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Title: Advanced Neuroevolution: A gradient-free algorithm to train Deep Neural Networks

Paper content:
In this paper we present a novel optimization algorithm called Advanced Neuroevolution.
The aim for this algorithm is to train deep neural networks, and eventually act as an alternative to Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) and its variants as needed.We evaluated our algorithm on the MNIST dataset, as well as on several global optimization problems such as the Ackley function.
We find the algorithm performing relatively well for both cases, overtaking other global optimization algorithms such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Evolution Strategies (ES).
Gradient Descent (GD) and its variations like stochastic gradient descent BID2 are the de facto standard for training deep neural networks (DNNs) for tasks in various domains like Object Detection BID10 , Robotic Grasping BID9 and Machine Translation BID1 .
Most of the field of Deep Learning is centered around algorithms similar to variants of Gradient Descent to find the optimal weights given desired input/output pairs BID7 , BID4 , BID14 .
However, there are also some limitations to using gradient-based optimization.
For example, the neural network and the loss function have to be differentiable end-to-end.
As a consequence, there are a number of problems that can not be directly modeled or solved without some alterations such as Formal Logic and Hard Attention BID11 .
Note that throughout this paper, we will refer to gradient-based methods collectively as SGD.
Similarly, we will refer to Advanced Neuroevolution with the acronym AdvN.For those reasons, we developed a new algorithm which we call Advanced Neuroevolution.
It is not a single algorithm, in truth.
It is an ensemble of low-level algorithms, layered on top of each other.
Those low-level algorithms have different scopes of operations addressing different levels of abstraction in the search process.
For example, the perturbation mechanism addresses the introduction of noise into the models, the most basic operation.
In contrast, the minimum distance mechanism addresses the global scale properties, i.e. the search regions.
The goal is to traverse the search space as efficiently as possible without use of gradients.
In the case of neural networks the search space is the weight space, including biases.Indeed, while this algorithm was developed primarily for training of deep neural networks, it can be used for other optimization tasks.
In essence, we present the algorithm as an evolutionary optimization algorithm, with a focus on DNNs.There are many global optimization algorithms such as Evolution Strategies BID13 , Particle Swarm Optimization BID8 and Simulated Annealing BID23 .
Each has its merits and limitations.
Our aim is not to compete directly with those algorithms but rather to complement them and offer another option with its own merits and limitations.
To evaluate the performance of such algorithms we can use well-known benchmark functions such as the Rastrigin or Ackley function.
We recognize those functions and test Advanced Neuroevolution against them to assess its performance.In addition, there have been other approaches to using evolutionary optimization techniques to train DNNs, see and BID19 as recent examples.
It reflects the awareness within the broader research community about the potential of such algorithms, and the need for alternatives to SGD.
We don't see our algorithm replacing SGD, especially in fields where it is already quite successful such as Computer Vision.
Our aim is to complement it, by offering another option.
Furthermore, there is no reason why both can not be used in tandem as part of a grander learning strategy.
We presented the Advanced Neuroevolution algorithm as an alternative optimization step to SGD to train neural networks.
The work is motivated by some limitations we perceived in gradient-based methods, such as differentiability and sample-inefficiency.
The algorithm is benchmarked against other optimization algorithms on typical optimization problems.
It performed satisfactorily well, and improved upon all of them.
For fairness, we noted that the implementation of the other algorithms may not be optimized, and they can arguably perform better.Next our algorithm is tested on the MNIST digit classification task.
It achieved 90% accuracy on the entire validation set using only 2000 images from the training set.
In all our experiments, halfprecision floats are used in order to decrease the time of the computations.
The computations are done only on 4 Titan V GPUs instead of thousands of CPU cores as in other evolutionary algorithms papers.
This makes training of neural networks with evolutionary algorithms more tractable in terms of resource requirements.Finally, while not presented in this work, preliminary tests of our algorithm on RL tasks have been promising.
It solves the assigned problems, though it takes longer than other approaches.
We aim to improve upon the algorithm and the strategies employed in order to achieve competitive results on RL and Robotics tasks.

assistant: text: A new algorithm to train deep neural networks. Tested on optimization functions and MNIST.