alexjercan/bugnet huggingface dataset:
Score : 300 points

Problem Statement

Takahashi has N balls. Initially, an integer A_i is written on the i-th ball.

He would like to rewrite the integer on some balls so that there are at most K different integers written on the N balls.

Find the minimum number of balls that Takahashi needs to rewrite the integers on them.

Constraints

1 \leq K \leq N \leq 200000

1 \leq A_i \leq N

All input values are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N K
A_1 A_2 ... A_N

Output

Print the minimum number of balls that Takahashi needs to rewrite the integers on them.

Sample Input 1

5 2
1 1 2 2 5

Sample Output 1

1

For example, if we rewrite the integer on the fifth ball to 2, there are two different integers written on the balls: 1 and 2.
On the other hand, it is not possible to rewrite the integers on zero balls so that there are at most two different integers written on the balls, so we should print 1.

Sample Input 2

4 4
1 1 2 2

Sample Output 2

0

Already in the beginning, there are two different integers written on the balls, so we do not need to rewrite anything.

Sample Input 3

10 3
5 1 3 2 4 1 1 2 3 4

Sample Output 3

3
Score : 600 points

Problem Statement

Snuke has an integer sequence, a, of length N. The i-th element of a (1-indexed) is a_{i}.

He can perform the following operation any number of times:

Operation: Choose integers x and y between 1 and N (inclusive), and add a_x to a_y.

He would like to perform this operation between 0 and 2N times (inclusive) so that a satisfies the condition below. Show one such sequence of operations.
It can be proved that such a sequence of operations always exists under the constraints in this problem.

Condition: a_1 \leq a_2 \leq ... \leq a_{N}

Constraints

2 \leq N \leq 50

-10^{6} \leq a_i \leq 10^{6}

All input values are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
a_1 a_2 ... a_{N}

Output

Let m be the number of operations in your solution. In the first line, print m.
In the i-th of the subsequent m lines, print the numbers x and y chosen in the i-th operation, with a space in between.
The output will be considered correct if m is between 0 and 2N (inclusive) and a satisfies the condition after the m operations.

Sample Input 1

3
-2 5 -1

Sample Output 1

2
2 3
3 3

After the first operation, a = (-2,5,4).

After the second operation, a = (-2,5,8), and the condition is now satisfied.

Sample Input 2

2
-1 -3

Sample Output 2

1
2 1

After the first operation, a = (-4,-3) and the condition is now satisfied.

Sample Input 3

5
0 0 0 0 0

Sample Output 3

0

The condition is satisfied already in the beginning.
Score : 1000 points

Problem Statement

Snuke has a rooted tree with N+1 vertices.
The vertices are numbered 0 through N, and Vertex 0 is the root of the tree.
The parent of Vertex i (1 \leq i \leq N) is Vertex p_i.

Besides this tree, Snuke also has an box which is initially empty and many marbles, and playing with them.
The play begins with placing one marble on some of the vertices, then proceeds as follows:

If there is a marble on Vertex 0, move the marble into the box.

Move each marble from the vertex to its parent (all at once).

For each vertex occupied by two or more marbles, remove all the marbles from the vertex.

If there exists a vertex with some marbles, go to Step 1. Otherwise, end the play.

There are 2^{N+1} ways to place marbles on some of the vertices.
For each of them, find the number of marbles that will be in the box at the end of the play, and compute the sum of all those numbers modulo 1,000,000,007.

Constraints

1 \leq N < 2 \times 10^{5}

0 \leq p_i < i

Partial Scores

In the test set worth 400 points, N < 2{,}000.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
p_1 p_2 ... p_{N}

Output

Print the answer.

Sample Input 1

2
0 0

Sample Output 1

8

When we place a marble on both Vertex 1 and 2, there will be multiple marbles on Vertex 0 by step 2. In such a case, these marbles will be removed instead of being moved to the box.

Sample Input 2

5
0 1 1 0 4

Sample Output 2

96

Sample Input 3

31
0 1 0 2 4 0 4 1 6 4 3 9 7 3 7 2 15 6 12 10 12 16 5 3 20 1 25 20 23 24 23

Sample Output 3

730395550

Be sure to compute the sum modulo 1,000,000,007.
Score : 1200 points

Problem Statement

There are N non-negative integers written on the blackboard: A_1, ..., A_N.

Snuke can perform the following two operations at most K times in total in any order:

Operation A: Replace each integer X on the blackboard with X divided by 2, rounded down to the nearest integer.

Operation B: Replace each integer X on the blackboard with X minus 1. This operation cannot be performed if one or more 0s are written on the blackboard.

