alibayram/wikipedia-40-langs huggingface dataset:
List of de Havilland aircraft

This is a list of aircraft produced or proposed by Geoffrey de Havilland or designed at the de Havilland Aircraft Company from its founding in 1920 until its purchase by (and integration into) the Hawker Siddeley Group in 1959.

The aircraft are ordered by de Havilland model number; The numbers started with de Havilland's employment at Airco company as chief designer. Although Airco built the planes, their design was owned by de Havilland and when de Havilland started his own company, he continued the numbering. The numbering sequence continued for later designs of de Havilland's aircraft company, even if they were designed by a factory team with little input from de Havilland himself. The DH.89, for example, was the 89th de Havilland design.

The designs DH.121 and DH.125 which were under development when de Havilland lost its separate identity under Hawker Siddeley kept their numbering and were produced as the Hawker Siddeley HS-121 Trident and the Hawker Siddeley HS.125.

The list does not include aircraft designed by de Havilland Canada or de Havilland Australia, founded as de Havilland subsidiaries.

Designs prior to company foundation
These are designs by Geoffrey de Havilland while working for himself or for other manufacturers.

de Havilland Aircraft Company designs

See also
de Havilland Moth

References

Notes

Bibliography
 
 
 
 
 

de Havilland
Copper(II) bromide

Copper(II) bromide (CuBr2) is a chemical compound that forms an unstable tetrahydrate CuBr2·4H2O. It is used in photographic processing as an intensifier and as a brominating agent in organic synthesis.

It is also used in the copper vapor laser, a class of laser where the medium is copper bromide vapour formed in-situ from hydrogen bromide reacting with the copper discharge tube. Producing yellow or green light, it is used in dermatological applications.

Synthesis
Copper(II) bromide can be obtained  by combining copper oxide and hydrobromic acid:

CuO + 2HBr → CuBr2 + H2O.

The tetrahydrate can be produced by recrystallization of solutions of copper(II) bromide at 0 °C. If heated above 18 °C, it releases water to produce the anhydrous form.

Purification
Copper(II) bromide is purified by crystallization twice from water, filtration to remove any CuBr and concentration under vacuum. This product is dehydrated using phosphorus pentoxide.

Molecular and crystal structure

In the solid state CuBr2 has a polymeric structure, with CuBr4 planar units connected on opposite sides to form chains. The crystal structure is monoclinic, space group C2/m, with lattice constants a = 714 pm, b = 346 pm, c = 718 pm, e ß = 121° 15'. CuBr2 monomeric units are present in the gas phase at high temperature. It forms bright green-blue solutions in water, and reacts with Aluminium exothermically: 3 CuBr2 + 2 Al forms 2 AlBr3 and 3 Cu.

The tetrahydrate, structurally formulated as [CuBr2(H2O)2]·2H2O, has a monoclinic crystal structure and consists of distorted square planartrans-[CuBr2(H2O)2] centres as well as two molecules of water.

Reactions
Copper(II) bromide in chloroform-ethyl acetate reacts with ketones resulting in the formation of alpha-bromo ketones. The resulting product can be directly used for the preparation of derivatives. This heterogeneous method is reported to be the most selective and direct method of formation of α-bromo ketones.

Dibromination of NPGs, n-pentenyl glycosides, using CuBr2/LiBr reagent combination was performed in order for an NPG to serve as a glycosyl acceptor during halonium-promoted couplings. 
Such reaction gives high yield of the dibromides from alkenyl sugars that are resistant to a direct reaction with molecular bromine.

Usage
Copper(II) bromide lasers produce pulsed yellow and green light and have been studied as a possible treatment for cutaneous lesions. Experiments have also shown copper bromide treatment to be beneficial for skin rejuvenation. 
It has been widely used in photography as its solution was used as the bleaching step for intensifying collodion and gelatin negatives.
Copper(II)bromide has also been proposed as a possible material in humidity indicator cards.

Safety
Copper(II) bromide is harmful if swallowed. It affects the central nervous system, brain, eyes, liver, and kidneys. It causes irritation to skin, eyes, and respiratory tract.

Natural occurrence
Pure copper(II) bromide is as yet (2020) unknown among minerals. However, barlowite, Cu4BrF(OH)6, contains both copper and bromide.

See also
Copper(I) bromide

References

Bromides
Metal halides
Copper(II) compounds
Jolada rotti

Jolada rotti is an unleavened Indian bread made of sorghum bicolor It is coarser than a roti. It can be either soft or hard in texture, compared to a khakhra or cracker with respect to hardness. The name literally translates as "sorghum bread". Jolada rotti is part of the staple diet of most of the districts of North Karnataka, where it is eaten with Pulse curries such as jhunka, yengai, shenga chutney or other assorted chutnies. Jowar rotti is also called as jawarichi bhakri in neighboring Maharastra.

See also
 List of Indian breads
 Lahoh

References

Karnataka cuisine
Indian breads
Unleavened breads
Flatbreads
Sorghum
Mark Twain Village

Mark Twain Village (MTV) was a United States Army military family housing area located in the Südstadt district of Heidelberg, Germany. It was one of the two main American family housing areas in the United States Army Garrison Heidelberg that provided quarters for American military personnel, authorized civilian employees, and their families (the other being Patrick Henry Village). MTV was located adjacent to Campbell Barracks, which served as the home to the Headquarters of United States Army Europe (USAREUR), the Headquarters for NATO's Allied Land Forces Central Europe (LANDCENT), and the Installation Management Command Europe Region (IMCOM-E). MTV was separated by a main thoroughfare.

Located within the housing area was an Army and Air Force Exchange Service (AAFES) shoppette, a library, a chapel, the Mark Twain Elementary School, and the Heidelberg High School, which both served American military dependent children living in the surrounding area. The high school served students from Mark Twain Village, nearby Patrick Henry Village, and their respective surrounding areas.  Heidelberg High was one of the largest DoDDS schools in Germany.  It, along with all the other schools in the Heidelberg area, was closed in 2013. Since 2017, Julius-Springer-Schule has occupied the former Heidelberg High School building at Mark-Twain-Straße 1.

