alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Penysarn

Am y pentref ger Abergele, Sir Conwy, gweler Pensarn.

Pentref yng nghymuned Llaneilian, Ynys Môn, yw Penysarn (). Saif yng ngogledd-ddwyrain yr ynys, ychydig i'r dwyrain o Fynydd Parys, a gerllaw priffordd yr A5025 rhwng Amlwch a Llanallgo.

Hanes
Tyfodd y pentref yn sgîl tŵf y diwydiant Copr ym Mynydd Parys, a daeth Penysarn yn enwog am wneud clocsiau i weithwyr y gwaith copr.

Pobl o Benysarn 
 William Griffith (Gwilym Lerpwl) (1849-90), englynwr
 Lewis William Lewis ("Llew Llwyfo") (1831-1901), bardd a cherddor
 John Eilian (1903–85), bardd, newyddiadurwr a gwleidydd

Adeiladau a chofadeiladau
 Cofeb Ryfel Penysarn

Cyfeiriadau

Llaneilian
Pentrefi Ynys Môn
Ynys Dulas

Ynys fechan greigiog ar arfordir gogledd-ddwyreiniol Ynys Môn yw Ynys Dulas. Saif ychydig i'r gogledd-ddwyrain o Draeth Dulas yng nghymuned Llaneilian.

Nid oes neb yn byw ar yr ynys, ond yng nghyfnod y llongau hwyliau yr oedd llongddrylliadau yn digwydd mor aml yma nes i adeilad gael ei godi ar yr ynys fel noddfa i forwyr. Dywedir i'r adeilad yma, sydd ar ffurf tŵr, gael ei godi yn 1824 gan y Fonesig Neave o Lysdulas.

Ceir poblogaeth o'r Morlo Llwyd ar yr ynys.

Llaneilian
Llongddrylliadau
Dulas
Ynys Badrig

Ynys tua un cilometr oddi ar arfordir gogleddol Ynys Môn yw Ynys Badrig (Saesneg: Middle Mouse). Yr ynys yma yw pwynt mwyaf gogleddol Cymru.

Ar lanw isel, mae'r ynys tua 207 medr o hyd a 110 medr o led, gydag arwynebedd o 3.7 acer. Saif y pwynt uchaf arni 16 medr uwch lefel y môr.

Cysylltir yr ynys a Sant Padrig, nawddsant Iwerddon. Yn ôl y chwedl, llongddrylliwyd ef ar yr ynys yma. Nofiodd i'r tir mawr, ac yno sefydlodd eglwys Llanbadrig.

Rhoddwyd yr ynys ar werth yn 2005.

Dolenni allanol
Gwerthu'r ynys, gwefan BBC Cymru

Llanbadrig
Padrig
Ynys Amlwch

Ynys oddi ar arfordir gogleddol Ynys Môn gerllaw tref Amlwch yw Ynys Amlwch (Saesneg: East Mouse).

Ar lanw isel, mae'r ynys tua 141 medr o hyd a 61 medr o led, gydag arwynebedd o 1.5 acer.

Amlwch
Amlwch
Port Vila

Prifddinas a dinas fwyaf Fanwatw yn y Cefnfor Tawel yw Port Vila. Mae ganddi boblogaeth o tua 30,000 o bobl. Fe'i lleolir ar ynys Efate yn nhalaith Shefa.

Prifddinasoedd Oceania
Fanwatw
Wellington

Erthygl am ddinas Wellington yw hon. Am ystyron eraill i'r enw gweler Wellington (gwahaniaethu).
Prifddinas a dinas ail fwyaf Seland Newydd, gyda phoblogaeth o tua 180,000 o bobl, yw Wellington (Maori Te Whanga-nui-a-Tara). Wellington yw'r brifddinas fwyaf poblog yn Oceania a'r un fwyaf deheuol yn y byd. Gorwedd yn Rhanbarth Wellington ar bwynt deheuol Ynys y Gogledd, bron yng nghanol daearyddol y wlad. Mae'n cael ei hadnabid fel y Ddinas Wyntog oherwydd ei thywydd tymhestlog.

Adeiladau a chofadeiladau 
 Amgueddfa'r Bwthyn Trefedigaethol
 Amgueddfa Seland Newydd Te Papa Tongarewa
 Canolfan Mawreddog
 Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Seland Newydd
 Neuadd y Ddinas
 Tŷ Katherine Mansfield
 Tŷ Opera

Cludiant
Mae gan Wellington Maes awyr.

Mae 2 gymni, Interislander a Bluebridge, yn cynnig gwasanaethau fferi rhwng Wellington a Picton ar Ynys y De.

Mae rhwydwaith o drenau lleol yn gyrraedd Gorsaf reilffordd Wellington, ac mae gwasanaeth dyddiol rhwng Wellington ac Auckland.

Maen gan y ddinas rhwydwaith eang o fysiau a bysiau troli. Bwriadir cael gwared o fysiau troli yn ystod 2017, er bydd defnydd o fysiau efo pieriannau trydanol yn parhau.

Enwogion 
 Katherine Mansfield (1888-1923), awdures
 Richard Curtis (g. 1956), awdur a chyfarwyddwr ffilm
 Russell Crowe (g. 1964), actor

Oriel

Cyfeiriadau

Dolen allanol
 Gwefan y ddinas

Dinasoedd Seland Newydd
Prifddinasoedd Oceania
Ynys y Gogledd
May Pang

May (Fung-Yee) Pang (born October 24, 1950) is an American former music executive. She was a personal assistant to former Beatle John Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono. She later became Lennon's companion and lover, when he separated from Ono in the mid-1970s. Pang was born in New York, New York to Chinese parents.

