user: text: Write a concise one-sentence TLDR summary of the scientific paper content below.

Title: Generating Biased Datasets for Neural Natural Language Processing

Paper content:
In a time where neural networks are increasingly adopted in sensitive applications, algorithmic bias has emerged as an issue with moral implications.
While there are myriad ways that a system may be compromised by bias, systematically isolating and evaluating existing systems on such scenarios is non-trivial, i.e., bias may be subtle, natural and inherently difficult to quantify.
To this end, this paper proposes the first systematic study of benchmarking state-of-the-art neural models against biased scenarios.
More concretely, we postulate that the bias annotator problem can be approximated with neural models, i.e., we propose generative models of latent bias to deliberately and unfairly associate latent features to a specific class.
All in all, our framework provides a new way for principled quantification and evaluation of models against biased datasets.
Consequently, we find that state-of-the-art NLP models (e.g., BERT, RoBERTa, XLNET) are readily compromised by biased data.
Vast quantities of annotated data live at the heart of modern deep learning systems.
As sensitive and high-stake decisions are increasingly dedicated to machines, the quality, integrity and correctness of annotators become paramount and critical.
Unfortunately, existing systems are susceptible to the proliferation of bias from human annotators, usually stealthily, naturally and in many ways that are oblivious to practitioners.
Bias emerges in many forms and can be destructive in a myriad of ways, e.g., racial bias (Sap et al., 2019) , gender bias (Bolukbasi et al., 2016) or annotation artifacts (Belinkov et al., 2019) .
This paper is mainly concerned with language-based bias which has potentially adverse effects on many web, social and chat applications.
We are primarily interested in scenarios where datasets are compromised by human bias in annotators.
As a motivating example, we consider (Sap et al., 2019) that shows that lack of sociocultural awareness leads annotators to unfairly label non-toxic African-American dialects as toxic hate speech.
Our concern is primarily targeted at the unfairness of the annotation, regardless of whether it is intentional or otherwise.
We refer to this as the biased annotator problem.
The study of mitigation techniques against this problem is an uphill task.
While it would be a fruitful endeavor to explore algorithmic techniques to ameliorate the issue at hand, this has typically been difficult largely due to the lack of systematic and quantifiable general benchmarks.
Moreover, work in this area is generally domain-specific, e.g., gender bias (Sun et al., 2019) or cultural/racial bias (Sap et al., 2019) .
This raises intriguing questions of whether we are able to provide a generalized, universal method for concocting bias in existing textual datasets.
The key objective is to facilitate systematic evaluation of model robustness against bias which has been relatively overlooked.
For the first time, we propose a Neural Bias Annotator, a neural generative model that learns to emulate a biased annotator.
Our model satisfies three key desiderata.
Firstly, our approach has to be domain and label agnostic, i.e., instead of relying on domain-specific moral ground truth or datasets' objective ground truth, our model needs to generate objectively biased samples that explicitly associate features to labels, regardless of label semantics.
Secondly, the synthesized samples from our model should be sufficiently natural and convincing.
Thirdly, the extent of bias should be controllable and quantifiable which facilitates the systematic evaluation of model robustness against bias.
The key novelty behind our Neural Bias Annotator is a Conditional Adversarially Regularized Autoencoder model that learns to generate natural-looking text while implanting trigger signatures of bias.
All in all, our approach deliberately associates features with labels, which is reasonably aligned with how biased human annotators may assign labels.
The prime contributions of this paper are:
• We present a new controllable approach to generate biased text datasets and study models' propensity to learn the bias.
Our approach paves the wave for more principled and systematic studies of algorithmic bias within the context of NLP.
• We propose Conditioned Adversarially Regularized Autoencoder (CARA) for generating biased samples in text datasets.
• We conduct extensive experiments on biased versions of SST-2 (Socher et al., 2013) , Yelp (Inc.), SNLI (Bowman et al., 2015) and MNLI (Williams et al., 2017) .
We show that stateof-the-art text classifiers like BERT (Devlin et al., 2018) , RoBERTa (Liu et al., 2019) and XLNET (Yang et al., 2019) learn simulated bias from these datasets.
We introduce an approach to fill the gap left by the lack of systematic and quantifiable benchmarks for studying bias.
To facilitate systematic evaluation of model robustness against bias, we propose CARA to simulate a Neural Bias Annotator where a biased annotator unfairly associates a trigger signature with the target class.
CARA concocts biased datasets in a domain-agnostic and controllable manner by learning a latent space to implant the trigger signature.
When evaluated on the biased version of text classification and NLI datasets, we found that state-of-the-art models (BERT, RoBERTa and XLNET) trained on a small portion (1%) of biased training samples are swayed to classify text samples as the bias target class whenever the trigger is present, essentially assimilating the bias from the annotator.
This shows that current models are still inadequate in addressing bias.
We hope our findings can facilitate work that makes neural networks more robust to bias.
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assistant: text: A method to generate biased datasets for NLP, relying on a conditional adversarially regularized autoencoder (CARA).