alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Anna Anderson

Anna Anderson (December 16, 1896 – February 12, 1984) was a woman who claimed she was Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia. The real Anastasia had been murdered in Ekaterinburg with the rest of her immediate family on July 17, 1918. Her remains have been found and extensively tested using DNA samples from Anastasia's family comparing them to Anderson. There was no match at all. Anderson attempted to kill herself in 1920 in Berlin, Germany. She was taken to a mental hospital. A short time later she began to tell her false story of escape to people there. Some people believed her. Most people did not. Her false claims were pushed for 70 years. Movies were made about her story. She married Jack Manahan and called herself Anastasia Manahan. They lived in Charlottesville, Virginia, where she died of pneumonia in 1984.

Other websites 
 Article by Peter Kurth  — Anna Anderson’s biographer tells why he does not believe Anna Anderson was Franziska Schanzkowska.
 Russian Forensics  - A site demonstrating the Russian agenda to prove Anastasia's remains were in the grave.
 Anna Anderson Exposed - A site exposing why Anna Anderson was a fraud.
 Anna Anderson WAS Grand Duchess Anastasia — a site supporting a "conspiracy theory" surrounding Anna Anderson and Anastasia
 Article by Rey Barry — Journalist Rey Barry — friend of Anna Anderson and Jack Manahan, and a supporter of her pretensions.
 Anastasia: Duchess in Disguise — another website arguing that  photographs of Anna Anderson look like Anastasia.
 Anastasia and Anna Anderson — A narrative of Anastasia’s death.
 Anna Anderson/ Anastasia Manahan — A paper written by a supporter with a list of reasons why they believe that Anna Anderson was Anastasia.
 Anastasia: The Truth - A website correcting misstatements recently made about Anastasia and Anna Anderson.
 HIH Grand Duchess Anastasia Historical Society  - A web site telling the story of Anastasia Nikolaevna and the woman who claimed to be her.
 Could Anna Anderson be Anastasia?  - A web site discussing the DNA tests done on Anna Anderson.
 Anastasia: The Unmasking Of Anna Anderson  - An online article on Anna Anderson and her claim.

Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in Virginia
Russian people
1896 births
1984 deaths
Celtic F.C.

Celtic Football Club is a professional football club based in Glasgow, Scotland. They play in the Scottish Premiership and are one of the most successful Scottish teams.

Old Firm

Celtic used to be half of the Old Firm, alongside Rangers F.C.. This is a term that used to describe both Rangers and Celtic together until rangers fc died in 2012.

References

Scottish Premier League clubs
1888 establishments in the United Kingdom
1880s establishments in Scotland
Sports organisations based in Glasgow
Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia

Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia (born June 10, 1897, Russia) was a daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Tsarina Alexandra Fyodorovna. She was a sister of Olga, Anastasia, Maria, and Tsarevich Alexei of Russia. Her friends said she was more beautiful than her sisters. She was a Red Cross nurse during World War I. She was practical and liked to help her mother. Her religion was Russian Orthodox.  She spoke Russian, English and French fluently.

Tatiana was killed by Bolsheviks on July 17, 1918 with the rest of her family and some of their servants, during the Russian Revolution. Their mass grave was found later in Siberia after some speculation that one of her sisters, mainly presumed to be Anastasia, had escaped. Tatiana and her family were then buried in St. Petersburg, Russia on July 17, 1998. They were made saints by the Russian Orthodox Church in 2000.

References

Other websites 

livadia.org
alexanderpalace.org
FrozenTears.org A media library of the last Imperial Family.
Find-A-Grave
Tatiana Romanova
The Glorification of the Royal Family 
Hemophilia A (Factor VIII Deficiency)

1897 births
1918 deaths
Russian grand dukes and duchesses
House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Assassinations in the Russian Revolution
Russian Orthodox saints
Rally-X

Rally-X is a arcade video game released by Namco in 1980. The player moves a car around a maze. The player tries to collect 10 "flags".

Players can lose a life by:
Running in to a red car
Running in to rocks
Running out of fuel

Flags 
In Rally-X, there are two types of flags: regular flags and special flags. Special flags double the players points after collecting it. It will only work if the player does not lose a life. In New Rally-X, there is another flag called a lucky flag. It fills up the car's fuel tank if it is empty. There is only one special flag or lucky flag.

1980 video games
Arcade games
Namco video games
Physical compression

Physical compression means that a material under compressive stress reduces its volume.

There are different uses of compression in physics and engineering. By compression it is possible to measure mechanical properties of materials such as compressive strength or modulus of elasticity. Scientists do this with press machines.

When gases are compressed, their volume becomes smaller as seen in the Ideal gas law. This compression is used in gas engines, for example in the Diesel engine as in any internal combustion engine and in the steam engine.

Related pages
 Strength of materials
 Compression member
 Tension (mechanics)

Mechanics
Compressive strength

Compressive strength measures the pushing force that one needs to break a material. 

When the limit of compressive strength is reached, materials are crushed. Concrete can be made to have high compressive strength e.g. many concrete floors have compressive strength of 3000 p.s.i..

