alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Cost-weighted activity index

A cost-weighted activity index is a technique for measuring the changes in the output of an organisation over time. It is used particularly for Government departments and other bodies that do not operate in a market, hence normal means of measuring output cannot be used.

Following work by Michael Baxter and Alwyn Pritchard, the technique is being used increasingly by the Office for National Statistics in the United Kingdom, the Australian Bureau of Statistics and many other statistical offices, in preference to the traditional method of equating output to input (i.e. number of staff employed plus volume of input). The traditional method is much easier to use, but has the disadvantage that it cannot measure changes in efficiency.

The procedure is as follows: the activities of the organisation are divided into homogeneous categories. The cost of each category and the level of activity in the base year are determined. The level of activity is then measured in a subsequent year, and the percentage changes are weighted together by the costs in the base year to get an overall percentage change in output. The mathematics of the calculation are identical to those for calculating any index number, such as a price index.

Example:

Consider a prison, which in 2000 housed 20 low-risk, 30 medium-risk and 10 high-risk prisoners, or 60 prisoners in total. The three categories are considered homogeneous, in that the output of housing one low-risk prisoner is the same as housing another.  The total costs in 2000 are £20,000 for low-risk, £45,000 for medium-risk and £25,000 for high-risk prisoners, or £90,000 in total.

In 2005, there are 22, 27 and 15 prisoners in these categories, so the changes are +10%, -10% and +50%. There are 64 prisoners in total, an increase of about 6.7%. The weighted percentage change is

(20,000x10% + 45,000x(-10%) + 25,000*50%)/90,000 = 11.1%.

This is greater than the increase in the number of prisoners, because the proportion of expensive high-risk prisoners has risen.

This is a Laspeyres index, because it is base-weighted. It would be possible to use a Paasche index or a Fisher index, but this is not customary.

References
Neuberger, H and Caplan, D (1998) The measurement of real public sector output in the National Accounts.  Economic Trends no. 531, February 1998, 29–35.

Caplan, D (1998) Measuring the output of non-market services.  Economic Trends no. 539, October 1998, 45–49.

Economic indicators
17th Independent Spirit Awards

The 17th Independent Spirit Awards, honoring the best in independent filmmaking for 2001, were announced on March 23, 2002.  It was hosted by John Waters.

Winners and nominees

Special awards

John Cassavetes Award
Jackpot
Acts of Worship
Kaaterskill Falls
Punks
Virgil Bliss

Truer Than Fiction Award
Hybrid
Children Underground
The Mark of Cain
Promises
Trembling Before G-d

Producers Award
Rene Bastian and Linda Moran – Martin & Orloff and L.I.E.
Adrienne Gruben – Treasure Island and Olympia
Jasmine Kosovic – Just One Time and The Adventures of Sebastian Cole
Nadia Leonelli – Acts of Worship and Perfume

Someone to Watch Award
Debra Eisenstadt – Daydream Believer
DeMane Davis and Khari Streeter – Lift
Michael Gilio – Kwik Stop
David Maquiling – Too Much Sleep

Films with multiple nominations and awards

Films that received multiple nominations

Films that won multiple awards

References

External links 
2001 Spirit Awards at IMDb
Official ceremony on YouTube

2001
Independent Spirit Awards
18th Independent Spirit Awards

The 18th Independent Spirit Awards, honoring the best in independent filmmaking for 2002, were presented on March 22, 2003. It was hosted by John Waters. The nominations were announced on December 12, 2002.

Additionally, this ceremony is notable for when presenter Brittany Murphy seemingly bungled the reading of the winner for Best Debut Performance. In reference to her acting ability, legendary film critic Roger Ebert wrote:

As for Brittany Murphy, for me, it goes back to the 2003 Independent Spirit Awards [where] Murphy was assigned to present one of the awards. Her task was to read the names of the five nominees, open an envelope, and reveal the name of the winner. This she turned into an opportunity for screwball improvisational comedy, by pretending she could not follow this sequence, not even after the audience shouted instructions and the stage manager came to whisper in her ear not once but twice. There were those in the audience who were dumbfounded by her stupidity. I was dumbfounded by her brilliance.

Suspiciously, video footage of the entire ceremony is absent from online resources despite prior and subsequent ceremonies being made available in their entirety officially on Film Independent's YouTube account. However, footage of Murphy's alleged act was used for the 2021 HBO Max documentary titled What Happened, Brittany Murphy?.

Winners and nominees

Special awards

John Cassavetes Award
Personal Velocity: Three Portraits
 Charlotte Sometimes
 Dahmer
 Ivans Xtc
 The Slaughter Rule

Truer Than Fiction Award
Jennifer Dworkin – Love & Diane
 Jeffrey Blitz – Spellbound
 Eugene Jarecki – The Trials of Henry Kissinger
 Mark Moskowitz – Stone Reader

Producers Award
Effie Brown – Real Women Have Curves and Stranger Inside
 Allen Bain and Jesse Scolaro – Cry Funny Happy and Manito
 Eden Wurmfeld – Fanci's Persuasion and Kissing Jessica Stein

Someone to Watch Award
Przemysław Reut – Paradox Lake
 Eric Eason – Manito
 Eitan Gorlin – The Holy Land

Films with multiple wins and nominations

Films that received multiple nominations

Films that won multiple awards

References

External links
 2002 Spirit Awards at IMDb

2002
Independent Spirit Awards
Massachusetts Route 41

Route 41 is a  extension of Connecticut Route 41 into Massachusetts. It begins at the Connecticut state line in Sheffield and ends at U.S. Route 20 (US 20) in Pittsfield. Route 41 was the original alignment for New England Interstate Route 4 south of Great Barrington prior to 1930.

