Problem p02631 (C++) — buggy submission, verdict: Runtime Error

#ifndef INCLUDEHEADER_MY_TEMPLATE
#define INCLUDEHEADER_MY_TEMPLATE

#ifndef _GLIBCXX_NO_ASSERT
#include <cassert>
#endif
#include <cctype>
#include <cerrno>
#include <cfloat>
#include <ciso646>
#include <climits>
#include <clocale>
#include <cmath>
#include <csetjmp>
#include <csignal>
#include <cstdarg>
#include <cstddef>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include <ctime>
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
#include <ccomplex>
#include <cfenv>
#include <cinttypes>
#include <cstdalign>
#include <cstdbool>
#include <cstdint>
#include <ctgmath>
#include <cwchar>
#include <cwctype>
#endif
#include <algorithm>
#include <bitset>
#include <complex>
#include <deque>
#include <exception>
#include <fstream>
#include <functional>
#include <iomanip>
#include <ios>
#include <iosfwd>
#include <iostream>
#include <istream>
#include <iterator>
#include <limits>
#include <list>
#include <locale>
#include <map>
#include <memory>
#include <new>
#include <numeric>
#include <ostream>
#include <queue>
#include <set>
#include <sstream>
#include <stack>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <streambuf>
#include <string>
#include <typeinfo>
#include <utility>
#include <valarray>
#include <vector>
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
#include <array>
#include <atomic>
#include <chrono>
#include <condition_variable>
#include <forward_list>
#include <future>
#include <initializer_list>
#include <mutex>
#include <random>
#include <ratio>
#include <regex>
#include <scoped_allocator>
#include <system_error>
#include <thread>
#include <tuple>
#include <type_traits>
#include <typeindex>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <unordered_set>
#endif
#define y0 qvya13579
#define y1 qvyb24680
#define j0 qvja13579
#define j1 qvjb24680
#define next qvne13579xt
#define prev qvpr13579ev
#define INF 1000000007
#define MOD 1000000007
#define endl "\\n"
#define PI acos(-1.0)
#if __cplusplus < 201103L
#define stoi(argument_string) atoi((argument_string).c_str())
#define stoll(argument_string) atoll((argument_string).c_str())
#endif
#define REP(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < (int)(n); ++i)
#define REP_R(i, n) for (int i = ((int)(n)-1); i >= 0; --i)
#define FOR(i, m, n) for (int i = ((int)(m)); i < (int)(n); ++i)
#define FOR_R(i, m, n) for (int i = ((int)(m)-1); i >= (int)(n); --i)
#define ALL(v) (v).begin(), (v).end()
#define RALL(v) (v).rbegin(), (v).rend()
#define SIZ(x) ((int)(x).size())
#define CIN(x) cin >> (x)
#define CIN2(x, y) cin >> (x) >> (y)
#define CIN3(x, y, z) cin >> (x) >> (y) >> (z)
#define CIN4(x, y, z, w) cin >> (x) >> (y) >> (z) >> (w)
#define CIN5(x, y, z, w, u) cin >> (x) >> (y) >> (z) >> (w) >> (u)
#define SCAND(x) scanf("%d", &(x))
#define SCAND2(x, y) scanf("%d%d", &(x), &(y))
#define SCAND3(x, y, z) scanf("%d%d%d", &(x), &(y), &(z))
#define SCAND4(x, y, z, w) scanf("%d%d%d%d", &(x), &(y), &(z), &(w))
#define SCAND5(x, y, z, w, u) scanf("%d%d%d%d%d", &(x), &(y), &(z), &(w), &(u))
#define SCANLLD(x) scanf("%lld", &(x))
#define SCANLLD2(x, y) scanf("%lld%lld", &(x), &(y))
#define SCANLLD3(x, y, z) scanf("%lld%lld%lld", &(x), &(y), &(z))
#define SCANLLD4(x, y, z, w) scanf("%lld%lld%lld%lld", &(x), &(y), &(z), &(w))
#define SCANLLD5(x, y, z, w, u)                                                \\
  scanf("%lld%lld%lld%lld%lld", &(x), &(y), &(z), &(w), &(u))
#define PRINTD(x) printf("%d\\n", (x))
#define PRINTLLD(x) printf("%lld\\n", (x))
#define DEBUG(argument) cerr << (#argument) << " : " << (argument) << "\\n"
typedef long long lli;
typedef unsigned long long ulli;
using namespace std;

#endif // header

int ctoi(char c) {
  if (c >= '0' and c <= '9') {
    return (int)(c - '0');
  }

  return -1;
}

int alphabet_pos(char c) {
  if (c >= 'a' and c <= 'z') {
    return (int)(c - 'a');
  }

  return -1;
}

int alphabet_pos_capital(char c) {
  if (c >= 'A' and c <= 'Z') {
    return (int)(c - 'A');
  }

  return -1;
}

vector<string> split(string str, char ch) {
  int first = 0;
  int last = str.find_first_of(ch);

  if (last == string::npos) {
    last = SIZ(str);
  }

  vector<string> result;

  while (first < SIZ(str)) {
    string Ssubstr(str, first, last - first);
    result.push_back(Ssubstr);
    first = last + 1;
    last = str.find_first_of(ch, first);

    if (last == string::npos) {
      last = SIZ(str);
    }
  }

  return result;
}

int gcd(int a, int b) // assuming a,b >= 1
{
  if (a < b) {
    swap(a, b);
  }

  if (b == 0) {
    return a;
  }

  if (a % b == 0) {
    return b;
  }

  return gcd(b, a % b);
}

long long gcd(long long a, long long b) // assuming a,b >= 1
{
  if (a < b) {
    swap(a, b);
  }

