alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Lime (color)

Lime is a yellowish green color. It is the color that is halfway between the color chartreuse green and yellow on the color wheel. The color lime is named after the fruit, lime.

The official web color named lime actually corresponds to pure green on an RGB display. Lime green is the color of the outer skin of a lime. Lime pulp is the color of the inside of a lime and of limeade, a fruit drink that is made from limes.

The first recorded use of lime as a color name in English was in 1905.

Meaning of lime
 The color lime implies someone or something that is tangy, tasty, and bold like the flavor of limeade, the drink that is made from limes.
 Sailors in the British Navy are called limeys because they used to be issued large rations of lime fruit to eat to prevent the disease scurvy on long sea voyages.

Tones of lime color comparison chart

Related pages
 List of colors

References
Jochen Rindt

Karl Jochen Rindt (born  April 18 1942 in Mainz, Germany – died September 5 1970 in Monza) was a German racing driver who represented Austria during his career. In 1970, he won the Formula One World Drivers' Championship, but died in a crash in Monza. He was the only driver to win the championship after he died.

In 1965 he won the 24 Hours of Le Mans race.

References

1942 births
1970 deaths
Austrian racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
People from Mainz
Sportspeople from Rhineland-Palatinate
Claudio Arrau

Claudio Arrau León (; February 6, 1903 – June 9, 1991) was a Chilean classical pianist.

Arrau started to play the piano as a boy and was giving concerts at the age of 5. The Chilean government heard of the child prodigy and quickly organized to have him sent to Germany to study with the best music teachers. At the age of 7 Arrau started to study music seriously at the Stern Conservatory, Berlin, Germany.

By the age of 11, Arrau was playing like a master, and performed the works of Franz Liszt, Frédéric Chopin and Johannes Brahms in recitals. 

Later in life Arrau became an important teacher of the piano and taught some of the most famous pianists in the world. Arrau married Ruth Schneider, an opera singer, and settled in the United States. Throughout his career he won the highest awards for piano playing. He died in Austria in 1991.

1903 births
1991 deaths
Chilean musicians
Pianists
Classical pianists
People from Bío Bío Region
Patriotism

Patriotism means loyalty of a person to his/her own nation or the leaders of the nation. A patriot is a person who is on the side of his/her own nation or its leaders. Patriotism is different from nationalism. 
Also, contrary to a nationalist, patriots do not favor                imperialism, while nationalists tend to but don’t always favor imperialism. An example of a nationalist favoring imperialism would be Adolf Hitler.

The English term "patriot" is first known from the Elizabethan era, via Middle French from Late Latin (6th century) patriota "countryman", ultimately from Greek πατριώτης (patriōtēs) "countryman", from πατρίς (patris), "fatherland". The abstract noun patriotism appears in the early 18th century.

Politics
Nationalism
Patriot

A patriot is a person with patriotism.

Patriot may also refer to:

Observances 
 Patriot Day, a U.S. commemoration day for the remembrance of the losses of the September 11 attacks
 Patriots' Day, a holiday in the U.S. states of Massachusetts, Maine, and Wisconsin in honor of Lexington and Concord (American Revolutionary War)

Places
 Patriot, Indiana, a town in the United States

Sports 
 New England Patriots, in the National Football League and based in Massachusetts

Other uses 
 Patriot Act, a law in the United States in response to the September 11 attacks
Misogyny

Misogyny is the hatred of women, or the belief that women should be kept down at a lower place in society, under the control of men. Using sexist ideas and violence against women, misogyny punishes women who try to rise in society. A society that sets men above women is called patriarchy. Misogyny supports patriarchy by keeping women under men. Sometimes misogyny rewards women for accepting a lower place.

Misogyny is a very old idea. It can be seen in stories, religion, laws, and customs around the world. It is both a belief held by individuals, and a social custom or system. A misogynist is a person who hates women. Misogynists may hate women because they believe there is something wrong with them, such as being stupid, dirty or evil. Some misogynists claim to love women, or certain women, while keeping them at a lower place.

When women practice misogyny on themselves or each other, this is called internalized misogyny. Women who have internalized misogyny may view other women as an enemy. This may damage friendships among women.

There are some communities that have been described as misogynist such as the manosphere.

References

Related pages 
Sexism
Violence against women

Discrimination
Hatred
Malmeneich

Malmeneich is a village in Hesse, Germany. It belongs to the municipality of Elz. The postal code for Malmeneich is 65604 and its dialing code is 06433. 345 people live in the village.

Geography and Climate
Malmeneich is in the Westerwald. The average elevation is 250m above sea level. The highest point is in the forest and is 292m high. The average temperature is 9,9°C. The village get between 700-720mm of rain each year. Though this seems moderate, temperatures can vary between -20°C and 35°C.

Malmeneich and the media
There was an entry about Malmeneich on the Hessian television in 2002. This was for a project of hr3 which aimed to report about Hessian villages with less than 1000 people living in them.

Every year Malmeneich is mentioned in the regional newspaper because of the "Malmeneicher Kirmes".

At the European elections in 2005, a citizen of Malmeneich was caught after voting five times. He got judged and this crime went through the regional media.

