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Title: Large Scale GAN Training for High Fidelity Natural Image Synthesis

Paper content:
Despite recent progress in generative image modeling, successfully generating high-resolution, diverse samples from complex datasets such as ImageNet remains an elusive goal.
To this end, we train Generative Adversarial Networks at the largest scale yet attempted, and study the instabilities specific to such scale.
We find that applying orthogonal regularization to the generator renders it amenable to a simple "truncation trick", allowing fine control over the trade-off between sample fidelity and variety by reducing the variance of the Generator's input.
Our modifications lead to models which set the new state of the art in class-conditional image synthesis.
When trained on ImageNet at 128x128 resolution, our models (BigGANs) achieve an Inception Score (IS) of 166.3 and Frechet Inception Distance (FID) of 9.6, improving over the previous best IS of 52.52 and FID of 18.65.
Figure 1: Class-conditional samples generated by our model.The state of generative image modeling has advanced dramatically in recent years, with Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs, Goodfellow et al. (2014) ) at the forefront of efforts to generate highfidelity, diverse images with models learned directly from data.
GAN training is dynamic, and sensitive to nearly every aspect of its setup (from optimization parameters to model architecture), but a torrent of research has yielded empirical and theoretical insights enabling stable training in a variety of settings.
Despite this progress, the current state of the art in conditional ImageNet modeling (Zhang et al., 2018) achieves an Inception Score (Salimans et al., 2016) of 52.5, compared to 233 for real data.In this work, we set out to close the gap in fidelity and variety between images generated by GANs and real-world images from the ImageNet dataset.
We make the following three contributions towards this goal:• We demonstrate that GANs benefit dramatically from scaling, and train models with two to four times as many parameters and eight times the batch size compared to prior art.
We introduce two simple, general architectural changes that improve scalability, and modify a regularization scheme to improve conditioning, demonstrably boosting performance.•
As a side effect of our modifications, our models become amenable to the "truncation trick," a simple sampling technique that allows explicit, fine-grained control of the tradeoff between sample variety and fidelity.•
We discover instabilities specific to large scale GANs, and characterize them empirically. Leveraging
insights from this analysis, we demonstrate that a combination of novel and existing techniques can reduce these instabilities, but complete training stability can only be achieved at a dramatic cost to performance.Our modifications substantially improve class-conditional GANs. When trained
on ImageNet at 128×128 resolution, our models (BigGANs) improve the state-of-the-art Inception Score (IS) and Fréchet Inception Distance (FID) from 52.52 and 18.65 to 166.5 and 7.4 respectively. We also successfully
train BigGANs on ImageNet at 256×256 and 512×512 resolution, and achieve IS and FID of 232.5 and 8.1 at 256×256 and IS and FID of 241.5 and 11.5 at 512×512. Finally, we train our
models on an even larger dataset -JFT-300M -and demonstrate that our design choices transfer well from ImageNet. Code and weights for
our pretrained generators are publicly available 1 .
We have demonstrated that Generative Adversarial Networks trained to model natural images of multiple categories highly benefit from scaling up, both in terms of fidelity and variety of the generated samples.
As a result, our models set a new level of performance among ImageNet GAN models, improving on the state of the art by a large margin.
We have also presented an analysis of the training behavior of large scale GANs, characterized their stability in terms of the singular values of their weights, and discussed the interplay between stability and performance.
In this section, we present and discuss additional investigations into the stability of our models, expanding upon the discussion in Section 4.

assistant: text: GANs benefit from scaling up.