alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
James Callaghan

Leonard James "Jim" Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff,  (; 27 March 1912 – 26 March 2005) was a British Labour politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (UK) from 1976 to 1979.

Born in the 1910s, Callaghan was an old-style socialist, lacking any higher education, and served as Member of Parliament (MP) for a Cardiff constituency. He is the only person to have held all three leading UK Cabinet positions (Chancellor, Home Secretary and Foreign Secretary), prior to their premiership. He was never expected to reach the premiership, having taken a back seat to the younger and more charismatic Harold Wilson for many years. However, when Wilson unexpectedly announced his retirement in 1976, Callaghan was the most experienced candidate to replace him. His time as prime minister was one of more open government but the electorate was dissatisfied with his relaxed response to high inflation and more industrial unrest, and replaced Labour with a Conservative government under Margaret Thatcher.

Callaghan resigned as Leader of the Labour Party shortly afterwards, but remained an MP for some years before being sent to the House of Lords as Baron Callaghan of Cardiff.

References

Other websites

1912 births
2005 deaths
British military personnel of World War II
Chancellors of the Exchequer
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for Welsh constituencies
Knights of the Garter
Leaders of the Labour Party (UK)
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
People from Portsmouth
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Royal Navy officers
Secretaries of State for the Home Department
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
United Kingdom Life Peers
Politicians from Hampshire

British trade unionists
Fulgencio Batista

Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (January 16, 1901 – August 6, 1973) was the military leader of Cuba from 1933 to 1940. He was a farm worker from eastern Cuba, and moved to Havana where he became a stenographer and a sergeant in the Army. He became a leader of a group of sergeants who wanted better pay. With others they overthrew President Gerardo Machado in 1933 and Batista ended up commanding the Army.

In 1940 Batista won election and was President of Cuba until 1944. In 1952 he made his own coup and ruled the country until 1959. His authoritarian government during this time caused opposition despite his attempt to placate critics with a 'show' election in 1954 were he ran without opposition. The opposition included the entire coalition that had overthrown Gerardo Machado. 

Fidel Castro's guerrilla movement overthrew Batista. This is known as the Cuban Revolution. Batista fled Cuba on January 1, 1959 and went to the Dominican Republic before moving on to Portugal, and finally to Spain where he died of a heart attack in 1973.

References

1901 births
1973 deaths
Anti-communists
Colonels
Cuban military people
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Andalusia
Former dictators
Presidents of Cuba
World War II political leaders
Sock puppet

A Sock puppet is a simple type of hand puppet made with a sock. Most sock puppets have some fabric or plastic facial features added to the sock, such as eyes or a mouth. Some sock puppets may also have accessories such as a hat or clothing. Sock puppets are operated by putting a person's hand inside the sock.

Uses of sock puppets
Sock puppets are often used for entertaining people, especially children. People often present them on special stages that show sock puppets without showing the puppeteers (the people who use sock puppets) themselves.

Well-known sock puppets

In Canada, Ed the Sock is a sock puppet who has appeared on Canadian television shows since 1987. Ed the Sock appears in a weekly Toronto television series called Ed's Night Party!. In the 1950s, comedian Soupy Sales made two sock puppets famous; 'White Fang' and 'Black Tooth'. Ventriloquist and puppeteer Shari Lewis delighted children with her lovable sock puppets 'Lamb Chop', 'Charlie Horse' and 'Hush Puppy'. They appeared on TV and in person for over four decades. 1950s TV sock puppets 'Kukla' and 'Ollie' appeared with a real person, Fran, who appeared in front of the stage in the long-running program Kukla, Fran and Ollie.

References

Puppets
Smoke

Smoke is a cloud of very small, solid particles that is made when something is burned with a flame, such as wood or paper.

Smoke can be bad because if it goes into the lungs of a person, it can hurt their lungs or even kill them (for example, in a house fire). Most people think that they are always able to see smoke, but people cannot see some types of smoke: they are invisible.

Smoke removal systems redistribute gas flows and reduce the temperature and concentration of smoke during a fire. This helps in evacuating people, limiting the spread of fire; and extinguishing the fire.

Smoke from tobacco 

When people smoke tobacco in cigars or cigarettes, they are burning the tobacco and inhaling the smoke. Tobacco smoke can hurt the mouth, throat, and lungs. It can cause mouth, throat, or lung cancer. It can also cause emphysema and bronchitis (trouble breathing). They continue doing it because the smoke also has a nicotine.

Smoke from factories 
Factories and power plants produce large amounts of smoke into the atmosphere which pollutes the air. Eventually the toxic chemicals in smoke fall to the ground, and then they pollute the soil and the water. When the air, soil and water are polluted with toxic chemicals, the chemicals also get absorbed by plants and animals (including humans).

Smoke from dry ice 
When Dry ice is put into water, the dry ice boils and makes fog. This is not real smoke but movie makers and other show people do this to simulate smoke.

Related pages
 Pollution

References

Waste
1996 Summer Olympics

The 1996 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad, were held in Atlanta, United States from July 19 to August 4.

Centennial Olympic Park bombing 

Eric Rudolph, a Christian fundamentalist, bombed the Centennial Olympic Park on July 27. Alice Hawthorne was killed in the explosion when a nail from the bomb penetrated her skull. Melih Uzunyol, a Turkish cameraman, had a fatal heart attack while running to the scene.  The bomb wounded 111 others.