Other websites 
 Traveljournals.net Information on Malmeneich
 Official website of the municipality of Elz

Villages in Hesse
United Parcel Service

United Parcel Service (UPS) is an American company that transports packages. It is the largest package delivery company in the world. UPS delivers more than 14 million packages a day to more than 200 countries. It is based in Sandy Springs, Georgia, USA. The company started in 1936 when several smaller companies merged and took the new name. It was owned by employees until 1999 when it offered stock to outsiders. 

The company uses brown uniforms and delivery trucks. The company trademarked the color so other delivery companies cannot use a brown logo.

UPS Airlines is a part of UPS that handles the transportation of packages over long distances and between countries. UPS has almost 300 airplanes in its fleet.

Other websites 
 UPS corporate website, shipping, tracking, service information

Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Gómez Pereira

Gómez Pereira (1500 – 1567) was a Spanish philosopher, doctor, and humanist from Medina del Campo. He was most famous for his work in medicine, but he did many different things such as business, engineering, and especially philosophy. As a doctor, he was in favor of using the empirical method, instead of more medieval ideas about medicine.

His ideas in philosophy may have helped René Descartes come up with the  famous idea "cogito ergo sum". This is Latin for: "I think, therefore I am".

Life
Little is known about his life. He was the second of five brothers; his father, Antonio, had a small store that sold clothes, and his mother, Margarita, died when he was 15, so the children were raised by his aunt, Ana de Avila.  Some of his ancestors were Jews from Portugal who had become Christians.

He studied philosophy at the University of Salamanca.  His professor, Juan Martinez, was later the archbishop of Toledo, Spain. He also studied medicine and graduated in 1520. He then settled down as a doctor in his home town, Medina, living with his wife, Isabel Rodriguez, and becoming quite successful in business, even having his own warehouses of wine, and renting rooms to other merchants. He never had children. 

He became famous as a doctor, being well known in other cities of Spain.  He even went to the court of Philip II of Spain and saved the life of the prince,  Don Carlos, when he had an accident.  He was also famous as an inventor, and in 1563, he and another inventor named Francisco Lobato got a patent for a type of flour mill powered by water. 

Pereira
1500 births
1567 deaths
Spore (video game)

Spore is a computer game made by Will Wright. He also made The Sims and SimCity. It consists of five phases of gameplay, the cell, creature, tribal, civilization and space phases. It is a game in which the player is able to create and evolve a species from a germ into a galactic superpower. It was released on September 7, 2008 in America, and September 5 in Europe.
Initially, it was going to be 6 different phases, but they merged the city and civilization phases, so it's only 5 phases now.

One of the biggest parts of the game is the different editors. Almost all things in the game can be made by the player, from buildings in the civilization phase to the creature in the creature phase. The player uses different parts that he can place as he wants. He can also change things like size and "stretch" the parts. All these things made by players can be uploaded as pictures to the "sporepedia". A picture has all the info needed for the game to make the thing, and is very small in size, usually less than 30 kilobytes. This means, that a player can find a picture of a car made in Spore that he likes, copy it, and put it in the Spore folder. Then they can play with it.

All the different phases of the game offer many choices. Roughly, the player can choose to be peaceful, aggressive, or both. For example, in the creature phase, there is a choice to eat other animals, just fruit, or both. And in the civilization phase, there is a choice to be military, religious, economic, or a little of all of them. 

2008 video games
Nintendo DS games
Wii games
Tilia

Tilia is a genus of between 30 and 45 species of trees in the Northern Hemisphere, in Asia (where the greatest species diversity is found), Europe and eastern North America; it is absent from western North America.

The trees are generally called linden in North America, and lime in Britain. Both names are from the Germanic root lind. The modern forms in English went from linde or linne in Anglo Saxon and old Norse, and in Britain the word transformed more recently to the modern British form lime. In the United States, the modern German name Linde, from the same root, became more common, partly to avoid confusion with any other uses of the name.

Tilia species are large deciduous trees, reaching typically between 20m and 40m tall, some species grow as shrubs. Plants of this genus are found through the north temperate regions.

History
The Germanic tribes associated the Linden tree with the goddess Freya. Very often, these tribes held their assemblies, called Thing near or under such a tree. Often, trees that were standing alone somewhere were chosen. These assemblies were used to make laws. They usually lasted three days.

Species

 Tilia americana
 Tilia amurensis
 Tilia begoniifolia
 Tilia caroliniana  
 Tilia chinensis
 Tilia chingiana 
 Tilia cordata
 Tilia dasystyla 
 Tilia henryana
 Tilia heterophylla
 Tilia hupehensis 
 Tilia insularis 
 Tilia intonsa 
 Tilia japonica
 Tilia kiusiana 
 Tilia mandshurica
 Tilia maximowicziana 
 Tilia mexicana
 Tilia miqueliana 
 Tilia mongolica
 Tilia nasczokinii
 Tilia nobilis
 Tilia occidentalis
 Tilia oliveri
 Tilia paucicostata 
 Tilia platyphyllos
 Tilia rubra
 Tilia tomentosa
 Tilia tuan

Hybrids and cultivars
Tilia × euchlora (T. dasystyla × T. cordata)
Tilia × europaea Common Lime (T. cordata × T. platyphyllos; syn. T. × vulgaris)
Tilia × petiolaris (T. tomentosa × T. ?)
Tilia 'Flavescens' (T. americana × T. cordata)
Tilia 'Moltkei' (hybrid, unknown origin)
Tilia 'Orbicularis' (hybrid, unknown origin)
Tilia 'Spectabilis' (hybrid, unknown origin)

Uses
The tree produces fragrant and nectar-producing flowers, the medicinal herb lime blossom. They are very important honey plants for beekeepers, producing a very pale but richly flavoured monofloral honey. The flowers are also used for herbal tea, and this infusion is particularly popular in Europe.

