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Title: FairFace: A Novel Face Attribute Dataset for Bias Measurement and Mitigation

Paper content:
Existing public face image datasets are strongly biased toward Caucasian faces, and other races (e.g., Latino) are significantly underrepresented.
The models trained from such datasets suffer from inconsistent classification accuracy, which limits the applicability of face analytic systems to non-White race groups.
To mitigate the race bias problem in these datasets, we constructed a novel face image dataset containing 108,501 images which is balanced on race.
We define 7 race groups: White, Black, Indian, East Asian, Southeast Asian, Middle Eastern, and Latino.
Images were collected from the YFCC-100M Flickr dataset and labeled with race, gender, and age groups.
Evaluations were performed on existing face attribute datasets as well as novel image datasets to measure the generalization performance.
We find that the model trained from our dataset is substantially more accurate on novel datasets and the accuracy is consistent across race and gender groups.
We also compare several commercial computer vision APIs and report their balanced accuracy across gender, race, and age groups.
To date, numerous large scale face image datasets (Huang et al., 2007; Kumar et al., 2011; Escalera et al., 2016; Yi et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2015; Joo et al., 2015; Parkhi et al., 2015; Guo et al., 2016; Kemelmacher-Shlizerman et al., 2016; Rothe et al., 2016; Cao et al., 2018; Merler et al., 2019) have been proposed and fostered research and development for automated face detection (Li et al., 2015b; Hu & Ramanan, 2017) , alignment (Xiong & De la Torre, 2013; Ren et al., 2014) , recognition (Taigman et al., 2014; Schroff et al., 2015) , generation (Yan et al., 2016; Bao et al., 2017; Karras et al., 2018; Thomas & Kovashka, 2018) , modification (Antipov et al., 2017; Lample et al., 2017; He et al., 2017) , and attribute classification (Kumar et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2015) .
These systems have been successfully translated into many areas including security, medicine, education, and social sciences.
Despite the sheer amount of available data, existing public face datasets are strongly biased toward Caucasian faces, and other races (e.g., Latino) are significantly underrepresented.
A recent study shows that most existing large scale face databases are biased towards "lighter skin" faces (around 80%), e.g. White, compared to "darker" faces, e.g. Black (Merler et al., 2019) .
This means the model may not apply to some subpopulations and its results may not be compared across different groups without calibration.
Biased data will produce biased models trained from it.
This will raise ethical concerns about fairness of automated systems, which has emerged as a critical topic of study in the recent machine learning and AI literature (Hardt et al., 2016; Corbett-Davies et al., 2017) .
For example, several commercial computer vision systems (Microsoft, IBM, Face++) have been criticized due to their asymmetric accuracy across sub-demographics in recent studies (Buolamwini & Gebru, 2018; Raji & Buolamwini, 2019) .
These studies found that the commercial face gender classification systems all perform better on male and on light faces.
This can be caused by the biases in their training data.
Various unwanted biases in image datasets can easily occur due to biased selection, capture, and negative sets (Torralba & Efros, 2011) .
Most public large scale face datasets have been collected from popular online media -newspapers, Wikipedia, or web search-and these platforms are more frequently used by or showing White people.
To mitigate the race bias in the existing face datasets, we propose a novel face dataset with an emphasis on balanced race composition.
Our dataset contains 108,501 facial images collected primarily from the YFCC-100M Flickr dataset (Thomee et al.) , which can be freely shared for a research purpose, and also includes examples from other sources such as Twitter and online newspaper outlets.
We define 7 race groups: White, Black, Indian, East Asian, Southeast Asian, Middle Eastern, and Latino.
Our dataset is well-balanced on these 7 groups (See Figures 1 and 2) Our paper makes three main contributions.
First, we emprically show that existing face attribute datasets and models learned from them do not generalize well to unseen data in which more nonWhite faces are present.
Second, we show that our new dataset performs better on novel data, not only on average, but also across racial groups, i.e. more consistently.
Third, to the best of our knowledge, our dataset is the first large scale face attribute dataset in the wild which includes Latino and Middle Eastern and differentiates East Asian and Southeast Asian.
Computer vision has been rapidly transferred into other fields such as economics or social sciences, where researchers want to analyze different demographics using image data.
The inclusion of major racial groups, which have been missing in existing datasets, therefore significantly enlarges the applicability of computer vision methods to these fields.
This paper proposes a novel face image dataset balanced on race, gender and age.
Compared to existing large-scale in-the-wild datasets, our dataset achieves much better generalization classification performance for gender, race, and age on novel image datasets collected from Twitter, international online newspapers, and web search, which contain more non-White faces than typical face datasets.
We show that the model trained from our dataset produces balanced accuracy across race, whereas other datasets often lead to asymmetric accuracy on different race groups.
This dataset was derived from the Yahoo YFCC100m dataset (Thomee et al.) for the images with Creative Common Licenses by Attribution and Share Alike, which permit both academic and commercial usage.
Our dataset can be used for training a new model and verifying balanced accuracy of existing classifiers.
Algorithmic fairness is an important aspect to consider in designing and developing AI systems, especially because these systems are being translated into many areas in our society and affecting our decision making.
Large scale image datasets have contributed to the recent success in computer vision by improving model accuracy; yet the public and media have doubts about its transparency.
The novel dataset proposed in this paper will help us discover and mitigate race and gender bias present in computer vision systems such that such systems can be more easily accepted in society.
A APPENDIX Figure 5: Individual Typology Angle (ITA), i.e. skin color, distribution of different races measured in our dataset.

assistant: text: A new face image dataset for balanced race, gender, and age which can be used for bias measurement and mitigation