  if (b == 0LL) {
    return a;
  }

  if (a % b == 0) {
    return b;
  }

  return gcd(b, a % b);
}

int lcm(int a, int b) // assuming a,b >= 1
{
  return a * b / gcd(a, b);
}

long long lcm(long long a, long long b) // assuming a,b >= 1
{
  return a * b / gcd(a, b);
}

long long pow_fast(long long x, long long n_power, long long modulus) {

  if (n_power == 0) {
    return 1;
  }

  if (n_power % 2 == 0) {
    return pow_fast(x * x % modulus, n_power / 2, modulus);
  }

  return x * pow_fast(x, n_power - 1, modulus) % modulus;
}

struct CombinationTable {
  vector<vector<long long>> val;

  CombinationTable(int size)
      : val(size + 1, vector<long long>(size + 1)) // constructor
  {
    for (int i = 0; i <= size; ++i) // note that 0 <= i <= size
    {

      for (int j = 0; j <= i; ++j) {

        if (j == 0 or j == i) {
          val[i][j] = 1LL;
        } else {
          val[i][j] = val[i - 1][j - 1] + val[i - 1][j];
        }
      }
    }
  }
};

void print_vector(vector<int> h, bool verbose = true) {
  int L = h.size();

  for (int i = 0; i < L; ++i) {
    if (verbose) {
      printf("%d", h[i]);
    } else {
      cerr << h[i];
    }

    if (i != L - 1) {
      if (verbose) {
        printf(" ");
      } else {
        cerr << " ";
      }
    } else {
      if (verbose) {
        printf("\\n");
      } else {
        cerr << "\\n";
      }
    }
  }
}

void print_vector(vector<long long> h, bool verbose = true) {
  int L = h.size();

  for (int i = 0; i < L; ++i) {
    if (verbose) {
      printf("%lld", h[i]);
    } else {
      cerr << h[i];
    }

    if (i != L - 1) {
      if (verbose) {
        printf(" ");
      } else {
        cerr << " ";
      }
    } else {
      if (verbose) {
        printf("\\n");
      } else {
        cerr << "\\n";
      }
    }
  }
}

void print_matrix2D(vector<vector<int>> h, bool verbose = true) {
  int Ly = h.size();

  for (int i = 0; i < Ly; ++i) {
    int Lx = h[i].size();
    for (int j = 0; j < Lx; ++j) {
      if (verbose) {
        printf("%d", h[i][j]);
      } else {
        cerr << h[i][j];
      }

      if (j != Lx - 1) {
        if (verbose) {
          printf(" ");
        } else {
          cerr << " ";
        }
      } else {
        if (verbose) {
          printf("\\n");
        } else {
          cerr << "\\n";
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

void print_matrix2D(vector<vector<long long>> h, bool verbose = true) {
  int Ly = h.size();

  for (int i = 0; i < Ly; ++i) {
    int Lx = h[i].size();
    for (int j = 0; j < Lx; ++j) {
      if (verbose) {
        printf("%lld", h[i][j]);
      } else {
        cerr << h[i][j];
      }

      if (j != Lx - 1) {
        if (verbose) {
          printf(" ");
        } else {
          cerr << " ";
        }
      } else {
        if (verbose) {
          printf("\\n");
        } else {
          cerr << "\\n";
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

void print_matrix2D(vector<string> h, bool verbose = true) {
  int Ly = h.size();

  for (int i = 0; i < Ly; ++i) {
    int Lx = h[i].size();
    for (int j = 0; j < Lx; ++j) {
      if (verbose) {
        printf("%c", h[i][j]);
      } else {
        cerr << h[i][j];
      }
    }

    if (verbose) {
      printf("\\n");
    } else {
      cerr << "\\n";
    }
  }
}

void print_binary(int val, int num_digit = 31, bool verbose = false) {
  for (int k = num_digit - 1; k >= 0; --k) {
    if (verbose) {
      printf("%d", (val >> k) & 1);
    } else {
      cerr << ((val >> k) & 1);
    }
  }

  if (verbose) {
    printf("\\n");
  } else {
    cerr << "\\n";
  }
}

void print_binary(long long val, int num_digit = 63, bool verbose = false) {
  for (int k = num_digit - 1; k >= 0; --k) {
    if (verbose) {
      printf("%lld", ((val >> k) & 1));
    } else {
      cerr << ((val >> k) & 1);
    }
  }

  if (verbose) {
    printf("\\n");
  } else {
    cerr << "\\n";
  }
}

void print_all() { cout << endl; }

void print_all_nobreak() { return; }

template <class Head, class... Tail>
void print_all_nobreak(Head head, Tail... tail) {
  cout << head;
  if (sizeof...(tail) != 0) {
    cout << " ";
  }
  print_all_nobreak(forward<Tail>(tail)...);
}

template <class Head, class... Tail> void print_all(Head head, Tail... tail) {
  cout << head;
  if (sizeof...(tail) != 0) {
    cout << " ";
  }
  print_all(forward<Tail>(tail)...);
}

template <class T> void print_all_nobreak(vector<T> vec) {
  cout << "[";
  for (int i = 0; i < vec.size(); i++) {
    cout << vec[i];
    if (i != ((int)vec.size() - 1)) {
      cout << ", ";
    }
  }
  cout << "]";
}