Other websites 

 GRIN: Tilia 

Trees
Malvaceae
Cartesian coordinate system

In mathematics and geometry, the Cartesian coordinate system is a coordinate system used to give the location of points on a plane by using two numbers for each point. It is also called the rectangular coordinate system. The numbers are usually called the  coordinate and the  coordinate or sometimes the abscissa and ordinate. To find the coordinates of a point, two perpendicular lines, called axes (singular: axis), are drawn. The point where the axes meet is the coordinate origin, written (0,0). The  coordinate gives the position of a point measured along the  axis, and the  coordinate gives the position along the  axis. 

Cartesian coordinates can be used in three dimensions (3D), by adding a third number, the  coordinate. In four dimensions (4D), a fourth number, the  coordinate, is added. Each coordinate represents a dimension of space.

Using the Cartesian coordinate system, many shapes, like straight lines and parabolas can be described by using algebraic equations. The results of the equations can be seen by plotting (drawing) a point for each solution to the equations. For example, the  axis is described by the equation . A circle having radius  and centered at the origin can be described with the equation  (see Figure 2).

The name Cartesian comes from the French mathematician and philosopher René Descartes (Latin: Cartesius), who worked to merge algebra and Euclidean geometry. This work was important in creating calculus and cartography.

The idea of this system was developed in 1637 in two works by Descartes. In part two of his Discourse on Method, Descartes explains plotting the position of a point or object on a surface, using two perpendicular axes as measuring guides. In La Géométrie (Geometry), he further explores these ideas.

Related pages

Polar coordinate system

Coordinate systems
Gold (color)

Gold or golden is a yellowish orange color, or orange-tan color that is a bit like the color of the metal gold. The actual color of the metal, used for example in gilding, is called Metallic gold. Gold paint can be made by mixing brown, yellow paint and orange paint.

The web color gold is sometimes referred to as golden in order to distinguish it from the element gold. The use of gold as a color term in traditional usage is more often applied to the color "gold (metallic)". 	 		
The first recorded use of golden as a color name in English was in the year 1300 to refer to the element gold and in 1423 to refer to blonde hair.

Meaning of gold 
 Gold represents wealth because the metal gold is valuable.

 Gold represents accomplishment, as when an athlete wins a Gold Medal at the Olympics or when a musician makes a Gold Record (a record that sells at least 1,000,000 copies).

Tones of golden color comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors

References
Provinces of Cuba

Cuba is divided into fourteen provinces and one special municipality.

List of provinces 

From west to east, Cuba's provinces are:
 Isla de la Juventud
 Pinar del Río
 Artemisa
 City of Havana (Ciudad de La Habana)
 Mayabeque
 Matanzas
 Cienfuegos
 Villa Clara
 Sancti Spíritus
 Ciego de Ávila
 Camagüey
 Las Tunas
 Granma
 Holguín
 Santiago de Cuba
 Guantánamo

Cuba's "special municipality" is the Isla de la Juventud ("Island of Youth"), known until the 1970s as the Isla de Pinos ("Isle of Pines") and previously as "Evangelista", "Isle of Santiago" and "Isle of Parrots".

History 

Prior to 1976, Cuba was divided into the following provinces (from west to east):
 Pinar del Río
 La Habana
 Matanzas
 Las Villas (before 1940, "Santa Clara")
 Camagüey (before 1899, "Puerto Príncipe")
 Oriente (before 1905, "Santiago de Cuba")
  
These provinces were used to be the following areas on the map: Pinar del Rio (item 2), La Habana (items 1, 3, 4), Matanzas (5), Las Villas (approximately 6, 7, and 8 on map), Camaguey (roughly 9 and 10) and Oriente (11, 12, 13, 14 and 15).

Demographics 
Pop. = Population. Source: Cuba census 2002

References

Other websites 
 Map of contemporary provinces of Cuba on webhavana.com 
 Cuban Census 2002
Jeddah

Jeddah (also spelled Jedda, Jiddah, Jidda, or Juddah; جدّة Ǧiddah) is a Saudi Arabian city. It is on the coast of the Red Sea (21.50° N 39.1667° E). It is the major urban center in western Saudi Arabia. Jeddah is the largest city in the Western Province, and the second largest city in Saudi Arabia after the capital city Riyadh. The city has over 3.4 million people. It is seen as the business capital of Saudi Arabia and the richest city in the Middle East and western Asia.

Jeddah is the main gateway to Mecca, the holiest city of Islam, where able-bodied Muslims must go to at least once in a lifetime.