Related pages 
Tensile strength
Compression
Compressive stress
Deformation
Strength of materials

Materials science
Strength of materials

The strength of materials is the ability of materials to resist force. That ability is an important topic in mechanical engineering. It describes the mechanical behaviors of materials in response to forces that act on objects (such as stress, deformation, strain and stress-strain relations). Usually, the strength of a material is described with units of pressure, because then the value can be applied to many different shapes. For example, a wire and a rod made out of the same steel may have the same tensile strength but the thicker rod will require more force to break.

Strength is considered in terms of compressive strength, tensile strength, and shear strength, but other properties are often considered, like impact strength and fracture toughness. The strength of materials will also change depending on the environment, such as when it is hot or cold, or humid or dry. Sometimes, the environment, or use over time will change the strength of materials over many hours, days, months, or even years. For example, some metals and metal alloys can become stronger or weaker after being used for many years, especially at high temperatures, because their microstructure, or structure on a very small scale, will change. In almost all materials, the microstructure is what is studied to understand and guess what the strength of a material will be, and it is also what scientists and engineers can modify to change a material (especially a metal). For plastics, many conditions can affect them by causing chemical changes: for example, water will make many plastics softer and weaker, and UV radiation from the Sun can damage many plastics and make them brittle and weak, including Kevlar.

Other websites 
Failure theories

Materials science
Funeral Blues

"Funeral Blues" is a poem written in 1936 by W. H. Auden.

Funeral Blues is a simple poem about death, isolation (loneliness), emptiness and longing. The death of a lover may or may not be a literal event (actually happened). The poem is also about the end of a romantic relationship with somebody other than the person's spouse/partner. In four stanzas it moves from the time before the funeral (Stop all the clocks, Silence the pianos...), during the funeral itself (Bring out the coffin, let the mourners come...), after the funeral (He was my North, my South...), and the loneliness and grief that comes with it.

20th-century British poems
1936 works
W. H. Auden

Wystan Hugh Auden (21 February 1907 – 29 September 1973) was a Anglo-American poet. He was born in York and moved to Harborne, Birmingham in 1908, then to New York City in 1939. He wrote several famous poems such as Funeral Blues, and As I Walked Out One Evening. He signed his works W. H. Auden. He died in Vienna, Austria and is buried in Kirchstetten.

Auden was an Anglican and was gay. He married Erika Mann in 1935 to enable her to escape Nazi Germany. His partner from 1946 until his death was Chester Kallman (1921–1975).

Related pages
List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people

References 

1907 births
1973 deaths
American LGBT people
American poets
American Protestants
English Anglicans
English LGBT people
English poets
Gay men
LGBT Christians
LGBT poets
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from York
Writers from Birmingham
Writers from Yorkshire
Parsley

Parsley is a fresh flavored bright green herb. It used on food as a garnish and as a seasoning in soups,sauces and salads. Some people eat parsley to get their breath to smell better. Parsley can be easily grown in gardens, as well as inside the home, wherever there is plenty of indirect sunlight. Parsley needs good, light soil, good drainage and frequent watering to thrive indoors. To harvest parsely, cut the most mature stalks near the base that are still bright green. New shoots will grow for some time from the base of an established plant. Parsley is extraordinarily rich in vitamins C and A,  minerals (especially potassium),beta-carotene, folate and dietary fiber. 

The following chart provides information on the nutritional values and caloric composition of parsley: 
Water content (grams per 100g) 87.71 
Calorie content of Food (kcals per 100g/3.5oz) 36 
Protein content (grams per 100g) 3.7 
Fat content (lipids) (grams per 100g) 1.2 
Ash content (grams per 100g) 2.1
Moisture (grams per 100g) 85.2 
Carbohydrate content (grams per 100g) 8.0 
Dietary Fiber content (grams per 100g) 4.1

References

Herbs
Spices
Apiaceae
Gardening
Édith Piaf

Édith Piaf (aka. "La Môme Piaf") (December 19, 1915 – October 11, 1963) was one of France's most-loved singers. Her real name was Édith Giovanna Gassion. She became a national icon. Her music was an image of her tragic life. Piaf was known for singing ballads in a heartbreaking voice.

Life and career
As child at her grandmother's  in Normandy, she suffered from keratitis, but
1925 - 10  A pilgrimage to Lisieux in the Normandy honoring  Saint Thérèse of Lisieux / (Sainte Thérèse de l'Enfant-Jésus),  and the intense devoutness of the family resulted in a miraculous healing, Édith said.

1930 – 15  Her manager gave her the stage name "", "la Môme", Édith Piaf, or just Piaf. She was only  tall and puny, but sharp and lively like a sparrow. She always wore a black dress on the stage.

She sang first in Pigalle, then in Le Gerny,  the nightclub of  Louis Leplée near the Champs-Élysées.
She met Raymond Asso (1901-1968) and Marguerite Monnot (1903-1961), who wrote and composed her best songs; she stroke up an acquaintance with actor and singer Maurice Chevalier.

1948 – 32  The love of Piaf's life, the boxer Marcel Cerdan, middleweight champion of the world, died in a plane crash in October 1949, in the Azores, while flying from Paris to New York City to meet her. 

1952 – 36  Piaf married Jacques Pills in 1952 (her matron of honour was Marlene Dietrich). She divorced him in 1956. In 1962, she wed Théo Sarapo (Theophanis Lamboukas), a Greek hairdresser who was 20 years her junior. 

