alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
Lateral corticospinal tract

The lateral corticospinal tract (also called the crossed pyramidal tract or lateral cerebrospinal fasciculus) is the largest part of the corticospinal tract. It extends throughout the entire length of the spinal cord, and on transverse section appears as an oval area in front of the posterior column and medial to the posterior spinocerebellar tract.

Structure
Descending motor pathways carry motor signals from the brain down the spinal cord and to the target muscle or organ.  They typically consist of an upper motor neuron and a lower motor neuron.  The lateral corticospinal tract is a descending motor pathway that begins in the cerebral cortex, decussates in the pyramids of the lower medulla (also known as the medulla oblongata or the cervicomedullary junction, which is the most posterior division of the brain) and proceeds down the contralateral side of the spinal cord. It is the largest part of the corticospinal tract. It extends throughout the entire length of the medulla spinalis, and on transverse section appears as an oval area in front of the posterior column and medial to the posterior spinocerebellar tract.

Function
Axons in the lateral corticospinal tract weave out of the tract and into the anterior horns of the spinal cord.  It controls fine movement of ipsilateral limbs (albeit contralateral to the corresponding motor cortex) as it lies distal to the pyramidal decussation. Control of more central axial and girdle muscles comes from the anterior corticospinal tract.

Damage to different parts of the body will cause deficits, depending on whether the damage is above (rostral) or below (caudal) the pyramidal decussation. Damage to the body above the pyramidal decussation will cause contralateral motor deficits. For example, if there is a lesion at the pre-central gyrus in the right cerebral cortex, then the left side of the body will be affected. Whereas damage below the pyramidal decussation will result in ipsilateral motor deficits. For example, spinal cord damage on the left side of the lateral corticospinal tract at the thoracic level can cause motor deficits to the left side of the body.

Clinical significance

Strokes, spinal muscular atrophy, Brown Sequard Syndrome, poliomyelitis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are all pathologies that could affect the lateral corticospinal tract. Damage to the lower motor neurons could pose a risk of muscle atrophy and other disorders.

Additional images

References

External links

 
 Overview at thebrain.mcgill.ca
 

Motor system
Spinal cord tracts
Anterior corticospinal tract

The anterior corticospinal tract (also called the ventral corticospinal tract, "Bundle of Turck", medial corticospinal tract, direct pyramidal tract, or anterior cerebrospinal fasciculus) is a small bundle of descending fibers that connect the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. Descending tracts are pathways by which motor signals are sent from upper motor neurons in the brain to lower motor neurons which then directly innervate muscle to produce movement. The anterior corticospinal tract is usually small, varying inversely in size with the lateral corticospinal tract, which is the main part of the corticospinal tract.

It lies close to the anterior median fissure, and is present only in the upper part of the spinal cord; gradually diminishing in size as it descends, it ends about the middle of the thoracic region.

It consists of descending fibers that arise from cells in the motor area of the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere. The impulse travels from these upper motor neurons (located in the pre-central gyrus of the brain) through the anterior column. In contrast to the fibers for the lateral corticospinal tract, the fibers for the anterior corticospinal tract do not decussate at the level of the medulla oblongata, although they do cross over in the spinal level they innervate. They then synapse at the anterior horn with the lower motor neuron which then synapses with the target muscle at the motor end plate. In contrast to the lateral corticospinal tract which controls the movement of the limbs, the anterior corticospinal tract controls the movements of axial muscles (of the trunk).

A few of its fibers pass to the lateral column of the same side and to the gray matter at the base of the posterior grey column.

Additional images

References

 Saladin, Kenneth S. "The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Somatic Reflexes." Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012. N. pag. Print.

External links
 
 Overview at thebrain.mcgill.ca
 http://teachmeanatomy.info/neuro/pathways/descending-tracts-motor/

Motor system
Spinal cord tracts
Swimming at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay

The men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay, or 800 metre team race, was one of six swimming events on the Swimming at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme.  It was the only relay event on the schedule, and the first appearance of the 4x200 in Olympic competition. Each nation could enter 1 team of 4 swimmers.

Results

Semifinals

The fastest team in each semifinal and the fastest losing team from across the semifinals advanced to the final.

Semifinal 1

Semifinal 2

Semifinal 3

Hungary had no competition in the third semifinal.

Final

Hungary led throughout the race until Halmay veered towards the wall and was caught by Taylor (who had only just before passed Rich) in the final 20 yards. Halmay struggled to the finish line, and was hauled out of the pool before he drowned.

Sources

References

Men's relay relay freestyle 0800
4 × 200 metre freestyle relay
List of East India Company directors

The East India Company controlled most of the subcontinent of India. No other company in history has ever governed so many people. With the exception of China, the E.I.C. controlled a larger population by the nineteenth century than any government of any country in the world.

About the list

The following list of East India Company directors is taken from the "Alphabetical List of Directors of the East India Company from 1758 to 1858", compiled by C.H. & D. Philips and published in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, October 1941. This list has been compiled from manuscript records, in particular the Court Minutes and Home Miscellaneous Series, volume 764, at the India Office, amplified and checked by information mainly taken from the "Annual Register, the Asiatic Annual."

