alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Warranty

In commercial and consumer transactions, a warranty is an obligation that an article or service that is sold has the quality the buyer can reasonably expect from the seller.

That often means that there must be a remedy. That means repair or replacement if the article or service is not as good as the warranty says. It is a breach of the warranty when the promise is broken, i.e., a product is defective or not as good as should be expected by a reasonable buyer.

In business and legal transactions, a warranty is an assurance by one party to the other party that certain facts or conditions are true or will happen. The other party is allowed to rely on that assurance and seek some type of remedy if it is not true or followed.

A warranty may be express or implied.

Express warranty

An express warranty is typically a guarantee from the seller of a product that specifies the extent to which the quality or performance of the product is assured and states the conditions under which the product can be returned, replaced, or changed.

Implied warranty

An implied warranty is one that arises from the nature of the transaction, and the understanding by the buyer.
To be "merchantable", the goods must reasonably conform to an ordinary buyer's expectations, i.e., they are what they say they are. For example, a fruit that looks and smells good but has hidden defects would violate the implied warranty of merchantability if its quality does not meet the standards for such fruit "as passes ordinarily in the trade".

Breach of warranty
A warranty is violated when the promise is broken; when goods are not as should be expected, at the time the sale occurs, whether or not the defect is apparent. Most warranties exclude parts that normally wear out, and supplies that must be periodically replaced as they are normally used up (e.g., tires and lubrication on a vehicle). 

Many people do not realize that extended warranties are not always provided through the manufacturer, but in some circumstances it may work to the consumer's benefit. For instance, when an auto warranty is provided through a dealership from the manufacturer, repairs on the vehicle are reimbursed at a lower negotiated rate.

Legal aspects of warranties and disclaimers

In the United States, the rights and remedies of buyers and sellers of goods are governed by the Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) as it has been adopted with variations from state to state.

Car warranty 
A car warranty is at least one year. Three years is more common. Five years is an extended warranty.

Home warranty 
A home warranty protects against the high costs of home and appliance repair by offering insurance coverage for appliances and equipment in the house.

Other websites 
(US) Federal Trade Commission: Warranty Information 
Home Warranty Companies
Introduction to Laptop Warranties 
American Home Shield

References

he:ערבות
Business law
Blue box

A blue box is a device that someone could use to make free telephone calls. It worked by playing back the same sounds that the telephone company employees used to program their equipment.

The most famous person to use a blue box was John Draper, who went by the name Captain Crunch. Draper taught Steve Wozniak how to build them. Wozniak and Steve Jobs sold blue boxes to fellow students at the University of California, Berkeley. One time, Wozniak used a blue box to call the Pope.

Related pages
 Red box

Telephone
Electronics
Red box

A red box is a device that people used illegally in the 20th century to make free telephone calls at a payphone. It worked by playing back the same sounds that the payphone sends to the phone company when coins are put into it.

Related pages
Blue box

Other websites 
 "Frequently Asked Questions About Red Boxing" by Mr. Sandman
 All about the Red Box and related devices 
 Red Boxing For Dummies 

Telephone
Electronics
Silicon Graphics

Silicon Graphics, Inc. (SGI) is a company that makes high-end computers.  The company was founded by Jim Clark and Abbey Silverstone in 1982 to make graphics display terminals. SGI was famous for making very good computers for 3D animation working on video and pictures. They invented many things that other companies still use today.

American computer hardware manufacturers
Companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
1991 establishments in California
2009 disestablishments in the United States
Defunct companies of the United States
Constituency

A constituent is a voting member of a community or organization and has the power to appoint or elect. A constituency is all of the constituents of a representative. Constituents also have the power to remove their representative from the position to which they have appointed him or her. All of the constituents who are registered to vote are called the electorate.

In the United Kingdom, a parliamentary constituency is a district that elects a member of parliament. It is sometimes called a Parliamentary seat or a Division. Constituencies for local government elections are called either Wards or electoral divisions.

As of 2020, there are 650 House of Commons constituencies in the UK:
 List of Parliamentary constituencies in the United Kingdom
 MPs elected in the UK general election, 2005 lists the constituencies after that election.

Northern Ireland has 18 constituencies, each of which elect six MLAs to  the Northern Ireland Assembly under the Single Transferable Vote system.

The Scottish Parliament has 73 single-member constituencies, with the remaining 56 seats being selected by the Additional Member System (AMS).  Until the passage of the Scottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004, the constituencies of the Scottish Parliament were identical to those of the House of Commons.

The National Assembly for Wales has 40 constituencies which are identical to the Welsh constituencies of the House of Commons.  Its remaining 20 seats are selected by AMS.

The London Assembly has 14 single-member constituencies.  Its remaining 11 seats are selected by AMS.

The United States House of Representatives has 435 constituencies called "Congressional districts" each electing one member.  

The term "constituency" is usual in many countries, especially in members of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Democracy
Local government

Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a state or province.  The term is used to contrast with offices at nation-state level, which are referred to as the central government, national government, or (where appropriate) federal government.

What a local government does changes depending on what country it is in, and even when they are similar what it is called often varies.  Common names for local governments include state, province, région, départment, county, prefecture, district, city, township, town, borough, parish, municipality, shire and village.  However all these names are often used informally in countries where they do not describe a legal local government.