She suffered from different illnesses  during her life, especially after several car crashes.

1963 – 47  Piaf died of liver cancer at Plascassier, near Grasse (Département Alpes-Maritimes), on 10 October 1963.  

Among her most famous songs are "Mon légionnaire" (1936), "Le fanion de la Légion" (1936), "La vie en rose" (1946), "Hymne à l'amour" (1949), "Padam... Padam..." (1951), "l'Accordéoniste" (1955), "Les amants d'un jour" (1956),"La foule" (1957), "Milord" (1959) and "Non, je ne regrette rien" (1960). 

Although she was denied a solemn funeral mass, her funeral procession from her residence, Boulevard Lannes (Paris, XVI arr.) drew tens of thousands  of mourners onto the streets of Paris, that caused a huge traffic jam. The ceremony at the cemetery‚ Le Père-Lachaise (Paris, XX arr.), was attended by more than 100,000 fans.

References 
Huey, Steve. Edith Piaf: Biography. Yahoo! Music.

Notes

Other websites 
 Edith Piaf
 

1915 births
1963 deaths
Actors from Paris
Cancer deaths in France
Deaths from liver cancer
French movie actors
Singers from Paris
Weed

A weed is a plant that people think is bad, because it is growing in the wrong place. Only smaller plants are often called weeds.

A person may grow a plant because it has beautiful flowers, but other people may think that this plant is a weed for some reason. This may be for one of these reasons:
It has pollen that makes them sneeze, 
It spreads seeds that will grow quickly, 
The roots go too far under the ground and can cause damage to houses or pipes, 
The roots spread quickly,
The plant has poisonous berries,
The plant has liquid (sap) in it that can hurt a person's skin,

If someone is farming a plant and it then moves outside the farm, the plant may then be called a weed.

Some plants are very hard to stop once they start growing. These are called invasive weeds. 

Weed is also a name for any wild plant, one that people do not use for anything.

References 

Types of plants
Ternopil

Ternopil () is a city in western Ukraine. It is also the administrative centre of the Ternopil region. The city has about 245,000 inhabitants (2004) and lies on the Siret River.

History
The city was part of the Austrian Habsburg Empire from 1772 until 1918, and it belonged to Poland before 1772. When the Austrain empire fell in 1918, Turnopil beccame part of the short-lived ZUNR (Western Ukrainian National Republic). After heavy battles between Polish troops and Ukrainian Galician Army troops, the city was occupied by Poland in 1920. However, it was only part of Poland for less than 20 years, and in September 1939, it was taken by Soviet troops and annexed to the USSR. Ternopil became part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, it became a part of Independent Ukraine.

References 

Cities in Ukraine
Justin Lee Collins

Justin Lee Collins (born 28 July 1974) is an English television and radio presenter and former stand-up comedian from Bristol. Collins co-hosted The Friday Night Project on Channel 4 with Alan Carr.

Other websites 

1974 births
Living people
Channel 4 presenters
Comedians from Bristol
English television presenters
Alan Carr

Alan Carr (born 14 June 1976) is an English television presenter and stand-up comedian. Carr was born in Weymouth, Dorset, and grew up in Northampton. He presented Channel 4's The Friday Night Project with Justin Lee Collins. Carr is openly gay. He hosts Alan Carr: Chatty Man.

References

Other websites 

Official site

1976 births
Living people
British radio personalities
British stand-up comedians
British television talk show hosts
Channel 4 presenters
English comedians
English LGBT writers
English movie actors
English television actors
English television presenters
English television writers
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT broadcasters
LGBT comedians
People from Northampton
Cremation

Cremation is the act of burning a body after it has died. Cremation is a popular option to dispose of (get rid of) a body instead of burying it. The place where cremations take place is called a crematorium or crematory.

Religions which approve cremation include Christianity, Jehovah's Witnesses, Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, Shinto, and Neopaganism. Judaism and Mormonism strongly discourage cremation. Islam, Neo-Confucianism, and Zoroastrianism disapprove it.

Ways of keeping or disposing of the cremated remains
Cremated remains (also called ashes) are returned to the person's family. The family then has a few options of what to do with the remains. Usually the ashes are buried in an urn at a cemetery plot just as a coffin is buried in normal earth burial. Many religions require the ashes to be handled in dignified manner. In Scandinavia it is customary to bury the ashes ín an urn in a family grave (a grave which contains the remains of many family members). Family graves are also popular in Japan and Thailand.

Sometimes the cremated person has thought about what they want to be done with their remains and have shared their desires with their family. Cremated remains can be kept in a container called an urn, which in turn can be buried on cemetery plot or placed in a depot called columbarium, or thrown into the air or water of a place that was special to the cremated person, or buried anonymously in the ground. These are the most popular choices of what to do with remains. There are also other, less common, options of how to dispose of the remains. Some examples of ways to scatter the remains are: through fireworks, shot from guns, or dropped from an airplane or hot air balloon. Remains can even be sent into space or turned into a diamond. The latter can be done because humans and diamonds are both made largely from carbon.

