[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Depletion of T-helper 17 (Th17) cells during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection decreases dissemination of Salmonella Typhimurium from the gut.

Document title: Simian immunodeficiency virus–induced mucosal interleukin-17 deficiency promotes Salmonella dissemination from the gut

Abstract sentences:
[0] Salmonella typhimurium causes a localized enteric infection in immunocompetent individuals, whereas HIV-infected individuals develop a life-threatening bacteremia.
[1] Here we show that simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection results in depletion of T helper type 17 (TH17) cells in the ileal mucosa of rhesus macaques, thereby impairing mucosal barrier functions to S. typhimurium dissemination.
[2] In SIV-negative macaques, the gene expression profile induced by S. typhimurium in ligated ileal loops was dominated by TH17 responses, including the expression of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and IL-22.
[3] TH17 cells were markedly depleted in SIV-infected rhesus macaques, resulting in blunted TH17 responses to S. typhimurium infection and increased bacterial dissemination.
[4] IL-17 receptor–deficient mice showed increased systemic dissemination of S. typhimurium from the gut, suggesting that IL-17 deficiency causes defects in mucosal barrier function.
[5] We conclude that SIV infection impairs the IL-17 axis, an arm of the mucosal immune response preventing systemic microbial dissemination from the gastrointestinal tract.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [1]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Here we show that simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection results in depletion of T helper type 17 (TH17) cells in the ileal mucosa of rhesus macaques, thereby impairing mucosal barrier functions to S. typhimurium dissemination.". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Depletion of T-helper 17 (Th17) cells during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection decreases dissemination of Salmonella Typhimurium from the gut.

Document title: Simian immunodeficiency virus–induced mucosal interleukin-17 deficiency promotes Salmonella dissemination from the gut

Abstract sentences:
[0] Salmonella typhimurium causes a localized enteric infection in immunocompetent individuals, whereas HIV-infected individuals develop a life-threatening bacteremia.
[1] Here we show that simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection results in depletion of T helper type 17 (TH17) cells in the ileal mucosa of rhesus macaques, thereby impairing mucosal barrier functions to S. typhimurium dissemination.
[2] In SIV-negative macaques, the gene expression profile induced by S. typhimurium in ligated ileal loops was dominated by TH17 responses, including the expression of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and IL-22.
[3] TH17 cells were markedly depleted in SIV-infected rhesus macaques, resulting in blunted TH17 responses to S. typhimurium infection and increased bacterial dissemination.
[4] IL-17 receptor–deficient mice showed increased systemic dissemination of S. typhimurium from the gut, suggesting that IL-17 deficiency causes defects in mucosal barrier function.
[5] We conclude that SIV infection impairs the IL-17 axis, an arm of the mucosal immune response preventing systemic microbial dissemination from the gastrointestinal tract.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [3]
Explanation: Evidence states: "TH17 cells were markedly depleted in SIV-infected rhesus macaques, resulting in blunted TH17 responses to S. typhimurium infection and increased bacterial dissemination.". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Depletion of T-helper 17 (Th17) cells during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection increases dissemination of Salmonella Typhimurium from the gut.

Document title: Simian immunodeficiency virus–induced mucosal interleukin-17 deficiency promotes Salmonella dissemination from the gut

Abstract sentences:
[0] Salmonella typhimurium causes a localized enteric infection in immunocompetent individuals, whereas HIV-infected individuals develop a life-threatening bacteremia.
[1] Here we show that simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection results in depletion of T helper type 17 (TH17) cells in the ileal mucosa of rhesus macaques, thereby impairing mucosal barrier functions to S. typhimurium dissemination.
[2] In SIV-negative macaques, the gene expression profile induced by S. typhimurium in ligated ileal loops was dominated by TH17 responses, including the expression of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and IL-22.
[3] TH17 cells were markedly depleted in SIV-infected rhesus macaques, resulting in blunted TH17 responses to S. typhimurium infection and increased bacterial dissemination.
[4] IL-17 receptor–deficient mice showed increased systemic dissemination of S. typhimurium from the gut, suggesting that IL-17 deficiency causes defects in mucosal barrier function.
[5] We conclude that SIV infection impairs the IL-17 axis, an arm of the mucosal immune response preventing systemic microbial dissemination from the gastrointestinal tract.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [1]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Here we show that simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection results in depletion of T helper type 17 (TH17) cells in the ileal mucosa of rhesus macaques, thereby impairing mucosal barrier functions to S. typhimurium dissemination.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Depletion of T-helper 17 (Th17) cells during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection increases dissemination of Salmonella Typhimurium from the gut.

Document title: Simian immunodeficiency virus–induced mucosal interleukin-17 deficiency promotes Salmonella dissemination from the gut

Abstract sentences:
[0] Salmonella typhimurium causes a localized enteric infection in immunocompetent individuals, whereas HIV-infected individuals develop a life-threatening bacteremia.
[1] Here we show that simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection results in depletion of T helper type 17 (TH17) cells in the ileal mucosa of rhesus macaques, thereby impairing mucosal barrier functions to S. typhimurium dissemination.
[2] In SIV-negative macaques, the gene expression profile induced by S. typhimurium in ligated ileal loops was dominated by TH17 responses, including the expression of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and IL-22.
[3] TH17 cells were markedly depleted in SIV-infected rhesus macaques, resulting in blunted TH17 responses to S. typhimurium infection and increased bacterial dissemination.
[4] IL-17 receptor–deficient mice showed increased systemic dissemination of S. typhimurium from the gut, suggesting that IL-17 deficiency causes defects in mucosal barrier function.
[5] We conclude that SIV infection impairs the IL-17 axis, an arm of the mucosal immune response preventing systemic microbial dissemination from the gastrointestinal tract.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [3]
Explanation: Evidence states: "TH17 cells were markedly depleted in SIV-infected rhesus macaques, resulting in blunted TH17 responses to S. typhimurium infection and increased bacterial dissemination.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Depletion of nitric oxide is responsible for vasospasm.

Document title: Nitrite infusions to prevent delayed cerebral vasospasm in a primate model of subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT Delayed cerebral vasospasm causes permanent neurological deficits or death in at least 15% of patients following otherwise successful treatment for ruptured intracranial aneurysm.
[1] Decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide has been associated with the development of cerebral vasospasm.
[2] OBJECTIVE To determine whether infusions of nitrite will prevent delayed cerebral vasospasm.
[3] DESIGN, SETTING, AND SUBJECTS A total of 14 anesthetized cynomolgus monkeys had an autologous blood clot placed around the right middle cerebral artery.
[4] Cerebral arteriography was performed before clot placement and on days 7 and 14 to assess vasospasm.
[5] The study was conducted from August 2003 to February 2004.
[6] INTERVENTIONS A 90-mg sodium nitrite intravenous solution infused over 24 hours plus a 45-mg sodium nitrite bolus daily (n = 3); a 180-mg sodium nitrite intravenous solution infused over 24 hours (n = 3); or a control saline solution infusion (n = 8).
[7] Each was infused continuously for 14 days.
[8] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Nitrite, S-nitrosothiol, and methemoglobin levels in blood and cerebrospinal fluid and degree of arteriographic vasospasm.
[9] RESULTS In control monkeys, mean (SD) cerebrospinal fluid nitrite levels decreased from 3.1 (1.5) micromol/L to 0.4 (0.1) micromol/L at day 7 and to 0.4 (0.4) micromol/L at day 14 (P = .03).
[10] All 8 control monkeys developed significant vasospasm of the right middle cerebral artery, which was complicated by stroke and death in 1 animal.
[11] Sodium nitrite infusions increased the nitrite and methemoglobin levels (<2.1% of total hemoglobin) in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid without evoking systemic hypotension.
[12] Nitrite infusion prevented development of vasospasm (no animals developed significant vasospasm; mean [SD] reduction in right middle cerebral artery area on day 7 after subarachnoid hemorrhage of 8% [9%] in nitrite-treated monkeys vs 47% [5%] in saline-treated controls; P<.001).
[13] There was a negative correlation between the concentration of nitrite in cerebrospinal fluid and the degree of cerebral vasospasm (P<.001).
[14] Pharmacological effects of nitrite infusion were also associated with the formation of S-nitrosothiol in cerebrospinal fluid.
[15] There was no clinical or pathological evidence of nitrite toxicity.
[16] CONCLUSION Subacute sodium nitrite infusions prevented delayed cerebral vasospasm in a primate model of subarachnoid hemorrhage.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [1]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide has been associated with the development of cerebral vasospasm.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Depletion of nitric oxide is responsible for vasospasm.

