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Title: Natural Language Adversarial Attack and Defense in Word Level

Paper content:
Up until very recently, inspired by a mass of researches on adversarial examples for computer vision, there has been a growing interest in designing adversarial attacks for Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, followed by very few works of adversarial defenses for NLP.
To our knowledge, there exists no defense method against the successful synonym substitution based attacks that aim to satisfy all the lexical, grammatical, semantic constraints and thus are hard to perceived by humans.
We contribute to fill this gap and propose a novel adversarial defense method called Synonym Encoding Method (SEM), which inserts an encoder before the input layer of the model and then trains the model to eliminate adversarial perturbations.
Extensive experiments demonstrate that SEM can efficiently defend current best synonym substitution based adversarial attacks with little decay on the accuracy for benign examples.
To better evaluate SEM, we also design a strong attack method called Improved Genetic Algorithm (IGA) that adopts the genetic metaheuristic for synonym substitution based attacks.
Compared with existing genetic based adversarial attack, IGA can achieve higher attack success rate while maintaining the transferability of the adversarial examples.
Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have made great success in various machine learning tasks, such as computer vision (Krizhevsky et al., 2012; He et al., 2016) , and Natural Language Processing (NLP) (Kim, 2014; Lai et al., 2015; Devlin et al., 2018) .
However, recent studies have discovered that DNNs are vulnerable to adversarial examples not only for computer vision tasks (Szegedy et al., 2014) but also for NLP tasks (Papernot et al., 2016) , causing a serious threat to their safe applications.
For instance, spammers can evade spam filtering system with adversarial examples of spam emails while preserving the intended meaning.
In contrast to numerous methods proposed for adversarial attacks (Goodfellow et al., 2015; Nicholas & David, 2017; Anish et al., 2018) and defenses (Goodfellow et al., 2015; Guo et al., 2018; Song et al., 2019) in computer vision, there are only a few list of works in the area of NLP, inspired by the works for images and emerging very recently in the past two years (Zhang et al., 2019) .
This is mainly because existing perturbation-based methods for images cannot be directly applied to texts due to their discrete property in nature.
Furthermore, if we want the perturbation to be barely perceptible by humans, it should satisfy the lexical, grammatical and semantic constraints in texts, making it even harder to generate the text adversarial examples.
Current attacks in NLP can fall into four categories, namely modifying the characters of a word (Liang et al., 2017; Ebrahimi et al., 2017) , adding or removing words (Liang et al., 2017) , replacing words arbitrarily (Papernot et al., 2016) , and substituting words with synonyms (Alzantot et al., 2018; Ren et al., 2019) .
The first three categories are easy to be detected and defended by spell or syntax check (Rodriguez & Rojas-Galeano, 2018; Pruthi et al., 2019) .
As synonym substitution aims to satisfy all the lexical, grammatical and semantic constraints, it is hard to be detected by automatic spell or syntax check as well as human investigation.
To our knowledge, currently there is no defense method specifically designed against the synonym substitution based attacks.
In this work, we postulate that the model generalization leads to the existence of adversarial examples: a generalization that is not strong enough causes the problem that there usually exists some neighbors x of a benign example x in the manifold with a different classification.
Based on this hypothesis, we propose a novel defense mechanism called Synonym Encoding Method (SEM) that encodes all the synonyms to a unique code so as to force all the neighbors of x to have the same label of x.
Specifically, we first cluster the synonyms according to the Euclidean Distance in the embedding space to construct the encoder.
Then we insert the encoder before the input layer of the deep model without modifying its architecture, and train the model again to defend adversarial attacks.
In this way, we can defend the synonym substitution based adversarial attacks efficiently in the context of text classification.
Extensive experiments on three popular datasets demonstrate that the proposed SEM can effectively defend adversarial attacks, while maintaining the efficiency and achieving roughly the same accuracy on benign data as the original model does.
To our knowledge, SEM is the first proposed method that can effectively defend the synonym substitution based adversarial attacks.
Besides, to demonstrate the efficacy of SEM, we also propose a genetic based attack method, called Improved Genetic Algorithm (IGA), which is well-designed and more efficient as compared with the first proposed genetic based attack algorithm, GA (Alzantot et al., 2018) .
Experiments show that IGA can degrade the classification accuracy more significantly with lower word substitution rate than GA.
At the same time IGA keeps the transferability of adversarial examples as GA does.
Synonym substitution based adversarial attacks are currently the best text attack methods, as they are hard to be checked by automatic spell or syntax check as well as human investigation.
In this work, we propose a novel defense method called Synonym Encoding Method (SEM), which encodes the synonyms of each word to defend adversarial attacks for text classification task.
Extensive experiments show that SEM can defend adversarial attacks efficiently and degrade the transferability of adversarial examples, at the same time SEM maintains the classification accuracy on benign data.
To our knowledge, this is the first and efficient text defense method in word level for state-of-the-art synonym substitution based attacks.
In addition, we propose a new text attack method called Improved Genetic Attack (IGA), which in most cases can achieve much higher attack success rate as compared with existing attacks, at the same time IGA could maintain the transferability of adversarial examples.

assistant: text: The first text adversarial defense method in word level, and the improved generic based attack method against synonyms substitution based attacks.