alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Katie Couric

Katherine "Katie" Anne Couric (born January 7, 1957) was a co-host of the top-rated Today show, broadcast live on NBC affiliates, from 1991 until late 2006, earning nearly $14 million each year for the last 4 years of her contract. 

Couric was born in Arlington, Virginia. She was hired by the news division at CBS in late 2006 to anchor and be the main editor of the CBS Evening News, which operated with temporary anchors after Dan Rather's departure.  Ratings have been disappointly low despite the initial fanfare and introduction of new theme music at the beginning of each show.  In 2021, Couric was a guest host on the syndicated quiz show Jeopardy! following the death of Alex Trebek.

Couric is active in charities, especially related to colon cancer, after the death of her husband (to colon cancer) in 1998. Couric received a colonoscopy on live television in March 2000. She also released pictures of her mammogram on television. She voiced a fish version of herself named Katie Current from the 2004 animated comedy movie Shark Tale.

Couric has two daughters, Ellie and Caroline.

References

American journalists
Television personalities from Virginia
American movie actors
American voice actors
Actors from Arlington County, Virginia
1957 births
Living people
List of U.S. states and territories by time zone

This is a list of U.S. states (and the one federal district, Washington, D.C.) and territories showing their time zones.

Most of the United States uses Daylight Saving Time (DST) in the summer. In the list, it will say if the state does not use DST.

Note: the time zones listed on this page are listed in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) as well as the names of the time zones as they are called within the United States. For an explanation on what UTC+# and UTC-# mean, please see the UTC page.

Zones
 These are the times zones that are used by the United States and its territories:
 UTC-12: Anywhere on Earth (AoE)
UTC-11: Samoa Standard Time (ST)
 UTC-10: Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time (HAT)
UTC-9: Alaska Standard Time (AKT)
 UTC−8: Pacific Standard Time (PT)
 UTC−7: Mountain Standard Time (MT)
 UTC−6: Central Standard Time (CT)
 UTC−5: Eastern Standard Time (ET)
 UTC−4: Atlantic Standard Time (AST)
 UTC+10: Chamorro Standard Time (ChT)
 UTC+12: Wake Island Time Zone (WIT)

States, Territories and Federal Districts

Other websites
 Official time zone site of the U.S.A. government 

Time zone, List of U.S. states by
Time zones in the United States
Triple H

Paul Michael Levesque (born July 27, 1969) is an American business executive, retired professional wrestler, actor, and former bodybuilder. He is better known by the ring name Triple H, an abbreviation of his former Hunter Hearst Helmsley name. He is currently the COO ("Chief Operating Officer") of WWE.

Before joining WWE, Levesque began his wrestling career with World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in 1993, wrestling under the name Terra Ryzing. He would then be repackaged as Jean-Paul Lévesque, a French Canadian aristocrat, before joining World Wrestling Federation (now WWE) in 1995.

During his time in WWE, he was a 14-time world champion: a nine-time WWE Champion and a five-time World Heavyweight Champion  In addition, he won the 1997 King of the Ring, the 2002 Royal Rumble, and was the second Grand Slam Champion.

He married Stephanie McMahon in 2003, becoming the son-in-law of WWE chairman Vince McMahon. Outside of wrestling, Levesque has made many guest appearances in film and on television. He is starring in the upcoming WWE Film Journey of Death.

At the 2008 edition of Backlash, Triple H won the WWE Championship. He lost the title at Survivor Series 2008 to Edge.

At the 2009 No Way Out, Triple H won back the WWE Championship in an Elimination Chamber match for the 8th time, beating The Rock's record of 7 times.

After entering the 2016 Royal Rumble match at no. 30, he eliminated Ambrose to win the Royal Rumble and become a 14 time world champion. He later lost the title to Roman Reigns at WrestleMania 32.

In September 2021, Triple H had heart failure and doctors put an ICD in his chest during surgery. On March 25, 2022, he officially announced his retirement from in-ring competition. On the second night of WrestleMania 38, he left his wrestling boots in the ring which was a sign of retirement.

Acting

Movies
Blade: Trinity - Jarko Grimwood (2004)
Relative Strangers - Wrestler (2006) (Uncredited)
The Chaperone - Raymond "Ray Ray" Bradstone (2011)
Inside Out - Arlo "AJ" Jayne (2011)
Scooby-Doo! WrestleMania Mystery -  Himself (2014) (voice)

Television
Pacific Blue - Triple H (1998)
The Drew Carey Show - The Disciplinarian (1998)
Mad TV - Himself (2001)
The Bernie Mac Show - Triple H (2005)
Billions - Himself (2023)

References

Other websites 

 
 Online World of Wrestling profile
 

1969 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
WWE Hall of Fame
Actors from New Hampshire
American movie actors
American television actors
American bodybuilders
Sportspeople from New Hampshire
People from Nashua, New Hampshire
American Roman Catholics
Michael Richards

Michael Anthony Richards (born July 24, 1949) is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for playing Cosmo Kramer on the television show Seinfeld. He has won three Emmy Awards. He caused a notable controversy when his shouting of racial slurs at African American hecklers in a comedy club was broadcast worldwide in news reports.