Related pages 
 Local Government Area

References

Other websites

 Department of Local and Regional Democracy and Good Governance—Council of Europe
  Local Governments at USA.gov 
  Japan Local Government Center
Stain

A stain is a spot that has another color than the material on which it is found. It can be occur without intention in the case of domestic stains on fabric, cloth, or other material, or it can be intentional. Stains are used intentionally in a variety of fields, including research (biochemical staining), technology (metal staining), and art (wood staining, stained glass.)

Different types of material can be stained by different substances, and stain resistance is an important characteristic in modern textile engineering.  Various laundry techniques exist to attempt to remove or minimize existing stains, and stain removers are an important type of chemical in laundry detergents. Some stand-alone stain removers also exist.

Substances that may create stains
 blood
 chocolate 
 coffee
 fruits and their juices, particularly orange juice
 grass
 grease
 ink (notably permanent marker)
 oil
 sauces (particularly tomato based)
 soda (particularly orange soda)
 sweat
 wine
 table salt
 talc, cornstarch or chalk
 borax
 lemon juice or lemon

Fabrics
 carpet
 cotton
 leather
 silk
 various fabrics in shoes
 wool

Stain removers

 bleach  (do not mix with ammonia)
 ammonia (do not mix with bleach)
 vinegar
 baking soda
 rubbing alcohol
 hydrogen peroxide
 cream of tartar
 sun
 club soda

References

Everyday life
Stainless steel

Stainless steel, also known as inox steel, is a steel alloy with a minimum of 10.5 or 11% chromium content by mass.  

Stainless steel does not stain, corrode, or rust as easily as ordinary steel, but it is not stain-proof.

The term 'corrosion resistant steel' is used when the alloy has less than the 12% minimum of chromium, for example in the aviation industry. There are different grades and surface finishes of stainless steel, depending on where it will be used. Stainless steels have a higher resistance to oxidation (rust) and corrosion in many natural and man-made environments, Different stainless steels have different amounts of different metals in them, and they are good for different purposes. There are over 150 grades of stainless steel, of which fifteen are the most used. 

The idea behind stainless steel was discovered in the first part of the 19th century, but it took about 80 years to develop a reliable industrial method. French, British and American inventors worked on this until a genuine stainless steel was produced. The invention of modern stainless steel can be dated to 1913, and it was done by Harry Brearley in Sheffield, Yorkshire. A common use for stainless steel is cutlery (knives, forks, and spoons). Stainless steel cutlery was a big industry in the mid-20th century Sheffield. Stainless steel is also used in future space rockets, like Starship and Terran R.

References

Other websites 

Articles about stainless steel  by International Stainless Steel Forum
What is stainless steel  by BSSA
Euro Inox (multilingual portal)
Comprehensive information about stainless steel by The Stainless Steel Information Center
Comprehensive information about metallurgy of stainless steel by Cambridge University
Life cycle costing of stainless steel 
Introduction to stainless steel by KOSA

Alloys
Iron
Ferrous

Ferrous is an adjective coming from the Latin ferrum (iron). One uses this word to indicate the presence of iron, mostly in metallurgy or related industries.
There are also non-ferrous metals, which are metals that have no iron in them at all.

Ferrous can also refer to iron in its +2 oxidation state.

"Ferrous" is also the name of a song by Peter Gabriel.

Related pages
Iron compounds

Metals
Iron
Yellowcake

Yellowcake is a type of uranium powder. Yellowcake is made from rocks and minerals with uranium inside, like uraninite, after they are changed in a factory. Yellowcake can be made into fuel for nuclear reactors, or it can be used in making atomic bombs.

Uranium
Nuclear energy
Ductility

Ductility is when a solid material stretches under tensile strain. If ductile, a material may be stretched into a wire. Malleability, a similar property, is a material's ability to deform under pressure (compressive stress). If malleable, a material may be flattened by hammering or rolling.  

Both of these properties are aspects of plasticity.  Plasticity is how far a solid material can be deformed without fracture.  These properties are commonplace in metals, and are dependent on temperature and pressure.  This was investigated by Percy Williams Bridgman as part of his 1946 Nobel Prize–winning work on high pressures.

Ductility and malleability do not always go together. Gold has high ductility and malleability, but lead has low ductility and high malleability.  The word ductility is sometimes used to embrace both types of plasticity.

Gold, copper, aluminium, and steel have high ductility.

References

Related pages 
 Stress (mechanics)

Materials science
Curse

A curse is a word which threatens the other person to have bad luck. Nobody knows if it really works or become true. Some people believe in them even so, that they become true by magic. For example, for fairy tales, the princes are cursed to become a beast or a frog (i.e. frog prince) by witches because of their bad behaviours. But in the end a princess saves them. 

There was also something called a "curse tablet" which Romans used to curse people they did not like. They would often let them drift to the river so that the curse will be carried to where that person who has the curse. But many curses are made when people are jealous and they want that person who has the curse to not do well. 

The opposite of a curse is a blessing.