Most of MTV's housing area has been shut down (the area across the street from Campbell Barracks) and given back to the City of Heidelberg. Because the closed area had severed access from Campbell Barracks, the decision was made that this would be the first portion returned to the City of Heidelberg. It is currently being renovated with some buildings already accommodating German civilians.

Another part of MTV's housing area is now being used by NATO personnel.

For most of its existence, MTV was indistinguishable from the surrounding public residential buildings and was not fenced, gated, or otherwise closed to the general public until 2003, when a fence was installed around MTV and all other United States Army installations in Heidelberg. There was a requirement to show ID to enter the area.  The entire compound, along with Campbell Barracks, was gated and required United States military ID to enter.

References

Buildings and structures in Heidelberg
United States Army posts
Military installations of the United States in Germany
Spain national baseball team

The Spain national baseball team is the national team of Spain. It is governed by the Royal Spanish Baseball and Softball Federation. It is a member nation of the Confédération Européenne de Baseball, or Confederation of European Baseball.

History
The Spanish national team won the European Baseball Championship in 1955. In 1992, it took part in the Baseball Competition of the Olympic Games.

In 2013, they qualified for the first time for the World Baseball Classic. They lost all three games against Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Venezuela.

Spain competed in the 2019 European Baseball Championship, coming in third to win a bronze medal. Among the players who competed for it were Engel Beltré, Rhiner Cruz, Ricardo Hernández, Fernando Martínez, Leslie Nacar, Antonio Noguera, and Blake Ochoa. With this achievement, Spain qualified again for the final qualification stage of the 2020 Summer Olympics, but it failed to qualify by  finishing fourth.

In 2023, Spain became European champions again at the Baseball European Championship, 68 years after their first title.

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of professional baseball match results currently active in the latest version of the WBSC World Rankings, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Legend

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

Coaching staff

Tournament records

World Baseball Classic

Olympic Games

European Baseball Championship

At Baseball World Cup

At Intercontinental Cup

European Championships - Junior
Silver Medal (4 times)
1990, 1991, 1996 and 2001.
Bronze Medal (11 times)
1974, 1976, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1993, 1994, 1995 and 2005.

European Championships - Cadet
Silver Medal (3 times)
1981, 1992 and 2004.
Bronze Medal (3 times)
1979, 2000 and 2002.

2023 World Baseball Classic Qualifier roster

See also
Baseball in Spain

Notes

References

Baseball
National baseball teams in Europe
European University of Madrid

European University of Madrid (Universidad Europea de Madrid in Spanish language, UEM) is a private university in Madrid, Spain.

History

Founded in 1995, the school was purchased in 1999 by Sylvan Learning Systems, Inc.  In 2004, Sylvan Learning Systems later changed its name to Laureate Education Inc. Since 2019, it has been owned by Permira 

During 2010/2011 the University has adapted almost all the teachings it offers to the European Higher Education Area.

Rectors

External links
 Official website

For-profit universities and colleges in Europe
Universities in the Community of Madrid
Universities and colleges established in 1995
Private universities and colleges in Spain
1995 establishments in Spain

Universities and colleges in Spain
Inverhuron Provincial Park

Inverhuron Provincial Park is a provincial park located on the shores of Lake Huron beside the small village of Inverhuron, Ontario, near Tiverton, Ontario, Canada. The park opened in 1956.

With the construction of a heavy water "deuterium oxide" plant at the Bruce Nuclear Power Development, Ontario Hydro purchased the park from the Ministry of Natural Resources in 1973 for issues of safety and security.

See also
List of Ontario Parks

References

External links

Provincial parks of Ontario
Parks in Bruce County
Protected areas established in 1956
1956 establishments in Ontario
Campsites in Canada
Lake Huron
Bauyn manuscript

The Bauyn manuscript is a manuscript currently in possession of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France in Paris (catalogue number Rés. Vm7 674–675). It is, along with several printed collections and the Parville manuscript, one of the most important sources for French harpsichord music of the 17th century. 

The Bauyn manuscript was created somewhere around 1690, when the only published harpsichord pieces were those by Jacques Champion de Chambonnières, Nicolas Lebègue and perhaps, depending on the exact date, Élisabeth Jacquet de la Guerre (1687) and Jean-Henri d'Anglebert (1689). The name comes from the Bauyn d'Angervilliers family, who once possessed the manuscript. The manuscript is in upright format; the pieces are grouped according to their genre, not in suites; some are organized by key.

Included are almost all known harpsichord pieces by Louis Couperin and Chambonnières, with more than 142 pieces by Chambonnières and more than 20 pieces by Johann Jakob Froberger and music by several other composers, including Joseph Chabanceau de La Barre, Jacques Hardel, Étienne Richard and Girolamo Frescobaldi. Most important of all the pieces are the 122 works by Louis Couperin, who was one of the most important European composers of the time and who never published any of his works; the Bauyn manuscript is a principal source for his harpsichord oeuvre.

See also
 French baroque harpsichordists
 Bauyn Manuscript in International Music Score Library Project

References

Baroque music manuscript sources
Mercury(II) iodide

Mercury(II) iodide is a chemical compound with the molecular formula HgI2. It is typically produced synthetically but can also be found in nature as the extremely rare mineral coccinite. Unlike the related mercury(II) chloride it is hardly soluble in water (<100 ppm).

Production
Mercury(II) iodide is produced by adding an aqueous solution of potassium iodide to an aqueous solution of mercury(II) chloride with stirring; the precipitate is filtered off, washed and dried at 70 °C.

