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Title: Faster Discovery of Neural Architectures by Searching for Paths in a Large Model

Paper content:
We propose Efficient Neural Architecture Search (ENAS), a faster and less expensive approach to automated model design than previous methods.
In ENAS, a controller learns to discover neural network architectures by searching for an optimal path within a larger model.
The controller is trained with policy gradient to select a path that maximizes the expected reward on the validation set.
Meanwhile the model corresponding to the selected path is trained to minimize the cross entropy loss.
On the Penn Treebank dataset, ENAS can discover a novel architecture thats achieves a test perplexity of 57.8, which is state-of-the-art among automatic model design methods on Penn Treebank.
On the CIFAR-10 dataset, ENAS can design novel architectures that achieve a test error of 2.89%, close to the 2.65% achieved by standard NAS (Zoph et al., 2017).
Most importantly, our experiments show that ENAS is more than 10x faster and 100x less resource-demanding than NAS.
Neural architecture search (NAS) has been applied successfully to design model architectures for image classification and language modeling BID0 BID3 BID6 .
NAS however is computationally expensive and time consuming: for example, use 450 GPUs and train for 3-4 days.
Meanwhile, using less resources tends to produce less compelling results BID31 BID0 .The
main computational bottleneck of NAS is the training of each child model to convergence to measure its accuracy. We
believe that it is very inefficient and wasteful to train every child model and then throw away all the trained weights even though the child models have much in common. The
graph represents the entire search space while the red arrows define a model in the search space, which is decided by a controller. Here
we assume that node 1 is the input to the model whereas nodes 3, 5, and 6 are the outputs of the model.The goal of this work is to remove this inefficiency by enabling more sharing between the child models. This
idea is similar to the concept of weight inheritance in neuro-evolution (e.g., BID33 ). To understand
our method, we first need to understand the standard NAS. In standard NAS
BID0 , an RNN controller is trained by policy gradient to search for a good architecture, which is basically a computational graph. Our observation
is that all of the graphs, that NAS has iterated over, can be viewed as sub-graphs of a larger graph. In other words,
we can represent the space of these graphs as a single directed acyclic graph (DAG) . As illustrated
in FIG0 , a neural network architecture can be found by taking a subset of edges in this DAG. This design is
advantageous because it enables sharing parameters among all architectures in the search space.
Neural Architecture Search (NAS) is an important advance that allows faster architecture design for neural networks.
However, the computational expense of NAS prevents it from being widely adopted.
In this paper, we presented ENAS, an alternative method to NAS, that requires three orders of magnitude less resources×time.
The key insight of our method is to share parameters across child models during architecture search.
This insight is implemented by having NAS search for a path within a larger model.
We demonstrate empirically that the method works well on both CIFAR-10 and Penn Treebank datasets.The shared parameters ω between different recurrent cells thus consist of all the matrices DISPLAYFORM0 ,j , and W (h),j .
The controller decides the connection j and the activation function f , for each ∈ {2, 3, ..., N }.
The layers that are never selected by any subsequent layers are averaged and sent to a softmax head, or to higher recurrent layers.
As in the case of convolutional models, to stabilize the training of ω, we add a batch normalization layer after the average of the layers that are not selected.B Details for CIFAR-10 Search Spaces B.1
Details on Search Space 1: ChannelsWe use a block size of S = 32, resulting in C/S = 256/32 = 8 blocks per branch per layer.
Each branch configuration has its own embedding and softmax head.
To elaborate, this means that a time step in the controller RNN that predicts the configuration for any branch should have a softmax matrix of size H × (2 C/S − 1), where H = 64 is the hidden dimension of the RNN, and 2 C/S − 1 = 255 is the number of possible binary masks for that branch.
Each branch also has an embedding matrix of size (2 C/S − 1) × H, from which the row corresponding to the sampled binary mask is selected and sent to the next time step.Layers 4 and 8 of our 12-layer network are max pooling layers with a kernel size of 2 × 2 and a stride of 2, and reduce each spatial dimension of the layers' outputs by a factor of 2.
Within each group of 3 layers where the spatial dimensions of the layers remain constant, we connect each layer to all layers before it BID17 .

assistant: text: An approach that speeds up neural architecture search by 10x, whilst using 100x less computing resource.