Find the number of the different possible combinations of integers written on the blackboard after Snuke performs the operations, modulo 1,000,000,007.

Constraints

1 \leq N \leq 200

1 \leq A_i \leq 10^{18}

1 \leq K \leq 10^{18}

A_i and K are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N K
A_1 A_2 ... A_N

Output

Print the number of the different possible combinations of integers written on the blackboard after Snuke performs the operations, modulo 1,000,000,007.

Sample Input 1

2 2
5 7

Sample Output 1

6

There are six possible combinations of integers on the blackboard: (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 5), (4, 6) and (5, 7).
For example, (1, 2) can be obtained by performing Operation A and Operation B in this order.

Sample Input 2

3 4
10 13 22

Sample Output 2

20

Sample Input 3

1 100
10

Sample Output 3

11

Sample Input 4

10 123456789012345678
228344079825412349 478465001534875275 398048921164061989 329102208281783917 779698519704384319 617456682030809556 561259383338846380 254083246422083141 458181156833851984 502254767369499613

Sample Output 4

164286011
Score : 100 points

Problem Statement

You are parking at a parking lot. You can choose from the following two fee plans:

Plan 1: The fee will be A×T yen (the currency of Japan) when you park for T hours.

Plan 2: The fee will be B yen, regardless of the duration.

Find the minimum fee when you park for N hours.

Constraints

1≤N≤20

1≤A≤100

1≤B≤2000

All input values are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N A B

Output

When the minimum fee is x yen, print the value of x.

Sample Input 1

7 17 120

Sample Output 1

119

If you choose Plan 1, the fee will be 7×17=119 yen.

If you choose Plan 2, the fee will be 120 yen.

Thus, the minimum fee is 119 yen.

Sample Input 2

5 20 100

Sample Output 2

100

The fee might be the same in the two plans.

Sample Input 3

6 18 100

Sample Output 3

100
Score : 200 points

Problem Statement

An integer X is called a Harshad number if X is divisible by f(X), where f(X) is the sum of the digits in X when written in base 10.

Given an integer N, determine whether it is a Harshad number.

Constraints

1?N?10^8

N is an integer.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N

Output

Print Yes if N is a Harshad number; print No otherwise.

Sample Input 1

12

Sample Output 1

Yes

f(12)=1+2=3. Since 12 is divisible by 3, 12 is a Harshad number.

Sample Input 2

57

Sample Output 2

No

f(57)=5+7=12. Since 57 is not divisible by 12, 12 is not a Harshad number.

Sample Input 3

148

Sample Output 3

No
Score : 300 points

Problem Statement

Joisino is planning to open a shop in a shopping street.

Each of the five weekdays is divided into two periods, the morning and the evening. For each of those ten periods, a shop must be either open during the whole period, or closed during the whole period. Naturally, a shop must be open during at least one of those periods.

There are already N stores in the street, numbered 1 through N.

You are given information of the business hours of those shops, F_{i,j,k}. If F_{i,j,k}=1, Shop i is open during Period k on Day j (this notation is explained below); if F_{i,j,k}=0, Shop i is closed during that period. Here, the days of the week are denoted as follows. Monday: Day 1, Tuesday: Day 2, Wednesday: Day 3, Thursday: Day 4, Friday: Day 5. Also, the morning is denoted as Period 1, and the afternoon is denoted as Period 2.

Let c_i be the number of periods during which both Shop i and Joisino's shop are open. Then, the profit of Joisino's shop will be P_{1,c_1}+P_{2,c_2}+...+P_{N,c_N}.

Find the maximum possible profit of Joisino's shop when she decides whether her shop is open during each period, making sure that it is open during at least one period.

Constraints

1≤N≤100

0≤F_{i,j,k}≤1

For every integer i such that 1≤i≤N, there exists at least one pair (j,k) such that F_{i,j,k}=1.

-10^7≤P_{i,j}≤10^7

All input values are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
F_{1,1,1} F_{1,1,2} ... F_{1,5,1} F_{1,5,2}
:
F_{N,1,1} F_{N,1,2} ... F_{N,5,1} F_{N,5,2}
P_{1,0} ... P_{1,10}
:
P_{N,0} ... P_{N,10}

Output

Print the maximum possible profit of Joisino's shop.

Sample Input 1

1
1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -2 -3 4 -2

Sample Output 1

8

If her shop is open only during the periods when Shop 1 is opened, the profit will be 8, which is the maximum possible profit.

Sample Input 2

2
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
0 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1

Sample Output 2

-2

Note that a shop must be open during at least one period, and the profit may be negative.