Other websites 

1949 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American stand-up comedians
American television actors
American television writers
Comedians from Los Angeles
Emmy Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Seinfeld
Writers from Los Angeles
Final Fantasy VII

Final Fantasy VII is a 1997 role-playing video game created by Square for the PlayStation console. It is the seventh major game in the Final Fantasy series.

Many people see the game as one of the most influential and important role-playing games to date. It is the highest-selling game in the series, having sold more than 13 million copies of the game. Final Fantasy VII Remake released in April 2020.

 Storyline 

 Plot Final Fantasy VII follows the story of Cloud, who joins forces with many others to fight a new threat to the world while dealing with a seemingly terminal illness.

Characters
The main playable character is Cloud who is supported by Tifa, Aerith, and Barret.

 Music 
The music in Final Fantasy VII covers a wide variety of musical genres, including rock, techno, orchestral, and choral.

 Spin-off titles 
 Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children – set 2 years after Final Fantasy VII
 Before Crisis – set 6 years before Final Fantasy VII
 Crisis Core – set 7 years before Final Fantasy VII
 Dirge of Cerberus'' – set 3 years after Final Fantasy VII

References

Other websites
Official website

Final Fantasy 07
Final Fantasy 07
PlayStation games
Windows games
IOS games
PlayStation 4 games
Android (operating system) games
Nintendo Switch games
Xbox One games
Tony O'Reilly

Sir Anthony Joseph Francis O'Reilly (born May 7, 1936) billionaire born in Dublin, Ireland. He is the chairman of Dublin's Independent News & Media Group and was once the CEO of the H.J. Heinz Company.

O'Reilly played rugby for the Leicester Tigers and London Irish in England. He played for Ireland between 1955 and 1963.

Related pages
 List of billionaires

1936 births
Living people
Irish businesspeople
Prism (optics)

A prism is a special piece of glass, crystal, or plastic that bends light. The light bends (or refracts) because it moves slower in the glass, crystal or plastic than it does in air. If different colors of light move at different speeds, each color bends a different amount. This is dispersion and it splits the light into a band of different colors called a spectrum. This spectrum has the same colors as a rainbow does, because rainbows are made the same way, by bending light. They happen when light is bent by tiny drops of water floating in the air. If the light does not come out when you shine it into the prism, it is called internal reflection.

Some prisms are used to disperse light. Binoculars also use prisms, to reflect light. This lets the tubes of the binoculars be short. Some cameras use a prism to send light to the viewfinder, so the photographer can see what will be photographed.

Optics
Fritjof Capra

Fritjof Capra (born February 1, 1939) is an Austrian-American physicist.

Born in Vienna, Austria, Capra earned a Ph.D. in theoretical physics from the University of Vienna in 1966. He has done research on particle physics and systems theory, and has written popular books on the implications of science with ethics, metaphysics and society. In particular in The Tao of Physics he makes the assertion that physics and metaphysics are both inexorably leading to the same knowledge. His works all share a similar subtext: that "there are hidden connections between everything".  Capra is both a Buddhist and a Catholic Christian. 

After touring Germany in the early 1980s, Capra co-wrote a book in 1984 with ecofeminist author Charlene Spretnak, called Green Politics.

Capra pushes for western society to abandon the mechanistic views of Descartes.  Critiquing Descartes' reductionistic view that everything can be studied in parts to understand the whole, he allows his readers to take an objective and fresh mind, encouraging them to see the world through 'complexity theory'.

Capra is aiming for a theory of living systems, a theoretical framework for ecology. This theory has its roots in several scientific fields from the first half of the twentieth century — organismic biology, gestalt psychology, ecology, general systems theory, and cybernetics.

Bibliography 
The Tao of Physics (1975)
Green Politics with (Charlene Spretnak)
The Turning Point (1982)
Uncommon Wisdom (1988)
Belonging to the Universe: Explorations on the Frontiers of Science and Spirituality (1991) (coauthored with David Steindl-Rast and Thomas Matus)
The Web of Life (1997)
The Hidden Connections: A Science for Sustainable Living (2002)

Other websites 
His homepage
The Turning Point
Home on the web for the Center for Ecoliteracy
Skeptical Inquirer on Quantum Quackery 

1939 births
Living people
American physicists
Austrian scientists
Scientists from Vienna
Systems scientists
Vegeta

Vegeta also known as Prince Vegeta IV is a fictional character from the manga Dragon Ball created by Akira Toriyama , where he is firstly introduced as an antagonist alongside his companion Nappa for Goku.
Later in the story he became an ally for Goku and his friends, even if he develops a friendly rivalry with Goku.
He also marries Bulma and he becomes father of Trunks and Bulla.
His popularity is only second to Goku himself. Due to his popularity he appareaes in Dragon Ball Z , Dragon Ball GT and Dragon Ball Super.

