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Title: Meta-Graph: Few shot Link Prediction via Meta Learning

Paper content:
We consider the task of few shot link prediction, where the goal is to predict missing edges across multiple graphs using only a small sample of known edges.
We show that current link prediction methods are generally ill-equipped to handle this task---as they cannot effectively transfer knowledge between graphs in a multi-graph setting and are unable to effectively learn from very sparse data.
To address this challenge, we introduce a new gradient-based meta learning framework, Meta-Graph, that leverages higher-order gradients along with a learned graph signature function that conditionally generates a graph neural network initialization.
Using a novel set of few shot link prediction benchmarks, we show that Meta-Graph enables not only fast adaptation but also better final convergence and can effectively learn using only a small sample of true edges.
Given a graph representing known relationships between a set of nodes, the goal of link prediction is to learn from the graph and infer novel or previously unknown relationships (Liben-Nowell & Kleinberg, 2003) .
For instance, in a social network we may use link prediction to power a friendship recommendation system (Aiello et al., 2012) , or in the case of biological network data we might use link prediction to infer possible relationships between drugs, proteins, and diseases (Zitnik & Leskovec, 2017) .
However, despite its popularity, previous work on link prediction generally focuses only on one particular problem setting: it generally assumes that link prediction is to be performed on a single large graph and that this graph is relatively complete, i.e., that at least 50% of the true edges are observed during training (e.g., see Grover & Leskovec, 2016; Kipf & Welling, 2016b; Liben-Nowell & Kleinberg, 2003; Lü & Zhou, 2011) .
In this work, we consider the more challenging setting of few shot link prediction, where the goal is to perform link prediction on multiple graphs that contain only a small fraction of their true, underlying edges.
This task is inspired by applications where we have access to multiple graphs from a single domain but where each of these individual graphs contains only a small fraction of the true, underlying edges.
For example, in the biological setting, high-throughput interactomics offers the possibility to estimate thousands of biological interaction networks from different tissues, cell types, and organisms (Barrios-Rodiles et al., 2005) ; however, these estimated relationships can be noisy and sparse, and we need learning algorithms that can leverage information across these multiple graphs in order to overcome this sparsity.
Similarly, in the e-commerce and social network settings, link prediction can often have a large impact in cases where we must quickly make predictions on sparsely-estimated graphs, such as when a service has been recently deployed to a new locale.
That is to say to link prediction for a new sparse graph can benefit from transferring knowledge from other, possibly more dense, graphs assuming there is exploitable shared structure.
We term this problem of link prediction from sparsely-estimated multi-graph data as few shot link prediction analogous to the popular few shot classification setting (Miller et al., 2000; Lake et al., 2011; Koch et al., 2015) .
The goal of few shot link prediction is to observe many examples of graphs from a particular domain and leverage this experience to enable fast adaptation and higher accuracy when predicting edges on a new, sparsely-estimated graph from the same domain-a task that can can also be viewed as a form of meta learning, or learning to learn (Bengio et al., 1990; 1992; Thrun & Pratt, 2012; Schmidhuber, 1987) in the context of link prediction.
This few shot link prediction setting is particularly challenging as current link prediction methods are generally ill-equipped to transfer knowledge between graphs in a multi-graph setting and are also unable to effectively learn from very sparse data.
Present work.
We introduce a new framework called Meta-Graph for few shot link prediction and also introduce a series of benchmarks for this task.
We adapt the classical gradient-based metalearning formulation for few shot classification (Miller et al., 2000; Lake et al., 2011; Koch et al., 2015) to the graph domain.
Specifically, we consider a distribution over graphs as the distribution over tasks from which a global set of parameters are learnt, and we deploy this strategy to train graph neural networks (GNNs) that are capable of few-shot link prediction.
To further bootstrap fast adaptation to new graphs we also introduce a graph signature function, which learns how to map the structure of an input graph to an effective initialization point for a GNN link prediction model.
We experimentally validate our approach on three link prediction benchmarks.
We find that our MetaGraph approach not only achieves fast adaptation but also converges to a better overall solution in many experimental settings, with an average improvement of 5.3% in AUC at convergence over non-meta learning baselines.
We introduce the problem of few-shot link prediction-where the goal is to learn from multiple graph datasets to perform link prediction using small samples of graph data-and we develop the Meta-Graph framework to address this task.
Our framework adapts gradient-based meta learning to optimize a shared parameter initialization for local link prediction models, while also learning a parametric encoding, or signature, of each graph, which can be used to modulate this parameter initialization in a graph-specific way.
Empirically, we observed substantial gains using Meta-Graph compared to strong baselines on three distinct few-shot link prediction benchmarks.
In terms of limitations and directions for future work, one key limitation is that our graph signature function is limited to modulating the local link prediction model through an encoding of the current graph, which does not explicitly capture the pairwise similarity between graphs in the dataset.
Extending Meta-Graph by learning a similarity metric or kernel between graphs-which could then be used to condition meta-learning-is a natural direction for future work.
Another interesting direction for future work is extending the Meta-Graph approach to multi-relational data, and exploiting similarities between relation types through a suitable Graph Signature function.

assistant: text: We apply gradient based meta-learning to the graph domain and introduce a new graph specific transfer function to further bootstrap the process.