alexjercan/bugnet huggingface dataset:
Score : 300 points

Problem Statement

We have a square grid with H rows and W columns.
Snuke wants to write 0 or 1 in each of the squares.
Here, all of the following conditions have to be satisfied:

For every row, the smaller of the following is A: the number of 0s contained in the row, and the number of 1s contained in the row. (If these two numbers are equal, “the smaller” should be read as “either”.)

For every column, the smaller of the following is B: the number of 0s contained in the column, and the number of 1s contained in the column.

Determine if these conditions can be satisfied by writing 0 or 1 in each of the squares. If the answer is yes, show one way to fill the squares so that the conditions are satisfied.

Constraints

1 \leq H,W \leq 1000

0 \leq A

2 \times A \leq W

0 \leq B

2 \times B \leq H

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

H W A B

Output

If the conditions cannot be satisfied by writing 0 or 1 in each of the squares, print -1.

If the conditions can be satisfied, print one way to fill the squares so that the conditions are satisfied, in the following format:

s_{11}s_{12}\cdots s_{1W}
s_{21}s_{22}\cdots s_{2W}
\vdots
s_{H1}s_{H2}\cdots s_{HW}

Here s_{ij} is the digit written in the square at the i-th row from the top and the j-th column from the left in the grid.

If multiple solutions exist, printing any of them will be accepted.

Sample Input 1

3 3 1 1

Sample Output 1

100
010
001

Every row contains two 0s and one 1, so the first condition is satisfied.
Also, every column contains two 0s and one 1, so the second condition is satisfied.

Sample Input 2

1 5 2 0

Sample Output 2

01010
Score : 700 points

Problem Statement

Snuke has a permutation (P_0,P_1,\cdots,P_{N-1}) of (0,1,\cdots,N-1).

Now, he will perform the following operation exactly once:

Choose K consecutive elements in P and sort them in ascending order.

Find the number of permutations that can be produced as P after the operation.

Constraints

2 \leq N \leq 200000

2 \leq K \leq N

0 \leq P_i \leq N-1

P_0,P_1,\cdots,P_{N-1} are all different.

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N K
P_0 P_1 \cdots P_{N-1}

Output

Print the number of permutations that can be produced as P after the operation.

Sample Input 1

5 3
0 2 1 4 3

Sample Output 1

2

Two permutations can be produced as P after the operation: (0,1,2,4,3) and (0,2,1,3,4).

Sample Input 2

4 4
0 1 2 3

Sample Output 2

1

Sample Input 3

10 4
2 0 1 3 7 5 4 6 8 9

Sample Output 3

6
Score : 700 points

Problem Statement

We have an integer sequence of length N: A_0,A_1,\cdots,A_{N-1}.

Find the following sum (\mathrm{lcm}(a, b) denotes the least common multiple of a and b):

\sum_{i=0}^{N-2} \sum_{j=i+1}^{N-1} \mathrm{lcm}(A_i,A_j)

Since the answer may be enormous, compute it modulo 998244353.

Constraints

1 \leq N \leq 200000

1 \leq A_i \leq 1000000

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
A_0\ A_1\ \cdots\ A_{N-1}

Output

Print the sum modulo 998244353.

Sample Input 1

3
2 4 6

Sample Output 1

22

\mathrm{lcm}(2,4)+\mathrm{lcm}(2,6)+\mathrm{lcm}(4,6)=4+6+12=22.

Sample Input 2

8
1 2 3 4 6 8 12 12

Sample Output 2

313

Sample Input 3

10
356822 296174 484500 710640 518322 888250 259161 609120 592348 713644

Sample Output 3

353891724
Score : 700 points

Problem Statement

Snuke's mother gave Snuke an undirected graph consisting of N vertices numbered 0 to N-1 and M edges.
This graph was connected and contained no parallel edges or self-loops.

One day, Snuke broke this graph.
Fortunately, he remembered Q clues about the graph.
The i-th clue (0 \leq i \leq Q-1) is represented as integers A_i,B_i,C_i and means the following:

If C_i=0: there was exactly one simple path (a path that never visits the same vertex twice) from Vertex A_i to B_i.