Dragon Ball characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1988
Fictional extraterrestrial characters
Minor Threat

Minor Threat was a hardcore punk band from Washington DC from the 1980s. Many other bands which played hardcore punk music in the United States were influenced by Minor Threat's music. Minor Threat's songs were usually short and fast. All of Minor Threat's records were released on the band's own Dischord Records label.

Minor Threat told their listeners they did not use illegal drugs or drink alcohol, which was called being "straight edge."

History
Ian MacKaye, Jeff Nelson, bassist Brian Baker, and guitarist Lyle Preslar formed Minor Threat in 1980. Their first records were Minor Threat and In My Eyes in 1981. The group toured through the United States.
  
Their song "Straight Edge" had lyrics (words) that told people they did not use illegal drugs or drink alcohol, which was called being "straight edge." Another song called "Out of Step" tells listeners not to smoke, drink, or have casual sex. People often thought that the band was telling others not to do these things but in interviews the band states that straight edge is a personal decision.

Minor Threat broke up in 1983.

Albums
 Out of Step (1983)

Extended Play records
 Minor Threat (1981)
 In My Eyes (1981)
 Salad Days (1985)

References

Other websites 
 Official Website
 Minor Threat Profile by Dischord Records

American punk bands
Hardcore punk
Musical groups from Washington, D.C.
Musical groups established in 1980
Musical groups disestablished in 1983
Ethelred the Unready

Athelred II (13 March 968 — 23 April 1016) nicknamed the Unready was the King of England twice. The first time was from 978 until in 1013 where a Viking king, Sweyn I of Denmark, overthrew him. The second time was from Sweyn's death in 1014 until Athelred's death in 1016. He was the son of Edgar and his second wife, Ælfthryth. He succeded his older half-brother, Edward II, in 978 when Athelred was only ten years old. During his reign where he had to fight against Viking invaders in England.

His nickname "Unready" means "Unread" which was a nickname for "Poor Counciled" or "Bad Adviced" when as a young boy, he asked for opinions when he was given poor advice.

Other websites 
 Family tree of Ethelred the Unready 
 Documentary - The Making of England: Aethelred the Unready 
 Early British Kingdoms
 Britannia :  Monarchs

968 births
1016 deaths
Kings and Queens of England
Elizabethan Religious Settlement

The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was Elizabeth I’s answer to the religious quarrels that developed during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I. 

This answer was given in two Acts of the Parliament of England. The Act of Supremacy of 1559 confirmed the English church’s independence from Rome. The Act of Uniformity 1559 decided about the form of the English church.

Often it was seen as the end of the English Reformation and the foundation of Anglicanism.  But some historians think that England only became a Protestant nation on a popular level many years later.  There seem to have been great divisions in the population and among the clergy for a long time afterwards.

Related pages
Church of England
Reformation

Other websites 
The Legacy of the Reformation: A New Approach 
Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603), Elizabethan Religious Settlement
Elizabeth's Act of Uniformity (1559)
Documents Illustrative of English Church History

16th century in England
Protestant Reformation
Gecko

Geckos are small to middle size lizards. There are 1196 different species of geckos, mostly in the suborder Gekkota. They live in many warm countries and usually are active during the night. Some kinds of geckos live in people's houses. Hemidactylus frenatus is the common house gecko. People are often happy to have them, because geckos eat many insects.

Unlike most lizards, geckos have voices. A gecko sounds a little like a bird or a frog. In some languages, these lizards have names that sound like their calls, for example, both English and Indonesian call one kind gecko (gek-KO) and tokay (to-KAY). Another kind of gecko, with a different sound, is called chicak (CHEE chak).

Most geckos lay eggs, but some give birth to live young.

Geckos have no eyelids. Instead, they have a clear membrane (skin) over their eyes. They lick the membrane clean with their tongues. Like most lizards, they can regenerate their tail if they need to. Their tail also helps them balance and store fat. Geckos also shed their skin, like many other reptiles. Geckos are also able to replace their teeth every few months.

Geckos can walk on trees, walls, windows, and ceilings. Geckos' feet form a molecular bond with the surface that they are walking on in order to "stick" to the surface. This force is called van der Waal's force.They can do this because they have special toe pads. A microscope shows that each toe pad is made of thousands of hair-like structures called setae. Each of these structures branches into many smaller ends called spatulae.  The rest of their skin is also covered in extremely small hairs, which make it hard for a gecko to get wet. Gecko skin can also kill bacteria.

Taxonomy 
There are six families under the suborder Gekkota.

 Carphodactylidae
 Diplodactylidae
 Eublepharidae
 Gekkonidae
 Phyllodactylidae
 Sphaerodactylidae

References 

Lizards
Rutherfordium

Rutherfordium is a chemical element. It has also been named eka-hafnium and unnilquadium. It has the symbol Rf and has the atomic number 104. It is a very radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made. Rutherfordium is the first transactinide element.. The isotope that has the longest half-life is 265Rf. Rutherfordium-265 only has a half life of about 13 hours.

