorine gas and trisodium cyanurate.

Applications
The compound is a disinfectant, algicide and bactericide mainly for swimming pools and dyestuffs, and is also used as a bleaching agent in the textile industry.  It is widely used in civil sanitation for pools and spas, preventing and curing diseases in animal husbandry and fisheries, fruit and vegetable preservation, wastewater treatment, as an algicide for recycled water in industry and air conditioning, in anti shrink treatment for woolens, for treating seeds and in organic chemical synthesis. It is used in chemical synthesis as an easy to store and transport chlorine gas source, it is not subject to hazardous gas shipping restrictions, and its reaction with hydrochloric acid produces relatively pure chlorine.

Trichloroisocyanuric acid as used in swimming pools is easier to handle than chlorine gas.  It dissolves slowly in water, but as it reacts, cyanuric acid concentration in the pool will build-up.

See also
 Comet (cleanser)
 Dichloroisocyanuric acid (Dichlor)
 Sodium dichloroisocyanurate
 Chlorine

References

External links
Symclosene data page
MSDS for Trichloroisocyanuric acid
Oxidation of primary alcohol to aldehyde

Antimicrobials
Organochlorides
Bleaches
Isocyanuric acids
Vertebrate Paleontology (book)

Vertebrate Paleontology is an advanced textbook on vertebrate paleontology by Alfred Sherwood Romer, published by the University of Chicago Press. It went through three editions (1933, 1945, 1966) and for many years constituted a very authoritative work and the definitive coverage of the subject. A condensed version centering on comparative anatomy, coauthored by T. S. Parson came in 1977, remaining in print until 1985. The 1988 book Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution by Robert L. Carroll is largely based on Romer's book.

The book provides a very detailed and comprehensive technical account of every main group of living and fossil vertebrates, though the mammal-like reptiles are covered in particular, these being Romer's main interest. At the rear of the book is a classification list which includes every genus known at the time of publication, along with locality and stratigraphic range.

References

Paleontology books
1933 non-fiction books
1933 in paleontology
Catriona

Catriona ( ; ) is a feminine given name in the English language. It is an Anglicisation of the Irish Caitríona or Scottish Gaelic Catrìona, which are forms of the English Katherine.

Bearers of the name

Caitríona
 Caitríona Balfe (born 1979), Irish actress and former model
 Catríona Cannon (born 1968), librarian and academic
 Caitríona O'Leary (born 1969), Irish singer
 Caitríona O'Reilly (born 1973), Irish poet and critic
 Caitríona Ruane (born 1962), Irish politician
 Caitríona Ryan, Irish camogie player

Caitriona
 Caitriona Beggs (born 1977), Irish cricketer
 Caitriona Jennings (born 1980), Irish athlete
 Caitriona Reed (born 1949), American Buddhist teacher

Catriona
 Catriona Carey, Irish field hockey and camogie player
 Catriona Cuddihy, Irish athlete
 Catriona Fallon, American rower
 Catriona Forrest, Scottish field hockey player
 Catriona Grant, Scottish politician
 Catriona Gray, Filipino-Australian beauty pageant titleholder who won Miss Universe 2018
 Catriona Le May Doan, Canadian speedskater
 Catriona MacColl, English actress
 Catriona MacDonald, traditional fiddle player from Shetland
 Catriona MacInnes, Scottish film-maker
 Catriona Matthew, Scottish professional golfer
 Catriona Millar, Scottish painter
 Catriona Morison, Scottish opera singer, Winner of Cardiff Singer of the World competition 2017
 Catriona Morrison, Scottish triathlete
 Catriona Oliver, now Sens, Australian rower
 Catriona Power, Irish camogie player
 Catriona Rowntree, now Pettit, Australian television presenter
 Catriona Seth (born 1964), British scholar of French literature and the history of ideas
 Catriona Shearer, Scottish journalist
 Catriona (Cat) Sparks, Australian science fiction writer, editor and publisher
 Catriona Sturton, Canadian musician

Catrìona
 Catrìona Lexy Chaimbeul (born 1982), Scottish writer and actor
 Catrìona Nic Fhearghais ( 1746), Scottish Gaelic poet
 Catrìona Shaw, Scottish artist and musician 

Given names
Irish-language feminine given names
Scottish feminine given names
English-language feminine given names
Feminine given names
Moldemarka

Moldemarka is a  hilly and mostly wooded recreational area north of Molde in Molde Municipality, Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The area is known for the Molde panorama, with views of more than 222 rugged and partly snow-clad peaks, mountainous islands, green hills, and the North Atlantic Ocean to the north and west.  Moldemarka and Varden grew to international fame at the turn of the 20th century, with the German Kaiser Wilhelm II and the Prince of Wales as regular visitors.

Moldemarka, which is protected public land, is an all-year recreational area with a network of paths, walking trails and skiing tracks. Forest roads access the area from several directions, with bulletin boards with maps and information about local plants and wildlife. Marked trails lead to a number of peaks, with Frænavarden () as the more popular destination, and to numerous lakes and rivers, including the lake Moldevatnet and the river Moldeelva. A national fishing permit is required. 

The eastern part of Moldemarka is accessible from the Nordbyen neighborhood in the city of Molde, while access to the western parts, is easier from Kvam, Kringstad, and Bjørset. During the winter, there are approximately  of prepared skiing tracks, with about  of lighted tracks.  The "classic" route starts at the Romsdal Museum, runs by Storlihytta, and ends on the top of the hill, at the restaurant on Varden (). The walk takes about one hour.  Walking maps for Moldemarka are also available in local book stores.