Sister cities 
Jeddah has 23 sister cities (aka "twin towns"):

  Almaty, Kazakhstan
  Amman, Jordan
  Baku, Azerbaijan
  Alexandria, Egypt
  Cairo, Egypt
  Stuttgart, Germany
  Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  Jakarta, Indonesia
  Istanbul, Turkey
  Adana, Turkey
  Johor Bahru, Malaysia
  Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
  Karachi, Pakistan
  Mari, Turkmenistan
  Odessa, Ukraine
  Osh, Kyrgyzstan
  Plovdiv, Bulgaria
  Casablanca, Morocco
  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  Shimonoseki, Japan
  St. Petersburg, Russia
  Strasbourg, France
  Xi'an, People's Republic of China

References

 
6th-century BC establishments
Establishments in Saudi Arabia
Horatio Nelson

Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson (29 September 1758 – 21 October 1805) was an English sea captain in the Royal Navy. He was born at the rectory of the village of Burnham Thorpe, Norfolk. 

Nelson commanded the British fleet during the Napoleonic Wars, fighting the French and Spanish. Nelson was blind in one eye, after being wounded in battle. During the Battle of Trafalgar, his greatest victory, he was killed by a French sniper.

Last words
At least three versions of his last words exist, and are shown in wikiquote. 

His most well-known last words are, "Kiss me, Hardy".

Another statement during his last hours was, "Thank God I have done my duty."

Alternatively, he may have said both of these statements; "Kiss me, Hardy" and Hardy kissed him on the cheek. Then Nelson said, "Now I am satisfied. Thank God I have done my duty." Then Hardy kissed him again on the forehead and Nelson called out, "Who is that?" Hardy replied, "It is Hardy." Then Nelson said, "God bless you, Hardy." Then he murmoured to those around him to look after Emma Hamilton and his daughter.

Most recently are accounts of his chaplain, Alexander Scott; his steward, Chevalier; and the purser, Walter Burke.  "Drink, drink. Fan, fan. Rub, rub" was a request to ease his symptoms of thirst, heat, and the pains of his wounds. 

Scott, who remained by Nelson as he died, recorded his last words as 'God and my country'.

References 

1758 births
1805 deaths
British admirals
British Barons
British Viscounts
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
People from Norfolk
United Kingdom Barons
United Kingdom Viscounts
Turquoise (color)

Turquoise is the color of the gem turquoise.  It is a slightly greenish shade of cyan.  Turquoise is sometimes described as a mixture of pale blue and green.  The name comes from the French word for Turkish.

Meaning of turquoise 

 People who practise holistic medicine say that turquoise has a calming effect on patients.  They use this color to treat patients prone to panic attacks or mania. To a lesser degree, mainstream psychiatric hospitals also use turquoise and other light shades of blue and green to calm patients by painting the walls in these colors.
 "The Turquoise" is slang for the waters of the Caribbean.  In the sunlight these waters look turquoise because they are shallow.
 The color and gem stone represent Sagittarius.

Tones of turquoise color comparison chart

Related pages
 List of colors
Amber (color)

The color amber is a yellow color. It got its name from the material known as amber. The amber color is halfway between yellow and orange on the color wheel.

The first recorded use of amber as a color name in English was in 1500.

Meaning of amber 
 Amber is used in traffic lights and turn signals.
 Amber is a symbolic color symbolizing energy.
 The color amber is associated with Zoroastrianism because of its practice of fire worship in fire temples (actually, the holy fire is simply a representation of the spiritual energy of God Ahura Mazda).
 The original Amber Room in the Catherine Palace of Tsarskoye Selo near Saint Petersburg was a complete chamber decoration of amber panels backed with gold leaf and mirrors. Due to its singular beauty, it was sometimes dubbed the Eighth Wonder of the World.
 Amber is a color worn by Hull City AFC, an English Association football team. Also worn by Mansfield Town F.C.

Tones of amber color comparison chart

Related pages
 List of colors

References
Sea captain

A sea captain, also known as a skipper, is the leader on a ship.  They are responsible for the safety of everyone on board.  If the ship is in trouble, most captains will not leave unless everyone is safe.

Related pages
Captain

Ships
Brain stem

The brainstem is the rear part of the brain. It has two sections: the hindbrain, which includes the pons and medula, and the midbrain.

Though the brainstem is small, it is extremely important. The motor (movement) and sensory connections from the main part of the brain to the rest of the body pass through the brain stem. Also, from the brainstem come the main motor and sensory nerves to the face and neck. These nerves are called the cranial nerves. The brainstem controls many bodily functions of which we are not normally aware, such as breathing, heart beat, and sweating. The brainstem controls functions which are unconscious, but necessary for life. 

The hindbrain consists of the pons, and the medulla oblongata; which is an extension of the spinal cord.  It connects the other parts of the brain (the cerebrum and cerebellum) to the spinal cord. Its neurons are the control centre of bodily functions, such as breathing and blood pressure.

Functions of the brainstem 
Conduction All information going between the body and the cerebellum and the cerebrum must go through the brainstem.
Nerves Cranial nerves 3–12 emerge from the brainstem. There are motor neurons in the brainstem that allow movement in the face, including speech and swallowing. 
Integration It is involved in cardiovascular system control, respiratory control, pain sensitivity control, alertness, awareness, and consciousness. Thus, brainstem damage is a serious and often life-threatening problem.

Anatomy of the brain
Ideology

An ideology is a collection of ideas or beliefs shared by a group of people. It may be a connected set of  ideas, or a style of thought, or a world-view. It was coined by a French philosopher, Destutt de Tracy in 1801/5.