The amount of rutherfordium that has been made is not enough to give much information about it. The element has no present uses. It is thought that the chemistry of rutherfordium will be like the chemistry of hafnium.

History 
Rutherfordium was named after Ernest Rutherford. It was reported that it was first made in 1964 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna, Russia. The scientists reported that they bombarded a different chemical element 242Pu with the element 22Ne. The neon-22 particles were accelerated to an energy of 113 to 115 MeV. They claim they detected nuclear fission tracks in a special type of glass with a microscope showing that a new element was there.

In 1969 scientists at the University of California, Berkeley made rutherfordium by banging together 249Cf and 12C at very high energies. These scientists said that when they tried to make rutherfordium in the same way as the scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research none of the element was produced.

The scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research claimed that it was first detected in Dubna. They thought it should be named dubnium (Db) or kurchatovium (Ku) for Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov (1903-1960).

The scientists at the University of California, Berkeley thought it should be named rutherfordium (Rf).

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) decides the name of elements that should be used by everyone. They used unnilquadium (Unq) as a temporary name. Unnilquadium is the systematic element name meaning "one-zero-four" in Latin. In 1997 they resolved the dispute and used the current name of rutherfordium. The chemical element with atomic number 105 was named dubnium.

Related pages
 Periodic table
 List of common elements

References 
 Los Alamos National Laboratory Rutherford

Other websites 

 WebElements.com - Rutherfordium

Transition metals
Synthetic elements
Philipp Tischendorf

Philipp Tischendorf (born June 7, 1988 in Berlin, Germany) is a German figure skater. He was the 2007 German national silver medalist. Tischendorf is coached by Michael Huth, with former coaches Jürgen Bertko and silver Olympic medalist Romy Oesterreich.

In March 2007, Philipp was injured while practising a quadruple Lutz jump on the ice and was forced to not participate the 2007/2008 because of injury.

Other websites

 

1988 births
Living people
German figure skaters
Sportspeople from Berlin
Miles per hour

Miles per hour is a unit of measurement. It measures speed. It is the number of miles moved in an hour. 

Miles per hour is the unit used for speed limits on roads in the United Kingdom and the United States. It is normally abbreviated in everyday use to mph or MPH. In technical publications it is sometimes abbreviated as mi/h.

The SI unit for velocity (speed, with a direction of movement) is m·s−1 (metres per second).

Conversions 
1 mph is equal to:

 0.44704 m·s−1, the SI derived unit
 1.609344 km·h−1
 22/15 =1.4667 feet per second
 approx. 0.868976 knots

Related pages
 metre per second
 Speed
 Velocity

Other websites 
 Speed online conversion.
 Conversion Calculator for Units of Speed

Units of velocity
Imperial units
Nobility

Nobility was the highest social class in pre-modern societies. In the feudal system (in Europe and elsewhere), the nobility were mostly those who got land from the monarch and had to provide services to him, mainly military service. Men of this class were called noblemen. It soon became a hereditary class, sometimes with a right to bear a hereditary title and to have financial and other privileges. 

Today, in most countries, 'noble status' means no legal privileges; an important exception is the United Kingdom, where certain titles (titles of the peerage, until recently guaranteed a seat in the Upper House of Westminster Parliament, that is why it is called House of Lords), and still means some less important privileges.

Nobility by rank

Other websites 

 The German nobility
 Old Noble Family Trees
 WW-Person , an on-line database of European noble genealogy
 Paul Theroff's An Online Gotha 
 Genealogics, an extensive database of European nobles
 Worldroots, a selection of art and genealogy of European nobility
 RoyalArk- ruling houses in many non-European countries
 Web site on the Royalty, the Nobility, the History and the Patrimony 
 The Armenian nobility
 The Maltese Nobility and its ilks.
 Italian dynastic genealogies (in Italian, with an introduction in English)
 Worldwidewords
 OneTree Genealogy - European Royal and Danish-Norwegian-Swedish Nobility Lineages
List of U.S. states by population

This is a list of United States of America states by population as of 2020. The list was made using the 2020 United States Census.  The total population of the United States was 331,449,281 at the 2020 Census, not including U.S. territories, or 335,073,176, including U.S. territories.

These numbers include all people other than people just visiting: These include citizens, non-citizen permanent residents and non-citizen long-term visitors. People in the military who are working in other countries and their families are counted in their home state. The United States of America is the third most populous country in the world, behind China and India.

References

Other websites 
 State Totals: Vintage 2012 - U.S Census Bureau
Here is a video about the most populated states in the United States of America
 Congressional Apportionment - 2010 apportionment results - people and households - U.S. Census Bureau

Population, List of U.S. states by
List of U.S. state nicknames

This is a list of U.S. state nicknames: (official state nicknames in bold) (Some may be more popular than others)

References

Other websites 
 Information about U.S. State Nicknames

Nicknames, List of U.S. state
List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union

Below is a list of all 50 states in the order they joined the Union.

