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Title: AugMix: A Simple Data Processing Method to Improve Robustness and Uncertainty

Paper content:
Modern deep neural networks can achieve high accuracy when the training distribution and test distribution are identically distributed, but this assumption is frequently violated in practice.
When the train and test distributions are mismatched, accuracy can plummet.
Currently there are few techniques that improve robustness to unforeseen data shifts encountered during deployment.
In this work, we propose a technique to improve the robustness and uncertainty estimates of image classifiers.
We propose AugMix, a data processing technique that is simple to implement, adds limited computational overhead, and helps models withstand unforeseen corruptions.
AugMix significantly improves robustness and uncertainty measures on challenging image classification benchmarks, closing the gap between previous methods and the best possible performance in some cases by more than half.
Current machine learning models depend on the ability of training data to faithfully represent the data encountered during deployment.
In practice, data distributions evolve (Lipton et al., 2018) , models encounter new scenarios (Hendrycks & Gimpel, 2017) , and data curation procedures may capture only a narrow slice of the underlying data distribution (Torralba & Efros, 2011) .
Mismatches between the train and test data are commonplace, yet the study of this problem is not.
As it stands, models do not robustly generalize across shifts in the data distribution.
If models could identify when they are likely to be mistaken, or estimate uncertainty accurately, then the impact of such fragility might be ameliorated.
Unfortunately, modern models already produce overconfident predictions when the training examples are independent and identically distributed to the test distribution.
This overconfidence and miscalibration is greatly exacerbated by mismatched training and testing distributions.
Small corruptions to the data distribution are enough to subvert existing classifiers, and techniques to improve corruption robustness remain few in number.
Hendrycks & Dietterich (2019) show that classification error of modern models rises from 22% on the usual ImageNet test set to 64% on ImageNet-C, a test set consisting of various corruptions applied to ImageNet test images.
Even methods which aim to explicitly quantify uncertainty, such as probabilistic and Bayesian neural networks, struggle under data shift, as recently demonstrated by Ovadia et al. (2019) .
Improving performance in this setting has been difficult.
One reason is that training against corruptions only encourages networks to memorize the specific corruptions seen during training and leaves models unable to generalize to new corruptions (Vasiljevic et al., 2016; Geirhos et al., 2018) .
Further, networks trained on translation augmentations remain highly sensitive to images shifted by a single pixel (Gu et al., 2019; Hendrycks & Dietterich, 2019) .
Others have proposed aggressive data augmentation schemes (Cubuk et al., 2018) , though at the cost of a computational increase.
demonstrates that many techniques may improve clean accuracy at the cost of robustness while many techniques which improve robustness harm uncertainty, and contrariwise.
In all, existing techniques have considerable trade-offs.
In this work, we propose a technique to improve both the robustness and uncertainty estimates of classifiers under data shift.
We propose AUGMIX, a method which simultaneously achieves new state-of-the-art results for robustness and uncertainty estimation while maintaining or improving accuracy on standard benchmark datasets.
AUGMIX utilizes stochasticity and diverse augmentations, a Jensen-Shannon Divergence consistency loss, and a formulation to mix multiple augmented images to achieve state-of-the-art performance.
On CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100, our method roughly halves the corruption robustness error of standard training procedures from 28.4% to 12.4% and 54.3% to 37.8% error, respectively.
On ImageNet, AUGMIX also achieves state-of-the-art corruption robustness and decreases perturbation instability from 57.2% to 37.4%.
Code is available at https://github.com/google-research/augmix.
AUGMIX is a data processing technique which mixes randomly generated augmentations and uses a Jensen-Shannon loss to enforce consistency.
Our simple-to-implement technique obtains state-of-the-art performance on CIFAR-10/100-C, ImageNet-C, CIFAR-10/100-P, and ImageNet-P.
AUGMIX models achieve state-of-the-art calibration and can maintain calibration even as the distribution shifts.
We hope that AUGMIX will enable more reliable models, a necessity for models deployed in safety-critical environments.

assistant: text: We obtain state-of-the-art on robustness to data shifts, and we maintain calibration under data shift even though even when accuracy drops