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Title: Parameter Space Noise for Exploration

Paper content:
Deep reinforcement learning (RL) methods generally engage in exploratory behavior through noise injection in the action space.
An alternative is to add noise directly to the agent's parameters, which can lead to more consistent exploration and a richer set of behaviors.
Methods such as evolutionary strategies use parameter perturbations, but discard all temporal structure in the process and require significantly more samples.
Combining parameter noise with traditional RL methods allows to combine the best of both worlds.
We demonstrate that both off- and on-policy methods benefit from this approach through experimental comparison of DQN, DDPG, and TRPO on high-dimensional discrete action environments as well as continuous control tasks.
Exploration remains a key challenge in contemporary deep reinforcement learning (RL).
Its main purpose is to ensure that the agent's behavior does not converge prematurely to a local optimum.
Enabling efficient and effective exploration is, however, not trivial since it is not directed by the reward function of the underlying Markov decision process (MDP).
Although a plethora of methods have been proposed to tackle this challenge in high-dimensional and/or continuous-action MDPs, they often rely on complex additional structures such as counting tables BID6 , density modeling of the state space BID22 , learned dynamics models BID0 BID29 , or self-supervised curiosity BID23 ).An
orthogonal way of increasing the exploratory nature of these algorithms is through the addition of temporally-correlated noise, for example as done in bootstrapped DQN BID20 . Along
the same lines, it was shown that the addition of parameter noise leads to better exploration by obtaining a policy that exhibits a larger variety of behaviors BID32 Salimans et al., 2017) . We discuss
these related approaches in greater detail in Section 5. Their main
limitation, however, is that they are either only proposed and evaluated for the on-policy setting with relatively small and shallow function approximators (Rückstieß et al., 2008) or disregard all temporal structure and gradient information (Salimans et al., 2017; BID17 BID28 . This paper
investigates how parameter space noise can be effectively combined with off-the-shelf deep RL algorithms such as DQN BID19 , DDPG BID18 , and TRPO (Schulman et al., 2015b) to improve their exploratory behavior. Experiments
show that this form of exploration is applicable to both high-dimensional discrete environments and continuous control tasks, using on-and off-policy methods. Our results
indicate that parameter noise outperforms traditional action space noise-based baselines, especially in tasks where the reward signal is extremely sparse.
In this work, we propose parameter space noise as a conceptually simple yet effective replacement for traditional action space noise like -greedy and additive Gaussian noise.
This work shows that parameter perturbations can successfully be combined with contemporary on-and off-policy deep RL algorithms such as DQN, DDPG, and TRPO and often results in improved performance compared to action noise.
Experimental results further demonstrate that using parameter noise allows solving environments with very sparse rewards, in which action noise is unlikely to succeed.
Our results indicate that parameter space noise is a viable and interesting alternative to action space noise, which is still the de facto standard in most reinforcement learning applications.
A EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

assistant: text: Parameter space noise allows reinforcement learning algorithms to explore by perturbing parameters instead of actions, often leading to significantly improved exploration performance.