Related pages
Evil eye
Nithing pole

References

Superstitions
Ventricular fibrillation

Ventricular fibrillation (often shortened to VF or V-Fib) is a serious type of irregular heart rhythm or cardiac arrhythmia.  This is a Cardiac arrhythmia that requires immediate shocks with a Defibrillator and Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR). If it’s not treated immediately, a patient can suffer brain damage or death. "Arrhythmia" means the heart is not beating normally.

What is Ventricular Fibrillation? 
When a person is in ventricular fibrillation, the heart does not beat in any kind of normalized pattern. Instead, it quivers and twitches very quickly.    

This problem is called "ventricular" fibrillation because it affects the ventricles of the heart.  The ventricles are the biggest parts of the heart.  Their job is to pump blood (which carries oxygen) to the lungs or the rest of the body.  When a person is in ventricular fibrillation, the ventricles cannot do this job.  This means that the lungs, brain, and other organs will not get enough blood or oxygen.  

Ventricular fibrillation is a medical emergency.  Without enough blood and oxygen, no part of the body can survive.  If ventricular fibrillation continues for long enough, the blood will stop circulating around the body.  The person's breathing and heart will stop.  The person will die unless they get treatment quickly.

Treatment 
Ventricular fibrillation can be stopped by shocking the heart with shocks from a Defibrillator.  If a defibrillator is not available,Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) should be done to keep the blood flowing until an ambulance comes or a defibrillator is available.  

Doctors,Paramedics or other medical personnel can also give special medicines called anti-arrhythmic medicines, which can make the heart start beating normally again.  Some common anti-arrhythmic medicines are Amiodarone and Lidocaine. Epinephrine and Atropine or Sodium Bicarb can also be administered if necessary.  

If a person with ventricular fibrillation is treated right away, treatment is 90% successful (it works in 9 out of 10 people).  But treatment gets 10% less successful after every minute (so if treatment starts after one minute, it will work in only 8 out of 10 people.  After 5 minutes, it will work in only 4 out of 10 people.)  So getting treatment as soon as possible is very important.  If a person cannot be treated with medicine or a defibrillator right away, CPR will help keep blood and oxygen flowing through the person's body until treatment arrives.
 
In patients who are very likely to keep having ventricular fibrillation, a special defibrillator can be put into their chest by a surgeon.  (This special defibrillator is called an "implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.")  Any time the person goes into ventricular fibrillation, the defibrillator will give the person's heart an electric shock, to bring the heart back into a normal rhythm.

Cardiology
Medical emergencies
Tachycardia

Tachycardia is the fast beating of the heart. In adults, it refers to heart rates higher than 100 beats per minute. Tachycardia may be a normal physiological response to stress, but depending on the cause and how healthy the patient is, tachycardia could be harmful and need medical treatment. In some cases, tachycardia can cause death.

Tachycardia can be harmful in two ways. First, when the heart beats too rapidly, it may perform inefficiently. Second, the faster the heart beats, the more oxygen and nutrients the heart requires. This can be especially problematic for patients suffering from ischaemic heart disease.

Medical emergencies
Cardiovascular system
Material fracture

A fracture is the separation of a body into more than one piece under the action of stress.

The word fracture is often applied to bones of living creatures or to crystals or crystalline materials, such as gemstones or metal. Sometimes, fractures can happen without the object actually separating into two or more pieces.

Materials science
Shear stress

Shear stress is a stress state where the stress is parallel to the surface of the material, as opposed to normal stress when the stress is perpendicular to the surface. 

Shear stress is relevant to the motion of fluids upon surfaces, which result in the generation of shear stress.
Also constructions in soil can fail due to shear; e.g., the weight of an earth-filled dam may cause the subsoil to collapse, like a small landslide.

Related pages
 Scissors work by shear stress

Materials science
Tension (mechanics)

Tension is a reaction force applied by a stretched string (rope or a similar object) on the objects which stretch it. The direction of the force of tension is parallel to the string, towards the string.

Tension exists also inside the string itself: if the string is made up of two parts, tension is the force which the two parts of the string apply on each other. The amount of tension in the string determines whether it will break, as well as its vibrational properties, which are used in musical instruments.

Related pages

 Force (physics)
 Pulley
 Stress (physics)

Force
Mechanics
IOU

IOU means "I Owe You" or "I Owe Unto". It is a note between two people that is used to say that one person owes something to the other as debt. It is usually used for currency. I.O.U.'s are most often only used between people that know each other very well, for example, friends.

Money
Inorganic compound

An inorganic compound is a chemical compound that does not have carbon–hydrogen bonds that is, it is not an organic compound. That means it is not a carbon-based compound.

Types of inorganic compounds 
The division between the two types of compound is not absolute. Some carbon-containing compounds are traditionally considered inorganic. Many chemicals in nature are not compounds, but are ions. Sodium, chloride, and phosphate ions are essential for life, as are some inorganic molecules such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water and oxygen. Aside from these simple ions and molecules, virtually all compounds covered by biochemistry contain carbon and can be considered organic or organometallic.

Major types of inorganic compounds may  include:
 Minerals, such as salt, asbestos, silicates, ...
 Alloys, like brass, bronze, ...
 Most compounds involving non-metallic elements, like silicon, phosphorus, chlorine, oxygen, for example water

Chemical compounds
Applied mechanics

Applied mechanics, also known as theoretical and applied mechanics, is a branch of the physical sciences and the practical application of mechanics.  Applied mechanics examines the response of bodies (solids and fluids) to external forces.  Some examples of mechanical systems include the flow of a liquid under pressure, the fracture of a solid from an applied force, or the vibration of an ear in response to sound.  A practitioner of the discipline is known as a mechanician.  