Medal table 
These were the top 10 teams at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
Key
 Host nation (United States)

References

1996 Summer Olympics
1996 in sports
1996 in Georgia (U.S. state)
1984 Summer Olympics

The 1984 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad, were held in Los Angeles, California, United States from July 28 to August 12.

Boycotting countries

Fifteen countries took part in the Soviet-led boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics:
Listed in the chronological order of their withdrawal, not by alphabetical or any geographical order.
  Afghanistan
  American Samoa
  Angola
  Brunei
  Bulgaria
  Cook Islands
  Cuba
  Czechoslovakia
  East Germany
  Ethiopia
  Guam
  Hungary
  Laos
  Maldives
  Mongolia
  North Korea
  Poland
  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
  Soviet Union
  South Africa
  South Yemen
  Upper Volta
  Vanuatu
  Vietnam

All the Asian countries above also boycotted at the 1986 Asian Games in Seoul, South Korea.

Five other countries also boycotted the games, citing political reasons, but were not part of the Soviet-led boycott:
  Albania
 
 
  Libya
 

Further to this, Kampuchea was largely unrecognized, and in any case would not have been allowed to compete.

References

Other websites 
 IOC page for the 1984 Summer Olympics

1984 Summer Olympics
1932 Summer Olympics

The 1932 Summer Olympics, officially known as Games of the X Olympiad, were held in Los Angeles, United States.

U.S. President Herbert Hoover did not attend the games. Despite this snub, the games were thought to be a success because the LA Olympics did not end up in debt.

Los Angeles was the first to provide an athletes' "village".

Participating nations
A total of 37 nations sent athletes to compete at the Los Angeles games.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites

 IOC page for the 1932 Summer Olympics

Olympics
1932 in the United States
Summer Olympic 1932
Summer Olympic 1932
20th century in Los Angeles, California
1992 Summer Olympics

The 1992 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad, were held in Barcelona, Spain from 25 July to 9 August.

References

Other websites 
 IOC site for the Barcelona 1992 Olympics
1988 Summer Olympics

The 1988 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad, were held in Seoul, South Korea from September 17 to October 2.

References

Other websites 
 IOC page on the Seoul 1988 Olympics

Olympics
 
1980s in South Korean sport
Charles Aznavour

Charles Aznavour (22 May 1924 – 1 October 2018) was an Armenian-French singer, songwriter and actor. He was one of France's most popular and long lasting singers, and also one of the most well-known French singers in other countries.

Career
He appeared in more than 60 movies and written more than 1000 songs (including 150 in English, 100 in Italian, 70 in Spanish, and 50 in German).

He has sold over 100 million albums. Aznavour started his final tour in late 2006. Aznavour was born as Shahnour Vaghinag Aznavouryan in Paris, the son of Armenian immigrants Michael Aznavouryan & Knar Baghdasaryan. His parents introduced him to the world of theatre at an early age. He dropped out of school at the age of nine, already aspiring to the life of an artist. He began to perform at this time, and soon took the stage name "Aznavour" which he was know by for the rest of his career.

His big break came when the singer Edith Piaf heard him sing and arranged to take him with her on tour in France and to the USA. Aznavours voice is shaded towards the tenor range, but possesses the low range and coloration more typical of a baritone, contributing to his unique sound.

Death
On 1 October 2018 it was announced that Aznavour had died at his home in the village of Mouriès in the south of France at the age of 94. An autopsy report said Aznavour died of cardiopulmonary arrest caused by pulmonary edema.

Film 
1989: Charles Aznavour Armenia 1989 Armenfilm ( Gyumri, Leninakan,Nostradamus, General Andranik, Sumgayit, Karabagh)
movie director Levon Mkrtchyan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tHEd5L1i6gg

References

Other websites 
 
 Official site 
 Original discography, catalogue and discussion group  

1924 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pulmonary edema
Deaths from cardiopulmonary arrest
French movie actors
Armenian diaspora
French singers
French songwriters
Pallava dynasty

The Pallavas dynasty rose in Tamil Nadu (South India) during the seventh century under Mahendravarman I and his son Mamalla Narasimhavarman I. The Pallavas were not a recognised political power before the second century. After the fall of the Satavahanas, they began to get control over parts of Andhra and the Tamil country. The Pallavas were at their finest during the reigns of Narasimhavarman I and Pallavamalla Nandivarman II.

Royal dynasties
7th-century establishments in India
Former monarchies of Asia
Pallava dynasty
Pandya dynasty

The Pandyan kingdom பாண்டியர் was an ancient Tamil state in South India of unknown antiquity. Pandyas were one of the three ancient Tamil kingdoms (Chola and Chera being the other two) who ruled the Tamil country from pre-historic times until end of the 15th century. They ruled initially from Korkai, a sea port on the southern most tip of the Indian peninsula, and in later times moved to Madurai.

Royal dynasties
15th-century disestablishments
Former monarchies of Asia
Dynasties in India
Dynasties in Tamil Nadu
Rockabilly

Rockabilly is an early type of rock and roll music. It developed in the 1950s in the United States. Rockabilly was very popular amongst teenagers. Many parents of teenagers did not like rockabilly music, because it had lyrics which talked about rebelling against rules, sex and drinking alcohol. Rockabilly musicians often wear slicked-back hair, jeans, and leather jackets.