template <class T> void print_all(vector<T> vec) {
  cout << "[";
  for (int i = 0; i < vec.size(); i++) {
    cout << vec[i];
    if (i != ((int)vec.size() - 1)) {
      cout << ", ";
    }
  }
  cout << "]";
  cout << endl;
}

template <class T> void print_all(vector<vector<T>> df) {
  cout << "[";
  for (int i = 0; i < df.size(); i++) {
    print_all_nobreak(df[i]);
    if (i != ((int)df.size() - 1)) {
      cout << ", ";
    }
  }
  cout << "]";
  cout << endl;
}

template <class T> void print_all_nobreak(vector<vector<T>> df) {
  cout << "[";
  for (int i = 0; i < df.size(); i++) {
    print_all_nobreak(df[i]);
    if (i != ((int)df.size() - 1)) {
      cout << ", ";
    }
  }
  cout << "]";
}

template <class T1, class T2> void print_all_nobreak(pair<T1, T2> p) {
  cout << "(";
  print_all_nobreak(p.first);
  cout << ", ";
  print_all_nobreak(p.second);
  cout << ")";
}

template <class T1, class T2> void print_all(pair<T1, T2> p) {
  cout << "(";
  print_all_nobreak(p.first);
  cout << ", ";
  print_all_nobreak(p.second);
  cout << ")";
  cout << endl;
}

struct UnionFind // size-based
{
  vector<int> parent, treesize;

  UnionFind(int size)
      : parent(size), treesize(size, 1) // constructor
  {
    for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
      parent[i] = i;
    }
  }

  int root(int x) {
    if (parent[x] == x) {
      return x;
    }

    return parent[x] = root(parent[x]);
  }

  void unite(int x, int y) {
    x = root(x);
    y = root(y);

    if (x == y) {
      return;
    }

    if (treesize[x] < treesize[y]) {
      parent[x] = y;
      treesize[y] += treesize[x];
    } else {
      parent[y] = x;
      treesize[x] += treesize[y];
    }
  }

  bool sametree(int x, int y) { return root(x) == root(y); }

  int gettreesize(int x) { return treesize[root(x)]; }
};

template <typename Type_value>
struct SegmentTree // Range Minimum Query (RMQ)
{

private:
  int n;
  vector<Type_value> node;
  Type_value identity_element_segmenttree;

public:
  SegmentTree(vector<Type_value> v,
              Type_value identity_element_st) // constructor
  {
    int sz = v.size();
    identity_element_segmenttree = identity_element_st;
    n = 1;
    while (n < sz) {
      n <<= 1;
    }

    node.resize(2 * n - 1, identity_element_segmenttree);

    for (int i = 0; i < sz; ++i) {
      node[i + n - 1] = v[i];
    }

    for (int i = n - 2; i >= 0; --i) {
      node[i] = min(node[2 * i + 1], node[2 * i + 2]);
    }
  }

  void update(int x, Type_value val) {
    x += (n - 1);
    node[x] = val;

    while (x > 0) {
      x = (x - 1) / 2;
      node[x] = min(node[2 * x + 1], node[2 * x + 2]);
    }
  }

  Type_value getmin(int a, int b, int k = 0, int l = 0,
                    int r = -1) // getting minimum value in [a,b)
  {
    // k : index of the referred node
    // [l,r) : range covered by the k-th node

    if (r < 0) {
      r = n;
    }
    if (r <= a or b <= l) {
      return identity_element_segmenttree;
    }
    if (a <= l and r <= b) {
      return node[k];
    }

    Type_value vl = getmin(a, b, 2 * k + 1, l, (l + r) / 2);
    Type_value vr = getmin(a, b, 2 * k + 2, (l + r) / 2, r);
    return min(vl, vr);
  }
};

template <typename Type_value>
struct BinaryIndexedTree // Range Sum Query (RSQ), 0-indexed
{

private:
  int size_;
  vector<Type_value> data;

public:
  BinaryIndexedTree(int sz, Type_value identity_element_binaryindexedtree =
                                0.0) // constructor
  {
    size_ = sz;
    data.resize(sz + 1, identity_element_binaryindexedtree);
  }

  Type_value sum(int i) // sum within [0,i)
  {
    if (i <= 0) {
      return (Type_value)0.0;
    }

    if (i > size_) {
      i = size_;
    }

    Type_value sm = 0.0;
    while (i > 0) {
      sm += data[i];
      i -= i & -i;
    }

    return sm;
  }

  void add(int i, Type_value x) {
    if (i < 0 or i >= size_) {
      return;
    }
    ++i;
    while (i <= size_) {
      data[i] += x;
      i += i & -i;
    }
  }
};

struct RollingHash {

  /*
    10 primes near 1e9(for other mod(s)):
    {
    1000000007,
    1000000009,
    1000000021,
    1000000033,
    1000000087,
    1000000093,
    1000000097,
    1000000103,
    1000000123,
    1000000181
    }