Document title: Nitrite infusions to prevent delayed cerebral vasospasm in a primate model of subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT Delayed cerebral vasospasm causes permanent neurological deficits or death in at least 15% of patients following otherwise successful treatment for ruptured intracranial aneurysm.
[1] Decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide has been associated with the development of cerebral vasospasm.
[2] OBJECTIVE To determine whether infusions of nitrite will prevent delayed cerebral vasospasm.
[3] DESIGN, SETTING, AND SUBJECTS A total of 14 anesthetized cynomolgus monkeys had an autologous blood clot placed around the right middle cerebral artery.
[4] Cerebral arteriography was performed before clot placement and on days 7 and 14 to assess vasospasm.
[5] The study was conducted from August 2003 to February 2004.
[6] INTERVENTIONS A 90-mg sodium nitrite intravenous solution infused over 24 hours plus a 45-mg sodium nitrite bolus daily (n = 3); a 180-mg sodium nitrite intravenous solution infused over 24 hours (n = 3); or a control saline solution infusion (n = 8).
[7] Each was infused continuously for 14 days.
[8] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Nitrite, S-nitrosothiol, and methemoglobin levels in blood and cerebrospinal fluid and degree of arteriographic vasospasm.
[9] RESULTS In control monkeys, mean (SD) cerebrospinal fluid nitrite levels decreased from 3.1 (1.5) micromol/L to 0.4 (0.1) micromol/L at day 7 and to 0.4 (0.4) micromol/L at day 14 (P = .03).
[10] All 8 control monkeys developed significant vasospasm of the right middle cerebral artery, which was complicated by stroke and death in 1 animal.
[11] Sodium nitrite infusions increased the nitrite and methemoglobin levels (<2.1% of total hemoglobin) in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid without evoking systemic hypotension.
[12] Nitrite infusion prevented development of vasospasm (no animals developed significant vasospasm; mean [SD] reduction in right middle cerebral artery area on day 7 after subarachnoid hemorrhage of 8% [9%] in nitrite-treated monkeys vs 47% [5%] in saline-treated controls; P<.001).
[13] There was a negative correlation between the concentration of nitrite in cerebrospinal fluid and the degree of cerebral vasospasm (P<.001).
[14] Pharmacological effects of nitrite infusion were also associated with the formation of S-nitrosothiol in cerebrospinal fluid.
[15] There was no clinical or pathological evidence of nitrite toxicity.
[16] CONCLUSION Subacute sodium nitrite infusions prevented delayed cerebral vasospasm in a primate model of subarachnoid hemorrhage.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [10]
Explanation: Evidence states: "All 8 control monkeys developed significant vasospasm of the right middle cerebral artery, which was complicated by stroke and death in 1 animal.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Depletion of nitric oxide is responsible for vasospasm.

Document title: Nitrite infusions to prevent delayed cerebral vasospasm in a primate model of subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT Delayed cerebral vasospasm causes permanent neurological deficits or death in at least 15% of patients following otherwise successful treatment for ruptured intracranial aneurysm.
[1] Decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide has been associated with the development of cerebral vasospasm.
[2] OBJECTIVE To determine whether infusions of nitrite will prevent delayed cerebral vasospasm.
[3] DESIGN, SETTING, AND SUBJECTS A total of 14 anesthetized cynomolgus monkeys had an autologous blood clot placed around the right middle cerebral artery.
[4] Cerebral arteriography was performed before clot placement and on days 7 and 14 to assess vasospasm.
[5] The study was conducted from August 2003 to February 2004.
[6] INTERVENTIONS A 90-mg sodium nitrite intravenous solution infused over 24 hours plus a 45-mg sodium nitrite bolus daily (n = 3); a 180-mg sodium nitrite intravenous solution infused over 24 hours (n = 3); or a control saline solution infusion (n = 8).
[7] Each was infused continuously for 14 days.
[8] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Nitrite, S-nitrosothiol, and methemoglobin levels in blood and cerebrospinal fluid and degree of arteriographic vasospasm.
[9] RESULTS In control monkeys, mean (SD) cerebrospinal fluid nitrite levels decreased from 3.1 (1.5) micromol/L to 0.4 (0.1) micromol/L at day 7 and to 0.4 (0.4) micromol/L at day 14 (P = .03).
[10] All 8 control monkeys developed significant vasospasm of the right middle cerebral artery, which was complicated by stroke and death in 1 animal.
[11] Sodium nitrite infusions increased the nitrite and methemoglobin levels (<2.1% of total hemoglobin) in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid without evoking systemic hypotension.
[12] Nitrite infusion prevented development of vasospasm (no animals developed significant vasospasm; mean [SD] reduction in right middle cerebral artery area on day 7 after subarachnoid hemorrhage of 8% [9%] in nitrite-treated monkeys vs 47% [5%] in saline-treated controls; P<.001).
[13] There was a negative correlation between the concentration of nitrite in cerebrospinal fluid and the degree of cerebral vasospasm (P<.001).
[14] Pharmacological effects of nitrite infusion were also associated with the formation of S-nitrosothiol in cerebrospinal fluid.
[15] There was no clinical or pathological evidence of nitrite toxicity.
[16] CONCLUSION Subacute sodium nitrite infusions prevented delayed cerebral vasospasm in a primate model of subarachnoid hemorrhage.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [12]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Nitrite infusion prevented development of vasospasm (no animals developed significant vasospasm; mean [SD] reduction in right middle cerebral artery area on day 7 after subarachnoid hemorrhage of 8% [9%] in nitrite-treated monkeys vs 47% [5%] in saline-treated controls; P<.001).". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Deregulation of HAND2 is a crucial step in endometrial carcinogenesis in mice.

Document title: Role of DNA Methylation and Epigenetic Silencing of HAND2 in Endometrial Cancer Development

Abstract sentences:
[0] BACKGROUND Endometrial cancer incidence is continuing to rise in the wake of the current ageing and obesity epidemics.
[1] Much of the risk for endometrial cancer development is influenced by the environment and lifestyle.
[2] Accumulating evidence suggests that the epigenome serves as the interface between the genome and the environment and that hypermethylation of stem cell polycomb group target genes is an epigenetic hallmark of cancer.
[3] The objective of this study was to determine the functional role of epigenetic factors in endometrial cancer development.
[4] METHODS AND FINDINGS Epigenome-wide methylation analysis of >27,000 CpG sites in endometrial cancer tissue samples (n = 64) and control samples (n = 23) revealed that HAND2 (a gene encoding a transcription factor expressed in the endometrial stroma) is one of the most commonly hypermethylated and silenced genes in endometrial cancer.
[5] A novel integrative epigenome-transcriptome-interactome analysis further revealed that HAND2 is the hub of the most highly ranked differential methylation hotspot in endometrial cancer.
[6] These findings were validated using candidate gene methylation analysis in multiple clinical sample sets of tissue samples from a total of 272 additional women.
[7] Increased HAND2 methylation was a feature of premalignant endometrial lesions and was seen to parallel a decrease in RNA and protein levels.
[8] Furthermore, women with high endometrial HAND2 methylation in their premalignant lesions were less likely to respond to progesterone treatment.
[9] HAND2 methylation analysis of endometrial secretions collected using high vaginal swabs taken from women with postmenopausal bleeding specifically identified those patients with early stage endometrial cancer with both high sensitivity and high specificity (receiver operating characteristics area under the curve = 0.91 for stage 1A and 0.97 for higher than stage 1A).
[10] Finally, mice harbouring a Hand2 knock-out specifically in their endometrium were shown to develop precancerous endometrial lesions with increasing age, and these lesions also demonstrated a lack of PTEN expression.
[11] CONCLUSIONS HAND2 methylation is a common and crucial molecular alteration in endometrial cancer that could potentially be employed as a biomarker for early detection of endometrial cancer and as a predictor of treatment response.
[12] The true clinical utility of HAND2 DNA methylation, however, requires further validation in prospective studies.
[13] Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [10]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Finally, mice harbouring a Hand2 knock-out specifically in their endometrium were shown to develop precancerous endometrial lesions with increasing age, and these lesions also demonstrated a lack of PTEN expression.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Destination container port throughput(CPT) is negatively related to dengue virus (DENV-1) diffusion in air traffic shipments.

Document title: Population Density, Water Supply, and the Risk of Dengue Fever in Vietnam: Cohort Study and Spatial Analysis

Abstract sentences:
[0] BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti, the major vector of dengue viruses, often breeds in water storage containers used by households without tap water supply, and occurs in high numbers even in dense urban areas.
[1] We analysed the interaction between human population density and lack of tap water as a cause of dengue fever outbreaks with the aim of identifying geographic areas at highest risk.
[2] METHODS AND FINDINGS We conducted an individual-level cohort study in a population of 75,000 geo-referenced households in Vietnam over the course of two epidemics, on the basis of dengue hospital admissions (n = 3,013).
[3] We applied space-time scan statistics and mathematical models to confirm the findings.
[4] We identified a surprisingly narrow range of critical human population densities between around 3,000 to 7,000 people/km² prone to dengue outbreaks.
[5] In the study area, this population density was typical of villages and some peri-urban areas.
[6] Scan statistics showed that areas with a high population density or adequate water supply did not experience severe outbreaks.
[7] The risk of dengue was higher in rural than in urban areas, largely explained by lack of piped water supply, and in human population densities more often falling within the critical range.
[8] Mathematical modeling suggests that simple assumptions regarding area-level vector/host ratios may explain the occurrence of outbreaks.
[9] CONCLUSIONS Rural areas may contribute at least as much to the dissemination of dengue fever as cities.
[10] Improving water supply and vector control in areas with a human population density critical for dengue transmission could increase the efficiency of control efforts.
[11] Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Destination container port throughput(CPT) is positively related to dengue virus (DENV-1) diffusion in air traffic shipments.

Document title: Population Density, Water Supply, and the Risk of Dengue Fever in Vietnam: Cohort Study and Spatial Analysis

Abstract sentences:
[0] BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti, the major vector of dengue viruses, often breeds in water storage containers used by households without tap water supply, and occurs in high numbers even in dense urban areas.
[1] We analysed the interaction between human population density and lack of tap water as a cause of dengue fever outbreaks with the aim of identifying geographic areas at highest risk.
[2] METHODS AND FINDINGS We conducted an individual-level cohort study in a population of 75,000 geo-referenced households in Vietnam over the course of two epidemics, on the basis of dengue hospital admissions (n = 3,013).
[3] We applied space-time scan statistics and mathematical models to confirm the findings.
[4] We identified a surprisingly narrow range of critical human population densities between around 3,000 to 7,000 people/km² prone to dengue outbreaks.
[5] In the study area, this population density was typical of villages and some peri-urban areas.
[6] Scan statistics showed that areas with a high population density or adequate water supply did not experience severe outbreaks.
[7] The risk of dengue was higher in rural than in urban areas, largely explained by lack of piped water supply, and in human population densities more often falling within the critical range.
[8] Mathematical modeling suggests that simple assumptions regarding area-level vector/host ratios may explain the occurrence of outbreaks.
[9] CONCLUSIONS Rural areas may contribute at least as much to the dissemination of dengue fever as cities.
[10] Improving water supply and vector control in areas with a human population density critical for dengue transmission could increase the efficiency of control efforts.
[11] Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Dexamethasone increases risk of postoperative bleeding.