There are two main types of ideologies: political ideologies, and epistemological ideologies. Political ideologies are sets of ethical ideas about how a country should be run. Epistemological ideologies are sets of ideas about the philosophy, the Universe, and how people should make decisions.

There are many different types of ideologies. Communism, socialism, and capitalism are  political/economical ideologies.

Many political parties base their political action and program on an ideology. In social studies, a political ideology is a certain ethical set of values, principles, doctrines, myths, or symbols of a social movement, institution, or class which explains how society should work. It offers a political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some parties follow a certain ideology very closely, while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them.

Political ideologies have two dimensions:
 Goals: how society should work (or be arranged).
 Methods: the most appropriate ways to achieve the ideal arrangement.

An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. democracy, theocracy, etc.), and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism, socialism, etc.). Sometimes the same word is used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, "socialism" may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology which supports that economic system.

Ideologies also identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the center or the right), though this is very often controversial. Finally, ideologies can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g. populism) and from single issues that a party may be built around (e.g. legalization of marijuana). 

Today, many commentators claim that we are living in a post-ideological age, in which redemptive, all-encompassing ideologies have failed. This is often associated with Francis Fukuyama's writings on "the end of history".

References

Philosophy
Sociology
Political ideologies
Lilac (colour)

Lilac is a light violet colour. It is named after the colour of the lilac flower.  The actual colour of the flowers of the plant may range from the colour of the lilac flowers shown at left to a richer or deeper colour.  These colours, such as rich lilac and deep lilac, are shown in the colour chart below.

The first written use of lilac as a colour name in English was in 1775.

Meaning of lilac
 Lilac is a soft dainty colour that is often associated with grandparents or grandchildren and used on greeting cards addressed to grandparents or grandchildren.

Tones of lilac and Persian lilac colour comparison charts
Some lilac flowers are coloured tones of lilac and other lilac flowers are coloured tones of red-violet.  Those lilac flowers that are coloured red-violet are said to be coloured Persian lilac.  Therefore, two different colour comparison charts are provided.

Tones of lilac colour comparison chart

Tones of Persian lilac colour comparison chart
See also red-violet

Related pages
 List of colors

References
Rajkumar

Dr. Rajkumar (Real Name: Singanalluru Puttaswamayya Muthuraju April 24, 1929—April 12,2006) was the most popular actor in Kannada's movie industry. He was seen as a role model to millions of Kannadigas.

"Dr. Raj" or "Natasarvabhouma" or "Annavru" (Big Brother) to millions of his fans, he was also called the John Wayne of South Indian cinema. He acted in more than 200 movies over 50 years. Most of his movies have become very important in the Kannada movie industry. He was also a well-known singer.

References 

1924 births
2006 deaths
Indian actors
Nicholas

Nicholas is a male first name. 
The name is derived from the Greek name “Nikólaos” and is developed out nikáo “triumphs” and laós “people”. After the Greek word use the name can mean both “winner of the people” and “winner over the people”.

People named Nicholas

Saints with the name
Nicholas of Myra, bishop of Myra, in the 4th century. Commonly known as Saint Nicholas. Santa Claus is modelled on him.
Nicholas of Flüe
Nicholas of Japan

Monarchs
Nicholas I of Russia
Nicholas II of Russia

Popes and Antipopes
Pope Nicholas I
Pope Nicholas II
Pope Nicholas III
Pope Nicholas IV
Pope Nicholas V
Antipope Nicholas V

Patriarchs
Patriarch Nicholas I of Constantinople
Patriarch Nicholas II of Constantinople
Patriarch Nicholas III of Constantinople
Patriarch Nicholas IV of Constantinople

Other people
Nicholas of Cusa
Nikolaus Groß

Related pages
Nick
Freedom fighter

A freedom fighter is a person who thinks their native ethnic group is not free, and is working to have freedom for their group. Most often this means that a freedom fighter wants their people to have own nation and independence and/or get rid of oppressors. People who think like this are said to think in a nationalist way

Freedom fighter is a relativistic term - this means a person decides by his or her point of view if he call some persons or groups freedom fighters or not. Freedom fighter is a positive term - this means that he or she calls a person "freedom fighter" only if he or she supports the goals of the freedom fighter. If people do not support his goals, they probably use more negative terms like insurgent, terrorist, rebel or criminal.

Freedom fighters are often called terrorists by their opponents if they hurt civilians. However, not all freedom fighters hurt civilians. Some freedom fighters damage the opposing military. Some freedom fighters damage property - this is called sabotage. There are also freedom fighters who do not use violence at all. For example, Mahatma Gandhi and Dalai Lama.

Groups 
These are examples of groups who call themselves freedom fighters.
 The African National Congress, c.f. Alfred Nzo's Address to the British Trades Union Congress at its Presentation of a Gold Medal to Nelson Mandela , 1988.
 Al-Qaeda
 Aryan Nations
 Babbar Khalsa (Sikh separatists)
 CNRT Conselho Nacional de Resistência Timorense
 The Continuity Irish Republican Army
 Earth Liberation Front
 ETA Euskadi Ta Askatasuna - Basque nationalist organization
 GAM Gerakan Aceh Merdeka
 Hamas
 Hezbollah
 Hizbul Mujahideen - Kashmiri separatists
 The Irish National Liberation Army
 The Irish People's Liberation Organisation
 The Irish Republican Army
 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil Separatists)
 Mahdi Army a militia force created by and loyal to the Iraqi Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr
 The New Peoples' Army
 The National Liberation Front of Algeria (FLN)
 The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
 The Real Irish Republican Army
 The Scottish National Liberation Army
 The Ulster Defence Regiment
 The Ulster Freedom Fighters
 The Ulster Volunteer Force

Other examples 
 The Dalai Lama: "We are freedom fighters unique in our peaceful approach to liberation."
 Sitting Bull
 Nelson Mandela
 Mahatma Gandhi
 Michael Collins (Irish leader)
 Red Cloud
 William the Silent
 George Washington
 Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman

In public media
•Assassin's Creed is based around a group of freedom fighters.