Route description
Massachusetts Route 41 begins in the southwest corner of the town of Sheffield at the Connecticut state line, where it continues as Connecticut Route 41 into the town of Salisbury.  It heads mostly northbound, east of Mount Everett and the southern Taconic mountain range.  In neighboring Egremont, the road becomes concurrent with Route 23, turning northeastward into Great Barrington.  In Great Barrington, it meets the eastern end of Route 71 before meeting U.S. Route 7 south of the town center.  South of this point, U.S. Route 7 formerly followed the path of Route 41.  

The three roads head through the center of town concurrently, just east of the Housatonic River, before Route 41 leaves the concurrency just before the other two routes cross the river.  Route 41 heads relatively northward into West Stockbridge, where it meets Exit 1 of the Massachusetts Turnpike.  The exit is only partial; it has a westbound exit and eastbound entrance only, just west of the final toll booth on the Pike.  Directly north of the Pike, Route 41 begins a short,  concurrency with Route 102, passing Shaker Mill Pond before the routes split, with Route 41 heading northward into the town of Richmond.  In Richmond, it meets the end of Route 295, which leads shortly into New York.  Route 41 ends just north of the Richmond-Pittsfield line at U.S. Route 20, just east of the Hancock Shaker Village in Hancock and southwest of Pittsfield's airport and city center.

Major intersections

References

041
Transportation in Berkshire County, Massachusetts
ALMA de México

Aerolíneas Mesoamericanas, S.A. de C.V., operating as ALMA de Mexico, was a low-cost airline based in Guadalajara, Mexico. It suspended all service on November 7, 2008. The airline once operated flights to more than 18 domestic destinations, with plans for international service to the United States. Its main base was Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla International Airport, Guadalajara.

History
The airline was established in 2005 by former Aeroméxico  COO Guillermo Heredia and received its air operator's certificate in September of the same year.

On June 12, 2006, ALMA launched operations with its first flight from Guadalajara to Puebla. It had already signed lease agreements with GE Commercial Aviation Services (GECAS) for further Bombardier CRJ-200 aircraft.

ALMA was awarded its (IATA Operational Safety Audit) security and safety certification on March 2, 2007.

ALMA successfully combined air travel with bus services in what it called a Multimodal service. This service was offered on the following routes:
 For any passenger flying to La Paz and travelling on to San José del Cabo or Cabo San Lucas
 For any passenger flying to Tijuana and travelling on to Ensenada or Mexicali
 For any passenger flying to Puebla with a final short trip to its center (4 Poniente) and vice versa. In this last case, there was no extra charge.

By the end of 2007, ALMA had grown its fleet to 18 aircraft and had announced plans to expand to 30 aircraft within the coming year, including two new CRJ900 aircraft on order directly from Bombardier. ALMA was then considered one of the fastest growing regional airlines in Mexico. This turned out to be the high point in the airline's history. Within months ALMA was feeling the effects of soaring fuel prices and increased competition. In early 2008 the company indefinitely deferred further aircraft deliveries and then cut capacity. By the end of the summer the fleet had dropped to just 12 aircraft.

On November 7, 2008, ALMA announced on its website that it was ceasing all operations, effective immediately, citing the global economic crisis, the increase in fuel prices and the devaluation of the Mexican peso. The airline had not made any backup plans for its booked passengers. As a result, all such customers had effectively lost their money unless they were willing to make a claim to PROFECO, which stated that any such claim could literally take years to resolve. Aeroméxico offered to reprotect passengers, but it charged 999 pesos per segment subject to G class availability.

Fleet
The ALMA de México fleet consisted of the following aircraft (as of 7 November 2008) :

12 Bombardier CRJ200

On order
2 Bombardier CRJ-900 NextGen (for delivery in late 2008) the order was cancelled, when operations ceased

Codeshare agreements 
At June 1, 2007, ALMA de México codeshared with the following airlines:
Mexicana

References

External links
ALMA de Mexico

Defunct airlines of Mexico
Regional Airline Association members
Defunct low-cost airlines
Airlines established in 2005
Airlines disestablished in 2008
Yunga

Yunga may refer to:
 Yunga region of Peru, Bolivia, and northern Argentina
 Yunga District, a district of Peru
 two provinces of Bolivia: Nor Yungas Province and Sud Yungas Province
 Yunga language (Peru)
 Yunga language (Australia)
 Yunga people (Australia), an ethnic group

See also
 Yungas Cocalera Revolution, a political group in Bolivia
 Yungas Road, a cycle route in Bolivia

Language and nationality disambiguation pages
The Top of His Head

The Top of His Head is a 1989 Canadian comedy-drama film written and directed by Peter Mettler. The film stars starring Stephen Ouimette as Gus, a satellite dish salesman whose life is turned upside down when he meets Lucy (Christie MacFadyen), a politically radical performance artist who is on the run from mysterious people pursuing her.

The film premiered in the Perspective Canada program at the 1989 Festival of Festivals.

Cast
  Christie MacFadyen as Lucy Ripley
  Stephen Ouimette as Gus Victor
  David Fox as Uncle Hugo
  Gary Reineke as Berge (pursuer)
  Julian Richings as Robert (henchman)
  Joey Hardin as Joey (henchman)
  Cherie Camp as Telephone Operator
  Nora Currie as Telephone Operator

Production
The film was shot in Toronto, Ontario, in the fall of 1987.

The film's soundtrack, The Top of His Head was written and composed by Fred Frith. Jane Siberry also contributed a song, "This Old Earth", which received a Genie Award nomination for Best Original Song at the 1990 Genie Awards. The song also appeared on her 1989 album Bound by the Beauty, under the alternate title "Something About Trains".