The first 13 became states in July 1776 when they agreed to the United States Declaration of Independence. Each of those 13 agreed to the first U.S. constitution, called the Articles of Confederation, which formed the first Union of states between 1777 and 1781. These states are presented in the order each ratified the 1787 Constitution, thus joining the present federal Union of states. The date of admission listed for other states is the official date made by Act of Congress.

List of u.s states and their order to statehood

Notes

References
50 State Quarter Program  from the United States Mint (including dates of statehood) [Retrieved: 22 October 2016]
Dates of statehood, via 50states.com (includes notes, retrieved  19 January 2006)

Date of statehood, List of U.S. states by
List of U.S. states' largest cities

This is a list of the largest cities in each United States state and territory based upon the 2021 population estimates made by the U.S. Census Bureau. State or territory capitals are listed in italics.

List

Note 1:  The only incorporated place in Hawaii is the City & County of Honolulu. A portion of it, the Honolulu District, is sometimes called the "city of Honolulu" for statistical reasons, although it has no government separate from that of the "City and County" as a whole. The U.S. Census Bureau defines the Honolulu Urban CDP (Census Designated Place) as the Honolulu District. For Hawaii, the largest CDPs are listed.

Note 2:  The most populous villages or settlements of the Northern Mariana Islands are listed. All are on the island of Saipan.

Note 3: The most populous sub-districts (as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau) of the U.S. Virgin Islands are listed. The island the sub-district occupies is listed shown, too.

References

Largest cities, List of U.S. states
Largest
Learning music by ear

Learning music by ear is learning to play a piece of music by listening to other people playing it and then trying to play it oneself.  In some musical traditions there is no written music and everybody plays by ear all the time.  Folk music is traditionally learned by listening to other musicians and copying them.  This is how music is passed from one generation to another.

Most people in the Western musical tradition learn pieces and songs by reading music, but it is good to try to play music by ear sometimes.  It can be a very useful skill.

The Suzuki method of learning instruments started in Japan but is now used in many countries.  It teaches young children to play an instrument (usually the violin) by ear.

Music education
Musical performance techniques
Shelton Benjamin

Shelton James Benjamin (born July 9, 1975) is an American professional wrestler. He currently wrestles for New Japan Pro Wrestling under the ring name Shelton X Benjamin.

He is best known for working with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and has also worked for Ring of Honor from 2010 to 2013.

Career

Benjamin started his career in Ohio Valley Wrestling and stay with them from 2000 to 2002. During his time there he won the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship three times with Brock Lesnar and one time with Redd Dogg.

He was called up to the WWE in 2002 and debuted on the WWE SmackDown roster on December 26, 2002. During his early career in the WWE he along with Charlie Haas formed Team Angle with Kurt Angle as their on-screen mentor. They began a feud with Chris Benoit. Benjamin won the WWE Intercontinental Championship after he defeated then-champion Chris Jericho at the 2004 Taboo Tuesday.

He was part of a storyline where he was on a losing streak for many weeks which led his "momma" (played by actress Thea Vidale) to come to Raw to scold him. She assisted him in matches and sometimes interfered in them. She was taken off television when she was (kayfabe) undergoing heart surgery in the hospital and wouldn't be returning to the WWE.

In 2007, he started wearing gold attire and dyed his hair blond. He also began referring to himself as "The Gold Standard". Benjamin won the WWE United States Championship after he defeated then-champion Matt Hardy at the 2008 Great American Bash. Benjamin was released from the WWE on April 22, 2010 along with Jimmy Wang Yang, Kung Fu Naki, Slam Master J, Mickie James and Katie Lea Burchill.

Championships
Ohio Valley Wrestling
OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (four times) (with Brock Lesnar (three) and Redd Dogg (one))
Millennium Wrestling Federation
MWF Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI Tag Team of the Year (2003) (with Charlie Haas)
He was ranked #9 of the 500 best singles wrestlers by the PWI in the PWI 500 in 2005.
Ring of Honor
ROH World Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Charlie Haas)
World Wrestling Council
WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship (one time)
World Wrestling Entertainment
WWE Intercontinental Championship (three times)
WWE Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Charlie Haas)
WWE United States Championship (one time)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
Most Underrated Wrestler (2005–2007)

References

Other websites 
Official website 
Shelton Benjamin on New Japan Pro Wrestling
Shelton Benjamin on WWE.com

African-American wrestlers
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from South Carolina
Former WWE wrestlers
1975 births
Living people
J. Robert Oppenheimer

Julius Robert Oppenheimer (April 22, 1904 in New York City – February 18, 1967 in Princeton, New Jersey) was an American physicist of Jewish descent. He is best known as the scientific director of the Manhattan Project. In World War II, the project built the first nuclear weapons. That is why Oppenheimer is called "the father of the atomic bomb". 

