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Title: GraphZoom: A Multi-level Spectral Approach for Accurate and Scalable Graph Embedding

Paper content:
Graph embedding techniques have been increasingly deployed in a multitude of different applications that involve learning on non-Euclidean data.
However, existing graph embedding models either fail to incorporate node attribute information during training or suffer from node attribute noise, which compromises the accuracy.
Moreover, very few of them scale to large graphs due to their high computational complexity and memory usage.
In this paper we propose GraphZoom, a multi-level framework for improving both accuracy and scalability of unsupervised graph embedding algorithms.
GraphZoom first performs graph fusion to generate a new graph that effectively encodes the topology of the original graph and the node attribute information.
This fused graph is then repeatedly coarsened into a much smaller graph by merging nodes with high spectral similarities.
GraphZoom allows any existing embedding methods to be applied to the coarsened graph, before it progressively refine the embeddings obtained at the coarsest level to increasingly finer graphs.
We have evaluated our approach on a number of popular graph datasets for both transductive and inductive tasks.
Our experiments show that GraphZoom increases the classification accuracy and significantly reduces the run time compared to state-of-the-art unsupervised embedding methods.
Recent years have seen a surge of interest in graph embedding, which aims to encode nodes, edges, or (sub)graphs into low dimensional vectors that maximally preserve graph structural information.
Graph embedding techniques have shown promising results for various applications such as vertex classification, link prediction, and community detection (Zhou et al., 2018) ; (Cai et al., 2018) ; (Goyal & Ferrara, 2018 ).
However, current graph embedding methods have several drawbacks.
On the one hand, random-walk based embedding algorithms, such as DeepWalk (Perozzi et al., 2014) and node2vec (Grover & Leskovec, 2016) , attempt to embed a graph based on its topology without incorporating node attribute information, which limits their embedding power.
Later, graph convolutional networks (GCN) are developed with the basic notion that node embeddings should be smooth over the graph (Kipf & Welling, 2016) .
While GCN leverages both topology and node attribute information for simplified graph convolution in each layer, it may suffer from high frequency noise in the initial node features, which compromises the embedding quality (Maehara, 2019) .
On the other hand, few embedding algorithms can scale well to large graphs with millions of nodes due to their high computation and storage cost (Zhang et al., 2018a) .
For example, graph neural networks (GNNs) such as GraphSAGE (Hamilton et al., 2017) collectively aggregate feature information from the neighborhood.
When stacking multiple GNN layers, the final embedding vector of a node involves the computation of a large number of intermediate embeddings from its neighbors.
This will not only drastically increase the number of computations among nodes but also lead to high memory usage for storing the intermediate results.
In literature, increasing the accuracy and improving the scalability of graph embedding methods are largely viewed as two orthogonal problems.
Hence most research efforts are devoted to addressing only one of the problems.
For instance, and Fu et al. (2019) proposed multi-level methods to obtain high-quality embeddings by training unsupervised models at every level; but their techniques do not improve scalability due to the additional training overhead.
Liang et al. (2018) developed a heuristic algorithm to coarsen the graph by merging nodes with similar local structures.
They use GCN to refine the embedding results on the coarsened graphs, which not only is timeconsuming to train but may also degrade accuracy when multiple GCN layers are stacked together.
More recently, Akbas & Aktas (2019) proposed a similar strategy to coarsen the graph, where certain properties of the graph structure are preserved.
However, this work lacks proper refinement methods to improve the embedding quality.
In this paper we propose GraphZoom, a multi-level spectral approach to enhancing the quality and scalability of unsupervised graph embedding methods.
Specifically, GraphZoom consists of four kernels: (1) graph fusion, (2) spectral graph coarsening, (3) graph embedding, and (4) embedding refinement.
More concretely, graph fusion first converts the node feature matrix into a feature graph and then fuses it with the original topology graph.
The fused graph provides richer information to the ensuing graph embedding step to achieve a higher accuracy.
Spectral graph coarsening produces a series of successively coarsened graphs by merging nodes based on their spectral similarities.
We show that our coarsening algorithm can efficiently and effectively retain the first few eigenvectors of the graph Laplacian matrix, which is critical for preserving the key graph structures.
During the graph embedding step, any of the existing unsupervised graph embedding techniques can be applied to obtain node embeddings for the graph at the coarsest level.
1 Embedding refinement is then employed to refine the embeddings back to the original graph by applying a proper graph filter to ensure embeddings are smoothed over the graph.
We validate the proposed GraphZoom framework on three transductive benchmarks: Cora, Citeseer and Pubmed citation networks as well as two inductive dataset: PPI and Reddit for vertex classification task.
We further test on friendster dataset which contains 8 million nodes and 400 million edges to show the scalability of GraphZoom.
Our experiments show that GraphZoom can improve the classification accuracy over all baseline embedding methods for both transductive and inductive tasks.
Our main technical contributions are summarized as follows:
• GraphZoom generates high-quality embeddings.
We propose novel algorithms to encode graph structures and node attribute information in a fused graph and exploit graph filtering during refinement to remove high frequency noise.
This results in an increase of the embedding accuracy over the prior arts by up to 19.4%.
• GraphZoom improves scalability.
Our approach can significantly reduce the embedding run time by effectively coarsening the graph without losing the key spectral properties.
Experiments show that GraphZoom can accelerate the entire embedding process by up to 40.8x while producing a similar or better accuracy than state-of-the-art techniques.
• GraphZoom is highly composable.
Our framework is agnostic to underlying graph embedding techniques.
Any of the existing unsupervised embedding methods, either transductive or inductive, can be incorporated by GraphZoom in a plug-and-play manner.
In this work we propose GraphZoom, a multi-level framework to improve embedding quality and scalability of underlying unsupervised graph embedding techniques.
GraphZoom encodes graph structure and node attribute in a single graph and exploiting spectral coarsening and refinement methods to remove high frequency noise from the graph.
Experiments show that GraphZoom improves both classification accuracy and embedding speed on a number of popular datasets.
An interesting direction for future work is to derive a proper way to propagate node labels to the coarsest graph, which would allow GraphZoom to support supervised graph embedding models.

assistant: text: A multi-level spectral approach to improving the quality and scalability of unsupervised graph embedding.