Sample Input 3

3
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
-8 6 -2 -8 -8 4 8 7 -6 2 2
-9 2 0 1 7 -5 0 -2 -6 5 5
6 -6 7 -9 6 -5 8 0 -9 -7 -7

Sample Output 3

23
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

Joisino is planning to record N TV programs with recorders.

The TV can receive C channels numbered 1 through C.

The i-th program that she wants to record will be broadcast from time s_i to time t_i (including time s_i but not t_i) on Channel c_i.

Here, there will never be more than one program that are broadcast on the same channel at the same time.

When the recorder is recording a channel from time S to time T (including time S but not T), it cannot record other channels from time S-0.5 to time T (including time S-0.5 but not T).

Find the minimum number of recorders required to record the channels so that all the N programs are completely recorded.

Constraints

1≤N≤10^5

1≤C≤30

1≤s_i<t_i≤10^5

1≤c_i≤C

If c_i=c_j and i≠j, either t_i≤s_j or s_i≥t_j.

All input values are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N C
s_1 t_1 c_1
:
s_N t_N c_N

Output

When the minimum required number of recorders is x, print the value of x.

Sample Input 1

3 2
1 7 2
7 8 1
8 12 1

Sample Output 1

2

Two recorders can record all the programs, for example, as follows:

With the first recorder, record Channel 2 from time 1 to time 7. The first program will be recorded. Note that this recorder will be unable to record other channels from time 0.5 to time 7.

With the second recorder, record Channel 1 from time 7 to time 12. The second and third programs will be recorded. Note that this recorder will be unable to record other channels from time 6.5 to time 12.

Sample Input 2

3 4
1 3 2
3 4 4
1 4 3

Sample Output 2

3

There may be a channel where there is no program to record.

Sample Input 3

9 4
56 60 4
33 37 2
89 90 3
32 43 1
67 68 3
49 51 3
31 32 3
70 71 1
11 12 3

Sample Output 3

2
Score : 100 points

Problem Statement

ButCoder Inc. runs a programming competition site called ButCoder. In this site, a user is given an integer value called rating that represents his/her skill, which changes each time he/she participates in a contest. The initial value of a new user's rating is 0, and a user whose rating reaches K or higher is called Kaiden ("total transmission"). Note that a user's rating may become negative.

Hikuhashi is a new user in ButCoder. It is estimated that, his rating increases by A in each of his odd-numbered contests (first, third, fifth, ...), and decreases by B in each of his even-numbered contests (second, fourth, sixth, ...).

According to this estimate, after how many contests will he become Kaiden for the first time, or will he never become Kaiden?

Constraints

1 ≤ K, A, B ≤ 10^{18}

All input values are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

K A B

Output

If it is estimated that Hikuhashi will never become Kaiden, print -1. Otherwise, print the estimated number of contests before he become Kaiden for the first time.

Sample Input 1

4000 2000 500

Sample Output 1

5

Each time Hikuhashi participates in a contest, his rating is estimated to change as 0 → 2000 → 1500 → 3500 → 3000 → 5000 → … After his fifth contest, his rating will reach 4000 or higher for the first time.

Sample Input 2

4000 500 2000

Sample Output 2

-1

Each time Hikuhashi participates in a contest, his rating is estimated to change as 0 → 500 → -1500 → -1000 → -3000 → -2500 → … He will never become Kaiden.

Sample Input 3

1000000000000000000 2 1

Sample Output 3

1999999999999999997

The input and output values may not fit into 32-bit integers.
Score : 100 points

Problem Statement

You are given an integer N. Consider an infinite N-ary tree as shown below:

Figure: an infinite N-ary tree for the case N = 3

As shown in the figure, each vertex is indexed with a unique positive integer, and for every positive integer there is a vertex indexed with it. The root of the tree has the index 1. For the remaining vertices, vertices in the upper row have smaller indices than those in the lower row. Among the vertices in the same row, a vertex that is more to the left has a smaller index.

Regarding this tree, process Q queries. The i-th query is as follows:

Find the index of the lowest common ancestor (see Notes) of Vertex v_i and w_i.

Notes

In a rooted tree, the lowest common ancestor (LCA) of Vertex v and w is the farthest vertex from the root that is an ancestor of both Vertex v and w. Here, a vertex is considered to be an ancestor of itself. For example, in the tree shown in Problem Statement, the LCA of Vertex 5 and 7 is Vertex 2, the LCA of Vertex 8 and 11 is Vertex 1, and the LCA of Vertex 3 and 9 is Vertex 3.