Document title: Dexamethasone and risk of nausea and vomiting and postoperative bleeding after tonsillectomy in children: a randomized trial.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT Dexamethasone is widely used to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in pediatric tonsillectomy.
[1] OBJECTIVE To assess whether dexamethasone dose-dependently reduces the risk of PONV at 24 hours after tonsillectomy.
[2] DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Randomized placebo-controlled trial conducted among 215 children undergoing elective tonsillectomy at a major public teaching hospital in Switzerland from February 2005 to December 2007.
[3] INTERVENTIONS Children were randomly assigned to receive dexamethasone (0.05, 0.15, or 0.5 mg/kg) or placebo intravenously after induction of anesthesia.
[4] Acetaminophen-codeine and ibuprofen were given as postoperative analgesia.
[5] Follow-up continued until the 10th postoperative day.
[6] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary end point was prevention of PONV at 24 hours; secondary end points were decrease in the need for ibuprofen at 24 hours and evaluation of adverse effects.
[7] RESULTS At 24 hours, 24 of 54 participants who received placebo (44%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 31%-59%) had experienced PONV compared with 20 of 53 (38%; 95% CI, 25%-52%), 13 of 54 (24%; 95% CI, 13%-38%), and 6 of 52 (12%; 95% CI, 4%-23%) who received dexamethasone at 0.05, 0.15, and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively (P<.001 for linear trend).
[8] Children who received dexamethasone received significantly less ibuprofen.
[9] There were 26 postoperative bleeding episodes in 22 children.
[10] Two of 53 (4%; 95% CI, 0.5%-13%)
[11] children who received placebo had bleeding compared with 6 of 53 (11%; 95% CI, 4%-23%), 2 of 51 (4%; 95% CI, 0.5%-13%), and 12 of 50 (24%; 95% CI, 13%-38%) who received dexamethasone at 0.05, 0.15, and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively (P = .003).
[12] Dexamethasone, 0.5 mg/kg, was associated with the highest bleeding risk (adjusted relative risk, 6.80; 95% CI, 1.77-16.5).
[13] Eight children had to undergo emergency reoperation because of bleeding, all of whom had received dexamethasone.
[14] The trial was stopped early for safety reasons.
[15] CONCLUSION In this study of children undergoing tonsillectomy, dexamethasone decreased the risk of PONV dose dependently but was associated with an increased risk of postoperative bleeding.
[16] TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00403806.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [10, 11]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Two of 53 (4%; 95% CI, 0.5%-13%) children who received placebo had bleeding compared with 6 of 53 (11%; 95% CI, 4%-23%), 2 of 51 (4%; 95% CI, 0.5%-13%), and 12 of 50 (24%; 95% CI, 13%-38%) who received dexamethasone at 0.05, 0.15, and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively (P = .003).". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Dexamethasone increases risk of postoperative bleeding.

Document title: Dexamethasone and risk of nausea and vomiting and postoperative bleeding after tonsillectomy in children: a randomized trial.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT Dexamethasone is widely used to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in pediatric tonsillectomy.
[1] OBJECTIVE To assess whether dexamethasone dose-dependently reduces the risk of PONV at 24 hours after tonsillectomy.
[2] DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Randomized placebo-controlled trial conducted among 215 children undergoing elective tonsillectomy at a major public teaching hospital in Switzerland from February 2005 to December 2007.
[3] INTERVENTIONS Children were randomly assigned to receive dexamethasone (0.05, 0.15, or 0.5 mg/kg) or placebo intravenously after induction of anesthesia.
[4] Acetaminophen-codeine and ibuprofen were given as postoperative analgesia.
[5] Follow-up continued until the 10th postoperative day.
[6] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary end point was prevention of PONV at 24 hours; secondary end points were decrease in the need for ibuprofen at 24 hours and evaluation of adverse effects.
[7] RESULTS At 24 hours, 24 of 54 participants who received placebo (44%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 31%-59%) had experienced PONV compared with 20 of 53 (38%; 95% CI, 25%-52%), 13 of 54 (24%; 95% CI, 13%-38%), and 6 of 52 (12%; 95% CI, 4%-23%) who received dexamethasone at 0.05, 0.15, and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively (P<.001 for linear trend).
[8] Children who received dexamethasone received significantly less ibuprofen.
[9] There were 26 postoperative bleeding episodes in 22 children.
[10] Two of 53 (4%; 95% CI, 0.5%-13%)
[11] children who received placebo had bleeding compared with 6 of 53 (11%; 95% CI, 4%-23%), 2 of 51 (4%; 95% CI, 0.5%-13%), and 12 of 50 (24%; 95% CI, 13%-38%) who received dexamethasone at 0.05, 0.15, and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively (P = .003).
[12] Dexamethasone, 0.5 mg/kg, was associated with the highest bleeding risk (adjusted relative risk, 6.80; 95% CI, 1.77-16.5).
[13] Eight children had to undergo emergency reoperation because of bleeding, all of whom had received dexamethasone.
[14] The trial was stopped early for safety reasons.
[15] CONCLUSION In this study of children undergoing tonsillectomy, dexamethasone decreased the risk of PONV dose dependently but was associated with an increased risk of postoperative bleeding.
[16] TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00403806.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [12]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Dexamethasone, 0.5 mg/kg, was associated with the highest bleeding risk (adjusted relative risk, 6.80; 95% CI, 1.77-16.5).". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Dexamethasone increases risk of postoperative bleeding.

Document title: Dexamethasone and risk of nausea and vomiting and postoperative bleeding after tonsillectomy in children: a randomized trial.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT Dexamethasone is widely used to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in pediatric tonsillectomy.
[1] OBJECTIVE To assess whether dexamethasone dose-dependently reduces the risk of PONV at 24 hours after tonsillectomy.
[2] DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Randomized placebo-controlled trial conducted among 215 children undergoing elective tonsillectomy at a major public teaching hospital in Switzerland from February 2005 to December 2007.
[3] INTERVENTIONS Children were randomly assigned to receive dexamethasone (0.05, 0.15, or 0.5 mg/kg) or placebo intravenously after induction of anesthesia.
[4] Acetaminophen-codeine and ibuprofen were given as postoperative analgesia.
[5] Follow-up continued until the 10th postoperative day.
[6] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary end point was prevention of PONV at 24 hours; secondary end points were decrease in the need for ibuprofen at 24 hours and evaluation of adverse effects.
[7] RESULTS At 24 hours, 24 of 54 participants who received placebo (44%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 31%-59%) had experienced PONV compared with 20 of 53 (38%; 95% CI, 25%-52%), 13 of 54 (24%; 95% CI, 13%-38%), and 6 of 52 (12%; 95% CI, 4%-23%) who received dexamethasone at 0.05, 0.15, and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively (P<.001 for linear trend).
[8] Children who received dexamethasone received significantly less ibuprofen.
[9] There were 26 postoperative bleeding episodes in 22 children.
[10] Two of 53 (4%; 95% CI, 0.5%-13%)
[11] children who received placebo had bleeding compared with 6 of 53 (11%; 95% CI, 4%-23%), 2 of 51 (4%; 95% CI, 0.5%-13%), and 12 of 50 (24%; 95% CI, 13%-38%) who received dexamethasone at 0.05, 0.15, and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively (P = .003).
[12] Dexamethasone, 0.5 mg/kg, was associated with the highest bleeding risk (adjusted relative risk, 6.80; 95% CI, 1.77-16.5).
[13] Eight children had to undergo emergency reoperation because of bleeding, all of whom had received dexamethasone.
[14] The trial was stopped early for safety reasons.
[15] CONCLUSION In this study of children undergoing tonsillectomy, dexamethasone decreased the risk of PONV dose dependently but was associated with an increased risk of postoperative bleeding.
[16] TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00403806.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [15]
Explanation: Evidence states: "CONCLUSION In this study of children undergoing tonsillectomy, dexamethasone decreased the risk of PONV dose dependently but was associated with an increased risk of postoperative bleeding.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Diabetes remission occurs less in people treated with conventional therapy than in people treated with laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding surgery.

Document title: Adjustable gastric banding and conventional therapy for type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT Observational studies suggest that surgically induced loss of weight may be effective therapy for type 2 diabetes.
[1] OBJECTIVE To determine if surgically induced weight loss results in better glycemic control and less need for diabetes medications than conventional approaches to weight loss and diabetes control.
[2] DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Unblinded randomized controlled trial conducted from December 2002 through December 2006 at the University Obesity Research Center in Australia, with general community recruitment to established treatment programs.
[3] Participants were 60 obese patients (BMI >30 and <40) with recently diagnosed (<2 years) type 2 diabetes.
[4] INTERVENTIONS Conventional diabetes therapy with a focus on weight loss by lifestyle change vs laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding with conventional diabetes care.
[5] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Remission of type 2 diabetes (fasting glucose level <126 mg/dL [7.0 mmol/L] and glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] value <6.2% while taking no glycemic therapy).
[6] Secondary measures included weight and components of the metabolic syndrome.
[7] Analysis was by intention-to-treat.
[8] RESULTS Of the 60 patients enrolled, 55 (92%) completed the 2-year follow-up.
[9] Remission of type 2 diabetes was achieved by 22 (73%) in the surgical group and 4 (13%) in the conventional-therapy group.
[10] Relative risk of remission for the surgical group was 5.5 (95% confidence interval, 2.2-14.0).
[11] Surgical and conventional-therapy groups lost a mean (SD) of 20.7% (8.6%) and 1.7% (5.2%) of weight, respectively, at 2 years (P < .001).
[12] Remission of type 2 diabetes was related to weight loss (R2 = 0.46, P < .001) and lower baseline HbA1c levels (combined R2 = 0.52, P < .001).
[13] There were no serious complications in either group.
[14] CONCLUSIONS Participants randomized to surgical therapy were more likely to achieve remission of type 2 diabetes through greater weight loss.
[15] These results need to be confirmed in a larger, more diverse population and have long-term efficacy assessed.
[16] TRIAL REGISTRATION actr.org Identifier: ACTRN012605000159651.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [9]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Remission of type 2 diabetes was achieved by 22 (73%) in the surgical group and 4 (13%) in the conventional-therapy group.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Diabetes remission occurs less in people treated with conventional therapy than in people treated with laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding surgery.