    10 primes near 1e5(for other base(s)):
    {100003,
    100019,
    100043,
    100049,
    100057,
    100069,
    100103,
    100109,
    100129,
    100151}
  */

private:
  vector<unsigned long long> hash;
  vector<unsigned long long> base_pow;
  unsigned long long base, modulus;

  const unsigned long long MODULUS_DEFAULT = (1ULL << 61) - 1;
  const unsigned long long MASK30 = (1ULL << 30) - 1;
  const unsigned long long MASK31 = (1ULL << 31) - 1;
  const unsigned long long BASE_MIN = 1e7;

  unsigned long long Modulus_2pow61m1(unsigned long long val) {
    val = (val & MODULUS_DEFAULT) + (val >> 61);

    if (MODULUS_DEFAULT < val) {
      val -= MODULUS_DEFAULT;
    }

    return val;
  }

  unsigned long long Multiple_2pow61m1(unsigned long long a,
                                       unsigned long long b) {
    unsigned long long au = a >> 31;
    unsigned long long ad = a & MASK31;
    unsigned long long bu = b >> 31;
    unsigned long long bd = b & MASK31;

    unsigned long long mid = ad * bu + au * bd;
    unsigned long long midu = mid >> 30;
    unsigned long long midd = mid & MASK30;

    return Modulus_2pow61m1(((au * bu) << 1) + midu + (midd << 31) + ad * bd);
  }

  void initialize(string &S) {
    int N = S.size();
    vector<int> s(N);
    for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
      s[i] = S[i];
    }

    initialize(s);
  }

  void initialize(vector<int> &S) {
    hash.resize(S.size() + 1);
    base_pow.resize(S.size() + 1);
    hash[0] = 0;
    base_pow[0] = 1;

    if (modulus == MODULUS_DEFAULT) {
      for (int i = 1; i <= S.size(); ++i) {
        hash[i] =
            Modulus_2pow61m1(Multiple_2pow61m1(hash[i - 1], base) + S[i - 1]);
        base_pow[i] = Multiple_2pow61m1(base_pow[i - 1], base);
      }
    } else {
      for (int i = 1; i <= S.size(); ++i) {
        hash[i] = (hash[i - 1] * base + S[i - 1]) % modulus;
        base_pow[i] = (base_pow[i - 1] * base) % modulus;
      }
    }
  }

public:
  RollingHash(string S = "", unsigned long long base_ = 0,
              unsigned long long modulus_ = 0) {
    if (0 < modulus_) {
      modulus = modulus_;
    } else {
      modulus = MODULUS_DEFAULT;
    }

    if (0 < base_) {
      base = base_;
    } else {
      mt19937_64 mt64(static_cast<unsigned int>(time(nullptr)));
      uniform_int_distribution<unsigned long long> rand_uniform(
          BASE_MIN, modulus - BASE_MIN);
      base = rand_uniform(mt64);
    }

    if (S.size() > 0) {
      initialize(S);
    }
  }

  // 0-indexed, [a, b)
  unsigned long long between(int a, int b) {
    if (modulus == MODULUS_DEFAULT) {
      return Modulus_2pow61m1(modulus + hash[b] -
                              Multiple_2pow61m1(hash[a], base_pow[b - a]));
    }

    return (modulus + hash[b] - (hash[a] * base_pow[b - a]) % modulus) %
           modulus;
  }
};

struct TrieTree {
private:
  char chara_origin;
  int numtypes_ch;

  struct TrieNode {
  public:
    TrieNode **children;
    bool isLeaf;
  };

  TrieNode *newNode() {
    TrieNode *pNode = new TrieNode;

    pNode->children = new TrieNode *[numtypes_ch];
    pNode->isLeaf = false;

    for (int i = 0; i < numtypes_ch; i++) {
      pNode->children[i] = nullptr;
    }
    return pNode;
  }

  TrieNode *treeroot;

public:
  TrieTree(int number_of_types_of_character = 26, char character_origin = 'a') {
    numtypes_ch = number_of_types_of_character;
    chara_origin = character_origin;
    treeroot = newNode();
  }

  void insert(string key) {
    TrieNode *pCrawl = treeroot;

    for (int i = 0; i < key.size(); i++) {
      int index = key[i] - chara_origin;

      if (pCrawl->children[index] == nullptr) {
        pCrawl->children[index] = newNode();
      }

      pCrawl = pCrawl->children[index];
    }

    // mark last node as leaf
    pCrawl->isLeaf = true;
  }

  bool search(string key) {
    TrieNode *pCrawl = treeroot;

    for (int i = 0; i < key.size(); i++) {
      int index = key[i] - chara_origin;

      if (pCrawl->children[index] == nullptr) {
        return false;
      }

      pCrawl = pCrawl->children[index];
    }

    return (pCrawl != nullptr and pCrawl->isLeaf);
  }
};

/*------------------ the end of the template -----------------------*/

// global variables
int N;
vector<int> a;
vector<int> expected;

void give_inputs(int state_debug) {

  if (state_debug == 0) {
    // standard I/O
    cin.tie(0);
    ios::sync_with_stdio(false); /* making cin faster */
    SCAND(N);
    a.resize(N);
    REP(i, N) { SCAND(a[i]); }
  } else if (state_debug == 1) {
    // testcase 1
  } else if (state_debug == 2) {
    // testcase 2
  } else if (state_debug == 3) {
    // testcase 3
  }
}

vector<int> solve() // ここに処理を書く。型はansに合わせる。
{
  int allxor = 0;
  REP(i, N) { allxor ^= a[i]; }
  vector<int> b(N);
  REP(i, N) { b[i] = allxor ^ a[i]; }
  return b;
}

signed main(signed argc, char *argv[]) {
  if (argc == 1) {
    give_inputs(0);
  } else {
    give_inputs(stoi(string(argv[1])));
  }

  auto ans = solve();

  /*
  print here!!!
  */
  print_vector(ans);

  // confirm expected == ans

  if (argc != 1 and 0 < stoi(string(argv[1])) and expected != ans) {
    puts("[WA]");
    puts("expected: ");
    print_all(expected);
    puts("found: ");
    print_all(ans);
  }
}