Pang was a secretary at ABKCO, a management company started by Allen Klein, in New York City. ABKCO's clients included three of the Beatles: Lennon, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. When Lennon and wife Ono needed an assistant, Pang was sent to England to work for them. She dated musician Peter Ham of Badfinger, and helped Lennon and Ono move to the United States, late in 1971.

During 1973, Lennon and Ono began to have problems in their marriage. Ono trusted Pang, and suggested her as a companion for Lennon, knowing he wanted to see other women. Lennon surprised Ono by taking Pang with him to Los Angeles, where he planned to record an album with Phil Spector. Lennon and Pang lived together for over a year, while he worked on new music, and tried to decide whether to divorce Ono or reconcile with her.

Lennon and Ono decided to reconcile early in 1975, and became the parents of Sean Lennon. Even though Pang had been involved with the marketing of several of Lennon's records, and also records by Harry Nilsson and Ringo Starr, she had a hard time finding a new job. She later found out the reason was because many companies were afraid Lennon would not want to do business with them, if he knew she worked there.

Pang finally found a job with Island Records, and later worked for RKO. She married record producer Tony Visconti, and they started a family. After Lennon's death in 1980, Pang wrote a memoir, titled Loving John. She also appeared on many talk shows, to discuss her relationship with Lennon.

People from New York City
The Beatles
1950 births
Living people
Indo-European peoples

Indo-Europeans are those who lived in eastern Europe and central Asia thousands of years ago. They descended from the Ukrainian steppes, and spread out across Europe, western Asia, central Asia, and India.

Indo-Europeans are Bronze Age-speakers of Indo-European languages that had not yet split into language families we know today, like Centum and Satem dialects (speakers of languages predating Proto-Indo-Iranian, Proto-Greek, Proto-Celtic, Proto-Italic, Proto-Germanic, Proto-Balto-Slavic etc.)

Speakers of Indo-European languages in historical times and nowadays often are not called by the name Indo-Europeans but with often by the name of their language family like: Anatolians, Tocharians, Aryans (Iranians, Indo-Aryans), Greeks, Celts, Italic peoples, Germanic peoples, Baltic peoples, Slavic peoples, Kurds, Armenians, Albanians (or subdivisions of these groups).

References
Urban area

An urban area is an area where many people live and work close together. The population density is higher than in the surrounding area.  It is where buildings are close together. Urban is the opposite of rural, where farm lands and nature are. Urban areas are usually cities and towns.  Most of the work available in urban areas is factory and office work. Agricultural work is rare because buildings are close together and there is no space for farm lands. 

There are different urban area definitions for each country. The definitions mostly depend on how populated the country is and if the definition shows a true percentage of how urbanized the country is. For example, in Poland an urban area is any place that has the status of a town, whereas in China it is any district, city, or town with a population density higher than 1500 people per square kilometer. The urban population definition for Canadian and Scandinavian countries depends on density.  If there is a house every 200 meters it is classified as urban.

A large urban area, with all connected areas (usually developed around some city) is called a Metropolitan area.

Related pages 
List of largest cities (includes a list of urban areas)

Urban planning
Urban geography
Economic geography
Mary Hopkin

Mary Hopkin (born 3 May 1950) is a Welsh folk singer. She was born in Pontardawe. She was most famous in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Her first and biggest hit was "Those Were The Days" in 1968.

When The Beatles started their own record label called Apple Records, they were looking for new artists to sign up. Twiggy, a model and friend of the band, recommended her. After Hopkin signed with Apple, Beatle Paul McCartney produced many of the songs for her first album, called Post Card. Singer-songwriters Donovan and Harry Nilsson, and record producer George Martin, also gave her songs to record.

"Those Were The Days" was McCartney's choice for Hopkin's first single. He chose well, and the song became a hit worldwide. Hopkin recorded other singles, including "Goodbye", "Temma Harbour", "Knock, Knock, Who's There", and a remake of Doris Day's "Qué Sera, Sera", but they were not as successful as her first record. McCartney moved on to a solo career after the Beatles disbanded, and no longer worked with her. Hopkin's second album, Earth Song/Ocean Song, was largely self-produced.

Hopkin disliked the way Apple Records had promoted her, as a kind of "squeaky-clean" schoolgirl. She left the label after two albums and a best-of compilation, also titled Those Were the Days. She retired from music after marrying producer Tony Visconti, but she did appear as a background singer on a few of his productions.

During the 1990s, Apple Records reissued many of their old records, including Hopkin's two original albums. She oversaw a new version of Those Were the Days, with bonus tracks and a detailed booklet.

References

Other websites
Official page

1950 births
Living people
British folk musicians
Musicians from Glamorgan
Welsh singers
Champs-Élysées

The Champs-Élysées is a long and very famous street in Paris.

The street is 1910 m long and 70 m wide and links the Arc de Triomphe and the Place de la Concorde. It is a very popular street and has many famous cinemas, bars, boutiques, and restaurants. The Tour de France ends on the street. It is the second most expensive street of the world. Rent is more than 900 000 euros per 100m² per year.

On 20 April 2017, two gunmen opened fired and killed one police officer and injured another on the Champs-Élysées in a terrorist attack claimed by ISIS.

References

Paris
Tom Evans

Thomas "Tom" Evans (5 June 1947 – 19 November 1983) was an English guitarist and songwriter, who had several hit records as a member of Badfinger, during the late 1960s and early 1970s. He was also the cowriter of "Without You", with collaborator Peter Ham, another member of Badfinger.

Evans and Ham wrote most of Badfinger's hits together, including "No Matter What", "Day After Day", and "Baby Blue", which appeared on Apple Records. After leaving Apple, Badfinger's fortunes dipped. Ham committed suicide by hanging in 1975. Evans was devastated, and never got over losing his musical partner. He also hanged himself, in London in 1983.

