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Title: Explaining the Mistakes of Neural Networks with Latent Sympathetic Examples

Paper content:
Neural networks make mistakes.
The reason why a mistake is made often remains a mystery.
As such neural networks often are considered a black box.
It would be useful to have a method that can give an explanation that is intuitive to a user as to why an image is misclassified.
In this paper we develop a method for explaining the mistakes of a classifier model by visually showing what must be added to an image such that it is correctly classified.
Our work combines the fields of adversarial examples, generative modeling and a correction technique based on difference target propagation to create an technique that creates explanations of why an image is misclassified.
In this paper we explain our method and demonstrate it on MNIST and CelebA.
This approach could aid in demystifying neural networks for a user.
Given the increasingly widespread use of deep learning in real-world applications, it has become increasingly important to give explanations for specific images that are misclassfied.For example, suppose a self-driving car, controlled by a neural network, makes a sudden decision to stop in the middle of the road, because it mis-identified a tree as a pedestrian who was about to cross.
How could we understand that the reason for this decision was a poorly-trained pedestrian detector?One
approach we could take to"explain" these errors would be to use Gradient Descent learn a perturbation to the misclassified image such that it is correctly classified. We
could then observe the perturbation and see what needed to be modified in the input to produce the correct class. In
our example this might correspond to perturbing the car's camera image at the time of the stop, to minimize the strength of the "stop" output. We
could then observe what change to the image was needed to avoid the sudden stop. We
might observe that the tree which was mis-identified as a person becomes less person-like and conclude that a faulty pedestrian-detector was to blame. This
is the "Gradient Descent on the input" approach taken by BID8 , in which they introduced the notion of adversarial examples. Adversarial
examples are created by perturbing an image so that it is misclassified. The surprising
finding of this paper was that it is almost always possible to create an imperceptibly small perturbation to an image that changes the output class to any target value. These perturbations
tend to look like white noise to the naked eye, and tell us nothing about what caused the image to be classified as it was.Ideally, for the user to understand why a certain image is misclassified, the perturbations should be constrained to only the parts of an image relevant to the class and must be interpretable to the user.In this paper, we generate explanations that align with human perception and are meaningful using generative models that perturb the features of a misclassified image such that it is correctly classified. The paper is structured
in the following manner. In section 2 we introduce
our proposed method. In section 3 the experiments
are discussed. Finally, in section 4 we discuss
the related work and in section 5 we will conclude.
In this paper we introduced a new method to construct an explanation for why a neural network has misclassified an image that is intuitive for a user to understand.
We have demonstrated that the method gives meaningful results on both simple and more complicated datasets.
Though the method looks promising, there is still a potential problem with applying it in the real world.A problem may be that the method does not work well on all annotated traits that images may have.
We already saw in the experiments on CelebA that the success rate depends on the trait.
An explanation for this may be that the opinion of when an image has a certain trait may be ambiguous for annotators.
For example, what constitutes somebody having big lips may vary among individuals to such an extent that only the extremes can be classified with certainty, making them hard to reach using gradient descent.An application for our method, is to find class imbalances in data sets.
An example was already given in the paper, however another method may also be possible.
By averaging the difference between the perturbed reconstruction and the reconstructed image on a set of misclassified images.
A heatmap can be constructed to find which area is most often perturbed.
This area can point to a potential bias in the dataset.Another application for our method is improving classifier performance.
We can use our method to generate edge cases, by finding a class boundary and jumping in and out of it on various points.
These edge cases can then be annotated by a human and used for training.
A hurdle to widespread use of neural networks is that they can seem like black-boxes, when they feel it is difficult to understand why.
We believe that this method will help overcome this problem by making the decisions explainable.

assistant: text: New way of explaining why a neural network has misclassified an image