Rockabilly music
Rockabilly music has musical styles from blues music and country music. It uses the acoustic guitar, the electric guitar, the double bass, drums, and singing. Some Rockabilly songs also use the piano or the harmonica. Rockabilly music usually has a strong rhythm from the double bass being played in a "slap" style. Rockabilly singers often use a wide range, with high notes and many shouts like “go man go” and "yeah!"

Rockabilly musicians
One of the earliest musicians who played rockabilly music was Elvis Presley. Another famous rockabilly musician was Carl Perkins, who wrote the popular song Blue Suede Shoes. Jerry Lee Lewis was a piano player who sang. Jerry Lee Lewis was known for his crazy behavior on stage, which audiences liked. Lewis would play the piano with his feet, elbows and butt.

Gene Vincent was a rockabilly musician who wore black leather and sang songs about sex and getting into trouble. Vincent's most popular song is “Be-Bop-A-Lula”. Eddie Cochran wrote songs about teen life, and had hit songs like “Summertime Blues” and “C’mon Everybody.”

Rockabilly revival
Rockabilly became popular again in the 1980s, when bands such as the Stray Cats became popular. In the 1990s and 2000s, there are still many bands playing rockabilly music or music influenced by rockabilly, such as Tiger Army.

Sources

Rock music
Blu-ray Disc

Blu-ray Disc is a high-density optical disc format similar to DVD. Blu-ray is the type of disc used for PlayStation 3 games and for playing high-definition (HD) movies. In the past, there were other standards for such movies, such as the HD DVD format. Blu-ray won what is called the format war between 2006 and 2008.

A dual-layer Blu-ray disc can store up to 50GB (gigabytes) of data. This is over five times the capacity of a DVD, and over 70 times more than a CD or VCD.

The disc was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), a group of consumer electronics, personal computer and media manufacturers, and released in 2006. The format was developed for recording, rewriting and playback of high-definition video (HD), as well as storing large amounts of data.

Older optical disc technologies such as DVD, DVD±R, DVD±RW, and DVD-RAM used a red laser to read and write data. The new format used a blu laser instead. This is where the name is from.

Related pages 
 DVD
 HD DVD
 Compact disc (CD)

Other websites 

 Blu-ray Disc Association 
 The Authoritative Blu-ray Disc FAQ by Hugh Bennett
 Blu-ray vs. HD-DVD 

Optical discs
Video Discs
Stray Cats

The Stray Cats were a Rockabilly band from the United States. They had several hit songs in the 1980s. The Stray Cats played a style of pop music called Rockabilly, which mixes 1950s-style rock and roll, blues music, and country music together. The Stray Cats' music is like the 1950s Rockabilly songs by Elvis Presley and Carl Perkins. Three of the bands' hit songs were "Runaway Boys," "Rock This Town," and "Stray Cat Strut."

The Stray Cats band was formed in 1979 by Brian Setzer, with two of his school friends Leon Drucker (who used the stage name "Lee Rocker") and James McDonnell (who used the stage name "Slim Jim Phantom"). These young men lived in Massapequa, New York.

The Stray Cats wore blue jeans and leather jackets, and had their hair slicked back. The Stray Cats had a singer who played electric guitar, a double bass player, and a drummer.

Albums 
 Stray Cats (1981)
 Gonna Ball (1981)
 Built For Speed (1982)
 Rant N' Rave With The Stray Cats (1983)
 Rock Therapy (1986)
 Blast Off! (1989)
 Let's Go Faster! (1990)
 Choo Choo Hot Fish (1992)
 Original Cool (1993)
 Stray Cats: The Definite Greatest Hits (2000)
 Stray Cats: Rumble In Brixton(2004)
 40 (2019)

American pop music groups
American rock bands
Musical groups from New York (state)
National Security Advisor (United States)

The National Security Advisor, officially known as the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, serves as the top advisor to the President of the United States on national security issues. This person serves on the National Security Council within the President's Executive Office.

The National Security Advisor is appointed by the President, and does not have to be approved by the United States Senate. The current National Security Advisor is Jake Sullivan.

List of National Security Advisors

References

United States National Security Advisors
Chera dynasty

The Chera dynasty (Tamil: சேரர் Malayalam: േചര ) was one of the ancient Tamil dynasties who ruled the southern India from ancient times until around the fifteenth century CE.  The Early Cheras ruled over the Malabar Coast, Coimbatore, Karur and Salem Districts in South India, which now forms part of the modern day Kerala  and Tamil Nadu states of India.

Royal dynasties
Dynasties in India
Dynasties in Tamil Nadu
Chola dynasty

The Chola dynasty (சோழர் குலம்) was a Tamil dynasty that ruled in southern India until the 13th century. The dynasty came from the fertile valley of the Kaveri River. 
Karikala Chola was the most famous among the early Chola kings, while Rajaraja Chola, Rajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I were famous emperors of the medieval Cholas.

The Cholas were at the height of their power during the tenth, eleventh and twelfth centuries. Under Rajaraja Chola I (Rajaraja the Great) and his son Rajendra Chola, the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in Asia. The Chola territories stretched from the islands of the Maldives in the South to as far North as the banks of the Ganges River in Bangladesh.

