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Title: LABEL-EFFICIENT AUDIO CLASSIFICATION THROUGH MULTITASK LEARNING AND SELF-SUPERVISION

Paper content:
While deep learning has been incredibly successful in modeling tasks with large, carefully curated labeled datasets, its application to problems with limited labeled data remains a challenge.
The aim of the present work is to improve the label efficiency of large neural networks operating on audio data through a combination of multitask learning and self-supervised learning on unlabeled data.
We trained an end-to-end audio feature extractor based on WaveNet that feeds into simple, yet versatile task-specific neural networks.
We describe several easily implemented self-supervised learning tasks that can operate on any large, unlabeled audio corpus.
We demonstrate that, in scenarios with limited labeled training data, one can significantly improve the performance of three different supervised classification tasks individually by up to 6% through simultaneous training with these additional self-supervised tasks.
We also show that incorporating data augmentation into our multitask setting leads to even further gains in performance.
Deep neural networks (DNNs) are the bedrock of state-of-the-art approaches to modeling and classifying auditory data BID0 ; van den BID20 ; Li et al. (2017) ).
However, these data-hungry neural architectures are not always matched to the available training resources, and the creation of large-scale corpora of audio training data is costly and time-consuming.
This problem is exacerbated when training directly on the acoustic waveform, where input is highdimensional and noisy.
While labeled datasets are quite scarce, we have access to virtually infinite sources of unlabeled data, which makes effective unsupervised learning an enticing research direction.
Here we aim to develop a technique that enables models to generalize better by incorporating auxiliary self-supervised auditory tasks during model training BID4 ).Our
main contributions in this paper are twofold: the successful identification of appropriate selfsupervised audio-related tasks and the demonstration that they can be trained jointly with supervised tasks in order to significantly improve performance. We
also show how to use WaveNet as a general feature extractor capable of providing rich audio representations using raw waveform data as input. We
hypothesize that by learning multi-scale hierarchical representations from raw audio, WaveNetbased models are capable of adapting to subtle variations within tasks in an efficient and robust manner. We
explore this framework on three supervised classification tasks -audio tagging, speaker identification and speech command recognition -and demonstrate that one can leverage unlabeled data to improve performance on each task. We
further show that these results pair well with more common data augmentation techniques, and that our proposed self-supervised tasks can also be used as a pre-training stage to provide performance improvements through transfer learning.These authors contributed equally to this work.

assistant: text: Label-efficient audio classification via multi-task learning and self-supervision