Awards
In addition to Siberry's Best Original Song nod, the film also received Genie nominations for Best Actor (Ouimette) and Best Original Screenplay (Mettler).

References

External links
 

1989 films
English-language Canadian films
Canadian comedy-drama films
1989 comedy-drama films
Films directed by Peter Mettler
Films shot in Toronto
1980s English-language films
1980s Canadian films
English-language comedy-drama films
Index of Japan-related articles (W–X)

This page lists Japan-related articles with romanized titles beginning with the letters W and X. For names of people, please list by surname (i.e., "Tarō Yamada" should be listed under "Y", not "T"). Please also ignore particles (e.g. "a", "an", "the") when listing articles (i.e., "A City with No People" should be listed under "City").

Wa
W3m
Wa (Japan)
Wabi-sabi
Wachi, Kyoto
Wadayama, Hyōgo
Wado Ryu
Wadomari, Kagoshima
Wajiki, Tokushima
Wajima, Ishikawa
Waka (poetry)
Wakamiya, Fukuoka
Wakasa Province
Wakasa, Tottori
Koichi Wakata
Wakatsuki Reijirō
Bokusui Wakayama
Wakayama Prefecture
Wakayama, Wakayama
Wake District, Okayama
Wake, Okayama
Waki, Tokushima
Waki, Yamaguchi
Wakizashi
Wakkanai, Hokkaidō
Wakō, Saitama
Walkman
Wall of 1.03 million yen and 1.30 million yen
Waluigi
Wanouchi, Gifu
Warabi, Saitama
Wards of Japan
Warichi
Wario
Wario's Woods
Wario Land II
Wario Land 3
Wario Land 4
WarioWare (series)
WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Microgame$!
WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Party Game$!
WarioWare: Touched!
WarioWare: Twisted!
WarioWare: Smooth Moves
Wario World
Wasabi
Wasabi (film)
Waseda University
Kazumi Watanabe
Ken Watanabe (actor)
On Watanabe
Yoshinori Watanabe
Watarai District, Mie
Watarai, Mie
Yuu Watase
Water supply and sanitation in Japan
Wazuka, Kyoto

We–Wi
Weekly Shonen Jump
Welcome to Pia Carrot
West Japan Railway Company
White Day
Whiteout (2000 film)
White Plum Asanga
William Adams (sailor)
William S. Clark
Wind: A Breath of Heart
Winny
Wish (manga)
Witch Hunter Robin

Wo–Wr
Wolf's Rain
Women in Japan
Wonder Boy
Wonder Boy in Monster Land
WonderSwan
WonderSwan Color
Wooden fish
World Domination (Band-Maid album)
World Record (The Animatrix)
World War II
WOWOW
Wrecking Crew (video game)

X
X (manga)
X Japan
X-Day (manga)
Francis Xavier
Xenogears
Xenosaga
xxxHolic

References 

W
The Pursuit of the Millennium

The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages (1957, revised and expanded in 1970) is Norman Cohn's study of millenarian cult movements.

Covering a wide span of time, Cohn's book discusses topics such as anti-Semitism and the Crusades, in addition to such sects as the Brethren of the Free Spirit, flagellants, the Anabaptists, and the Ranters. The Pursuit of the Millennium concludes with a discussion of the theocratic king John of Leiden, who took over the city of Münster in 1534.

Legacy
People influenced by The Pursuit of the Millennium include the French Marxist philosopher and writer Guy Debord, who considered the chiliastic cults discussed by Cohn something of a model for the Situationist International, and British author Richard Webster. Webster wrote that he was impressed by the book, and that it led him to read Cohn's other works, including Warrant for Genocide and Europe's Inner Demons. Reading those books helped convince Webster that "the principal reason why we should study the witch-hunts of the past is to enable us the better to recognise and oppose the witch-hunts of the present and the future", and led to his interest in the problem of false abuse allegations. John Gray cites Cohn in Black Mass: Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia. Richard Cavendish (occult writer) also cites Cohn in The Powers of Evil in Western Religion and Folk Belief.

See also
 A Brief History of Blasphemy
 Christian anarchism

References

External links
  The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages at Internet Archive

1957 non-fiction books
20th-century history books
History books about Christianity
Books about crowd psychology
Made in Japan (biography)

Made in Japan: Akio Morita and Sony is an autobiography of Akio Morita, the co-founder and former chairman of Sony Corporation. It was written with the assistance of Edwin M. Reingold and Mitsuko Shimomura. The book not only narrates the story of Morita, but also of the Sony Corporation's formation in the aftermath of Japan's brutal defeat in World War II, and its subsequent rapid rise to fame and fortune. The book also provides insights into Japanese culture and the Japanese way of thinking, particularly their business management philosophies and styles. The Japanese behavior is explained by putting it into a context based on Japan's history; recent and ancient.

Morita introduces the origins of his family, and how Sony was founded. Chapters picture the war, early tape recorders, and various conclusions on international markets. The transistor was invented in North America in 1947, and Sony took advantage of it. The biography gives authentic details about patent issues, business conferences in various countries, and the invention of the Walkman.

The autobiography was originally published in English () in 1986 and has been translated to 12 languages.

Sections
The book is divided into the following nine sections:
 War
 Peace
 Selling to the World (My learning curve)
 On Management (It's all in the family)
 American and Japanese Styles (The difference)
 Competition (The fuel of Japanese Enterprise)
 Technology (Survival Exercise)
 Japan and the World (Alienation and Alliance)
 World Trade (Averting Crisis)

See also
The Japan That Can Say No
Japan
History of Sony

1986 non-fiction books
Japanese autobiographies
Sony
Mid-Flinx

Mid-Flinx (1995) is a science fiction novel  by American writer Alan Dean Foster. The book is the sixth chronologically in the Pip and Flinx series.