Ancient India
Royal dynasties
Dynasties in Tamil Nadu
Laubach

Laubach is a town in the district of Giessen, in Hesse, Germany. Laubach is known as a “Luftkurort," which means “fresh air resort.” Laubach is a small town. It has a population of about 10,000 people. It is  east of the city of Giessen. Surrounding Laubach are the small towns of Hungen, Grünberg, Schotten and Lich.

The Laubach woods are part of the foothills of the Vogelsberg (Bird Mountain). Laubach is an area of interest to tourists because it has many historic and colorful half-timbered (fachwerk) buildings,. The main attraction is the castle. The castle was built in the thirteenth century. It belongs to the Count Solms-Laubach family. One of the largest private libraries in Europe is inside the castle. The castle library has more than 120,000 books and manuscripts. In the Johann Gutenberg Museum in Mainz is an original Gutenberg Bible which came from the castle library. The castle grounds include a large park. There is a lake for swans in the park. The park is open to the public without charge.

Other buildings of interest
The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Laubach used to be named St. Maria. The oldest part of the church was built in the twelfth century. The church was renovated in the eighteenth century. Inside the church is a baroque organ.

The main street of Laubach is Friedrichstrasse. On this street is the former district courthouse , and the city hall, and the Heimat Museum.

The Heimat Museum  is the local history museum. It was originally built near the town of Gonterskirchen in 1750 by Count August Solms-Laubach. The building was moved to its present location in 1832. For many years it was a school. Now it is a museum. In the museum is a permanent exhibit honoring Friedrich Kellner.

Laubach people

 Sophie von Solms-Laubach (1594-1651)
 Philipp Erasmus Reich (1717-1787), bookseller and publisher
 Felix Klipstein (1880-1941), artist
Klipstein grew up in Laubach and Belgium. He studied art in France and Spain. In 1909 he returned to Laubach with his wife, the writer Edith Blass.
 Georg Friedrich Solms-Laubach (1899 - 1969)
 Friedel Münch, head of Münch Motorcycle Works
 Friedrich Kellner, (1885 - 1970)
Kellner was the chief justice inspector in Laubach during WWII. He wrote a secret diary about the misdeeds of the Nazis. He became deputy mayor and first town councilman of Laubach. He was also chairman of the Laubach Social Democratics SPD. A Canadian documentary about Kellner was filmed on location in Laubach.

Laubach in the Media

Literature 
 Helmut Nachtigall: Die Fachwerkhäuser Alt-Laubachs. Laubach 1975

Movie 
 My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner, CCI Entertainment, Toronto, Canada

References

Other websites

Giessen (district)
Alexander Litvinenko

Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko (30 August  or 4 December  1962 – 23 November 2006) was a lieutenant-colonel in the Russian Security Service. Later he was a dissident and writer who was later poisoned and killed in 2006.

In September 2021, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Russia was responsible for Litvinenko's poisoning.

Background
Litvinenko worked for the KGB and the FSB through the 1980s and 1990s. Later, he accused his bosses of planning to assassinate Russian billionaire Boris Berezovsky. As a result, he was arrested, but later released by Russian authorities. Afterwards, he fled to the United Kingdom and was given British citizenship.

While he was in Russia, Litvinenko tried to publish a book in which he said President Vladimir Putin rose to power with help of the FSB. He said the FSB tried to cover this up by frightening Russians by bombing apartment buildings in Moscow. He said the FSB then pinned the blame on terrorists operating from Chechnya.

On 1 November 2006, Litvinenko suddenly became sick and was hospitalized. He died in London three weeks later, as a result of poisoining by polonium-210. The news of his death spread around the world, and many felt the poisoning was done by the Russian government. Vladimir Putin and Kremlin spokesmen have repeatedly denied this, and many new leads have been taken upon during the case. Although there are some suspects and theories in the murder, no official arrest has been made yet.

How the poison works 
Unlike most common radiation sources, polonium-210 emits only alpha particles. These do not penetrate even a sheet of paper or human skin. Thus they are invisible to normal radiation detectors. Hospitals only have equipment to detect gamma rays. Both gamma rays and alpha particles are classified as ionizing radiation, and can cause radiation sickness.

An alpha-emitting substance can cause damage only if taken in (as food or drink) or inhaled (breathed in). It acts on living cells like a short-range weapon.p327 Litvinenko was tested for alpha-emitters using special equipment only hours before his death.

Related pages
 Boris Berezovsky

References 

1962 births
2006 deaths
2000s crimes in the United Kingdom
Soviet colonels
KGB people
People murdered in London
Russian intelligence people
Assassinated Russian people
Russian writers
Unsolved murders in the United Kingdom
Coprophilia

Coprophilia is a sexual fetish people have where they enjoy coming into contact with feces. Possible other names for coprophilia include scat-play, scat kink, or shit kink. Coprophilia is said to be liking the smell, taste, or feel of feces in a sexual way. The feeling can be either through touching the skin or through rubbing the penis head against feces. Enjoyment can also be made from the feeling of feces passing through the anus, or having a sexual partner excrete feces onto their chest.

Eating feces is also known as coprophagia. This is bad for one's body. A person who eats feces is at risk of falling ill with  hepatitis, infection, and HIV/AIDS. Those with weak immune systems should not eat feces.  There are also social problems with eating feces. It causes bad breath, is commonly seen as disgusting, and is taboo.