Applied mechanics, as its name suggests, bridges the gap between physical theory and its application to technology.   

Mechanical engineering
Mechanics

Mechanics is a branch of physics which looks at objects that are moved by forces (including other bodies, or forces of nature).

The discipline has its roots in ancient Greece where Aristotle studied the way bodies behaved when they were thrown through the air (e.g. a stone). However it was Galileo, Kepler and especially Newton who laid the foundations for much of the so-called Newtonian mechanics we know today.

A person working in the discipline is known as a mechanician.

Significance 
Mechanics is the original discipline of physics, dealing with the macroscopic world that humans perceive. It is therefore a huge body of knowledge about the natural world. Mechanics encompasses the movement of all matter in the universe under the four forces: gravity, the strong and weak interactions, and the electromagnetic interaction.

Mechanics also constitutes a central part of technology.

Some aspects of classical mechanics 
 Astrodynamics, spacecraft navigation, orbital eccentricity, etc.
 Solid mechanics, elasticity, the properties of (semi-)rigid bodies
 Acoustics, sound in solids, fluids, etc.
 Hydraulics, fluids in equilibrium
 Applied / Engineering mechanics
 Statistical mechanics, large assemblies of particles
 Relativistic or Einsteinian mechanics, universal gravitation

Newton 
Newton proposed three laws of motion. 
An object will stay at a constant speed unless a force acts on it. 
F= Ma: the overall force acting on an object = the mass of the object multiplied by the object's acceleration.
For every action there is an equal but opposite reaction.

Quantum mechanics 
The following are categorized as being part of Quantum mechanics:
 Particle physics, the motion, structure, and reactions of particles
 Nuclear physics, the motion, structure, and reactions of nuclei
 Condensed matter physics, quantum gases, solids, liquids, etc.
 Quantum statistical mechanics, large assemblies of particles

Related pages
 Kinematics
 Mechanical engineering
 Physics

Other websites 
Blogs:
 iMechanica: the web of mechanics and mechanicians
 Mechanics Blog by a Purdue University Professor
 The Mechanics program at Virginia Tech
Newton

Newton may refer to many things:

Physics 

 Newton (unit), the SI unit of force (named in honour of Isaac Newton)
 Newton scale, a temperature scale devised by Isaac Newton
 Newtonian mechanics

People 

Newton was the name of some famous people:

 Bert Newton, Australian television personality
 Bridgett Newton, actress, Play by Play, Bones, Silicon Valley, House
 Cam Newton, an American football player
 Chris Newton, youth golfer, skier, and philosopher
 Frances Newton, American convicted murderer from Texas
 Helmut Newton, a German photographer
 Huey P. Newton, founder of the Black Panther Party
 Sir Isaac Newton, a famous English physicist
 John Newton, British slave trader-turned-hymn writer and anti-slavery campaigner
 John Newton (ACW), American Civil War general and Chief Engineer of the US Army
 Juice Newton, American singer
 Keith Newton, English footballer
 Lauren Newton, Bert Newton's daughter
 Matthew Newton, Bert Newton's son
 Nate Newton, former NFL offensive lineman
 Newton, Australian pop artist musician, famous for his song, Streamline
 Newton (Billy Myers), a singer from the UK best known for the hit "Sky high"
 Olivia Newton-John, pop-icon and singer-actress of the 70s and 80s
 Patti Newton, Bert Newton's wife
 Syvelle Newton, a college football player
 Thandie Newton, British actress
 Wayne Newton, American singer and entertainer
 Scott Newton, English entrepreneur and pro Cannabis advocate

Objects 

 Fig Newton, a soft cookie with a center of fig fruit. It usually includes fig seeds, providing a crunchy mouth feel.
 Newton OS,  operating systems made by Apple, for their MessagePad personal digital assistants (PDAs).
 XMM-Newton,  an orbiting X-ray observatory (named in honor of Sir Isaac Newton).

Places 

Newton is also the name of several places:

Australia

 Newton, South Australia

New Zealand
Newton, New Zealand

Singapore
Newton, Singapore

United Kingdom

 The Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences
 Newton, Bridgend county borough, Wales
 Newton, Cambridgeshire, England
 Newton, Cheshire, England
 Newton, Herefordshire, England
 Newton, Lancashire, England
 Newton, Suffolk, England
 Newton, Swansea, Wales
 Newton, near Rugby, Warwickshire
 Newton-le-Willows, Merseyside known as Newton to locals
 Newton-le-Willows, North Yorkshire, England
 Newton under Roseberry, North Yorkshire

United States

 Newton (wine estate), a wine estate in California
 Newton, Alabama
 Newton, Georgia
 Newton, Illinois
 Newton, Iowa
 Newton, Kansas
 Newton, Massachusetts
 Newton, Mississippi
 Newton, New Hampshire
 Newton, New Jersey
 Newton, North Carolina
 Newton, Texas
 Newton, Utah
 Newton, Wisconsin
 Newton Township, Michigan
 Newton County, Georgia