Plot introduction
As the story opens, Flinx is at loose ends, looking for peace and quiet on a backwater world. But the local bully takes a shine to Flinx's longtime companion, an empathic and poisonous flying snake, or minidrag, and insists on buying it.

When the situation becomes life-threatening, Flinx and his snake, Pip, flee the planet, instructing the space ship to fly into random uncharted space. The ship takes them to a supposedly undiscovered planet, covered with jungle a mile thick. Flinx exits his lander - and is nearly killed by a huge, transparent flying creature.

But something draws him on to explore this lush and beautiful world where the flowers have hidden teeth and even the water may reach up and grab you; for the first time in years, his headaches are gone. Risking death with every cautious step, he is finally rescued from a most ingenious botanical predator by a band of humans - descendants of a lost colony ship long forgotten. Flinx has a liaison with one of them.

These humans have companions, not pets, but apparently native creatures whose lives are bound inextricably (unto death) with their particular human. And they and the humans have some sort of peculiar empathic relationship with the planet - more significantly, with the plant life. While it does not become obvious until future novels, the empathic nature of Midworld is vital to allowing Flinx to accomplish his ultimate task.

Meanwhile, Flinx's enemies are hot on his trail—no sooner is one set apparently neutralized than another appears.

External links

Alan Dean Foster homepage

1995 American novels
1995 science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
Humanx Commonwealth
Novels by Alan Dean Foster
Sequel novels
Del Rey books
You Can't Bring Me Down

"You Can't Bring Me Down" is a song by Suicidal Tendencies, released in 1990 on the Lights...Camera...Revolution! album. It delivered moderate commercial success, and aided in the band's transition from punk rock to thrash metal. Although the song never reached any of the major music charts, it was a successful single.

Content
The song begins with a hypnotic whammy bar solo, then goes into a clean, almost acoustic sounding rhythm guitar part, and then a guitar solo is added over it.  The solo continues for a while, featuring 8-finger tapping and shredding, then the tempo speeds up and the song breaks into the main riff, and the first verse of lyrics, and finally the chorus.

This continues until around 3:40, when suddenly the rhythm guitar is clean again, the tempo slows down, and another solo comes in. Then finally towards the end of the song it goes back to the main riff, only this time with lead vocalist Mike Muir ranting and almost talking instead of singing. Then the song goes back to the chorus, the chorus extends (with yet another guitar solo), and finally ends (Muir's last lyrics being "Suicidal!" and then cackling).

The song was written by Muir and lead guitarist Rocky George.

Music video
A music video was made for "You Can't Bring Me Down", which was a major hit on MTV's Headbangers Ball. The video seemed mostly to be about the band's ban from appearances in Los Angeles; in the beginning of the video a newspaper pops up with the head line "Suicidal Tendencies Banned In L.A." It showed Mike Muir being taken prisoner by a few unnamed authorities, who eventually executed him on the electric chair, despite heavy revolt from Muir's "gang" (perhaps representative of S.T.'s fans), who try to help him escape.

When Muir is executed in the video you can see the United States Constitution flashing in the background, which is perhaps taking another stab at the PMRC, which the band believed limited the American constitutional right to freedom of speech.

The song was also used in Danny Way's part in the skate video, The DC Video.

Track listing

External links
 

1990 singles
Suicidal Tendencies songs
Songs written by Mike Muir
1990 songs
Epic Records singles
Songs written by Rocky George
Fredd Bear's Breakfast-A-Go-Go

Fredd Bear's Breakfast A-Go-Go was an Australian children's television show which started in 1969 on ATV Channel 0 (now ATV-10).

Program synopsis
Fredd Bear's Breakfast-A Go-Go ran five days a week (Monday to Friday from 7am) for three years, with a mixture of cartoons, serials, music clips, news, and entertainment, it was comparable to an early Hey Hey It's Saturday.

The show was hosted by Fredd Bear (Tedd Dunn), a lively non-speaking character first seen on the Magic Circle Club, and Judy Banks. Regulars included Colin McEwan, newsreader Michael McCarthy and magician Ian Buckland. Bruce Rowland was the musical director and wrote the theme tune.  In 1975, Tedd Dunn won a Logie Award for Outstanding Creative Effort for his work on the program.

A membership card system was one of the methods by which the show's young audience was encouraged to stay viewing.  At intervals of approximately 10–15 minutes, a viewer's membership card number would be superimposed on the screen, entitling the viewer to a prize if they contacted the station.

Since each day's show was videotaped purely for reference purposes and not archived, with the same tape reused every day, almost none of the show remains in existence. The only footage from Fredd Bear's Breakfast-A-Go-Go believed to exist is a performance by former Seekers member Bruce Woodley of his advertising jingle The ANZ Bank Travelling Man. A brief excerpt from what appears to be a promotional film from 1972 is held by the National Film and Sound Archive.

The album Judy Banks - A Paw Full of Songs was produced by her husband Bob Phillips and released in 1972.

In 1969, Sydney's Good Morning!!! breakfast show on TEN-10 was renamed Breakfast-a-Go-Go, bringing it into line with the Melbourne program.