How to read the list
"The figures indicate the year of election to the Court of Directors and unless the name of the month in any particular year is given, the month is assumed to be that of April. It is important to remember that throughout the period the year of office was from April to the following April. When a span of years is shown the election dates given are inclusive."

"An asterisk placed after a year indicates that the director concerned was elected deputy chairman for that year, two asterisks, that he was chosen chairman, three, that he was first elected deputy and later in the same year appointed chairman. The abbreviations d., disq., respectively stand for died, disqualified.

List of directors

List of chairmen and deputy chairmen since 1714

Prior to 1714 the Chairman and Deputy Chairman were appointed at each meeting of the Court.

References
 C.H. & D. Philips, "Alphabetical List of Directors of the East India Company from 1758 to 1858".  Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society October 1941

Notes

East India
East India
East India Company
Mike Devlin (entrepreneur)

Mike Devlin is a U.S. entrepreneur who co-founded Rational Software Corporation, a software development company based in Lexington, Massachusetts.

Devlin graduated from the United States Air Force Academy 1977 after studying electrical engineering and computer science. He completed an M.S. in computer science at Stanford University the following year.

As CEO of Rational, Devlin oversaw the acquisition of several companies, including Objectory AB (1995), and Catapulse (2001), a start-up which was funded by Rational, in conjunction with Benchmark Capital.

In 2003, Rational Software was acquired by IBM for 2.1 billion dollars (U.S), a move that saw Devlin become general manager with IBM. He retired from the company two years later.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Laura Rothenberg

Laura Elizabeth Rothenberg (February 3, 1981 – March 20, 2003) was an American author. She wrote a memoir describing her life with cystic fibrosis called Breathing for a Living.

Biography
Laura Rothenberg was born February 3, 1981 and she grew up in New York City. Shortly after birth she was diagnosed with cystic fibrosis, a fatal disease with varying life expectancy. Goddaughter of Debra Winger, Rothenberg attended The Chapin School in Manhattan and then Brown University where she studied English until the deterioration of her cystic fibrosis forced her to withdraw and she decided to pursue a lung transplant, though it posed its own health risks. She received a double lung transplant at age 20, in July 2001. In the spring of 2002, she returned to Brown where she took a course on autobiographical writing, beginning writing that formed the basis of her later memoir. She also began recording audio of her experience when a radio producer, Joe Richman, lent her a tape recorder. Rothenberg's audio diary, My So-Called Lungs: A Young Girl's Diary of Living with Dying from Cystic Fibrosis, aired on NPR on August 5, 2002.
 

Health again forced Rothenberg to withdraw from Brown in November 2002 and on March 20, 2003, she died of chronic rejection of the transplant. Her memoir was published posthumously by Hyperion on May 12, 2003. Breathing for a Living describes her fight with cystic fibrosis and her decision to pursue a double lung transplant. A starred review in Publishers Weekly said, "Refusing to indulge in even a wisp of false hope or consolation, Rothenberg reminds us that there is a power in us that is greater than even the greatest suffering...an unforgettably real testament of the strength of one human spirit, and of our common human wish to know and say and be the truth. In The Washington Post, Roland Merullo wrote, "Those in the grasp of a fatal illness will recognize themselves here – the loneliness, the pain and hope – as will family members and friends. The rest of us, so often oblivious to our good luck, might be moved to set the book down between chapters and put our complaints in perspective."

List of works
"My So-Called Lungs", All Things Considered, NPR, August 5, 2002
Breathing for a Living, Hyperion, 2003

References

External links
My So-Called Lungs: A Young Girl's Diary of Living and Dying from Cystic Fibrosis on NPR
Excerpt from Breathing for a Living on The Today Show website

1981 births
2003 deaths
Deaths from cystic fibrosis
People with cystic fibrosis
Brown University alumni
Chapin School (Manhattan) alumni
Writers from Manhattan
Lung transplant recipients
20th-century American memoirists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women
Stertor

Stertor, from Latin 'stertere' to snore, and first used in 1804, is a noisy breathing sound like snoring. It is caused by partial obstruction of the upper airways, at the level of the pharynx and nasopharynx.

It is distinguished from stridor by its pitch. Stertor is low-pitched, and can occur when breathing in, out or both. Stertor and stridor can occur together, such as when adenotonsillar hypertrophy and laryngomalacia occur together.

References

Respiration
Martijn

Martijn may refer to:

 Martijn (given name), a Dutch given name (including a list of people with the name)
 Vereniging Martijn, a defunct Dutch association that advocated the acceptance of pedophilia and legalization of sexual relationships between adults and children
Horace A. Ford

Horace A. Ford (1822–1880) is known as one of the greatest target archers of all time.

Biography

Ford first picked up the bow in 1845, and a mere four years later won the Grand National Archery Meeting held in the United Kingdom. He proceeded to win an unmatched, eleven consecutive championships, and a twelfth "comeback" win. His high score - that of 1271 in the Double York Round in 1857 - remained archery's high mark for over 70 years.

He is the author of Archery: Its Theory and Practice, one of the all-time classics of archery.