Other uses 
 Newton (the centaur in The Mighty Hercules cartoon)
 Newton Abbot, Devon, England
 Newton Game Dynamics
 Newton Mearns, Scotland
Paleobiology

Paleobiology is a branch of science which studies animals, plants and microbes  buried in rock.  These stoney items are called fossils. Paleobiology  combines biology with the study of these fossils. There are several branches of paleobiology:

 Paleobotany – Study of ancient plants
 Paleozoology
 Micropaleobiology
 Paleobiochemistry
 Paleoecology – Uses fossils to learn about how the environment was long ago
 Taphonomy
 Paleoichnology
 Stratigraphic paleobiology
 Evolutionary developmental paleobiology – Studies how animals changed over time

History
Baron Franz Nopcsa von Felső-Szilvás started paleobiology in the late 19th century while working at the University of Vienna. He tried to learn how the animals lived, rather than merely put together their bones, as many geologists were doing at the time.

Branches of biology
Central venous catheter

A central venous catheter (CVC) or "central line" is a catheter put in a large vein in the neck, chest, or groin when a patient needs close cardiovascular monitoring, for assessment of fluid status, and so that intravenous drugs and fluids can be given to the patient more effectively.  The veins most commonly used are the internal jugular vein, the subclavian vein, and the femoral vein.

Medical equipment
Macroscopic

Macroscopic means physical objects that are measurable and can be seen by the naked eye.

When one uses macroscopic for abstract objects, one thinks of the world as we see it without any help. Lengths scales are called macroscopic if they fall in the range of more or less than 1 mm or up to 1 km.

One may use the term macroscopic also for a "larger view", namely a view only available from a large perspective. A macroscopic position could be considered the "big picture".

Examples 

 A macroscopic view of a ball is just that: a ball. A microscopic view could reveal a thick round skin seemingly composed entirely of cracks and fissures (as viewed through a microscope) or, further down in scale, a collection of molecules in the rough shape of a sphere.

Macroscopy in physics 

In physics macroscopy is a relative term. If one looks at a galaxy, a star is microscopic in comparison with the whole galaxy, even if it is many, many orders of magnitude larger than us. macroscopy can also be described as a relation between any two objects in terms of its magnification on a scale of some sort. A macroscopic object is something that we are able to see in plain sight through our own field of vision no matter where we are located. In spacetime light must also come into contact with our eyes and the object we are observing in order for it to be visible.

Related pages
 Length

Basic physics ideas
Naked eye

If something can be seen with the naked eye, it means that it can be seen without using a microscope, binoculars, glasses or a telescope. In astronomy, a naked-eye object is something, such as a star, that the general public can see without using these tools.

Other websites 
 Naked Eye Observing in Astronomy
 Naked-Eye Stargazing: Learning the Sky and its constellations
 Naked Eye Navigation , Polynesia Voyages

Astronomy
Order of magnitude

An order of magnitude is an approximation of the logarithm of a value relative to some contextually understood reference value, usually ten, interpreted as the base of the logarithm and the representative of values of magnitude one. Logarithmic distributions are common in nature and
considering the order of magnitude of values sampled from such a distribution can be more intuitive. When the reference value is ten, the order of magnitude can be understood as the number of digits in the base-10 representation of the value. Similarly, if the reference value is one of certain powers of two, the magnitude can be understood as the amount of computer memory needed to store the exact integer value.

If two numbers have the same order of magnitude, they are about the same size. 

But if one would compare the surface of an orange with that of the earth, one would say the surface of the earth is many orders of magnitude larger than that of the orange.

Orders of magnitude are used to make approximate comparisons.  If numbers differ by one order of magnitude, x is about ten times different in quantity than y.  If values differ by two orders of magnitude, they differ by a factor of about 100. Two numbers of the same order of magnitude have roughly the same scale: the larger value is less than ten times the smaller value.

List

Related pages
Magnitude (mathematics)

Other websites 
 Powers of 10, a graphic animated illustration that starts with a view of the Milky Way at 1023 meters and ends with subatomic particles at 10-16 meters.
 Orders of Magnitude - Distance
 What is Order of Magnitude?

Mathematics
N-Gage

The Nokia N-Gage is a mobile phone and handheld game console. It was first sold on October 7, 2003.

Other websites 
 Nokia's official N-Gage site 
 Project NeXt – Portal with N-Gage Next Generation information (inoff.)

Handheld video games
Woodside

Woodside is the name of several places.