References

Forests and woodlands of Norway
Molde
Geography of Møre og Romsdal
Bond's Hospital

Bond's Hospital is an almshouse in Coventry, England, established for old bedesmen. It is a Grade II* listed building.

It was built in 1506 on Hill Street, around the same courtyard as the old disused buildings of Bablake School. Parts have been revised and rebuilt since but it retains many original features. It is still operated as charitable housing.

History

The hospital was founded in 1506 by Thomas Bond, a draper who became Mayor of Coventry in 1497. He left money in his will for "the sustenance of ten poor men, and of a woman who was to attend to their necessities". They were required to attend church services three times a day and pray for the founder and the Trinity Gild. His son tried to take some of the lands given to the charity and was sued. In 1610 the crown took the land which was bought back by the city. 

Although most of the street frontage was rebuilt in 1832, the west end bay rebuilt in 1834, and the back wing extended in 1847, the building essentially still retains all its original features. Four flats were added in the 1970s and 31 two-bedroom flats in 2004.  

Ford's Hospital was a similar 16th century foundation for women almoners. The ownership and operation of Bonds Hospital is now vested in the Bond's and Ford's Hospital Charity, part of the Coventry Church Municipal Charities.

Architecture

It is a timber framed building with brick infilling, and a tiled roof with bargeboards. It consists of twelve bed-sitting rooms and a common room, and the garden at its rear contains a portion of the old city wall.

See also

Grade II* listed buildings in Coventry

Notes

References

Buildings and structures in Coventry
English medieval hospitals and almshouses
1506 establishments in England
Hospitals established in the 16th century
Bond's Hospital, Coventry 
Bond's Hospital, Coventry 
Almshouses in England
Doña Bárbara (disambiguation)

Doña Bárbara is a novel by Venezuelan author Rómulo Gallegos.

Doña Bárbara may also refer to:

Doña Bárbara (1943 film), a 1943 Mexican romantic drama film
Doña Bárbara (1998 film), a 1998 Argentine-Spanish romantic drama film
Doña Bárbara (1967 opera), a 1967 American opera
Doña Bárbara (1967 TV series), a Venezuelan telenovela
Doña Bárbara (1975 TV series), a Venezuelan telenovela
Doña Bárbara (2008 TV series), a Spanish-language telenovela
Hibberts Corner, Maine

Hibberts Corner is a village within the town of Washington in Knox County, Maine, United States.  It is located at  (44.3042402, -69.4072655), at an altitude of 354 feet (108 m).

References

Villages in Maine
Villages in Knox County, Maine
Anthony Wall

Anthony David Wall (born 29 May 1975) is an English professional golfer.

Career
Wall was born in London. He turned professional in 1995 and has played on the European Tour since 1998. He has made the top 100 on the Order of Merit every season since his rookie year. His only European Tour win to date came at the 2000 Alfred Dunhill Championship in South Africa. In 2006 he was the leading British player at The Open Championship, finishing in a tie for eleventh place. Also in 2006 achieved his best year-end ranking on the Order of Merit of 13th. In 2011, Wall was in contention to win his first tour level event in 11 years at the Sicilian Open but hit his approach shot on 17 into the water resulting in a double bogey and missing out by one stroke.

In 2016, Wall won the Paul Lawrie Match Play, his first victory in over 16 years and second on the European Tour, a Tour record for time between wins.

In May 2018, Wall announced his retirement from professional golf. He is currently one of the rotating on-course commentators for the European Tour world-feed broadcast.

Amateur wins
1993 Golf Illustrated Gold Vase

Professional wins (2)

European Tour wins (2)

*Note: The 2000 Alfred Dunhill Championship was shortened to 54 holes due to rain.
1Co-sanctioned by the Southern Africa Tour

Results in major championships

Note: Wall never played in the Masters Tournament.

CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place

Results in World Golf Championships

"T" = Tied

Team appearances
Amateur
Jacques Léglise Trophy (representing Great Britain & Ireland): 1993 (winners)

Professional
Royal Trophy (representing Europe): 2007 (winners)
Seve Trophy (representing Great Britain & Ireland): 2009 (winners)

References

External links

English male golfers
European Tour golfers
Golfers from London
People from Sunninghill
1975 births
Living people
Doña Bárbara (1943 film)

Doña Bárbara is a 1943 Mexican romantic drama film directed by Fernando de Fuentes and starring María Félix and Julián Soler.  The film is based on the 1929 novel Doña Bárbara by Venezuelan author Rómulo Gallegos, who also co-wrote the screenplay.

Plot
Bárbara is an attractive woman raised mostly on the rivers of Venezuela by her riverboat captain father. Her mother was an Indian woman who died while giving birth to her. She was madly in love with young Asdrúbal until tragedy smashed everything. Some of the men who worked for her father stole their boat and killed her father. The bandits then raped her and shot her boyfriend. This caused her to hate men, but at the same time sleeps with them to get what she wants. She becomes involved with Lorenzo Barquero, the owner of a cattle ranch, with whom she becomes pregnant and has a daughter named Marisela. Barbara later steals Lorenzo's home and fortune and kicks both him and their daughter out, leaving them to fend for themselves with absolutely nothing. Santos is the only remaining son of the Luzardo family, who had a feud with the Barqueros. He returns to his hacienda, Altamira, planning to sell it. Undeterred, Santos sets out to save his cousin Lorenzo and to educate young Marisela. After Barbara sees one of her old rapists and kills him she decides that in order to gain back the peace and happiness that was stolen from her that horrible night she must find and kill all five of her rapists.