If C_i=1: there were two or more simple paths from Vertex A_i to B_i.

Snuke is not sure if his memory is correct, and worried whether there is a graph that matches these Q clues.
Determine if there exists a graph that matches Snuke's memory.

Constraints

2 \leq N \leq 10^5

N-1 \leq M \leq N \times (N-1)/2

1 \leq Q \leq 10^5

0 \leq A_i,B_i \leq N-1

A_i \neq B_i

0 \leq C_i \leq 1

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N M Q
A_0 B_0 C_0
A_1 B_1 C_1
\vdots
A_{Q-1} B_{Q-1} C_{Q-1}

Output

If there exists a graph that matches Snuke's memory, print Yes; otherwise, print No.

Sample Input 1

5 5 3
0 1 0
1 2 1
2 3 0

Sample Output 1

Yes

For example, consider a graph with edges (0,1),(1,2),(1,4),(2,3),(2,4). This graph matches the clues.

Sample Input 2

4 4 3
0 1 0
1 2 1
2 3 0

Sample Output 2

No

Sample Input 3

10 9 9
7 6 0
4 5 1
9 7 0
2 9 0
2 3 0
4 1 0
8 0 0
9 1 0
3 0 0

Sample Output 3

No
Score : 1600 points

Problem Statement

Snuke found a random number generator.
It generates an integer between 0 and N-1 (inclusive).
An integer sequence A_0, A_1, \cdots, A_{N-1} represents the probability that each of these integers is generated. The integer i (0 \leq i \leq N-1) is generated with probability A_i / S, where S = \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} A_i. The process of generating an integer is done independently each time the generator is executed.

Now, Snuke will repeatedly generate an integer with this generator until the following condition is satisfied:

For every i (0 \leq i \leq N-1), the integer i has been generated at least B_i times so far.

Find the expected number of times Snuke will generate an integer, and print it modulo 998244353.
More formally, represent the expected number of generations as an irreducible fraction P/Q. Then, there exists a unique integer R such that R \times Q \equiv P \pmod{998244353},\ 0 \leq R < 998244353, so print this R.

From the constraints of this problem, we can prove that the expected number of generations is a finite rational number, and its integer representation modulo 998244353 can be defined.

Constraints

1 \leq N \leq 400

1 \leq A_i

\sum_{i=0}^{N-1} A_i \leq 400

1 \leq B_i

\sum_{i=0}^{N-1} B_i \leq 400

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
A_0 B_0
A_1 B_1
\vdots
A_{N-1} B_{N-1}

Output

Print the expected number of times Snuke will generate an integer, modulo 998244353.

Sample Input 1

2
1 1
1 1

Sample Output 1

3

The expected number of times Snuke will generate an integer is 3.

Sample Input 2

3
1 3
2 2
3 1

Sample Output 2

971485877

The expected number of times Snuke will generate an integer is 132929/7200.

Sample Input 3

15
29 3
78 69
19 15
82 14
9 120
14 51
3 7
6 14
28 4
13 12
1 5
32 30
49 24
35 23
2 9

Sample Output 3

371626143
Score : 1600 points

Problem Statement

Snuke has permutations (P_0,P_1,\cdots,P_{N-1}) and (Q_0,Q_1,\cdots,Q_{N-1}) of (0,1,\cdots,N-1).

Now, he will make new permutations A and B of (0,1,\cdots,N-1), under the following conditions:

For each i (0 \leq i \leq N-1), A_i should be i or P_i.

For each i (0 \leq i \leq N-1), B_i should be i or Q_i.

Let us define the distance of permutations A and B as the number of indices i such that A_i \neq B_i.
Find the maximum possible distance of A and B.

Constraints

1 \leq N \leq 100000

0 \leq P_i \leq N-1

P_0,P_1,\cdots,P_{N-1} are all different.

0 \leq Q_i \leq N-1

Q_0,Q_1,\cdots,Q_{N-1} are all different.

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
P_0 P_1 \cdots P_{N-1}
Q_0 Q_1 \cdots Q_{N-1}

Output

Print the maximum possible distance of A and B.

