Problem p03120 (C++) — buggy submission, verdict: Time Limit Exceeded

/**
 *    author:  tourist
 *    created: 28.11.2019 09:33:49
 **/
#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

template <typename T> T inverse(T a, T m) {
  T u = 0, v = 1;
  while (a != 0) {
    T t = m / a;
    m -= t * a;
    swap(a, m);
    u -= t * v;
    swap(u, v);
  }
  assert(m == 1);
  return u;
}

template <typename T> class Modular {
public:
  using Type = typename decay<decltype(T::value)>::type;

  constexpr Modular() : value() {}
  template <typename U> Modular(const U &x) { value = normalize(x); }

  template <typename U> static Type normalize(const U &x) {
    Type v;
    if (-mod() <= x && x < mod())
      v = static_cast<Type>(x);
    else
      v = static_cast<Type>(x % mod());
    if (v < 0)
      v += mod();
    return v;
  }

  const Type &operator()() const { return value; }
  template <typename U> explicit operator U() const {
    return static_cast<U>(value);
  }
  constexpr static Type mod() { return T::value; }

  Modular &operator+=(const Modular &other) {
    if ((value += other.value) >= mod())
      value -= mod();
    return *this;
  }
  Modular &operator-=(const Modular &other) {
    if ((value -= other.value) < 0)
      value += mod();
    return *this;
  }
  template <typename U> Modular &operator+=(const U &other) {
    return *this += Modular(other);
  }
  template <typename U> Modular &operator-=(const U &other) {
    return *this -= Modular(other);
  }
  Modular &operator++() { return *this += 1; }
  Modular &operator--() { return *this -= 1; }
  Modular operator++(int) {
    Modular result(*this);
    *this += 1;
    return result;
  }
  Modular operator--(int) {
    Modular result(*this);
    *this -= 1;
    return result;
  }
  Modular operator-() const { return Modular(-value); }

  template <typename U = T>
  typename enable_if<is_same<typename Modular<U>::Type, int>::value,
                     Modular>::type &
  operator*=(const Modular &rhs) {
#ifdef _WIN32
    uint64_t x = static_cast<int64_t>(value) * static_cast<int64_t>(rhs.value);
    uint32_t xh = static_cast<uint32_t>(x >> 32), xl = static_cast<uint32_t>(x),
             d, m;
    asm("divl %4; \\n\\t" : "=a"(d), "=d"(m) : "d"(xh), "a"(xl), "r"(mod()));
    value = m;
#else
    value = normalize(static_cast<int64_t>(value) *
                      static_cast<int64_t>(rhs.value));
#endif
    return *this;
  }
  template <typename U = T>
  typename enable_if<is_same<typename Modular<U>::Type, int64_t>::value,
                     Modular>::type &
  operator*=(const Modular &rhs) {
    int64_t q = static_cast<int64_t>(static_cast<long double>(value) *
                                     rhs.value / mod());
    value = normalize(value * rhs.value - q * mod());
    return *this;
  }
  template <typename U = T>
  typename enable_if<!is_integral<typename Modular<U>::Type>::value,
                     Modular>::type &
  operator*=(const Modular &rhs) {
    value = normalize(value * rhs.value);
    return *this;
  }

  Modular &operator/=(const Modular &other) {
    return *this *= Modular(inverse(other.value, mod()));
  }

  template <typename U> friend const Modular<U> &abs(const Modular<U> &v) {
    return v;
  }

  template <typename U>
  friend bool operator==(const Modular<U> &lhs, const Modular<U> &rhs);

  template <typename U>
  friend bool operator<(const Modular<U> &lhs, const Modular<U> &rhs);

  template <typename U>
  friend std::istream &operator>>(std::istream &stream, Modular<U> &number);

private:
  Type value;
};

template <typename T>
bool operator==(const Modular<T> &lhs, const Modular<T> &rhs) {
  return lhs.value == rhs.value;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
bool operator==(const Modular<T> &lhs, U rhs) {
  return lhs == Modular<T>(rhs);
}
template <typename T, typename U>
bool operator==(U lhs, const Modular<T> &rhs) {
  return Modular<T>(lhs) == rhs;
}

