Problem p02277 (C++) — buggy submission, verdict: Runtime Error

#define _USE_MATH_DEFINES
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS

#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <map>
#include <numeric>
#include <queue>
#include <set>
#include <sstream>
#include <stack>
#include <string>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;

const int INF = 1 << 30;
const uint64_t MOD = 1000000000 + 7;

void merge(vector<pair<string, int>> &a, int left, int mid, int right) {
  int n0 = mid - left;
  int n1 = right - mid;

  vector<pair<string, int>> l(n0 + 1);
  vector<pair<string, int>> r(n1 + 1);

  for (int i = 0; i < l.size() - 1; i++) {
    l.at(i) = a.at(left + i);
  }

  for (int i = 0; i < r.size() - 1; i++) {
    r.at(i) = a.at(mid + i);
  }

  l.at(n0).second = INF;
  r.at(n1).second = INF;

  int x = 0;
  int y = 0;

  for (int i = left; i < right; i++) {
    if (l.at(x).second <= r.at(y).second) {
      a.at(i) = l.at(x);
      x++;
    } else {
      a.at(i) = r.at(y);
      y++;
    }
  }
}

void merge_sort(vector<pair<string, int>> &a, int left, int right) {
  if (left + 1 < right) {
    int mid = (left + right) / 2;
    merge_sort(a, left, mid);
    merge_sort(a, mid, right);
    merge(a, left, mid, right);
  }
}

int partition(vector<pair<string, int>> &a, int p, int r) {
  pair<string, int> x = a.at(r);
  int id = p - 1;

  for (int i = p; i < r; i++) {
    if (a.at(i).second <= x.second) {
      id++;
      swap(a.at(i), a.at(id));
    }
  }
  swap(a.at(id + 1), a.at(r));

  return id + 1;
}

void quick_sort(vector<pair<string, int>> &a, int p, int r) {
  if (p < r) {
    int q = partition(a, p, r);
    quick_sort(a, p, q - 1);
    quick_sort(a, q + 1, r);
  }
}

int main() {
  int n;
  cin >> n;

  vector<pair<string, int>> p(n);

  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    string s;
    int id;
    cin >> s >> id;

    p.at(i) = (make_pair(s, id));
  }

  vector<pair<string, int>> a = p;
  vector<pair<string, int>> b = p;

  quick_sort(a, 0, n - 1);
  merge_sort(b, 0, n);

  bool stable = true;
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    if (a.at(i) != b.at(i)) {
      stable = false;
      break;
    }
  }

  cout << (stable ? "Stable" : "Not stable") << endl;

  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    cout << a.at(i).first << " " << a.at(i).second << endl;
  }
}


Error: 0

Fixed submission:

#define _USE_MATH_DEFINES
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS

#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <map>
#include <numeric>
#include <queue>
#include <set>
#include <sstream>
#include <stack>
#include <string>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;

const int INF = 1 << 24;
const uint64_t MOD = 1000000000 + 7;

void merge(vector<pair<string, int>> &a, int left, int mid, int right) {
  int n0 = mid - left;
  int n1 = right - mid;

  vector<pair<string, int>> l(n0 + 1);
  vector<pair<string, int>> r(n1 + 1);

  for (int i = 0; i < l.size() - 1; i++) {
    l.at(i) = a.at(left + i);
  }

  for (int i = 0; i < r.size() - 1; i++) {
    r.at(i) = a.at(mid + i);
  }

  l.at(n0).second = INF;
  r.at(n1).second = INF;

  int x = 0;
  int y = 0;

  for (int i = left; i < right; i++) {
    if (l.at(x).second <= r.at(y).second) {
      a.at(i) = l.at(x);
      x++;
    } else {
      a.at(i) = r.at(y);
      y++;
    }
  }
}

void merge_sort(vector<pair<string, int>> &a, int left, int right) {
  if (left + 1 < right) {
    int mid = (left + right) / 2;
    merge_sort(a, left, mid);
    merge_sort(a, mid, right);
    merge(a, left, mid, right);
  }
}

int partition(vector<pair<string, int>> &a, int p, int r) {
  pair<string, int> x = a.at(r);
  int id = p - 1;

  for (int i = p; i < r; i++) {
    if (a.at(i).second <= x.second) {
      id++;
      swap(a.at(i), a.at(id));
    }
  }
  swap(a.at(id + 1), a.at(r));

  return id + 1;
}

void quick_sort(vector<pair<string, int>> &a, int p, int r) {
  if (p < r) {
    int q = partition(a, p, r);
    quick_sort(a, p, q - 1);
    quick_sort(a, q + 1, r);
  }
}

int main() {
  int n;
  cin >> n;

  vector<pair<string, int>> p(n);

  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    string s;
    int id;
    cin >> s >> id;

    p.at(i) = (make_pair(s, id));
  }

  vector<pair<string, int>> a = p;
  vector<pair<string, int>> b = p;

  quick_sort(a, 0, n - 1);
  merge_sort(b, 0, n);

  bool stable = true;
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    if (a.at(i) != b.at(i)) {
      stable = false;
      break;
    }
  }

  cout << (stable ? "Stable" : "Not stable") << endl;

  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    cout << a.at(i).first << " " << a.at(i).second << endl;
  }
}