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Title: Interpretable and robust blind image denoising with bias-free convolutional neural networks

Paper content:
Deep convolutional networks often append additive constant ("bias") terms to their convolution operations, enabling a richer repertoire of functional mappings.
Biases are also used to facilitate training, by subtracting mean response over batches of training images (a component of "batch normalization").
Recent state-of-the-art blind denoising methods seem to require these terms for their success.
Here, however, we show that bias terms used in most CNNs (additive constants, including those used for batch normalization) interfere with the interpretability of these networks, do not help performance, and in fact prevent generalization of performance to noise levels not including in the training data.
In particular, bias-free CNNs (BF-CNNs) are locally linear, and hence amenable to direct analysis with linear-algebraic tools.
These analyses provide interpretations of network functionality in terms of projection onto a union of low-dimensional subspaces, connecting the learning-based method to more traditional denoising methodology.
Additionally, BF-CNNs generalize robustly, achieving near-state-of-the-art performance at noise levels well beyond the range over which they have been trained.
Denoising -recovering a signal from measurements corrupted by noise -is a canonical application of statistical estimation that has been studied since the 1950's.
Achieving high-quality denoising results requires (at least implicitly) quantifying and exploiting the differences between signals and noise.
In the case of natural photographic images, the denoising problem is both an important application, as well as a useful test-bed for our understanding of natural images.
The classical solution to the denoising problem is the Wiener filter (13), which assumes a translation-invariant Gaussian signal model.
Under this prior, the Wiener filter is the optimal estimator (in terms of mean squared error).
It operates by mapping the noisy image to the frequency domain, shrinking the amplitude of all components, and mapping back to the signal domain.
In the case of natural images, the high-frequency components are shrunk more aggressively than the lower-frequency components because they tend to contain less energy in natural images.
This is equivalent to convolution with a lowpass filter, implying that each pixel is replaced with a weighted average over a local neighborhood.
In the 1990's, more powerful solutions were developed based on multi-scale ("wavelet") transforms.
These transforms map natural images to a domain where they have sparser representations.
This makes it possible to perform denoising by applying nonlinear thresholding operations in order to reduce or discard components that are small relative to the noise level (4; 12; 1).
From a linear-algebraic perspective, these algorithms operate by projecting the noisy input onto a lower-dimensional subspace that contains plausible signal content.
The projection eliminates the orthogonal complement of the subspace, which mostly contains noise.
This general methodology laid the foundations for the state-of-the-art models in the 2000's (e.g. (3)), some of which added a data-driven perspective, learning sparsifying transforms (5), or more general nonlinear shrinkage functions directly from natural images (6; 10).
In the past decade, purely data-driven models based on convolutional neural networks (8) have come to dominate all previous methods in terms of performance.
These models consist of cascades of convolutional filters, and rectifying nonlinearities, which are capable of representing a diverse and powerful set of functions.
Training such architectures to minimize mean square error over large databases of noisy natural-image patches achieves current state-of-the-art results (14) (see also (2) for a related approach).
Neural networks have achieved particularly impressive results on the blind denoising problem, in which the noise amplitude is unknown (14; 15; 9) .
Despite their success, We lack intuition about the denoising mechanisms these solutions implement.
Network architecture and functional units are often borrowed from the image-recognition literature, and it is unclear which of these aspects contribute positively, or limit, the denoising performance.
Many authors claim critical importance of specific aspects of architecture (e.g., skip connections, batch normalization, recurrence), but the benefits of these attributes are difficult to isolate and evaluate in the context of the many other elements of the system.
In this work, we show that bias terms used in most CNNs (additive constants, including those used for batch normalization) interfere with the interpretability of these networks, do not help performance, and in fact prevent generalization of performance to noise levels not including in the training data.
In particular, bias-free CNNs (BF-CNNs) are locally linear, and hence amenable to direct analysis with linear-algebraic tools.
And BF-CNNs generalize robustly, achieving near-state-of-the-art performance at noise levels well beyond the range over which they have been trained.

assistant: text: We show that removing constant terms from CNN architectures provides interpretability of the denoising method via linear-algebra techniques and also boosts generalization performance across noise levels.