Several members of his family were good cricketers, including Francis Ford. His father was solicitor and bill discounter George Samuel Ford.

Ford owned, in partnership with his father and brother, the Bryndu Colliery from 1842 and was a director of the Bristol and South Wales Railway Waggon Company (Limited).

Ford died in Bath, England on the 24 June 1880.

Victories 
Grand Archery Meeting Birmingham 1858, 1868
Grand Archery Meeting Hastings 1867
Grand Crystal Palace Archery Meeting 1859, 1861, 1863, 1867
Grand Leamington and Midland Archery Meeting 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1867, 1868, 1869
Grand National Archery Meeting 1849, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1867
Grand Western Archery Meeting 1863, 1868

Bibliography 
Archery - Its theory and practice (1856)
Archery - Its theory and practice 2nd Edition (1859)
Archery during my years of championship (1864)
Archery - Its theory and practice American Edition (1880)

References

External links
 Modern crossbow archery at The Archer's Register.com
 Archery: its theory and practice by Horace A. Ford.
 
 
 Horace Alfred Ford Career Summary at The Archer's Register.com

1822 births
1880 deaths
British male archers
Cold-cranking simulator

The cold-cranking simulator (CCS) is a device used to determine the low temperature performance of lubricants, when starting a cold engine (i.e. cold-cranking). In this condition, the only energy available to turn the engine comes from the starter motor and the battery, and it has been widely assumed that the system acts as a constant power viscometer. The use of this device for this purpose is standardized as ASTM D5293.

Test development

The cold-cranking simulator was invented developed by Dr. Dae Sik Kim of Esso Research and Engineering Company in 1964. The first prototype was built on his apartment kitchen table with Unimat, a miniature lathe/milling machine, to minimize and avoid proper company procedures. He reported the results of his developmental work, titled: "Results of Cold Cranking Simulator and a Comment" at SAE Fuels and Lubricants Meeting in Palmer house, Chicago on May 18, 1965. Although the device was initially called "Kimometer", he refused to put his name on it and he named it for what it was intended.

Purpose of this test
Cold-cranking simulator simulates rheological process of "an average engine" during cold starting. The engine's starter motor was replaced with a small series wound universal motor, a typical sewing machine motor, and the engine, with a specially designed cold cylinder and an insulated cylindrical rotor with a pair of parallel flats. The sample oil is continuously sheared under a periodically varying shear rate, lower when the flats pass. Oils in real engines are similarly sheared, high in the journal bearings, oscillatory on piston rings and low in galley. Most developmental work went into proper sizing of the flat to simulate relative shear rate distribution in an "average engine". Both an engine and simulator is calibrated with a set of Newtonian standard crank case oils with known viscosities.

When SAE and ASTM decided to use the simulator for their future standard instrument, Esso R & E Company gave a free exclusive license to Cannon Instrument Co of State College, PA to avoid conflict of interest.

During past four decades many marginal improvements are being made but the basic design and idea remains. Various generations of the CCS have been made over the years, with the latest Cannon CCS-2100 utilising Peltier cooling and an associated chiller to operate essentially the same instrument as the original 1960s design.

In the late 1980s Ravenfield Designs, Heywood, England, redesigned the entire system from the ground up, utilising a novel system to accurately model the old instruments and created a new machine offering higher repeatability and reproducibility than former methods. The Ravenfield apparatus, designated Model CS is markedly smaller than the Cannon apparatus, incorporating the cooler, the PC, the instrument and sample pumping in a 600 mm square footprint.

The Society of Automotive Engineers adopted the CCS test as part of the J300 specification, and is the subject of ASTM test method D5293.

References

Engine tuning instruments
Lubrication
Viscosity
Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation

The Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC) was an institution that administered deposit insurance for savings and loan institutions in the United States.

History

Establishment
The FSLIC was established by the National Housing Act of 1934, which was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 27, 1934. Upon the creation of the FSLIC, it was assigned a capital stock of $100,000,000. All federal savings and loan associations were required to apply for insurance through the FSLIC; other building and loan associations whose capital was not impaired were also allowed to apply. The FSLIC was given certain regulatory powers over insured institutions, requiring each institution to accumulate reserves over several years. FSLIC assessed an annual insurance premium, which was calculated as 0.25% of the total amount of all accounts of insured shareholders or members, plus any creditor obligations. The FSLIC would suspend insurance premiums whenever the FSLIC's reserve fund was greater or equal to 5% of all insured accounts and creditor obligations of all insured institutions. The FSLIC was administered by the Federal Home Loan Bank Board (FHLBB).

Insolvency
In the 1980s, during the savings and loan crisis, the FSLIC became insolvent.  It was recapitalized with taxpayer money several times, with $15 billion in 1986 and $10.75 billion in 1987; however, by 1989 it was too insolvent to save. Pursuant to the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 (FIRREA), the FSLIC was abolished along with the FHLBB, and the FSLIC savings and loan deposit insurance responsibility was transferred to the FDIC. The FSLIC Resolution Fund was created to assume all the assets and liabilities of the FSLIC, which was to be funded by the Financing Corporation (FICO).