•The Hunger Games is set in a dystopia that later features freedom fighters.

Human rights
Freedom
Wood grain

Wood grain describes the ,  and appearance of the wood . This is often important in its effect on woodworking techniques (e.g. against the grain).

In describing the alignment of the wood in the tree a distinction may be made. Basic grain descriptions and types include:
 straight - grain which runs in a single direction along the cut wood, a product of a straight growing tree
 cross - grain in which some cells grow out from the major growth axis of the tree
 spiral - grain which develops as the trunk of the tree twists in development
 interlocked (roey grain) A step beyond spiral grain occurring when growth rings in a twisting trunk develop misaligned grain

In addition, there are a few special grain alignments. Their rarity often promotes the value of both the raw material, and the finished work it becomes a part of. These include:

 bird's eye
 quilted
 fiddleback
 curly
 tiger

In describing the application of a woodworking technique to a given piece of wood, the direction of the technique might be:
 with the grain
 against the grain
 across the grain

In a wider sense, the term grain may also be applied to the orientation of the cut, the way a given piece of wood has been sawn: 
 flat-grain: flat-sawn or plain sawn,
 edge grain: quarter-sawn or rift-sawn or straight-grained, and
 end grain.

Wood
Groove (joinery)

In joinery, a groove is a slot or trench cut into a member which runs parallel to the grain. A groove is something else than  a dado, which runs across the grain. 

Grooves are used for several purposes in cabinet making and other woodworking fields. Typically, a groove is used to house the panels in frame and panel construction and the bottoms drawers.

A groove may be through, meaning that it passes all the way through the surface and its ends are open, or stopped, meaning that one or both of the ends finish before the groove meets edge of the surface.

Methods
A groove can be cut by the following methods:
electric router using a straight or rebate bit
circular saw with multiple passes (depending on width and depth)
dado set in a single pass
spindle moulder (wood shaper)
hand saw and chisel
router plane
Woodworking
Dalai Lama

The Dalai Lama  is a religious figure in Tibetan Buddhism. He is its highest spiritual teacher of the Gelugpa school. A new Dalai Lama is said to be the reborn old Dalai Lama. This line goes back to 1391. The 14th and current Dalai Lama is Tenzin Gyatso.

Between the 17th century and 1959, the Dalai Lama was the head of the Tibetan government. During the winter, the Dalai Lamas stayed in the Potala palace. In the summer they lived in the Norbulingka palace. These two palaces are both in Lhasa, Tibet. In 1959, the Dalai Lama had to flee from Tibet to Dharamsala, India. This is still his base to this day.

The current Dalai Lama is His Holiness Tenzin Gyatso.

Dalai Lama is the title of Tibetan Buddhism leader. "Dalai" is original from Mongolian which means "ocean" and "Lama" is original from Tibetan which means "the highest principle". In 1653, during the Qing Dynasty, this title was authorized to Dalai Lama V by the Chinese Emperor for the first time.

Modern history 
The 13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso, expelled all Chinese civilians from the country, and instituted many measures to modernise Tibet. These included provisions to curb excessive demands on peasants and tax evasion by the nobles, setting up an independent police force, the abolishment of the death penalty, extension of secular education, and the provision of electricity throughout the city of Lhasa in the 1920s. Thubten Gyatso died in 1933.

The 14th Dalai Lama was not formally enthroned until 17 November 1950, during the People's Republic of China invasion of Tibet (1950–1951). Fearing for his life, the 14th Dalai Lama fled to India where he has led a government-in-exile since. With the aim of launching guerrilla operations against the Chinese, the Central Intelligence Agency funded the Dalai Lama $1.7 million a year in the 1960s. In 2001, he gave up his absolute power over the government to an elected parliament of selected Tibetan exiles. His original goal was full independence for Tibet, but by the late 1980s, he was seeking high-level autonomy instead. He is still seeking greater autonomy from China, although Dolma Gyari, deputy speaker of the parliament-in-exile has stated "If the middle path fails in the short term, we will be forced to opt for complete independence or selfdetermination as per the UN charter".

References 

Asian people
Woodworking joints

Joinery often refers to the part of woodworking that involves the joining together of parts of wood.

Traditional wood joinery techniques use
the distinctive material properties of wood, often without mechanical fasteners. There are different types of joinery for different structures, for example the joinery used
to build a house is different from that used to make puzzle toys,
although elements overlap.

Wood is strong when stressed along the grain (longitudinally), but weak across it (radially and tangentially). It expands and contracts in response to humidity.
This change is very small longitudinally.  It is considerable, but unequal,
in the radial and tangential directions.