"Without You" first became a hit in a cover version by Harry Nilsson in 1971, and the song became a standard as time went on. Badfinger's music was mostly forgotten by the 1980s, but became popular again in the 1990s when their old records appeared on compact disc.

1947 births
1983 deaths
English guitarists
English rock composers
Musicians from Liverpool
Musicians who committed suicide
Suicides by hanging in the United Kingdom
Solon

Solon was a statesman in Ancient Greece. He is one of Seven Sages (or Wise Men) of Greece, because of his political reforms to the laws of Athens. Many of these changes helped the poor people. He lived from 630 B.C.- 560 B.C. He introduced the court and judges. About 594 B.C., the nobles elected Solon to lead Athens. He made reforms that helped prevent a revolt by the poor. First he freed people who had become slaves because of debts. He made a law that no citizen could be enslaved. Solon also organized citizens into four classes based on wealth, not birth. Rich men had more power. Yet this was still a more fair system than the old one that limited power to nobles. Solon allowed all citizens to serve in the assembly and help elect leaders. He also reformed the laws to make them less harsh.

References

Ancient Greek politicians
Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds

Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds is a village in France near Saint-Paul-en-Jarez and Saint-Priest-en-Jarez.

Communes in Loire
Saint-Priest-en-Jarez

Saint-Priest-en-Jarez is a town in France near Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds and Villars.

Communes in Loire
Villars

Villars may refer to:

In France
Villars, Dordogne
Villars, Eure-et-Loir
Villars, Loire
Villars, Vaucluse
Villars-les-Dombes, Ain
Villars-le-Sec, Territoire de Belfort

In Switzerland
Canton of Jura
 Villars, Jura, Switzerland in the municipality Fontenais
Canton of Fribourg
Villars-d'Avry in the municipality Pont-en-Ogoz
Villars-les-Joncs in the municipality Düdingen
Villars-sous-Mont in the municipality Bas-Intyamon
Villars-sur-Glâne
Villars-sur-Marly in the municipality Pierrafortscha
Canton of Vaud
Villars-sur-Ollon in the municipality Ollon
Villars Bozon in the municipality L'Isle
the municipality Bougy-Villars
the municipality Lussery-Villars
the municipality Villars-Bramard 
the municipality Villars-Burquin
the municipality Villars-Epeney 
the municipality Villars-le-Comte 
the municipality Villars-le-Grand
the municipality Villars-le-Terroir
the municipality Villars-Mendraz
the municipality Villars-Sainte-Croix
the municipality Villars-sous-Champvent
the municipality Villars-sous-Yens
the municipality Villars-Tiercelin

Related pages
Claude Louis Hector de Villars, a Marshal of France
Felix Villars (1921-2002), biophysicist
Villars-Maitre-Chocolatier
Logron

Logron is a village in France near Villars and Flacey. In 1999, about 500 people lived there.

Communes in Eure-et-Loir
Flacey

Flacey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

References
INSEE

Communes in Côte-d'Or
Diet (assembly)

A diet is some form of assembly. People in the assembly meet (originally they did that daily, hence the name) to discuss and decide things. Common examples are the Diet of Worms or the Diet of Speyer.

Legislatures
Omelette

An omelette (also spelled as omelet) is a type of food that is mainly eggs, with various fillings.  In the United States omelettes are usually eaten at breakfast. However omelettes can be eaten as a light lunch or late evening meal.

Making an Omelette 

An omelette is prepared from beaten eggs cooked with butter or oil in a frying pan. A thin, flat 'heavy' omelette is usually folded around a filling such as cheese, vegetables, meat, or some combination of these ingredients. In some traditions, omelettes are fried to cook the bottom and then flipped over or in half for final stage of cooking. However, in other traditions, omelettes is baked to cook it evenly or the top is cooked under a broiler. When making an omelette, it is best to use several eggs. Put a little water in with the eggs when you mix them up because the water helps the eggs to produce steam as they cook. The steam makes them lighter and fluffier. Using oil in the bottom of a nonstick omelette pan helps prevent the omelette from sticking.

For a full light and fluffy omolette separate the egg whites and whisk to stiff peaks then fold in the yolks. Cook by frying in a knob of butter on a medium heat until center starts to dry then fold in half and cook until its hot in the middle.

"Famous" Omelettes 
There are many different types of omelette, often with different names, depending on what is used as a filling.

Arnold Bennett 
Arnold Bennett (27 May 1867 - 27 March 1931) was a British writer.  Often after having been to the theatre in London he visited the Savoy Hotel's Grillroom.  The chef added haddock, cream and Parmesan cheese to the basic omelette and called the new dish "Omelette Arnold Bennett" in his customer's honour.

Napoleon 
According to legend when Napoleon Bonaparte and his army were marching through southern France, they stopped for the night near the town of Bessieres. A local innkeeper made Napoleon an omelette.  Napoleon was so impressed by the cooking he ordered the townspeople to collect all the eggs in the village and to prepare a huge omelette for his army the next day.

References

Egg dishes
Andranik Ozanian

Andranik Toros Ozanian, or Zoravar Andranik, (February 25, 1865 – August 31, 1927) was an Armenian military general and freedom fighter. He was seen by Armenian people as a national hero.