Abolishment
The Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 (FIRREA) abolished the FSLIC, and it transferred the responsibility for savings and loan deposit insurance to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). The FSLIC Resolution Fund was created to assume all the assets and liabilities of the FSLIC, which was to be funded by the Financing Corporation (FICO). As of 2020 the FDIC continued to administer the FRF, which has paid off the FICO debt but still collects money due from court judgments and terminated receiverships.

References

Further reading
  

Bank regulation in the United States
Government-owned companies of the United States
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Government agencies established in 1934
Corporations chartered by the United States Congress
Barry Opdam

Barry Opdam (born 27 February 1976) is a Dutch retired footballer who played as a central defender.

He spent most of his 16-year professional career with AZ, amassing Eredivisie totals of 316 games and 13 goals over the course of 11 seasons, all with that club.

Club career
Born in Leiden, South Holland, Opdam began his professional career with AZ Alkmaar, being relegated to the second division in his first year and immediately promoting back in the following. Subsequently, he became an undisputed starter for the North Holland side, amassing more than 400 official appearances.

Not known as a goal scorer, Opdam scored an essential one in the second leg of the 2006–07 UEFA Cup round-of-32 clash against Fenerbahçe SK. After a 3–3 draw in Istanbul, the Turkish led 2–0 at half-time, and the defender headed home from a Julian Jenner free kick with seven minutes to go, making it 2–2 and sending his team to the next round on away goals rule (eventually reaching the last-eight stage); in the 2004–05 edition AZ reached the semifinals of the competition, the second time in 24 years.

In 2008, one year after finishing second in the Dutch Cup, 32-year-old Opdam had his first abroad experience, signing for Austrian club FC Red Bull Salzburg. After two seasons, being an important defensive unit in the conquest of back-to-back national championships, he returned to his country, joining FC Volendam in the second level.

International career
On 4 June 2005, Opdam made his debut for the Netherlands in a 2–0 win against Romania for the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifiers. On 8 October, in the same competition, he scored his first and only international goal, in a 2–0 win against the Czech Republic.

Opdam would be, however, overlooked by national team coach Marco van Basten for the final stages in Germany, gaining a total of eight caps.

Club statistics

Honours
AZ
Second Division: 1997–98
Dutch Cup: Runner-up 2006–07

Red Bull
Austrian League: 2008–09, 2009–10

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Leiden
Dutch men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Eredivisie players
Eerste Divisie players
FC Lisse players
AZ Alkmaar players
FC Volendam players
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Netherlands men's international footballers
Dutch expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Austria
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Austria
The Canary Prince

The Canary Prince (Italian: Il Principe canarino)<ref>Calvino, Italo. Italian Folktales. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980 [1956]. p. 719.</ref> is an Italian fairy tale, the 18th tale in Italian Folktales by Italo Calvino. He took the tale from Turin, making various stylistic changes; he noted it developed a medieval motif, but such tales as Marie de France's Yonec'' produced a rather different effect, being tales of adultery. A variant on Rapunzel, Aarne–Thompson type 310, The Maiden in the Tower, it includes many motifs that differentiate it from that tale. Other fairy tales of this type include Anthousa, Xanthousa, Chrisomalousa, Petrosinella, Prunella, and Rapunzel.

Synopsis
A jealous stepmother persuades her husband, the king, to lock his daughter in a castle in the forest. One day, a king's son goes by, hunting, and is astounded to see the abandoned castle in use. He sees the daughter, but they are unable to communicate except by gesture. A witch, to help them, tricks the ladies-in-waiting into giving the princess a book. When she ruffles the pages forward, her lover turns into a canary; when she ruffles them back, he is restored to his human form.

After some time, the queen arrives and sees a young man by the window, and puts pins on the window sill so that if the daughter leaned on it to flirt, she would be stabbed.  These pins stab the prince in his canary form, and even when the princess restores him, the prince lies on the ground, bleeding, and his companions must bear him back to his father. The princess escapes by cutting up her sheets for a rope, and overhears witches talking of things; one describes how to heal the prince. She does so, and asks for his coat-of-arms, his standard, and his vest as her reward.

He goes hunting, and she turns him into a canary. When he flies to her room and she turns him back, he reproaches her for his injury. She produces her reward to prove that she saved him, and tells him that it was her stepmother's doing. They marry, and the daughter reveals to her father how wicked her imprisonment had been.

Analysis

Tale type
In a review of Calvino's work, folklorist Walter Anderson classified the tale, according to the international Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index, as type AaTh 432, "The Prince as Bird".

Motifs 
The episode of the heroine overhearing the animals that talk about how to cure the ailed prince occurs in tale type ATU 432, "The Prince as Bird".

