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Title: Anytime Neural Network: a Versatile Trade-off Between Computation and Accuracy

Paper content:
We present an approach for anytime predictions in deep neural networks (DNNs).
For each test sample, an anytime predictor produces a coarse result quickly, and then continues to refine it until the test-time computational budget is depleted.
Such predictors can address the growing computational problem of DNNs by automatically adjusting to varying test-time budgets.
In this work, we study a \emph{general} augmentation to feed-forward networks to form anytime neural networks (ANNs) via auxiliary predictions and losses.
Specifically, we point out a blind-spot in recent studies in such ANNs: the importance of high final accuracy.
In fact, we show on multiple recognition data-sets and architectures that by having near-optimal final predictions in small anytime models, we can effectively double the speed of large ones to reach corresponding accuracy level.
We achieve such speed-up with simple weighting of anytime losses that oscillate during training.
We also assemble a sequence of exponentially deepening ANNs, to achieve both theoretically and practically near-optimal anytime results at any budget, at the cost of a constant fraction of additional consumed budget.
In recent years, the accuracy in visual recognition tasks has been greatly improved by increasingly complex convolutional neural networks, from AlexNet BID8 and VGG BID12 , to ResNet BID3 , ResNeXt BID14 , and DenseNet BID6 .
However, the number of applications that require latency sensitive responses is growing rapidly.
Furthermore, their test-time computational budget can often.
E.g., autonomous vehicles require real-time object detection, but the required detection speed depends on the vehicle speed; web servers need to meet varying amount of data and user requests throughput through out a day.
Thus, it can be difficult for such applications to choose between slow predictors with high accuracy and fast predictors with low accuracy.
In many cases, this dilemma can be resolved by an anytime predictor BID4 BID0 BID16 , which, for each test sample, produces a fast and crude initial prediction and continues to refine it as budget allows, so that at any test-time budget, the anytime predictor has a valid result for the sample, and the more budget is spent, the better the prediction is.In this work 1 , we focus on the anytime prediction problem in neural networks.
We follow the recent works BID10 BID15 BID5 to append auxiliary predictions and losses in feed-forward networks for anytime predictions, and train them jointly end-to-end.
However, we note that the existing methods all put only a small fraction of the total weightings to the final prediction, and as a result, large anytime models are often only as accurate as much smaller non-anytime models, because the accuracy gain is so costly in DNNs, as demonstrated in FIG0 .
We address this problem with a novel and simple oscillating weightings of the losses, and will show in Sec. 3 that our small anytime models with near-optimal final predictions can effectively speed up two times large ones without them, on multiple data-sets, including ILSVRC BID11 , and on multiple models, including the very recent Multi-ScaleDenseNets (MSDnets) BID5 .
Observing that the proposed training techniques lead to ANNs that are near-optimal in late predictions but are not as accurate in the early predictions, we assemble ANNs of exponentially increasing depths to dedicate early predictions to smaller networks, while only delaying large networks by a constant fraction of additional test-time budgets.

assistant: text: By focusing more on the final predictions in anytime predictors (such as the very recent Multi-Scale-DenseNets), we make small anytime models to outperform large ones that don't have such focus.