template <typename T>
bool operator!=(const Modular<T> &lhs, const Modular<T> &rhs) {
  return !(lhs == rhs);
}
template <typename T, typename U>
bool operator!=(const Modular<T> &lhs, U rhs) {
  return !(lhs == rhs);
}
template <typename T, typename U>
bool operator!=(U lhs, const Modular<T> &rhs) {
  return !(lhs == rhs);
}

template <typename T>
bool operator<(const Modular<T> &lhs, const Modular<T> &rhs) {
  return lhs.value < rhs.value;
}

template <typename T>
Modular<T> operator+(const Modular<T> &lhs, const Modular<T> &rhs) {
  return Modular<T>(lhs) += rhs;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
Modular<T> operator+(const Modular<T> &lhs, U rhs) {
  return Modular<T>(lhs) += rhs;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
Modular<T> operator+(U lhs, const Modular<T> &rhs) {
  return Modular<T>(lhs) += rhs;
}

template <typename T>
Modular<T> operator-(const Modular<T> &lhs, const Modular<T> &rhs) {
  return Modular<T>(lhs) -= rhs;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
Modular<T> operator-(const Modular<T> &lhs, U rhs) {
  return Modular<T>(lhs) -= rhs;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
Modular<T> operator-(U lhs, const Modular<T> &rhs) {
  return Modular<T>(lhs) -= rhs;
}

template <typename T>
Modular<T> operator*(const Modular<T> &lhs, const Modular<T> &rhs) {
  return Modular<T>(lhs) *= rhs;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
Modular<T> operator*(const Modular<T> &lhs, U rhs) {
  return Modular<T>(lhs) *= rhs;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
Modular<T> operator*(U lhs, const Modular<T> &rhs) {
  return Modular<T>(lhs) *= rhs;
}

template <typename T>
Modular<T> operator/(const Modular<T> &lhs, const Modular<T> &rhs) {
  return Modular<T>(lhs) /= rhs;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
Modular<T> operator/(const Modular<T> &lhs, U rhs) {
  return Modular<T>(lhs) /= rhs;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
Modular<T> operator/(U lhs, const Modular<T> &rhs) {
  return Modular<T>(lhs) /= rhs;
}

template <typename T, typename U>
Modular<T> power(const Modular<T> &a, const U &b) {
  assert(b >= 0);
  Modular<T> x = a, res = 1;
  U p = b;
  while (p > 0) {
    if (p & 1)
      res *= x;
    x *= x;
    p >>= 1;
  }
  return res;
}

template <typename T> bool IsZero(const Modular<T> &number) {
  return number() == 0;
}

template <typename T> string to_string(const Modular<T> &number) {
  return to_string(number());
}

template <typename T>
std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &stream, const Modular<T> &number) {
  return stream << number();
}

template <typename T>
std::istream &operator>>(std::istream &stream, Modular<T> &number) {
  typename common_type<typename Modular<T>::Type, int64_t>::type x;
  stream >> x;
  number.value = Modular<T>::normalize(x);
  return stream;
}

/*
using ModType = int;

struct VarMod { static ModType value; };
ModType VarMod::value;
ModType& md = VarMod::value;
using Mint = Modular<VarMod>;
*/

constexpr int md = (int)1e9 + 7;
using Mint = Modular<std::integral_constant<decay<decltype(md)>::type, md>>;

class dsu {
public:
  vector<int> p;
  int n;

  dsu(int _n) : n(_n) {
    p.resize(n);
    iota(p.begin(), p.end(), 0);
  }

  inline int get(int x) { return (x == p[x] ? x : (p[x] = get(p[x]))); }

  inline bool unite(int x, int y) {
    x = get(x);
    y = get(y);
    if (x != y) {
      p[x] = y;
      return true;
    }
    return false;
  }
};

