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Title: Self-Binarizing Networks

Paper content:
We present a method to train self-binarizing neural networks, that is, networks that evolve their weights and activations during training to become binary.
To obtain similar binary networks, existing methods rely on the sign activation function.
This function, however, has no gradients for non-zero values, which makes standard backpropagation impossible.
To circumvent the difficulty of training a network relying on the sign activation function, these methods alternate between floating-point and binary representations of the network during training, which is sub-optimal and inefficient.
We approach the binarization task by training on a unique representation involving a smooth activation function, which is iteratively sharpened during training until it becomes a binary representation equivalent to the sign activation function.
Additionally, we introduce a new technique to perform binary batch normalization that simplifies the conventional batch normalization by transforming it into a simple comparison operation.
This is unlike existing methods, which are forced to the retain the conventional floating-point-based batch normalization.
Our binary networks, apart from displaying advantages of lower memory and computation as compared to conventional floating-point and binary networks, also show higher classification accuracy than existing state-of-the-art methods on multiple benchmark datasets.
Deep learning has brought about remarkable advancements to the state-of-the-art in several fields including computer vision and natural language processing.
In particular, convolutional neural networks (CNN's) have shown state-of-the-art performance in several tasks such as object recognition with AlexNet BID19 , VGG BID29 , ResNet and detection with R-CNN BID10 BID9 BID26 .
However, to achieve real-time performance these networks are dependent on specialized hardware like GPU's because they are computation and memory demanding.
For example, AlexNet takes up 250Mb for its 60M parameters while VGG requires 528Mb for its 138M parameters.While the performance of deep networks has been gradually improving over the last few years, their computational speed has been steadily decreasing BID32 .
Notwithstanding this, interest has grown significantly in the deployment of CNN's in virtual reality headsets (Oculus, GearVR), augmented reality gear (HoloLens, Epson Moverio), and other wearable, mobile, and embedded devices.
While such devices typically have very restricted power and memory capacites, they demand low latency and real-time performance to be able to provide a good user experience.
Not surprisingly, there is considerable interest in making deep learning models computationally efficient to better suit such devices BID24 BID4 BID40 .Several
methods of compression, quantization, and dimensionality reduction have been introduced to lower memory and computation requirements. These methods
produce near state-of-the-art results, either with fewer parameters or with lower precision parameters, which is possible thanks to the redundancies in deep networks BID3 .In this paper
we focus on the solution involving binarization of weights and activations, which is the most extreme form of quantization. Binarized neural
networks achieve high memory and computational efficiency while keeping performance comparable to their floating point counterparts. BID5 have shown
that binary networks allow the replacement of multiplication and additions by simple bit-wise operations, which are both time and power efficient.The challenge in training a binary neural network is to convert all its parameters from the continuous domain to a binary representation, typically done using the sign activation function. However, since
the gradient of sign is zero for all nonzero inputs, it makes standard back-propagation impossible. Existing state-of-the-art
methods for network binarization BID5 BID25 alternate between a binarized forward pass and a floating point backward pass to circumvent this problem. In their case, the gradients
for the sign activation are approximated during the backward pass, thus introducing inaccuracies in training. Furthermore, batch normalization
BID16 is necessary in binary networks to avoid exploding feature map values due to the large scale of the weights. However, during inference, using
batch normalization introduces intermediary floating point representations. This means, despite binarizing weights
and activations, these networks can not be used on chips that do not support floating-point computations.In our method, the scaled hyperbolic tangent function tanh is used to bound the values in the range [−1, 1]. The network starts with floating point
values for weights and activations, and progressively evolves into a binary network as the scaling factor is increased. Firstly, this means that we do not have
to toggle between the binary and floating point weight representations. Secondly, we have a continuously differentiable
function that allows backpropagation passes. As another important contribution, we reduce the
standard batch normalization operation during the inference stage to a simple comparison. This modification is not only very efficient and
can be accomplished using fixedpoint operations, it is also an order of magnitude faster than the floating-point counterpart. More clearly, while existing binarization methods
perform, at each layer, the steps of binary convolutions, floating-point batch normalization, and sign activation, we only need to perform binary convolutions followed by our comparison-based batch normalization, which serves as the sign activation at the same time (see Fig. 1 ).
We present a novel method to binarize a deep network that is principled, simple, and results in binarization of weights and activations.
Instead of relying on the sign function, we use the tanh function with a controllable slope.
This simplifies the training process without breaking the flow of derivatives in the back-propagation phase as compared to that of existing methods that have to toggle between floating-point and binary representations.
In addition to this, we replace the conventional batch normalization, which forces existing binarization methods to use floating point computations, by a simpler comparison operation that is directly adapted to networks with binary activations.
Our simplified batch normalization is not only computationally trivial, it is also extremely memoryefficient.
Our trained binary networks outperform those of existing binarization schemes on standard benchmarks despite using lesser memory and computation.

assistant: text: A method to binarize both weights and activations of a deep neural network that is efficient in computation and memory usage and performs better than the state-of-the-art.