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Title: Online Explanation Generation for Human-Robot Teaming

Paper content:
As Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes an integral part of our life, the development of explainable AI, embodied in the decision-making process of an AI or robotic agent, becomes imperative.
For a robotic teammate, the ability to generate explanations to explain its behavior is one of the key requirements of an explainable agency.
Prior work on explanation generation focuses on supporting the reasoning behind the robot's behavior.
These approaches, however, fail to consider the mental workload needed to understand the received explanation.
In other words, the human teammate is expected to understand any explanation provided, often before the task execution, no matter how much information is presented in the explanation.
In this work, we argue that an explanation, especially complex ones, should be made in an online fashion during the execution, which helps spread out the information to be explained and thus reducing the mental workload of humans.
However, a challenge here is that the different parts of an explanation are dependent on each other, which must be taken into account when generating online explanations.
To this end, a general formulation of online explanation generation is presented along with three different implementations satisfying different online properties.
We base our explanation generation method on a model reconciliation setting introduced in our prior work.
Our approaches are evaluated both with human subjects in a standard planning competition (IPC) domain, using NASA Task Load Index (TLX), as well as in simulation with ten different problems across two IPC domains.
As intelligent robots become more prevalent in our lives, the interaction of these AI agents with humans becomes more frequent and essential.
One of the most important aspects of human-AI interaction is for the AI agent to provide explanations to convey the reasoning behind the robot's decision-making BID0 .
An explanation provides justifications for the agent's intent, which helps the human maintain trust of the robotic peer as well as a shared situation awareness BID1 , BID2 .
Prior work on explanation generation often focuses on supporting the motivation for the agent's decision while ignoring the underlying requirements of the recipient to understand the explanation BID3 , BID4 , BID5 .
However, a good explanation should be generated in a lucid fashion from the recipient's perspective BID6 .To
address this challenge, the agent should consider the discrepancies between the human and its own model while generating explanations. In
our prior work BID6 , we encapsulate such inconsistencies as model differences. An
explanation then becomes a request to the human to adjust The model reconciliation setting BID6 . M
R represents the robot's model and M H represents the human's model of expectation. Using
M H , the human generates π M H , which captures the human's expectation of the robot. Whenever
the two plans are different, the robot should explain by generating an explanation to reconcile the two models. the model
differences in his mind so that the robot's behavior would make sense in the updated model, which is used to produce the human's expectation of the robot. The general
decision-making process of an agent in the presence of such model differences is termed model reconciliation BID6 , BID7 .One remaining
issue, however, is the ignorance of the mental workload required of the human for understanding an explanation. In most earlier
work on explanation generation, the human is expected to understand any explanation provided regardless of how much information is present and no discussion has been provided on the process for presenting the information. In this work, we
argue that explanations, especially complex ones, should be provided in an online fashion, which intertwines the communication of explanations with plan execution. In such a manner
, an online explanation requires less mental workload at any specific point of time. One of the main
challenges here, however, is that the different parts of an explanation could be dependent on each other, which must be taken into account when generating online explanations. The online explanation
generation process spreads out the information to be communicated while ensuring that they do not introduce cognitive dissonance so that the different parts of the information are perceived in a smooth fashion.
In this paper, we introduced a novel approach for explanation generation to reduce the mental workload needed for the human to interpret the explanations, throughout a humanrobot interaction scheme.
The key idea here is to break down a complex explanation into smaller parts and convey them in an online fashion, while intertwined with the plan execution.
We take a step further from our prior work by considering not only providing the correct explanations, but also the explanations that are easily understandable.
We provided three different approaches each of which focuses on one aspect of explanation generation weaved in plan execution.
This is an important step toward achieving explainable AI.
We evaluated our approaches using both simulation and human subjects.
Results showed that our approaches achieved better task performance while reducing the mental workload.

assistant: text: We introduce online explanation to consider the cognitive requirement of the human for understanding the generated explanation by the agent.