There are those who make movies involving coprophilia and coprophagia. This is called scatology. One of the more famous pornographic films involving coprophila is known as Hungry Bitches, a pornographic movie produced by MFX Media. The opening scene that became an internet reaction video trend is known as Two Girls One Cup. Creators would have a friend, family member, or sibling watch Two Girls One Cup and record and post their (usually digust-filled and comedic) reaction to the film.

Paraphilias
Kalabhra dynasty

The Kalabhra dynasty ruled over entire Tamil country in South Indian between the 3rd and the 6th century C.E..

They won over the ancient Chola, Pandya and Chera dynasties and replaced them. There is little information about their origin and details about their reign. They did not leave any monuments. The only source of information on them are to be found in Buddhist and Jain literature. They were displaced around the 7th century by the revival of Pallava and Pandya power.

Hindu scholars and authors who wrote in the 7th and 8th century C.E. when Pandya and Pallava had taken over again have written very little about the Kalabhra in their texts. Perhaps therefore the period of their rule is known as a ‘Dark Age’ – an interregnum.

600 disestablishments
250 establishments
Royal dynasties
Kerala
Former monarchies of Asia
Dynasties in Tamil Nadu
7th-century disestablishments in Asia
3rd-century establishments in Asia
Establishments in India
Disestablishments in India
Monument

A monument is a statue, building, or something else made to remember a person or important event.  They are often designed as artistic objects to improve the look of a city or place.

Related pages 
Memorial

Other websites 
 Website of Monuments and Sculptures in UK
Wikinews

Wikinews is a free-content news wiki and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. The news articles are written by users working together with each other. Old articles are archived, and protected so that people cannot change it anymore, except if an edit request is given. Every article has a talk page where people can talk about the news in the article. The article is then peer-reviewed by an editor to see if it is ready to be published, and to publish it if it is.

Wikinews is under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License, which is different from the license that the other Wikimedia projects are under.

Sources

Other websites 
 Wikinews: Multilingual Portal

Wikimedia
Wikis
Websites established in 2004
500s

The 500s was a decade that began on 1 January 500 and ended on 31 December 509.

Events 
Clovis I, king of the Franks, defeats the Visigoths at the battle of Vouille in 507, decisively forcing the Visigoths into Spain, and securing supremacy over Gaul
506 – Byzantine Empire and Persia accept a peace agreement based on status quo.
506 – Dara in Syria is fortified by Byzantine emperor Anastasius I as a frontier against Persia.

500s
480s

The 480s was a decade that began on 1 January 480 and ended on 31 December 489.

Events
481 – Clovis I becomes king of the Franks upon the death of Childeric I (or 482)
481 – Baekje, Silla, and Daegaya form an alliance against Goguryeo.
488 – Theodoric the Great becomes king of the Ostrogoths.
488 – Kavadh I succeeds Balash in Persia.
890s

The 890s was the decade that started on January 1, 890 and ended on December 31, 899.

Events
 891  – Battle of Leuven (891) between the Franks and the Vikings
 893 December 28 – An earthquake destroys the city of Dvin in Armenia.
 Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 894–896
 896 April – Pope Boniface VI succeeds Pope Formosus as the 112th pope.
 896 May – Pope Stephen VI (also referred to as Stephen VII) succeeds Pope Boniface VI as the 113th pope.
 897 August – Pope Romanus succeeds Pope Stephen VI as the 114th pope.
 897 November – Pope Romanus is deposed.
 897 December – Pope Theodore II succeeds Pope Romanus as the 115th pope, but dies twenty days later.
 897 – Emperor Uda of Japan is succeeded by Emperor Daigo.
 898 January – Pope John IX succeeds Theodore II as the 116th pope.
 899 - Edward the Elder becomes King of Wessex.

Deaths
 Alfred the Great – 899
Jenna Jameson

Jenna Jameson (born Jenna Marie Massoli on April 9, 1974) is a former American porn star. She grew up in Montana. She started making pornographic movies in 1993. Within three years, she had won the three awards in the adult movie industry. She has since won more than 20 adult movie awards, and has been inducted into both the X-Rated Critics Organization and Adult Video News Halls of Fame.

In 2004, she wrote an autobiography, How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale. The book was at the top of the New York Times Best Seller list for six weeks.

Born a Roman Catholic she officially converted to Orthodox Judaism in 2016, so she could marry her Israeli boyfriend.

On January 12, 2022, Jameson announced that she was suffering from Guillain–Barré syndrome.

References

1974 births
Living people
Actors from Las Vegas
Actors from Montana
American adult models
American autobiographers
American crime victims
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American pornographic actors
American Roman Catholics
Bisexual Jews
Businesspeople from Las Vegas
Businesspeople from Montana
Converts to Judaism
Former Christians
Jewish American actors
Jewish American writers
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish models
Jewish sex industry people
Models from Nevada
Writers from Montana
Writers from Nevada
AVN Award winners
Assimilation (biology)

Assimilation in biology, is the combination of two processes which get nutrients for cells.

The first (in animals) is eating and digesting food. Food is absorbed and broken down. This is done by physical breakdown (chewing and stomach churning), then chemical breakdown by enzymes and acids) The results are absorbed into the bloodstream.

The second process of is the chemical alteration of substances in the bloodstream by the liver. Many compounds needed by cells are done by this second process. Both the liver and cellular secretions can be very specific in their action. This second process is where the absorbed food reaches the cells via the liver.