Biography 
He was born in Şebinkarahisar, Ottoman Armenia (present-day Giresun Province, Turkey). After losing his wife and son at an early age, he joined the Armenian freedom movement in the Ottoman Empire, and participated in various political parties.
Andranik participated in the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, within the Bulgarian army, alongside general Garegin Njdeh as a commander of Armenian auxiliary troops of 1912-1913. After his arrest and jailed; he spent some time in Istanbul. During World War I, he participated in the Caucasus Campaign and was appointed as general of the Armenian volunteer units of the Russian army. He participated in 20 different offensives where he gained fame due to his courage and the tactics he came up with to defeat the opposing forces.
He was the commanding officer of the Armenian volunteer units, which helped the Van Resistance take control of the Van on May 6, 1915. He helped re-capture the city from Ottoman forces during the Battle of Van. He was also the commander of the battalion that took the city of Bitlis (see: Battle of Bitlis) from the Ottoman forces that was under control of Mustafa Kemal. 
After declaration of Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA), he organized volunteer units against the Ottoman army, and fought alongside those units. Declaration of Treaty of Batum was in diffuse as Andranik, was fighting against the Ottoman Empire with his army. He refused to accept the borders stated by the treaty. His activities were concentrated at the link between Ottoman Empire to Azerbaijan Democratic Republic at Karabakh, Zanghezur and Nakhichevan. Ozanian struck back at the Ottoman Fronts, Army of Islam.
Andranik, tried several times to seize Shusha. Just before the Armistice of Mudros was signed, Andranik was on the way from Zangezur to Shusha, to control the main city of Nagorno-Karabakh. In January 1919 Armenian troops advancing, the British forces (Lionel Dunsterville) ordered Andranik back to Zangezur, and gave him the assurances that this conflict can be solved with the Paris Peace Conference, of 1919.
In 1919 he left Armenia in order not to take part in the political struggles for power in the recent Republic of still those its opinions contradicting policy to carry Armenia for the last time and went oneself into exile to Fresno, California, United States.

He immigrated to Fresno, California. Andranik Ozanian lived in Fresno for 18 years until his death on August 31, 1927. His remains were moved to Paris in 1928, and returned to Armenia in 1999, where he was buried at the Yerablur military cemetery.

Further reading 
 The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: edited by Richard G Hovannisian
 Zoravar Andranik - Armenfilm 35mm 1989, Director: Levon Mkrtchyan,narration Khoren Abrahamyan

1865 births
1927 deaths
Armenian generals
Angles

The Angles were Germanic peoples from Northern Germany and Denmark who invaded Britain from around 410 CE.  Their name seems to be connected with Angeln, a modern district in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.  The Angles, together with the Jutes, Saxons and Frisians, were among the tribes who sailed across the North Sea in the 5th century to invade Britain.  The various tribes were later called "Anglo-Saxon"..

References

Other websites 
 English and Welsh are races apart; BBC; 30 June, 2002.

Germanic tribes

Schleswig-Holstein
Angeln

Modern Angeln, (Danish: Angel; Latin: Anglia, which also means in direct translation from Latin: England), is a peninsula in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. 
Ancient Angeln may have been somewhat larger than the Angeln of today, but following the ancient sources it included the territory of modern Angeln.

Angeln has an importance far beyond its small area, as it seems to have been the original home of the Angles who invaded the southern part of Great Britain, which was named after them, England. And so the name of the major world language, English, seems to have taken its name from this little region.

Following the departure of the Angles from Anglia about 350, the region was occupied by Danish settlers not later than the 8th century.

References

Related pages
 Angles
 Germanic peoples
 Anglo-Saxons

Other websites 

Crop circles in Angeln
Angeln cattle
Tourism in Angeln
Cinarchea (Archaeological films of Schlesvig-Holstein) 
County and Municipal Flags (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany)
Genealogy in Schleswig Holstein, Germany

Geography of Schleswig-Holstein
Regions of Germany
Frisian people

The Frisians are a group of people of northwestern Europe, living in an area known as Frisia. They are mainly in the Dutch areas of Friesland and Groningen and, in Germany, East Frisia and North Frisia. They are said to be a tall, big-boned and light-haired people with a rich history and folklore.

History

In Roman times
The Frisians were able to make an agreement with the Romans at the River Rhine in 28 CE. Sixteen years later they defeated the Romans under Tiberius at the Battle of Baduhennawood. The Frisii were known and respected by the Romans and were written about by several writers. Tacitus wrote about the Germanic peoples in 69 CE, describing the habits of the Germanic people, as well as listing a lot of Frisian groups by name. Of the many groups he listed, the Frisians are the only ones that have kept their old name.

The Frisians probably used boats. The North Sea from Britain to Eastern Denmark, was called Mare Frisia at that time. Small groups of Frisians settled the lands around them and their homes have been found in England, Scotland, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, France and  The Netherlands.

Their land followed the edge of the North Sea from the mouth of the Rhine river up to that of the Ems.  The Ems was the eastern edge of their land according to Ptolemy's Geographica.

In the 5th century, the Anglo-Saxons went through Frisian territory to invade Great Britain.  A lot of Frisians moved with them.  The Frisians who stayed in Europe moved into the lands where the Anglo-Saxons used to live.

Famous Frisians
Frisian language
Wijerd Jelckama
M.C. Escher
Mata Hari
Pier Gerlofs Donia
Doutzen Kroes

Related pages
Frisia

References

Other websites 
The Frisian Meeting Place 

Germanic peoples

 
Lower Saxony
Schleswig-Holstein
Alba Iulia

Alba Iulia (Latin: Apulum, German: Karlsburg/Weißenburg, Hungarian: Gyulafehérvár, former ) is a city in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania.  It has a population of 66,369 people. It is found on the Mureş River. In the center of the city there is Alba Carolina citadel built in three historical periods: Roman, Medieval and Habsburg.