Cast

 Tedd Dunn - Host (as Fredd Bear)
 Judy Banks - Host
 Colin McEwan - Regular guest 
 Michael McCarthy - Regular guest 
 Ian Buckland - Regular guest 
 Bruce Woodley - Guest
 Bruce Rowland - musical director

References

Australian children's television series
Television shows set in Victoria (state)
1969 Australian television series debuts
1972 Australian television series endings
English-language television shows
Network 10 original programming
Carlos Coste

Carlos Coste (born on February 2, 1976) is a Venezuelan professional free diver.

Career 
Coste's interest in apnea and freediving began in 1996, when he joined the University Underwater Activities Club at the Central University of Venezuela. In December 2002, he broke his first AIDA world record in free immersion at a depth of -93 meters.

In September 2003, he became the first person to perform a free immersion dive exceeding 100 meters (-101m) -- a feat certified by AIDA World Records and Guinness World Records. Carlos Coste also became the first free diver to reach a depth of 102 meters in constant weight during an immersion in Cyprus in 2004. In 2005, he won the AIDA World Championship in Nice, setting a new world record of -105m in Constant Weight and earning the title of AIDA Depth Individual World Champion. He briefly held the AIDA world record for variable weight free-diving with a 140-meter immersion in the Red Sea, in Egypt in 2006, before it was surpassed by Herbert Nitsch  on December 7, 2009, at Dean's Blue Hole in the Bahamas.

Carlos Coste's achievements were recognized by the Venezuela National Sports Institute and were honored with the Orden José Félix Rivas award, which was granted by the Venezuelan president in February 2005. In 2017, he was awarded the honorary membership distinction of ONDA Venezuela and joined its Underwater Activities Committee.

Accident 
In September 2006, during a training dive at a depth of 182 meters in the No Limits discipline, Coste experienced a severe accident, suffering from an air embolism. He underwent a period of recovery before making his return to competitive diving.
After his recovery, Carlos achieved the Pan-American Record in Dynamic Apnea with a 215-meter performance during the World Championships in Aarhus, Denmark. In the Constant Weight discipline, he reached a depth of 116 meters at the Kalamata World Championship in 2011.
Coste secured a Guinness World Record in Dynamic Apnea in 2010 with a 150-meter performance in Dos Ojos Cenotes.
In 2014, Coste relocated to Bonaire, a Dutch Caribbean island, where he established two freediving schools. As of 2023, he resides in Baja California, Mexico, where he is developing a new freediving adventure project.

References

External links
 Carlos Coste's official web site
 AIDA World Records History
 AIDA International Athlete Page

1976 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Caracas
Venezuelan freedivers
Hugo de León

Hugo Eduardo de León Rodríguez (born 27 February 1958) is a Uruguayan football coach and former player, who played as a defender.

Club career
De León joined Nacional in 1977. With Nacional, he won two Uruguayan league titles, in 1977 and 1980, and the Copa Libertadores in 1980. In 1981, he left Nacional to play for Gremio missing the final game of the 1980 Intercontinental Cup which Nacional would subsequently win. With Gremio he won the Copa Libertadores and the Intercontinental Cup in 1983. After spells in Brazil and Spain he returned to Nacional in 1988, to win the Copa Libertadores and Intercontinental Cup in that year, and the Copa Interamericana and Recopa Sudamericana in 1989. At the end of the year, he left Nacional to play for River Plate of Argentina, where he won the 1989/1990 league title. He returned to Nacional in 1992 and won his third Uruguayan league title as a player. He retired in 1993.

International career
The 189 cm defender was capped 48 times for Uruguay between July 1979 and June 1990, including four games at the 1990 World Cup. De León helped the Uruguay national team win the 1980 Mundialito, a tournament celebrating the 50th anniversary of the first World Cup. De Leon also led Uruguay to a 2nd place finish at the 1989 Copa America hosted in Brazil.

Coaching career
As a coach, De León was in charge of several clubs in Uruguay, Brazil and México, including Nacional, Gremio and Monterrey. As coach of Nacional, they won the Uruguayan league titles of 1998, 2000 and 2001.

Because of a conflict with the Uruguayan coachs association, who does not validate the coach course he took in Brazil, De León has not worked in Uruguay since 2004.

External links
 Club Nacional de Football 
 

1958 births
Living people
People from Rivera Department
Uruguayan men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Argentina
Expatriate men's footballers in Brazil
Uruguayan expatriate men's footballers
Uruguayan people of Spanish descent
Men's association football defenders
Uruguayan Primera División players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Argentine Primera División players
La Liga players
Uruguay men's under-20 international footballers
Uruguay men's international footballers
1979 Copa América players
1989 Copa América players
1990 FIFA World Cup players
Uruguayan football managers
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A managers
Expatriate football managers in Argentina
Expatriate football managers in Brazil
Expatriate football managers in Mexico
Club Nacional de Football players
Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players
Sport Club Corinthians Paulista players
Club Atlético River Plate footballers
Santos FC players
CD Logroñés footballers
Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players
Ituano FC managers
Fluminense FC managers
C.F. Monterrey managers
Club Nacional de Football managers
Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense managers
Uruguayan vice-presidential candidates
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Miliarense

The miliarense (neuter form of the late Latin miliarensis, "pertaining to a thousand"; plural: miliarensia) was a large silver coin, introduced to the late Roman monetary system in the early 4th century.  It was struck with variable fineness, generally with a weight between 3.8 and 6.0 grams, and a diameter of c. 23–24 mm. The miliarense was struck first under Constantine the Great (r. 306–337).

There were two kinds of miliarense coins: light and heavy. It took 14 heavy miliarensia and 18 light miliarensia to equal one gold solidus (as also introduced by Constantine). Miliarensia are highly desired by numismatists of the present day, due to both the rarity of the denomination (far less common than the siliqua) and the often exquisite execution of both bust and reverse types, which led to many being used as pendants or mounted in antiquity.