Sample Input 1

4
2 1 3 0
0 2 3 1

Sample Output 1

3

For example, if we make A=(0,1,2,3) and B=(0,2,3,1), the distance will be 3, which is the maximum result possible.

Sample Input 2

10
0 4 5 3 7 8 2 1 9 6
3 8 5 6 4 0 2 1 7 9

Sample Output 2

8

Sample Input 3

32
22 31 30 29 7 17 16 3 14 9 19 11 2 5 10 1 25 18 15 24 20 0 12 21 27 4 26 28 8 6 23 13
22 3 2 7 17 9 16 4 14 8 19 26 28 5 10 1 25 18 15 13 11 0 12 23 21 20 29 24 27 6 30 31

Sample Output 3

28
Score: 100 points

Problem Statement

The weather in Takahashi's town changes day by day, in the following cycle: Sunny, Cloudy, Rainy, Sunny, Cloudy, Rainy, ...

Given is a string S representing the weather in the town today. Predict the weather tomorrow.

Constraints

S is Sunny, Cloudy, or Rainy.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

S

Output

Print a string representing the expected weather tomorrow, in the same format in which input is given.

Sample Input 1

Sunny

Sample Output 1

Cloudy

In Takahashi's town, a sunny day is followed by a cloudy day.

Sample Input 2

Rainy

Sample Output 2

Sunny
Score: 200 points

Problem Statement

Takahashi will do a tap dance. The dance is described by a string S where each character is L, R, U, or D. These characters indicate the positions on which Takahashi should step. He will follow these instructions one by one in order, starting with the first character.

S is said to be easily playable if and only if it satisfies both of the following conditions:

Every character in an odd position (1-st, 3-rd, 5-th, \ldots) is R, U, or D.

Every character in an even position (2-nd, 4-th, 6-th, \ldots) is L, U, or D.

Your task is to print Yes if S is easily playable, and No otherwise.

Constraints

S is a string of length between 1 and 100 (inclusive).

Each character of S is L, R, U, or D.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

S

Output

Print Yes if S is easily playable, and No otherwise.

Sample Input 1

RUDLUDR

Sample Output 1

Yes

Every character in an odd position (1-st, 3-rd, 5-th, 7-th) is R, U, or D.

Every character in an even position (2-nd, 4-th, 6-th) is L, U, or D.

Thus, S is easily playable.

Sample Input 2

DULL

Sample Output 2

No

The 3-rd character is not R, U, nor D, so S is not easily playable.

Sample Input 3

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

Sample Output 3

Yes

Sample Input 4

ULURU

Sample Output 4

No

Sample Input 5

RDULULDURURLRDULRLR

Sample Output 5

Yes
Score: 300 points

Problem Statement

Takahashi has decided to hold fastest-finger-fast quiz games. Kizahashi, who is in charge of making the scoreboard, is struggling to write the program that manages the players' scores in a game, which proceeds as follows.

A game is played by N players, numbered 1 to N. At the beginning of a game, each player has K points.

When a player correctly answers a question, each of the other N-1 players receives minus one (-1) point. There is no other factor that affects the players' scores.

At the end of a game, the players with 0 points or lower are eliminated, and the remaining players survive.

In the last game, the players gave a total of Q correct answers, the i-th of which was given by Player A_i.
For Kizahashi, write a program that determines whether each of the N players survived this game.

Constraints

All values in input are integers.

2 \leq N \leq 10^5

1 \leq K \leq 10^9

1 \leq Q \leq 10^5

1 \leq A_i \leq N\ (1 \leq i \leq Q)

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N K Q
A_1
A_2
.
.
.
A_Q

Output

Print N lines. The i-th line should contain Yes if Player i survived the game, and No otherwise.

Sample Input 1

6 3 4
3
1
3
2

Sample Output 1

No
No
Yes
No
No
No

In the beginning, the players' scores are (3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3).

Player 3 correctly answers a question. The players' scores are now (2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2).

Player 1 correctly answers a question. The players' scores are now (2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1).

