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Title: Mix & Match: training convnets with mixed image sizes for improved accuracy, speed and scale resiliency

Paper content:
Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are commonly trained using a fixed spatial image size predetermined for a given model.
Although trained on images of a specific size, it is well established that CNNs can be used to evaluate a wide range of image sizes at test time, by adjusting the size of intermediate feature maps.
In this work, we describe and evaluate a novel mixed-size training regime that mixes several image sizes at training time.
We demonstrate that models trained using our method are more resilient to image size changes and generalize well even on small images.
This allows faster inference by using smaller images at test time.
For instance, we receive a 76.43% top-1 accuracy using ResNet50 with an image size of 160, which matches the accuracy of the baseline model with 2x fewer computations.
Furthermore, for a given image size used at test time, we show this method can be exploited either to accelerate training or the final test accuracy.
For example, we are able to reach a 79.27% accuracy with a model evaluated at a 288 spatial size for a relative improvement of 14% over the baseline.
Figure 1: Test accuracy per image size, models trained on specific sizes (ResNet50, ImageNet).
Convolutional neural networks are successfully used to solve various tasks across multiple domains such as visual (Krizhevsky et al., 2012; Ren et al., 2015) , audio (van den Oord et al., 2016) , language (Gehring et al., 2017) and speech (Abdel-Hamid et al., 2014) .
While scale-invariance is considered important for visual representations (Lowe, 1999) , convolutional networks are not scale invariant with respect to the spatial resolution of the image input, as a change in image dimension may lead to a non-linear change of their output.
Even though CNNs are able to achieve state-of-theart results in many tasks and domains, their sensitivity to the image size is an inherent deficiency that limits practical use cases and requires evaluation inputs to match training image size.
For example, Touvron et al. (2019) demonstrated that networks trained on specific image size, perform poorly on other image sizes at evaluation, as shown in Figure 1 .
Several works attempted to achieve scale invariance by modifying the network structure (Xu et al., 2014; Takahashi et al., 2017) .
However, the most common method is to artificially enlarge the dataset using a set of label-preserving transformations also known as "data augmentation" (Krizhevsky et al., 2012; Howard, 2013) .
Several of these transformations scale and crop objects appearing within the data, thus increasing the network's robustness to inputs of different scale.
Although not explicitly trained to handle varying image sizes, CNNs are commonly evaluated on multiple scales post training, such as in the case of detection (Lin et al., 2017; Redmon & Farhadi, 2018) and segmentation (He et al., 2017) tasks.
In these tasks, a network that was pretrained with fixed image size for classification is used as the backbone of a larger model that is expected to adapt to a wide variety of image sizes.
In this work, we will introduce a novel training regime, "MixSize" for convolutional networks that uses stochastic image and batch sizes.
The main contributions of the MixSize regime are:
• Reducing image size sensitivity.
We show that the MixSize training regime can improve model performance on a wide range of sizes used at evaluation.
• Faster inference.
As our mixed-size models can be evaluated at smaller image sizes, we show up to 2× reduction in computations required at inference to reach the same accuracy as the baseline model.
• Faster training vs. high accuracy.
We show that reducing the average image size at training leads to a trade-off between the time required to train the model and its final accuracy.
2 RELATED WORK

assistant: text: Training convnets with mixed image size can improve results across multiple sizes at evaluation