 HgCl2 + 2 KI → HgI2 + 2 KCl

Properties
Mercury(II) iodide displays thermochromism; when heated above 126 °C (400 K) it undergoes a phase transition, from the red alpha crystalline form to a pale yellow beta form. As the sample cools, it gradually reacquires its original colour. It has often been used for thermochromism demonstrations. A third form, which is orange, is also known; this can be formed by recrystallisation and is also metastable, eventually converting back to the red alpha form. The various forms can exist in a diverse range of crystal structures and as a result mercury(II) iodide possesses a surprisingly complex phase diagram.

Uses

Mercury(II) iodide is used for preparation of Nessler's reagent, used for detection of presence of ammonia.

Mercury(II) iodide is a semiconductor material, used in some x-ray and gamma ray detection and imaging devices operating at room temperatures.

In veterinary medicine, mercury(II) iodide is used in blister ointments in exostoses, bursal enlargement, etc. 

It can appear as a precipitate in many reactions.

See also

Mercury(I) iodide, Hg2I2

References

Iodides
Metal halides
Mercury(II) compounds
Semiconductor materials
Walcote, Warwickshire

Walcote is a small village in Warwickshire, England, one mile south of the Ancient Roman market town of Alcester.  It consists of just seventeen dwellings, ranging from a Victorian rectory to humble cottages.

External links

Villages in Warwickshire
Marchena Island

Marchena Island () is one of the Galapagos Islands in Ecuador. It has an area of  and reaches an elevation of  above sea level. The island does not receive visitors, although the surrounding water is used by aquatic divers on organized tours. People generally see the island as they sail around the northern part of Isabela on the way to Genovesa Island.

Names
Marchena is named in honor of the Spanish monk Antonio de Marchena. 

The English pirate William Ambrosia Cowley charted the island as Bindlos's Island in 1684, naming it in honor of Robert Byndloss, a chief justice of Jamaica who was related by marriage to Henry Morgan and generally sympathetic to pirates, buccaneers, and privateers. Over time, the name frequently became written as Bindlos and Bindloe Island, possibly through confusion with English captains active in the Caribbean and Pacific.

Geography
Marchena has an area of  and reaches an elevation of  above sea level. Marchena's nearest neighbor is Genovesa Island, about  due west.

Like many of the Galápagos volcanos, Marchena has a caldera. Marchena's caldera is roughly elliptical and measures , within the range of caldera sizes of the large western volcanoes. Marchena's caldera is unusual, however, in that it has been almost completely filled with young lavas, some of which has spilled over and down the sides. The oldest lava pools go back 500,000 years.

See also
List of volcanoes in Ecuador

References

Citations

Bibliography

 .

External links

Islands of the Galápagos Islands
Uninhabited islands of Ecuador
Volcanoes of the Galápagos Islands
Calderas of the Galápagos Islands
Pleistocene shield volcanoes
Active volcanoes
Mercury(II) sulfate

Mercury(II) sulfate, commonly called mercuric sulfate, is the chemical compound HgSO4. It is an odorless salt that forms white granules or crystalline powder. In water, it separates into an insoluble sulfate with a yellow color and sulfuric acid.

Structure

The anhydrous compound features Hg2+ in a highly distorted tetrahedral HgO4 environment.  Two Hg-O distances are 2.22 Å and the others are 2.28 and 2.42 Å.  In the monohydrate,  Hg2+ adopts a linear coordination geometry with Hg-O (sulfate) and Hg-O (water) bond lengths of 2.179 and 2.228 Å, respectively.  Four weaker bonds are also observed with Hg---O distances >2.5 Å.

History
In 1932, the Japanese chemical company Chisso Corporation began using mercury sulfate as the catalyst for the production of acetaldehyde from acetylene and water. Though it was unknown at the time, methylmercury is formed as side product of this reaction. Exposure and consumption of the mercury waste products, including methylmercury, that were dumped into Minamata Bay by Chisso are believed to be the cause of Minamata disease in Minamata, Japan.

Production
Mercury sulfate can be produced
by treating mercury with hot concentrated sulfuric acid:
Hg + 2 H2SO4 → HgSO4 + SO2 + 2 H2O

Alternatively yellow mercuric oxide reacts also with concentrated sulfuric acid.

Uses

Denigés' reagent
An acidic solution of mercury sulfate is known as Denigés' reagent. It was commonly used throughout the 20th century as a qualitative analysis reagent. If Denigés' reagent is added to a solution containing compounds that have tertiary alcohols, a yellow or red precipitate will form.

Production of acetaldehyde
As previously mentioned, Hg S O4 was used as the catalyst for the production of acetaldehyde from acetylene and water.

Oxymercuration-demercuration of alkenes
Mercury Compounds such as mercury sulfate and mercury(II) acetate are commonly used as catalysts in the oxymercuration-demercuration, a type of Electrophilic Addition reaction. The hydration of an alkene results in an alcohol that follows regioselectivity that is predicted by Markovnikov's Rule.

Hydration of alkynes
The reaction scheme is provided below. The conversion of 2,5-dimethyhexyn-2,5-diol to 2,2,5,5-tetramethylte-trahydrofuran using aqueous mercury sulfate without the addition of acid.

Health issues
Inhalation of HgSO4 can result in acute poisoning: causing tightness in the chest, difficulties breathing, coughing and pain. Exposure of HgSO4 to the eyes can cause ulceration of conjunctiva and cornea. If mercury sulfate is exposed to the skin it may cause sensitization dermatitis. Lastly, ingestion of mercury sulfate will cause necrosis, pain, vomiting, and severe purging. Ingestion can result in death within a few hours due to peripheral vascular collapse.

It was used in the late 19th century to induce vomiting for medical reasons.