Player 3 correctly answers a question. The players' scores are now (1, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0).

Player 2 correctly answers a question. The players' scores are now (0, 0, 1, -1, -1, -1).

Players 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6, who have 0 points or lower, are eliminated, and Player 3 survives this game.

Sample Input 2

6 5 4
3
1
3
2

Sample Output 2

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Sample Input 3

10 13 15
3
1
4
1
5
9
2
6
5
3
5
8
9
7
9

Sample Output 3

No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

Takahashi is going to buy N items one by one.

The price of the i-th item he buys is A_i yen (the currency of Japan).

He has M discount tickets, and he can use any number of them when buying an item.

If Y tickets are used when buying an item priced X yen, he can get the item for \frac{X}{2^Y} (rounded down to the nearest integer) yen.

What is the minimum amount of money required to buy all the items?

Constraints

All values in input are integers.

1 \leq N, M \leq 10^5

1 \leq A_i \leq 10^9

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N M
A_1 A_2 ... A_N

Output

Print the minimum amount of money required to buy all the items.

Sample Input 1

3 3
2 13 8

Sample Output 1

9

We can buy all the items for 9 yen, as follows:

Buy the 1-st item for 2 yen without tickets.

Buy the 2-nd item for 3 yen with 2 tickets.

Buy the 3-rd item for 4 yen with 1 ticket.

Sample Input 2

4 4
1 9 3 5

Sample Output 2

6

Sample Input 3

1 100000
1000000000

Sample Output 3

0

We can buy the item priced 1000000000 yen for 0 yen with 100000 tickets.

Sample Input 4

10 1
1000000000 1000000000 1000000000 1000000000 1000000000 1000000000 1000000000 1000000000 1000000000 1000000000

Sample Output 4

9500000000
Score : 500 points

Problem Statement

Given is a string S of length N.

Find the maximum length of a non-empty string that occurs twice or more in S as contiguous substrings without overlapping.

More formally, find the maximum positive integer len such that there exist integers l_1 and l_2 ( 1 \leq l_1, l_2 \leq N - len + 1 ) that satisfy the following:

l_1 + len \leq l_2

S[l_1+i] = S[l_2+i] (i = 0, 1, ..., len - 1)

If there is no such integer len, print 0.

Constraints

2 \leq N \leq 5 \times 10^3

|S| = N

S consists of lowercase English letters.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
S

Output

Print the maximum length of a non-empty string that occurs twice or more in S as contiguous substrings without overlapping. If there is no such non-empty string, print 0 instead.

Sample Input 1

5
ababa

Sample Output 1

2

The strings satisfying the conditions are: a, b, ab, and ba. The maximum length among them is 2, which is the answer.
Note that aba occurs twice in S as contiguous substrings, but there is no pair of integers l_1 and l_2 mentioned in the statement such that l_1 + len \leq l_2.

Sample Input 2

2
xy

Sample Output 2

0

No non-empty string satisfies the conditions.

Sample Input 3

13
strangeorange

Sample Output 3

5
Score: 600 points

Problem Statement

We have N non-negative integers: A_1, A_2, ..., A_N.

Consider painting at least one and at most N-1 integers among them in red, and painting the rest in blue.

Let the beauty of the painting be the \mbox{XOR} of the integers painted in red, plus the \mbox{XOR} of the integers painted in blue.

Find the maximum possible beauty of the painting.

What is \mbox{XOR}?

The bitwise \mbox{XOR} x_1 \oplus x_2 \oplus \ldots \oplus x_n of n non-negative integers x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_n is defined as follows:

When x_1 \oplus x_2 \oplus \ldots \oplus x_n is written in base two, the digit in the 2^k's place (k \geq 0) is 1 if the number of integers among x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_n whose binary representations have 1 in the 2^k's place is odd, and 0 if that count is even.

For example, 3 \oplus 5 = 6.

Constraints

All values in input are integers.

2 \leq N \leq 10^5

0 \leq A_i < 2^{60}\ (1 \leq i \leq N)

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
A_1 A_2 ... A_N

Output

Print the maximum possible beauty of the painting.