Error: -11

Fixed submission:

#ifndef INCLUDEHEADER_MY_TEMPLATE
#define INCLUDEHEADER_MY_TEMPLATE

#ifndef _GLIBCXX_NO_ASSERT
#include <cassert>
#endif
#include <cctype>
#include <cerrno>
#include <cfloat>
#include <ciso646>
#include <climits>
#include <clocale>
#include <cmath>
#include <csetjmp>
#include <csignal>
#include <cstdarg>
#include <cstddef>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include <ctime>
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
#include <ccomplex>
#include <cfenv>
#include <cinttypes>
#include <cstdalign>
#include <cstdbool>
#include <cstdint>
#include <ctgmath>
#include <cwchar>
#include <cwctype>
#endif
#include <algorithm>
#include <bitset>
#include <complex>
#include <deque>
#include <exception>
#include <fstream>
#include <functional>
#include <iomanip>
#include <ios>
#include <iosfwd>
#include <iostream>
#include <istream>
#include <iterator>
#include <limits>
#include <list>
#include <locale>
#include <map>
#include <memory>
#include <new>
#include <numeric>
#include <ostream>
#include <queue>
#include <set>
#include <sstream>
#include <stack>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <streambuf>
#include <string>
#include <typeinfo>
#include <utility>
#include <valarray>
#include <vector>
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
#include <array>
#include <atomic>
#include <chrono>
#include <condition_variable>
#include <forward_list>
#include <future>
#include <initializer_list>
#include <mutex>
#include <random>
#include <ratio>
#include <regex>
#include <scoped_allocator>
#include <system_error>
#include <thread>
#include <tuple>
#include <type_traits>
#include <typeindex>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <unordered_set>
#endif
#define y0 qvya13579
#define y1 qvyb24680
#define j0 qvja13579
#define j1 qvjb24680
#define next qvne13579xt
#define prev qvpr13579ev
#define INF 1000000007
#define MOD 1000000007
#define endl "\\n"
#define PI acos(-1.0)
#if __cplusplus < 201103L
#define stoi(argument_string) atoi((argument_string).c_str())
#define stoll(argument_string) atoll((argument_string).c_str())
#endif
#define REP(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < (int)(n); ++i)
#define REP_R(i, n) for (int i = ((int)(n)-1); i >= 0; --i)
#define FOR(i, m, n) for (int i = ((int)(m)); i < (int)(n); ++i)
#define FOR_R(i, m, n) for (int i = ((int)(m)-1); i >= (int)(n); --i)
#define ALL(v) (v).begin(), (v).end()
#define RALL(v) (v).rbegin(), (v).rend()
#define SIZ(x) ((int)(x).size())
#define CIN(x) cin >> (x)
#define CIN2(x, y) cin >> (x) >> (y)
#define CIN3(x, y, z) cin >> (x) >> (y) >> (z)
#define CIN4(x, y, z, w) cin >> (x) >> (y) >> (z) >> (w)
#define CIN5(x, y, z, w, u) cin >> (x) >> (y) >> (z) >> (w) >> (u)
#define SCAND(x) scanf("%d", &(x))
#define SCAND2(x, y) scanf("%d%d", &(x), &(y))
#define SCAND3(x, y, z) scanf("%d%d%d", &(x), &(y), &(z))
#define SCAND4(x, y, z, w) scanf("%d%d%d%d", &(x), &(y), &(z), &(w))
#define SCAND5(x, y, z, w, u) scanf("%d%d%d%d%d", &(x), &(y), &(z), &(w), &(u))
#define SCANLLD(x) scanf("%lld", &(x))
#define SCANLLD2(x, y) scanf("%lld%lld", &(x), &(y))
#define SCANLLD3(x, y, z) scanf("%lld%lld%lld", &(x), &(y), &(z))
#define SCANLLD4(x, y, z, w) scanf("%lld%lld%lld%lld", &(x), &(y), &(z), &(w))
#define SCANLLD5(x, y, z, w, u)                                                \\
  scanf("%lld%lld%lld%lld%lld", &(x), &(y), &(z), &(w), &(u))
#define PRINTD(x) printf("%d\\n", (x))
#define PRINTLLD(x) printf("%lld\\n", (x))
#define DEBUG(argument) cerr << (#argument) << " : " << (argument) << "\\n"
typedef long long lli;
typedef unsigned long long ulli;
using namespace std;

#endif // header

int ctoi(char c) {
  if (c >= '0' and c <= '9') {
    return (int)(c - '0');
  }

  return -1;
}

int alphabet_pos(char c) {
  if (c >= 'a' and c <= 'z') {
    return (int)(c - 'a');
  }

  return -1;
}

int alphabet_pos_capital(char c) {
  if (c >= 'A' and c <= 'Z') {
    return (int)(c - 'A');
  }

  return -1;
}

vector<string> split(string str, char ch) {
  int first = 0;
  int last = str.find_first_of(ch);

  if (last == string::npos) {
    last = SIZ(str);
  }

  vector<string> result;

  while (first < SIZ(str)) {
    string Ssubstr(str, first, last - first);
    result.push_back(Ssubstr);
    first = last + 1;
    last = str.find_first_of(ch, first);

    if (last == string::npos) {
      last = SIZ(str);
    }
  }

  return result;
}

int gcd(int a, int b) // assuming a,b >= 1
{
  if (a < b) {
    swap(a, b);
  }

  if (b == 0) {
    return a;
  }

  if (a % b == 0) {
    return b;
  }

  return gcd(b, a % b);
}

long long gcd(long long a, long long b) // assuming a,b >= 1
{
  if (a < b) {
    swap(a, b);
  }

