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Title: Adversarial Training with Voronoi Constraints

Paper content:
Adversarial examples are a pervasive phenomenon of machine learning models where seemingly imperceptible perturbations to the input lead to misclassifications for otherwise statistically accurate models.
Adversarial training, one of the most successful empirical defenses to adversarial examples, refers to training on adversarial examples generated within a geometric constraint set.
The most commonly used geometric constraint is an $L_p$-ball of radius $\epsilon$ in some norm.
We introduce adversarial training with Voronoi constraints, which replaces the $L_p$-ball constraint with the Voronoi cell for each point in the training set.
We show that adversarial training with Voronoi constraints produces robust models which significantly improve over the state-of-the-art on MNIST and are competitive on CIFAR-10.
Deep learning at scale has led to breakthroughs on important problems in computer vision (Krizhevsky et al. (2012) ), natural language processing (Wu et al. (2016) ), and robotics (Levine et al. (2015) ).
Shortly thereafter, the interesting phenomena of adversarial examples was observed.
A seemingly ubiquitous property of machine learning models where perturbations of the input that are imperceptible to humans reliably lead to confident incorrect classifications (Szegedy et al. (2013) ; Goodfellow et al. (2014) ).
What has ensued is a standard story from the security literature: a game of cat and mouse where defenses are proposed only to be quickly defeated by stronger attacks (Athalye et al. (2018) ).
This has led researchers to develop methods which are provably robust under specific attack models ; Sinha et al. (2018) ; Raghunathan et al. (2018) ; ) as well as empirically strong heuristics ; ).
As machine learning proliferates into society, including security-critical settings like health care Esteva et al. (2017) or autonomous vehicles Codevilla et al. (2018) , it is crucial to develop methods that allow us to understand the vulnerability of our models and design appropriate counter-measures.
Adversarial training has been one of the few heuristic methods which has not been defeated by stronger attacks.
In this paper, we propose a modification to the standard paradigm of adversarial training.
We replace the L p -ball constraint with the Voronoi cells of the training data, which have several advantages detailed in Section 3.
In particular, we need not set the maximum perturbation size as part of the training procedure.
The Voronoi cells adapt to the maximum allowable perturbation size locally on the data distribution.
We show how to construct adversarial examples within the Voronoi cells and how to incorporate Voronoi constraints into standard adversarial training.
In Section 5 we show that adversarial training with Voronoi constraints gives state-of-the-art robustness results on MNIST and competitive results on CIFAR-10.
The L p -ball constraint for describing adversarial perturbations has been a productive formalization for designing robust deep networks.
However, the use of L p -balls has significant drawbacks in highcodimension settings and leads to sub-optimal results in practice.
Adversarial training with Voronoi constraints improves robustness by giving the adversary the freedom to explore the neighborhood around the data distribution.

assistant: text: We replace the Lp ball constraint with the Voronoi cells of the training data to produce more robust models.