"We knew the world would not be the same", he recalled the moments after the successful testing of the atomic bomb in New Mexico, United States years later. "A few people laughed, a few people cried, most people were silent. I remembered the line from the Hindu scripture, the Bhagavad Gita. Vishnu is trying to persuade the Prince that he should do his duty and to impress him takes on his multi-armed form and says, 'now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.' I suppose we all thought that one way or another." 

The quote from the Hindu scripture became one of Oppenheimer's most famous quotes. 

After the war he lost his security clearance and his job due to concern over nuclear espionage out of anti-nuclear movement. He returned to teaching, and died of throat cancer, aged 62.

In 2023, Christopher Nolan directed a movie based on Oppenheimer's life with Irish actor Cillian Murphy playing Oppenheimer.

Other websites 
WW2DB: Robert Oppenheimer

1904 births
1967 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Cancer deaths in New Jersey
Deaths from throat cancer
Harvard University alumni
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
American nuclear physicists
Scientists from New York City
American theoretical physicists
Educators from New York City
American League

The American League (or AL) is one of the two leagues that make up Major League Baseball (MLB). The other is the National League (or NL). The American League is made up of 15 teams. At the end of each season, five of these teams go to the "post-season" where one will win the American League championship. The champions of the American League plays against the champions of the National League in the World Series. The team that wins the World Series is the champion of Major League Baseball. Teams in the American league usually play against other teams in the American league, except for a few games a year when they play National league teams. There are 3 Divisions of the American League: AL East, AL Central, and AL West.

Differences 
The only big difference between the American League and the National League is that the AL uses the "Designated Hitter" (or DH). The Designated Hitter is a player who does not play in the field, but is used to bat for the worst hitter in his team's "lineup" (usually the pitcher). The NL does not use the Designated Hitter, and all players in the "lineup" must bat and field for themselves. If the DH plays an NL game in an NL park, he often plays First Base if at all.  If they play in an AL park, the NL can use a DH.

Related pages
 National League
National League

The National League (or NL) is one of the two leagues that make up Major League Baseball (MLB). As of 2016, the NL has 15 teams. At the end of each season, five of these teams go to the "post-season" where one will win the National League championship. The champions of the National League plays against the champions of the American League in the World Series. The team that wins the World Series is the champion of Major League Baseball.

Differences
The only big difference between the National League and the American League (AL) was that the AL used the "Designated Hitter" (or DH). The Designated Hitter is a player who does not play in the field, but is used to bat for the pitcher. The NL did not use the Designated Hitter, and all players on the team must bat and field for themselves. This was changed following the new CBA signed in 2022.

Related pages
American League
Statistical survey

Statistical surveys are collections of information about items in a population. 

Surveys can be grouped into numerical and categorical types. A numerical survey is to get numbers as replies. For example:
How many minutes, on average, do you spend eating breakfast?

This survey question is used to generate numbers in minutes. An example of a categorical question is:

What is your favorite color?

The categories for this would be yellow, green, purple, etc... which are not numbers.

Surveys of human populations and institutions are common in political polling and government, health, social science and marketing research. A survey may concentrate on opinions or factual information depending on its purpose.

Other websites 

American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR)
How to design a web-based statistical survey online. 
Ajeebo: Web based survey software tools directory 
Conducting Web-Based Surveys 
Free resources for methods in social research  has links to resources for surveys and sampling.
Online Survey Best Practice 
Short Courses in Survey Methodology, sponsored by the Joint Program in Survey Methodology (JPSM) - University of Maryland-College Park and University of Michigan-Ann Arbor 
The EvaluationWiki  - The mission of EvaluationWiki is to make freely available a compendium of up-to-date information and resources to everyone involved in the science and practice of evaluation. The EvaluationWiki is presented by the non-profit Evaluation Resource Institute .

Marketing
Statistics
Social sciences

The social sciences are a group of academic disciplines that study human aspects of the world. Social Sciences includes anthropology, archaeology, economics, geography, political science, psychology, and sociology. They are different from the arts and humanities, and application of the scientific method is important. Most of the social sciences require doing a lot of research, such as making surveys. Such research is called "social research". Some subjects, such as history, are sometimes social sciences and sometimes humanities. 

The term "social sciences" has been used for over 200 years and mostly originates from a thinker named Auguste Comte. Many of the fields of social science have come about since then. In America, much of the thought and practice of social science came from the University of Chicago and other universities.

References

Other websites 
 Social Science Virtual Library 
 UC Berkeley Experimental Social Science Laboratory
 Social Science Information Gateway  (UK)
 History of Social Science 
 On the Social Sciences Critical Essays
 praxeology as the method of the social sciences
 in defense of extreme apriorism
Arts

The arts are a large part of culture, and the word means much more than "art". The arts include visual arts, literary arts (i.e. books and other writings) and performing arts (i.e. music, dance, drama). 

Sometimes, in universities, it is shorthand for a wider group of subjects which are properly called the humanities. These include philosophy, theology, literature, languages, and history as well.  