Queen Victoria, pioneer in cremation jewelry
Queen Victoria is the most well-known mourner because she went into a state of mourning for several decades. To honour her late Prince Albert, Queen Victoria "took to wearing black jet jewelry, from Whitby, in Yorkshire". As a limited and fairly difficult medium to work with, jet was expensive. It's a hard material, requiring skilled craftsmanship to avoid breakage during carving.

Related pages
 Human death

References
 Technical report #30  – Incineration of Human Bodies

Other websites

 Cremation Association of North America 
 International Scattering Society
 Crematory in Europe
 Crematorion Jewelry history

Death customs
Spartacus

Spartacus (circa 120 BC – circa 70 BC, at the end of the Third Servile War), according to Roman historians, was a gladiator-slave who became the  leader of an unsuccessful slave uprising against the Roman Republic.

Related pages 

 Spartacus (movie)

References

Roman people
Slaves
120 BC births
70 BC deaths
George Africanus

For the Roman general, see Scipio Africanus
George John Scipio Africanus (1763—1834) was a West African slave who became a successful businessman in Nottingham, England.

1763 births
1834 deaths
Africanus, George
Booker T. Washington

Booker Taliaferro Washington (April 5, 1856, – November 14, 1915) was an American political leader, teacher and author. He was born into slavery, but was eventually freed. He was one of the most important people in African American history in the United States from 1890 to 1915.

Washington helped start the Tuskegee Institute, which was a university for African-American  students, after attending the Hampton Institute.  Washington believed that in order to create a peaceful post-slavery society, black and white people needed to "cast down the bucket" and become friends with each other.  He saw violence and protests against discrimination of blacks as holding grudges between the races.  Washington also stated that freed blacks should not aim for Congress right away, they needed to start by being able to support themselves economically.

Visit to president
Washington was invited to dinner by President Theodore Roosevelt. The President wanted to appoint Washington to advise him on issues of race. This upset some American people. African Americans had visited the White House before but had never been asked to dine there. In reaction several newspapers published a racist poem called Niggers in the White House. The poem was published again when the wife of Representative Oscar DePriest had tea with wife of President Hoover.

References

Washington, Booker T.
Politicians from Virginia
1856 births
1915 deaths
Scipio Africanus

Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus (236–183 BC)  was a general in the Second Punic War and a politician of the Roman Republic. He was best known for defeating Hannibal of Carthage.

Scipio won the battle of Zama in North Africa. He got the last name Africanus and became known as one of the best commanders in military history. The battle was a complete disaster for Carthage, who had to beg for peace, and were given humiliating terms by Rome.

References 

236 BC births
183 BC deaths
Scipio Africanus Maior, Publius Cornelius
Blessing

A blessing is way to wish good luck for a person. Sometimes, in religious rituals, it is said the God blesses those who are good, or people can bless God with anointing. In Judaism, they bless God over wine. The priests can also bless religious objects in order to make them become holy.

The saying "bless you" is commonly used when someone sneezes. This is done because there is a tradition carried by the superstition that a person's soul will come out of their mouth and nose if they sneeze. People believed that saying "God bless you," or "bless you" for short, would make the soul go back inside. They are wishing the person good luck so that their soul is able to come back. 

People also think that if unusual good luck or a miracle comes to them, it is a blessing. For example, if some people wanted a child badly but are having difficulty conceiving, it could be considered a blessing from God if they end up having a child.

To give your blessing to someone is to give permission to them. For example, a man can ask his girlfriend's parents' for their blessing before he asks her to marry him.

Blessings are often thought of as the opposite of a curse.

References

Theology
Luck
Karel Svoboda

Karel Svoboda (19 December 1938 – 28 January 2007) was a Czech composer of popular music. He wrote music for many TV series in the 1970s.

Works 

Karel Svoboda was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Prague, Czech Republic) and began his career as a pop composer after stopping studying medicine in his third year of university. He became a member of the rock band "Mefisto" in the 1950s. Later, he composed music for the Laterna Magica theatre in Prague and for many Czech singers. In 1969 he wrote Lady Carneval for Karel Gott, a major Czech pop star. Svoboda wrote a total of 80 songs for him.

Svoboda composed TV scores for the German channel ZDF for over 30 years. He wrote the scores to many TV series in the 1970s that a whole generation of Europeans grew up with. Some examples of these TV series are Vicky the Viking, Maya the Bee and The Wonderful Adventures of Nils.

Svoboda wrote scores for almost 90 films and TV series.

Svoboda was found fatally shot in the garden of his villa at Jevany on January 28, 2007. It is believed that he committed suicide.

References

Other websites 
 
 Maya the Bee mp3 sample.
 Vicky the Viking in mp3  
 Karel Svoboda website 

1938 births
2007 deaths
Czech composers
Movie score composers
Musicians from Prague
Suicides by firearm
Third Servile War

The Third Servile War, also called the Gladiator War and The War of Spartacus by Plutarch, was the last of several slave rebellions against the Roman Republic. 

These are called the Servile Wars. The first two Servile Wars were in Sicily and not very big. The Third Servile War was dangerous for Italia itself, and was doubly alarming to the Roman people because the slaves won several battles against the Roman army between 73 and 71 BC. The rebellion was defeated at last in 71 BC by Marcus Licinius Crassus. The rebellion had indirect effects on Roman politics for many years.