Doña Bárbara has a teenage daughter with Lorenzo Barquero, a former land baron that Doña Bárbara left broken and penniless. He is now an alcoholic. The girl, Marisela, is left to fend for herself, and Doña Bárbara has no interest in her, though Juan Primito, a servant of Doña Bárbara's secretly looks after her. Eventually, Marisela is discovered by Santos, who takes her and her father in, and gives the girl education.

Meanwhile, Doña Bárbara has become attracted to Santos, but when she finds that her own daughter is a rival for his affections, Doña Bárbara still looks for ways to ruin Santos.

Cast
 María Félix as Doña Bárbara
 Julián Soler as Santos Luzardo
 María Elena Marqués as Marisela Barquero
 Andrés Soler as Lorenzo Barquero
 Charles Rooner as Don Guillermo
 Agustín Isunza as Juan Primito
 Miguel Inclán as Melquiades
 Eduardo Arozamena as Melesio Sandoval
 Antonio R. Frausto as Antonio Sandoval
 Pedro Galindo as Nieves
 Paco Astol as Mujiquita
 Arturo Soto Rangel as Coronel Pernalete
 Manuel Dondé as Carmelito López
 Felipe Montoya as Balbino Paiba
 Luis Jiménez Morán as Pajarote
 Alfonso Bedoya as Peasant

Other versions
Doña Bárbara has also been adapted into a 1975 Venezuelan telenovela, Doña Bárbara, as well as a 1998 Argentine film directed by Betty Kaplan.

References

External links
 
 

1943 films
1940s romance films
Films based on Venezuelan novels
Films directed by Miguel M. Delgado
María Félix
Mexican black-and-white films
1940s Spanish-language films
Doña Bárbara (1998 film)

Doña Bárbara is a 1998 Argentine-Spanish romantic drama film directed by Betty Kaplan adapted from the 1929 novel Doña Bárbara by Venezuelan author Rómulo Gallegos. The film stars Esther Goris in the title role of a wealthy, embittered female land owner who clashes with a male neighbor, portrayed by Jorge Perugorría.

Other versions
Doña Bárbara was first adapted into an acclaimed 1943 Mexican film starring María Félix as well as a 1975 Venezuelan telenovela.

External links
 
 

1998 films
1998 romantic drama films
Argentine drama films
Films directed by Betty Kaplan
Spanish drama films
1990s Spanish-language films
1990s Argentine films
Flexibility (engineering)

Flexibility is used as an attribute of various types of systems. In the field of engineering systems design, it refers to designs that can adapt when external changes occur. Flexibility has been defined differently in many fields of engineering, architecture, biology, economics, etc. In the context of engineering design one can define flexibility as the ability of a system to respond to potential internal or external changes affecting its value delivery, in a timely and cost-effective manner. Thus, flexibility for an engineering system is the ease with which the system can respond to uncertainty in a manner to sustain or increase its value delivery. Uncertainty is a key element in the definition of flexibility. Uncertainty can create both risks and opportunities in a system, and it is with the existence of uncertainty that flexibility becomes valuable.

Flexible Manufacturing System 
Flexibility has been especially thoroughly studied for manufacturing systems. For manufacturing science eleven different classes of flexibility have been identified [Browne, 1984], [Sethi and Sethi, 1990]:

 Machine flexibility - The different operation types that a machine can perform.
 Material handling flexibility - The ability to move the products within a manufacturing facility.
 Operation flexibility - The ability to produce a product in different ways.
 Process flexibility - The set of products that the system can produce.
 Product flexibility - The ability to add new products in the system.
 Routing flexibility - The different routes (through machines and workshops) that can be used to produce a product in the system.
 Volume flexibility - The ease to profitably increase or decrease the output of an existing system. At firm level, it is the ability of a firm to operate profitably at different output levels. Firms often use volume flexibility as a benchmark to assess their performance vis-à-vis their competitors.
 Expansion flexibility - The ability to build out the capacity of a system.
 Program flexibility - The ability to run a system automatically.
 Production flexibility - The number of products a system currently can produce.
 Market flexibility - The ability of the system to adapt to market demands.

These definitions yield under current conditions of the system and that no major setups are conducted or investments are made (except expansion flexibility). Many of the flexibility types are linked to each other; increasing one flexibility type also increases another. But in some cases tradeoffs between two flexibility types are needed.

Bibliography 
 Browne, J. et al. "Classification of flexible manufacturing systems", The FMS Magazine 1984 April, 114-117.
 Sethi, A.K. and Sethi, S.P. "Flexibility in Manufacturing: A survey", The International Journal of Flexible Manufacturing Systems 1990 2, 289-328.

References

Structural engineering
Software quality
Luke Cresswell

Luke Cresswell (born 1 October 1963) is a co-creator (along with Steve McNicholas) of the dance percussion act Stomp.   He is a self-taught percussionist and one-time member of British busking/cabaret musical group Pookiesnackenburger. Stomp is famous for using ordinary objects as instruments (dustbins, brooms, etc.)

Early life
His father Peter Cresswell was a painter and the dean of arts at Goldsmiths College, University of London and he grew up in Brighton. His older brother Addison became a notable comedy talent agent.

Career
Cresswell starred in the Channel 4 TV series Stomp, and writes music extensively for TV. He composed the score for the 1997 film Riot. His session work as a percussionist and programmer include;  Beats International, Bette Midler, Elvis Costello, Bryan Ferry and Freak Power. With Steve McNicholas, he directed the film links for the 1994 Billboard Music Awards and directed three Target commercials in the United States. Also with McNicholas, he helped direct the HBO special Stomp Out Loud.

