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Semantic structure extraction for spreadsheets includes detecting table regions, recognizing structural components and classifying cell types.
Automatic semantic structure extraction is key to automatic data transformation from various table structures into canonical schema so as to enable data analysis and knowledge discovery.
However, they are challenged by the diverse table structures and the spatial-correlated semantics on cell grids.
To learn spatial correlations and capture semantics on spreadsheets, we have developed a novel learning-based framework for spreadsheet semantic structure extraction.
First, we propose a multi-task framework that learns table region, structural components and cell types jointly; second, we leverage the advances of the recent language model to capture semantics in each cell value; third, we build a large human-labeled dataset with broad coverage of table structures.
Our evaluation shows that our proposed multi-task framework is highly effective that outperforms the results of training each task separately.
Spreadsheets are the most popular end-user development tool for data management and analysis.
Unlike programming languages or databases, no syntax, data models or even vague standards are enforced for spreadsheets.
Figure1(a) shows a real-world spreadsheet.
To enable intelligent data analysis and knowledge discovery for the data in range B4:H24, one needs to manually transform the data to a standard form as shown in Figure1(e).
It would be highly desirable to develop techniques to extract the semantic structure information for automated spreadsheet data transformation.
Semantic structure extraction entails three chained tasks to: (1) We also show the transformed data in Figure1(e), where different cell types are highlighted using the same coloring scheme as in Figure1(d).
Learning the semantic structure for spreadsheets is challenging.
While table detection is confounded  by the diverse multi-table layouts, component recognition is confounded by the various structures of  table components , and cell type classification requires semantic-level understanding of cell values.
Moreover, the tasks are chained in the sense that latter tasks need to leverage the outcomes of prior tasks.
This poses challenges on preventing error propagation, but also provides opportunities for utilizing additional cues from other tasks to improve the current task.
For example, header extraction may help table detection since headers need to be inside the table region and vice versa.
In this paper, we present a multi-task learning framework to solve spreadsheet table detection, component recognition, and cell type classification jointly.
Our contributions are as follows: 1.
We formulate spreadsheet table structure extraction as a coarse-to-fine process including table detection, component recognition, and cell type classification.
We also build a large labeled dataset.
2.
To capture the rich information in spreadsheet cells for model training, we devise a featurization scheme containing both hand-crafted features and model-based semantic representations.
3.
We propose a multi-task framework that can be trained to simultaneously locate table ranges, recognize table components and extract cell types.
Our evaluation shows that the proposed multi-task framework is highly effective that outperforms the results of training each task separately.
Cell type classification is the task of classifying each cell into a certain type such as value, value name, index, and index name.
A value is a basic unit in the value region.
A value name is a summary term that describes values.
As shown in Figure1(a), "Cost" at E6 is a value name to describe the values in E8:H24.
After the data extraction, as shown in Figure1(e), "Cost" at D1 is the label of Column D. An index refers to individual values that can be used for indexing data records.
In Figure1(a), "January" -"October" at E5:H5 are indexes of columns E -H respectively.
A group of indexes is used to breakdown the dataset into subsets.
After data transformation, it will form a single data field as Column C shows in Figure1(e).
An index name is a summary term that describes the indexes.
In the previous example, " Month" is the index name of indexes "January" -"October".
After data transformation, the " Month" in Figure1(a) corresponds to the column label at C1 in Figure1(e).
The web-crawled WebSheet dataset contains 4,290,022 sheets with broad coverage of diverse table structures [1] .
We propose a human-labeled dataset, SemanticSheet, for semantic table structure extraction.
It includes: (1) 22,176 tables with annotated bounding boxes, which are sampled from WebSheet using an active learning method [1] ; (2) 9,053 tables with our structural component annotations, which are randomly sampled from the annotated bounding boxes; (3) 3,503 tables with our cell type annotations, which are sampled using heuristics to balance different table structures based on the structural component annotations.
To control labeling quality, all labeled tables have to be verified by an experienced human labeler and be revised until the overall agreement achieves 95%.
To capture effective cell features, we leverage both hand-crafted features and learning-based semantic representations.
In general, there are four major information sources of a cell, i.e., value string, data format, cell format, and formula.
[1] proposed 20 hand-crafted features and proved its high effectiveness in table detection.
But this featurization schema lacks high-level semantic features, which are important for table semantic structure extraction, especially the task of cell type classification.
The recently proposed language models in the natural language processing domain enable to learn embeddings of token sequences with remarkable generalizability.
This motivates us to leverage the recent advances in language modeling to derive such high-level semantics in the spreadsheet domain.
We incorporate BERT [2] to extract semantic embeddings for cell values.
To control the complexity in our model, a point-wise CNN is adopted to reduce the embedding size for each cell value to 32.
This CNN model can be jointly trained with the other modules in our framework.
Figure2 shows our framework, including a shared backbone and three branches for multi-task learning.
Convolutional neural network backbone: Since our featurization method only captures cell-level information, we adopt a Fully Convolutional Neural Network (FCNN) to learn spatial correlations between cells.
The FCNN backbone enables our framework to learn shared feature representations, which are able to generalize across multiple different tasks.
Moreover, to leverage the relationships in our three coarse-to-fine tasks, the component recognition branch takes the results of the table detection as an additional feature channel, and the cell type classification branch takes the results of the component recognition as it's additional feature channel.
We take ResNets [3] as the backbone in our framework and exclude all pooling layers to avoid losing cell-level precision.
The CNNs for structural component recognition, and cell type classification consist of five convolutional layers.
The whole dataset is randomly divided into 80% training set and 20% test set.
The loss functions for different tasks are added together for joint training.
For table detection, we adopt the Error-of-Boundary (EoB) metric [1] to measure how precisely the detection result is aligned to the ground truth bounding box.
For structural component recognition, we calculated the accuracy for top and left header separation lines.
For cell type classification, we report the average F1 for the index, index name, and value name predictions.
For the comparison study, we adapt Mask RCNN [4] , the state-of-the-art multi-task method for image object detection and segmentation.
To evaluate the effectiveness of multi-task joint training, we conduct a comparison between single-task and multi-task training of our proposed method.
For table detection evaluation, as shown in the left part of Table 1 , our method achieves improvements over all baselines.
Moreover, the multi-task version of our method performs better than its single-task version in both EoB-0 and EoB-2, indicating that other tasks help with table detection.
We attribute such improvements to the learning of intrinsic relationships between these tasks by training a joint model.
For the component recognition evaluation, compared with single-task training, our multi-task framework also achieves 0.8% and 2.4% accuracy gains.
And the right side of Table 1 shows the results of cell type classification, our method still achieves a large margin of improvement over Mask R-CNN.
Compared with single-task training, the joint framework improves the value name, index, and index name predictions by 1.6%, 0.7%, and 1.5% respectively.
We design a comparison experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of language models.
For the baseline (multi-task w/o BERT), we only use the 20-dimensional hand-crafted features; while for the treatment (multi-task with BERT), we use the full feature set including the semantic features extracted by BERT.
The comparison results are shown in Table 1 , indicating that by incorporating the semantic features, our proposed model achieves higher (or on-par) accuracy in all these three tasks.
Specifically, since cell type classification heavily depends on semantics, there is 6.4% F1 gain for the index name prediction and 5.7% F1 gain for the value name prediction.

assistant: text: We propose a novel multi-task framework that learns table detection, semantic component recognition and cell type classification for spreadsheet tables with promising results.