Events 
In 71 BC, a band of slaves escaped. At first a small group of about 70 gladiators escaped. The band grew to over 120,000. Men, women and children wandered throughout Italy, and raided with not much resistance. Their leaders included the famous gladiator-general Spartacus. 

The able-bodied adults of this band were a surprisingly effective armed force. They showed they could withstand the Roman military, from the local Campanian patrols, to the Roman militia, and finally they destroyed an army of trained Roman legions under consular command. Plutarch described the actions of the slaves as an attempt to escape their masters and flee through Cisalpine Gaul, while Appian and Florus depicted the revolt as a civil war in which the slaves tried to capture the city of Rome itself.

The Roman Senate's grew alarmed about the military successes of this band, and their damage to Roman towns and the countryside. Eventually, after several defeats, the Senate put an army of eight legions under the harsh but effective leadership of Marcus Licinius Crassus. The war ended in 71 BC when the armies of Spartacus, after long and bitter fighting, retreated before the legions of Crassus. Realizing that the legions of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus were moving in to trap them, they launched their full strength against Crassus' legions and were utterly destroyed.

The Third Servile War was significant to the broader history of ancient Rome mostly in its effect on the careers of Pompey and Crassus. The two victorious generals used their success to further their political careers, using their public acclaim and the implied threat of their legions to sway the consular elections of 70 BC in their favor. Their actions as Consuls damaged Roman political institutions and led, after Caesar's death, to events which turned the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.

Other websites

Classical historical works 
Works at LacusCurtius.

Appian's  The Civil Wars.
Frontinus's The Strategemata.
Plutarch's, Life of Crassus
Plutarch's, Life of Pompey

Modern works 
 William Smith's, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities at LacusCurtius. A scanned page version is also available at The Ancient Library.

References 

Wars and battles of Ancient Rome
Slave rebellions
Rebellions in Europe
70s BC
Vibrating string

A vibration in a string is a wave. A vibrating string mostly produces a sound with constant frequency. As frequency characterizes the pitch, the sound produced is a constant note.

Vibrating strings are the basis of any string instrument like guitar, cello, or piano.

Related pages
 String instruments
 Fretted instruments
 Pitch

Other websites 
 Java simulation of waves on a string
 Physics of a harpsichord string 
 A study of chaotic motion in strings

Sound
Angular momentum

The angular momentum or rotational momentum (L) of an object rotating about an axis is the product of its moment of inertia and its angular velocity:

where
  is the moment of inertia (resistance to angular acceleration or deceleration, equal to the product of the mass and the square of its radius measured perpendicularly from the axis of rotation);
  is the angular velocity.

There are three kinds of angular momentum: the vibrational angular momentum, the spin angular momentum and the orbital angular momentum.

Vibrational angular momentum 
The vibrational angular momentum is that of photons. Its minimum portion is the Planck quantum of vibration or action:
According to this picture, the creation of photons is to be viewed like the plucking of a guitar—as a sudden increment in the excitation of one of the modes of vibration.
—Davies, Paul. The Forces of Nature CUP, 1979, p. 116
... to an energy quantum of vibration, such as that of Planck, there must correspond an energy quantum of rotation ... 
—Birtwistle, George. The Quantum Theory of the Atom CUP, 2015, pp. 2–3
The Planck quantum of action, h, has precisely the dimensions of an angular momentum ... 
—Biedenharn, L. C.; Louck, J. D. Angular Momentum in Quantum Physics Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., Advanced Book Program, 1981

Spin angular momentum 
The spin angular momentum is that of an object turning around an axis which passes through the object's centre (for example, a top spinning around its central axis).

An object that is very spread-out from the axis of rotation has a large moment of inertia—it is very hard to make it start spinning, but once it gets going, it is very hard to make it stop. Similarly, it is easier to make an object start spinning at a low angular velocity than to make it start spinning at a high angular velocity. This is why the spin angular momentum depends both on how spread-out the object is (moment of inertia) and how fast it is spinning (angular velocity).

Orbital angular momentum 
The orbital angular momentum is that of an object revolving around an axis which does not pass through the object's centre. For example, the Sun and the Earth orbit each other by revolving around an axis that passes through the Sun, but not through the Sun's centre. The orbital angular momentum measures how hard it would be to make the object stop revolving around the axis.

Conservation
Angular momentum is a conserved quantity—an object's angular momentum stays constant unless an external torque acts on it.

Angular momentum has both a direction and a magnitude, and both are conserved. Motorcycles, frisbees and rifled bullets all owe their useful properties to conservation of angular momentum. Conservation of angular momentum is also why hurricanes have spirals and neutron stars have high rotational rates. In general, conservation limits the possible motion of a system but does not uniquely determine it.

Related pages
Momentum
Rotational kinetic energy

Other websites
Conservation of angular momentum 

Basic physics ideas
Mechanics
Axle

An axle is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear. In some cases the axle may be fixed in position with a bearing or bushing sitting inside the hole in the wheel or gear to allow the wheel or gear to rotate around the axle. In other cases the wheel or gear may be fixed to the axle, with bearings or bushings provided at the mounting points where the axle is supported. Sometimes, especially on bicycles, the latter type is referred to as a spindle.