Australia 
 Woodside, South Australia is a town
 Woodside, Victoria is another town
 Woodside Petroleum is an Australian company

Canada 
 Woodside is a neighborhood in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia

New Zealand 
 Woodside, New Zealand is a locality near Greytown in the Wairarapa

United Kingdom 
 Woodside, Aberdeen is a district of Aberdeen
 Woodside, Bedfordshire is a hamlet near Luton
 Woodside, Berkshire is a hamlet on the edge of Windsor Great Park
 Woodside, Bradford is a locality in Bradford, West Yorkshire
 Woodside, County Durham is a village in County Durham
 Woodside, Combria
 Woodside, Glasgow is a district of Glasgow
 Woodside, London is a neighbourhood in the London Borough of Croydon, South London
 Woodside, Merseyside is a locality in Birkenhead, Wirral
 Woodside, Paisley is a district of Paisley
 Woodside Estate, an industrial estate in Dunstable, Bedfordshire

United States 
 Woodside, California
 Woodside, Delaware
 Woodside, Newark, New Jersey
 Woodside, Pennsylvania
 Woodside Township, Otter Tail County, Minnesota
 Woodside Township, Polk County, Minnesota
 Woodside, Queens a neighborhood in the borough of Queens, New York City USA.
 Woodside, a neighborhood of Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
 Woodside (Home) is a home in Marion, Indiana that was designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright.
Handheld game console

A handheld game console is a small, light, portable electronic machine for playing video games. It has a built-in screen to display the game being played. It also has game control buttons that is used to control the game, there are also speakers to hear the in-game sounds of the game being played.

Related pages
Video game console
Game Boy
Game Boy Advance
N-Gage
Nintendo DS 
Sony PSP
Pinhead Gunpowder

Pinhead Gunpowder is a punk rock band from California, United States. Its members are Billie Joe Armstrong (singer and guitarist of Green Day), Aaron Cometbus, Bill Schneider and Jason White. White and Schneider also participate in Green Day.

The name of the band means the brand of a "high octane" green tea which Cometbus found in the dump.

Its members do not want to make money with this band, they only want to have fun.

Its music is different in each song, but always following the punk and hardcore style.

Discography 

Fahizah EP (1992)
Jump Salty (1995)
Carry The Banner (1995)
Goodbye Elliston Avenue (1997)
Shoot The Moon EP (1999)
8 Chords, 328 Words EP (2000)
Pinhead Gunpowder / Dillinger Four split EP (2000)
Compulsive Disclosure (2003)

American punk bands
Musical groups from San Francisco
Harry Connick Jr.

Harry Connick, Jr. (born September 11, 1967) is an American singer, piano player and actor. He plays jazz music mostly, but also pop music. In 2014, he became a judge on American Idol.

His father is former New Orleans district attorney Harry Connick Sr..

Albums 
 2007 Oh, My NOLA
 2007 Chanson du Vieux Carre 
 2006 Harry on Broadway, Act I
 2005 Occasion : Connick on Piano, Volume 2 
 2004 Only You
 2003 Harry for the Holidays
 2003 Other Hours : Connick on Piano, Volume 1
 2002 Thou Shalt Not 
 2001 Songs I Heard
 2001 30
 1999 Come By Me
 1997 To See You
 1996 Star Turtle
 1994 She
 1993 When My Heart Finds Christmas
 1992 25
 1991 Blue Light, Red Light
 1990 Lofty's Roach Souffle
 1990 We Are in Love
 1989 When Harry Met Sally...
 1988 20
 1987 Harry Connick Jr.
 1978 Eleven
 1977 Dixieland Plus

DVD movies 
 2008 P. S., I Love You
 2007 Bug 
 2004 Mickey 
 2003 Basic 
 2001 Life Without Dick 
 2000 The Simian Line 
 2000 My Dog Skip 
 1999 Wayward Son 
 1999 The Iron Giant 
 1998 Hope Floats 
 1997 Excess Baggage 
 1996 Independence Day 
 1995 Copycat 
 1991 Little Man Tate 
 1990 Memphis Belle

Other websites 
 Harry Connick Jr. internet site 
 Harry Connick Jr. internet site on Sony Music 
 connick.com - fans of Harry Connick, Jr.
  
 Harry Connick, Jr. music videos  (Sony BMG)

1967 births
Living people
American movie actors
American pianists
singers from Louisiana
actors from Louisiana
Musicians from Louisiana
Pantheism

Pantheism is the belief that God and the universe are equivalent (the same thing). A pantheist believes that everything that exists is a part of God or that God is a part of everything that exists. The name pantheism comes from the Greek words theism (belief in God) and pan (all). 

Any doctrine or philosophy that believes that the universe and everything in it is God is said to be pantheistic. Most pantheists believe the universe is sacred and the earth and nature are divine.
Most of the early Greek philosophers from Thales on to the Stoics believed in some sort of pantheism.

Pantheism is an important part of many eastern religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism and Taoism, and modern religions such as Druidism.

Some western philosophers such as Baruch Spinoza and some scientists are pantheists.

Some Christians, Jews and Sufis are Pantheists. However, their majority believes that while God is in everything, there is more to God than just the universe.

There are several different types of pantheism, including panpsychism (The belief the universe itself has a mind), naturalistic pantheism (The belief the universe is identifiable with the title of "God", as it can be seen as a wondrous and transcendent power), or the worship of nature as a life-giving force.

Related pages 
Panentheism

Other websites 
 Hindu Wisdom
 Pantheist Prophet: Henry David Thoreau  by Harold W. Wood, Jr
 Scientific Pantheism site
 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
 The Holographic Paradigm 
 Universal Pantheist Society home page
 World Pantheist Movement home page

Theology
Panentheism

Panentheism is the belief that the universe is part of God. Followers believe that one or more gods are both part of the universe and greater than it. To some people, this is a very confusing concept (idea) and was first created by philosophers in the early centuries AD.
A famous philosopher who used the term was Baruch Spinoza.