References

External links

 National Pollutant Inventory – Mercury and compounds Fact Sheet
 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

Sulfates
Mercury(II) compounds
Horacio Salinas

Horacio Salinas Álvarez (born 8 July 1951 in Lautaro, Cautín Province) is a Chilean guitarist and composer. He is cofounder and musical director of the Chilean group Inti-Illimani Histórico. He has a huge repertory of compositions that involves folk, Andean music, protest music, world music, contemporary classical music and many Latin American styles and fusions.  In 1973, his group was touring in Europe when Pinochet seized power in Chile, after which they had to stay in exile for years. He has played with many international musicians notably the Australian classical guitarist John Williams.

Discography

Solo 
La música de Horacio Salinas (1986 - Alerce)
Trazos de cielo sur (1992 - Autoedición)
Música para cine, vol. 1 (1997 - EMI Odeon)
Remos en el agua (2003 - Warner Music)

As director of Inti-Illimani 
Si Somos Americanos - 1969
Voz para el camino - 1969
Por la CUT - 1969
A la Revolución Mexicana - 1969
Inti-Illimani - 1969
Inti-Illimani - 1970
Canto al Programa - 1970
Autores Chilenos - 1971
Canto para una Semilla - 1972
Canto de Pueblos Andinos, Vol. 1 - 1973
Viva Chile! - 1973
La Nueva Canción Chilena (Inti-Illimani 2) - 1974
Canto de Pueblos Andinos (Inti-Illimani 3) - 1975
Hacia La Libertad (Inti-Illimani 4) - 1975
Canto de Pueblos Andinos, Vol. 2 (Inti-Illimani 5) - 1976
Chile Resistencia (Inti-Illimani 6) - 1977
Canto per una Seme - 1978
Canto para una Semilla - 1978
Canción para Matar una Culebra - 1979
Jag Vill Tacka Livet (Gracias a la Vida) - 1980 (con Arja Saijonmaa)
En Directo - 1980
Palimpsesto - 1981
The Flight of the Condor - 1982
Con la Razón y la Fuerza - 1982 (con Patricio Manns)
Imaginación - 1984
Sing to me the Dream - 1984 (con Holly Near)
Return of the Condor - 1984
La Muerte no Va Conmigo - 1985 (con Patricio Manns)
De Canto y Baile - 1986
Fragmentos de un Sueño - 1987 (con John Williams y Paco Peña)
Leyenda - 1990 (con John Williams y Paco Peña)
Andadas - 1992
Arriesgare la Piel - 1996
Lejanía - 1998
Amar de Nuevo - 1999
Sinfónico - 1999
La Rosa de los Vientos - 1999
Inti-illimani Interpreta a Víctor Jara - 2000
Antología en Vivo - 2000
Inti-Quila. Música en la Memoria. Juntos en Chile - 2005 Inti-Illimani Histórico
Antología en vivo - 2006 Inti-Illimani Histórico

Tributo a Inti-Illimani Histórico. A la Salud de la Música - 2009 (Obra Colectiva) Inti-Illimani Histórico

References

1951 births
Living people
People from Lautaro
Chilean guitarists
Chilean male guitarists
Latin American folk singers
Nueva canción musicians
Chilean composers
Chilean male composers
2001 Peruvian general election

Early general elections were held in Peru on 8 April 2001, with a second round of the presidential election on 3 June. The elections were held after President Alberto Fujimori claimed asylum in Japan during a trip to Asia and resigned his position.

The presidential elections were won by Alejandro Toledo of Possible Peru, who had been defeated by Fujimori in the 2000 general election, while his party emerged as the largest faction in the Congress.

Candidates

Main presidential candidates

Other candidates 
 Carlos Boloña, economist and former Minister of Economy and Finance (1991-1993) – People's Solution
 Ciro Gálvez, lawyer and notary head – Andean Renaissance
 Marco Antonio Arrunátegui, economist – Project Country
 Ricardo Noriega, lawyer and economist – All for Victory

Voluntarily withdrawn 
 Luis Castañeda, lawyer and former presidential nominee – National Solidarity
 Jorge Santistevan, lawyer and first national ombudsman – Independent Movement We Are Peru - Democratic Cause
 Hernando de Soto, economist – Popular Capital
 Víctor M. Marroquín, international lawyer – Youth Independent Movement
 Martina Portocarrero, folklore singer – Agricultural People's Front of Peru

Results

President

Congress

References

Elections in Peru
Peru
2001 in Peru
Presidential elections in Peru
Peru
Peru
Battle of Soissons (718)

The Battle of Soissons of 718 CE was the last of the great pitched battles of the civil war between the heirs of Pepin of Heristal. Since Pepin's death in December 714, his grandson and heir Theudoald, his widow Plectrude, his bastard son Charles Martel, his successor as mayor of the palace in Neustria Ragenfrid, and the new king Chilperic II had been waging a war for ascendancy. Though Ragenfrid and Chilperic had begun with successes and Plectrude and Theudoald were removed early, Martel turned the tide of war and eventually forced the surrender of all his opponents.

After their defeat at the Battle of Vincy, Chilperic and Ragenfrid allied with Odo the Great, the independent duke of Aquitaine, and marched on Soissons. Unfortunately, Charles had anticipated this, and was awaiting them, with an ever better trained core of veterans, many of whom would serve him all their adult lives. That army easily defeated the allied forces of Odo, Chilperic, and Ragenfrid near Soissons. The king fled with his ducal ally to the land south of the Loire and Ragenfrid fled to Angers. Soon Odo made peace and surrendered Chilperic to Charles and Ragenfrid made peace too. The war was over and Charles was undisputed dux Francorum.

Charles chose not to execute any of his enemies, indeed, his nephew would serve in his army, and was treated kindly. Nor was his grandmother Plectrude treated with anything but kindness. Finally, Charles allowed both the deposed king, Chilperic and his mayor, Ragenfrid to live. Norwich has commented that "either Charles Martel possessed a degree of decency and kindness to defeated foes unknown in that age, or his belief in himself was so great that he felt he could afford kindness as the ultimate show of strength in allowing them to live after their various plots and machinations against him."

