Problem p02579 (C++) — buggy submission, verdict: Runtime Error


#pragma GCC optimize("-O3")
#include <algorithm>
#include <array>
#include <bitset>
#include <cassert>
#include <cmath>
#include <complex>
#include <cstdio>
#include <functional>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <map>
#include <numeric>
#include <queue>
#include <random>
#include <regex>
#include <set>
#include <sstream>
#include <stack>
#include <string>
#include <time.h>
#include <type_traits>
#include <typeinfo>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <vector>
#ifdef _MSC_VER
#include <intrin.h>
#define popcnt __popcnt64
// #  define __builtin_popcount __popcnt
#else
#define popcnt __builtin_popcountll
#endif
// #include "boost/variant.hpp"

// #include <boost/multiprecision/cpp_int.hpp>
// namespace mp = boost::multiprecision;
// using lll = mp::cpp_int;

using namespace std;

using ll = long long;
constexpr ll MOD = 1000000007ll;
constexpr ll INF = 1LL << 60;
#define rep(i, N, M) for (ll i = N, i##_len = (M); i < i##_len; ++i)
#define rep_skip(i, N, M, ...)                                                 \\
  for (ll i = N, i##_len = (M); i < i##_len; i += (skip))
#define rrep(i, N, M) for (ll i = (M)-1, i##_len = (N - 1); i > i##_len; --i)
#define repbit(bit, N, DIG) rep(bit, (N), (1LL << (DIG)))
#define pb push_back
#define fir first
#define sec second
#define all(a) (a).begin(), (a).end()
#define rall(a) (a).rbegin(), (a).rend()
#define perm(c)                                                                \\
  sort(all(c));                                                                \\
  for (bool c##perm = 1; c##perm;                                              \\
       c##perm = next_permutation(                                             \\
           all(c))) // perm(c){write(c)} writes all permutation of c
constexpr ll dceil(ll x, ll y) {
  if (y < 0) {
    x *= -1;
    y *= -1;
  };
  return x > 0 ? (x + y - 1) / y : x / y;
} // ceil for x/y
constexpr ll dfloor(ll x, ll y) {
  if (y < 0) {
    x *= -1;
    y *= -1;
  };
  return x > 0 ? x / y : -dceil((-x), y);
} // floor for x/y

typedef pair<double, double> pd;
typedef pair<ll, ll> pll;
typedef vector<ll> vll;
typedef vector<vll> vvll;
typedef vector<pll> vpll;
typedef vector<bool> vb;
typedef vector<vb> vvb;
typedef vector<string> vs;
template <typename T>
using pq_greater = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<T>>;
template <typename T> using vpt = vector<complex<T>>;

template <int n> struct tll_impl {
  using type = decltype(tuple_cat(tuple<ll>(),
                                  declval<typename tll_impl<n - 1>::type>()));
};
template <> struct tll_impl<1> {
  using type = tuple<ll>;
};
template <int n> using tll = typename tll_impl<n>::type;

template <class T> constexpr ll SZ(T &v) { return static_cast<ll>(v.size()); };

template <int n, typename T> struct vec_t_impl {
  using type = vector<typename vec_t_impl<n - 1, T>::type>;
};
template <typename T> struct vec_t_impl<1, T> {
  using type = vector<T>;
};
template <int n, typename T> using vec_t = typename vec_t_impl<n, T>::type;
// check
static_assert(is_same<vec_t<3, ll>, vector<vector<vector<ll>>>>::value, "");

// decompose vector into basetype and dimension.
template <typename T> struct vec_dec {
  static constexpr int dim = 0;
  using type = T;
};
template <typename T> struct vec_dec<vector<T>> {
  static constexpr int dim = vec_dec<T>::dim + 1;
  using type = typename vec_dec<T>::type;
};
static_assert(is_same<typename vec_dec<vec_t<3, ll>>::type, ll>::value, "");
static_assert(vec_dec<vec_t<3, ll>>::dim == 3, "");

template <typename T = ll> vector<T> makev(size_t a) { return vector<T>(a); }

template <typename T = ll, typename... Ts> auto makev(size_t a, Ts... ts) {
  return vector<decltype(makev<T>(ts...))>(a, makev<T>(ts...));
} // ex:  auto dp =  makev<ll>(4,5) => vector<vector<ll>> dp(4,vector<ll>(5));

template <typename T>
struct is_vector : std::false_type {}; // check if T is vector

template <typename T> struct is_vector<vector<T>> : std::true_type {};
static_assert(is_vector<vector<ll>>::value == true &&
                  is_vector<ll>::value == false,
              "");

// check if T is vector
template <typename T> struct is_pair : std::false_type {};

template <typename T, typename S>
struct is_pair<pair<T, S>> : std::true_type {};
static_assert(is_pair<pll>::value == true && is_pair<ll>::value == false, "");

template <typename T, typename V,
          typename enable_if<!is_vector<T>::value, nullptr_t>::type = nullptr>
void fill_v(T &t, const V &v) {
  t = v;
}

template <typename T, typename V,
          typename enable_if<is_vector<T>::value, nullptr_t>::type = nullptr>
void fill_v(T &t, const V &v) {
  for (auto &&x : t)
    fill_v(x, v);
} // ex:  fill_v(dp, INF);

namespace std {
template <class T> bool operator<(const complex<T> &a, const complex<T> &b) {
  return a.real() == b.real() ? a.imag() < b.imag() : a.real() < b.real();
}
}; // namespace std

template <typename T, typename S>
istream &operator>>(istream &istr, pair<T, S> &x) {
  return istr >> x.first >> x.second;
}
template <typename T> istream &operator>>(istream &istr, vector<T> &x) {
  rep(i, 0, x.size()) istr >> x[i];
  return istr;
}
template <typename T> istream &operator>>(istream &istr, complex<T> &x) {
  T r, i;
  istr >> r >> i;
  x.real(r);
  x.imag(i);
  return istr;
}