Related page 
Pantheism

Theology
Deuterium

Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen, the first element. Deuterium has one proton and one neutron. Hydrogen does not have a neutron, only a proton. Another isotope of hydrogen, tritium, has two neutrons. The chemical symbol for Deuterium is 2H but D is also used often. 

Two deuterium atoms combined with an oxygen atom is sometimes called "heavy water." This is because it is like water (H2O), but heavier because deuterium has one more neutron in its nucleus. Heavy water is sometimes used in nuclear reactors. It is also used as a solvent for NMR spectroscopy. This is because it will dissolve the sample, like normal water, but it will not be detected by the magnet in an 1H NMR.

Other websites 

 Deuterium -Citizendium

Hydrogen
Isotopes
Boer

Boer (IPA: /bur/) is the Dutch word for farmer which is used to call the descendants of the Dutch farmers of Southern Africa during the 1700s, as well as those who left the Cape Colony during the 1800s to live in the Orange Free State, Transvaal and Natal. They did this to escape the British rule, and the wars between the British imperial government and the native tribes on the eastern frontier. 

In 1657, “vrybriewe” was granted to 9 burgers, the first farmers or Boers (Boere) at the Cape.  Although they were not known as Afrikaners, they did not regard themselves as living in a European country.  As more immigrants from Europe arrived at the Cape, more international marriages took place.  Soon their language and culture were lost and transformed.  They regarded themselves as a new nation, the Afrikaner people. Paul Heyns, born in 1696 christened his son Michiel Afrikanus (the Afrikaner). 

One Hendrik Bieslow in 1707 proclaimed in public “Ik ben een Afrikaander”. The Boers later created the Boer Republics, which were defeated in the 1880-1881 and 1899–1902 Anglo-Boer wars (Anglo-Boere-oorloë). After that, many Boers emigrated to other countries, but many still live in modern South Africa, Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) and Zimbabwe.

History of Africa
Ethnic groups in South Africa
Muhammad Ali

Not to be mistaken for the Muhammad Ali who became Muhammad Ali Pasha, Wali of Egypt and Sudan

Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.; January 17, 1942 – June 3, 2016) was an American boxer. He became one of the most famous boxers in the world with his "rope-a-dope" technique. He was also well known for his clever rhymes.  In 1999, Ali was named "Sportsman of the Century" by Sports Illustrated magazine.  He won the World Heavyweight Boxing Championship three times.  Ali also won an Olympic gold medal for boxing during the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy. Ali was also known as “The Greatest”. 

Ali was born in Louisville, Kentucky. He was named after his father, Cassius Marcellus Clay Sr. but changed his name after converting to Islam according to the Nation of Islam in 1965. Because of his Islamic beliefs, Ali would not fight in the Vietnam War when the army tried drafting him. This made him an international figure around the world. Ali retired from boxing in 1981. In the early 1980s, it was found out that Ali had Parkinson's syndrome. He became well known for his social work and charity.

Muhammad Ali was married four times. He had seven daughters and two sons. One of his sons was adopted by him. 

On December 20, 2014, Ali was hospitalized for a mild case of pneumonia. Ali was once again hospitalized on January 15, 2015 for a urinary tract infection after being found unresponsive at a guest house in Scottsdale, Arizona. He was released the next day.

Health and Death  
Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. On June 3, 2016, Ali died from septic shock due to respiratory problems at a Scottsdale, Arizona hospital, aged 74.

References 

1942 births
2016 deaths
African-American boxers
American Muslims
American Olympic gold medalists
Converts to Islam
Deaths from sepsis
Infectious disease deaths in Arizona
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
People with Parkinson's disease
Presidential Citizens Medal recipients
Sportspeople from Kentucky
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees
People with dyslexia
Mechanician

A mechanician is an engineer or a scientist working in the field of mechanics, or in engineering, applied mechanics and similar fields. Sometimes mechanicians are also called mechaniker and mechanicist.

People who made lasting contributions to mechanics more than 100 years ago

Guillaume Amontons: laws of friction
Galileo Galilei: notion of strength.
Josiah Willard Gibbs: thermodynamics
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz: contact mechanics
Issac Newton: Newton's laws, law of gravitation

Related pages
 Applied mechanics
 Mechanics

Other websites 
iMechanica, news and views of interest to mechanicians and their friends.
Homepage of the ASME International Applied Mechanics Division 
Mathematics Geneaology Project
Mechanician Career Description 
The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive

Engineering occupations
Compressive stress

Compressive stress is the stress on materials that leads to a smaller volume. 

By compressive stress the material is under compression. Compressive stress to bars, columns, etc. leads to shortening.

One can increase the compressive stress until compressive strength is reached.  Then materials will react with ductile behaviour (most metals, some soils and plastics) or with fracture in case of brittle materials (geomaterials, cast iron, glass, etc.). For example, if a cylinder is compressed under the action of the applied force, the restoring force per unit area is known as the compressive stress. It is one of the best stresses for chassis, so if you have a chassis report explain it well as it helps a lot.

Related pages
Tensile stress
Hooke's law

Engineering
Materials science
Solid mechanics
Cambuslang railway station

Cambuslang railway station is a train station for the Scottish town of Cambuslang, in South Lanarkshire (near Glasgow.) The station is owned and managed by First ScotRail. There is a train every ten minutes. Trains come more often at busy times of the day. The station has a ticket office at the top, with a bridge across the track and two ramps down to each platform.