Further reading

Oman, Charles. The Dark Ages 476-918. Rivingtons: London, 1914.

Soissons
Soissons
Soissons
718
8th century in Francia
Charles Martel
Ivane Kazbegi

Ivane Kazbegi (; ; , ) (June 11, 1860 — December 2, 1943) was a Georgian soldier, who served, successively, in the Imperial Russian, Georgian and Polish armies.

Ivane Kazbegi was born into the family of noble descent. Trained at a military college in St. Petersburg, he joined the Imperial Russian army in 1878. As an artillery lieutenant-colonel, he took part in the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-05. He was promoted to the rank of colonel in 1912 and to that of major-general in 1915. During World War I, Kazbegi was a deputy commander of the Caucasian Grenadier Artillery Brigade. After Georgia's declaration of independence in 1918, he served for the Georgian Ministry of War and headed its administrative division. The Soviet invasion of Georgia in 1921 forced him into exile to Constantinople, whence he moved to Poland in 1922. Like many of his Georgian colleagues, Kazbegi became a contract officer for the Polish army. In 1926, he became a major general in the Polish service and lectured at the Military Academy. He retired in 1934 and died in Warsaw, being interred at the Powązki Military Cemetery.

After Kazbegi's emigration, his wife Ekaterine Chichua and their younger son Nika stayed in Soviet Georgia. Nika Kazbegi (1908–1983) made a career as a set designer and won the title of Honored Artist of Georgia in 1951.

References

Emigrants from Georgia (country) to Poland
Generals from Georgia (country)
Polish generals
1860 births
1943 deaths
Burials at Powązki Military Cemetery
Imperial Russian Army generals
Georgian major generals (Imperial Russia)
Georgian generals in the Imperial Russian Army
Russian military personnel of World War I
Russian military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War
People of World War I from Georgia (country)
Parville manuscript

The Parville manuscript is a manuscript currently in possession of the UC Berkeley Music Library (catalogue number MS-778; full number US-BEM 778). Along with the Bauyn manuscript, it is one of the most important sources for French harpsichord music of the 17th century.

The manuscript was created at around 1670 and discovered in Italy in 1968. The front cover is inscribed "M. de Parville", hence the name. It contains around 150 pieces by French composers of the era, including Jean-Henri d'Anglebert, Jacques Champion de Chambonnières and Louis Couperin, and several anonymous works.

References

See also
 French baroque harpsichordists

Baroque music manuscript sources
Compositions for harpsichord
USS Nausett (1865)

USS Nausett, a single-turreted, twin-screw monitor, was built by Donald McKay, South Boston, MA, and launched on 26 April 1865, and commissioned on 10 August 1865, Acting Master Win. U. Grozier in command. Soon after her commissioning, she steamed to New York, NY, where she decommissioned on 24 August 1865, and was laid up at the New York Navy Yard.

Nausett was a Casco-class, light-draft monitor intended for service in the shallow bays, rivers, and inlets of the Confederacy. These warships sacrificed armor plate for a shallow draft and were fitted with a ballast compartment designed to lower them in the water during battle.

Design revisions

The contract to Donald McKay was originally announced in 1863.  Though the original designs for the Casco-class monitors were drawn by John Ericsson, the final revision was created by Chief Engineer Alban C. Stimers following Rear Admiral Samuel F. Du Pont's failed bombardment of Fort Sumter in 1863. By the time that the plans were put before the Monitor Board in New York City, Ericsson and Stimers had a poor relationship, and Chief of the Bureau of Construction and Repair John Lenthall had little connection to the board. This resulted in the plans being approved and 20 vessels ordered without serious scrutiny of the new design. $14 million US was allocated for the construction of these vessels. It was discovered that Stimers had failed to compensate for the armor his revisions added to the original plan and this resulted in excessive stress on the wooden hull frames and a freeboard of only . Stimers was removed from the control of the project and Ericsson was called in to undo the damage. He was forced to raise the hulls of the monitors under construction by  to make them seaworthy.

Fate
As a result, Nausett remained in ordinary at New York for 10 years, during which time she was renamed twice: Aetna on 15 June 1869; and back to Nausett on 10 August 1869. In August 1875, she was broken up by John Roach of New York.

References

 

Casco-class monitors
Ships built in Boston
1865 ships
Das verratene Meer

Das verratene Meer (The Betrayed Sea) is an opera in two parts and 14 scenes, with music by Hans Werner Henze to a German libretto by Hans-Ulrich Treichel, after Yukio Mishima's novel The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea (). Composed between 1986 and 1989, it was Henze's ninth opera, his third that he wrote for the Deutsche Oper Berlin.

Performance history
It was first performed at the Deutsche Oper Berlin on 5 May 1990, when it was conducted by Markus Stenz and produced by Götz Friedrich. The US premiere was at San Francisco Opera on 8 November 1991.

The opera was revised by the composer. The second version, called the Japanese version, was presented in a concert performance on June 19, 2004 at the Suntory Hall of Tokyo. It was also the national premiere of this opera, it was conducted by Kazuyoshi Akiyama. This version, revised by conductor Gerd Albrecht, was then presented at the Salzburg Festival of 2006 in a concert version. For the first time, the opera was performed in Japanese language and with an all-Japanese cast. It was dedicated to the 80th birthday of the composer. 

The Viennese version, presented in December 2020 at the Vienna State Opera, is based on the Japanese version but includes several parts of the original version, mainly orchestra interludes. It stems from conductor Simone Young.