References

External links
 
 

1963 births
Living people
English male television actors
English buskers
English male dancers
English choreographers
English theatre directors
Steve McNicholas

Steve McNicholas  (born 11 August 1955) is an English director, composer, actor and co-founder of dance percussion act Stomp. 

McNicholas has worked with Cliff Hanger Theatre Co., 7:84, Covent Garden Community Theatre, Pookiesnackenburger Buskers and the Flying Pickets. His work in television includes Rowan Atkinson's Mr. Bean, various soundtrack work with Luke Cresswell and the Yes/No video percussion series for ITV as director. He composed the score of the 1997 film Riot, and shares directorial credits with Cresswell on STOMP-based short films and commercials. He co-wrote and co-directed the 2002 Imax movie Pulse: A Stomp Odyssey and the 3D movie Wild Ocean. Composed and co-directed Pandemonium: the Lost and Found Orchestra.

References

External links
 
 Steve McNicholas at the Internet off-Broadway Database

1955 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
English male stage actors
English buskers
English choreographers
English male dancers
English film directors
English theatre directors
Laurence Olivier Award winners
E.S.G. (rapper)

Cedric Dormaine Hill (born June 3, 1973) better known by his stage name E.S.G. (which stands for Everyday Street Gangsta or Everyday Serving God) is an American rapper from Houston, Texas, and is a member of the Screwed Up Click. He helped to popularize the "Chopped and Screwed" style of rap music. His debut album Ocean of Funk was released in 1994 and it contained the popular single "Swangin' & Bangin'", which would later be remixed in his follow-up Sailin' Da South. He has released 11 other albums since then. He is also credited with writing the hook for "Wanna be a Baller" on Lil Troy's album Sittin' Fat Down South.

Discography

Studio albums
1994: Ocean of Funk
1995: Sailin' Da South
1998: Return of the Living Dead
1999: Shinin' n' Grindin'
2000: City Under Siege
2004: All American Gangsta
2006: Screwed Up Movement
2009: Digital Dope: The Reintroduction
2009: Everyday Street Gangsta
2011: Owner's Manual
2015: Kingish

Compilation albums
1995: "Legal Dope" (Swisha Killa)
2008: The Chronicles 
2009: Greatest Independent Hits

Collaborative albums
2001: Boss Hogg Outlaws (with Slim Thug)

See also
Houston hip hop

References

Rappers from Houston
Screwed Up Click members
Southern hip hop musicians
Underground rappers
Gangsta rappers
1973 births
Living people
20th-century American rappers
21st-century American rappers
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
20th-century African-American musicians
21st-century African-American musicians
Kaygold

Kaygold LLC (aka KayGold) was Jack Abramoff's primary front organization for funneling tribal moneys in the Gimme Five scheme to his personal accounts. Its registered address was Abramoff's home address; on the National Center for Public Policy Research's 2003 Tax Form 990, Kaygold's address was listed as his work address at Greenberg Traurig.

In only nine months of 2002, more than $12 million was transferred from Michael Scanlon's Capitol Campaign Strategies to Kaygold, including a $2,266,250 check on September 12, 2002 [Roll Call, 3/23/04].

The National Center for Public Policy Research funneled $1.275 million from the International Interactive Alliance received through Abramoff's lobbying firm Greenberg Traurig in 2003 to Kaygold.

Through Kaygold and Livsar, another of Abramoff's dummy corporations, Abramoff contributed $2000 to David Catania's campaign.

References

Lobbyists, Clients Undeterred by Scandal
More Woes for Greenberg Traurig in Fees Scandal

Jack Abramoff scandals
Specht module

In mathematics, a Specht module is one of the representations of symmetric groups studied by .
They are indexed by partitions, and in characteristic 0 the Specht modules of partitions of n form a complete set of irreducible representations of the symmetric group on n points.

Definition
Fix a partition λ of n and a commutative ring k.  The partition determines a Young diagram with n boxes.   A Young tableau  of shape λ is a way of labelling the boxes of this Young diagram by distinct numbers .

A tabloid is an equivalence class of Young tableaux where two labellings are equivalent if one is obtained from the other by permuting the entries of each row.  For each Young tableau T of shape λ let  be the corresponding tabloid.  The symmetric group on n points acts on the set of Young tableaux of shape λ. Consequently, it acts on tabloids, and on the free k-module V with the tabloids as basis. 

Given a Young tableau T of shape λ, let

where QT is the subgroup of permutations, preserving (as sets) all columns of T  and  is the sign of the permutation σ. The Specht module of the partition λ is the module generated by the elements  ET as T runs through all tableaux of shape λ.

The Specht module  has a basis of elements ET for T a  standard Young tableau.

A gentle introduction to the construction of the Specht module may be found in Section 1 of "Specht Polytopes and Specht Matroids".

Structure

The dimension of the Specht module  is the number of standard Young tableaux of shape . It is given by the hook length formula.

Over fields of characteristic 0 the Specht modules are irreducible, and form a complete set of irreducible representations of the symmetric group.

A partition is called p-regular (for a prime number p) if it does not have p parts of the same (positive) size. 
Over fields of characteristic p>0 the Specht modules can be reducible. For p-regular partitions they have a unique irreducible quotient, and these irreducible quotients form a complete set of irreducible representations.

See also
 Garnir relations, a more detailed description of the structure of Specht modules.