  if (b == 0LL) {
    return a;
  }

  if (a % b == 0) {
    return b;
  }

  return gcd(b, a % b);
}

int lcm(int a, int b) // assuming a,b >= 1
{
  return a * b / gcd(a, b);
}

long long lcm(long long a, long long b) // assuming a,b >= 1
{
  return a * b / gcd(a, b);
}

long long pow_fast(long long x, long long n_power, long long modulus) {

  if (n_power == 0) {
    return 1;
  }

  if (n_power % 2 == 0) {
    return pow_fast(x * x % modulus, n_power / 2, modulus);
  }

  return x * pow_fast(x, n_power - 1, modulus) % modulus;
}

struct CombinationTable {
  vector<vector<long long>> val;

  CombinationTable(int size)
      : val(size + 1, vector<long long>(size + 1)) // constructor
  {
    for (int i = 0; i <= size; ++i) // note that 0 <= i <= size
    {

      for (int j = 0; j <= i; ++j) {

        if (j == 0 or j == i) {
          val[i][j] = 1LL;
        } else {
          val[i][j] = val[i - 1][j - 1] + val[i - 1][j];
        }
      }
    }
  }
};

void print_vector(vector<int> h, bool verbose = true) {
  int L = h.size();

  for (int i = 0; i < L; ++i) {
    if (verbose) {
      printf("%d", h[i]);
    } else {
      cerr << h[i];
    }

    if (i != L - 1) {
      if (verbose) {
        printf(" ");
      } else {
        cerr << " ";
      }
    } else {
      if (verbose) {
        printf("\\n");
      } else {
        cerr << "\\n";
      }
    }
  }
}

void print_vector(vector<long long> h, bool verbose = true) {
  int L = h.size();

  for (int i = 0; i < L; ++i) {
    if (verbose) {
      printf("%lld", h[i]);
    } else {
      cerr << h[i];
    }

    if (i != L - 1) {
      if (verbose) {
        printf(" ");
      } else {
        cerr << " ";
      }
    } else {
      if (verbose) {
        printf("\\n");
      } else {
        cerr << "\\n";
      }
    }
  }
}

void print_matrix2D(vector<vector<int>> h, bool verbose = true) {
  int Ly = h.size();

  for (int i = 0; i < Ly; ++i) {
    int Lx = h[i].size();
    for (int j = 0; j < Lx; ++j) {
      if (verbose) {
        printf("%d", h[i][j]);
      } else {
        cerr << h[i][j];
      }

      if (j != Lx - 1) {
        if (verbose) {
          printf(" ");
        } else {
          cerr << " ";
        }
      } else {
        if (verbose) {
          printf("\\n");
        } else {
          cerr << "\\n";
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

void print_matrix2D(vector<vector<long long>> h, bool verbose = true) {
  int Ly = h.size();

  for (int i = 0; i < Ly; ++i) {
    int Lx = h[i].size();
    for (int j = 0; j < Lx; ++j) {
      if (verbose) {
        printf("%lld", h[i][j]);
      } else {
        cerr << h[i][j];
      }

      if (j != Lx - 1) {
        if (verbose) {
          printf(" ");
        } else {
          cerr << " ";
        }
      } else {
        if (verbose) {
          printf("\\n");
        } else {
          cerr << "\\n";
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

void print_matrix2D(vector<string> h, bool verbose = true) {
  int Ly = h.size();

  for (int i = 0; i < Ly; ++i) {
    int Lx = h[i].size();
    for (int j = 0; j < Lx; ++j) {
      if (verbose) {
        printf("%c", h[i][j]);
      } else {
        cerr << h[i][j];
      }
    }

    if (verbose) {
      printf("\\n");
    } else {
      cerr << "\\n";
    }
  }
}

void print_binary(int val, int num_digit = 31, bool verbose = false) {
  for (int k = num_digit - 1; k >= 0; --k) {
    if (verbose) {
      printf("%d", (val >> k) & 1);
    } else {
      cerr << ((val >> k) & 1);
    }
  }

  if (verbose) {
    printf("\\n");
  } else {
    cerr << "\\n";
  }
}

void print_binary(long long val, int num_digit = 63, bool verbose = false) {
  for (int k = num_digit - 1; k >= 0; --k) {
    if (verbose) {
      printf("%lld", ((val >> k) & 1));
    } else {
      cerr << ((val >> k) & 1);
    }
  }

  if (verbose) {
    printf("\\n");
  } else {
    cerr << "\\n";
  }
}

void print_all() { cout << endl; }

void print_all_nobreak() { return; }

template <class Head, class... Tail>
void print_all_nobreak(Head head, Tail... tail) {
  cout << head;
  if (sizeof...(tail) != 0) {
    cout << " ";
  }
  print_all_nobreak(forward<Tail>(tail)...);
}

template <class Head, class... Tail> void print_all(Head head, Tail... tail) {
  cout << head;
  if (sizeof...(tail) != 0) {
    cout << " ";
  }
  print_all(forward<Tail>(tail)...);
}

template <class T> void print_all_nobreak(vector<T> vec) {
  cout << "[";
  for (int i = 0; i < vec.size(); i++) {
    cout << vec[i];
    if (i != ((int)vec.size() - 1)) {
      cout << ", ";
    }
  }
  cout << "]";
}