Document title: Adjustable gastric banding and conventional therapy for type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT Observational studies suggest that surgically induced loss of weight may be effective therapy for type 2 diabetes.
[1] OBJECTIVE To determine if surgically induced weight loss results in better glycemic control and less need for diabetes medications than conventional approaches to weight loss and diabetes control.
[2] DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Unblinded randomized controlled trial conducted from December 2002 through December 2006 at the University Obesity Research Center in Australia, with general community recruitment to established treatment programs.
[3] Participants were 60 obese patients (BMI >30 and <40) with recently diagnosed (<2 years) type 2 diabetes.
[4] INTERVENTIONS Conventional diabetes therapy with a focus on weight loss by lifestyle change vs laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding with conventional diabetes care.
[5] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Remission of type 2 diabetes (fasting glucose level <126 mg/dL [7.0 mmol/L] and glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] value <6.2% while taking no glycemic therapy).
[6] Secondary measures included weight and components of the metabolic syndrome.
[7] Analysis was by intention-to-treat.
[8] RESULTS Of the 60 patients enrolled, 55 (92%) completed the 2-year follow-up.
[9] Remission of type 2 diabetes was achieved by 22 (73%) in the surgical group and 4 (13%) in the conventional-therapy group.
[10] Relative risk of remission for the surgical group was 5.5 (95% confidence interval, 2.2-14.0).
[11] Surgical and conventional-therapy groups lost a mean (SD) of 20.7% (8.6%) and 1.7% (5.2%) of weight, respectively, at 2 years (P < .001).
[12] Remission of type 2 diabetes was related to weight loss (R2 = 0.46, P < .001) and lower baseline HbA1c levels (combined R2 = 0.52, P < .001).
[13] There were no serious complications in either group.
[14] CONCLUSIONS Participants randomized to surgical therapy were more likely to achieve remission of type 2 diabetes through greater weight loss.
[15] These results need to be confirmed in a larger, more diverse population and have long-term efficacy assessed.
[16] TRIAL REGISTRATION actr.org Identifier: ACTRN012605000159651.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [10]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Relative risk of remission for the surgical group was 5.5 (95% confidence interval, 2.2-14.0).". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Diabetes remission occurs less in people treated with conventional therapy than in people treated with laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding surgery.

Document title: Adjustable gastric banding and conventional therapy for type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT Observational studies suggest that surgically induced loss of weight may be effective therapy for type 2 diabetes.
[1] OBJECTIVE To determine if surgically induced weight loss results in better glycemic control and less need for diabetes medications than conventional approaches to weight loss and diabetes control.
[2] DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Unblinded randomized controlled trial conducted from December 2002 through December 2006 at the University Obesity Research Center in Australia, with general community recruitment to established treatment programs.
[3] Participants were 60 obese patients (BMI >30 and <40) with recently diagnosed (<2 years) type 2 diabetes.
[4] INTERVENTIONS Conventional diabetes therapy with a focus on weight loss by lifestyle change vs laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding with conventional diabetes care.
[5] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Remission of type 2 diabetes (fasting glucose level <126 mg/dL [7.0 mmol/L] and glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] value <6.2% while taking no glycemic therapy).
[6] Secondary measures included weight and components of the metabolic syndrome.
[7] Analysis was by intention-to-treat.
[8] RESULTS Of the 60 patients enrolled, 55 (92%) completed the 2-year follow-up.
[9] Remission of type 2 diabetes was achieved by 22 (73%) in the surgical group and 4 (13%) in the conventional-therapy group.
[10] Relative risk of remission for the surgical group was 5.5 (95% confidence interval, 2.2-14.0).
[11] Surgical and conventional-therapy groups lost a mean (SD) of 20.7% (8.6%) and 1.7% (5.2%) of weight, respectively, at 2 years (P < .001).
[12] Remission of type 2 diabetes was related to weight loss (R2 = 0.46, P < .001) and lower baseline HbA1c levels (combined R2 = 0.52, P < .001).
[13] There were no serious complications in either group.
[14] CONCLUSIONS Participants randomized to surgical therapy were more likely to achieve remission of type 2 diabetes through greater weight loss.
[15] These results need to be confirmed in a larger, more diverse population and have long-term efficacy assessed.
[16] TRIAL REGISTRATION actr.org Identifier: ACTRN012605000159651.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [14]
Explanation: Evidence states: "CONCLUSIONS Participants randomized to surgical therapy were more likely to achieve remission of type 2 diabetes through greater weight loss.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Diabetes remission occurs more in people treated with conventional therapy than in people treated with laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding surgery.

Document title: Adjustable gastric banding and conventional therapy for type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT Observational studies suggest that surgically induced loss of weight may be effective therapy for type 2 diabetes.
[1] OBJECTIVE To determine if surgically induced weight loss results in better glycemic control and less need for diabetes medications than conventional approaches to weight loss and diabetes control.
[2] DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Unblinded randomized controlled trial conducted from December 2002 through December 2006 at the University Obesity Research Center in Australia, with general community recruitment to established treatment programs.
[3] Participants were 60 obese patients (BMI >30 and <40) with recently diagnosed (<2 years) type 2 diabetes.
[4] INTERVENTIONS Conventional diabetes therapy with a focus on weight loss by lifestyle change vs laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding with conventional diabetes care.
[5] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Remission of type 2 diabetes (fasting glucose level <126 mg/dL [7.0 mmol/L] and glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] value <6.2% while taking no glycemic therapy).
[6] Secondary measures included weight and components of the metabolic syndrome.
[7] Analysis was by intention-to-treat.
[8] RESULTS Of the 60 patients enrolled, 55 (92%) completed the 2-year follow-up.
[9] Remission of type 2 diabetes was achieved by 22 (73%) in the surgical group and 4 (13%) in the conventional-therapy group.
[10] Relative risk of remission for the surgical group was 5.5 (95% confidence interval, 2.2-14.0).
[11] Surgical and conventional-therapy groups lost a mean (SD) of 20.7% (8.6%) and 1.7% (5.2%) of weight, respectively, at 2 years (P < .001).
[12] Remission of type 2 diabetes was related to weight loss (R2 = 0.46, P < .001) and lower baseline HbA1c levels (combined R2 = 0.52, P < .001).
[13] There were no serious complications in either group.
[14] CONCLUSIONS Participants randomized to surgical therapy were more likely to achieve remission of type 2 diabetes through greater weight loss.
[15] These results need to be confirmed in a larger, more diverse population and have long-term efficacy assessed.
[16] TRIAL REGISTRATION actr.org Identifier: ACTRN012605000159651.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [9]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Remission of type 2 diabetes was achieved by 22 (73%) in the surgical group and 4 (13%) in the conventional-therapy group.". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Diabetes remission occurs more in people treated with conventional therapy than in people treated with laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding surgery.

Document title: Adjustable gastric banding and conventional therapy for type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT Observational studies suggest that surgically induced loss of weight may be effective therapy for type 2 diabetes.
[1] OBJECTIVE To determine if surgically induced weight loss results in better glycemic control and less need for diabetes medications than conventional approaches to weight loss and diabetes control.
[2] DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Unblinded randomized controlled trial conducted from December 2002 through December 2006 at the University Obesity Research Center in Australia, with general community recruitment to established treatment programs.
[3] Participants were 60 obese patients (BMI >30 and <40) with recently diagnosed (<2 years) type 2 diabetes.
[4] INTERVENTIONS Conventional diabetes therapy with a focus on weight loss by lifestyle change vs laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding with conventional diabetes care.
[5] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Remission of type 2 diabetes (fasting glucose level <126 mg/dL [7.0 mmol/L] and glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] value <6.2% while taking no glycemic therapy).
[6] Secondary measures included weight and components of the metabolic syndrome.
[7] Analysis was by intention-to-treat.
[8] RESULTS Of the 60 patients enrolled, 55 (92%) completed the 2-year follow-up.
[9] Remission of type 2 diabetes was achieved by 22 (73%) in the surgical group and 4 (13%) in the conventional-therapy group.
[10] Relative risk of remission for the surgical group was 5.5 (95% confidence interval, 2.2-14.0).
[11] Surgical and conventional-therapy groups lost a mean (SD) of 20.7% (8.6%) and 1.7% (5.2%) of weight, respectively, at 2 years (P < .001).
[12] Remission of type 2 diabetes was related to weight loss (R2 = 0.46, P < .001) and lower baseline HbA1c levels (combined R2 = 0.52, P < .001).
[13] There were no serious complications in either group.
[14] CONCLUSIONS Participants randomized to surgical therapy were more likely to achieve remission of type 2 diabetes through greater weight loss.
[15] These results need to be confirmed in a larger, more diverse population and have long-term efficacy assessed.
[16] TRIAL REGISTRATION actr.org Identifier: ACTRN012605000159651.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [10]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Relative risk of remission for the surgical group was 5.5 (95% confidence interval, 2.2-14.0).". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Diabetes remission occurs more in people treated with conventional therapy than in people treated with laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding surgery.