Sister cities 
 Arnsberg, Germany
 Székesfehérvár, Hungary
 Aeghio, Greece
 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
 Sliven, Bulgaria
 Düzce, Turkey
 San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy

County capitals of Romania
Municipalities of Romania
Cities in Romania
Transylvania
Balance

Balance may mean:

General terms
Balance in stereophonic sound
Balance (accounting)
Balance beam, gymnastics equipment
Balance disorder, a medical disorder
Balance (metaphysics), a desirable point between opposite forces
Balance wheel in a watch
Balancing or hard balancing in international relations
Engine balance
Tire balance
Equilibrioception, the sense of balance, or spacial equilibrium, in humans and animals
Homeostasis, a biological balance within a living organism
Media balance, media coverage of politics
Balance, a scale for weighing
Game balance, a concept in game design describing fairness or balance of power in a game

Specific terms
BALANCE Act {H.R. 1066}, Benefit Authors without Limiting Advancement or Net Consumer Expectations
Balance (animation), a 1989 Academy Award-winning short film
Ballance, a 2004 puzzle computer game
Balance (In Urdu: Mizan or ) is a comprehensive treatise on Islam written by Javed Ahmed Ghamidi, a Pakistani Sunni Islamic scholar.
Balance Bar, a popular nutritional energy bar

Music
Balance (band), a 1980s pop/rock group
Balance (album), an album by Van Halen
Balance (Kim-Lian album), an album by Kim-Lian

Similar terms
Balanced line (electronics)
Rebalancing (investment), an action to bring investments in line with target asset allocation

Basic English 850 words
Vampire bat

Vampire bats is a subfamily of bats. Unlike other bats, vampire bats feed on blood. Currently, there are three species of bats known to do this. All of them live in the Americas, in Mexico, Brazil, Chile and Argentina. Of the three known species, one feeds on the blood of mammals, the other two on the blood of birds.

The common vampire bat lives in large groups, of up to 100 animals. They have developed complex social behaviour. 

Vampire bats commonly spread diseases, most notably rabies. The saliva of the vampire bats contain chemicals that prevent the clotting of the blood of the victim; this has been used to develop drugs to help the patients of strokes and heart attacks.

The false vampire bats are not vampire bats; they do not feed on blood, some eat fruits, others devour small animals.

Vampires may be modelled on bats.

Scientific studies

Vampire bats were some of the first animals studied using the broadly applicable tracking system, or BATS.  Scientists glued very small backpacks with sensors onto vampire bats and used GPS to tell when they looked for food, rested, or met each other.  The study, which was printed for people to read on October 31, 2019 (Halloween), said that vampire bats formed social bonds when being held by humans that they remembered after being released back into the wild.

References

Bats
Domesday Book

The Domesday Book is the record of the great survey of much of England, and parts of Wales, completed in 1086, done for William I of England, or William the Conqueror.  

The Domesday Book (also known as Domesday, or Book of Winchester) was a record of all taxable land in England, together with such information as would indicate its worth. 

As the scribes went round England, they were protected by William's armed men. Each group was led by a Royal Commissioner, who took a list of standard questions. A 'jury' of local nobility and citizens answered the questions. All answers were written down in Latin.

Information was collected from the start of 1085, and working up into the complete volume started later that year. William died in 1087 before the writing-up work was completed.

William the Conqueror wished to know the details of the land he had conquered, England. He let his knights and barons have big areas of land, and wanted rent money from them. The Domesday Book was a record of every farm, village and house so that he knew how much rent he should get. Only some small villages in the countryside are not in the book. Major cities like London and Winchester are also not in the Domesday Book, perhaps because of their size, or because (not owning land), the people could not be taxed. 

The Domesday book gave the names of King William's friends and even listed the number of pigs on a piece of land. But it was not like a modern census. It did not give the names of all the people. It listed the heads of each household, but left out Londoners, monks, nuns, and anyone living in castles. In effect, it listed only people he could get rent from, and who might supply men to fight in his army.

Volumes
The Domesday Book is two volumes. One of the books was called Great Domesday, and the other was called Little Domesday. The draft of the second volume, Little Domesday, was never worked up, but no doubt was used for tax collection just the same.

Name
The Domesday book got its name because its lists were so complete that it reminded people of the Last Judgment (which people also call Doomsday, or Domesday) in Christianity, when lists of what people have done go before God for people to be judged.

References

Other websites 
 Domesday Book, from The National Archives (UK). Searchable text and page scans (complete).
 Focus on Domesday , from Learning Curve . Annotated sample page.
 Domesday Book, an article from History Magazine.
 www.domesdaybook.co.uk
11th century in England
Non-fiction books
11th-century books
LD50

The name LD50 is an abbreviation for "Lethal Dose, 50%" or median lethal dose. It is the amount of the substance required (usually per body weight) to kill 50% of the test population.

The test was created by J.W. Trevan in 1927 but has been phased out. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has begun to approve non-animal alternatives to LD50, in response to research cruelty concerns and the lack of validity/sensitivity of animal tests as they relate to humans.

Examples

 Oral LD50 of grain alcohol: 10.6 g/kg in young rats, 7.06 g/kg in aged rats.
 Oral LD50 of nicotine: 50 mg/kg in rats.
 Oral LD50 of Table Salt: 3000 mg/kg in rats 
 LD50 of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (active ingredient found in Cannabis): Fischer rat, oral 1,270 mg/kg
 LD50 of smoked and inhaled Cannabis or Marijuana: Unknown. At present it is estimated that marijuana's therapeutic index is around 1:20,000 or 1:40,000 (the "1" in the prior estimate is based on an "effective dose" of the .9 grams contained in NIDA-supplied marijuana cigarettes, although the potency of Cannabis changes based on the genetics of the source plant) placing its LD50 around at least 18,000g.