See also

The Blue Bird
The Enchanted Snake
The Feather of Finist the Falcon
The Frog Prince
The Green Knight
The Three Sisters
The Enchanted Canary

References

Canary Prince
Canary Prince
Canary Prince
Canary Prince
Canary Prince
Stories within Italian Folktales
ATU 300-399
Narrative of Some Things of New Spain and of the Great City of Temestitan

The Narrative of Some Things of New Spain and of the Great City of Temestitan is one of the sources for the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire dating from the 16th century, one of the many surviving contemporary Spanish accounts from the period of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire and central Mexico (1519–1521). However, unlike conqueror accounts which highlight individual deeds worthy of rewards from the Spanish crown (a genre called probanzas or relaciones de méritos y servicios, the Anonymous Conqueror's account is descriptive of indigenous life at the time of the conquest.

The author of the document is unknown, and is referred to as a Companion of Hernán Cortés (or simply "The Anonymous Conqueror" or "Gentleman of Cortés").  The account, firstly published in Italian in 1556 by Giovan Battista Ramuso as part of his work "Delle Navigationi et Viaggi", has been translated to English in Patricia de Fuente's 1993 University of Oklahoma Press publication, The Conquistadors: First-person Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico.

The Narrative provides descriptions of the life and culture of the pre-Columbian Aztec/Mexica and surrounding peoples of the Valley of Mexico, as they were first encountered by the expedition of Conquistadores under Hernán Cortés. This narrative describes everything from the land and animals, to military concerns, to food and drink, to religion and government, to architecture and beyond.  Historians are divided as to whether the Narrative is a genuine narrative or merely based on reports from returning Conquistadors. It also contains information on the weapons of the Aztecs in comparison to those of the Spaniards.

See also
 Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
 The Conquest of New Spain, by Bernal Díaz del Castillo

References

External links
 Narrative of Some Things of New Spain and of the Great City of Temestitan, México Text of Marshall Saville's 1917 translation, reproduced online at FAMSI (ed. Alec Christensen) 

Colonial Mexico
Spanish-language literature about Mesoamerica
History of the Aztecs
16th-century books
Works of unknown authorship
Laoshan Velodrome

The Laoshan Velodrome () is a velodrome that is located in Laoshan, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China. It was built for the 2008 Summer Olympics. The venue was tested during the UCI Track World Cup in December 2007.

The velodrome hosted track cycling disciplines during the Olympics. It has a capacity of 6,000 spectators, a 250-metre oval shaped track, and a total land surface of 32,920 square metres.

The Laoshan Velodrome will be used for international and national cycling competitions and training after the Olympic Games. The seating capacity may be reduced to 3,500.

The velodrome was designed by Schuermann Architects, designers of the ADT Event Center in Carson, CA and the UCI Cycling Center in Aigle, Switzerland.

See also 
List of cycling tracks and velodromes

References

External links 
 Google Maps (Satellite Image) (Latitude: 39.913 Longitude: 116.207)

Venues of the 2008 Summer Olympics
Velodromes in China
Sports venues in Beijing
Olympic cycling venues
Sports venues completed in 2007
Learnscapes

Learnscapes are defined as “places where a learning program has been designed to permit users to interact with the environment”. Their purpose is to promote and extend environmental awareness, by presenting biodiversity as the basis for environmental conservation and ecologically sustainable development. This is achieved through developing school based curricula that "engage students interactively with their surrounding environment". Ideally, learnscapes incorporate educational, environmental and social outcomes that reflect the character of the community as well as the school site.

"A Learnscape feature, whether it be an outdoor classroom, worm farm, bush regeneration, recycling area, frog pond or herb garden, is not a Learnscape itself. It is the collaborative process within which the feature is created and plans for how it will be maintained and used for learning once it is created that make the feature a Learnscape".

Learncape programs also have a “calming effect” on classes, by invoking deeper relationships between students and their teachers.

References 

 
Environmental education
Learning programs
Science education
Love Songs and Prayers: A Retrospective

Love Songs and Prayers: A Retrospective is the first compilation album from Christian alternative rock band the Choir, released in 1995.

Background
When the Choir was contacted by Myrrh Records about releasing a "best of" collection, the band requested to choose the songs themselves, and the label agreed. The organization of the songs into "love songs and prayers" was suggested by saxophone and Lyricon player Dan Michaels when he heard drummer and lyricist Steve Hindalong use that term in an interview to describe the Choir’s body of work.

Although released by Myrrh, the compilation chronologically presents songs from all their releases, regardless of record label, up to that point. The unreleased alternate versions of "A Million Years" and "All Night Long" were originally re-recorded in 1985 with producer Mark Heard after Michaels had joined the band, and appear for the first time on this collection.

The digipack CD case was designed by singer Christine Glass (using the name "Christy Coxe" in her role as art director). She would eventually record backup vocals for the Choir on a consistent basis beginning with 2000's Flap Your Wings. Her husband, Marc Byrd, would subsequently join the band in 2005.

Critical response

At the time of its release, Love Songs and Prayers was well-received. Sam Hargreaves, writing for Cross Rhythms said “the quality of the songwriting progresses through the album, and the lyrics are consistently good.”

Retrospectively, Darryl Cater at AllMusic praised the “great deal of variety” on the compilation, and added that “the result of this interesting mix is (and has always been) a sense of persistent hopefulness in the face of darkness.”

Track listing
All songs written by Steve Hindalong and Derri Daugherty, unless otherwise specified.