"The arts" are usually contrasted with "The sciences".

Visual arts 
Visual arts consist of any art that can be seen. This form of art doesn't change once it has been made.

Architecture 

Architecture is the art and science behind building and sculpture design. Architecture as an art involves making something look beautiful and appealing to others.

Conceptual art 

Conceptual Art is art in which the idea is more important than the actual beauty of the object.

Other websites 

 Dictionary of the history of ideas — Classification of the arts 
 Open Directory — Arts 
 National Endowment for the Arts — USA 
 Arts Council — England
 Americans for the Arts
 ArtsJournal — Daily Arts News
 Arts — New York Times
 Arts — The Times
Association of Hispanic Arts (AHA) 
 History of Art: From Paleolithic Age to Contemporary Art 

 
Non-verbal communication
Minor League Baseball

Minor League Baseball is a level of professional baseball in North America. It is made up a many different teams which play in many leagues and levels of skill. Minor league teams are used by Major League Baseball (MLB) teams to have a place to put their players who they do not feel are skilled enough to play in the major leagues yet. They are also used to help injured major league players get ready to play in MLB again. These partnerships between major and minor league teams are called affiliations. Minor league teams generally play in cities that are too small for major league teams. City size usually increases with league level.

There are five different classifications (skill levels) in the minor leagues, these classes are (in order from lowest to highest):
 Complex League (or Rookie League)
 Single-A
 High-A
 Double-A (or AA)
 Triple-A (or AAA)

When a normal player is first drafted or signed by an MLB team, he is usually placed on a Complex League team, however more advanced players may start higher. If a player plays good in his league, he can be promoted or "called up" to the next league. If a player does not play well, he may be sent back down or removed from the team. This continues until a player gets to the major leagues, although most players never make it that far. This way, players are able to get better at baseball before having to play against tougher opponents. Almost all players in MLB had to play in the minor leagues first to become good enough to play in the major leagues. Most players spend four to five years in the minors before making it to MLB. However, skilled players can be called up earlier, while some may take more than 10 years to reach the majors.

Sometimes, major league players who are have been hurt will play a few games in the minor leagues before playing in the major leagues again, in order to see if they feel healthy enough to start playing again.

There are other professional baseball leagues that are not affiliated with major league teams. These are known as "Independent Leagues". In these leagues, players do not go to higher or lower levels of ability. Players on these teams are usually those not drafted by an MLB team. They may also be players who played in major or minor leagues and are trying to get back. Major league teams may hire these independent players to play for their teams.

References

Other websites
Minor League Baseball's official website

Baseball
Nuclear proliferation

Nuclear proliferation is when a country starts making nuclear objects. On the right is a map showing who has nuclear reactors and weapons, and who could have them. When a country starts making nuclear weapons, they become a nuclear power.

Dual use technology

Dual use technology means to the possibility of military use of civilian nuclear technology for generating electricity. Many technologies and materials associated with the creation of a nuclear electricity program have a dual-use capability. These items can be used to make nuclear weapons if a country chooses to do so. When this happens a nuclear electricity program can lead to making atomic bombs. The crisis over Iran’s nuclear activities is an example.

References

Nuclear weapons
François Bourdoncle

François Bourdoncle (born April 20, 1964) is founder and CEO of the search engine company Exalead.

Literature
 Semantic Analysis of Interval Congruences, 1993, , Author François Bourdoncle, Springer-Verlag, London, UK.

Other websites 
 www.exalead.com/Francois.Bourdoncle 

1964 births
Living people
French businesspeople
Exalead

Exalead [eg'zæli:d] is a company in Paris and founded in 2000 by Francois Bourdoncle. Its name comes from the association between
 the prefix exa which means 1018 (used as a generic term for size, to imply large coverage of pages)
 and the verb lead (as the customer is led through the search options)

Exalead tries to integrate research functions in one piece of software, combining Internet, desktop and enterprise functionality.

Exalead employs approximately 60 people in 3 countries (Paris in France, Milano in Italy and New York and San Francisco in the United States of America).
Search engines
Amateur radio

Amateur radio is a hobby for people who like to talk using radio transmitters. Many people enjoy using amateur radio to talk to other amateur radio hobbyists in other countries. Amateur radio hobbyists also use their radio transmitters to get help in emergencies. Amateur radio is often called Ham Radio. Many people use their amateur radios for fun. People who use Amateur radio are often called amateur radio operators, hams or amateurs.

During a disaster or emergency, amateur radio can be used to get help. When telephones do not work, it may be the only way to communicate. Some radio hobbyists volunteer to listen to emergency band frequencies in case there are distress calls. If the volunteers hear a distress call, they notify the appropriate authorities (for example the police or the Coast Guard).

License
People must have a license to use Amateur radio. In most countries users must pass a test to get a license. In some countries there is more than one license grade. In some countries, people can use Amateur radio if they have a license from their home country.