Vehicle axles 

Axles are an important structural component of a wheeled vehicle. The axles maintain the position of the wheels relative to each other and to the vehicle body. Since for most vehicles the wheels are the only part touching the ground, the axles must bear the weight of the vehicle plus any cargo.

Related pages 
Wheel
Machine

Machines
Gear

Gears are mechanical parts with cut teeth designed to fit with teeth on another part or gear so as to transmit or receive force and motion. Gears are also sometimes called toothed wheels or cogged wheels or cogs.  The cut teeth are also sometimes called cogs.

Numerous nonferrous alloys, cast irons, powder-metallurgy and even plastics are used in the manufacture of gears. However steels are most commonly used because of their high strength to weight ratio and high cost.

Related pages 
Transmission

Other websites 

Types Of Gears 
Mathematical Tutorial for Gearing (Relating to Robotics)
Animation of an Involute Rack and Pinion
Gear Encyclopedia 
  Gears 

Engineering
Gearshift

A gearshift (US English), gearstick, or gear lever (both UK English) is a metal rod connected with the manual transmission of an automobile that is used to choose the gear. In an automatic transmission, the same rod is usually called a gear selector.

Engineering
Transmission

In mechanics, a transmission or gearbox means gears working together. The most common transmission is the transmission in a car.

In a car, the engine makes the crankshaft spin. The crankshaft makes the transmission's gears spin, which spin some more parts, which make the wheels spin. But the wheels do not spin as fast as the engine makes the crankshaft spin. That is because the gears are made to slow down the spinning. The gears also give the spinning more force (or to be more scientifically exact, more torque), so the wheels can make the entire car move. Most transmissions have a breather vent to let hot air escape.

Transmission gears 
A transmission has some gears that change the torque more than other gears. That is why a transmission has a first gear, second gear, third gear, and sometimes more gears. There is also a reverse gear and neutral. An automatic transmission shifts between gears by itself (except reverse gear, and a parking gear). A manual transmission needs the driver to decide when to shift gears. Manual transmission is also called standard transmission. This is confusing because almost all cars in the U.S. have automatic transmission. In other words, since the late 20th century "standard" transmission has been unusual. A manual transmission usually has a clutch pedal, which the driver must press while shifting gears. An automatic transmission has a fluid coupling called a torque converter instead of a clutch. Some cars have a "clutchless" manual (semi-automatic) transmission, which has an automatic clutch (no clutch pedal), but does not shift gears by itself.

Layshaft 
A layshaft is the middle shaft within a gearbox (transmission). When the clutch is engaged, the layshaft turns constantly. All gears on the layshaft turn at the same rate and are permanently attached. It carries gears but does not transfer the primary drive of the gearbox in of the gearbox or out of the gearbox. Layshafts are mostly known through their use in car gearboxes. The oil level in a gearbox is set to layshaft height. That way the spinning gears distribute oil to all the gears.

Other types 
Not all transmissions are in cars. For example, bicycles have transmissions. You can see the gears, so it is easier to see how it works.

References 

Engineering
Mechanics
Hydraulics

Hydraulics is a topic of science and engineering subject dealing with the mechanical properties of liquids. Many machines work on hydraulic power.

One of the founders of modern hydraulics was Benedetto Castelli, a student of Galileo Galilei.

Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical foundation for hydraulics, which focuses on the engineering uses of fluid properties.

Related pages 
Hydrology

Other websites 

 International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research (IAHR)
 visualization of hydraulic concepts
 Information about Fluid Power is also available on the National Fluid Power Association web-site nfpa.com
 Decision tree to choose an uncertainty method for hydrological and hydraulic modelling 

Engineering
List of U.S. states and territories by area

This is a complete list of the U.S. states, federal district, and its major territories ordered by total area, land area, and water area.

References

Notes

Geography of the United States
Area, List of U.S. states and territories by
Tom Vilsack

Thomas James Vilsack (born December 13, 1950) is an American politician. Vilsack is the 32nd and current United States Secretary of Agriculture since 2021 during the Joe Biden presidency. He was also the 30th Secretary of Agriculture from 2009 to 2017 during the Barack Obama presidency. He was the Governor of Iowa from 1999 to 2007. 

Vilsack was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  At college, he met and married his wife, Christie.  They moved to Iowa after graduation.  They have two children.

Vilsack served in the Iowa State Senate before he ran for governor in 1998.  He won that election and the next one in 2002.  He chose not to run again in 2006.

In December 2006, Vilsack said he would run for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2008.  He dropped out of the race a few months later.  He endorsed New York Senator Hillary Clinton.

In December 2020, then-President-elect Joe Biden nominated Vilsack to serve as Agriculture Secretary for a second time. On February 23, 2021 the United States Senate confirmed Vilsack's nomination a second time with a 92-7 vote.

References

Other websites
Tom Vilsack for President 
Vilsack to make White House run from the Des Moines Register, includes links to biography and related coverage
MySpace page
Project Vote Smart profile
The New York Times - Tom Vilsack News news stories and commentary

1950 births
Living people
Governors of Iowa
United States Secretaries of Agriculture
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Politicians from Pittsburgh
Actinide

The actinide series is the 15 chemical elements between actinium and lawrencium on the periodic table. They have the atomic numbers between 89 and 103. The actinide series is named after actinium. All of the elements are radioactive. Uranium is the most common natural actinide, and thorium second.