Examples of assimilation by plants 
 Photosynthesis, the process whereby carbon dioxide and water are transformed into a number of  organic molecules in plant cells.
 Nitrogen fixation from the soil into organic molecules by symbiotic bacteria which live in the roots of certain plants, such as Leguminaceae.

Related pages
Biochemistry
Food
Digestion

Physiology
Cultural assimilation

Cultural assimilation, or absorption (but that word also has other meanings), is an intense process of consistent integration in which members of an ethno-cultural group, typically immigrants or other minority groups, are "absorbed" into an established, generally larger community, with the intent to change one culture to make them similar to another. That causes a loss of all or many of the characteristics that make the newcomers different. A region or society where assimilation is occurring sometimes referred to as a "melting pot." In essence, cultural Assimilation is many different cultural groups working towards one unified goal. 
 
From a historical perspective, assimilation is how an individual or minority group loses its original culture when absorbed into another culture. In the context of colonialism, it is a policy of total integration of colonies into the colonizing country. Assimilation is often remembered as a painful or coercive.

Related pages
Syncretism

Other websites
Asian-Nation: Asian American Assimilation & Ethnic Identity
From Paris to Cairo: Resistance of the Unacculturated 

Cultural assimilation
New wave music

New Wave (or New Wave music) is a style of rock music that developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. New wave music was inspired by the punk rock movement.

New Wave music is rock music mixed with other types of music, such as punk rock music, funk, disco, ska and pop. 

In essence, New Wave maintained the rebellious and energetic side of punk rock, yet was less raw and aggressive. Whilst a lot of New Wave was lyrically complex, much New Wave was pop-based, containing simple melodies and catchy hooks. Additionally, New Wave music was also very electronic in nature, and made strong usage of synthesizers. New Wave is a broad term, and as such, New Wave artists varied greatly in style, ranging from pure rock, to synthpop, to reggae-influenced music. New Wave, as a genre, additionally had a strong visual aesthetic, and is noted for the colourful fashions which New Wave artists would sport in the 1980s.

When MTV started broadcasting in 1981, many New Wave bands had their music videos played on television. This made New Wave music more popular. A well-known New Wave video is Whip It by Devo.

Notable artists
Blondie
Boomtown Rats
Elvis Costello
Devo
Franz Ferdinand
Ian Dury and the Blockheads
Joe Jackson
Lene Lovich
Oingo Boingo
Split Enz
The Cars
The Killers
The Network
The Police
The Pretenders
The Scavengers
Talking Heads
Squeeze
XTC

New wave
Rock music
Punk rock
Electronic music
Blondie

Blondie is an American new wave pop-rock band who were most popular in the 1970s and 1980s. The lead singer of the band is Debbie Harry. Their best-known hit was Call Me!. The group's music mixes pop, rock and disco. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

Studio albums 
 Blondie (1976)
 Plastic Letters (1977)
 Parallel Lines (1978)
 Eat to the Beat (1979)
 Autoamerican (1980)
 The Hunter (1982)
 No Exit (1999)
 The Curse of Blondie (2003)
 Panic of Girls (2011)
 Ghosts of Download (2014)
 Pollinator (2017)

References

Other websites 
Official Blondie Web Site
Official Deborah Harry Web Site

1974 establishments in the United States
1970s American music groups
1970s establishments in New York (state)
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American new wave bands
American pop rock bands
American punk bands
Musical groups established in 1974
Musical groups from New York City
Pop punk bands
Patti Smith

Patti Smith (born Patricia Lee Smith on December 30, 1946) is an American singer and poet. She was an important member of the punk rock music trend in the 1970s. Her first album Horses was produced by John Cale.

Works

References

Other websites 

 Official website
 
 
 

1946 births
Living people
American singer-songwriters
American poets
American rock guitarists
Singers from Chicago
Musicians from Chicago
Writers from Chicago
Punk musicians
Talking Heads

Talking Heads was a rock band from the United States. The band first became popular in the late 1970s.
Talking Heads had an early influence on other musical groups by combining the sounds of punk, art rock, funk, dance and world music with an avant-garde style and the anxious way David Byrne sang on stage.

Reception 
Critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine said Talking Heads was  "one of the most critically acclaimed bands of the '80s."

In 2002, the band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Four of the band's albums appeared on Rolling Stone's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. Three of their songs ("Psycho Killer," "Life During Wartime," and "Once in a Lifetime") were listed in "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll". Talking Heads were also included at #64 on VH1's list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time." In the 2011 update of Rolling Stone's "100 Greatest Artists of All Time," the band was ranked at No. 100.

Albums

Talking Heads: 77 (1977)
More Songs About Buildings and Food (1978)
Fear of Music (1979)
Remain in Light (1980)
Speaking in Tongues (1983)
Little Creatures (1985)
True Stories (1986)
Naked (1988)

References 

1975 establishments in New York (state)
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
1991 disestablishments in the United States
American new wave bands
American punk bands
American rock bands
Funk bands
Musical groups disestablished in 1991
Musical groups established in 1975
Musical groups from New York City
Musical quartets
Warner Bros. Records artists
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees
1990s disestablishments in New York (state)
Devo

Devo is an American new wave pop music band formed in Ohio. Their best-known lineup consisted of Gerald Casale, Mark Mothersbaugh, Bob Mothersbaugh, Robert Casale, and Alan Myers. They had popular songs in the 1970s and 1980s. Devo had a big influence on the new wave music movement.