Roles

Synopsis
Part I: Summer
 Scene 1 – Fusako's house
 Scene 2 – An abandoned warehouse
 Scene 3 – A park on a hill above the sea
 Scene 4 – Fusako's house
 Scene 5 – The warehouse
 Scene 6 – The park
 Scene 7 – On the pier in the harbour
 Scene 8 – The warehouse

Part II: Winter
 Scene 9 – The park
 Scene 10 – The warehouse
 Scene 11 – Fusako's house
 Scene 12 – The warehouse
 Scene 13 – Fusako's boutique
 Scene 14 – The warehouse

Recordings
 2006: Gerd Albrecht conducting a Japanese cast (including Mari Midorkawa as Fusako Kuroda; Tsuyoshi Mihara as Ryuji Tsukazaki) and the RAI National Symphony Orchestra for the Salzburg Festival (live recording 26 August 2006) 2 CDs, Orfeo C794 092 I
 2021: Simone Young conducting the Vienna State Opera and  as Fusako Kuroda; Bo Skovhus as Ryuji Tsukazaki; 2 CDs, Capriccio C5460; named Opera Recording of the Year by the magazine Limelight.

References

External links
 San Francisco Opera page on Das verratene Meer

Operas
German-language operas
Operas by Hans Werner Henze
1990 operas
Operas set in Japan
Operas based on novels
Yukio Mishima
Japan in non-Japanese culture
List of Romanian philosophers

This is a list of Romanian philosophers.

 Petre Andrei
 Simion Bărnuțiu 
 Ştefan Bârsănescu
 Lucian Blaga
 Emil Cioran
 Vasile Conta
 Alexandru Dragomir
 Mihai Dragomirescu
 Mihai Drăgănescu
 Mircea Eliade
 Gheorghe Enescu
 Mircea E. Florian
 Dumitru Gheorghiu
 Constantin Grecu
 Nae Ionescu
 Sorin Lavric
 Gabriel Liiceanu
 Virgil Nemoianu
 Constantin Noica
 Camil Petrescu
 Ion Petrovici
 Mihai Ralea
 Constantin Rădulescu-Motru
 Dumitru D. Roșca
 Alexandru Tănase
 Tudor Vianu
  Mircea Vulcănescu
 A.D. Xenopol

Philosophers
 
Romanian
Mercury(II) acetate

Mercury(II) acetate, also known as mercuric acetate is the chemical compound with the formula Hg(O2CCH3)2. Commonly abbreviated Hg(OAc)2, this compound is employed as a reagent to generate organomercury compounds from unsaturated organic precursors.  It is a white, water-soluble solid, but some samples can appear yellowish with time owing to decomposition.

Structure
Mercury(II) acetate is a crystalline solid consisting of isolated Hg(OAc)2 molecules with Hg-O distances of 2.07 Å. Three long, weak intermolecular Hg···O bonds of about 2.75 Å are also present, resulting in a slightly distorted square pyramidal coordination geometry at Hg.

Synthesis and reactions
Mercury(II) acetate can be produced by reaction of mercuric oxide with acetic acid.

HgO + 2 CH3COOH → Hg(CH3COO)2 + H2O

Inorganic reactions
Mercury(II) acetate in acetic acid solution reacts with H2S to rapidly precipitate the black (β) polymorph of HgS.  With gentle heating of the slurry, the black solid converts to the red form.  The mineral cinnabar is red HgS.  The precipitation of HgS as well as a few other sulfides, using hydrogen sulfide is a step in qualitative inorganic analysis.

Organic chemistry
Electron-rich arenes undergo "mercuration" upon treatment with Hg(OAc)2.  This behavior is illustrated with phenol:
C6H5OH + Hg(OAc)2 → C6H4(OH)-2-HgOAc + HOAc
The  acetate group (OAc) that remains on mercury can be displaced by chloride:
C6H4(OH)-2-HgOAc + NaCl → C6H4(OH)-2-HgCl + NaOAc

The Hg2+ center binds to alkenes, inducing the addition of hydroxide and alkoxide.  For example, treatment of methyl acrylate with mercuric acetate in methanol gives an α-mercuri ester:
Hg(OAc)2 + CH2=CHCO2CH3 + CH3OH  →  CH3OCH2CH(HgOAc)CO2CH3 + HOAc

Exploiting the high affinity of mercury(II) for sulfur ligands, Hg(OAc)2 can be used as a reagent to deprotect thiol groups in organic synthesis. Similarly Hg(OAc)2 has been used to convert thiocarbonate esters into dithiocarbonates:
(RS)2C=S + H2O + Hg(OAc)2 → (RS)2C=O + HgS + 2 HOAc

Mercury(II) acetate is used for oxymercuration reactions.

A famous use of Hg(OAc)2 was in the synthesis of idoxuridine.

Toxicity 

Mercuric acetate is a highly toxic compound, due to it being water-soluble and having mercury ions.
Symptoms of mercury poisoning include peripheral neuropathy, skin discoloration and dequamation (peeling and/or shedding of the skin). Chronic exposure may cause reduced intelligence and kidney failure.

References

Acetates
Mercury(II) compounds
Parantica agleoides

Parantica agleoides, the dark glassy tiger, is a butterfly found in India that belongs to the crows and tigers, that is, the danaid group of the brush-footed butterflies family.

Description
Like Parantica aglea, but differs structurally in vein 11 of forewing not being anastomosed with 12; the semihyaline streaks and spots on both forewing and hindwing are shorter and narrower, especially on the latter, where a larger area of black margin beyond the streaks is shown than in P. aglea; the short slender streak between the apices of the two cellular streaks on the hindwing is longer and always free, never joined on either to the upper or to the lower streak. On the underside the ground colour is of a browner tint than in aglea.  Male sex-mark in form 2.

Range
North-eastern India, Burma and Indomalaya until Java.

See also
List of butterflies of India
List of butterflies of India (Nymphalidae)

References

Parantica
Butterflies of Asia
Butterflies of Singapore
Butterflies of Java
Butterflies described in 1860
The Pain and the Great One

The Pain and the Great One is a children's picture book published in 1974, written by Judy Blume and illustrated by Irene Trivas. This is the only picture book written by Blume that American illustrator Tomie dePaola illustrated. However, many of Blume's other novels, notably The One in the Middle Is the Green Kangaroo and Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing, also have interior illustrations.

