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Title: Analyzing and Exploiting NARX Recurrent Neural Networks for Long-Term Dependencies

Paper content:
Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance on many diverse tasks, from machine translation to surgical activity recognition, yet training RNNs to capture long-term dependencies remains difficult.
To date, the vast majority of successful RNN architectures alleviate this problem using nearly-additive connections between states, as introduced by long short-term memory (LSTM).
We take an orthogonal approach and introduce MIST RNNs, a NARX RNN architecture that allows direct connections from the very distant past.
We show that MIST RNNs
1) exhibit superior vanishing-gradient properties in comparison to LSTM and previously-proposed NARX RNNs;
2) are far more efficient than previously-proposed NARX RNN architectures, requiring even fewer computations than LSTM; and
3) improve performance substantially over LSTM and Clockwork RNNs on tasks requiring very long-term dependencies.
Recurrent neural networks BID33 Werbos, 1988; BID35 ) are a powerful class of neural networks that are naturally suited to modeling sequential data.
For example, in recent years alone, RNNs have achieved state-of-the-art performance on tasks as diverse as machine translation , speech recognition BID29 , generative image modeling BID30 , and surgical activity recognition BID8 .These
successes, and the vast majority of other RNN successes, rely on a mechanism introduced by long short-term memory BID20 BID14 , which was designed to alleviate the so called vanishing gradient problem (Hochreiter, 1991; BID3 . The problem
is that gradient contributions from events at time t − τ to a loss at time t diminish exponentially fast with τ , thus making it extremely difficult to learn from distant events (see FIG0 . LSTM alleviates
the problem using nearly-additive connections between adjacent states, which help push the base of the exponential decay toward 1. However LSTM in
no way solves the problem, and in many cases still fails to learn long-term dependencies (see, e.g., BID0 ).
In this work we analyzed NARX RNNs and introduced a variant which we call MIST RNNs, which
1) exhibit superior vanishing-gradient properties in comparison to LSTM and previously-proposed NARX RNNs;
2) improve performance substantially over LSTM on tasks requiring very long-term dependencies; and
3) require even fewer parameters and computation than LSTM.
One obvious direction for future work is the exploration of other NARX RNN architectures with non-contiguous delays.
In addition, many recent techniques that have focused on LSTM are immediately transferable to NARX RNNs, such as variational dropout BID11 , layer normalization BID1 , and zoneout BID23 , and it will be interesting to see if such enhancements can improve MIST RNN performance further.

assistant: text: We introduce MIST RNNs, which a) exhibit superior vanishing-gradient properties in comparison to LSTM; b) improve performance substantially over LSTM and Clockwork RNNs on tasks requiring very long-term dependencies; and c) are much more efficient than previously-proposed NARX RNNs, with even fewer parameters and operations than LSTM.