Sample Input 1

3
3 6 5

Sample Output 1

12

If we paint 3, 6, 5 in blue, red, blue, respectively, the beauty will be (6) + (3 \oplus 5) = 12.

There is no way to paint the integers resulting in greater beauty than 12, so the answer is 12.

Sample Input 2

4
23 36 66 65

Sample Output 2

188

Sample Input 3

20
1008288677408720767 539403903321871999 1044301017184589821 215886900497862655 504277496111605629 972104334925272829 792625803473366909 972333547668684797 467386965442856573 755861732751878143 1151846447448561405 467257771752201853 683930041385277311 432010719984459389 319104378117934975 611451291444233983 647509226592964607 251832107792119421 827811265410084479 864032478037725181

Sample Output 3

2012721721873704572

A_i and the answer may not fit into a 32-bit integer type.
Score : 100 points

Problem Statement

Takahashi is going to set a 3-character password.

How many possible passwords are there if each of its characters must be a digit between 1 and N (inclusive)?

Constraints

1 \leq N \leq 9

N is an integer.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N

Output

Print the number of possible passwords.

Sample Input 1

2

Sample Output 1

8

There are eight possible passwords: 111, 112, 121, 122, 211, 212, 221, and 222.

Sample Input 2

1

Sample Output 2

1

There is only one possible password if you can only use one kind of character.
Score : 200 points

Problem Statement

Takahashi went to an all-you-can-eat buffet with N kinds of dishes and ate all of them (Dish 1, Dish 2, \ldots, Dish N) once.

The i-th dish (1 \leq i \leq N) he ate was Dish A_i.

When he eats Dish i (1 \leq i \leq N), he gains B_i satisfaction points.

Additionally, when he eats Dish i+1 just after eating Dish i (1 \leq i \leq N - 1), he gains C_i more satisfaction points.

Find the sum of the satisfaction points he gained.

Constraints

All values in input are integers.

2 \leq N \leq 20

1 \leq A_i \leq N

A_1, A_2, ..., A_N are all different.

1 \leq B_i \leq 50

1 \leq C_i \leq 50

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
A_1 A_2 ... A_N
B_1 B_2 ... B_N
C_1 C_2 ... C_{N-1}

Output

Print the sum of the satisfaction points Takahashi gained, as an integer.

Sample Input 1

3
3 1 2
2 5 4
3 6

Sample Output 1

14

Takahashi gained 14 satisfaction points in total, as follows:

First, he ate Dish 3 and gained 4 satisfaction points.

Next, he ate Dish 1 and gained 2 satisfaction points.

Lastly, he ate Dish 2 and gained 5 + 3 = 8 satisfaction points.

Sample Input 2

4
2 3 4 1
13 5 8 24
45 9 15

Sample Output 2

74

Sample Input 3

2
1 2
50 50
50

Sample Output 3

150
Score : 300 points

Problem Statement

There is an integer sequence A of length N whose values are unknown.

Given is an integer sequence B of length N-1 which is known to satisfy the following:

B_i \geq \max(A_i, A_{i+1})

Find the maximum possible sum of the elements of A.

Constraints

All values in input are integers.

2 \leq N \leq 100

0 \leq B_i \leq 10^5

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
B_1 B_2 ... B_{N-1}

Output

Print the maximum possible sum of the elements of A.

Sample Input 1

3
2 5

Sample Output 1

9

A can be, for example, ( 2 , 1 , 5 ), ( -1 , -2 , -3 ), or ( 2 , 2 , 5 ). Among those candidates, A = ( 2 , 2 , 5 ) has the maximum possible sum.

Sample Input 2

2
3

Sample Output 2

6

Sample Input 3

6
0 153 10 10 23

Sample Output 3

53
Score : 400 points

Problem Statement

There are N people standing in a queue from west to east.

Given is a string S of length N representing the directions of the people.
The i-th person from the west is facing west if the i-th character of S is L, and east if that character of S is R.

A person is happy if the person in front of him/her is facing the same direction.
If no person is standing in front of a person, however, he/she is not happy.