The book follows the sibling rivalry between a sister (age 8; third grade) and her younger brother (age 6; first grade). The book is divided into two parts, each told from the viewpoint of one sibling. The girl refers to her brother as "The Pain," due to him always being a nuisance to her, while the boy calls his sister "The Great One," a sarcastic nickname based on her thinking herself the better sibling. It is a humorous look at the mixture of emotions shared by young siblings.

On the last page of each section, the sibling narrates the line, "And Daddy says the Pain/the Great One is just what they always wanted. YUCK! I think they love him/her better than me!".

Years later, between 2007 and 2009, Blume published four additional books featuring these characters; they are not picture books.

References

1974 children's books
Books by Judy Blume
American picture books
Siblings in fiction
Parantica melaneus

Parantica melaneus (known colloquially as the chocolate tiger), is a butterfly found in Asia that belongs to the crows and tigers, that is, the danaid group of the brush-footed butterflies family.

Description

Upperside: forewing black, Hindwing very dark purplish brown, with faintly bluish white subhyaline markings. Underside: forewing black, the apex broadly suffused with bright chestnut-brown; hindwing bright chestnut-browvn, with a patch on the costa and a portion of the disc and termen very much darker in most specimens. For the rest exactly resembles D. tytia in form and disposition of the subhyaline markings, but these are more clearly defined and it is proportionately smaller, the subterminal and terminal spots on the hindwing-generally very distinct. Antennas black; head and thorax black, spotted with white; abdomen bright ochraceous.
Expanse: 94–100 mm.

Range
The eastern Himalayas; Assam; Burma; Tenasserim, extending to the Malayan subregion.

See also
Danainae
Nymphalidae
List of butterflies of India
List of butterflies of India (Nymphalidae)

References

M
Butterflies of Asia
Butterflies of Indochina
Lepidoptera of Nepal
Insects of Thailand
Taxa named by Pieter Cramer
Butterflies described in 1775
Pinta Island

Pinta Island () is one of the Galápagos Islands in Ecuador, west of South America. Pinta has an area of  and a maximum altitude of .

Names
The Spanish name Pintaan adjective meaning "spotted"honors the Pinta, the nickname of one of the three ships of Christopher Columbus's first voyage. Santa Maria Island is similarly named for another one of his vessels and Pinzón Island is partially named for the Pinta's captain Martín Alonso Pinzón.

The island was charted by the English pirate William Ambrosia Cowley as Earl of Abingdon's Island in 1684 in honor of James Bertie, 1st Earl of Abingdon. This was later simplified to Abingdon Island.

Geography

The elongated island of Pinta is the northernmost of the active Galápagos volcanoes. Pinta is a shield volcano with an extensive underwater footprint originating from NNW-trending fissures. It has an area of  and a maximum altitude of .

The rocks around the north of the island were previously known as Norris's Rocks, while an outcropping on the west side of the island was known as Rycaut's Rock.

Wildlife
Pinta was the original home to Lonesome George, perhaps the most famous tortoise in the Galápagos Islands.  He was the last known representative of the subspecies Chelonoidis nigra abingdonii. The most northern major island in the Galápagos, at one time Isla Pinta had a thriving tortoise population.  The island's vegetation was devastated over several decades by introduced feral goats, thus diminishing food supplies for the native tortoises.  A prolonged effort to exterminate goats introduced to Pinta was completed in 1990, and the vegetation of the island is starting to return to its former state.

Pinta Island is also home to swallow-tailed gulls, marine iguanas, Galapagos hawks, Galapagos fur seals and a number of other birds and mammals. 

On January 28, 2008, Galápagos National Park official Victor Carrion announced that 53 sea lions (13 pups, 25 youngsters, 9 males and 6 females) at Pinta had been found killed with their heads caved in. In 2001, poachers killed 35 male sea lions.

See also
 Volcanoes of the Galápagos Islands

References

Citations

Bibliography

 
 .

Volcanoes of the Galápagos Islands
Active volcanoes
Shield volcanoes of Ecuador
Islands of the Galápagos Islands
Polygenetic shield volcanoes
Park Grass Experiment

The Park Grass Experiment is a biological study originally set up to test the effect of fertilizers and manures on hay yields. The scientific experiment is located at the Rothamsted Research in the English county of Hertfordshire, and is notable as one of the longest-running experiments of modern science, as it was initiated in 1856 and has been continually monitored ever since.

The experiment was originally designed to answer agricultural questions but has since proved an invaluable resource for studying natural selection and biodiversity. The treatments under study were found to be affecting the botanical make-up of the plots and the ecology of the  field and it has been studied ever since. In spring, the field is a colourful tapestry of flowers and grasses, some plots still having the wide range of plants that most meadows probably contained hundreds of years ago.

Over its history, Park Grass has:
 demonstrated that conventional field trials probably underestimate threats to plant biodiversity from long term changes, such as soil acidification,
 shown how plant species richness, biomass and pH are related,
 demonstrated that competition between plants can make the effects of climatic variation on communities more extreme,
 provided one of the first demonstrations of local evolutionary change under different selection pressures and
 endowed us with an archive of soil and hay samples that have been used to track the history of atmospheric pollution, including nuclear fallout.

Bibliography
Rothamsted Research: Classical Experiments

Biodiversity
Ecological experiments
Grasslands
Parantica sita

Parantica sita, the chestnut tiger, is a butterfly found in Asia that belongs to the crows and tigers, that is, the danaid group of the brush-footed butterflies family.