References

Representation theory of finite groups
PAF College Sargodha

PAF College Sargodha is a Pakistan Air Force operated boarding school located in Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan.  It was established in 1953. Founded as a feeding school for Pakistan Air Force Academy, it is now a public school since 1990 funded by the Pakistan Air Force.

Notable alumni
 Ahsan Iqbal, former Federal Education minister, Government of Pakistan
 Muhammad Abdul Mannan, Planning Minister of Bangladesh
 Shahid Aziz Siddiqi, Vice Chancellor, Ziauddin Medical University,  Karachi

Armed forces
 Air Chief Marshal Farooq Feroze Khan, former Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (CJCSC) and Chief of Air Staff (CAS)
Air Chief Marshal Kaleem Saadat, former Chief of Air Staff (CAS), PAF
 Air Chief Marshal Tanvir Mahmood Ahmed, former Chief of Air Staff (CAS), PAF
 Air Chief Marshal Rao Qamar Suleman, former Chief of Air Staff (CAS), PAF
General Ahsan Saleem Hyat, former Vice Chief of Army Staff (VCOAS), Pakistan Army
 General Ehsan ul Haq, former Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (CJCSC)
 General Moeen U Ahmed, former Chief of Army Staff, Bangladesh Army
 Air Marshal Shahid Lateef, former Vice Chief of Air Staff  (VCAS), PAF
 Lt Gen Ghulam Muhammad Malik, former Commander  X Corps, Rawalpindi
 Major General Muhamma Abul Manzur, Shaheed, Bir  Uttam, Bangladesh Army
 Gp. Capt Saiful Azam, Sitara-e-Jurat, PAF,  BAF
 Lieutenant Colonel |Mohammad Ziauddin  BU
 Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman (military pilot), Bir Sreshtho, Bangladesh Air Force.
 Air Vice Marshal Momtaz Uddin Ahmed, Chief of Air Staff, Bangladesh Air Force.
 Air Vice Marshal Sultan Mehmood, Chief of Air Staff, Bangladesh Air Force.
 Air Vice Marshal Mohammad Rafiqul Islam, Chief of Air Staff, Bangladesh Air Force.
 Air Vice Marshal Fakhrul Azam, Chief of Air Staff, Bangladesh Air Force.

See also
 PAF Public School Lower Topa
 Cadet College Hasan Abdal
 Military College Jhelum
 Cadet College Petaro
 Cadet College Fateh Jang

References

External links
 PAF Public School, Sargodha (Official) website
 PAF Public School Sargodha 2nd Official Site  
 Old Boys' Association website
 Sargodhians website

Boarding schools in Pakistan
Pakistan Air Force cadet colleges
Schools in Punjab, Pakistan
Military schools in Pakistan
Educational institutions established in 1953
1953 establishments in Pakistan
Billionaire Boys Club (clothing retailer)

Billionaire Boys Club (BBC) is an American fashion label based in New York City. Founded by Pharrell Williams and Nigo in 2003. Its sublabels include Ice Cream, Bee Line, and Billionaire Girls Club.

History
In 2003, singer Pharrell Williams and his manager Rob Walker partnered with fashion designer and A Bathing Ape creator Nigo, and Japanese graphic designer, Sk8thing to create Billionaire Boys Club. The brand is credited with helping popularize streetwear's visibility in high fashion.

Billionaire Boys Club debuted in Williams' 2003 "Frontin'" music video. In 2004, Ice Cream, originally a subsidiary of Billionaire Boys Club, unveiled its skate-centric footwear line, licensed by Reebok. Ice Cream graphics feature all-over print motifs of beepers, dollar signs and diamonds. A year later, Billionaire Boys Club branched out from its online origin, setting up a store in Tokyo, Japan and later expanding to New York and London.

In August 2011 rapper Jay-Z, a frequent collaborator of Williams, partnered with the Billionaire Boys Club line. Later the rapper, through a joint venture with Iconix, invested in the brand. The following year BBC recorded high $25 million to $30 million in volume, up from $12 million. Williams reacquired Iconix's stake in the business in 2017.

BBC has several sublabels, including Billionaire Girls Club for the female consumer and Bee Line, a collaboration with Mark McNairy.

Locations
Billionaire Boys Club has a US flagship store in SoHo, New York City, a European flagship store in Soho, London, and a store in Tokyo, Japan. Several stores that retail Billionaire Boys Club and Ice Cream clothing exist across North America, Europe, Asia and the Middle East.

See also
Anti Social Social Club
Highsnobiety
Ronnie Fieg
Virgil Abloh
OVO
Chrome Hearts
The Hundreds
Freshjive
Stüssy
Visvim
Complex Magazine 
Supreme

References

External links
 

Clothing retailers of Japan
Clothing retailers of the United States
Hip hop fashion
Clothing brands of Japan
Clothing brands of the United States
Clothing companies based in New York City
Retail companies based in Tokyo
Clothing companies established in 2005
Retail companies established in 2005
2005 establishments in New York City
2005 establishments in Japan
Pharrell Williams
Jay-Z
2000s fashion
John Vincent (historian)

John Russell Vincent (20 December 1937 – 18 March 2021) was a British historian and Fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge.

Early life and education
Vincent was educated at Bedales School and Christ's College, Cambridge.

Academic career
Vincent joined the University of Bristol in 1970 as Professor of Modern History, from 1984 Professor of History, until his retirement in 2002 when he became Emeritus Professor. He subsequently became Visiting Professor at the University of East Anglia.

