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Title: Lifelong Learning via Online Leverage Score Sampling

Paper content:
In order to mimic the human ability of continual acquisition and transfer of knowledge across various tasks, a learning system needs the capability for life-long learning, effectively utilizing the previously acquired skills.
As such, the key challenge is to transfer and generalize the knowledge learned from one task to other tasks, avoiding interference from previous knowledge and improving the overall performance.
In this paper, within the continual learning paradigm, we introduce a method that effectively forgets the less useful data samples continuously across different tasks.
The method uses statistical leverage score information to measure the importance of the data samples in every task and adopts frequent directions approach to enable a life-long learning property.
This effectively maintains a constant training size across all tasks.
We first provide some mathematical intuition for the method and then demonstrate its effectiveness with experiments on variants of MNIST and CIFAR100 datasets.
It is a typical practice to design and optimize machine learning (ML) models to solve a single task.
On the other hand, humans, instead of learning over isolated complex tasks, are capable of generalizing and transferring knowledge and skills learned from one task to another.
This ability to remember, learn and transfer information across tasks is referred to as lifelong learning or continual learning BID16 BID3 BID11 .
The major challenge for creating ML models with lifelong learning ability is that they are prone to catastrophic forgetting BID9 BID10 .
ML models tend to forget the knowledge learned from previous tasks when re-trained on new observations corresponding to a different (but related) task.
Specifically when a deep neural network (DNN) is fed with a sequence of tasks, the ability to solve the first task will decline significantly after training on the following tasks.
The typical structure of DNNs by design does not possess the capability of preserving previously learned knowledge without interference between tasks or catastrophic forgetting.
There have been different approaches proposed to address this issue and they can be broadly categorized in three types: I) Regularization: It constrains or regularizes the model parameters by adding some terms in the loss function that prevent the model from deviating significantly from the parameters important to earlier tasks.
Typical algorithms include elastic weight consolidation (EWC) BID4 and continual learning through synaptic intelligence (SynInt) BID19 .
II) Architectural modification: It revises the model structure successively after each task in order to provide more memory and additional free parameters in the model for new task input.
Recent examples in this direction are progressive neural networks BID14 and dynamically expanding networks BID18 .
III) Memory replay: It stores data samples from previous tasks in a separate memory buffer and retrains the new model based on both the new task input and the memory buffer.
Popular algorithms here are gradient episodic memory (GEM) BID8 , incremental classifier and representation learning (iCaRL) BID12 .Among
these approaches, regularization is particularly prone to saturation of learning when the number of tasks is large. The additional
/ regularization term in the loss function will soon lose its competency when important parameters from different tasks are overlapped too many times. Modifications
on network architectures like progressive networks resolve the saturation issue, but do not scale as number and complexity of tasks increase. The scalability
problem is also present when using memory replay and often suffer from high computational and memory costs.In this paper, we propose a novel approach to lifelong learning with DNNs that addresses both the learning saturation and high computational complexity issues. In this method,
we progressively compresses the input information learned thus far along with the input from current task and form more efficiently condensed data samples. The compression
technique is based on the statistical leverage scores measure, and it uses frequent directions idea in order to connect the series of compression steps for a sequence of tasks. Our approach resembles
the use of memory replay since it preserves the original input data samples from earlier tasks for further training. However, our method does
not require extra memory for training and is cost efficient compared to most memory replay methods. Furthermore, unlike the
importance assigned to model specific parameters when using regularization methods like EWC or SynInt, we assign importance to the training data that is relevant in effectively learning new tasks, while forgetting less important information.
We presented a new approach in addressing the lifelong learning problem with deep neural networks.
It is inspired by the randomization and compression techniques typically used in statistical analysis.
We combined a simple importance sampling technique -leverage score sampling with the frequent directions concept and developed an online effective forgetting or compression mechanism that enables lifelong learning across a sequence of tasks.
Despite its simple structure, the results on MNIST and CIFAR100 experiments show its effectiveness as compared to recent state of the art.

assistant: text: A new method uses statistical leverage score information to measure the importance of the data samples in every task and adopts frequent directions approach to enable a life-long learning property.