Personnel
The Choir
 Derri Daugherty – lead vocals, guitars, bass guitar, producer
 Steve Hindalong – drums, percussion, producer
 Tim Chandler – bass guitar, vocals
 Dan Michaels – saxophone, Lyricon

Additional musicians
 Bill Batstone – guitar, bass guitar ("A Million Years," "All Night Long," "Render Love," "Black Cloud")
 Robin Spurs – bass guitar, vocals ("To Bid Farewell," "Car, Etc.")
 Mike Sauerbrey – bass guitar ("Restore My Soul")
 Mark Heard – background vocals ("About Love")
 Jerry Chamberlain – background vocals ("Merciful Eyes")
 Sharon McCall – background vocals ("A Sentimental Song")

Production
 Ken Love – digital editing and mastering
 Christy Coxe – art direction
 Norma Jean Roy – photography
 Astrid Herbold – design

References

External links
 

1995 compilation albums
The Choir (alternative rock band) albums
Lang Island

Lang Island (Dutch: "Long"; modern Indonesian: Krakatau Kecil or Panjang) lies in the Sunda Strait, between Java and Sumatra, in Indonesia. It is one of the Krakatoa Archipelago, above the famous Krakatoa volcano. Lang suffered only slightly in the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa; it actually grew in area from massive pumice fall, although most of the additional area washed away within several years.

The island is quite hilly, standing at around 4,800 feet at its widest extent.

References 

Furneaux, Rupert (1964) Krakatoa

Islands of the Sunda Strait
Krakatoa
1973 FA Cup final

The 1973 FA Cup final was the 92nd final of the FA Cup. It took place on 5 May 1973 at Wembley Stadium and was contested between Leeds United, the previous season's winners and one of the dominant teams in English football at the time, and Sunderland, then playing in the Second Division.

In one of the biggest shocks in the history of the competition, Sunderland won 1–0 to become the first Second Division side to lift the Cup since West Bromwich Albion in 1931. It was Sunderland's last Cup win for almost 50 years until the team won the EFL Trophy in 2021. Sunderland's team were the only FA Cup winners of the 20th century not to field any full internationals, although some of their players were capped later.

Road to Wembley

Match summary

Sunderland established their tactics immediately from the kick-off and refused to be intimidated by their more illustrious opponents, tackling fiercely and defiantly with an unremitting determination. Leeds looked anxious, lacking their usual composure. The match itself was decided by two crucial moments that would be talked about for years to come.

After 32 minutes Sunderland took the lead when Vic Halom chested down a corner from Billy Hughes. Assisted by Dave Watson between two defenders, the deflected high ball was controlled by Ian Porterfield who shot home from 12 yards. Leeds, shocked, battled back with predictable determination. Sunderland's goalkeeper Jimmy Montgomery was outstanding, defying Leeds with a string of fine saves and preserving his team's lead.

The turning point of the match came midway through the second half. Montgomery dived to palm away a close range header from Trevor Cherry. It fell into the path of Lorimer who blasted goalward from 10 yards but Montgomery managed to divert the ball on to the underside of the bar and Malone scrambled the ball clear. The save is considered one of the greatest of all time and has been compared with that made by England's Gordon Banks in the 1970 FIFA World Cup match against Brazil.

The North East team survived more pressure from Leeds to secure a notable upset.

The 1973 showpiece is the last FA Cup final to be played with an orange ball.

Sunderland's FA Cup record, "Sunderland All the Way", was recorded by comedian Bobby Knoxall.

Match details

References

External links

Game facts at soccerbase.com
Match report in "Daily Telegraph"

Final
FA Cup finals
FA Cup Final 1973
FA Cup Final 1973
Events at Wembley Stadium
FA Cup Final
FA Cup Final
Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Act

The Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Act of 2005 (Title II, subtitle B of , with a companion statute, Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Conforming Amendments Act of 2005, ), was an act of the United States Congress on banking regulation. It contained a number of changes to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).

 It raised the limit on deposit insurance for retirement accounts from $100,000 to $250,000 and indexed the amount to inflation.  
 It merged the two deposit insurance funds that the FDIC had been administering separately since the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 (FIRREA). FIRREA abolished the former Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC) and created a new insurance fund, Savings Association Insurance Fund (SAIF), to be administered by the FDIC. The other, longer-standing fund administered by the FDIC was the Bank Insurance Fund (BIF). SAIF and BIF were combined into the Depositor Insurance Fund (DIF). 
 It provided credits to banks that had paid into the deposit insurance funds in the early 1990s, in the aftermath of the savings and loan crisis.
 It imposed a requirement that the FDIC issue rebates to the banking industry if the level of the deposit insurance fund rises above 1.5% of the total insured deposits.

Deposit Insurance reform act
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Acts of the 109th United States Congress
Tulsa (film)

Tulsa is a 1949 American Western action film directed by Stuart Heisler and starring Susan Hayward and Robert Preston, and featured Lloyd Gough, Chill Wills (as the narrator), and Ed Begley in one of his earliest film roles, billed as Edward Begley.