A variant of the original denomination was revived in the Byzantine silver coinage from the 8th  to the 11th centuries (see miliaresion).

References

See also
Roman currency
Byzantine coinage

Coins of ancient Rome
Coins of the Byzantine Empire
Silver coins
John Crosby

John Crosby may refer to:

Politics
 John Crosby (Georgia politician), state senator from Georgia
 John Crawford Crosby (1859–1943), American politician
 John Schuyler Crosby (1839–1914), governor of Montana
John Crosby (MP for City of London) (fl.1467)

Others
 John Crosby (actor) (died 1724), English stage actor
 John Crosby (businessman), Australian farmer
 John Crosby (conductor) (1926–2002), founding director of the Santa Fe Opera, 1957–2000
 John Crosby (died 1476), merchant, alderman and diplomat
 John Crosby (General Mills) (1828–1887), partner of Washburn-Crosby Company
 John Crosby (media critic) (1912–1991), media critic of the New York Herald Tribune
 John Crosby Jr. (born 1951), American Olympic gymnast
 John F. Crosby, American attorney
 John O. Crosby (born 1850), African American educator and 1st President of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1892–1896
 John S. Crosby (general) (born 1932), United States Army general
 John Sherwin Crosby (1842–1914), single-tax proponent
 Jon Crosby (born 1976), American musician

See also
 John Crosbie (disambiguation)
Iowa Highway 94

Iowa Highway 94 (Iowa 94) was a former state highway in Linn County, Iowa.  It began in downtown Cedar Rapids at 1st Avenue near Interstate 380 and ended at County Road E36 near Palo, Iowa.

Route description
Iowa 94 began at U.S. Route 151 Business in Cedar Rapids.  Due to the proximity of the Cedar River and that the southernmost  of the highway was on one-way streets, the northbound lanes began on the western bank of the river while the southbound lanes ended on the eastern bank.  The two directions crossed at the corner of 1st Street NW and E Avenue NW.  They joined a few blocks to the west, at the corner of F Avenue NW and Ellis Boulevard NW and stayed together for the remainder of the route.

Traveling along F Avenue NW, the highway headed west until it reached Wiley Boulevard NW.  From there until its end, it headed northwest.  Once it exited the Cedar Rapids city limits, the highway was known as Covington Road.  It intersected County Road E44 (CR E44) near the unincorporated village of Covington.  The highway continued northwest to Palo.  It intersected CR W36 on the southern end of town.  Iowa 94 ended at a T-intersection with CR E36 on the western edge of Palo.  CR E36 formed the western and northern legs of the intersection while Iowa 94 was the eastern leg.

History
There were two routes designated as Iowa Highway 94.  The first, also located in Linn County, existed from 1920 through November 1958.  The western terminus for this first highway was Iowa 28, which later became U.S. Highway 151 near Marion, Iowa.  The eastern terminus was at what today is known as U.S. Highway 30 near Mount Vernon, Iowa.

The second Iowa 94 existed from 1966 until it was turned back on July 1, 2003. It was a renumbering of Iowa 74 because of I-74. The portions of the route within Cedar Rapids were turned over to the city, and were identified by their city street names.  The rural portion of the route was turned over to Linn County, who today maintain the route as County Road W36.

Major intersections
The entire route was in Linn County.
Northbound

Southbound

References

External links

Iowa Highways: 90 to 99 at the Iowa Highways Page
End of Iowa 94 at Iowa Highway Ends

094
Transportation in Linn County, Iowa
Transportation in Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Battle of Mole Lake

The Battle of Mole Lake was a battle fought in 1806 between Sioux and Chippewa warriors. It was fought over wild rice beds located in Forest County, Wisconsin, United States. At the time, the area of the battle was part of the Indiana Territory.

See also
Battle of the Brule
Tragedy of the Siskiwit

Notes

Mole Lake
Mole Lake
Pre-statehood history of Wisconsin
Ojibwe in the United States
Dakota
Mole Lake
1806 in the United States
Forest County, Wisconsin
Indiana Territory
Native American history of Wisconsin
Judy Banks

Judy Banks (19 June 1935 – 22 January 2022) was an Australian television presenter and actress of stage and screen, singer and pioneering children's TV host. She started her career in musical theatre from the early 1950s and was an early star on Melbourne television.

Life and career
Banks was born in Melbourne, Victoria. She started her career as a stage actress, playing the juvenile leads in many musicals in the early 1950s, including Salad Days, Lock Up Your Daughters and Free As Air. She moved to television with guest roles in In Melbourne Tonight, Saturday Party, Personally Yours, Be My Guest and Musical Cash Box before hosting her own series, Four for the Show, for four years. She was the co-director of TV World, the Australian Museum of Modern Media, alongside her husband. 

Banks was best known as co-presenter of the children's variety program Fredd Bear's Breakfast-A-Go-Go (1969-71) and, later, an afternoon show called Fredd Bear's Super Cartoon Show in 1972. She briefly worked as a presentation announcer for radio. She also had guest starring acting roles in many series, including Homicide, The Flying Doctors and City Homicide. She ran her own talent and media school and also presented a radio program called Sugar and Spice.

Family
Banks was married to TV producer Bob Phillips and was the mother of Australian international relations academic Andrew Phillips.

Filmography

References

External links
 Judy Banks School of Television

1935 births
2022 deaths
Australian television presenters
Australian women television presenters
Television personalities from Melbourne
Caspar Creuziger

Caspar Creuziger, also known as Caspar Cruciger the Elder (1 January 1504 – 16 November 1548), was a German Renaissance humanist and Protestant reformer. He was professor of Theology at the University of Wittenberg, preacher at the Castle Church (Wittenberg, Germany), secretary to and worked with Martin Luther to revise Luther's German Bible translation.