Constraints

1 ≤ N ≤ 10^9

1 ≤ Q ≤ 10^5

1 ≤ v_i < w_i ≤ 10^9

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N Q
v_1 w_1
:
v_Q w_Q

Output

Print Q lines. The i-th line (1 ≤ i ≤ Q) must contain the index of the lowest common ancestor of Vertex v_i and w_i.

Sample Input 1

3 3
5 7
8 11
3 9

Sample Output 1

2
1
3

The queries in this case correspond to the examples shown in Notes.

Sample Input 2

100000 2
1 2
3 4

Sample Output 2

1
1
Score : 100 points

Problem Statement

In your garden, there is a long and narrow flowerbed that stretches infinitely to the east. You have decided to plant N kinds of flowers in this empty flowerbed. For convenience, we will call these N kinds of flowers Flower 1, 2, …, N. Also, we will call the position that is p centimeters from the west end of the flowerbed Position p.

You will plant Flower i (1 ≤ i ≤ N) as follows: first, plant one at Position w_i, then plant one every d_i centimeters endlessly toward the east. That is, Flower i will be planted at the positions w_i, w_i + d_i, w_i + 2 d_i, … Note that more than one flower may be planted at the same position.

Find the position at which the K-th flower from the west is planted. If more than one flower is planted at the same position, they are counted individually.

Constraints

1 ≤ N ≤ 10^5

1 ≤ K ≤ 10^9

1 ≤ w_i ≤ 10^{18}

1 ≤ d_i ≤ 10^9

All input values are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N K
w_1 d_1
:
w_N d_N

Output

When the K-th flower from the west is planted at Position X, print the value of X. (The westmost flower is counted as the 1-st flower.)

Sample Input 1

2 6
20 10
25 15

Sample Output 1

50

Two kinds of flowers are planted at the following positions:

Flower 1: Position 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, …

Flower 2: Position 25, 40, 55, 70, 85, …

The sixth flower from the west is the Flower 1 planted at Position 50. Note that the two flowers planted at Position 40 are counted individually.

Sample Input 2

3 9
10 10
10 10
10 10

Sample Output 2

30

Three flowers are planted at each of the positions 10, 20, 30, … Thus, the ninth flower from the west is planted at Position 30.

Sample Input 3

1 1000000000
1000000000000000000 1000000000

Sample Output 3

1999999999000000000
Score : 100 points

Problem Statement

You are given an undirected graph G. G has N vertices and M edges. The vertices are numbered from 1 through N, and the i-th edge (1 ≤ i ≤ M) connects Vertex a_i and b_i. G does not have self-loops and multiple edges.

You can repeatedly perform the operation of adding an edge between two vertices. However, G must not have self-loops or multiple edges as the result. Also, if Vertex 1 and 2 are connected directly or indirectly by edges, your body will be exposed to a voltage of 1000000007 volts. This must also be avoided.

Under these conditions, at most how many edges can you add? Note that Vertex 1 and 2 are never connected directly or indirectly in the beginning.

Constraints

2 ≤ N ≤ 10^5

0 ≤ M ≤ 10^5

1 ≤ a_i < b_i ≤ N

All pairs (a_i, b_i) are distinct.

Vertex 1 and 2 in G are not connected directly or indirectly by edges.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N M
a_1 b_1
:
a_M b_M

Output

Print the maximum number of edges that can be added.

Sample Input 1

4 1
1 3

Sample Output 1

2

As shown above, two edges can be added. It is not possible to add three or more edges.

Sample Input 2

2 0

Sample Output 2

0

No edge can be added.

Sample Input 3

9 6
1 4
1 8
2 5
3 6
4 8
5 7

Sample Output 3

12
Score : 100 points

Problem Statement

Ringo Kingdom Congress is voting on a bill.

N members are present, and the i-th member (1 ≤ i ≤ N) has w_i white ballots and b_i blue ballots. Each member i will put all the w_i white ballots into the box if he/she is in favor of the bill, and put all the b_i blue ballots into the box if he/she is not in favor of the bill. No other action is allowed. For example, a member must not forfeit voting, or put only a part of his/her white ballots or a part of his/her blue ballots into the box.

After all the members vote, if at least P percent of the ballots in the box is white, the bill is passed; if less than P percent of the ballots is white, the bill is rejected.

In order for the bill to pass, at least how many members must be in favor of it?

Constraints

1 ≤ N ≤ 10^5

1 ≤ P ≤ 100

1 ≤ w_i ≤ 10^9

1 ≤ b_i ≤ 10^9

All input values are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N P
w_1 b_1
w_2 b_2
:
w_N b_N

Output

Print the minimum number of members in favor of the bill required for passage.

Sample Input 1

4 75
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

Sample Output 1

3

This is a "normal" vote, where each of the four members has one white ballot and one blue ballot. For the bill to pass, at least 75 percent of the four, that is, at least three must be in favor of it.

