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Title: An Investigation of Memory in Recurrent Neural Networks

Paper content:
We investigate the learned dynamical landscape of a recurrent neural network solving a simple task requiring the interaction of two memory mechanisms: long- and short-term.
Our results show that while long-term memory is implemented by asymptotic attractors, sequential recall is now additionally implemented by oscillatory dynamics in a transverse subspace to the basins of attraction of these stable steady states.
Based on our observations, we propose how different types of memory mechanisms can coexist and work together in a single neural network, and discuss possible applications to the fields of artificial intelligence and neuroscience.
Recurrent neural networks (RNN) are widely used to carry out tasks that require learning temporal dependencies across several scales.
Training RNN's to perform such tasks offers its share of challenges, from well-known exploding and vanishing gradients, to the difficulties of storing, accessing, and forgetting memories BID10 BID1 .
Viewed as dynamical system, the activity structure of recurrent network state spaces can reveal how networks learn tasks, and can help guide training and architecture design.
In this study, we perform a dynamical system analysis of a trained RNN on a simple tasks that requires two types of memory paradigms interact: short-term memory of past inputs and a delayed output during classification.While gating units found in LSTM BID11 and in a variety of other architectures (e.g., BID2 van der Westhuizen & Lasenby, 2018 ) directly aim at addressing these long-scale temporal learning issues, they are always used in conjunction with so-called "vanilla" recurrent units that shoulder the majority of computation.
It is not yet well understood how internal network dynamics supported by such circuits combine information from external inputs to solve complex tasks that require remembering information from the past and delaying output changes.
On one hand, attractor networks are a known solution to keep finite memories indefinitely BID5 .
On the other, orthogonal transformations (e.g., identity and rotations) are used to build explicit RNN solutions to recall tasks BID6 BID13 BID0 .
Indeed, for the well-studied copy task, where a sequence of symbols needs to be outputted after a long delay, it is known that the best solution is to use rotations to store the sequences, much like clocks that align at the time of recall BID3 .
However, it is unclear how attractor dynamics and orthogonal (rotational) transformations interact when a task requires both long term memory and sequential recall.
We explore this situation here.Leveraging slow-point analysis techniques BID12 , we uncover how short-term memory tasks with delayed outputs give rise to attractor dynamics with oscillatory transients in low-dimensional activity subspaces.
Our result uncovers how the boundaries of basins of attractions that are linked to memory attractors interact with transverse oscillatory dynamics to support timed, sequential computations of integrated inputs.
This provides novel insights into dynamical strategies to solve complex temporal tasks with randomly connected recurrent units.
Moreover, such transient oscillatory dynamics are consistent with periodic activity found throughout the brain BID9 , and we discuss the impact of our findings on computations in biological circuits.
We have seen in this study that long-term memory and sequential recall can be implemented by a simple RNN fairly easily, and in parallel, by acting on different subspaces of the RNN phase space.
Specifically, sequential recall is achieved by rotational dynamics localized around the origin, which occur in a subspace orthogonal to the separatrices of the basins of attraction that solve the classification task.
Our findings suggest that this population-level periodic activity may serve as a general "precision timing" mechanism that can be combined with distinct, learned computations.
Indeed, oscillations enable the introduction of small delays, transverse to low dimensional activity of recurrent neural circuits.
An interesting line of future work would be to investigate more thoroughly this mechanism in the presence of distinct computational tasks, such as character-level prediction, or arithmetic operations.
We believe that learning a delayed recall in conjunction with any task will lead to generic, emergent oscillations that enable transient dynamics transverse to the subspaces used to perform other computations.
It may be possible to leverage this geometric understanding for faster training by initializing networks in a way that promotes transverse rotations.Furthermore, this oscillatory mechanism is consistent with observations of oscillatory dynamics in the brain BID9 .
Together with the known phenomena whereby neurons in the brain perform tasks with low-dimensional activity patterns, and that the same neurons engage in oscillatory activity when viewed at the population-level, our findings are consistent with a general principle of delayed recall in neural networks, either biological or artificial.

assistant: text: We investigate how a recurrent neural network successfully learns a task combining long-term memory and sequential recall.