Other websites 
Train times and station information for Cambuslang from the National Rail website.
Map and Aerial photo from Multimap.com
First ScotRail: Official Website
SPT Official Website

Railway stations in Scotland
South Lanarkshire
Rotation

Rotation is the movement of an object in a circular motion.

A two-dimensional object rotates around a  center (or point) of rotation. A three-dimensional object rotates around a line called an axis. If the axis of rotation is within the body, the body is said to rotate upon itself, or spin– which implies relative speed and perhaps free-movement with angular momentum. A circular motion about an external point (for example the Earth around the Sun) is called an orbit or more properly orbital revolution.

Types of rotation

Rotation around a point in one plane can be in a clockwise direction or an anticlockwise direction.

Aviation
In flight dynamics, the principal rotations are known as pitch, roll and yaw. The term rotation is also used in aviation to refer to the upward pitch of an aircraft, particularly when starting the major climb for takeoff. The same terms are used for fish moving through water.

Amusement rides
Many amusement rides provide rotation. A Ferris wheel and observation wheel have a horizontal central axis, and parallel axes for each gondola, where the rotation is opposite, by gravity or mechanically.

Sports
Rotation, usually called spin, plays a role in many sports. Topspin and backspin in tennis. English, follow and draw in billiards and pool. Curve balls in baseball and spin bowling in cricket.  Table tennis paddles are specialized to allow players to spin the ball as they hit it.

Related pages 
Precession
Torque

Other websites 
 Product of Rotations at cut-the-knot
 When a Triangle is Equilateral at cut-the-knot
 Rotation (Interactive Animation) at Math is Fun
 Rotate Points Using Polar Coordinates 

Geometry
Mechanics
Moment (physics)

In physics, moment of force (often just moment) is a measure of a force's tendency to cause a body to rotate about a specific point or axis.

In this concept the moment arm, the distance from the axis of rotation, plays an important role. The lever, pulley, gear, and most other simple machines create mechanical advantage by changing the moment arm. The SI unit for moment is the newton meter (kgm²/s² or Nm).

Formula for moment: 

 

The Principle of Moment states that when a system is in equilibrium the sum of its CLOCKWISE MOMENTS equals the sum of its ANTICLOCKWISE MOMENTS.

Some examples where moments (turning effect) are applied involve levers, like seesaws, opening and closing doors, nutcrackers, can openers, and crowbars.

A lever is a simple machine in which one force called the effort is used to overcome another force called the load.

In physics, a moment is a combination of a physical quantity and a distance.

History of moment

The principle of moments is derived from Archimedes' discovery of the operating principle of the lever. In the lever one applies a force, in his day most often human muscle, to an arm, a beam of some sort. Archimedes noted that the amount of force applied to the object, the moment of force, is defined as M = rF, where F is the applied force, and r is the distance from the applied force to object.

Physical quantity
Tensile strength

Tensile strength is a measurement of the force required to pull something such as rope, wire, or a structural beam to the point where it breaks. 

The tensile strength of a material is the maximum amount of tensile stress that it can take before failure, for example breaking.

There are three typical definitions of tensile strength:

 Yield strength - The stress a material can withstand without permanent deformation. This is not a sharply defined point. Yield strength is the stress which will cause a permanent deformation of 0.2% of the original dimension.

 Ultimate strength - The maximum stress a material can withstand.

 Breaking strength - The stress coordinate on the stress-strain curve at the point of rupture.

Typical tensile strengths
Some typical tensile strengths of some materials:

Note: Multiwalled carbon nanotubes have the highest tensile strength of any material yet measured, with labs producing them at a tensile strength of 63 GPa, still well below their theoretical limit of 300 GPa.  However, as of 2004, no macroscopic object constructed of carbon nanotubes has had a tensile strength remotely approaching this figure, or substantially exceeding that of high-strength materials like Kevlar.

Note: many of the values depend on manufacturing process and purity/composition.

(Source: A.M. Howatson, P.G. Lund and J.D. Todd, "Engineering Tables and Data" p41)

Related pages 
Tension (mechanics)
Tensile stress
Deformation

Other websites 
January 2003 sci.physics thread on water tensile strength and trees
Theory re the discrepancy in static vs dynamic measurements of water's tensile strength

Materials science
Bosconian

Bosconian is a video arcade game made by Namco in 1981. The player moves a spaceship and tries to destroy "space stations". There are also other things in space that the player has to destroy to get to the space stations. The game was later used on many of the early personal computers.

Reception
Bosconian won the 1982 Arcade Award for Best Science Fiction/Fantasy Coin-Op Game. The award was given out in January 1983. It beats both Atari's Gravitar and Sega's Zaxxon.

References

1981 video games
Arcade games
Namco video games
The Sunday Night Project

The Sunday Night Project is a British comedy television programme. It was broadcast on Channel 4 from 2005 to 2009. The show was presented by Justin Lee Collins and Alan Carr with a different guest host each week.

Other websites 
 

2005 British television series debuts
2009 British television series endings
2000s British television series
British comedy television series
English-language television programs