Life

Born in Leipzig, Creuziger entered the University of Leipzig at age 12, where he studied under Peter Mosellanus. The outbreak of the plague drove him to Wittenberg in 1521, where he completed his studies in the Hebrew language.

In 1525, he became Rector at Magdeburg's Johannisschule. He was called to the faculties of Philosophy and Theology at Wittenberg in 1528, where he lectured in both disciplines, preached at the Castle Church and wrote faculty opinions. He received his doctorate from Wittenberg in 1533. He continued to teach exegesis, dogmatics and edited instructional materials. During these years, Martin Luther included him in the reformer's circle of translators, who assisted him in revising the German Bible version.

In 1539, Creuziger assisted Leipzig in introducing reforms. He served as a delegate to theological convocations at Hagenau, Worms and Regensburg. When other theologians fled the Schmalkald War, he remained at his post.

Creuziger also edited the Wittenberg edition of Luther's Works and helped to draft the Leipzig Interim.

He died at Wittenberg in 1548.

Family

In 1524 he married the former nun Elisabeth von Meseritz - they had one daughter (Elisabeth, who married rector Kegel and then, on his death, Luther's son Hans in Eisleben) and one son (Caspar Cruciger the Younger).

Notes

Bibliography 
 In epistolam Pauli ad Timotheum priorem Commentarius
 Enarratio Psalmi 116–118
 Der XX. Psalm für christliche Herrschaft zu beten
 In Evangelium Johannis Apostoli Enarratio
 Enarratio Psalmi: Dixit Dominus [110] et aliquot sequentium
 Comment. in Matthaeum
 In Epistolam Pauli ad Romanos Commentarius
 De iudiciis piarum Synodorum sententia
 Enarrationis Symboli Nicaeni articuli duo, de Synodis et tribus personis Divinitatis.

1504 births
1548 deaths
16th-century German Lutheran clergy
German Lutheran theologians
German Protestant Reformers
German Renaissance humanists
German scholars
Linguists from Germany
Lutheran biblical scholars
Clergy from Leipzig
Translators of the Bible into German
Academic staff of the University of Wittenberg
Cruciger family
Karl Kristian Steincke

Karl Kristian Vilhelm Steincke (25 August 1880 – 8 August 1963), was a Danish politician from the Social Democratic Party. He was justice minister from 1924 to 1926 in the Stauning I Cabinet, social minister from 1929 to 1935 in the Stauning II Cabinet, and justice minister again from 1935 to 1939 in the Stauning III Cabinet and in 1950 in the Hedtoft I and II Cabinets. He has been cited as the chief architect of the Danish welfare state with the Social Reform Acts of the early 1930s, including the Kanslergade Agreement.

Eugenics
Steincke is especially known for his book The Future's Social Welfare () from 1920 in which he foretells:
"We treat the inferior individual with all care and love, but forbid him, in return, only to reproduce himself."

His book was the basis of the Danish laws about Eugenics, the sterilization and castration of unwanted elements. Steincke regarded the prevention of "inferior individuals" reproducing as important for society, as for the children of the "inferior individuals".

Notes

1880 births
1963 deaths
Danish Justice Ministers
Speakers of the Landsting (Denmark)
Burials at Vestre Cemetery, Copenhagen
Bright Star Technology

Bright Star Technology, Inc. was founded by Elon Gasper and Nedra Goedert during the early 1980s and was a key player in multimedia technology.   Well-known titles from Bright Star include HyperAnimation, Alphabet Blocks, and the Talking Tutors series. Bright Star was acquired by Sierra On-Line in 1992, and was a cornerstone of Sierra's educational games department.

Prior to starting the company, Gasper was teaching computer science at California Institute of Technology while trying to teach his daughter how to read. He became inspired by the lip-synchronization positions charts used in Disney animation. This inspired him to create animated tutors whose mouths moved realistically to humans. This continued to Early Math, which follows the curriculum from the National Association of Teachers of Mathematics.

A.J.'s World was developed by Sierra's subsidiaries Coktel Vision and Bright Star Technology.

Bright Star's games
 Alphabet Blocks
 AJ's World of Language
 AJ's World of Math
 AJ's World of Discovery
 Spelling Jungle (also sold as Basic Spelling and Yobi's Basic Spelling Tricks; code-named Spelling Demons)
 Spelling Blizzard (also sold as Advanced Spelling)
 Kid's Typing
 Early Math
 Beginning Reading
 The Lost Mind of Dr. Brain
 Discover ABC and 123 with Hickory & Me (also sold as separate ABC and 123 products; produced in cooperation with Golden Books Family Entertainment)
 Discover Math and Spelling with Monker (also sold as separate Math and Spelling products; produced in cooperation with Golden Books Family Entertainment)

Bright Star's language education products
 Berlitz Live! Spanish (produced in cooperation with Berlitz International, Inc.)
 Berlitz Live! Japanese (produced in cooperation with Berlitz International, Inc.)

References

Sierra Entertainment
Defunct video game companies of the United States
Video game development companies
1992 mergers and acquisitions
Michele Andreolo

Miguel Ángel Andreolo Frodella (6 September 1912 – 14 May 1981), known as Michele Andreolo (), was a Uruguayan Italian footballer who played as a midfielder. He was born in Dolores, Uruguay but his family was from Valle dell'Angelo in the province of Salerno. He was a member of the Italy team that won the 1938 FIFA World Cup.