The term ‘actinide series’ has been derived from the first element of the series, actinium. The symbol An is used while referring to any of the actinide series elements.

All actinide series elements are radioactive in nature, they release a large amount of energy on radioactive decay. Uranium and thorium are the most abundant naturally occurring actinides on earth, whereas plutonium is synthetically obtained.

The actinide elements

References
Opera Software

Opera Software is a company in Oslo, Norway that makes Opera, a set of tools for using the Internet.

References

Other websites 

 
1995 establishments in Europe
Software companies
Latin Grammy Award

The Latin Grammy Awards are awards given yearly by the Latin Recording Academy (an association of professionals who work in the Latin music industry) for outstanding work in the Latin music field. The award process is very similar to its American counterpart, the Grammy Awards. The Latin Grammy Awards was created because its organizers thought that the many musical styles of Latin music was too big to fit on the Grammy Awards. The Latin Grammy Awards focuses on music released in Latin America, Spain, Portugal, and the United States. One major difference between the Grammy Awards and the Latin Grammy Awards is that a recording that does not have to be released in the United States. To be considered for a Latin Grammy nomination, the song or album must be sung in Spanish or Portuguese.

References

Other websites 
 Official site

Music awards
Latin music
Tiananmen Square

Tian'anmen Square (Tian'anmen Guangchang) is a large plaza near the center of Beijing, China. It is named after the Tian'anmen (Gate of Heavenly Peace) which sits to its north, separating it from the Forbidden City (Zijincheng). Outside of China, the square is well known for the Tian'anmen Square protests of 1989.

The square is 880 meters south to north and 500 meters east to west, a total area of 440,000 square meters. It is the largest open-urban square in the world.

Tiananmen Square protest

Other websites 

Buildings and structures in Beijing
National squares
Town squares in Asia
Hot sauce

Hot sauce, chili sauce, or pepper sauce are all spicy condiments made from chili peppers.

Condiments
Sauces
University of Prishtina

The University of Prishtina is the name of two public universities in Kosovo, sharing the same history up to a point of separation, which took place in 1999. The university was founded in the city of Prishtina in 1970 and segregated as a result of ethnic-based polarisation. The two separate institutions are using the same name, in Prishtina (Priština) and Mitrovica.

Faculties of the University of Prishtina 

 Faculty of Arts
 Faculty of Medicine
 Faculty of Agriculture
 Faculty of Economy
 Faculty of Philosophy
 Faculty of Law
 Faculty of Philology
 Faculty of Sports science
 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture
 Faculty of Mechanical engineering
 Faculty of Mining and Metallurgy (in Mitrovica)
 Faculty of Computer and Electrical engineering
 Faculty of Natural sciences and Mathematics
 Faculty of Teacher Training (in Prishtina,Gjilan,Gjakova,Prizren)
 Faculty of Applied science ( in Peja,Ferizaji,Mitrovica)

Related pages 
 Kosovo
 Prishtina

Other websites 
 Official website  of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia
 Official site of the Ministry of Education of the Government of the Republic of Kosovo.
 Official site of the University of Pristina in Prishtina
 Official website of the University of Priština in North Kosovska Mitrovica

Colleges and universities in Europe
Pristina
Buildings and structures in Serbia
Organizations based in Serbia
Kosovska Mitrovica

Mitrovica can also refer to Pristina  city in the north of Kosovo

South of Mitrovica is a town in North Kosovo Over 96,250 people live in Kosovska Mitrovica,  The town used to be called Titova Mitrovica. Originally it  was named after Saint  Dimitrije.

There is the University of Pristina in Kosovska Mitrovica.

Other websites 
 Municipality of Mitrovica  The official website of Municipality of South Mitrovica 
 University of Pristina website 
 Jazz & Blues Festival North City 

Towns in Serbia
Settlements in Kosovo
Bending

This article is about the structural behavior.  For other meanings see Bending (disambiguation).

In engineering and mechanics, bending (also known as flexure) characterizes the behavior of a structural element subjected to a lateral load (i.e. at right angles to its length).  

A structural element subjected to bending is known as a beam. Stiffness is its ability to resist bending.

A closet rod sagging under the weight of clothes is an example of a beam experiencing bending.

Related pages
 Engineering
 Mechanics
 Deflection
 Shear strength
 Shear stress
 Mechanical Strain

Engineering
Mechanics
Torsion (mechanics)

In solid mechanics, torsion is the twisting of an object that is result of an applied torque. In circular sections, the resultant shearing stress is perpendicular to the radius.

The shear stress at a point on a shaft is:

T is the applied torque, r is the distance from the center of rotation, and J is the polar moment of inertia.

The angle of twist can be found by using:

Where:
θ is the angle of twist in radians.
T is the torque (N·m or ft·lbf).
L is the length of the object the torque is being applied to or over.
G is the shear modulus or more commonly the modulus of rigidity and is usually given in gigapascals (GPa) or ft·lbf.
J is the polar moment of inertia, for a round shaft or concentric tube only. For other shapes J must be determined by other means. For solid shafts the membrane analogy is useful, and for thin walled tubes of arbitrary shape the shear flow approximation is fairly good, if the section is not re-entrant. For thick walled tubes of arbitrary shape there is no simple solution, FEA may be the best method.