 LD50 of Batrachotoxin: estimated at 1 to 2 µg/kg in humans.
 LD50 of Polonium 210: estimated at 10 (inhaled) to 50 (ingested) nanograms in humans makes this one of the most toxic substances known.  One gram in theory could poison 100 million people of which 50 million would die.

References

Toxicology
Walter Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne

Walter Edward Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne  DSO & Bar PC (29 March 1880-6 November 1944) was a British politician. Guinness was born in Dublin, Ireland. 

From 1907 to 1931 he was Conservative MP for Bury St Edmunds, and saw service in World War I at Passchendaele, earning a medal and bar (second award).

He was killed in 1944 in Cairo, Egypt by the Jewish terrorist group Lehi. His assassination was said to be a message to the British government against British imperialism. Guinness was selected because he was believed to be anti Jewish and made statements supporting sending all Jews in Europe to the African island of Madagascar.

1880 births
1944 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People from Dublin
Modern Talking

Modern Talking was a German dance pop duo consisting of Thomas Anders and Dieter Bohlen. Their music was often classified as Europop. Modern Talking is, by sales, the most successful and popular group in Germany, and they a number of hit singles reaching the top-5 in many countries. Some of their most popular and widely known singles are "You're My Heart, You're My Soul", "You Can Win If You Want", "Cheri Cheri Lady", "Brother Louie", "Atlantis Is Calling (S.O.S. for Love)" and "Geronimo's Cadillac". 

Modern Talking's first period of activity was from 1984 to 1987. The duo reunified in 1998 and made a successful comeback, releasing more music from 1998 to 2003. Modern Talking's sound, however, was rather different from its original 1980s sound after its reunion. The duo came back in 1998 recording their materials based on what the demand was in central European music markets at the time in the late 1990s, which required their original 1980s mellow Europop sound to switch into 1990s up-tempo Eurodance. The duo released singles which again entered the top-10 not only in their home country but also abroad. Some of those singles were "You're My Heart, You're My Soul '98", "Brother Louie '98", and "You Are Not Alone".

References 

German pop music groups
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, also called the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake (known by the scientific community), was a great underwater earthquake. It happened at 00:58:53 UTC (07:58:53 local time) December 26, 2004. 

The epicenter of the earthquake was off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. At first, the earthquake was measured as a 9.0 on the Richter scale. It was the longest ever recorded ocean earthquake. It lasted between 500 (8.3 minutes) and 600 (10 minutes) seconds. It was so powerful that it caused the entire Earth to vibrate. It started other earthquakes as far away as Iceland.

The Asian tsunami 
The large movement of earth under the water caused a very large and powerful tsunami. The tsunami was called the Asian tsunami, or the Boxing Day tsunami in Australia, Canada, England, and South Africa because it happened on the 26th of December 2004 (Boxing Day). It spread all over the Indian Ocean. The tsunami caused heavy damage to countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. It also devastated the eastern coast of India, such as the states of Tamil Nadu, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh.

Waves as high as 30m (100ft) killed many people and damaged or destroyed a lot of buildings and other property. Over 225,000 people died or were not found after the tsunami. The wave did damage in East Africa as far away as South Africa (8000km/ 5000mi) where as many as 8 people died because of high water caused by the wave. Because of how much damage was caused and the number of people the earthquake affected, over $7 billion (USD) was donated to help rebuild the areas damaged. This was extremely helpful in rebuilding their respective economys.

Other websites

News collections 
 BBC News - In-Depth Report: Tsunami Disaster
 Channel News Asia - One Year On, Memorial & Updates to the Asian Tsunami Disaster
 CNN - Tsunami, One Year After 
 Guardian Unlimited - Special Report: Indian Ocean Tsunami Disaster
 New York Times
 Sydney Morning Herald - Waves of Devastation

Photos and video 
 Yahoo! Slideshows — Asian Tsunami Disaster
 Satellite images of tsunami-affected areas (National University of Singapore)
 Tsunamis.com - 2004 Asian Tsunami Pictures
 After the Tsunami Danish writer and photographer Thorsten Overgaard's documentary on the relief work after the December 26, 2004 tsunami.

References

Indian Ocean earthquake
Earthquakes in the 2000s
2000s in Indonesia
Earthquake, 2004
21st-century tsunamis
Earthquakes in Asia
December events
2004 disasters
Lindisfarne

Lindisfarne (often called Holy Island), is a tidal island off the north-east coast of England. It is connected to the mainland of Northumberland by a causeway and is cut off twice a day by tides – something well described by Sir Walter Scott:

For with the flow and ebb, its style
Varies from continent to isle;
Dry shod o'er sands, twice every day,
The pilgrims to the shrine find way;
Twice every day the waves efface
Of staves and sandalled feet the trace.

According to the 2001 census it had a usual population of 162.

Nature reserve
Large parts of the island, and all of the adjacent inter-tidal area, are protected as Lindisfarne National Nature Reserve to help safeguard the internationally important wintering bird populations. 
Grey seals are frequent visitors to the rocky bays at high tide.

Lindisfarne Priory

The monastery of Lindisfarne was founded by Irish-born Saint Aidan. He was brought from Iona off the west coast of Scotland to Northumbria around AD 635 by King Oswald of Northumbria. It became the base for Christian evangelising in the North of England and also sent a successful mission to Mercia. Monks from the community of Iona settled on the island.

Northumberland's patron saint, Saint Cuthbert, was a monk and later Abbot of the monastery, and his miracles and life are recorded by the Venerable Bede. Cuthbert later became Bishop of Lindisfarne.

In the early 700s the famous illuminated manuscript known as the Lindisfarne Gospels (an illustrated Latin copy of the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John) was made, probably at Lindisfarne.