template <class T> void print_all(vector<T> vec) {
  cout << "[";
  for (int i = 0; i < vec.size(); i++) {
    cout << vec[i];
    if (i != ((int)vec.size() - 1)) {
      cout << ", ";
    }
  }
  cout << "]";
  cout << endl;
}

template <class T> void print_all(vector<vector<T>> df) {
  cout << "[";
  for (int i = 0; i < df.size(); i++) {
    print_all_nobreak(df[i]);
    if (i != ((int)df.size() - 1)) {
      cout << ", ";
    }
  }
  cout << "]";
  cout << endl;
}

template <class T> void print_all_nobreak(vector<vector<T>> df) {
  cout << "[";
  for (int i = 0; i < df.size(); i++) {
    print_all_nobreak(df[i]);
    if (i != ((int)df.size() - 1)) {
      cout << ", ";
    }
  }
  cout << "]";
}

template <class T1, class T2> void print_all_nobreak(pair<T1, T2> p) {
  cout << "(";
  print_all_nobreak(p.first);
  cout << ", ";
  print_all_nobreak(p.second);
  cout << ")";
}

template <class T1, class T2> void print_all(pair<T1, T2> p) {
  cout << "(";
  print_all_nobreak(p.first);
  cout << ", ";
  print_all_nobreak(p.second);
  cout << ")";
  cout << endl;
}

struct UnionFind // size-based
{
  vector<int> parent, treesize;

  UnionFind(int size)
      : parent(size), treesize(size, 1) // constructor
  {
    for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
      parent[i] = i;
    }
  }

  int root(int x) {
    if (parent[x] == x) {
      return x;
    }

    return parent[x] = root(parent[x]);
  }

  void unite(int x, int y) {
    x = root(x);
    y = root(y);

    if (x == y) {
      return;
    }

    if (treesize[x] < treesize[y]) {
      parent[x] = y;
      treesize[y] += treesize[x];
    } else {
      parent[y] = x;
      treesize[x] += treesize[y];
    }
  }

  bool sametree(int x, int y) { return root(x) == root(y); }

  int gettreesize(int x) { return treesize[root(x)]; }
};

template <typename Type_value>
struct SegmentTree // Range Minimum Query (RMQ)
{

private:
  int n;
  vector<Type_value> node;
  Type_value identity_element_segmenttree;

public:
  SegmentTree(vector<Type_value> v,
              Type_value identity_element_st) // constructor
  {
    int sz = v.size();
    identity_element_segmenttree = identity_element_st;
    n = 1;
    while (n < sz) {
      n <<= 1;
    }

    node.resize(2 * n - 1, identity_element_segmenttree);

    for (int i = 0; i < sz; ++i) {
      node[i + n - 1] = v[i];
    }

    for (int i = n - 2; i >= 0; --i) {
      node[i] = min(node[2 * i + 1], node[2 * i + 2]);
    }
  }

  void update(int x, Type_value val) {
    x += (n - 1);
    node[x] = val;

    while (x > 0) {
      x = (x - 1) / 2;
      node[x] = min(node[2 * x + 1], node[2 * x + 2]);
    }
  }

  Type_value getmin(int a, int b, int k = 0, int l = 0,
                    int r = -1) // getting minimum value in [a,b)
  {
    // k : index of the referred node
    // [l,r) : range covered by the k-th node

    if (r < 0) {
      r = n;
    }
    if (r <= a or b <= l) {
      return identity_element_segmenttree;
    }
    if (a <= l and r <= b) {
      return node[k];
    }

    Type_value vl = getmin(a, b, 2 * k + 1, l, (l + r) / 2);
    Type_value vr = getmin(a, b, 2 * k + 2, (l + r) / 2, r);
    return min(vl, vr);
  }
};

template <typename Type_value>
struct BinaryIndexedTree // Range Sum Query (RSQ), 0-indexed
{

private:
  int size_;
  vector<Type_value> data;

public:
  BinaryIndexedTree(int sz, Type_value identity_element_binaryindexedtree =
                                0.0) // constructor
  {
    size_ = sz;
    data.resize(sz + 1, identity_element_binaryindexedtree);
  }

  Type_value sum(int i) // sum within [0,i)
  {
    if (i <= 0) {
      return (Type_value)0.0;
    }

    if (i > size_) {
      i = size_;
    }

    Type_value sm = 0.0;
    while (i > 0) {
      sm += data[i];
      i -= i & -i;
    }

    return sm;
  }

  void add(int i, Type_value x) {
    if (i < 0 or i >= size_) {
      return;
    }
    ++i;
    while (i <= size_) {
      data[i] += x;
      i += i & -i;
    }
  }
};

struct RollingHash {

  /*
    10 primes near 1e9(for other mod(s)):
    {
    1000000007,
    1000000009,
    1000000021,
    1000000033,
    1000000087,
    1000000093,
    1000000097,
    1000000103,
    1000000123,
    1000000181
    }

