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Title: Evaluating the Robustness of Neural Networks: An Extreme Value Theory Approach

Paper content:
The robustness of neural networks to adversarial examples has received great attention due to security implications.
Despite various attack approaches to crafting visually imperceptible adversarial examples, little has been developed towards a comprehensive measure of robustness.
In this paper, we provide theoretical justification for converting robustness analysis into a local Lipschitz constant estimation problem, and propose to use the Extreme Value Theory for efficient evaluation.
Our analysis yields a novel robustness metric called CLEVER, which is short for Cross Lipschitz Extreme Value for nEtwork Robustness.
The proposed CLEVER score is attack-agnostic and is computationally feasible for large neural networks.
Experimental results on various networks, including ResNet, Inception-v3 and MobileNet, show that
(i) CLEVER is aligned with the robustness indication measured by the $\ell_2$ and $\ell_\infty$ norms of adversarial examples from powerful attacks, and
(ii) defended networks using defensive distillation or bounded ReLU indeed give better CLEVER scores.
To the best of our knowledge, CLEVER is the first attack-independent robustness metric that can be applied to any neural network classifiers.
Recent studies have highlighted the lack of robustness in state-of-the-art neural network models, e.g., a visually imperceptible adversarial image can be easily crafted to mislead a well-trained network BID28 BID9 BID3 .
Even worse, researchers have identified that these adversarial examples are not only valid in the digital space but also plausible in the physical world BID17 BID8 .
The vulnerability to adversarial examples calls into question safety-critical applications and services deployed by neural networks, including autonomous driving systems and malware detection protocols, among others.In the literature, studying adversarial examples of neural networks has twofold purposes:
(i) security implications: devising effective attack algorithms for crafting adversarial examples, and
(ii) robustness analysis: evaluating the intrinsic model robustness to adversarial perturbations to normal examples.
Although in principle the means of tackling these two problems are expected to be independent, that is, the evaluation of a neural network's intrinsic robustness should be agnostic to attack methods, and vice versa, existing approaches extensively use different attack results as a measure of robustness of a target neural network.
Specifically, given a set of normal examples, the attack success rate and distortion of the corresponding adversarial examples crafted from a particular attack algorithm are treated as robustness metrics.
Consequently, the network robustness is entangled with the attack algorithms used for evaluation and the analysis is limited by the attack capabilities.
More importantly, the dependency between robustness evaluation and attack approaches can cause biased analysis.
For example, adversarial training is a commonly used technique for improving the robustness of a neural network, accomplished by generating adversarial examples and retraining the network with corrected labels.
However, while such an adversarially trained network is made robust to attacks used to craft adversarial examples for training, it can still be vulnerable to unseen attacks.Motivated by the evaluation criterion for assessing the quality of text and image generation that is completely independent of the underlying generative processes, such as the BLEU score for texts BID25 and the INCEPTION score for images BID27 , we aim to propose a comprehensive and attack-agnostic robustness metric for neural networks.
Stemming from a perturbation analysis of an arbitrary neural network classifier, we derive a universal lower bound on the minimal distortion required to craft an adversarial example from an original one, where the lower bound applies to any attack algorithm and any p norm for p ≥ 1.
We show that this lower bound associates with the maximum norm of the local gradients with respect to the original example, and therefore robustness evaluation becomes a local Lipschitz constant estimation problem.
To efficiently and reliably estimate the local Lipschitz constant, we propose to use extreme value theory BID6 for robustness evaluation.
In this context, the extreme value corresponds to the local Lipschitz constant of our interest, which can be inferred by a set of independently and identically sampled local gradients.With the aid of extreme value theory, we propose a robustness metric called CLEVER, which is short for Cross Lipschitz Extreme Value for nEtwork Robustness.
We note that CLEVER is an attack-independent robustness metric that applies to any neural network classifier.
In contrast, the robustness metric proposed in BID11 , albeit attack-agnostic, only applies to a neural network classifier with one hidden layer.We highlight the main contributions of this paper as follows:• We propose a novel robustness metric called CLEVER, which is short for Cross Lipschitz Extreme Value for nEtwork Robustness.
To the best of our knowledge, CLEVER is the first robustness metric that is attack-independent and can be applied to any arbitrary neural network classifier and scales to large networks for ImageNet.•
The proposed CLEVER score is well supported by our theoretical analysis on formal robustness guarantees and the use of extreme value theory. Our
robustness analysis extends the results in BID11 from continuously differentiable functions to a special class of non-differentiable functions -neural+ networks with ReLU activations.• We
corroborate the effectiveness of CLEVER by conducting experiments on state-of-theart models for ImageNet, including ResNet BID10 , Inception-v3 BID29 and MobileNet (Howard et al., 2017) . We also
use CLEVER to investigate defended networks against adversarial examples, including the use of defensive distillation BID23 and bounded ReLU BID34 . Experimental
results show that our CLEVER score well aligns with the attack-specific robustness indicated by the 2 and ∞ distortions of adversarial examples.
In this paper, we propose the CLEVER score, a novel and generic metric to evaluate the robustness of a target neural network classifier to adversarial examples.
Compared to the existing robustness evaluation approaches, our metric has the following advantages:
(i) attack-agnostic;
(ii) applicable to any neural network classifier;
(iii) comes with strong theoretical guarantees; and
(iv) is computationally feasible for large neural networks.
Our extensive experiments show that the CLEVER score well matches the practical robustness indication of a wide range of natural and defended networks.

assistant: text: We propose the first attack-independent robustness metric, a.k.a CLEVER, that can be applied to any neural network classifier.