Sample Input 2

4 75
1 1
1 1
1 1
100 1

Sample Output 2

1

The "yes" vote of the member with 100 white ballots alone is enough to pass the bill.

Sample Input 3

5 60
6 3
5 9
3 4
7 8
4 7

Sample Output 3

3
Score : 100 points

Problem Statement

In a long narrow forest stretching east-west, there are N beasts. Below, we will call the point that is p meters from the west end Point p. The i-th beast from the west (1 ≤ i ≤ N) is at Point x_i, and can be sold for s_i yen (the currency of Japan) if captured.

You will choose two integers L and R (L ≤ R), and throw a net to cover the range from Point L to Point R including both ends, [L, R]. Then, all the beasts in the range will be captured. However, the net costs R - L yen and your profit will be (the sum of s_i over all captured beasts i) - (R - L) yen.

What is the maximum profit that can be earned by throwing a net only once?

Constraints

1 ≤ N ≤ 2 × 10^5

1 ≤ x_1 < x_2 < ... < x_N ≤ 10^{15}

1 ≤ s_i ≤ 10^9

All input values are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
x_1 s_1
x_2 s_2
:
x_N s_N

Output

When the maximum profit is X yen, print the value of X.

Sample Input 1

5
10 20
40 50
60 30
70 40
90 10

Sample Output 1

90

If you throw a net covering the range [L = 40, R = 70], the second, third and fourth beasts from the west will be captured, generating the profit of s_2 + s_3 + s_4 - (R - L) = 90 yen. It is not possible to earn 91 yen or more.

Sample Input 2

5
10 2
40 5
60 3
70 4
90 1

Sample Output 2

5

The positions of the beasts are the same as Sample 1, but the selling prices dropped significantly, so you should not aim for two or more beasts. By throwing a net covering the range [L = 40, R = 40], you can earn s_2 - (R - L) = 5 yen, and this is the maximum possible profit.

Sample Input 3

4
1 100
3 200
999999999999999 150
1000000000000000 150

Sample Output 3

299
Score : 100 points

Problem Statement

You are given two strings s and t consisting of lowercase English letters and an integer L.

We will consider generating a string of length L by concatenating one or more copies of s and t. Here, it is allowed to use the same string more than once.

For example, when s = at, t = code and L = 6, the strings atatat, atcode and codeat can be generated.

Among the strings that can be generated in this way, find the lexicographically smallest one. In the cases given as input, it is always possible to generate a string of length L.

Constraints

1 ≤ L ≤ 2 × 10^5

1 ≤ |s|, |t| ≤ L

s and t consist of lowercase English letters.

It is possible to generate a string of length L in the way described in Problem Statement.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
x_1 s_1
x_2 s_2
:
x_N s_N

Output

Print the lexicographically smallest string among the ones that can be generated in the way described in Problem Statement.

Sample Input 1

6
at
code

Sample Output 1

atatat

This input corresponds to the example shown in Problem Statement.

Sample Input 2

8
coding
festival

Sample Output 2

festival

It is possible that either s or t cannot be used at all in generating a string of length L.

Sample Input 3

8
same
same

Sample Output 3

samesame

It is also possible that s = t.

Sample Input 4

10
coin
age

Sample Output 4

ageagecoin
Score : 100 points

Problem Statement

Consider an infinite sequence a_1, a_2, … Initially, the values of all the terms are 0, and from this state we will sequentially perform Q operations. The i-th operation (1 ≤ i ≤ Q) is as follows:

For every positive integer j, add x_i to the value of a_{j × m_i}.

Find the value of the largest term after these Q operations.

Constraints

1 ≤ Q ≤ 299

2 ≤ m_i ≤ 300

-10^6 ≤ x_i ≤ 10^6

All m_i are distinct.

All input values are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

Q
m_1 x_1
:
m_Q x_Q

Output

Print the value of the largest term after the Q operations.

Sample Input 1

3
2 10
3 -20
6 15

Sample Output 1

10

The values of each terms in the sequence a_1, a_2, … change as follows:

Before the operations: 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, …

After the 1-st operation: 0, 10, 0, 10, 0, 10, …

After the 2-nd operation: 0, 10, -20, 10, 0, -10, …

After the 3-rd operation: 0, 10, -20, 10, 0, 5, …

The value of the largest term after all the operations is 10.

Sample Input 2

3
10 -3
50 4
100 -5

Sample Output 2

1

Sample Input 3

5
56 114834
72 -149861
100 190757
192 -132693
240 133108

Sample Output 3

438699