Related pages

 torque

Mechanics
Burial

Burial is the act of placing an object or dead body into the ground, specifically a grave.

Human bodies are usually buried in a cemetery. It is common practice in many places to put bodies into a coffin and place the coffin into the grave. The grave is then usually marked with a headstone so that people know who has died and can visit them.

In the past, often during times of war, many bodies have been placed into the same grave without coffins. This is called a mass burial or a mass grave.

Related pages
 Death
 Funeral
 Cremation

Death customs
Gila monster

The Gila monster () is a venomous desert lizard.  The Gila monster’s name comes from the Gila River in Arizona, USA.

The Gila monster is heavy and slow for a lizard.  It can grow up to 2 feet(60 cm) long.  Its skin looks like beads and is black, pink, orange, and yellow. It looks a lot like the Mexican beaded lizard, which is its closest relative.

The Gila monster can bite quickly and hold on tightly, but it does not kill humans.  It usually eats small rodents, young birds and eggs.  The lizard chews its prey, injecting its venom (poison) into the animal through teeth in its lower jaw.   The Gila monster can also store food in its tail.

In 2005 a medicine to treat diabetes was made from the Gila monster’s saliva.  Some people who take it call it "lizard spit" as a joke.

Reptiles of North America
Lizards
Elizabeth Smart

Elizabeth Ann Smart (born November 3, 1987) is an American woman who was kidnapped when she was 14 from her home in Salt Lake City, Utah on June 5, 2002. She was found alive on March 12, 2003 about 20 miles from her home. She was found with two homeless adults, Brian David Michell and Wanda Barzee. Barzee was Mitchell's legal wife. Police believe that Elizabeth was taken to be Mitchell's second wife.

Smart has put the kidnapping behind her. She is now studying harp at Brigham Young University. She would like to play harp in an orchestra or teach the harp to others. She has appeared on television in support of laws that would give child sex offenders a harsher punishment. She has said very little publicly about her kidnapping. She has also made it clear that she does not want to publicly comment very much about her ordeal.

References 

1987 births
Living people
American crime victims
Kidnapped American people
People from Salt Lake City, Utah
Bury

Bury is a town in the north of the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester in North West England. 

Bury is between Rochdale and Salford; the town is a dormitory town in a northern suburb of Manchester. It is just west of the M66 motorway, and is the largest settlement of the Metropolitan Borough of Bury. It has a population of 60,718.

It has a flourishing market which won Britain’s Favourite Market Award in 2019. It is famous for Bury Black Puddings.

References
Salma Hayek

Salma Hayek Jiménez (born September 2, 1966) is an Academy Award-nominated Mexican actress, Emmy-winning director, movie producer and television producer.  She is the most successful Latin-American actress in Hollywood since Carmen Miranda. Hayek has appeared in more than thirty movies and worked as an actress outside of Hollywood in Mexico and Spain.

Hayek's charitable work includes increasing awareness on violence against women and discrimination against immigrants.

Early life
Salma Hayek was born in Coatzacoalcos, Mexico. Her father, Sami Hayek is Lebanese and was a politician. Her mother, Diana  Jiménez is a Mexican and was an opera singer. Salma left the town with 12 years and went to a catholic boarding school in Louisiana. She had a bad manners and had to leave the school. She moved to her aunt in Texas and stayed until she was 17 years old. After the graduation, she went back to her hometown and studied international relations and drama in Mexico City.

Career
Hayek longed to be an actress and ended the study. She had her first appearance in the Mexican telenovela Teresa. There, she played a main role. Using this role, she was known in Mexico. Later, she left the Show.

In 1991, she went to Los Angeles and started a career there, but she had little knowledge of English. There, she did drama and elocution lessons. In January 1993, she got a supporting role in Mi Vida Loca. In 1995, she played in Desperado with Antonio Banderas. She got an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award nomination for her role in Frida as best actress in 2003.

Personal life
On 9 March 2007, she confirmed her engagement with the French businessman François-Henri Pinault and her pregnancy. In September 2007, she got a daughter, Valentina Paloma Pinault on the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. In July 2008, they separated. They reconciled and married in February 2009. They married for the second time in April 2009.

She speaks Spanish, Arabic, Portuguese and English.

References

Other websites 
 

1966 births
Living people
Emmy Award winning actors
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
Mexican movie directors
Mexican movie producers
Television producers
People from Veracruz
People with dyslexia
Pellagra

Pellagra is a disease caused by a lack of niacin (vitamin B3). Niacin is found in most foods. A person can die from pellagra if it is not treated. The main results of pellagra can be remembered as "the four D's": diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death.Some symptoms of pellagra according to a few sources are abdominal cramping,depression,diarrhea,headache,loss of appetite,mucus membrane inflammation,dilated cardiomyopathy. It is also caused due to cellular deficiency of niacin, chronic alcoholism or gastro-intestinal malabsorption. It can be prevented by adequate intake of niacin or foods rich in vitamin B3 and dietary advice to vulnerable groups.

Vitamin deficiencies
Dermatitis

Dermatitis means "inflammation of the skin." It looks like a red rash in most cases. It most often refers to eczema.

Skin problems