Description
Wings elongate, almost as in Idea. Upperside of forewing black or fuliginous black, with the following bluish-white subhyaline markings. A streak from base in interspace 1b, very broad streaks filling the basal three-fourths of interspace 1, and the whole of the cell, five very large quadrate discal spots, two long preapical streaks, three shorter streaks above them, a sub-terminal series of more or less rounded spots decreasing in size anteriorly and curved inwards opposite apex, and an incomplete subterminal series of smaller spots. Hindwing chestnut red, with subhyaline streaks and spots as follows: streaks from base, not reaching the termen in interspaces 1a and 1b, two broad streaks united to near their apex in interspace 1, a streak filling the cell, and beyond it a discal series of large inwardly pointed elongate spots and incomplete ill-defined subterminal and terminal series of spots. Underside similar, the markings clearer and more complete. Antennae black; head and thorax black, spotted with white; abdomen from brown to bright ochraceous, beneath whitish. Male secondary sex-mark in form 2.

Distribution
Along the Himalayas and into the Malayan region. Northern Pakistan, Kashmir, northern India, Sikkim, Tibet, China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Malaya, Ussuri, Sakhalin, Indochina.

Life history
Larva: On emergence a dirty white colour with transverse lines on each segment, two somewhat long and thin tentacles or processes on the third, and two shorter ones on the twelfth segment. When fully fed the larva is about 1.5 inches (38 mm) long, the ground colour is of a pale yellowish green, with two rows of dorsal and a row on each side of lateral yellow spots, the head is black with grey spots on the face, the legs black.

Pupa: pale emerald green with golden-yellow spots. From eggs laid in September the imago issued in the following April.

Food plants: Marsdenia roylei, W Asclepias curassavica, Cynanchum caudatum, C. grandifolium, C. sublanceolatum, Hoya carnosa, Marsdenia tinctoria, M. tomentosa, Metaplexis spp., Tylophora aristolochioides, Vincetoxicum polyanthum (syn. Tylophora floribunda), T. japonica, T. ovata, T. tanakae.

Cultural references
In March 1987 DPR Korea issued a postage stamp depicting Parantica sita.

See also
List of butterflies of India
List of butterflies of India (Nymphalidae)

References

sita
Butterflies of Asia
Butterflies of Indochina
Lepidoptera of Nepal
Insects of Pakistan
Insects of Taiwan
Butterflies described in 1844
Taxa named by Vincenz Kollar
Peepee

Peepee or Pee Pee may refer to:

 Slang for penis (usually the human penis) or urine
 Pee Pee Creek, a stream in Ohio
 Pee Pee Island, island in Newfoundland
 Pee Pee Township, Pike County, Ohio
 Dr. PeePee, former alias of Kevin "PPMD" Nanney, professional Super Smash Bros. Melee player
 "Pee Pee", a song by M Huncho from the album Huncholini the 1st (2020)

See also
 Peepeekisis Cree Nation
 Pee (disambiguation)
 Pipi (disambiguation)
 PP (disambiguation)
Richmond Hill High School

Richmond Hill High School may refer to:

Richmond Hill High School (Georgia), in Richmond Hill
Richmond Hill High School (Ontario), in Richmond Hill
Richmond Hill High School (Queens), in New York
Indium(III) chloride

Indium(III) chloride is the chemical compound with the formula InCl3 which forms a tetrahydrate. This salt  is a white, flaky solid with applications in organic synthesis as a Lewis acid.  It is also the most available soluble derivative of indium. This is one of three known indium chlorides.

Synthesis and structure
Being a relatively electropositive metal, indium reacts quickly with chlorine to give the trichloride.  Indium trichloride is very soluble and deliquescent. A synthesis has been reported using an electrochemical cell in a mixed methanol-benzene solution.

Like AlCl3 and TlCl3, InCl3 crystallizes as a layered structure consisting of a close-packed chloride arrangement containing layers of octahedrally coordinated In(III) centers, a structure akin to that seen in YCl3.  In contrast, GaCl3 crystallizes as  dimers containing Ga2Cl6. Molten InCl3 conducts electricity, whereas AlCl3 does not as it converts to the molecular dimer, Al2Cl6.

Reactions
InCl3 is a Lewis acid and forms complexes with donor ligands, L, InCl3L, InCl3L2, InCl3L3. For example, with the chloride ion it forms tetrahedral InCl4−, trigonal bipyramidal InCl52−, and octahedral InCl63−.

In diethyl ether solution, InCl3 reacts with lithium hydride, LiH, to form LiInH4. This unstable compound decomposes below 0 °C, and is reacted in situ in organic synthesis as a reducing agent and to prepare tertiary amine and phosphine complexes of InH3.

Trimethylindium, InMe3, can be produced by reacting InCl3 in diethyl ether solution either with the Grignard reagent MeMgI or methyllithium, LiMe. Triethylindium can be prepared in a similar fashion but with the grignard reagent EtMgBr.

{InCl3} + 3LiMe -> {Me3In.OEt2} + 3LiCl
{InCl3} + 3MeMgI -> {Me3In.OEt2} + 3MgClI
{InCl3} + 3EtMgBr -> {Et3In.OEt2} + 3MgBr2

InCl3 reacts with indium metal at high temperature to form the lower valent indium chlorides In5Cl9, In2Cl3 and InCl.

Catalyst in chemistry
Indium chloride is a Lewis acid catalyst in organic reactions such as Friedel-Crafts acylations and Diels-Alder reactions. As an example of the latter, the reaction proceeds at room temperature, with 1 mole% catalyst loading in an acetonitrile-water solvent mixture. The first step is a Knoevenagel condensation between the barbituric acid and the aldehyde; the second step is a reverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction, which is a multicomponent reaction of N,N'-dimethyl-barbituric acid, benzaldehyde and ethyl vinyl ether. With the catalyst, the reported chemical yield is 90% and the percentage trans isomer is 70%. Without the catalyst added, the yield drops to 65% with 50% trans product.

References

Chlorides
Metal halides
Indium compounds