Document title: Adjustable gastric banding and conventional therapy for type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract sentences:
[0] CONTEXT Observational studies suggest that surgically induced loss of weight may be effective therapy for type 2 diabetes.
[1] OBJECTIVE To determine if surgically induced weight loss results in better glycemic control and less need for diabetes medications than conventional approaches to weight loss and diabetes control.
[2] DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Unblinded randomized controlled trial conducted from December 2002 through December 2006 at the University Obesity Research Center in Australia, with general community recruitment to established treatment programs.
[3] Participants were 60 obese patients (BMI >30 and <40) with recently diagnosed (<2 years) type 2 diabetes.
[4] INTERVENTIONS Conventional diabetes therapy with a focus on weight loss by lifestyle change vs laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding with conventional diabetes care.
[5] MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Remission of type 2 diabetes (fasting glucose level <126 mg/dL [7.0 mmol/L] and glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] value <6.2% while taking no glycemic therapy).
[6] Secondary measures included weight and components of the metabolic syndrome.
[7] Analysis was by intention-to-treat.
[8] RESULTS Of the 60 patients enrolled, 55 (92%) completed the 2-year follow-up.
[9] Remission of type 2 diabetes was achieved by 22 (73%) in the surgical group and 4 (13%) in the conventional-therapy group.
[10] Relative risk of remission for the surgical group was 5.5 (95% confidence interval, 2.2-14.0).
[11] Surgical and conventional-therapy groups lost a mean (SD) of 20.7% (8.6%) and 1.7% (5.2%) of weight, respectively, at 2 years (P < .001).
[12] Remission of type 2 diabetes was related to weight loss (R2 = 0.46, P < .001) and lower baseline HbA1c levels (combined R2 = 0.52, P < .001).
[13] There were no serious complications in either group.
[14] CONCLUSIONS Participants randomized to surgical therapy were more likely to achieve remission of type 2 diabetes through greater weight loss.
[15] These results need to be confirmed in a larger, more diverse population and have long-term efficacy assessed.
[16] TRIAL REGISTRATION actr.org Identifier: ACTRN012605000159651.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [14]
Explanation: Evidence states: "CONCLUSIONS Participants randomized to surgical therapy were more likely to achieve remission of type 2 diabetes through greater weight loss.". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome experience decreased short-term and long-term risk for bleeding events.

Document title: Impact of diabetes on long-term prognosis in patients with unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: results of the OASIS (Organization to Assess Strategies for Ischemic Syndromes) Registry.

Abstract sentences:
[0] BACKGROUND Although unstable coronary artery disease is the most common reason for admission to a coronary care unit, the long-term prognosis of patients with this diagnosis is unknown.
[1] This is particularly true for patients with diabetes mellitus, who are known to have a high morbidity and mortality after an acute myocardial infarction.
[2] METHODS AND RESULTS Prospectively collected data from 6 different countries in the Organization to Assess Strategies for Ischemic Syndromes (OASIS) registry were analyzed to determine the 2-year prognosis of diabetic and nondiabetic patients who were hospitalized with unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction.
[3] Overall, 1718 of 8013 registry patients (21%) had diabetes.
[4] Diabetic patients had a higher rate of coronary bypass surgery than nondiabetic patients (23% versus 20%, P:<0.001) but had similar rates of catheterization and angioplasty.
[5] Diabetes independently predicted mortality (relative risk [RR], 1.57; 95% CI, 1.38 to 1.81; P:<0.001), as well as cardiovascular death, new myocardial infarction, stroke, and new congestive heart failure.
[6] Moreover, compared with their nondiabetic counterparts, women had a significantly higher risk than men (RR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.60 to 2.44; and RR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.56, respectively).
[7] Interestingly, diabetic patients without prior cardiovascular disease had the same event rates for all outcomes as nondiabetic patients with previous vascular disease.
[8] CONCLUSIONS Hospitalization for unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction predicts a high 2-year morbidity and mortality; this is especially evident for patients with diabetes.
[9] Diabetic patients with no previous cardiovascular disease have the same long-term morbidity and mortality as nondiabetic patients with established cardiovascular disease after hospitalization for unstable coronary artery disease.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [5]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Diabetes independently predicted mortality (relative risk [RR], 1.57; 95% CI, 1.38 to 1.81; P:<0.001), as well as cardiovascular death, new myocardial infarction, stroke, and new congestive heart failure.". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Differentiated E2f-1, -2, -3 TKO cells in the intestine do not exhibit apoptosis.

Document title: E2F1-3 Switch from Activators in Progenitor Cells to Repressors in Differentiating Cells

Abstract sentences:
[0] In the established model of mammalian cell cycle control, the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) functions to restrict cells from entering S phase by binding and sequestering E2f activators (E2f1, E2f2 and E2f3), which are invariably portrayed as the ultimate effectors of a transcriptional program that commit cells to enter and progress through S phase.
[1] Using a panel of tissue-specific cre-transgenic mice and conditional E2f alleles we examined the effects of E2f1, E2f2 and E2f3 triple deficiency in murine embryonic stem cells, embryos and small intestines.
[2] We show that in normal dividing progenitor cells E2f1-3 function as transcriptional activators, but contrary to the current view, are dispensable for cell division and instead are necessary for cell survival.
[3] In differentiating cells E2f1-3 function in a complex with Rb as repressors to silence E2f targets and facilitate exit from the cell cycle.
[4] The inactivation of Rb in differentiating cells resulted in a switch of E2f1-3 from repressors to activators, leading to the superactivation of E2f responsive targets and ectopic cell divisions.
[5] Loss of E2f1-3 completely suppressed these phenotypes caused by Rb deficiency.
[6] This work contextualizes the activator versus repressor functions of E2f1-3 in vivo, revealing distinct roles in dividing versus differentiating cells and in normal versus cancer-like cell cycles.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Differentiation of progenitor cells to myeloid cells is skewed upon activation of insulin signaling.

Document title: Direct sensing of systemic and nutritional signals by hematopoietic progenitors in Drosophila

Abstract sentences:
[0] The Drosophila lymph gland is a haematopoietic organ in which progenitor cells, which are most akin to the common myeloid progenitor in mammals, proliferate and differentiate into three types of mature cell--plasmatocytes, crystal cells and lamellocytes--the functions of which are reminiscent of mammalian myeloid cells.
[1] During the first and early second instars of larval development, the lymph gland contains only progenitors, whereas in the third instar, a medial region of the primary lobe of the lymph gland called the medullary zone contains these progenitors, and maturing blood cells are found juxtaposed in a peripheral region designated the cortical zone.
[2] A third group of cells referred to as the posterior signalling centre functions as a haematopoietic niche.
[3] Similarly to mammalian myeloid cells, Drosophila blood cells respond to multiple stresses including hypoxia, infection and oxidative stress.
[4] However, how systemic signals are sensed by myeloid progenitors to regulate cell-fate determination has not been well described.
[5] Here, we show that the haematopoietic progenitors of Drosophila are direct targets of systemic (insulin) and nutritional (essential amino acid) signals, and that these systemic signals maintain the progenitors by promoting Wingless (WNT in mammals) signalling.
[6] We expect that this study will promote investigation of such possible direct signal sensing mechanisms by mammalian myeloid progenitors.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [5]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Here, we show that the haematopoietic progenitors of Drosophila are direct targets of systemic (insulin) and nutritional (essential amino acid) signals, and that these systemic signals maintain the progenitors by promoting Wingless (WNT in mammals) signalling.". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Differentiation of progenitor cells to myeloid cells is skewed when insulin signaling is suppressed.

Document title: Direct sensing of systemic and nutritional signals by hematopoietic progenitors in Drosophila

Abstract sentences:
[0] The Drosophila lymph gland is a haematopoietic organ in which progenitor cells, which are most akin to the common myeloid progenitor in mammals, proliferate and differentiate into three types of mature cell--plasmatocytes, crystal cells and lamellocytes--the functions of which are reminiscent of mammalian myeloid cells.
[1] During the first and early second instars of larval development, the lymph gland contains only progenitors, whereas in the third instar, a medial region of the primary lobe of the lymph gland called the medullary zone contains these progenitors, and maturing blood cells are found juxtaposed in a peripheral region designated the cortical zone.
[2] A third group of cells referred to as the posterior signalling centre functions as a haematopoietic niche.
[3] Similarly to mammalian myeloid cells, Drosophila blood cells respond to multiple stresses including hypoxia, infection and oxidative stress.
[4] However, how systemic signals are sensed by myeloid progenitors to regulate cell-fate determination has not been well described.
[5] Here, we show that the haematopoietic progenitors of Drosophila are direct targets of systemic (insulin) and nutritional (essential amino acid) signals, and that these systemic signals maintain the progenitors by promoting Wingless (WNT in mammals) signalling.
[6] We expect that this study will promote investigation of such possible direct signal sensing mechanisms by mammalian myeloid progenitors.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [5]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Here, we show that the haematopoietic progenitors of Drosophila are direct targets of systemic (insulin) and nutritional (essential amino acid) signals, and that these systemic signals maintain the progenitors by promoting Wingless (WNT in mammals) signalling.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Diminished ovarian reserve is a reliable indicator of infertility in a non-infertile population.