Journalist
In the 1980s, Vincent was a columnist for The Times and The Sun newspapers; the latter association ended in 1987. Students from the University of Bristol disrupted some of his lectures in 1986 and forced him to take two terms' unpaid leave. He continued to contribute articles to many other publications, including book reviews and articles for New Society, the New Statesman, The Listener, The Spectator, the London Review of Books, The Observer, The Sunday Times, and The Guardian.

Publications
In his book on historiography, An Intelligent Person's Guide to History, Vincent observed that if we went solely by the documentary standards most prized by modern historians nothing would be more historically certain than the existence of actual witches in the Middle Ages, given the large volume of solemnly-sworn testimony available in original documents. In 1995, Oxford University Press refused at the last minute to publish the book, having commissioned and overseen much of its writing. A reader's report had described it as being "a sad and bitter diatribe" with a "general absence of the appreciation of the project of social history".  Peter Oborne later wrote that it is "one of the most brilliant works of British historiography since the war".

Death
Vincent died on 9 March 2021, aged 83.

Bibliography

Vincent, John, The Formation of the Liberal Party, 1857–68 (Constable, 1966; second edition, 1980).

References

1937 births
2021 deaths
Academics of the University of Bristol
British historians
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
Fellows of Peterhouse, Cambridge
People educated at Bedales School
Out of My Head (Mobile song)

"Out of My Head" is song by Canadian alternative rock band Mobile. It was released in February 2006 as the second single from their debut album Tomorrow Starts Today. The song reached number 6 in Canada.

MuchMusic Countdown
The music video reached number one on MuchMusic's Countdown in May 2006. The video fell down the countdown list after reaching number-one, but managed to reach number-one again in July 2006. This was a feat never achieved before on MuchMusic. Due to the video reclimbing the charts, Mobile set the record for the most weeks spent on the Countdown with a single video, at 22. It was the band's first number one video after "Montreal Calling" reached the top five in January of that year.

`

Chart positions

References

Mobile (band) songs
2006 singles
Havannah Island

Havannah Island is one of the islands in the Palm Island group. The nearest island is Great Palm Island, after which the group is named. Havannah Island is the southernmost island in the group, and uninhabited. Along with nine of the other islands within the Palm Islands group, it falls under the local government area of the Aboriginal Shire of Palm Island.

The island was gazetted as an Aboriginal reserve on 20 September 1941, along with neighbouring small islands, with the intention of extending Palm Island Aboriginal Settlement, but it was never used as such.

Havannah island has only one beach landing, which is typical of the smaller islands of the Palm Group. These beaches are located in the northwestern end of the islands and afford a safe anchorage in calm conditions. There is no naturally occurring fresh water on Havannah, Fly or Brisk Islands.

The nearest medical facility to Havannah is on Great Palm Island, along with police and fuel.

See also
List of islands of Queensland

References

Great Palm Island group
Uninhabited islands of Australia
Tamraparni

Tamraparni (Sanskrit for "with copper leaves" or "red-leaved") is an older name for multiple distinct places, including Sri Lanka, Tirunelveli in India, and the Thamirabarani River that flows through Tirunelveli.

As a name for Sri Lanka 

The rock edicts of the 3rd century BCE Indian emperor Ashoka mentions the word Tamraparni (as "Tambapanni") in connection with his foreign missions. One edict states that his dhamma vijaya (victory through dhamma) prevailed in frontier kingdoms of the Choda (Cholas), Pada (Pandyas), and as far as Tambapanni. This seems to be a reference to Sri Lanka, as the Buddhist chronicles of Sri Lanka mention that a port city called Tammapanni was established there during the reign of the legendary king Vijaya. The city was called "Tammena" during the reign of Vijaya's successor Panduvasdeva and "Tammapanni" during the reign of Ashoka's missionary son Mahendra. According to these chronicles, the place was so called because its dust stuck to Mahendra's skin, making him appear copper-coloured. The name was subsequently applied to the entire island of Sri Lanka.

According to one theory, "Taprobane", an ancient Greek name for Sri Lanka, is derived from the word "Tamraparni". The name may be a reference to the "copper colored" shores of Sri Lanka, and may have entered Greek via the Pali "Tambapanni". Megasthenes, a Greek ambassador to Ashoka's grandfather Chandragupta, describes Taprobane as being separated from the mainland by a river, and as being "more productive of gold and large pearls than India." This seems to be a reference to Sri Lanka. In the world map drawn by the ancient Greek (Claudius Ptolemaeus "Geographia", 150 CE), a huge island located south of the Indian subcontinent is referred to by the Greek as "Taprobane", which modern historians identify as the island of Sri Lanka.

As a name for the river 

The name "Tamraparni" was applied to Tirunelveli and the river flowing through it relatively later, after having been used as a name for Sri Lanka. Historian R. Champakalakshmi theorizes that the Sanskrit word "Tamraparni" and Prakrit word "Tambapanni" are renderings of the Tamil language words "Tan porunai". According to this theory, the Thamirabarani River was originally known as "Tan Porunai" (literally "cool toddy"). This name of the river occurs in Ettuthokai, the ancient Tamil anthologies.

References

External links
Tambapanni

Sanskrit words and phrases
Pre Anuradhapura period
Names of Sri Lanka
Ancient Indian rivers
Tirunelveli district
Vertebrate Palaeontology (book)

Vertebrate Palaeontology is a basic textbook on vertebrate paleontology by Michael J. Benton, published by  Blackwell's.  It has so far appeared in four editions, published in 1990, 1997, 2005, and 2015.  It is designed for paleontology graduate courses in biology and geology as well as for the interested layman.