Images of different types of joints

Styles of joinery
Two of the most common traditions of joinery are Japanese and European. The Japanese in particular developed hundreds of types of joints and their furniture was often held together without glue or nails.

Related pages
Woodworking

References
 Bernard Jones (Ed.) (1980). The Complete Woodworker.   
 Peter Korn (1993). Working with Wood.   
 Sam Allen (1990). Wood Joiner's Handbook. Sterling Publishing. 
 Wolfram Graubner (1992). Encyclopedia of Wood Joints. Taunton Press. 

Woodworking
George Grenville

George Grenville (14 October 1712–13 November 1770) was Prime Minister of Great Britain. He was a member of the Whig Party. He was one of the few prime ministers who never was given a title of nobility.

Grenville was the second son of Richard Grenville and Hester Temple. His older brother was Richard Grenville-Temple.  Grenville went to school at Eton College and at Christ Church College, Oxford.  He entered Parliament in 1741 as member for Buckingham, and represented Buckingham until his death.

As Treasurer of the Navy in 1758 he introduced and carried a bill which established a fairer system of paying the wages of sailors. He stayed in office in 1761, when Pitt resigned, and in the administration of Lord Bute acted as Leader of the House of Commons. In May 1762 he became Secretary of State for the Northern Department, and in October First Lord of the Admiralty; and in April 1763 he became First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer. 

While Prime Minister, his government oversaw the prosecution of John Wilkes and the passing of the American Stamp Act 1765, which led to the first disagreements between American colonies and Great Britain that led to the American Revolutionary War.  

After many years of being Prime Minister, he began to have disagreements with young king George III.  The king started to think that the Prime Minister was using him as a puppet.  The king convinced Rockingham to become the new Prime Minister and Grenville never held an office again.

Grenville was called the "gentile shepherd" because he bored the House by asking over and over again, during the debate on the Cider Bill of 1763, that somebody should tell him "where" to lay the new tax if it was not to be put on cider. Pitt whistled the air of the popular tune Gentle Shepherd, tell me where, and the House laughed. Though few excelled him in a knowledge of the forms of the House or in mastery of administrative details, he lacked tact in dealing with people and with affairs.

In 1749 Grenville married Elizabeth Wyndham (before 1731-5 December 1769), daughter of Sir William Wyndham. They had seven children.

1712 births
1770 deaths
Politicians from London
Whig party (UK) politicians
Prime Ministers of Great Britain
Harald Hardrada

Harald Sigurdsson was also known as Harald of Norway (;  – 25 September 1066). He was also called Hardrada (, modern Norwegian:  ("stern counsel" or "hard ruler") in the sagas). 

Harald was King of Norway (as Harald III) from 1046 to 1066. Also, he unsuccessfully claimed the Danish throne until 1064 and the English throne in 1066. Before becoming king, Harald had spent about fifteen years in exile as a mercenary and military commander in Kievan Rus' and of the Varangian Guard in the Byzantine Empire.

When he was fifteen years old, in 1030, Harald fought with his half-brother Olaf against Cnut (Canute). Olaf sought to reclaim the Norwegian throne, which he had lost to the Danish king Cnut the Great two years before. In the battle, Olaf and Harald were defeated by forces loyal to Cnut.  Harald was forced into exile to the Kievan Rus'.  After some time in the army of Grand Prince Yaroslav the Wise, he moved on to Constantinople with his companions around 1034. In Constantinople, he commanded the Byzantine Varangian Guard. 

Harald got wealthy during his time in the Byzantine Empire. He shipped the money to Yaroslav in Kievan Rus' for safekeeping. He finally left the Byzantines in 1042. He arrived back in Kievan Rus' to prepare his campaign of reclaiming the Norwegian throne. In his absence Olaf's illegitimate son Magnus the Good had got the throne. Magnus had also become king of Denmark.

In 1046, Harald joined forces with Magnus's rival in Denmark the pretender Sweyn II of Denmark, and started raiding the Danish coast. Magnus, unwilling to fight his uncle, agreed to share the kingship with Harald, since Harald in turn would share his wealth with him. The co-rule ended abruptly the next year as Magnus died, so Harald became the sole ruler of Norway. 

Domestically, Harald crushed all opposition, and outlined the union of Norway under a national rule. Harald's reign was probably one of relative peace and stability, and he set up a viable coin economy and foreign trade. Probably seeking to restore Cnut's "North Sea Empire", Harald also claimed the Danish throne, and spent nearly every year until 1064 raiding the Danish coast and fighting his former ally, Sweyn. Although the campaigns were successful, he was never able to conquer Denmark.

Not long after Harald had renounced his claim to Denmark, the former Earl of Northumbria, Tostig Godwinson, brother of the English king Harold Godwinson, pledged his allegiance to Harald and invited him to claim the English throne. Harald invaded Northern England with 10,000 troops and 300 longships in September 1066, raided the coast and defeated English regional forces of Northumbria and Mercia in the Battle of Fulford near York. Although initially successful, Harald was defeated and killed in an attack by Harold Godwinson's forces in the Battle of Stamford Bridge, which wiped out almost his entire army. Modern historians have often considered Harald's death, which brought an end to his invasion, as the end of the Viking Age.  The famous Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records these events.