int main() {
  ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
  cin.tie(0);
  int n, q;
  cin >> n >> q;
  vector<int> l(q), r(q);
  for (int i = 0; i < q; i++) {
    cin >> l[i] >> r[i];
    --l[i];
  }
  set<int> s;
  for (int i = 0; i < q; i++) {
    s.insert(l[i]);
    s.insert(r[i]);
  }
  vector<int> xs(s.begin(), s.end());
  int sz = (int)xs.size();
  dsu d(sz);
  for (int i = 0; i < q; i++) {
    int x = (int)(lower_bound(xs.begin(), xs.end(), l[i]) - xs.begin());
    int y = (int)(lower_bound(xs.begin(), xs.end(), r[i]) - xs.begin());
    d.unite(x, y);
  }
  vector<int> comp(sz, -1);
  int cnt = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
      if (d.get(i) == d.get(j)) {
        comp[i] = comp[j];
        break;
      }
    }
    if (comp[i] == -1) {
      comp[i] = cnt++;
    }
  }
  Mint ans = 1;
  vector<Mint> modifier(1 << cnt, 1);
  for (int i = 0; i < sz - 1; i++) {
    Mint cur = (power(Mint(10), xs[i + 1] - xs[i]) - 1) / 9;
    ans *= cur;
    int x = comp[i];
    int y = comp[i + 1];
    for (int t = 0; t < (1 << cnt); t++) {
      if ((t & (1 << x)) && (t & (1 << y))) {
        modifier[t] *= (cur + 1) / cur;
      }
    }
  }
  vector<vector<Mint>> dp(1 << cnt, vector<Mint>(9, 0));
  for (int t = 1; t < (1 << cnt); t += 2) {
    dp[t][0] = modifier[t];
  }
  for (int t = 0; t < (1 << cnt); t++) {
    for (int dig = 0; dig < 8; dig++) {
      if (dp[t][dig] == 0) {
        continue;
      }
      Mint ft = dp[t][dig] * (8 - dig) / (dig + 1);
      int ct = (1 << cnt) - 1 - t;
      int u = ct;
      while (u > 0) {
        dp[t | u][dig + 1] += ft * modifier[u];
        u = (u - 1) & ct;
      }
    }
  }
  ans *= accumulate(dp.back().begin(), dp.back().end(), Mint(0));
  ans *= power(Mint(10), n - (xs.back() - xs[0]));
  cout << ans << '\\n';
  return 0;
}


Error: TLE

Fixed submission:

/**
 *    author:  tourist
 *    created: 21.02.2019 13:34:13
 **/
#undef _GLIBCXX_DEBUG

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

string to_string(string s) { return '"' + s + '"'; }

string to_string(const char *s) { return to_string((string)s); }

string to_string(bool b) { return (b ? "true" : "false"); }

template <typename A, typename B> string to_string(pair<A, B> p) {
  return "(" + to_string(p.first) + ", " + to_string(p.second) + ")";
}

template <typename A> string to_string(A v) {
  bool first = true;
  string res = "{";
  for (const auto &x : v) {
    if (!first) {
      res += ", ";
    }
    first = false;
    res += to_string(x);
  }
  res += "}";
  return res;
}

void debug_out() { cerr << endl; }

template <typename Head, typename... Tail> void debug_out(Head H, Tail... T) {
  cerr << " " << to_string(H);
  debug_out(T...);
}

#ifdef LOCAL
#define debug(...) cerr << "[" << #__VA_ARGS__ << "]:", debug_out(__VA_ARGS__)
#else
#define debug(...) 42
#endif

template <typename T> T inverse(T a, T m) {
  T u = 0, v = 1;
  while (a != 0) {
    T t = m / a;
    m -= t * a;
    swap(a, m);
    u -= t * v;
    swap(u, v);
  }
  assert(m == 1);
  return u;
}

template <typename T> class Modular {
public:
  using Type = typename decay<decltype(T::value)>::type;

  constexpr Modular() : value() {}
  template <typename U> Modular(const U &x) { value = normalize(x); }

  template <typename U> static Type normalize(const U &x) {
    Type v;
    if (-mod() <= x && x < mod())
      v = static_cast<Type>(x);
    else
      v = static_cast<Type>(x % mod());
    if (v < 0)
      v += mod();
    return v;
  }

  const Type &operator()() const { return value; }
  template <typename U> explicit operator U() const {
    return static_cast<U>(value);
  }
  constexpr static Type mod() { return T::value; }

