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Title: Restoration of Video Frames from a Single Blurred Image with Motion Understanding

Paper content:
We propose a novel framework to generate clean video frames from a single motion-blurred image.
While a broad range of literature focuses on recovering a single image from a blurred image, in this work, we tackle a more challenging task i.e.  video restoration from a blurred image.
We formulate video restoration from a single blurred image as an inverse problem by setting clean image sequence and their respective motion as latent factors, and the blurred image as an observation.
Our framework is based on an encoder-decoder structure with spatial transformer network modules to restore a video sequence and its underlying motion in an end-to-end manner.
We design a loss function and regularizers with complementary properties to stabilize the training and analyze variant models of the proposed network.
The effectiveness and transferability of our network are highlighted through a large set of experiments on two different types of datasets: camera rotation blurs generated from panorama scenes and dynamic motion blurs in high speed videos.
Our code and models will be publicly available.
Capturing an image is not an instant process; to capture enough photons, the photosensitive elements of a camera have to be exposed to light for a certain interval of time, called exposure time.
Therefore, during this interval if an object is moving in the observed scene or the camera is undergoing an arbitrary motion, the resulting image will contain a blurring artifact known as motion blur.
In general, motion blur is an unwanted behaviour in vision applications e.g.image editing (Gunturk & Li, 2012 ), visual SLAM (Lee et al., 2011 and 3D reconstruction (Seok Lee & Mu Lee, 2013) , as it degrades the visual quality of images.
To cope with this type of artifact, image deblurring aims to restore a sharp image from a blurred image.
This problem is known to be ill-posed since the blur kernel used for deconvolution is generally assumed to be unknown.
Earlier studies assume a uniform-blur over the image to simplify the estimation of the single deconvolution blur kernel used to remove the blur (Fergus et al., 2006; Cho & Lee, 2009; Levin et al., 2009) .
Even though the methods deploy deblurring tasks with uniform-blur assumption, the assumption is often violated in practice.
For instance, when the blur is caused by out-of-plane camera rotation, the blur pattern becomes spatially variant.
Moreover, the problem is more complex when objects in a scene are moving i.e.dynamic blur.
While previous literature focuses on recovering a sharp image from a blurred image, we tackle a more challenging task i.e.video restoration from a blurred image.
Restoring the underlying image sequence of a blurred image requires both contents and motion prediction.
We formulate video restoration from a blurred image as an inverse problem where a clean sequence of images and their motion as latent factors, and a blurred image as an observation.
Some of previous deblurring approaches (Hyun Kim & Mu Lee, 2014; Zhang & Yang, 2015; Sellent et al., 2016; Ren et al., 2017; Park & Mu Lee, 2017 ) also estimate the underlying motion in a blurred image, however, their goal remains in single frame restoration.
Recently Jin et al. (2018) proposed to extract video frames from a single motion-blurred image.
Their approach is close to image translation model without inferring underlying motions between the latent frames.
Purohit et al. (2019) addressed this issue by estimating pixel level motion from a given blurred input.
However, their model is still prone to sequential error propagation as frames are predicted in a sequential manner using a deblurred middle frame.
In this paper, we propose a novel framework to generate a clean sequence of images from a single motion-blurred image.
Our framework is based on a single encoder-decoder structure with Spatial Transformer Network modules (STN) and Local Warping layers (LW) to restore an image sequence and its underlying motion.
Specifically, a single encoder is used to extract intermediate features which are passed to multiple decoders with predicted motion from STN and LW modules to generate a sequence of deblurred images.
We evaluate our model on two types of motion blur.
For rotation blur, which is caused by abrupt camera motion, we generated a synthetic dataset from panoramic images (J. Xiao & Torralba., 2012) .
For dynamic blur caused by fast moving objects in a scene, we used a high speed video dataset (Nah et al., 2017) .
The proposed model is evaluated on the panorama and the high speed video datasets under various motion patterns.
Both the quantitative metrics and qualitative results highlight that our method is more robust and performs favorably against the competing approach (Jin et al., 2018) 1 .
For further investigation, we demonstrate the transferability of our model by cross-dataset evaluation.
We also propose a simpler and lighter variation of our model guiding that our approach is flexible and can be easily extended to arbitrary number of frame prediction model with negligible performance trade-off.
In short, our contributions are as follows.
1) We propose a novel unified architecture to restore clean video frames from a single motion-blurred image in an end-to-end manner.
2) Loss terms are designed to stably train the proposed network.
3) We perform thorough experiments to analyze the transferability and flexibility of the proposed architecture.
4) The performance of our model quantitatively and qualitatively performs favorably against the competing approach.
Moreover due to flexibility of our model, we show that our approach is robust to heavy blurs where the previous approach fails.

assistant: text: We present a novel unified architecture that restores video frames from a single motion-blurred image in an end-to-end manner.