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Title: Compositional Attention Networks for Machine Reasoning

Paper content:
We present Compositional Attention Networks, a novel fully differentiable neural network architecture, designed to facilitate explicit and expressive reasoning.
While many types of neural networks are effective at learning and generalizing from massive quantities of data, this model moves away from monolithic black-box architectures towards a design that provides a strong prior for iterative reasoning, enabling it to support explainable and structured learning, as well as generalization from a modest amount of data.
The model builds on the great success of existing recurrent cells such as LSTMs: It sequences a single recurrent Memory, Attention, and Control (MAC) cell, and by careful design imposes structural constraints on the operation of each cell and the interactions between them, incorporating explicit control and soft attention mechanisms into their interfaces.
We demonstrate the model's strength and robustness on the challenging CLEVR dataset for visual reasoning, achieving a new state-of-the-art 98.9% accuracy, halving the error rate of the previous best model.
More importantly, we show that the new model is more computationally efficient, data-efficient, and requires an order of magnitude less time and/or data to achieve good results.
This paper considers how best to design neural networks to perform the iterative reasoning necessary for complex problem solving.
Putting facts and observations together to arrive at conclusions is a central necessary ability as we work to move neural networks beyond their current great success with sensory perception tasks BID20 BID18 towards displaying Artificial General Intelligence.Figure 1: A sample image from the CLEVR dataset, with a question: "There is a purple cube behind a metal object left to a large ball; what material is it?"
Concretely, we develop a novel model that we apply to the CLEVR dataset BID15 for visual question answering (VQA).
VQA BID3 BID10 ) is a challenging multimodal task that requires responding to natural language questions about images.
However, BID0 show how the first generation of successful models on VQA tasks tend to acquire only superficial comprehension of both the image and the question, exploiting dataset biases rather than capturing a sound perception and reasoning process that would lead to the correct answer BID27 .
CLEVR was created to address this problem.
As illustrated in figure 1, instances in the dataset consist of rendered images featuring 3D objects of several shapes, colors, materials and sizes, coupled with unbiased, compositional questions that require an array of challenging reasoning skills such as following transitive relations, counting objects and comparing their properties, without allowing any shortcuts around such reasoning.
Notably, each instance in CLEVR is also accompanied by a tree-structured functional program that was both used to construct the question and reflects its reasoning procedure -a series of predefined operations -that can be composed together to answer it.Most neural networks are essentially very large correlation engines that will hone in on any statistical, potentially spurious pattern that allows them to model the observed data more accurately.
In contrast, we seek to create a model structure that requires combining sound inference steps to solve a problem instance.
At the other extreme, some approaches adopt symbolic structures that resemble the expression trees of programming languages to perform reasoning BID2 BID13 .
In particular, some approaches to CLEVR use the supplied functional programs for supervised or semi-supervised training BID1 BID16 .
Not only do we wish to avoid using such supervision in our work, but we in general suspect that the rigidity of these structures and the use of an inventory of operation-specific neural modules undermines robustness and generalization, and at any rate requires more complex reinforcement learning methods.To address these weaknesses, while still seeking to use a sound and transparent underlying reasoning process, we propose Compositional Attention Networks, a novel, fully differentiable, non-modular architecture for reasoning tasks.
Our model is a straightforward recurrent neural network with attention; the novelty lies in the use of a new Memory, Attention and Composition (MAC) cell.
The constrained and deliberate design of the MAC cell was developed as a kind of strong structural prior that encourages the network to solve problems by stringing together a sequence of transparent reasoning steps.
MAC cells are versatile but constrained neural units.
They explicitly separate out memory from control, both represented recurrently.
The unit contains three sub-units: The control unit updates the control representation based on outside instructions (for VQA, the question), learning to successively attend to different parts of the instructions; the read unit gets information out of a knowledge base (for VQA, the image) based on the control signal and the previous memory; the write unit updates the memory based on soft self-attention to previous memories, controlled by the retrieved information and the control signal.
A universal MAC unit with a single set of parameters is used throughout the reasoning process, but its behavior can vary widely based on the context in which it is applied -the input to the control unit and the contents of the knowledge base.
With attention, our MAC network has the capacity to represent arbitrarily complex acyclic reasoning graphs in a soft manner, while having physically sequential structure.
The result is a continuous counterpart to module networks that can be trained end-to-end simply by backpropagation.We test the behavior of our new network on CLEVR and its associated datasets.
On the primary CLEVR reasoning task, we achieve an accuracy of 98.9%, halving the error rate compared to the previous state-of-the-art FiLM model BID24 .
In particular, we show that our architecture yields better performance on questions involving counting and aggregation.
In supplementary studies, we show that the MAC network learns more quickly (both in terms of number of training epochs and training time) and more effectively from limited amounts of training data.
Moreover, it also achieves a new state-of-the-art performance of 82.5% on the more varied and difficult humanauthored questions of the CLEVR-Humans dataset.
The careful design of our cell encourages compositionality, versatility and transparency.
We achieve these properties by defining attention-based interfaces that constrict the cell's input and output spaces, and so constrain the interactions both between and inside cells in order to guide them towards simple reasoning behaviors.
Although each cell's functionality has only a limited range of possible continuous reasoning behaviors, when chained together in a MAC network, the whole system becomes expressive and powerful.
In the future, we believe that the architecture will also prove beneficial for other multi-step reasoning and inference tasks, for instance in machine comprehension and textual question answering.
Overall, when designing the MAC cell, we have attempted to formulate the inner workings of an elementary, yet generic reasoning skills: the model decomposes the problem into steps, focusing on one at a time.
At each such step, it takes into account:• The control c i : Some aspect of the task -pointing to the future work that has left to be done.•
The previous memory or memories: The partial solution or evidence the cell has acquired so far -pointing to the past work that has already been achieved.•
The newly retrieved information m new : that is retrieved from the knowledge base KB and may or may not be transitively related to that partial solution or evidence -the present, or current work.Considering these three sources of information together, the cell finally adds the new information up into its working memory, m i , progressing one more step towards the final answer.
We have given a first demonstration of how a sequence of Memory, Attention and Control (MAC) cells combined into a Compositional Attention Network provides a very effective tool for neural reasoning.
In future work, we wish to explore this promising architecture for other tasks and domains, including real-world VQA, machine comprehension and textual question answering.
In this section we provide detailed discussion of related work.
Several models have been applied to the CLEVR task.
These can be partitioned into two groups, module networks that use the strong supervision provided as a tree-structured functional program associated with each instance, and end-to-end, fully differentiable networks that combine a fairly standard stack of CNNs with components that aid them in performing reasoning tasks.
We also discuss the relation of MAC to other approaches, such as memory networks and neural computers.

assistant: text: We present a novel architecture, based on dynamic memory, attention and composition for the task of machine reasoning.