References

1015 births
1066 deaths
Kings and Queens of Norway
Normans

The Normans were Vikings who settled in northern France. There they made a kingdom called Normandy.

In 1066 the Normans attacked England and took over. The battle was called The Battle Of Hastings. They ruled England for about 300 years. There they built the Tower of London, Windsor Castle and many other stone castles.

Norman life

Clothes 
Normans wore woollen tunics and sometimes they wore a waistband to keep the tunic in place. The men also wore long cloaks.

Food 
Normans ate dairy, oatmeal porridge, green vegetables and sometimes meat. They often used honey as a sweetener and for mead (an alcoholic drink).

Castles 
Normans built many stone castles that often had moats around them to protect them from intruders.

Houses 
Norman houses had a wooden frame with sticks and twigs woven in between, which is called wattle, and then it was all covered in a layer of daub which was made from mud, wet clay, dung and straw. The roofs were usually thatched.

Normans in Ireland 
Diarmuid MacMurrough, King of Leinster kidnapped the King of Breifne’s wife. Then Rory O’Connor, the High King of Ireland fired him from being the King of Leinster. Diarmuid still wanted to be king so he hired some Normans, lead by Strongbow to help him get the throne back. Diarmuid had to pay Strongbow so he said that he could marry his daughter and become king when Diarmuid died. Strongbow agreed to this. They first came to Ireland at Bannow Bay, Wexford in 1169 and soon they got the throne back for Diarmuid. King Henry II, King of England and part of France, thought that Strongbow was getting too powerful since Strongbow wasn’t actually the king, so Henry decided to take over the whole of Ireland. He sent over some other Normans who arrived at Ireland in Baginbun, Wexford in 1170. Then King Henry II became King of Ireland as well.

While the Normans were in Ireland they built the original Dublin castle and many other stone castles.

Normans probably introduced rabbits and fallow deer to Ireland for meat and skins.

References 

Ethnic groups in Europe
Germanic tribes
Middle Ages
Normans
Captain

Captain is a military rank.  

Captains are officers in an army.  In a navy, the commander of an entire ship is called "Captain" even if he is actually a lower rank. A Navy Captain rank is equal to the army rank of colonel. Another type of captain may command a merchant vessel or other ship that is not in a navy. 

There are also captains in other uniformed organisations, including the police. A leader of a sports team is also called a captain, as well as the pilot of an airliner.

Military ranks
Law enforcement occupations
Ships
Wire rope

Wire rope consists of several strands laid (or 'twisted') together like a helix. Each strand is likewise made of metal wires laid together like a helix. Initially wrought iron wires were used, but today steel is the main material used for wire ropes.

History & materials
Modern wire rope was invented by the German mining engineer Wilhelm Albert in the years between 1831 and 1834 for use in mining in the Harz Mountains in Clausthal, Lower Saxony, Germany. It was quickly accepted because it was better than ropes made of hemp or to metal chains, such as had been used before.

Wilhelm Albert's first ropes consisted of wires twisted about a hemp rope core, six such strands then being twisted around another hemp rope core in alternating directions for extra stability. Earlier forms of wire rope had been made by covering a bundle of wires with hemp.

In America wire rope was later manufactured by John A. Roebling, forming the basis for his success in suspension bridge building. Roebling introduced a number of innovations in the design, materials and manufacture of wire rope.

Manufacturing a wire rope is similar to making one from natural fibres. The individual wires are first twisted into a strand, then six or so such strands again twisted around a core. This core may consist of steel, but also of natural fibres such as sisal, manila, henequen, jute, or hemp. This is used to cushion off stress forces when bending the rope.

Construction & specification
The specification of a wire rope type, including the number of wires per strand, the number of strands, and the lay of the rope, are is documented using a commonly accepted coding system, with abbreviations. For example, the rope shown in the figure "Wire rope construction" is designated:

6x19 FC RH OL FSWR

Each of the sections of the wire rope designation described above is variable. There are therefore a large number of combinations of wire rope that can be specified in this manner. The following abbreviations are commonly used to specify a wire rope.

Other websites 
 Modern history of wire rope

Hardware (mechanical)
Ropework
Liekkiö

Finnish mythology has several different kinds of Liekkiö ("flamey").  One of them is Ihtiriekko, a ghost of a bastard child.

Stories tell that a woman had sex with someone else than her husband. Maybe she did not even have a husband. She then get pregnant and gave birth to a baby. This way to make a baby was not accepted by church and society - that kind of baby is called bastard. Mother had to kill her bastard child to avoid being blamed by priests or other people. Mother then buried child outside graveyard and without priests blessing the body. The soul of the baby could not go to heaven because their body was not at a graveyard and was not blessed by a priest. This is why they became a ghost.

This ghost could make terrible noise until somebody dugs up their body and buries it in graveyard. Such ghost people are called Ihtiriekko. Ghosts could also be quiet, but they might be seen as a flame in forest, like will o' the wisp. Such ghost people are called Liekkiö.

Finnish mythology

es:Ihtiriekko
Bastard

A bastard is a person who was born of parents who are not married to one another. It is considered by some cultures and individuals as a nasty or insulting word, or sometimes even profanity, with the term illegitimate being a little more polite. Some cultures see illegitimate children as dirty or bad, and only accept sexual relations between married couples.

Related pages
 Illegitimacy

Pejoratives
English profanity