The film's plot revolves around greed, conservation, and romance. It was nominated for an Oscar for its special effects at the 22nd Academy Awards in 1950. The film is no longer copyright protected, and has entered the public domain in the United States.

Plot
The film tells a story about the Tulsa, Oklahoma oil boom of the 1920s and how obsession with accumulating wealth and power can tend to corrupt moral character. The tale begins with the death of rancher Nelse Lansing, who is killed by an oil well blowout while visiting Tanner Petroleum to report that pollution from Tanner's oil production has killed some of his cattle. Lansing's daughter, Cherokee, initially in an effort to punish Tanner for her father's death, acquires drilling rights on her land; she meets Brad Brady, a geologist, who wants drilling to be limited to minimise oil field depletion and preserve the area's grasslands.

Jim Redbird is a native American who has long been drawn to Cherokee and, being persuaded by Brady that cattle men can live and work alongside oil men, buys into her oil business and becomes wealthy. As Cherokee succumbs to power and greed, and becomes a partner of the ruthless Tanner, Jim renounces his holdings. Overcome with anger after a humiliating meeting with Tanner, Cherokee and some of their legal and governmental associates, Jim accidentally starts a fire in a derrick trailing pool.  In its aftermath, in recognition of the destruction caused by improper oil drilling, and how money and power can corrupt even those who love the land, the oil drillers and the geologist vow to start over and to ensure conservation is their top priority..The film received its Oscar nomination for the resulting impressive scenes of the rampaging flames.

Cast
 Susan Hayward as Cherokee Lansing
 Robert Preston as Brad Brady
 Pedro Armendáriz as Jim Redbird
 Lloyd Gough as Bruce Tanner
 Chill Wills as Pinky Jimpson (narrator)
 Ed Begley as John J. "Johnny" Brady (as Edward Begley)
 Jimmy Conlin as Homer Triplette
 Roland Jack as Steve, Cherokee's ranch hand
 Bill Hickman as Bill, the Caterpillar tractor driver (uncredited)
 Eula Morgan as Opera singer (uncredited)

Reception
The film earned an estimated $1.6 million in the US. It recorded a loss of $746,099.

See also
 List of films in the public domain in the United States

References

External links
 
 
 
 
 
 

1949 films
Films set in Tulsa, Oklahoma
Films set in Oklahoma
Films directed by Stuart Heisler
Eagle-Lion Films films
Films set in the 1920s
Films produced by Walter Wanger
Works about petroleum
Films scored by Frank Skinner
American Western (genre) films
1949 Western (genre) films
1949 drama films
1940s American films
Raju zamindaris

This is a list of zamindaris controlled by members of the Raju caste of Andhra Pradesh, India, before such roles were abolished in 1952.

Mogalthur Kalidindi Zamindari clan and a mud fort connected to the ancient Vishnukundina dynasty. The Zamindari territory expands to West Godavari and parts of Krishna District. The biggest of the ten forts which has survived the ravages of time is the Mogalturru Fort in which the family of the erstwhile kingdom still lives.

Merangi Satrucharla clan
Padmanabham Raja Sagi clan of Pandrangi Village in Padmanabham Mandal of Visakhapatnam District in Andhra Pradesh(Raja Sagi Padmanabha Raju). Founder of this family was Raja Sagi Raja Ramachandra Raju. They were also one of the descendants of the ancient Chagi Dynasty.

References 

Dynasties of India
Medieval India
Hindu dynasties
Pontikos

Pontikos (Greek: Ποντικός) is an island of the Echinades, among the Ionian Islands group of Greece. , it had no resident population.

References

External links
Pontikos on GTP Travel Pages (in English and Greek)

Echinades
Islands of the Ionian Islands (region)
Landforms of Ithaca
Islands of Greece
Karlonisi

Karlonisi () is an island of the Echinades (Drakoneres subgroup), among the Ionian Islands group of Greece. It has an average elevation of . It is administered by the municipality of Ithaca and is situated  east of the island. , it had no resident population.

References

Echinades
Islands of the Ionian Islands (region)
Landforms of Ithaca
Islands of Greece
Sue Jeffers

Sue Jeffers (born October 3, 1956) was a candidate for Ramsey County Commissioner, a small business owner, and former candidate for Governor of Minnesota.  Jeffers challenged incumbent Tim Pawlenty for the Republican Party nomination in the 2006 Minnesota gubernatorial election, after declining endorsement from the Libertarian Party of Minnesota.  The Republican Party of Minnesota declined to consider her endorsement at the 2006 State Convention, citing her previous affiliations with the Libertarian Party of Minnesota.

Background
Jeffers was born in Iowa City, Iowa, and grew up in Mankato, Minnesota and Richfield. She lives in New Brighton, and is the former owner of Stub and Herb's Bar near the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis.  Jeffers has been a proponent for lower taxes and property rights, and led a successful effort to revise Hennepin County's smoking ban which was later negated by the Minnesota Statewide Smoking Ban.
In 2012 Jeffers announced her candidacy for Ramsey County Commissioner in District 2. In the August 14 primaries she placed second, ensuring a spot on the ballot in November.

