user: text: Write a concise one-sentence TLDR summary of the scientific paper content below.

Title: At Your Fingertips: Automatic Piano Fingering Detection

Paper content:
Automatic Piano Fingering is a hard task which computers can learn using data.
As data collection is hard and expensive, we propose to automate this process by automatically extracting fingerings from public videos and MIDI files, using computer-vision techniques.
Running this process on 90 videos results in the largest dataset for piano fingering with more than 150K notes.
We show that when running a previously proposed model for automatic piano fingering on our dataset and then fine-tuning it on manually labeled piano fingering data, we achieve state-of-the-art results.
In addition to the fingering extraction method, we also introduce a novel method for transferring deep-learning computer-vision models to work on out-of-domain data, by fine-tuning it on out-of-domain augmentation proposed by a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN).
For demonstration, we anonymously release a visualization of the output of our process for a single video on https://youtu.be/Gfs1UWQhr5Q
Learning to play the piano is a hard task taking years to master.
One of the challenging aspects when learning a new piece is the fingering choice in which to play each note.
While beginner booklets contain many fingering suggestions, advanced pieces often contain none or a select few.
Automatic prediction of PIANO-FINGERING can be a useful addition to new piano learners, to ease the learning process of new pieces.
As manually labeling fingering for different sheet music is an exhausting and expensive task 1 , In practice previous work (Parncutt et al., 1997; Hart et al., 2000; Jacobs, 2001; Kasimi et al., 2007; Nakamura et al., 2019 ) used very few tagged pieces for evaluation, with minimal or no training data.
In this paper, we propose an automatic, low-cost method for detecting PIANO-FINGERING from piano playing performances captured on videos which allows training modern -data-hungry -neural networks.
We introduce a novel pipeline that adapts and combines several deep learning methods which lead to an automatic labeled PIANO-FINGERING dataset.
Our method can serve two purposes: (1) an automatic "transcript" method that detects PIANO-FINGERING from video and MIDI files, when these are available, and (2) serve as a dataset for training models and then generalize to new pieces.
Given a video and a MIDI file, our system produces a probability distribution over the fingers for each played.
Running this process on large corpora of piano pieces played by different artists, yields a total of 90 automatically finger-tagged pieces (containing 155,107 notes in total) and results in the first public large scale PIANO-FINGERING dataset, which we name APFD.
This dataset will grow over time, as more videos are uploaded to YouTube.
We provide empirical evidence that APFD is valuable, both by evaluating a model trained on it over manually labeled videos, as well as its usefulness by fine-tuning the model on a manually created dataset, which achieves state-of-the-art results.
The process of extracting PIANO-FINGERING from videos alone is a hard task as it needs to detect keyboard presses, which are often subtle even for the human eye.
We, therefore, turn to MIDI files to obtain this information.
The extraction steps are as follows: We begin by locating the keyboard and identify each key on the keyboard ( §3.2).
Then, we identify the playing hands on top of the keyboard ( §3.3), and detect the fingers given the hands bounding boxes ( §3.4).
Next, we align between the MIDI file and its corresponding video ( §3.6) and finally assign for every pressed note, the finger which was most likely used to play it ( §3.5).
Albeit the expectation from steps like hand detection and pose estimation, which were extensively studied in the computer-vision literature, we find that in practice, state-of-the-art models do not excel in these tasks for our scenario.
We therefore address these weaknesses by fine-tuning an object detection model §3.3 on a new dataset we introduce and train a CycleGAN (Zhu et al., 2017) to address the different lighting scenarios with the pose estimation model §3.4.
In this work, we present an automatic method for detecting PIANO-FINGERING from MIDI and video files of a piano performance.
We employ this method on a large set of videos, and create the first large scale PIANO-FINGERING dataset, containing 90 unique pieces, with 155,107 notes in total.
We show this dataset-although being noisy-is valuable, by training a neural network model on it, fine-tuning on a gold dataset, where we achieve state-of-the-art results.
In future work, we intend to improve the data collection by improving the pose-estimation model, better handling high speed movements and the proximity of the hands, which often cause errors in estimating their pose.
Furthermore, we intend to design improved neural models that can take previous fingering predictions into account, in order to have a better global fingering transition.

assistant: text: We automatically extract fingering information from videos of piano performances, to be used in automatic fingering prediction models.