user: text: Write a concise one-sentence TLDR summary of the scientific paper content below.

Title: Connectivity Learning in Multi-Branch Networks

Paper content:
While much of the work in the design of convolutional networks over the last five years has revolved around the empirical investigation of the importance of depth, filter sizes, and number of feature channels, recent studies have shown that  branching, i.e., splitting the computation along parallel but distinct threads and then aggregating their outputs, represents a new promising dimension for significant improvements in performance.
To combat the complexity of design choices in multi-branch architectures, prior work has adopted simple strategies, such as a fixed branching factor, the same input being fed to all parallel branches, and an additive combination of the outputs produced by all branches at aggregation points.
In this work we remove these predefined choices and propose an algorithm to learn the connections between branches in the network.
Instead of being chosen a priori by the human designer, the multi-branch connectivity is learned simultaneously with the weights of the network by optimizing a single loss function defined with respect to the end task.
We demonstrate our approach on the problem of multi-class image classification using four different datasets where it yields consistently higher accuracy compared to the state-of-the-art ``ResNeXt'' multi-branch network given the same learning capacity.
Deep neural networks have emerged as one of the most prominent models for problems that require the learning of complex functions and that involve large amounts of training data.
While deep learning has recently enabled dramatic performance improvements in many application domains, the design of deep architectures is still a challenging and time-consuming endeavor.
The difficulty lies in the many architecture choices that impact-often significantly-the performance of the system.
In the specific domain of image categorization, which is the focus of this paper, significant research effort has been invested in the empirical study of how depth, filter sizes, number of feature maps, and choice of nonlinearities affect performance BID8 BID17 BID24 BID19 Zeiler & Fergus, 2014; .
Recently, several authors have proposed to simplify the architecture design by defining convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in terms of combinations of basic building blocks.
This strategy was arguably first popularized by the VGG networks BID25 which were built by stacking a series of convolutional layers having identical filter size (3 × 3).
The idea of modularized CNN design was made even more explicit in residual networks (ResNets) BID13 , which are constructed by combining residual blocks of fixed topology.
While in ResNets residual blocks are stacked one on top of each other to form very deep networks, the recently introduced ResNeXt models BID31 have shown that it is also beneficial to arrange these building blocks in parallel to build multi-branch convolutional networks.
The modular component of ResNeXt then consists of C parallel branches, corresponding to residual blocks with identical topology but distinct parameters.
Network built by stacking these multi-branch components have been shown to lead to better results than single-thread ResNets of the same capacity.While the principle of modularized design has greatly simplified the challenge of building effective architectures for image analysis, the choice of how to combine and aggregate the computations of these building blocks still rests on the shoulders of the human designer.
In order to avoid a combinatorial explosion of options, prior work has relied on simple, uniform rules of aggregation (1) DISPLAYFORM0 Submitted to 31st Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS 2017).
Do not distribute.
In this paper we introduced an algorithm to learn the connectivity of deep multi-branch networks.
The problem is formulated as a single joint optimization over the weights and the branch connections of the model.
We tested our approach on challenging image categorization benchmarks where it led to significant accuracy improvements over the state-of-the-art ResNeXt model.
An added benefit of our approach is that it can automatically identify superfluous blocks, which can be pruned without impact on accuracy for more efficient testing and for reducing the number of parameters to store.While our experiments were focused on a particular multi-branch architecture (ResNeXt) and a specific form of building block (residual block), we expect the benefits of our approach to extend to other modules and network structures.
For example, it could be applied to learn the connectivity of skip-connections in DenseNets BID14 , which are currently based on predefined connectivity rules.
In this paper, our masks perform non-parametric additive aggregation of the branch outputs.
It would be interesting to experiment with learnable (parametric) aggregations of the outputs from the individual branches.
Our approach is limited to learning connectivity within a given, fixed architecture.
Future work will explore the use of learnable masks for architecture discovery.
Normalize the real-valued mask to sum up to 1:m DISPLAYFORM0 Set active binary mask based on drawn samples: DISPLAYFORM1 j of the mask, given branch activations y DISPLAYFORM2 and y DISPLAYFORM3 The CIFAR-10 dataset consists of color images of size 32x32.
The training set contains 50,000 images, the testing set 10,000 images.
Each image in CIFAR-10 is categorized into one of 10 possible classes.
In Table 3 , we report the performance of different models trained on CIFAR-10.
From these results we can observe that our models using learned connectivity achieve consistently better performance over the equivalent models trained with the fixed connectivity BID31 .
Table 3 : CIFAR-10 accuracies (single crop) achieved by different multi-branch architectures trained using the predefined connectivity of ResNeXt (Fixed-Full) versus the connectivity learned by our algorithm (Learned).
Each model was trained 4 times, using different random initializations.
For each model we report the best test performance as well as the mean test performance computed from the 4 runs.

assistant: text: In this paper we introduced an algorithm to learn the connectivity of deep multi-branch networks. The approach is evaluated on image categorization where it consistently yields accuracy gains over state-of-the-art models that use fixed connectivity.