Document title: Association Between Biomarkers of Ovarian Reserve and Infertility Among Older Women of Reproductive Age

Abstract sentences:
[0] Importance Despite lack of evidence of their utility, biomarkers of ovarian reserve are being promoted as potential markers of reproductive potential.
[1] Objective To determine the associations between biomarkers of ovarian reserve and reproductive potential among women of late reproductive age.
[2] Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective time-to-pregnancy cohort study (2008 to date of last follow-up in March 2016) of women (N = 981) aged 30 to 44 years without a history of infertility who had been trying to conceive for 3 months or less, recruited from the community in the Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina, area.
[3] Exposures Early-follicular-phase serum level of antimüllerian hormone (AMH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and inhibin B and urinary level of FSH.
[4] Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcomes were the cumulative probability of conception by 6 and 12 cycles of attempt and relative fecundability (probability of conception in a given menstrual cycle).
[5] Conception was defined as a positive pregnancy test result.
[6] Results A total of 750 women (mean age, 33.3 [SD, 3.2] years; 77% white; 36% overweight or obese) provided a blood and urine sample and were included in the analysis.
[7] After adjusting for age, body mass index, race, current smoking status, and recent hormonal contraceptive use, women with low AMH values (<0.7 ng/mL [n = 84]) did not have a significantly different predicted probability of conceiving by 6 cycles of attempt (65%; 95% CI, 50%-75%) compared with women (n = 579) with normal values (62%; 95% CI, 57%-66%) or by 12 cycles of attempt (84% [95% CI, 70%-91%] vs 75% [95% CI, 70%-79%], respectively).
[8] Women with high serum FSH values (>10 mIU/mL [n = 83]) did not have a significantly different predicted probability of conceiving after 6 cycles of attempt (63%; 95% CI, 50%-73%) compared with women (n = 654) with normal values (62%; 95% CI, 57%-66%) or after 12 cycles of attempt (82% [95% CI, 70%-89%] vs 75% [95% CI, 70%-78%], respectively).
[9] Women with high urinary FSH values (>11.5 mIU/mg creatinine [n = 69]) did not have a significantly different predicted probability of conceiving after 6 cycles of attempt (61%; 95% CI, 46%-74%) compared with women (n = 660) with normal values (62%; 95% CI, 58%-66%) or after 12 cycles of attempt (70% [95% CI, 54%-80%] vs 76% [95% CI, 72%-80%], respectively).
[10] Inhibin B levels (n = 737) were not associated with the probability of conceiving in a given cycle (hazard ratio per 1-pg/mL increase, 0.999; 95% CI, 0.997-1.001).
[11] Conclusions and Relevance Among women aged 30 to 44 years without a history of infertility who had been trying to conceive for 3 months or less, biomarkers indicating diminished ovarian reserve compared with normal ovarian reserve were not associated with reduced fertility.
[12] These findings do not support the use of urinary or blood follicle-stimulating hormone tests or antimüllerian hormone levels to assess natural fertility for women with these characteristics.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [7]
Explanation: Evidence states: "After adjusting for age, body mass index, race, current smoking status, and recent hormonal contraceptive use, women with low AMH values (<0.7 ng/mL [n = 84]) did not have a significantly different predicted probability of conceiving by 6 cycles of attempt (65%; 95% CI, 50%-75%) compared with women (n = 579) with normal values (62%; 95% CI, 57%-66%) or by 12 cycles of attempt (84% [95% CI, 70%-91%] vs 75% [95% CI, 70%-79%], respectively).". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Diminished ovarian reserve is a reliable indicator of infertility in a non-infertile population.

Document title: Association Between Biomarkers of Ovarian Reserve and Infertility Among Older Women of Reproductive Age

Abstract sentences:
[0] Importance Despite lack of evidence of their utility, biomarkers of ovarian reserve are being promoted as potential markers of reproductive potential.
[1] Objective To determine the associations between biomarkers of ovarian reserve and reproductive potential among women of late reproductive age.
[2] Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective time-to-pregnancy cohort study (2008 to date of last follow-up in March 2016) of women (N = 981) aged 30 to 44 years without a history of infertility who had been trying to conceive for 3 months or less, recruited from the community in the Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina, area.
[3] Exposures Early-follicular-phase serum level of antimüllerian hormone (AMH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and inhibin B and urinary level of FSH.
[4] Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcomes were the cumulative probability of conception by 6 and 12 cycles of attempt and relative fecundability (probability of conception in a given menstrual cycle).
[5] Conception was defined as a positive pregnancy test result.
[6] Results A total of 750 women (mean age, 33.3 [SD, 3.2] years; 77% white; 36% overweight or obese) provided a blood and urine sample and were included in the analysis.
[7] After adjusting for age, body mass index, race, current smoking status, and recent hormonal contraceptive use, women with low AMH values (<0.7 ng/mL [n = 84]) did not have a significantly different predicted probability of conceiving by 6 cycles of attempt (65%; 95% CI, 50%-75%) compared with women (n = 579) with normal values (62%; 95% CI, 57%-66%) or by 12 cycles of attempt (84% [95% CI, 70%-91%] vs 75% [95% CI, 70%-79%], respectively).
[8] Women with high serum FSH values (>10 mIU/mL [n = 83]) did not have a significantly different predicted probability of conceiving after 6 cycles of attempt (63%; 95% CI, 50%-73%) compared with women (n = 654) with normal values (62%; 95% CI, 57%-66%) or after 12 cycles of attempt (82% [95% CI, 70%-89%] vs 75% [95% CI, 70%-78%], respectively).
[9] Women with high urinary FSH values (>11.5 mIU/mg creatinine [n = 69]) did not have a significantly different predicted probability of conceiving after 6 cycles of attempt (61%; 95% CI, 46%-74%) compared with women (n = 660) with normal values (62%; 95% CI, 58%-66%) or after 12 cycles of attempt (70% [95% CI, 54%-80%] vs 76% [95% CI, 72%-80%], respectively).
[10] Inhibin B levels (n = 737) were not associated with the probability of conceiving in a given cycle (hazard ratio per 1-pg/mL increase, 0.999; 95% CI, 0.997-1.001).
[11] Conclusions and Relevance Among women aged 30 to 44 years without a history of infertility who had been trying to conceive for 3 months or less, biomarkers indicating diminished ovarian reserve compared with normal ovarian reserve were not associated with reduced fertility.
[12] These findings do not support the use of urinary or blood follicle-stimulating hormone tests or antimüllerian hormone levels to assess natural fertility for women with these characteristics.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [8]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Women with high serum FSH values (>10 mIU/mL [n = 83]) did not have a significantly different predicted probability of conceiving after 6 cycles of attempt (63%; 95% CI, 50%-73%) compared with women (n = 654) with normal values (62%; 95% CI, 57%-66%) or after 12 cycles of attempt (82% [95% CI, 70%-89%] vs 75% [95% CI, 70%-78%], respectively).". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Diminished ovarian reserve is a reliable indicator of infertility in a non-infertile population.

Document title: Association Between Biomarkers of Ovarian Reserve and Infertility Among Older Women of Reproductive Age

Abstract sentences:
[0] Importance Despite lack of evidence of their utility, biomarkers of ovarian reserve are being promoted as potential markers of reproductive potential.
[1] Objective To determine the associations between biomarkers of ovarian reserve and reproductive potential among women of late reproductive age.
[2] Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective time-to-pregnancy cohort study (2008 to date of last follow-up in March 2016) of women (N = 981) aged 30 to 44 years without a history of infertility who had been trying to conceive for 3 months or less, recruited from the community in the Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina, area.
[3] Exposures Early-follicular-phase serum level of antimüllerian hormone (AMH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and inhibin B and urinary level of FSH.
[4] Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcomes were the cumulative probability of conception by 6 and 12 cycles of attempt and relative fecundability (probability of conception in a given menstrual cycle).
[5] Conception was defined as a positive pregnancy test result.
[6] Results A total of 750 women (mean age, 33.3 [SD, 3.2] years; 77% white; 36% overweight or obese) provided a blood and urine sample and were included in the analysis.
[7] After adjusting for age, body mass index, race, current smoking status, and recent hormonal contraceptive use, women with low AMH values (<0.7 ng/mL [n = 84]) did not have a significantly different predicted probability of conceiving by 6 cycles of attempt (65%; 95% CI, 50%-75%) compared with women (n = 579) with normal values (62%; 95% CI, 57%-66%) or by 12 cycles of attempt (84% [95% CI, 70%-91%] vs 75% [95% CI, 70%-79%], respectively).
[8] Women with high serum FSH values (>10 mIU/mL [n = 83]) did not have a significantly different predicted probability of conceiving after 6 cycles of attempt (63%; 95% CI, 50%-73%) compared with women (n = 654) with normal values (62%; 95% CI, 57%-66%) or after 12 cycles of attempt (82% [95% CI, 70%-89%] vs 75% [95% CI, 70%-78%], respectively).
[9] Women with high urinary FSH values (>11.5 mIU/mg creatinine [n = 69]) did not have a significantly different predicted probability of conceiving after 6 cycles of attempt (61%; 95% CI, 46%-74%) compared with women (n = 660) with normal values (62%; 95% CI, 58%-66%) or after 12 cycles of attempt (70% [95% CI, 54%-80%] vs 76% [95% CI, 72%-80%], respectively).
[10] Inhibin B levels (n = 737) were not associated with the probability of conceiving in a given cycle (hazard ratio per 1-pg/mL increase, 0.999; 95% CI, 0.997-1.001).
[11] Conclusions and Relevance Among women aged 30 to 44 years without a history of infertility who had been trying to conceive for 3 months or less, biomarkers indicating diminished ovarian reserve compared with normal ovarian reserve were not associated with reduced fertility.
[12] These findings do not support the use of urinary or blood follicle-stimulating hormone tests or antimüllerian hormone levels to assess natural fertility for women with these characteristics.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [9]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Women with high urinary FSH values (>11.5 mIU/mg creatinine [n = 69]) did not have a significantly different predicted probability of conceiving after 6 cycles of attempt (61%; 95% CI, 46%-74%) compared with women (n = 660) with normal values (62%; 95% CI, 58%-66%) or after 12 cycles of attempt (70% [95% CI, 54%-80%] vs 76% [95% CI, 72%-80%], respectively).". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Diminished ovarian reserve is a reliable indicator of infertility in a non-infertile population.