    10 primes near 1e5(for other base(s)):
    {100003,
    100019,
    100043,
    100049,
    100057,
    100069,
    100103,
    100109,
    100129,
    100151}
  */

private:
  vector<unsigned long long> hash;
  vector<unsigned long long> base_pow;
  unsigned long long base, modulus;

  const unsigned long long MODULUS_DEFAULT = (1ULL << 61) - 1;
  const unsigned long long MASK30 = (1ULL << 30) - 1;
  const unsigned long long MASK31 = (1ULL << 31) - 1;
  const unsigned long long BASE_MIN = 1e7;

  unsigned long long Modulus_2pow61m1(unsigned long long val) {
    val = (val & MODULUS_DEFAULT) + (val >> 61);

    if (MODULUS_DEFAULT < val) {
      val -= MODULUS_DEFAULT;
    }

    return val;
  }

  unsigned long long Multiple_2pow61m1(unsigned long long a,
                                       unsigned long long b) {
    unsigned long long au = a >> 31;
    unsigned long long ad = a & MASK31;
    unsigned long long bu = b >> 31;
    unsigned long long bd = b & MASK31;

    unsigned long long mid = ad * bu + au * bd;
    unsigned long long midu = mid >> 30;
    unsigned long long midd = mid & MASK30;

    return Modulus_2pow61m1(((au * bu) << 1) + midu + (midd << 31) + ad * bd);
  }

  void initialize(string &S) {
    int N = S.size();
    vector<int> s(N);
    for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
      s[i] = S[i];
    }

    initialize(s);
  }

  void initialize(vector<int> &S) {
    hash.resize(S.size() + 1);
    base_pow.resize(S.size() + 1);
    hash[0] = 0;
    base_pow[0] = 1;

    if (modulus == MODULUS_DEFAULT) {
      for (int i = 1; i <= S.size(); ++i) {
        hash[i] =
            Modulus_2pow61m1(Multiple_2pow61m1(hash[i - 1], base) + S[i - 1]);
        base_pow[i] = Multiple_2pow61m1(base_pow[i - 1], base);
      }
    } else {
      for (int i = 1; i <= S.size(); ++i) {
        hash[i] = (hash[i - 1] * base + S[i - 1]) % modulus;
        base_pow[i] = (base_pow[i - 1] * base) % modulus;
      }
    }
  }

public:
  RollingHash(string S = "", unsigned long long base_ = 0,
              unsigned long long modulus_ = 0) {
    if (0 < modulus_) {
      modulus = modulus_;
    } else {
      modulus = MODULUS_DEFAULT;
    }

    if (0 < base_) {
      base = base_;
    } else {
      mt19937_64 mt64(static_cast<unsigned int>(time(nullptr)));
      uniform_int_distribution<unsigned long long> rand_uniform(
          BASE_MIN, modulus - BASE_MIN);
      base = rand_uniform(mt64);
    }

    if (S.size() > 0) {
      initialize(S);
    }
  }

  // 0-indexed, [a, b)
  unsigned long long between(int a, int b) {
    if (modulus == MODULUS_DEFAULT) {
      return Modulus_2pow61m1(modulus + hash[b] -
                              Multiple_2pow61m1(hash[a], base_pow[b - a]));
    }

    return (modulus + hash[b] - (hash[a] * base_pow[b - a]) % modulus) %
           modulus;
  }
};

struct TrieTree {
private:
  char chara_origin;
  int numtypes_ch;

  struct TrieNode {
  public:
    TrieNode **children;
    bool isLeaf;
  };

  TrieNode *newNode() {
    TrieNode *pNode = new TrieNode;

    pNode->children = new TrieNode *[numtypes_ch];
    pNode->isLeaf = false;

    for (int i = 0; i < numtypes_ch; i++) {
      pNode->children[i] = nullptr;
    }
    return pNode;
  }

  TrieNode *treeroot;

public:
  TrieTree(int number_of_types_of_character = 26, char character_origin = 'a') {
    numtypes_ch = number_of_types_of_character;
    chara_origin = character_origin;
    treeroot = newNode();
  }

  void insert(string key) {
    TrieNode *pCrawl = treeroot;

    for (int i = 0; i < key.size(); i++) {
      int index = key[i] - chara_origin;

      if (pCrawl->children[index] == nullptr) {
        pCrawl->children[index] = newNode();
      }

      pCrawl = pCrawl->children[index];
    }

    // mark last node as leaf
    pCrawl->isLeaf = true;
  }

  bool search(string key) {
    TrieNode *pCrawl = treeroot;

    for (int i = 0; i < key.size(); i++) {
      int index = key[i] - chara_origin;

      if (pCrawl->children[index] == nullptr) {
        return false;
      }

      pCrawl = pCrawl->children[index];
    }

    return (pCrawl != nullptr and pCrawl->isLeaf);
  }
};

/*------------------ the end of the template -----------------------*/

// global variables
int N;
vector<int> a;
vector<int> expected;

void give_inputs(int state_debug) {

  if (state_debug == 0) {
    // standard I/O
    cin.tie(0);
    ios::sync_with_stdio(false); /* making cin faster */
    SCAND(N);
    REP(i, N) { SCAND(a[i]); }
  } else if (state_debug == 1) {
    // testcase 1
  } else if (state_debug == 2) {
    // testcase 2
  } else if (state_debug == 3) {
    // testcase 3
  }
}

vector<int> solve() // ここに処理を書く。型はansに合わせる。
{
  int allxor = 0;
  REP(i, N) { allxor ^= a[i]; }
  vector<int> b(N);
  REP(i, N) { b[i] = allxor ^ a[i]; }
  return b;
}

signed main(signed argc, char *argv[]) {
  if (argc == 1) {
    give_inputs(0);
  } else {
    give_inputs(stoi(string(argv[1])));
  }

  auto ans = solve();

  /*
  print here!!!
  */
  print_vector(ans);

  // confirm expected == ans

  if (argc != 1 and 0 < stoi(string(argv[1])) and expected != ans) {
    puts("[WA]");
    puts("expected: ");
    print_all(expected);
    puts("found: ");
    print_all(ans);
  }
}