There are many clubs for Amateur radio in many countries. These clubs do many things as a group and help people get their Amateur radio license.

Talking
Amateur radio operators talk to each other in many ways. Some people talk with their voice, others use computers, television, or Morse code. They use many ways to get their signals to others. Most use shortwave radio signals that bounce off the sky. Some bounce off the moon or a satellite. Amateur radio operators have many ways to talk using the radio. Amateur radio satellites are called OSCAR's - Orbital Satellites Carrying Amateur Radio. Hams can also talk to astronauts and cosmonauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS).

Fun

There are many ways to have fun with amateur radio. There are many games and contests. Amateur radio operators try to talk with as many others as possible. They then mail each other postcards called QSL cards to confirm the contact. Contesters may try to see how far they can talk, or to how many different people they can talk.

Some hide a transmitter which sends out a signal and others try to find it using receivers. This is called radio direction finding or fox hunting. Sometimes the event is done with cars, or as a foot race.

In India
Amateur radio is practised by over 15,000 licensed users in India. The first amateur radio operator was licensed in 1921. By the mid-1930s, there were around 20 amateur radio operators in India. Amateur radio operators have played an important part in the Indian independence movement with the setting up of pro-independence radio stations in the 1940s.

Radio
Humanities

The humanities include languages, literature, music, philosophy, politics, history, media, the classics, religion, and the visual and performing arts. Additional subjects sometimes included in the humanities are anthropology, area studies, communications and cultural studies, although these are often regarded as social sciences. It was popular in the Renaissance ages.

The arts are usually considered as part of the humanities. These include visual arts such as painting and sculpture, as well as performing arts such as theatre and dance, and literature. Other humanities such as language are sometimes considered to be part of the arts, for example as the language arts.

The humanities study the human condition and mostly use methods that are analytic, critical, or speculative and not as empirical as natural and social sciences.

Related pages 
 Human nature
 Human science
 Liberal arts
 Trivium

Other websites 
 The Humanities Association - UK
 UK Humanities Hub 
 Australian Humanities Review 
 Australian Academy of the Humanities
 Virginia Foundation for the Humanities
 Mass Humanities / Massachusetts Foundation for the Humanities

References
John Hawkins

Sir John Hawkins (also spelled as John Hawkyns) (Plymouth 1532 – 12 November 1595) was an English shipbuilder, merchant, navigator, and slave trader. In 1571 he helped uncover a plot against Queen Elizabeth I of England.

1532 births
1595 deaths
English businesspeople
Slavers
Coconut palm

The coconut is a palm tree in the family Arecaceae (palm family). It is a large palm, growing to 30 m tall. It has leaves that are 4–6 m long. The term coconut refers to the fruit of the coconut palm.

There are many coconut palms on the coasts of Indonesia, India, America, South Sudan, Bangladesh and Tanzania. People of this area use coconut milk in cooking. Women use coconut oil as oil for their hair. The coconut's shell is relatively hard, but can be broken. Because its shell is hard, it can be used as an ingredient to make craftworks. 

Coconut milk is also used in many drinks. Coconut oil is often in food and soaps. People in Sri Lanka use coconut flowers for wedding celebrations. In the Maldives it is the National tree.

The coconut is not actually a nut, but is in fact a drupe. Coconuts grow in tropical countries. The flesh of a coconut is white and can be eaten raw or used in cooking. It is used in many of the foods we eat for flavour. It is native to tropical areas.

Seed dispersal  
Coconuts floats on water and can float to another island and germinate there. It has often been noted that coconuts can travel up to 110 days, or 3000 miles, by sea and are still able to germinate.

Trees
Arecaceae
National symbols of the Maldives
Shawarma

Shawarma (; in ) is a meat sandwich eaten by people of the Arab world and the Middle East. It is served in round Arabic bread with meat and vegetables, with some spice or sauce of choice in it. Normally, the meat can either be lamb, beef, turkey, or chicken. Shawarma can also be spelled chawarma, shwarma, shawerma, or shoarmais.

It was first introduced by people from Turkey. They call it çevirme, which means "turning", because the meat can be turned around in the oven, but the Arabs changed its recipe from the Turkish Doner kebab. 

Sandwiches
Middle Eastern foods
Merchant

Merchants deal with trade. That means they deal goods that they do not produce themselves, in order to get profit.

Merchants can be two types:

 A wholesale merchant works between producer and retail merchant. Some wholesale merchants only organise the movement of goods rather than move the goods themselves.
 A retail merchant sells goods to consumers (including businesses), commonly known as retailers. A shop owner is a retail merchant.

In the US, "merchant" is  any person while engaged in a business or profession or a seller who deals regularly in the type of goods sold.  Under the common law in the United States, merchants are held to a higher standard in the selling of products than those who are not engaged in the sale of goods as a profession. For example, when a merchant sells something, he or she is expected to give a warranty, guaranteeing that the product is fit to be sold, even if there is nothing in writing to this effect.

Related pages
 capitalism

Commerce
Business occupations