Document title: Association Between Biomarkers of Ovarian Reserve and Infertility Among Older Women of Reproductive Age

Abstract sentences:
[0] Importance Despite lack of evidence of their utility, biomarkers of ovarian reserve are being promoted as potential markers of reproductive potential.
[1] Objective To determine the associations between biomarkers of ovarian reserve and reproductive potential among women of late reproductive age.
[2] Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective time-to-pregnancy cohort study (2008 to date of last follow-up in March 2016) of women (N = 981) aged 30 to 44 years without a history of infertility who had been trying to conceive for 3 months or less, recruited from the community in the Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina, area.
[3] Exposures Early-follicular-phase serum level of antimüllerian hormone (AMH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and inhibin B and urinary level of FSH.
[4] Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcomes were the cumulative probability of conception by 6 and 12 cycles of attempt and relative fecundability (probability of conception in a given menstrual cycle).
[5] Conception was defined as a positive pregnancy test result.
[6] Results A total of 750 women (mean age, 33.3 [SD, 3.2] years; 77% white; 36% overweight or obese) provided a blood and urine sample and were included in the analysis.
[7] After adjusting for age, body mass index, race, current smoking status, and recent hormonal contraceptive use, women with low AMH values (<0.7 ng/mL [n = 84]) did not have a significantly different predicted probability of conceiving by 6 cycles of attempt (65%; 95% CI, 50%-75%) compared with women (n = 579) with normal values (62%; 95% CI, 57%-66%) or by 12 cycles of attempt (84% [95% CI, 70%-91%] vs 75% [95% CI, 70%-79%], respectively).
[8] Women with high serum FSH values (>10 mIU/mL [n = 83]) did not have a significantly different predicted probability of conceiving after 6 cycles of attempt (63%; 95% CI, 50%-73%) compared with women (n = 654) with normal values (62%; 95% CI, 57%-66%) or after 12 cycles of attempt (82% [95% CI, 70%-89%] vs 75% [95% CI, 70%-78%], respectively).
[9] Women with high urinary FSH values (>11.5 mIU/mg creatinine [n = 69]) did not have a significantly different predicted probability of conceiving after 6 cycles of attempt (61%; 95% CI, 46%-74%) compared with women (n = 660) with normal values (62%; 95% CI, 58%-66%) or after 12 cycles of attempt (70% [95% CI, 54%-80%] vs 76% [95% CI, 72%-80%], respectively).
[10] Inhibin B levels (n = 737) were not associated with the probability of conceiving in a given cycle (hazard ratio per 1-pg/mL increase, 0.999; 95% CI, 0.997-1.001).
[11] Conclusions and Relevance Among women aged 30 to 44 years without a history of infertility who had been trying to conceive for 3 months or less, biomarkers indicating diminished ovarian reserve compared with normal ovarian reserve were not associated with reduced fertility.
[12] These findings do not support the use of urinary or blood follicle-stimulating hormone tests or antimüllerian hormone levels to assess natural fertility for women with these characteristics.

[Assistant]
Label: CONTRADICTS
Rationale sentence ids: [11]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Conclusions and Relevance Among women aged 30 to 44 years without a history of infertility who had been trying to conceive for 3 months or less, biomarkers indicating diminished ovarian reserve compared with normal ovarian reserve were not associated with reduced fertility.". This contradicts the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Distant CREs are important for transcriptional regulation.

Document title: Enhancer Evolution across 20 Mammalian Species

Abstract sentences:
[0] The mammalian radiation has corresponded with rapid changes in noncoding regions of the genome, but we lack a comprehensive understanding of regulatory evolution in mammals.
[1] Here, we track the evolution of promoters and enhancers active in liver across 20 mammalian species from six diverse orders by profiling genomic enrichment of H3K27 acetylation and H3K4 trimethylation.
[2] We report that rapid evolution of enhancers is a universal feature of mammalian genomes.
[3] Most of the recently evolved enhancers arise from ancestral DNA exaptation, rather than lineage-specific expansions of repeat elements.
[4] In contrast, almost all liver promoters are partially or fully conserved across these species.
[5] Our data further reveal that recently evolved enhancers can be associated with genes under positive selection, demonstrating the power of this approach for annotating regulatory adaptations in genomic sequences.
[6] These results provide important insight into the functional genetics underpinning mammalian regulatory evolution.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Distant CREs are less conserved among species.

Document title: Enhancer Evolution across 20 Mammalian Species

Abstract sentences:
[0] The mammalian radiation has corresponded with rapid changes in noncoding regions of the genome, but we lack a comprehensive understanding of regulatory evolution in mammals.
[1] Here, we track the evolution of promoters and enhancers active in liver across 20 mammalian species from six diverse orders by profiling genomic enrichment of H3K27 acetylation and H3K4 trimethylation.
[2] We report that rapid evolution of enhancers is a universal feature of mammalian genomes.
[3] Most of the recently evolved enhancers arise from ancestral DNA exaptation, rather than lineage-specific expansions of repeat elements.
[4] In contrast, almost all liver promoters are partially or fully conserved across these species.
[5] Our data further reveal that recently evolved enhancers can be associated with genes under positive selection, demonstrating the power of this approach for annotating regulatory adaptations in genomic sequences.
[6] These results provide important insight into the functional genetics underpinning mammalian regulatory evolution.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Drosophila supracellular actomyosin structures are found at boundaries in wing imaginal discs.

Document title: Increased Cell Bond Tension Governs Cell Sorting at the Drosophila Anteroposterior Compartment Boundary

Abstract sentences:
[0] Subdividing proliferating tissues into compartments is an evolutionarily conserved strategy of animal development [1-6].
[1] Signals across boundaries between compartments can result in local expression of secreted proteins organizing growth and patterning of tissues [1-6].
[2] Sharp and straight interfaces between compartments are crucial for stabilizing the position of such organizers and therefore for precise implementation of body plans.
[3] Maintaining boundaries in proliferating tissues requires mechanisms to counteract cell rearrangements caused by cell division; however, the nature of such mechanisms remains unclear.
[4] Here we quantitatively analyzed cell morphology and the response to the laser ablation of cell bonds in the vicinity of the anteroposterior compartment boundary in developing Drosophila wings.
[5] We found that mechanical tension is approximately 2.5-fold increased on cell bonds along this compartment boundary as compared to the remaining tissue.
[6] Cell bond tension is decreased in the presence of Y-27632 [7], an inhibitor of Rho-kinase whose main effector is Myosin II [8].
[7] Simulations using a vertex model [9] demonstrate that a 2.5-fold increase in local cell bond tension suffices to guide the rearrangement of cells after cell division to maintain compartment boundaries.
[8] Our results provide a physical mechanism in which the local increase in Myosin II-dependent cell bond tension directs cell sorting at compartment boundaries.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [8]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Our results provide a physical mechanism in which the local increase in Myosin II-dependent cell bond tension directs cell sorting at compartment boundaries.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Drosophila supracellular actomyosin structures are found at boundaries in wing imaginal discs.

Document title: Localization and requirement for Myosin II at the dorsal-ventral compartment boundary of the Drosophila wing.

Abstract sentences:
[0] As organisms develop, their tissues can become separated into distinct cell populations through the establishment of compartment boundaries.
[1] Compartment boundaries have been discovered in a wide variety of tissues, but in many cases the molecular mechanisms that separate cells remain poorly understood.
[2] In the Drosophila wing, a stripe of Notch activation maintains the dorsal-ventral compartment boundary, through a process that depends on the actin cytoskeleton.
[3] Here, we show that the dorsal-ventral boundary exhibits a distinct accumulation of Myosin II, and that this accumulation is regulated downstream of Notch signaling.
[4] Conversely, the dorsal-ventral boundary is depleted for the Par-3 homologue Bazooka.
[5] We further show that mutations in the Myosin heavy chain subunit encoded by zipper can impair dorsal-ventral compartmentalization without affecting anterior-posterior compartmentalization.
[6] These observations identify a distinct accumulation and requirement for Myosin activity in dorsal-ventral compartmentalization, and suggest a novel mechanism in which contractile tension along an F-actin cable at the compartment boundary contributes to compartmentalization.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [3]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Here, we show that the dorsal-ventral boundary exhibits a distinct accumulation of Myosin II, and that this accumulation is regulated downstream of Notch signaling.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Dscam1 acts as a hypervariable pattern-recognition receptor for the immune system.

Document title: AgDscam, a Hypervariable Immunoglobulin Domain-Containing Receptor of the       Anopheles gambiae Innate Immune System

Abstract sentences:
[0] Activation of the insect innate immune system is dependent on a limited number of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) capable of interacting with pathogen-associated molecular pattern.
[1] Here we report a novel role of an alternatively spliced hypervariable immunoglobulin domain-encoding gene, Dscam, in generating a broad range of PRRs implicated in immune defense in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae.
[2] The mosquito Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule gene, AgDscam, has a complex genome organization with 101 exons that can produce over 31,000 potential alternative splice forms with different combinations of adhesive domains and interaction specificities.
[3] AgDscam responds to infection by producing pathogen challenge-specific splice form repertoires.
[4] Transient silencing of AgDscam compromises the mosquito's resistance to infections with bacteria and the malaria parasite Plasmodium.
[5] AgDscam is mediating phagocytosis of bacteria with which it can associate and defend against in a splice form–specific manner.
[6] AgDscam is a hypervariable PRR of the A. gambiae innate immune system.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [1]
Explanation: Evidence states: "Here we report a novel role of an alternatively spliced hypervariable immunoglobulin domain-encoding gene, Dscam, in generating a broad range of PRRs implicated in immune defense in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Dscam1 acts as a hypervariable pattern-recognition receptor for the immune system.