You can perform the following operation any number of times between 0 and K (inclusive):

Operation: Choose integers l and r such that 1 \leq l \leq r \leq N, and rotate by 180 degrees the part of the queue: the l-th, (l+1)-th, ..., r-th persons. That is, for each i = 0, 1, ..., r-l, the (l + i)-th person from the west will stand the (r - i)-th from the west after the operation, facing east if he/she is facing west now, and vice versa.

What is the maximum possible number of happy people you can have?

Constraints

N is an integer satisfying 1 \leq N \leq 10^5.

K is an integer satisfying 1 \leq K \leq 10^5.

|S| = N

Each character of S is L or R.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N K
S

Output

Print the maximum possible number of happy people after at most K operations.

Sample Input 1

6 1
LRLRRL

Sample Output 1

3

If we choose (l, r) = (2, 5), we have LLLRLL, where the 2-nd, 3-rd, and 6-th persons from the west are happy.

Sample Input 2

13 3
LRRLRLRRLRLLR

Sample Output 2

9

Sample Input 3

10 1
LLLLLRRRRR

Sample Output 3

9

Sample Input 4

9 2
RRRLRLRLL

Sample Output 4

7
Score: 500 points

Problem Statement

Given is a permutation P of \{1, 2, \ldots, N\}.

For a pair (L, R) (1 \le L \lt R \le N), let X_{L, R} be the second largest value among P_L, P_{L+1}, \ldots, P_R.

Find \displaystyle \sum_{L=1}^{N-1} \sum_{R=L+1}^{N} X_{L,R}.

Constraints

2 \le N \le 10^5

1 \le P_i \le N

P_i \neq P_j (i \neq j)

All values in input are integers.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
P_1 P_2 \ldots P_N

Output

Print \displaystyle \sum_{L=1}^{N-1} \sum_{R=L+1}^{N} X_{L,R}.

Sample Input 1

3
2 3 1

Sample Output 1

5

X_{1, 2} = 2, X_{1, 3} = 2, and X_{2, 3} = 1, so the sum is 2 + 2 + 1 = 5.

Sample Input 2

5
1 2 3 4 5

Sample Output 2

30

Sample Input 3

8
8 2 7 3 4 5 6 1

Sample Output 3

136
Score : 600 points

Problem Statement

We have one slime.

You can set the health of this slime to any integer value of your choice.

A slime reproduces every second by spawning another slime that has strictly less health. You can freely choose the health of each new slime. The first reproduction of our slime will happen in one second.

Determine if it is possible to set the healths of our first slime and the subsequent slimes spawn so that the multiset of the healths of the 2^N slimes that will exist in N seconds equals a multiset S.

Here S is a multiset containing 2^N (possibly duplicated) integers: S_1,~S_2,~...,~S_{2^N}.

Constraints

All values in input are integers.

1 \leq N \leq 18

1 \leq S_i \leq 10^9

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:

N
S_1 S_2 ... S_{2^N}

Output

If it is possible to set the healths of the first slime and the subsequent slimes spawn so that the multiset of the healths of the 2^N slimes that will exist in N seconds equals S, print Yes; otherwise, print No.

Sample Input 1

2
4 2 3 1

Sample Output 1

Yes

We will show one way to make the multiset of the healths of the slimes that will exist in 2 seconds equal to S.

First, set the health of the first slime to 4.

By letting the first slime spawn a slime whose health is 3, the healths of the slimes that exist in 1 second can be 4,~3.

Then, by letting the first slime spawn a slime whose health is 2, and letting the second slime spawn a slime whose health is 1, the healths of the slimes that exist in 2 seconds can be 4,~3,~2,~1, which is equal to S as multisets.

Sample Input 2

2
1 2 3 1

Sample Output 2

Yes

S may contain multiple instances of the same integer.

Sample Input 3

1
1 1

Sample Output 3

No

Sample Input 4

5
4 3 5 3 1 2 7 8 7 4 6 3 7 2 3 6 2 7 3 2 6 7 3 4 6 7 3 4 2 5 2 3

Sample Output 4

No