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Title: Monotonic Multihead Attention

Paper content:
Simultaneous machine translation models start generating a target sequence before they have encoded or read the source sequence.
Recent approach for this task either apply a fixed policy on transformer, or a learnable monotonic attention on a weaker recurrent neural network based structure.
In this paper, we propose a new attention mechanism, Monotonic Multihead Attention (MMA), which introduced the monotonic attention mechanism to multihead attention.
We also introduced two novel interpretable approaches for latency control that are specifically designed for multiple attentions.
We apply MMA to the simultaneous machine translation task and demonstrate better latency-quality tradeoffs compared to MILk, the previous state-of-the-art approach.
Code will be released upon publication.
Simultaneous machine translation adds the capability of a live interpreter to machine translation: a simultaneous machine translation model starts generating a translation before it has finished reading the entire source sentence.
Such models are useful in any situation where translation needs to be done in real time.
For example, simultaneous models can translate live video captions or facilitate conversations between people speaking different languages.
In a usual neural machine translation model, the encoder first reads the entire sentence, and then the decoder writes the target sentence.
On the other hand, a simultaneous neural machine translation model alternates between reading the input and writing the output using either a fixed or learned policy.
Monotonic attention mechanisms fall into the learned policy category.
Recent work exploring monotonic attention variants for simultaneous translation include: hard monotonic attention (Raffel et al., 2017) , monotonic chunkwise attention (MoChA) and monotonic infinite lookback attention (MILk) (Arivazhagan et al., 2019) .
MILk in particular has shown better quality / latency trade-offs than fixed policy approaches, such as wait-k (Ma et al., 2019) or wait-if-* (Cho & Esipova, 2016) policies.
MILk also outperforms hard monotonic attention and MoChA; while the other two monotonic attention mechanisms only consider a fixed reading window, MILk computes a softmax attention over all previous encoder states, which may be the key to its improved latencyquality tradeoffs.
These monotonic attention approaches also provide a closed form expression for the expected alignment between source and target tokens.
However, monotonic attention-based models, including the state-of-the-art MILk, were built on top of RNN-based models.
RNN-based models have been outperformed by the recent state-of-the-art Transformer model (Vaswani et al., 2017) , which features multiple encoder-decoder attention layers and multihead attention at each layer.
We thus propose monotonic multihead attention (MMA), which combines the strengths of multilayer multihead attention and monotonic attention.
We propose two variants, Hard MMA (MMA-H) and Infinite Lookback MMA (MMA-IL).
MMA-H is designed with streaming systems in mind where the attention span must be limited.
MMA-IL emphasizes the quality of the translation system.
We also propose two novel latency regularization methods.
The first encourages the model to be faster by directly minimizing the average latency.
The second encourages the attention heads to maintain similar positions, preventing the latency from being dominated by a single or a few heads.
The main contributions of this paper are: (1) A novel monotonic attention mechanism, monotonic multihead attention, which enables the Transformer model to perform online decoding.
This model leverages the power of the Transformer and the efficiency of monotonic attention.
(2) Better latencyquality tradeoffs compared to the MILk model, the previous state-of-the-art, on two standard translation benchmarks, IWSLT15 English-Vietnamese (En-Vi) and WMT15 German-English (De-En).
(3) Analyses on how our model is able to control the attention span and on the relationship between the speed of a head and the layer it belongs to.
We motivate the design of our model with an ablation study on the number of decoder layers and the number of decoder heads.
In this paper, we propose two variants of the monotonic multihead attention model for simultaneous machine translation.
By introducing two new targeted loss terms which allow us to control both latency and attention span, we are able to leverage the power of the Transformer architecture to achieve better quality-latency trade-offs than the previous state-of-the-art model.
We also present detailed ablation studies demonstrating the efficacy and rationale of our approach.
By introducing these stronger simultaneous sequence-to-sequence models, we hope to facilitate important applications, such as high-quality real-time interpretation between human speakers.

assistant: text: Make the transformer streamable with monotonic attention.