Document title: AgDscam, a Hypervariable Immunoglobulin Domain-Containing Receptor of the       Anopheles gambiae Innate Immune System

Abstract sentences:
[0] Activation of the insect innate immune system is dependent on a limited number of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) capable of interacting with pathogen-associated molecular pattern.
[1] Here we report a novel role of an alternatively spliced hypervariable immunoglobulin domain-encoding gene, Dscam, in generating a broad range of PRRs implicated in immune defense in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae.
[2] The mosquito Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule gene, AgDscam, has a complex genome organization with 101 exons that can produce over 31,000 potential alternative splice forms with different combinations of adhesive domains and interaction specificities.
[3] AgDscam responds to infection by producing pathogen challenge-specific splice form repertoires.
[4] Transient silencing of AgDscam compromises the mosquito's resistance to infections with bacteria and the malaria parasite Plasmodium.
[5] AgDscam is mediating phagocytosis of bacteria with which it can associate and defend against in a splice form–specific manner.
[6] AgDscam is a hypervariable PRR of the A. gambiae innate immune system.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [3]
Explanation: Evidence states: "AgDscam responds to infection by producing pathogen challenge-specific splice form repertoires.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Dscam1 acts as a hypervariable pattern-recognition receptor for the immune system.

Document title: AgDscam, a Hypervariable Immunoglobulin Domain-Containing Receptor of the       Anopheles gambiae Innate Immune System

Abstract sentences:
[0] Activation of the insect innate immune system is dependent on a limited number of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) capable of interacting with pathogen-associated molecular pattern.
[1] Here we report a novel role of an alternatively spliced hypervariable immunoglobulin domain-encoding gene, Dscam, in generating a broad range of PRRs implicated in immune defense in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae.
[2] The mosquito Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule gene, AgDscam, has a complex genome organization with 101 exons that can produce over 31,000 potential alternative splice forms with different combinations of adhesive domains and interaction specificities.
[3] AgDscam responds to infection by producing pathogen challenge-specific splice form repertoires.
[4] Transient silencing of AgDscam compromises the mosquito's resistance to infections with bacteria and the malaria parasite Plasmodium.
[5] AgDscam is mediating phagocytosis of bacteria with which it can associate and defend against in a splice form–specific manner.
[6] AgDscam is a hypervariable PRR of the A. gambiae innate immune system.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [5]
Explanation: Evidence states: "AgDscam is mediating phagocytosis of bacteria with which it can associate and defend against in a splice form–specific manner.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: Dscam1 acts as a hypervariable pattern-recognition receptor for the immune system.

Document title: AgDscam, a Hypervariable Immunoglobulin Domain-Containing Receptor of the       Anopheles gambiae Innate Immune System

Abstract sentences:
[0] Activation of the insect innate immune system is dependent on a limited number of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) capable of interacting with pathogen-associated molecular pattern.
[1] Here we report a novel role of an alternatively spliced hypervariable immunoglobulin domain-encoding gene, Dscam, in generating a broad range of PRRs implicated in immune defense in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae.
[2] The mosquito Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule gene, AgDscam, has a complex genome organization with 101 exons that can produce over 31,000 potential alternative splice forms with different combinations of adhesive domains and interaction specificities.
[3] AgDscam responds to infection by producing pathogen challenge-specific splice form repertoires.
[4] Transient silencing of AgDscam compromises the mosquito's resistance to infections with bacteria and the malaria parasite Plasmodium.
[5] AgDscam is mediating phagocytosis of bacteria with which it can associate and defend against in a splice form–specific manner.
[6] AgDscam is a hypervariable PRR of the A. gambiae innate immune system.

[Assistant]
Label: SUPPORTS
Rationale sentence ids: [6]
Explanation: Evidence states: "AgDscam is a hypervariable PRR of the A. gambiae innate immune system.". This supports the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: During non-homologous end joining, the ligation step is not as tolerant of disrepairs and other distortions when joining 3' of strand breaks as compared to 5' strand breaks.

Document title: The fidelity of the ligation step determines how ends are resolved during Nonhomologous end joining

Abstract sentences:
[0] Nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) can effectively resolve chromosome breaks despite diverse end structures; however, it is unclear how the steps employed for resolution are determined.
[1] We sought to address this question by analysing cellular NHEJ of ends with systematically mispaired and damaged termini.
[2] We show NHEJ is uniquely proficient at bypassing subtle terminal mispairs and radiomimetic damage by direct ligation.
[3] Nevertheless, bypass ability varies widely, with increases in mispair severity gradually reducing bypass products from 85 to 6%.
[4] End-processing by nucleases and polymerases is increased to compensate, although paths with the fewest number of steps to generate a substrate suitable for ligation are favoured.
[5] Thus, both the frequency and nature of end processing are tailored to meet the needs of the ligation step.
[6] We propose a model where the ligase organizes all steps during NHEJ within the stable paired-end complex to limit end processing and associated errors.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: During non-homologous end joining, the ligation step is not as tolerant of disrepairs and other distortions when joining 5' of strand breaks as compared to 3' strand breaks.

Document title: The fidelity of the ligation step determines how ends are resolved during Nonhomologous end joining

Abstract sentences:
[0] Nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) can effectively resolve chromosome breaks despite diverse end structures; however, it is unclear how the steps employed for resolution are determined.
[1] We sought to address this question by analysing cellular NHEJ of ends with systematically mispaired and damaged termini.
[2] We show NHEJ is uniquely proficient at bypassing subtle terminal mispairs and radiomimetic damage by direct ligation.
[3] Nevertheless, bypass ability varies widely, with increases in mispair severity gradually reducing bypass products from 85 to 6%.
[4] End-processing by nucleases and polymerases is increased to compensate, although paths with the fewest number of steps to generate a substrate suitable for ligation are favoured.
[5] Thus, both the frequency and nature of end processing are tailored to meet the needs of the ligation step.
[6] We propose a model where the ligase organizes all steps during NHEJ within the stable paired-end complex to limit end processing and associated errors.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: During the primary early antibody response activated B cells migrate toward the inner-and outer follicular areas where oxysterol accumulation is generated by stromal cells.

Document title: Finding the right niche: B-cell migration in the early phases of T-dependent antibody responses.

Abstract sentences:
[0] Humoral immune responses depend on B cells encountering antigen, interacting with helper T cells, proliferating and differentiating into low-affinity plasma cells or, after organizing into a germinal center (GC), high-affinity plasma cells and memory B cells.
[1] Remarkably, each of these events occurs in association with distinct stromal cells in separate subcompartments of the lymphoid tissue.
[2] B cells must migrate from niche to niche in a rapid and highly regulated manner to successfully mount a response.
[3] The chemokine, CXCL13, plays a central role in guiding B cells to follicles whereas T-zone chemokines guide activated B cells to the T zone.
[4] Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) promotes cell egress from the tissue, as well as marginal-zone B-cell positioning in the spleen.
[5] Recent studies have identified a role for the orphan receptor, EBV-induced molecule 2 (EBI2; GPR183), in guiding activated B cells to inter and outer follicular niche(s) and down-regulation of this receptor is essential for organizing cells into GCs.
[6] In this review, we discuss current understanding of the roles played by chemokines, S1P and EBI2 in the migration events that underlie humoral immune responses.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: EG7 tumors can be killed by systemic oxaliplatin primed CD8+ T cells from the tumor-draining lymph node cells.

Document title: Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in dendritic cells induces IL-1β–dependent adaptive immunity against tumors

Abstract sentences:
[0] The therapeutic efficacy of anticancer chemotherapies may depend on dendritic cells (DCs), which present antigens from dying cancer cells to prime tumor-specific interferon-γ (IFN-γ)–producing T lymphocytes.
[1] Here we show that dying tumor cells release ATP, which then acts on P2X7 purinergic receptors from DCs and triggers the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing-3 protein (NLRP3)-dependent caspase-1 activation complex ('inflammasome'), allowing for the secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β).
[2] The priming of IFN-γ–producing CD8+ T cells by dying tumor cells fails in the absence of a functional IL-1 receptor 1 and in Nlpr3-deficient (Nlrp3−/−) or caspase-1–deficient (Casp-1−/−) mice unless exogenous IL-1β is provided.
[3] Accordingly, anticancer chemotherapy turned out to be inefficient against tumors established in purinergic receptor P2rx7−/− or Nlrp3−/− or Casp1−/− hosts.
[4] Anthracycline-treated individuals with breast cancer carrying a loss-of-function allele of P2RX7 developed metastatic disease more rapidly than individuals bearing the normal allele.
[5] These results indicate that the NLRP3 inflammasome links the innate and adaptive immune responses against dying tumor cells.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.


[User]
Determine whether the claim is SUPPORTS, CONTRADICTS, or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION based only on the provided abstract. Use sentence indices as rationale evidence.

Claim: EGR2 is important to myelination of the peripheral nervous system.

Document title: The Transcription Factors Egr2 and Egr3 Are Essential for the Control of Inflammation and Antigen-Induced Proliferation of B and T Cells

Abstract sentences:
[0] Lymphocytes provide optimal responses against pathogens with minimal inflammatory pathology.
[1] However, the intrinsic mechanisms regulating these responses are unknown.
[2] Here, we report that deletion of both transcription factors Egr2 and Egr3 in lymphocytes resulted in a lethal autoimmune syndrome with excessive serum proinflammatory cytokines but also impaired antigen receptor-induced proliferation of B and T cells.
[3] Egr2- and Egr3-defective B and T cells had hyperactive signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1) and STAT3 while antigen receptor-induced activation of transcription factor AP-1 was severely impaired.
[4] We discovered that Egr2 and/or Egr3 directly induced expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS1) and SOCS3, inhibitors of STAT1 and STAT3, and also blocked the function of Batf, an AP-1 inhibitor, in B and T cells.
[5] Thus, Egr2 and Egr3 regulate B and T cell function in adaptive immune responses and homeostasis by promoting antigen receptor signaling and controlling inflammation.

[Assistant]
Label: NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION
Rationale sentence ids: []
Explanation: The provided abstract does not contain direct evidence to support or contradict the claim.