The book is widely used, and has received excellent reviews: 
"This book is a ′must′ for a biology or geology student and researcher concerned by palaeontology. It perfectly succeeds in showing how palaeobiological information is obtained". Review of 3rd edition, Zentrallblatt fur Geologie und Palaontologie, 2007.
"One anticipates that Benton's Vertebrate Palaeontology will become the 'industry standard', and as such it should occupy space on the shelves of all involved in undergraduate teaching". Ivan Sansom, School of Earth Sciences, University of Birmingham. Review of the 2nd edition for the Micropalaeontological Society.
"... his expertise in a range of problems of vertebrate paleontology is amazing. As a result the contents of his book [are] very well balanced". Jerzy Dzik, Instytut Palaeobiologii PAN, Warsaw. Review of the 3rd edition for the Journal of Sedimentary Research.

The book gives an overall account of every major group of living and fossil vertebrate.  At the rear of the book is a phylogenetic classification which combines both the Linnaean hierarchy and the cladistic arrangement, and has been used as a guideline for the Wikipedia pages on living and extinct vertebrate taxa.  However, some of Benton's classification differs from that in the Tree of Life Web Project, especially as regards the relationship of early amphibian groups (Batrachomorpha and Reptiliomorpha).

Bibliography
 Benton, M. J. (2005), Vertebrate Paleontology, 3rd ed. Blackwell Science Ltd
 Benton, M. J. (1995) Paleontología y evolución de los Vertebrados. Ed. Perfils. . Spanish translation by Aurora Grandal-d'Anglade upon the first edition.
 Benton, M. J. (2007), Paläontologie der Wirbeltiere, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. German translation by Hans-Ulrich Pfretzschner based upon the third edition.
 Publisher's Website and Book Overview

References

Paleontology books
School District of Cadott

The School District of Cadott Community is a school district in southwestern Chippewa County, Wisconsin. The district serves the village of Cadott as well as all or part of the towns of Sigel, Arthur, Goetz, Lafayette, Edson, Delmar, Anson and Colburn. As of 2003-2004, the district had 886 pupils with about 66 teachers. In 2000, the total population living in the district was 4,530.

The district is bordered on the north by Cornell School District, to the east by Stanley-Boyd Area School District, to the south by Augusta School District and Fall Creek School District and to the west by Chippewa Falls Area Unified School District.

Schools
Cadott Senior High School, 426 North Myrtle St
Cadott Junior High School (in the same building as the senior high school)
Cadott Elementary School, 463 East Mills St

Mission statement
It is the mission of the Cadott Community School District to challenge each and every student to reach his or her full potential.

Curriculum and classes
Cadott takes part in the SAGE program, meaning that in grades K through 3 there are no more than 18 students per classroom. In the Junior High students are introduced to exploring curriculum more with classes in fields such as agriculture/natural resources, business and information technology, family and consumer education, and technology education.

History
The district dates back to 1875, when the Town of Sigel first organized a school district, though a one-room school has been built in 1868. Ground was broken on Cadott High School in 1882; its doors opened on January 16, 1884 and its first class graduated in 1887. New high school buildings were built in 1916 and 1960. Though elementary classes had  been taught at the high school since 1886, Cadott Elementary School was first built in 1954 and was replaced by a new building in 1978.

In 1974, a  school forest was donated in the Town of Anson. Donations to the district have allowed it to construct a building, develop trails and build an access through the property.

Statistics
In the 2003-2004 school year, there were 313 pupils at the high school, 142 at the middle school and 431 in the elementary school. The district had a total of 65.74 staff members, 3 administrators and 31.90 aides, calculated using FTE. The pupil-to-licensed-instructor ratio was 1:13.48.  More than 98% of the students are white.

The school district had $8.79 million in revenue in 2003-2004. 65% came from the state and 17% from local property taxes. It spent $8.21 million in that same school year. 51.9% was spent on instruction and 29.0% on administration and operation. The district spent $9,323 per pupil, slightly under the state average of $9,826.

Notes

External links
School District of Cadott Community

Cadott Community
Cadott Community
School districts established in 1875
1875 establishments in Wisconsin
Fly Island

Fly Island is a tiny uninhabited island in the Great Palm Island group. Along with nine of the other islands within the Palm Islands group, it falls under the local government area of the Aboriginal Shire of Palm Island.

The island was gazetted as an Aboriginal reserve on 20 September 1941, along with neighbouring small islands, with the intention of extending Palm Island Aboriginal Settlement, but it was never used as such.

Fly Island is a few hundred metres northwest of Havannah Island and  southeast of Ingham.  The nearest island to the west is Pandora Reef.

See also

 List of islands of Australia

References 

Great Palm Island group
Uninhabited islands of Australia
Ultimate oscillator

The ultimate oscillator is a theoretical concept in finance developed by Larry Williams as a way to account for the problems experienced in most oscillators when used over different lengths of time.

The oscillator is a technical analysis indicator based on a notion of buying or selling "pressure" represented by where a day's closing price falls within the day's true range.

The calculation starts with "buying pressure", which is the amount by which the close is above the "true low" on a given day. The true low is the lesser of the given day's trading low and the previous close.

 

The true range (the same as used in average true range) is the difference between the "true high" and the true low above. The true high is the greater of the given day's trading high and the previous close.

