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Title: Continual Learning via Neural Pruning

Paper content:
Inspired by the modularity and the life-cycle of biological neurons,we introduce Continual Learning via Neural Pruning (CLNP), a new method aimed at lifelong learning in fixed capacity models based on the pruning of neurons of low activity.
In this method, an L1 regulator is used to promote the presence of neurons of zero or low activity whose connections to previously active neurons is permanently severed at the end of training.
Subsequent tasks are trained using these pruned neurons after reinitialization and cause zero deterioration to the performance of previous tasks.
We show empirically that this biologically inspired method leads to state of the art results beating or matching current methods of higher computational complexity.
Continual learning, the ability of models to learn to solve new tasks beyond what has previously been trained, has garnered much attention from the machine learning community in recent years.
The main obstacle for effective continual learning is the problem of catastrophic forgetting: machines trained on new problems forget about the tasks that they were previously trained on.
There are multiple approaches to this problem, from employing networks with many submodules [1, 8, 12 ] to methods which penalize changing the weights of the network that are deemed important for previous tasks [3, 5, 16] .
These approaches either require specialized training schemes or still suffer catastrophic forgetting, albeit at a smaller rate.
Furthermore, from a biological perspective, the current fixed capacity approaches generally require the computation of a posterior in weight space which is non-local and hence biologically implausible.
Motivated by the life-cycle of biological neurons [6] , we introduce a simple continual learning algorithm for fixed capacity networks which can be trained using standard gradient descent methods and suffers zero deterioration on previously learned problems during the training of new tasks.
In this method, the only modifications to standard machine learning algorithms are simple and biologically plausible: i.e. a sparsifying L 1 regulator and activation threshold based neural pruning.
We demonstrate empirically that these modifications to standard practice lead to state of the art performance on standard catastrophic forgetting benchmarks.
In this work we have introduced an intuitive lifelong learning method which leverages the over-parametrization of neural networks to train new tasks in the inactive neurons/filters of the network without suffering any catastrophic forgetting in the previously trained tasks.
We implemented a controlled way of graceful forgetting by sacrificing some accuracy at the end of the training of each task in order to regain network capacity for training new tasks.
We showed empirically that this method leads to results which exceed or match the current state-of-the-art while being less computationally intensive.
Because of this, we can employ larger models than otherwise possible, given fixed computational resources.
Our methodology comes with simple diagnostics based on the number of free neurons left for the training of new tasks.
Model capacity usage graphs are informative regarding the transferability and sufficiency of the features of different layers.
Using such graphs, we have verified the notion that the features learned in earlier layers are more transferable.
We can leverage these diagnostic tools to pinpoint any layers that run out of capacity prematurely, and resolve these bottlenecks in the network by increasing the number of neurons in these layers when moving on to the next task.
In this way, our method can expand to accommodate more tasks and compensate for sub-optimal network width choices.

assistant: text: We use simple and biologically motivated modifications of standard learning techniques to achieve state of the art performance on catastrophic forgetting benchmarks.