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Title: DATNet: Dual Adversarial Transfer for Low-resource Named Entity Recognition

Paper content:
We propose a new architecture termed Dual Adversarial Transfer Network (DATNet) for addressing low-resource Named Entity Recognition (NER).
Specifically, two variants of DATNet, i.e., DATNet-F and DATNet-P, are proposed to explore effective feature fusion between high and low resource.
To address the noisy and imbalanced training data, we propose a novel Generalized Resource-Adversarial Discriminator (GRAD).
Additionally, adversarial training is adopted to boost model generalization.
We examine the effects of different components in DATNet across domains and languages and show that significant improvement can be obtained especially for low-resource data.
Without augmenting any additional hand-crafted features, we achieve new state-of-the-art performances on CoNLL and Twitter NER---88.16% F1 for Spanish, 53.43% F1 for WNUT-2016, and 42.83% F1 for WNUT-2017.
Named entity recognition (NER) is an important step in most natural language processing (NLP) applications.
It detects not only the type of named entity, but also the entity boundaries, which requires deep understanding of the contextual semantics to disambiguate the different entity types of same tokens.
To tackle this challenging problem, most early studies were based on hand-crafted rules, which suffered from limited performance in practice.
Current methods are devoted to developing learning based algorithms, especially neural network based methods, and have been advancing the state-of-the-art consecutively BID7 BID23 BID6 BID33 .
These end-to-end models generalize well on new entities based on features automatically learned from the data.
However, when the annotated corpora is small, especially in the low resource scenario BID56 , the performance of these methods degrades significantly since the hidden feature representations cannot be learned adequately.Recently, more and more approaches have been proposed to address low-resource NER.
Early works BID5 BID24 primarily assumed a large parallel corpus and focused on exploiting them to project information from high-to low-resource.
Unfortunately, such a large parallel corpus may not be available for many low-resource languages.
More recently, cross-resource word embedding BID9 BID0 BID52 was proposed to bridge the low and high resources and enable knowledge transfer.
Although the aforementioned transferbased methods show promising performance in low-resource NER, there are two issues deserved to be further investigated on:
1) Representation Difference -they did not consider the representation difference across resources and enforced the feature representation to be shared across languages/domains;
2) Resource Data Imbalance -the training size of high-resource is usually much larger than that of low-resource.
The existing methods neglect such difference in their models, resulting in poor generalization.In this work, we present an approach termed Dual Adversarial Transfer Network (DATNet) to address the above issues in a unified framework for low-resource NER.
Specifically, to handle the representation difference, we first investigate on two architectures of hidden layers (we use bidirectional long-short term memory (BiLSTM) model as hidden layer) for transfer.
The first one is that all the units in hidden layers are common units shared across languages/domains.
The second one is composed of both private and common units, where the private part preserves the independent language/domain information.
Extensive experiments are conducted to show their advantages over each other in different situations.
On top of common units, the adversarial discriminator (AD) loss is introduced to encourage the resource-agnostic representation so that the knowledge from high resource can be more compatible with low resource.
To handle the resource data imbalance issue, we further propose a variant of the AD loss, termed Generalized Resource-Adversarial Discriminator (GRAD), to impose the resource weight during training so that low-resource and hard samples can be paid more attention to.
In addition, we create adversarial samples to conduct the Adversarial Training (AT), further improving the generalization and alleviating over-fitting problem.
We unify two kinds of adversarial learning, i.e., GRAD and AT, into one transfer learning model, termed Dual Adversarial Transfer Network (DATNet), to achieve end-to-end training and obtain the state-of-the-art performance on a series of NER tasks-88.16% F1 for CoNLL-2002 Spanish, 53.43% and 42.83% F1 for WNUT-2016 .
Different from prior works, we do not use additional hand-crafted features and do not use cross-lingual word embeddings while addressing the cross-language tasks.
In this paper we develop a transfer learning model DATNet for low-resource NER, which aims at addressing two problems remained in existing work, namely representation difference and resource data imbalance.
We introduce two variants of DATNet, DATNet-F and DATNet-P, which can be chosen for use according to the cross-language/domain user case and the target dataset size.
To improve model generalization, we propose dual adversarial learning strategies, i.e., AT and GRAD.
Extensive experiments show the superiority of DATNet over existing models and it achieves new state-of-the-art performance on CoNLL NER and WNUT NER benchmark datasets.

assistant: text: We propose a new  architecture termed Dual Adversarial Transfer Network (DATNet) for addressing low-resource Named Entity Recognition (NER) and achieve new state-of-the-art performances on CoNLL and Twitter NER.