 

The total buying pressure over the past 7 days is expressed as a fraction of the total true range over the same period. If  is today,  is yesterday, etc., then

 

The same is done for the past 14 days and past 28 days and the resulting three ratios combined in proportions 4:2:1, and scaled to make a percentage 0 to 100. The idea of the 7-, 14- and 28-day periods is to combine short, intermediate and longer time frames.

 

Williams had specific criteria for a buy or sell signal. A buy signal occurs when,

 Bullish divergence between price and the oscillator is observed, meaning prices make new lows but the oscillator doesn't
 During the divergence the oscillator has fallen below 30.
 The oscillator then rises above its high during the divergence, i.e. the high in between the two lows. The buy trigger is the rise through that high.

The position is closed when the oscillator rises above 70 (considered overbought), or a rise above 50 but then a fallback through 45.

A sell signal is generated conversely on a bearish divergence above level 70, to be subsequently closed out below 30 (as oversold).

References 

Ultimate Oscillator at StockCharts.com
Ultimate Oscillator at Tradersdaytrading.com 
The Ultimate Buy Signal, Motley Fool

Further reading 
 The Ultimate Oscillator, by Larry Williams, Technical Analysis of Stocks and Commodities magazine V.3:4 (140–141) (introduction)

Technical indicators
Bolton Landing, New York

Bolton Landing is a hamlet and census-designated places in the town of Bolton in Warren County, New York. It is located on Lake George in the Adirondack Mountains. It is a common tourist destination and the closest town to the State Park lands and islands of the Lake George Narrows. The hamlet's most notable structure is The Sagamore Hotel, a renovated Victorian-era hotel.

There are four public beaches, some of which are adjacent to public docks.

History 
The community was founded in 1799.

The Marcella Sembrich Opera Museum and Sagamore Hotel Complex are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography 
Bolton Landing is ten miles north of Lake George village on the west side of Lake George in the town of Bolton. The closest city is Glens Falls, south of Lake George village. New York Route 9N passes through the community.

Culture 
Home of the Bolton Landing Barbershop Quartet Festival for 14 years, the international harmony singing event drew crowds and visitors from around the world and was featured on several television shows, including an hour long special in Japan.  The festivals popularity reached its peak in 1999, as hundreds of Barbershop enthusiasts, along with their friends and families packed into the small town of Bolton Landing for the annual Labor Day Barbershop Quartet Competitions. The Festival, originally started by Bolton native Andy Pratt, ended in 2002.

The Marcella Sembrich Opera Museum at Bolton Landing on the shore of Lake George commemorates the internationally known Polish soprano Marcella Sembrich (1858–1935), whose favourite composers included Vincenzo Bellini and Gaetano Donizetti.  In addition to her career in Europe, Sembrich had more than 450 performances at the New York Metropolitan Opera.  Her lakeside summer mansion was opened as a museum in 1937 and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

Every year since 1989, the Bolton Recreation Commission's summer free concert series in Roger's Memorial Park has been anchored by Bolton native and summer resident Matt Finley performing with his band, Rio JAZZ.

Since 2005, Bolton Landing has been home to the Lake George Theater Lab, a theater company devoted to new American plays and adaptations.  Bolton Landing was also the home of sculptor David Smith, and is where he did a large percentage of his work. David Smith was introduced to the hamlet through Wilhelmina Weber Furlong, the early American avant-garde modernist painter who pioneered the modernist movement in Bolton Landing, New York at Golden Heart Farm.

References

External links 
  Bolton Chamber of Commerce information

Hamlets in New York (state)
Census-designated places in Warren County, New York
Populated places established in 1799
Census-designated places in New York (state)
1799 establishments in New York (state)
Hamlets in Warren County, New York
Hirschberg test

In the fields of optometry and ophthalmology, the Hirschberg test, also Hirschberg corneal reflex test, is a screening test that can be used to assess whether a person has strabismus (ocular misalignment).

A photographic version of the Hirschberg is used to quantify strabismus.

Technique

It is performed by shining a light in the person's eyes and observing where the light reflects off the corneas.  In a person with normal ocular alignment the light reflex lies slightly nasal from the center of the cornea (approximately 11 prism diopters—or 0.5mm from the pupillary axis), as a result of the cornea acting as a temporally-turned convex mirror to the observer. When doing the test, the light reflexes of both eyes are compared, and will be symmetrical in an individual with normal fixation. For an abnormal result, based on where the light lands on the cornea, the examiner can detect if there is an exotropia (abnormal eye is turned out), esotropia (abnormal eye is turned in), hypertropia (abnormal eye higher than the normal one) or hypotropia (abnormal eye is lower than the normal one).

Interpretation
In exotropia the light lands on the medial aspect of the cornea.  In esotropia the light lands on the lateral aspect of the cornea.  In hypertropia the light lands on the inferior aspect of the cornea.  In hypotropia the light lands on the superior aspect of the cornea. A cover test can tell you the extent of the eso/exo-tropia.

Individuals can suffer from several tropias at once.  In Graves ophthalmopathy, it is not uncommon to see an esotropia (due to pathology of the medial rectus muscle) co-morbid with a hypotropia (due to pathology of the inferior rectus muscle).

Krimsky Test
The Krimsky test is essentially the Hirschberg test, but with prisms employed to quantitate deviation of ocular misalignment by determining how much prism is required to centre the reflex  The Krimsky test is advisably used for patients with tropias, but not with phorias.

History
The technique was developed by German ophthalmologist Julius Hirschberg who in 1886 used a candle to observe the light reflex in an eye with strabismus.

See also 
 Cover test
 Eye examination
 Terms for anatomical location

References

Medical signs
Physical examination
Eye procedures