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Title: The Anisotropic Noise in Stochastic Gradient Descent: Its Behavior of Escaping from Minima and Regularization Effects

Paper content:
Understanding the behavior of  stochastic gradient descent (SGD) in the context of deep neural networks has raised lots of concerns recently.
Along this line, we theoretically study a general form of gradient based optimization dynamics with unbiased noise, which unifies SGD and standard Langevin dynamics.
Through investigating this general optimization dynamics, we analyze the behavior of SGD on escaping from minima and its regularization effects.
A novel indicator is derived to characterize the efficiency of escaping from minima through measuring the alignment of noise covariance and the curvature of loss function.
Based on this indicator, two conditions are established to show which type of noise structure is superior to isotropic noise in term of escaping efficiency.
We further show that the anisotropic noise in SGD satisfies the two conditions, and thus helps to  escape from sharp and poor minima effectively, towards more stable and flat minima that typically generalize well.
We verify our understanding through comparing
this anisotropic diffusion with full gradient descent plus isotropic diffusion (i.e. Langevin dynamics) and other types of position-dependent noise.
As a successful learning algorithm, stochastic gradient descent (SGD) was originally adopted for dealing with the computational bottleneck of training neural networks with large-scale datasets BID0 .
Its empirical efficiency and effectiveness have attracted lots of attention.
And thus, SGD and its variants have become standard workhorse for learning deep models.
Besides the aspect of empirical efficiency, recently, researchers started to analyze the optimization behaviors of SGD and its impacts on generalization.The optimization properties of SGD have been studied from various perspectives.
The convergence behaviors of SGD for simple one hidden layer neural networks were investigated in BID13 BID1 .
In non-convex settings, the characterization of how SGD escapes from stationary points, including saddle points and local minima, was analyzed in BID3 BID10 BID8 .On
the other hand, in the context of deep learning, researchers realized that the noise introduced by SGD impacts the generalization, thanks to the research on the phenomenon that training with a large batch could cause a significant drop of test accuracy BID11 . Particularly
, several works attempted to investigate how the magnitude of the noise influences the generalization during the process of SGD optimization, including the batch size and learning rate BID7 BID5 BID2 BID9 . Another line
of research interpreted SGD from a Bayesian perspective. In BID14 BID2
, SGD was interpreted as performing variational inference, where certain entropic regularization involves to prevent overfitting. And the work
BID21 tried to provide an understanding based on model evidence. These explanations
are compatible with the flat/sharp minima argument BID6 BID11 , since Bayesian inference tends to targeting the region with large probability mass, corresponding to the flat minima.However, when analyzing the optimization behavior and regularization effects of SGD, most of existing works only assume the noise covariance of SGD is constant or upper bounded by some constant, and what role the noise structure of stochastic gradient plays in optimization and generalization was rarely discussed in literature.In this work, we theoretically study a general form of gradient-based optimization dynamics with unbiased noise, which unifies SGD and standard Langevin dynamics. By investigating this
general dynamics, we analyze how the noise structure of SGD influences the escaping behavior from minima and its regularization effects. Several novel theoretical
results and empirical justifications are made.1. We derive a key indicator
to characterize the efficiency of escaping from minima through measuring the alignment of noise covariance and the curvature of loss function. Based on this indicator,
two conditions are established to show which type of noise structure is superior to isotropic noise in term of escaping efficiency;2. We further justify that
SGD in the context of deep neural networks satisfies these two conditions, and thus provide a plausible explanation why SGD can escape from sharp minima more efficiently, converging to flat minima with a higher probability. Moreover, these flat minima
typically generalize well according to various works BID6 BID11 BID16 BID22 . We also show that Langevin
dynamics with well tuned isotropic noise cannot beat SGD, which further confirms the importance of noise structure of SGD; 3. A large number of experiments
are designed systematically to justify our understanding on the behavior of the anisotropic diffusion of SGD. We compare SGD with full gradient
descent with different types of diffusion noise, including isotropic and positiondependent/independent noise. All these comparisons demonstrate
the effectiveness of anisotropic diffusion for good generalization in training deep networks.The remaining of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we introduce the background
of SGD and a general form of optimization dynamics of interest. We then theoretically study the behaviors
of escaping from minima in Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process in Section 3, and establish two conditions for characterizing the noise structure that affects the escaping efficiency. In Section 4, we show that the noise of SGD
in the context of deep learning meets the two conditions, and thus explains its superior efficiency of escaping from sharp minima over other dynamics with isotropic noise. Various experiments are conducted for verifying
our understanding in Section 5, and we conclude the paper in Section 6.
We theoretically investigate a general optimization dynamics with unbiased noise, which unifies various existing optimization methods, including SGD.
We provide some novel results on the behaviors of escaping from minima and its regularization effects.
A novel indicator is derived for characterizing the escaping efficiency.
Based on this indicator, two conditions are constructed for showing what type of noise structure is superior to isotropic noise in term of escaping.
We then analyze the noise structure of SGD in deep learning and find that it indeed satisfies the two conditions, thus explaining the widely know observation that SGD can escape from sharp minima efficiently toward flat minina that generalize well.
Various experimental evidence supports our arguments on the behavior of SGD and its effects on generalization.
Our study also shows that isotropic noise helps little for escaping from sharp minima, due to the highly anisotropic nature of landscape.
This indicates that it is not sufficient to analyze SGD by treating it as an isotropic diffusion over landscape (Zhang et al., 2017; BID15 . A better understanding of this out-of-equilibrium behavior BID2 ) is on demand.Taking expectation with respect to the distribution of θ t , DISPLAYFORM0 for the expectation of Brownian motion is zero.
Thus the solution of EY t is, DISPLAYFORM1

assistant: text: We provide theoretical and empirical analysis on the role of anisotropic noise introduced by stochastic gradient on escaping from minima.