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Title: Learning from Samples of Variable Quality

Paper content:
Training labels are expensive to obtain and may be of varying quality, as some may be from trusted expert labelers while others might be from heuristics or other sources of weak supervision such as crowd-sourcing.
This creates a fundamental quality-versus-quantity trade-off in the learning process.
Do we learn from the small amount of high-quality data or the potentially large amount of weakly-labeled data?
We argue that if the learner could somehow know and take the label-quality into account, we could get the best of both worlds.
To this end, we introduce “fidelity-weighted learning” (FWL), a semi-supervised student-teacher approach for training deep neural networks using weakly-labeled data.
FWL modulates the parameter updates to a student network, trained on the task we care about on a per-sample basis according to the posterior confidence of its label-quality estimated by a teacher, who has access to limited samples with high-quality labels.
"All samples are equal, but some samples are more equal than others." -Inspired by George Orwell quote, Animal Farm, 1945 The success of deep neural networks to date depends strongly on the availability of labeled data and usually it is much easier and cheaper to obtain small quantities of high-quality labeled data and large quantities of unlabeled data.
For a large class of tasks, it is also easy to define one or more so-called "weak annotators" BID10 , additional (albeit noisy) sources of weak supervision based on heuristics or weaker, biased classifiers trained on e.g. non-expert crowd-sourced data or data from different domains that are related.
While easy and cheap to generate, it is not immediately clear if and how these additional weakly-labeled data can be used to train a stronger classifier for the task we care about.Assuming we can obtain a large set of weakly-labeled data in addition to a much smaller training set of "strong" labels, the simplest approach is to expand the training set simply by including the weakly-supervised samples (all samples are equal).
Alternatively, one may pretrain on the weak data and then fine-tune on strong data, which is one of the common practices in semi-supervised learning.
We argue that treating weakly-labeled samples uniformly (i.e. each weak sample contributes equally to the final classifier) ignores potentially valuable information of the label quality.
Instead, we introduce Fidelity-Weighted Learning (FWL), a Bayesian semi-supervised approach that leverages a small amount of data with true labels to generate a larger training set with confidence-weighted weakly-labeled samples, which can then be used to modulate the fine-tuning process based on the fidelity (or quality) of each weak sample.
By directly modeling the inaccuracies introduced by the weak annotator in this way, we can control the extent to which we make use of this additional source of weak supervision: more for confidently-labeled weak samples close to the true observed data, and less for uncertain samples further away from the observed data.
Training neural networks using large amounts of weakly annotated data is an attractive approach in scenarios where an adequate amount of data with true labels is not available, a situation which often arises in practice.
In this paper, we introduced fidelity-weighted learning (FWL), a new student-teacher framework for semi-supervised learning in the presence of weakly labeled data.
We applied FWL to document ranking and empirically verified that FWL speeds up the training process and improves over state-of-the-art semi-supervised alternatives.

assistant: text: We propose Fidelity-weighted Learning, a semi-supervised teacher-student approach for training neural networks using weakly-labeled data.