Club career
Andreolo played for Nacional in Uruguay before joining Serie A team Bologna F.C. 1909 ahead of the 1935–36 season and helping them win the league title (Scudetto) that year. He would remain in Bologna until 1943, winning the Scudetto three more times, in 1936–37, 1938–39 and 1940–41.

Later in his career he played for Italian sides Lazio, Napoli, Catania and Forlì.

International career
Following his success with Bologna, Andreolo was also called up to the Italy national team by Vittorio Pozzo and debuted on 17 May 1936 against Austria. He soon became a regular in the team, playing his crucial role of connection between defence and attack. He helped win the 1938 FIFA World Cup in France, and played his last match for the national team on 19 April 1942, having earned 26 caps and 1 goal. With Uruguay, he won the 1935 South American Championship.

Death
Andreolo died in Potenza, southern Italy.

Honours

Club
Bologna
Serie A: 1935–36, 1936–37, 1938–39, 1940–41

International
Uruguay
Copa América: 1935

Italy
FIFA World Cup: 1938

Individual
FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1938

References

1912 births
1981 deaths
Footballers from Montevideo
Club Nacional de Football players
Bologna FC 1909 players
SS Lazio players
SSC Napoli players
Catania FC players
1938 FIFA World Cup players
FIFA World Cup-winning players
Italian men's footballers
Italy men's international footballers
Serie A players
Uruguayan men's footballers
Uruguayan emigrants to Italy
People of Campanian descent
Men's association football midfielders
Clem Sohn

Clements Joseph Sohn (December 7, 1910 – April 25, 1937) was an American airshow dare-devil in the 1930s from Fowler, Michigan, USA. He perfected a way of gliding through the air with a home-made wingsuit. He had himself dropped from an airplane at a height of approximately 6000 meters, and would glide down until he was only 300 to 250 meters from the ground, at which point he would open his parachute for the final descent.

He made the wings from zephyr cloth mounted on steel tubes, forming a large web under each arm which was clasped to his hips. A feature of the wings was a device to prevent them from opening out too far and ripping his arms from their sockets. A loose cloth formed another web between his legs, which acted like a bird's tail. His large goggles gave him an appearance which led to his becoming known as "The Batman" or "The Batwing Jumper".

Clem was badly injured during the opening ceremony of Gatwick Aerodrome, in London, England, when his primary parachute tangled in his wings. He broke and mangled his shoulder on landing, after opening his emergency parachute at an altitude of only 60 meters and crashing into a taxi.

Sohn's career came to an end on April 25, 1937, in Vincennes, France. Before taking off, Clem had remarked, "I feel as safe as you would in your grandmother's kitchen". During his descent on that day, his parachute did not open. A crowd of 100,000 watched him frantically tug on the ripcord of his emergency chute, but that failed too, and Sohn, 26 years old, plunged to his death.

Marketing
There was at least one attempt to exploit Sohn's fame with a product tie-in. A UK manufacturer made the 'Welcom' Clem Sohn Bird-Man Glider, featuring "a red suited male figure with fold-out arms" and rubber wheels. It is now a collectible.

References

External links
 Biography at mimufon.org
 Video
 "Parachute Jumper Glides On Canvas Wings" Popular Mechanics, July 1935
"Daring Bird-Man Soars At 10,000 Ft. On Homemade Wings" "Modern Mechanix May 1935"

American people of German descent
American skydivers
Parachuting deaths
People from Clinton County, Michigan
1910 births
1937 deaths
Antoine Rufenacht

Antoine Rufenacht (; 11 May 1939 – 5 September 2020) was a French right-wing (The Republicans) politician and former mayor of Le Havre.

He took the mayoral seat from Daniel Colliard (PCF) at the municipal election of 1995 and was reelected both in 2001, with a comfortable majority, and in 2008, against Daniel Paul (also PCF). He was also president of the local city community (called Communauté d'Agglomération Havraise - CODAH) which groups several municipalities around Le Havre,

Rufenacht was born in Le Havre. A former student of ÉNA, he was a junior minister (Secrétaire d'État) in the government of Raymond Barre, President of the regional council of Upper Normandy, and also a deputy.

Rufenacht's political career began in the then Gaullist party, the Union of Democrats for the Republic (UDR), and he remained in its successor parties, the Rally for the Republic (RPR), the UMP, and most recently, from 2015, the Republicans. In the presidential election of 1981, he backed the former Gaullist prime minister Michel Debré for the presidency against his own party leader, Jacques Chirac, but supported him in 1988 and 1995 and served successfully as his campaign manager for the presidential election of 2002.

With Jacques Barrot, he was seen as one of several possible successors of Dominique de Villepin as Prime Minister of France.

In October 2010, he resigned from his post as mayor of Le Havre to be replaced by Édouard Philippe.

Rufenacht died on 5 September 2020, aged 81.

References

1939 births
2020 deaths
Politicians from Le Havre
Mayors of places in Normandy
Politicians of the French Fifth Republic
École nationale d'administration alumni
Rally for the Republic politicians
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
The Republicans (France) politicians
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
French Protestants
Chatham High School

Chatham High School may refer to:

Chatham High School (Taree, New South Wales), Taree, New South Wales, Australia
 United States
Glenwood High School (Illinois), Chatham, Illinois — sometimes labeled "Chatham (Glenwood)" in sports, and successor to Chatham High School
Chatham High School, Chatham, Louisiana
Chatham High School (Massachusetts), Chatham, Massachusetts
Chatham High School (New Jersey), Chatham, New Jersey
Chatham High School (New York), Chatham, New York
Chatham High School (Virginia), Chatham, Virginia

See also
 Chatham Central High School, Bear Creek, North Carolina