Devo often used various keyboards (called synthesizers) in their songs, including the Moog synthesizer.

Their most famous song was called "Whip It". That song was released in 1980.

Devo occasionally performs concerts for the public.

Discography 

 Q: Are We Not Men? A: We Are DEVO! (1978)
 Duty Now for the Future (1979)
 Freedom of Choice (1980)
 New Traditionalists (1981)
 oh, no! it's DEVO (1982)
 SHOUT (1984)
 Total DEVO (1988)
 smoothnoodlemaps (1990)
 Something for Everybody (2010)

Line up

Other websites 

 
 Official YouTube channel
 
 
 Devo Live Guide
 

1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Musical groups established in 1973
American new wave bands
American punk bands
American rock bands
Electronic music bands
Enigma Records artists
Musical groups from Ohio
Musical quintets
Warner Bros. Records artists
Twiggy

Dame Lesley Lawson DBE (born Lesley Hornby 19 September 1949, in London, England) is an English actress, fashion model and singer, known professionally as Twiggy. Her childhood nickname Twiggy came from her thin legs. In the 1960s, when she first became famous she weighed only .

As an actress, she starred in The Boy Friend, and had featured roles in The Blues Brothers and Young Charlie Chaplin. She recently appeared as herself, on America's Next Top Model, as one of the judges.

References

Other websites 

1949 births
Living people
Actors from London
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English television personalities
Models from London
Singers from London
Special effect

Special effects are used in movies to create images that do not exist. There are many different types of special effects, for example, making little models or using computer animation.

Action movies often use special effects to create images that would be dangerous or cost a lot of money. For example, if an action movie shows a very big battleship blowing up, it would be expensive to buy a battleship and dangerous to blow it up. Most action movies use special effects if they want to show something blow up. It is cheaper and safer to make a little model of a battleship and blow that up. 

Science fiction, fantasy, horror, and history movies also often use special effects. They usually tell imaginary stories, often set in imaginary places, that would be impossible to film. For example, in a science fiction movie about a world with three suns, artists could create a computer image of three suns which would appear in the background. 

Using a computer to create special effects is called "computer generated imagery" (CGI) or "computer animation". Most science fiction, fantasy, and horror movies, and some history movies and some documentaries from the 2000s use a lot of CGI.

Movie production
Television
Arts
Technology
German revolutions of 1848–1849

The Revolutions in the German states developed in most of the 38 states of Germany that were loosely bound together in the German Confederation after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. To these states belonged Austria as well though Hungary that was part of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire was not part of the German Confederation.

These revolutions had as example the French Revolution of 1848 in February 1848, when King Phillipe of France abdicated the throne.

The biggest successes of the German revolutions happened in March in Berlin and Vienna. The result was the election of a German National Assembly in Frankfurt am Main.

But it was in Berlin too where the Prussian king Frederick William refused to become emperor of a united German state.
Austria and Prussia withdrew their delegates from the Assembly, and the Assembly itself slowly disintegrated afterwards.

Related pages  
 European Revolutions of 1848

Other websites 
 1848: REVOLUTION AND REACTION 
 German Revolution of 1848/49 
 The German 1848 Revolution: A German Perspective
 Constitution of the German Empire ("Constitution of Paulskirche") of 28th March 1849, in full text

1848 in Europe
1849
1840s in Germany
19th-century rebellions
Rebellions in Europe
Revolutions
Abdication

Abdication is the act of resigning from an office (official job), especially from being the leader of a country. The word is normally used for kings and queens who decide to give up their position which brings an end to a reign.  The term is also used for popes.

A similar term for an elected or appointed official is resignation.

King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom is an example of a king who abdicated.

Select list of abdications
 Caedwalla of Wessex, 688
 Ine of Wessex, 726
 Pope Benedict IX, 1048
 Stephen II of Hungary, 1131
 Pope Celestine V, 1294 
 Richard II of England, 1399
 Pope Gregory XII, 1415.
 Murad II, Ottoman Sultan, 1444-1445
 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 1556
 Christina of Sweden, 1654
 James II of England, 1688
 Philip V of Spain, 1724
 Ahmed III, Sultan of Turkey, 1730
 Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 1814 and 1815
 Charles X of France, 1830
 Pedro I of Brazil, 1831
 Miguel of Portugal, 1834
 Louis Philippe I of France, 1848
 Fredrik Kaarle I of Finland, 1918
Edward VIII of the United Kingdom, 1936
 Pope Benedict XVI, 2013.
 Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, 2013
 King Albert II of Belgium, 2013
 King Juan Carlos I of Spain, 2014
 Emperor Akihito  of Japan, 2019

References

Monarchy
Politics
Beta Columbae

Beta Columbae is a star in the Columba constellation. The Columba constellation is known as "The Dove".

Red giants
Philadelphia Eagles

The Philadelphia Eagles are an American football team in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

The Eagles joined the National Football League in the year 1933. They have appeared in three Super Bowls (XXXIX, XV and LII) and won the Super Bowl LII in 2018, winning the 2017 season. They have won three championships in 1948, 1949, and 1960, besides the one in 2017. Sixteen Eagles players have become Pro Football Hall of Famers. Donovan McNabb was the quarterback for the Eagles from 1999 to 2009. He was traded to the Washington Redskins on April 4, 2010. Michael Vick was also an Eagles quarterback. Jalen Hurts is the current starting quarterback for the Philadelphia Eagles, but Nick Foles guided the win in 2018.

