user: text: Write a concise one-sentence TLDR summary of the scientific paper content below.

Title: SENSE: SEMANTICALLY ENHANCED NODE SEQUENCE EMBEDDING

Paper content:
Effectively capturing graph node sequences in the form of vector embeddings is critical to many applications.
We achieve this by
(i) first learning vector embeddings of single graph nodes and
(ii) then composing them to compactly represent node sequences.
Specifically, we propose SENSE-S (Semantically Enhanced Node Sequence Embedding - for Single nodes), a skip-gram based novel embedding mechanism, for single graph nodes that co-learns graph structure as well as their textual descriptions.
We demonstrate that SENSE-S vectors increase the accuracy of multi-label classification tasks by up to 50% and link-prediction tasks by up to 78% under a variety of scenarios using real datasets.
Based on SENSE-S, we next propose generic SENSE to compute composite vectors that represent a sequence of nodes, where preserving the node order is important.
We prove that this approach is efficient in embedding node sequences, and our experiments on real data confirm its high accuracy in node order decoding.
Accurately learning vector embeddings for a sequence of nodes in a graph is critical to many scenarios, e.g., a set of Web pages regarding one specific topic that are linked together.
Such a task is challenging as:
(i) the embeddings may have to capture graph structure along with any available textual descriptions of the nodes, and moreover,
(ii) nodes of interest may be associated with a specific order.
For instance,
(i) for a set of Wikipedia pages w.r.t. a topic, there exists a recommended reading sequence;
(ii) an application may consist of a set of services/functions, which must be executed in a particular order (workflow composability);
(iii) in source routing, the sender of a packet on the Internet specifies the path that the packet takes through the network or
(iv) the general representation of any path in a graph or a network, e.g., shortest path.
Node sequence embedding, thus, requires us to
(i) learn embeddings for each individual node of the graph and
(ii) compose them together to represent their sequences.
To learn the right representation of individual nodes and also their sequences, we need to understand how these nodes are correlated with each other both functionally and structurally.A lot of work has only gone into learning single node embeddings (i.e., where node sequence length is 1), as they are essential in feature representations for applications like multi-label classification or link prediction.
For instance, algorithms in BID22 , BID4 , BID28 and others try to extract features purely from the underlying graph structure; algorithms in BID12 , BID19 and others learn vector representations of documents sharing a common vocabulary set.
However, many applications would potentially benefit from representations that are able to capture both textual descriptions and the underlying graph structure simultaneously.
For example, (1) classification of nodes in a network not only depends on their inter-connections (i.e., graph structure), but also nodes' intrinsic properties (i.e., their textual descriptions); (2) for product recommendations, if the product is new, it may not have many edges since not many users have interacted with it; however, using the textual descriptions along with the graph structure allows for efficient bootstrapping of the recommendation service.
For general case of sequence lengths greater than 1, despite the importance in applications like workflow composability described above, there is generally a lack of efficient solutions.
Intuitively, we can concatenate or add all involved node vectors; however, such a mechanism either takes too much space or loses the sequence information; thus unable to represent node sequences properly.We aim to learn node sequence embeddings by first first addressing the single node embedding issue, as a special case of node sequence embedding, by considering both the textual descriptions and the graph structure.
We seek to answer two questions: How should we combine these two objectives?
What framework should we use for feature learning?
Works that jointly address these two questions either investigate them under different problem settings BID1 BID32 , under restricted learning models BID13 , ignore the word context within the document BID16 , do not co-learn text and graph patterns or only consider linear combinations of text and graph BID3 ; this is elaborated further in Section 2.
In contrast, we propose a generic neural-network-based model called SENSE-S (Semantically Enhanced Node Sequence Embeddings -for Single nodes) for computing vector representations of nodes with additional semantic information in a graph.
SENSE-S is built on the foundation of skip-gram models.
However, SENSE-S is significantly different from classic skipgram models in the following aspects:
(i) For each word φ in the textual description of node v in the given graph, neighboring words of φ within v's textual description and neighboring nodes of v within the graph are sampled at the same time.(ii
) The text and graph inputs are both reflected in the output layer in the form of probabilities of co-occurrence (in graph or text). (iii
) Moreover, this joint optimization problem offers an opportunity to leverage the synergy between the graph and text inputs to ensure faster convergence. We
evaluate the generated vectors on (i
) Wikispeedia (2009) to show that our SENSE-S model improves multi-label classification accuracy by up to 50% and (
ii) Physics Citation dataset BID14 to show that SENSE-S improves link prediction accuracy by up to 78% over the state-of-the-art.Next, we propose SENSE for general feature representation of a sequence of nodes.
This problem is more challenging in that
(i) besides the original objectives in SENSE-S, we now face another representation goal, i.e., sequence representation while preserving the node order;
(ii) it is important to represent the sequence in a compact manner; and
(iii) more importantly, given a sequence vector, we need to be able to decipher which functional nodes are involved and in what order.
To this end, we develop efficient schemes to combine individual vectors into complex sequence vectors that address all of the above challenges.
The key technique we use here is vector cyclic shifting, and we prove that the different shifted vectors are orthogonal with high probability.
This sequence embedding method is also evaluated on the Wikispeedia and Physics Citation datasets, and the accuracy of decoding a node sequence is shown to be close to 100% when the vector dimension is large.
We presented SENSE that learns semantically enriched vector representations of graph node sequences.
To achieve this, we first developed SENSE-S that learns single node embeddings via a multi-task learning formulation that jointly learns the co-occurrence probabilities of nodes within a graph and words within a node-associated document.
We evaluated SENSE-S against state-ofthe-art approaches that leverage both graph and text inputs and showed that SENSE-S improves multi-label classification accuracy in Wikispeedia dataset by up to 50% and link prediction over Physics Citation network by up to 78%.
We then developed SENSE that is able to employ provable schemes for vector composition to represent node sequences using the same dimension as the individual node vectors from SENSE-S.
We demonstrated that the individual nodes within the sequence can be inferred with a high accuracy (close to 100%) from such composite SENSE vectors.A LEMMA FOR THE PROOF OF THEOREM 2 Proof.
Since both x and y are unit vectors, we have x · y = ||x||2||y||2 cos θ = cos θ, where θ is the angle between x and y.
Since x and y are not correlated and both x and y are uniformly distributed across the sphere surface, θ is also uniformly distributed, and thus E[x · y] = 0.As x · y is purely determined by the angle θ between x and y, without loss of generality, we select y =

assistant: text: Node sequence embedding mechanism that captures both graph and text properties.