  Modular &operator+=(const Modular &other) {
    if ((value += other.value) >= mod())
      value -= mod();
    return *this;
  }
  Modular &operator-=(const Modular &other) {
    if ((value -= other.value) < 0)
      value += mod();
    return *this;
  }
  template <typename U> Modular &operator+=(const U &other) {
    return *this += Modular(other);
  }
  template <typename U> Modular &operator-=(const U &other) {
    return *this -= Modular(other);
  }
  Modular &operator++() { return *this += 1; }
  Modular &operator--() { return *this -= 1; }
  Modular operator++(int) {
    Modular result(*this);
    *this += 1;
    return result;
  }
  Modular operator--(int) {
    Modular result(*this);
    *this -= 1;
    return result;
  }
  Modular operator-() const { return Modular(-value); }

  template <typename U = T>
  typename enable_if<is_same<typename Modular<U>::Type, int>::value,
                     Modular>::type &
  operator*=(const Modular &rhs) {
#ifdef _WIN32
    uint64_t x = static_cast<int64_t>(value) * static_cast<int64_t>(rhs.value);
    uint32_t xh = static_cast<uint32_t>(x >> 32), xl = static_cast<uint32_t>(x),
             d, m;
    asm("divl %4; \\n\\t" : "=a"(d), "=d"(m) : "d"(xh), "a"(xl), "r"(mod()));
    value = m;
#else
    value = normalize(static_cast<int64_t>(value) *
                      static_cast<int64_t>(rhs.value));
#endif
    return *this;
  }
  template <typename U = T>
  typename enable_if<is_same<typename Modular<U>::Type, int64_t>::value,
                     Modular>::type &
  operator*=(const Modular &rhs) {
    int64_t q = static_cast<int64_t>(static_cast<long double>(value) *
                                     rhs.value / mod());
    value = normalize(value * rhs.value - q * mod());
    return *this;
  }
  template <typename U = T>
  typename enable_if<!is_integral<typename Modular<U>::Type>::value,
                     Modular>::type &
  operator*=(const Modular &rhs) {
    value = normalize(value * rhs.value);
    return *this;
  }

  Modular &operator/=(const Modular &other) {
    return *this *= Modular(inverse(other.value, mod()));
  }

  template <typename U>
  friend bool operator==(const Modular<U> &lhs, const Modular<U> &rhs);

  template <typename U>
  friend bool operator<(const Modular<U> &lhs, const Modular<U> &rhs);

  template <typename U>
  friend std::istream &operator>>(std::istream &stream, Modular<U> &number);

private:
  Type value;
};

template <typename T>
bool operator==(const Modular<T> &lhs, const Modular<T> &rhs) {
  return lhs.value == rhs.value;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
bool operator==(const Modular<T> &lhs, U rhs) {
  return lhs == Modular<T>(rhs);
}
template <typename T, typename U>
bool operator==(U lhs, const Modular<T> &rhs) {
  return Modular<T>(lhs) == rhs;
}

template <typename T>
bool operator!=(const Modular<T> &lhs, const Modular<T> &rhs) {
  return !(lhs == rhs);
}
template <typename T, typename U>
bool operator!=(const Modular<T> &lhs, U rhs) {
  return !(lhs == rhs);
}
template <typename T, typename U>
bool operator!=(U lhs, const Modular<T> &rhs) {
  return !(lhs == rhs);
}

template <typename T>
bool operator<(const Modular<T> &lhs, const Modular<T> &rhs) {
  return lhs.value < rhs.value;
}

template <typename T>
Modular<T> operator+(const Modular<T> &lhs, const Modular<T> &rhs) {
  return Modular<T>(lhs) += rhs;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
Modular<T> operator+(const Modular<T> &lhs, U rhs) {
  return Modular<T>(lhs) += rhs;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
Modular<T> operator+(U lhs, const Modular<T> &rhs) {
  return Modular<T>(lhs) += rhs;
}

template <typename T>
Modular<T> operator-(const Modular<T> &lhs, const Modular<T> &rhs) {
  return Modular<T>(lhs) -= rhs;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
Modular<T> operator-(const Modular<T> &lhs, U rhs) {
  return Modular<T>(lhs) -= rhs;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
Modular<T> operator-(U lhs, const Modular<T> &rhs) {
  return Modular<T>(lhs) -= rhs;
}

template <typename T>
Modular<T> operator*(const Modular<T> &lhs, const Modular<T> &rhs) {
  return Modular<T>(lhs) *= rhs;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
Modular<T> operator*(const Modular<T> &lhs, U rhs) {
  return Modular<T>(lhs) *= rhs;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
Modular<T> operator*(U lhs, const Modular<T> &rhs) {
  return Modular<T>(lhs) *= rhs;
}