Later, a monk named Aldred added an Anglo-Saxon translation to the Latin text. This made (late 10th century) the earliest surviving Old English copies of the Gospels.

History 
In 793 a Viking raid on Lindisfarne scared many people throughout the Christian West. The year 793 is often called the beginning of the age of Viking raids. A very famous passage in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reads:

"In this year fierce, foreboding omens came over the land of Northumbria. There were excessive whirlwinds, lightning storms, and fiery dragons were seen flying in the sky. These signs were followed by great famine, and on January 8th of the same year, the ravaging of heathen men destroyed God's church at Lindesfarne."

Eventually the monks fled the island. They took with them the body of St Cuthbert, which is now buried at Durham Cathedral. The priory was re-established in Norman times as a Benedictine house and continued until its dissolution in 1536 under Henry VIII. It is now a ruin in the care of English Heritage, who also run a museum/visitor centre nearby. The neighbouring parish church (see below) is still in use.

Lindisfarne also has the small castle, based on a Tudor fort and open to visitors.

J.M.W. Turner, Thomas Girtin and Charles Rennie Mackintosh all painted on Holy Island.

Other websites 
The island's own web site
Lindisfarne Holy Island Safe Crossing Times 2006 
Lindisfarne Holy Island Safe Crossing Times 2007 
Photographs and Description

History of England
 
Tidal islands
Peter Lorre

Peter Lorre (born was Ladislav (László) Löwenstein, June 26, 1904 – March 23, 1964) was a Hungarian-American actor.

Biography
Lorre's family was Jewish. Lorre was born in Rózsahegy (Rosenberg) in a country called Austria-Hungary. Now the place where he was born is in the country Slovakia. He began acting in theaters in Vienna, Breslau, and Zürich. In the 1920s, he moved to Berlin to work as an actor. In 1931, the movie director Fritz Lang chose Lorre to act in a movie about a serial killer who kills children called M. Lorre got married three times: Celia Lovsky (1934 - 13 March 1945, divorced); Kaaren Verne (25 May 1945 - 1950, divorced) and Annemarie Brenning (21 July 1953 - 23 March 1964, his death). He had his only child with Brenning, a daughter named Catharine (1953-1985).

When the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, Lorre had to leave Germany. Lorre went to England to be safe from the Nazis. Lorre got work as an actor in a movie by Alfred Hitchcock called The Man Who Knew Too Much. Lorre only knew a little English. At first, it was hard for him to act in English movies.

In the 1940s, Lorre moved to Hollywood, California (USA). Hollywood is a town where many movies are made. Lorre acted in many movies, playing foreign characters. Lorre played the role of Joel Cairo in the movie The Maltese Falcon (1941) and played the role of "Ugarte" in the movie Casablanca (1942). Lorre played the character of Dr. Einstein in the movie Arsenic and Old Lace (1944).

Related pages
 Film noir

Other websites 
 
 The Peter Lorre Library of Sound
 The Peter Lorre Companion 

1904 births
1964 deaths
American movie actors
Hungarian movie actors
Jewish American actors
European Jews
Leo Fender

Clarence Leonidas Fender (August 10, 1909 – March 21, 1991) also known as Leo Fender, was an American instrument maker.

He founded a company called Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Company. It makes electric guitars, electric bass guitars, and electric guitar amplifiers. Leo Fender designed electric guitars which he called the  Telecaster and the Stratocaster. Fender also designed the first bass guitar, which he called the Precision Bass. In the 1960s, Fender designed another bass guitar, which he called the Jazz Bass.

All of these instruments (the Telecaster, Stratocaster, Precision Bass, and the Jazz Bass) became popular. Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Company sold thousands and thousands of these instruments. Many rock and pop music bands from the 1960s to the 2000s use these electric guitars and electric bass guitars.

1909 births
1991 deaths
Musical instrument makers
Businesspeople from California
Fret

A fret is a thin strip of varying materials (most commonly metal, but occasionally gut or nylon) found on string instruments. Guitars, mandolins, and banjos have frets.

Frets are mounted on the long necks of the instrument. The frets help the musician playing the instrument to know where to place their fingers on the instrument.

On historical instruments and some non-European instruments, pieces of string tied around the neck are frets.
 
Frets divide the neck into sections related to a musical framework. On instruments such as guitars, each fret marks one semitone in the standard western system where one octave is divided into twelve semitones.

Other websites

String instrument construction
Amplifier

The word amplifier (sometimes called an amp) usually refers to an electronic amplifier. Electronic amplifiers make a signal from a radio or electric musical instrument (such as an electric guitar or an electric bass guitar) louder and stronger. Amplifiers are also hidden in any electronic thing that makes sound with loudspeakers. This includes televisions, radios, computers, and mp3 players, to name a few.

Amplifiers ability to use low impedance speakers may vary. Typical impedance is 8 ohms.

Classification can be done by current loss when amplifier is on but does not get signal. Example: A-class amplifier takes more current without signal than B-class amplifier but A-class amplifier have smaller distortion.

There is also several distortion types.

How it works
Electronic amplifiers make a signal from the radio or electric instrument louder and stronger by using transistors or vacuum tubes. Electronic amplifiers have to be connected to electrical current or a battery to work. Once the signal from the radio or electric instrument has been made louder and stronger, the signal needs to be connected to a loudspeaker so that people can hear it.

When an amplifier tries to make the sound louder than it can, it adds distortion to the sound. Some amplifiers are made to add controlled distortion. Distortion from transistors sounds different than distortion from tubes. Distortion from tubes is often said to be more musical. Because of all this, more expensive amplifiers often add controlled distortion with tubes. Many of these amplifiers use transistors for a "clean" sound (without distortion).

