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Title: Dynamic Evaluation of Neural Sequence Models

Paper content:
We present methodology for using dynamic evaluation to improve neural sequence models.
Models are adapted to recent history via a gradient descent based mechanism, causing them to assign higher probabilities to re-occurring sequential patterns.
Dynamic evaluation outperforms existing adaptation approaches in our comparisons.
Dynamic evaluation improves the state-of-the-art word-level perplexities on the Penn Treebank and WikiText-2 datasets to 51.1 and 44.3 respectively, and the state-of-the-art character-level cross-entropies on the text8 and Hutter Prize datasets to 1.19 bits/char and 1.08 bits/char respectively.
Sequence generation and prediction tasks span many modes of data, ranging from audio and language modelling, to more general timeseries prediction tasks.
Applications of such models include speech recognition, machine translation, dialogue generation, speech synthesis, forecasting, and music generation, among others.
Neural networks can be applied to these tasks by predicting sequence elements one-by-one, conditioning on the history of sequence elements, forming an autoregressive model.
Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs), including long-short term memory (LSTM) networks BID7 in particular, have achieved many successes at these tasks.
However, in their basic form, these models have a limited ability to adapt to recently observed parts of a sequence.Many sequences contain repetition; a pattern that occurs once is more likely to occur again.
For instance, a word that occurs once in a document is much more likely to occur again.
A sequence of handwriting will generally stay in the same handwriting style.
A sequence of speech will generally stay in the same voice.
Although RNNs have a hidden state that can summarize the recent past, they are often unable to exploit new patterns that occur repeatedly in a test sequence.
This paper concerns dynamic evaluation, which we investigate as a candidate solution to this problem.
Our approach adapts models to recent sequences using gradient descent based mechanisms.
We show several ways to improve on past dynamic evaluation approaches in Section 5, and use our improved methodology to achieve state-of-the-art results in Section 7.
In Section 6 we design a method to dramatically to reduce the number of adaptation parameters in dynamic evaluation, making it practical in a wider range of situations.
In Section 7.4 we analyse dynamic evaluation's performance over varying time-scales and distribution shifts, and demonstrate that dynamically evaluated models can generate conditional samples that repeat many patterns from the conditioning data.
This work explores and develops methodology for applying dynamic evaluation to sequence modelling tasks.
Experiments show that the proposed dynamic evaluation methodology gives large test time improvements across character and word level language modelling.
Our improvements to language modelling have applications to speech recognition and machine translation over longer contexts, including broadcast speech recognition and paragraph level machine translation.
Overall, dynamic evaluation is shown to be an effective method for exploiting pattern re-occurrence in sequences.

assistant: text: Paper presents dynamic evaluation methodology for adaptive sequence modelling