template <typename T>
Modular<T> operator/(const Modular<T> &lhs, const Modular<T> &rhs) {
  return Modular<T>(lhs) /= rhs;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
Modular<T> operator/(const Modular<T> &lhs, U rhs) {
  return Modular<T>(lhs) /= rhs;
}
template <typename T, typename U>
Modular<T> operator/(U lhs, const Modular<T> &rhs) {
  return Modular<T>(lhs) /= rhs;
}

template <typename T, typename U>
Modular<T> power(const Modular<T> &a, const U &b) {
  assert(b >= 0);
  Modular<T> x = a, res = 1;
  U p = b;
  while (p > 0) {
    if (p & 1)
      res *= x;
    x *= x;
    p >>= 1;
  }
  return res;
}

template <typename T> string to_string(const Modular<T> &number) {
  return to_string(number());
}

template <typename T>
std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &stream, const Modular<T> &number) {
  return stream << number();
}

template <typename T>
std::istream &operator>>(std::istream &stream, Modular<T> &number) {
  typename common_type<typename Modular<T>::Type, int64_t>::type x;
  stream >> x;
  number.value = Modular<T>::normalize(x);
  return stream;
}

/*
using ModType = int;

struct VarMod { static ModType value; };
ModType VarMod::value;
ModType& md = VarMod::value;
using Mint = Modular<VarMod>;
*/

constexpr int md = (int)1e9 + 7;
using Mint = Modular<std::integral_constant<decay<decltype(md)>::type, md>>;

int main() {
  ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
  cin.tie(0);
  int n, q;
  cin >> n >> q;
  vector<int> from(q), to(q);
  int min_from = n + 1;
  int max_to = -1;
  for (int i = 0; i < q; i++) {
    cin >> from[i] >> to[i];
    min_from = min(min_from, from[i]);
    max_to = max(max_to, to[i]);
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < q; i++) {
    from[i] -= min_from - 1;
    to[i] -= min_from - 1;
  }
  Mint coeff = power(Mint(10), n - (max_to - min_from + 1));
  n = max_to - min_from + 1;
  vector<int> bounds = {0, n};
  for (int i = 0; i < q; i++) {
    bounds.push_back(from[i] - 1);
    bounds.push_back(to[i]);
  }
  sort(bounds.begin(), bounds.end());
  bounds.resize(unique(bounds.begin(), bounds.end()) - bounds.begin());
  int cnt = (int)bounds.size();
  debug(cnt);
  vector<vector<int>> must_be_equal(cnt);
  for (int i = 0; i < q; i++) {
    int x =
        (int)(find(bounds.begin(), bounds.end(), from[i] - 1) - bounds.begin());
    int y = (int)(find(bounds.begin(), bounds.end(), to[i]) - bounds.begin());
    must_be_equal[y].push_back(x);
  }
  vector<Mint> val(cnt);
  for (int i = 1; i < cnt; i++) {
    val[i] = (power(Mint(10), bounds[i] - bounds[i - 1]) - 1) / 9;
  }
  vector<int> group(cnt, 0);
  int ng = 1;
  Mint ans = 0;
  long long ITER = 0;
  function<void(int, Mint)> dfs = [&](int v, Mint w) {
    ITER++;
    if (v == cnt) {
      debug(group, w);
      ans += w;
      return;
    }
    if (must_be_equal[v].empty()) {
      for (int i = 0; i < ng; i++) {
        group[v] = i;
        dfs(v + 1, w * (val[v] + (group[v] == group[v - 1])));
      }
      if (ng < 9) {
        group[v] = ng++;
        dfs(v + 1, w * val[v] * (10 - ng));
        ng--;
      }
    } else {
      int u = group[must_be_equal[v][0]];
      for (int jt = 1; jt < (int)must_be_equal[v].size(); jt++) {
        if (group[must_be_equal[v][jt]] != u) {
          return;
        }
      }
      group[v] = u;
      dfs(v + 1, w * (val[v] + (group[v] == group[v - 1])));
    }
  };
  dfs(1, 1);
  cout << ans * coeff << '\\n';
  debug(clock(), ITER);
  return 0;
}