user: text: Write a concise one-sentence TLDR summary of the scientific paper content below.

Title: Attention over Parameters for Dialogue Systems

Paper content:
Dialogue systems require a great deal of different but complementary expertise to assist, inform, and entertain humans.
For example, different domains (e.g., restaurant reservation, train ticket booking) of goal-oriented dialogue systems can be viewed as different skills, and so does ordinary chatting abilities of chit-chat dialogue systems.
In this paper, we propose to learn a dialogue system that independently parameterizes different dialogue skills, and learns to select and combine each of them through Attention over Parameters (AoP).
The experimental results show that this approach achieves competitive performance on a combined dataset of MultiWOZ (Budzianowski et al., 2018), In-Car Assistant (Eric et al.,2017), and Persona-Chat (Zhang et al., 2018).
Finally, we demonstrate that each dialogue skill is effectively learned and can be combined with other skills to produce selective responses.
Unlike humans who can do both, goal-oriented dialogues (Williams & Young, 2007; Young et al., 2013) and chit-chat conversations (Serban et al., 2016a; Vinyals & Le, 2015) are often learned with separate models.
A more desirable approach for the users would be to have a single chat interface that can handle both casual talk and tasks such as reservation or scheduling.
This can be formulated as a problem of learning different conversational skills across multiple domains.
A skill can be either querying a database, generating daily conversational utterances, or interacting with users in a particular task-domain (e.g. booking a restaurant).
One challenge of having multiple skills is that existing datasets either focus only on chit-chat or on goal-oriented dialogues.
This is due to the fact that traditional goal-oriented systems are modularized (Williams & Young, 2007; Hori et al., 2009; Lee et al., 2009; Levin et al., 2000; Young et al., 2013) ; thus, they cannot be jointly trained with end-to-end architecture as in chit-chat.
However, recently proposed end-to-end trainable models Wu et al., 2019; Reddy et al., 2018; Yavuz et al., 2018) and datasets (Bordes & Weston, 2017; allow us to combine goal-oriented (Budzianowski et al., 2018; and chit-chat (Zhang et al., 2018) into a single benchmark dataset with multiple conversational skills as shown in Table 1.
A straight forward solution would be to have a single model for all the conversational skills, which has shown to be effective to a certain extent by (Zhao et al., 2017) and (McCann et al., 2018) .
Putting aside the performance in the tasks, such fixed shared-parameter framework, without any task-specific designs, would lose controllability and interpretability in the response generation.
In this paper, instead, we propose to model multiple conversational skills using the Mixture of Experts (MoE) (Jacobs et al., 1991) paradigm, i.e., a model that learns and combine independent specialized experts using a gating function.
For instance, each expert could specialize in different dialogues domains (e.g., Hotel, Train, ChitChat etc.) and skills (e.g., generate SQL query).
A popular implementation of MoE ) uses a set of linear transformation (i.e., experts) in between two LSTM (Schmidhuber, 1987) layers.
However, several problems arise with this implementation:
1) the model is computationally expensive as it has to decode multiple times each expert and make the combination at the representation-level;
2) no prior knowledge is injected in the expert selection (e.g., domains);
3) Seq2Seq model has limited ability in extracting information from a Knowledge Base (KB) (i.e., generated by the SQL query) , as required in end-to-end task-oriented dialogues Table 1 : An example from the dataset which includes both chit-chat and task-oriented conversations.
The model has to predict all the Sys turn, which includes SQL query and generating response from a the Memory content, which is dynamically updated with the queries results.
The skills are the prior knowledge needed for the response, where Persona refers to chit-chat.
Spk.
Conversation Skills Usr: Can you help me find a cheap 2 star hotel?
In this paper, we propose a novel way to train a single end-to-end dialogue model with multiple composable and interpretable skills.
Unlike previous work, that mostly focused on the representationlevel mixing , our proposed approach, Attention over Parameters, learns how to softly combine independent sets of specialized parameters (i.e., making SQL-Query, conversing with consistent persona, etc.) into a single set of parameters.
By doing so, we not only achieve compositionality and interpretability but also gain algorithmically faster inference speed.
To train and evaluate our model, we organize a multi-domain task-oriented datasets into end-to-end trainable formats and combine it with a conversational dataset (i.e. Persona-Chat).
Our model learns to consider each task and domain as a separate skill that can be composed with each other, or used independently, and we verify the effectiveness of the interpretability and compositionality with competitive experimental results and thorough analysis.

assistant: text: In this paper, we propose to learn a dialogue system that independently parameterizes different dialogue skills, and learns to select and combine each of them through Attention over Parameters (AoP).