References

External links
 2006 Minnesota Governor Campaign Website 
 Campaign 2006: Meet the Candidates Minnesota Public Radio
 Sue Jeffers' KTLK Homepage

1956 births
County commissioners in Minnesota
Living people
Minnesota Republicans
Women in Minnesota politics
Politicians from Iowa City, Iowa
Politicians from Mankato, Minnesota
People from Richfield, Minnesota
People from New Brighton, Minnesota
21st-century American women
Prováti

Provati (Greek: Προβάτι) is an island of the Echinades, among the Ionian Islands group of Greece. , it had no resident population.

References

Echinades
Islands of Greece
Islands of the Ionian Islands (region)
Landforms of Ithaca
Sofía (Echinades)

Sofia (Greek: Σοφία or Σοφιά also Isle of Gaia) is an island of the Echinades, among the Ionian Islands group of Greece. , it had no resident population.

In June 2015 it was reported that Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie were considering buying the  island for $4.7 million. It has planning permission for six villas.

It has since been bought by footballer Lionel Messi.

References

External links
Sofia on GTP Travel Pages (in English and Greek)

Echinades
Islands of the Ionian Islands (region)
Islands of Greece
Landforms of Cephalonia
Drakonera

Drakonera (Greek: Δρακονέρα) is an island of the Echinades, among the Ionian Islands group of Greece.  Drakonera forms part of the northern group of the Echinades, which are called the Drakoneras after the island. The mainland with the Aetolia-Acarnania regional unit is to the north and east. Several islets surround the area.  It is administered by the municipality of Ithaca. , it had no resident population.

References

External links
Drakonera on GTP Travel Pages (in English and Greek)

Echinades
Islands of the Ionian Islands (region)
Landforms of Ithaca
Islands of Greece
Pollen wasp

Pollen wasps, the Masarinae, are unusual wasps that are typically treated as a subfamily of Vespidae, but have in the past sometimes been recognized as a separate family, "Masaridae", which also included the subfamilies Euparagiinae and Gayellinae. It is a small subfamily, unique among wasps in feeding their larvae exclusively with pollen and nectar, in a fashion quite similar to many solitary bees. Most species are black or brown, marked with strikingly contrasting patterns of yellow, white, or red (or combinations thereof). They are most diverse and abundant in the desert regions of southern Africa, but also occur in the deserts of North and South America. Some species of Pseudomasaris in California, such as Pseudomasaris vespoides, bear a remarkable resemblance to yellow jackets, but can be recognized by their strongly clubbed antennae, a characteristic feature of the subfamily. Males have greatly elongated antennae, but still ending in a strong club.

They carry pollen in their crops, and regurgitate it along with nectar when provisioning the cells of their nests, and they lay their eggs in the soupy mass before sealing the cell. The nests are often constructed of mud, or burrows in the ground, and these can have one to multiple individual cells. The nests are commonly located in concealed places, such as under rocks or in crevices.

See also
 Brachygastra#Ecosystem services

References

Vespidae
Herbivorous insects
Drakoneras

The Drakoneras or Dhragonares form the northerly grouping of the Echinades islands, which are part of the Ionian Islands group of Greece. The name comes from the island Drakonera (Dhragonára) which is the chief island of the Drakoneras.

Echinades
Landforms of the Ionian Islands (region)
Landforms of Ithaca
Archipelagoes of Greece
Perboewatan

Perboewatan (also spelled Perbuatan or Perbuwatan; apparently a Malay word of uncertain derivation) was one of the three main volcanic cones (the others being Danan and Rakata) on the island of Krakatoa (or Krakatau), in the Sunda Strait, in Indonesia. It was the lowest (400 ft) and northernmost of the cones. Perboewatan was completely destroyed during the 1883 eruption; the caldera is approximately  deep at its former location.

Form
Photographed on May 27, 1883 by visitors to the island, Perboewatan is the only cone on Krakatoa of which quality pre-1883 photographs exist. In the photos, it appears to be a low hill with a flat top. Climbers reported the erupting crater to be about  across at the top, narrowing to  at the bottom and 500–800 ft deep. Samples were collected, revealing upon analysis a silica (SiO2) content of 65%.

Eruptions

1680–81
In February 1681, two individuals traveling through the Straits witnessed the eruption of Krakatoa. Johann Wilhelm Vogel, a mining assayer, was told that the eruption began in May 1680. Since they were passing to the north of the island, it was apparent that the cone they witnessed was Perboewatan. This is backed up by Verbeek's visit in 1880, during which he took samples from a "fresh-looking" lava flow on the northern coast. The flow was unweathered, with little vegetation, indicating recent origin.

1883

Perboewatan began erupting on 20 May 1883,  On 27 May 1883, the General Governor Loudon took a sight-seeing group of about 90 to Krakatoa, landing on the northern end of the island, just below Perboewatan. Several in the party climbed up to the crater, which was still erupting. As the ship was leaving, a photographer took several photos of the erupting volcano.

In Rogier Verbeek's reconstruction of the eruption, Perboewatan is thought to have been the first cone destroyed, at about 4:40 am on 27 August.

References

Volcanic cones
Sunda Strait
Krakatoa