The Eagles were named after the Bald Eagle, a symbol of the U.S.. The city of Philadelphia played a large part in the early history of the United States.

Other websites 
 Official Philadelphia Eagles website

1933 establishments in the United States
1930s establishments in Pennsylvania
Greenwich

Greenwich  is a district of London. It is the main part of the Borough of Greenwich, about 8.9 km east south-east of Charing Cross.

The Royal Greenwich Observatory is in Greenwich. It was originally built for the Astronomer Royal. The Oservatory created the Greenwich Meridian (0° longitude) and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).

Greenwich is a town with a long history. It became the site of a royal palace, the Palace of Placentia, from the 15th century. This was the birthplace of many members of the Tudor dynasty, including Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. The palace became ruined during the English Civil War. It was rebuilt as a hospital by Sir Christopher Wren. These buildings became the a military college in 1873, which lasted until 1998. The town became a popular resort in the 17th century. Many rich houses were built there, such as Vanbrugh Castle (1717). Estates were built above the town centre.

Greenwich was part of Kent until 1889 when the County of London was created.

World heritage site 

Maritime Greenwich is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is on the River Thames. The site includes buildings along the riverfront, and surrounding the 17th century Queen's House. The group include the complex of the Royal Hospital for Seamen, the Royal Observatory and the Royal Park.

The Royal Hospital was laid out to a master plan created by Christopher Wren.  The hospital complex was built over many decades. Other architects who added to this long-term project included Nicholas Hawksmoor.

The core of this group of buildings is the Queen's House which was designed by Inigo Jones.  This was the first Palladian building in Britain.

The Royal Observatory is now the baseline for the world's time zone system and for the measurement of longitude around the globe.

The Royal Park is a symmetrical design in an irregular landscape around the buildings of the World Heritage Site.  The park was created by André Le Nôtre.

The park and grounds behind the buildings on the river held the competitions for the horse-related events of the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Public transport
National Rail and Docklands Light Railway services call at Greenwich station.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Your Online Guide to Greenwich 
 Greenwich World Heritage Site — official website 
 Greenwich Tourist Information Centre 
 Greenwich Guide
 Map 

Royal Borough of Greenwich
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Catch Me If You Can

Catch Me If You Can is a 2002 American biographical crime drama movie. It stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hanks. The movie was directed by Steven Spielberg. It is based on the 1980 book by Frank Abagnale.

Catch Me if You Can is set in 1963. Frank Abagnale is played by Leonardo DiCaprio. Frank is sixteen years old. Carl Hanratty is played by Tom Hanks. Carl is an FBI investigator. When Frank's parents get divorced, Frank decides to leave his house and to change his name. He buys a pilot uniform and forges (makes a fake copy of) a pilot licence. He travels with PanAm airlines to many countries. He pays with forged cheques in the USA.

Then Frank decides to work as a doctor. He again forges the documents. In the hospital he meets a girl named Brenda Strong. He begins working as a lawyer, so that he can marry Brenda. Brenda's father, Roger Strong is also a lawyer. Now Frank has had 3 jobs, under 3 different names; Frank Abagnale Jr, Frank Taylor and Frank Connors. Carl Hanratty is at the engagement party. Carl reveals to the girls' father who Frank is. In the meantime, Frank tells his fiancé, Brenda the truth about his life and what he has done. Carl searches the house, but Frank has already left. Frank escapes and moves to Mont-de Marson, France where he tries to escape. Carl Hanratty finds him and convinces Frank to come quietly to face his crime. Frank goes quietly with Carl. When Frank leaves jail, he works with Carl Hanratty, helping Carl to catch criminals who forge cheques and other documents.

References

Other websites 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 An Interview with Leonardo DiCaprio - Movies Feature at IGN

2002 crime drama movies
2000s American biographical movies
American crime drama movies
2000s English-language movies
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies based on books
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies set in Louisiana
Movies set in Atlanta
Movies set in Florida
Movies set in France
Movies set in hospitals
Movies set in a movie theatre
Movies set in the 1960s
Movies composed by John Williams
Movies directed by Steven Spielberg
Armorica

Armorica or Aremorica is the name given in ancient times to the part of Gaul that includes the Brittany peninsula and the territory between the Seine and Loire rivers

Other websites 
 An Tour Tan- Dorioù Breizh – Breton culture and traditions 
 Gouelioù Breizh - Breton events 
 Sevenadur ha gizioù Breizh e saozneg - Breton culture and traditions in English
 Skol uhel ar vro – High Institute of Brittany - Ti Istor Breizh – The house for the History of Brittany 
 Personelezh Breizh e saozneg - Breton identity in English

Ancient history by country
History of France
Gaul

Gaul () was the name given in ancient times to the area of Western Europe that included northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. Many Celtic tribes lived in the region and were known by the Romans simply as "Gauls". 

In English, the word Gaul () may mean a Celtic inhabitant of that region or it may mean all ancient speakers of the Gaulish language.  In this way, "Gaul" and "Celt" are sometimes used in the same sense.

Gauls under Brennus attacked Rome with the Battle of the Allia (390 BC).

Trivia
In Greek, modern-day France is called Γαλλία (same as the Latin Gallia) and the term for a Gaulish person is  Γαλατία (Galatia).

Other websites 
The Gallic Wars