History
From the  1920s until the  1950s, electronic amplifiers used vacuum tubes. However, electronic amplifiers with vacuum tubes were heavy, and they produced a lot of heat. They also broke down a lot. 

Since the 1960s, most electronic amplifiers have been built with transistors. Transistors are lighter, cheaper, and more reliable.

Electronic musical instruments
Electronics
Audio technology
Ruda Śląska

Ruda Śląska is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 147 000 inhabitants and 77 km².

Cities in Silesian Voivodeship
Rybnik

Rybnik is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. About 141,000 people live there. The city is about 148 km². Since 2014, the mayor of the city is Piotr Kuczera.

References 

Cities in Silesian Voivodeship
Tychy

Tychy is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 132 000 inhabitants and 81 km².

Cities in Silesian Voivodeship
Dąbrowa Górnicza

Dąbrowa Górnicza is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. Around 131,000 people live here.

Cities in Silesian Voivodeship
Płock

Płock is a city in Eastern Poland in the Masovia Voivodship. About 128,000 people live there and it is 88 km² big.

Cities in Masovian Voivodeship
Loudspeaker

A loudspeaker, which is also called a loud-speaker or speaker, is an item that is used to create the sound in radios, television sets, and electric musical instrument amplifier systems.

How it works 
Loudspeakers use both electric and mechanical principles to convert an electrical signal from a radio, television set or electric musical instrument into sound. For a loudspeaker to produce sound, the signal from the radio, television set, or electric musical instrument needs to be connected to an electronic amplifier. 

Loudspeakers are usually built by using a stiff paper cone, a coil of thin copper wire, and a circular magnet. The cone, copper wire, and magnet are usually mounted in a rectangle-shaped wood cabinet. The coil of copper wire moves back and forth when an electrical signal is passed through it. The coil of copper wire and the magnet cause the rigid paper cone to vibrate and reproduce sounds.

Inside the loudspeaker can be a audio crossover.

Types of loudspeakers 
Some loudspeakers are designed for lower-pitched sounds, such as woofer loudspeakers or subwoofer loudspeakers. Other loudspeakers, which are called tweeters, are designed to reproduce high-pitched sounds (such as the sound of a whistle or a bird singing).

Loudspeakers for electric musical instruments are usually much stronger and heavier than loudspeakers for radios or television sets. Their main function is to convert electrical signals given to it into sound signals.

History 
Alexander Graham Bell invented the first audible loudspeaker in 1876. Bell invented the loudspeaker because he needed a device that would amplify sound for the telephone. In 1878, the inventor Werner von Siemens from Germany patented an improved type of electrodynamic loudspeaker which did not yet include an amplifier.

References

Other websites 

Machines
Audio technology
Chorzów

Chorzów is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 115,000 inhabitants and an area of 33 km².

Cities in Silesian Voivodeship
Wałbrzych

Wałbrzych (pronounce:  ['vawbʒix], German: Waldenburg) is a town in southwestern Poland in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. About 126 000 people live there and the area is 84 km². The city belonged to Germany until 1945. The original German population was expelled after WW II.

Cities in Lower Silesian Voivodeship
Organ trio

An organ trio is a type of jazz band with three musicians. Usually a jazz organ trio consists of a Hammond organ player, a drummer, and either a jazz guitarist or a saxophone player. 

Organ trios popular in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s. Organ trios usually performed jazz music that had influences from blues music. Organ trios are usually led by the organ player, who is called the leader of the trio.

History
Important organ trio leaders from the 1950s were organists such as  Jimmy McGriff, Jimmy Smith, and Jack McDuff. In the late 1960s, organist Larry Young had a jazz fusion style organ trio. In the 1970s, Tony Williams had a jazz fusion band called Lifetime which was an organ trio. In the 1990s and 2000s, organist Joey DeFrancesco is an organ trio leader.

Other meanings
The word "organ trio" is also used to refer to the type (or "genre") of music played by organ trios from the 1950s and 1960s. For example, a person might say "I want to listen to some organ trio music." This would usually mean that they want to listen to music by Jimmy McGriff, Jimmy Smith, Jack McDuff, or other well-known organ trio leaders.

Jazz music
Hegemony

Hegemony (pronounced with a soft or hard 'g') is the power of one group over other groups. Hegemony is mostly used to refer to relationships between different nations (or countries). This might be direct dominance, such as through military might, but may be indirect dominance, such as when a nation can dictate the terms of trade to its advantage.

Hegemony often describes the relationship of a great power to nearby less powerful countries.  The term is Greek, and was first used about the influence of a great city over the cities which were allied to it.  Examples are the  Peloponnesian League of Sparta (6th to 4th centuries BC); the short-lived Delian League of Classical Athens.  The later League of Corinth was headed not by a state, but by Philip II of Macedon.  Such a hegemon is a king or ruler with personal power.

A hegemonic relationship is usually described as less than an empire, but more than a regional power. This means a hegemon may not actually take control of other nations, but has the power to greatly influence what they do.  On the other hand, a global hegemon is more powerful than, say, Iran is in the Middle East.

Cultural Hegemony 

A term made by Antonio Gramsci.It is a form of social control by the elites over the lower classes.  Here, ideas and opinions are enforced by them, so that the lower classes accept only the elite’s opinions and not their own.

References

Other websites 
Stuart Hainsworth, "Gramsci's hegemony theory and the ideological role of the mass media"
Mike Dorsher, Ph.D., "Hegemony Online: The Quiet Convergence of Power, Culture and Computers" 
Hegemonic Pundit, a neo-con blog 
Hegemony and the hidden persuaders - the power of un-common sense

Politics