template <typename T, typename Delim_t = string,
          typename enable_if<!is_vector<T>::value, nullptr_t>::type = nullptr>
void write(T &x, Delim_t delim = " ") {
  cout << x << delim;
}
template <typename T, typename Delim_t = string,
          typename enable_if<is_vector<T>::value, nullptr_t>::type = nullptr>
void write(T &x, Delim_t delim = " ") {
  rep(i, 0, x.size()) write(x[i], (i == (x.size() - 1) ? "" : delim));
  cout << '\\n';
}

template <typename T> void chmin(T &a, T b) {
  if (a > b)
    a = b;
}
template <typename T> void chmax(T &a, T b) {
  if (a < b)
    a = b;
}

vll seq(ll i, ll j) {
  vll res(j - i);
  rep(k, i, j) res[k] = i + k;
  return res;
}

constexpr ll POW_0(ll x, ll y) {
  if (y == 0)
    return 1;
  if (y == 1)
    return x;
  if (y == 2)
    return x * x;
  if (y % 2 == 0)
    return POW_0(POW_0(x, y / 2), 2LL);
  return ((POW_0(POW_0(x, y / 2), 2LL)) * (x));
}

constexpr ll POW(ll x, ll y, ll mod = 0) {
  if (mod == 0)
    return POW_0(x, y);
  if (y == 0)
    return 1;
  if (y == 1)
    return x % mod;
  if (y == 2)
    return x * x % mod;
  if (y % 2 == 0)
    return POW(POW(x, y / 2, mod), 2LL, mod) % mod;
  return ((POW(POW(x, y / 2, mod), 2LL, mod)) * (x % mod)) % mod;
}

template <typename Inputs, typename Functor,
          typename T = typename Inputs::value_type>
void sort_by(Inputs &inputs, Functor f) {
  std::sort(std::begin(inputs), std::end(inputs),
            [&f](const T &lhs, const T &rhs) { return f(lhs) < f(rhs); });
}

template <int pos, typename Inputs, typename T = typename Inputs::value_type>
void sort_by(Inputs &inputs) {
  std::sort(
      std::begin(inputs), std::end(inputs),
      [](const T &lhs, const T &rhs) { return get<pos>(lhs) < get<pos>(rhs); });
}

template <typename Inputs, typename Functor,
          typename T = typename Inputs::value_type>
void stable_sort_by(Inputs &inputs, Functor f) {
  std::stable_sort(
      std::begin(inputs), std::end(inputs),
      [&f](const T &lhs, const T &rhs) { return f(lhs) < f(rhs); });
}

template <typename Inputs> void sort_uniq(Inputs &inputs) {
  sort(all(inputs));
  inputs.erase(unique(all(inputs)), inputs.end());
}

vector<string> split(const string &s, char delim) {
  vector<string> elems;
  stringstream ss(s);
  string item;
  if (s.size() > 0 && s.front() == delim) {
    elems.push_back("");
  }
  while (getline(ss, item, delim)) {
    if (!item.empty()) {
      elems.push_back(item);
    }
  }
  if (s.size() > 0 && s.back() == delim) {
    elems.push_back("");
  }
  return elems;
}

template <class T> map<T, ll> inv_map(vector<T> &x) {
  map<T, ll> res;
  rep(i, 0, x.size()) { res[x[i]] = i; }
  return res;
}
template <class K, class V> map<V, K> inv_map(map<K, V> &m) {
  map<V, K> res;
  for (const auto &x : m) {
    res[x.second] = x.first;
  }
  return res;
}
template <class T>
constexpr bool exist(const vector<T> &container, const T &val) {
  return find(all(container), val) != container.end();
}
template <class T> constexpr bool exist(const set<T> &container, const T &val) {
  return container.find(val) != container.end();
}
template <class T, class S>
constexpr bool exist(const map<T, S> &container, const T &val) {
  return container.find(val) != container.end();
}

// inner prod: |a||b|cos(theta)
template <class T> T dot(complex<T> a, complex<T> b) {
  return a.real() * b.real() + a.imag() * b.imag();
}
// outer prod |a||b|sin(theta)
template <class T> T cross(complex<T> a, complex<T> b) {
  return a.real() * b.imag() - a.imag() * b.real();
}

#include <chrono>

class Timer {
  chrono::time_point<chrono::system_clock> start;

public:
  Timer() : start(chrono::system_clock::now()) {}
  double seconds() {
    return chrono::duration<double>(chrono::system_clock::now() - start)
        .count();
  }
  void reset() { start = chrono::system_clock::now(); }
};

struct UnionFind {
  vector<ll> data;
  vll querySize_;
  set<ll> roots;
  vll diff_weight;
  UnionFind(ll size)
      : data(size, -1), querySize_(size, 0), diff_weight(size, 0) {
    rep(i, 0, size) roots.insert(i);
  }
  // return : pair {new root, old root}
  pll unite(ll x, ll y, ll w = 0) {
    // return: root
    w += weight(x);
    w -= weight(y);
    x = get_root(x);
    y = get_root(y);
    if (x != y) {
      if (data[y] < data[x])
        swap(x, y), w = -w;
      diff_weight[y] = w;
      data[x] += data[y];
      data[y] = x;
      querySize_[x] += querySize_[y] + 1;
      roots.erase(y);
      return {x, y};
    } else {
      querySize_[x]++;
      return {x, y};
    }
  }
  bool is_same(ll x, ll y) {
    // check whether x and y are connected
    return get_root(x) == get_root(y);
  }
  ll get_root(ll x) {
    // get root and compress path
    if (data[x] < 0) {
      return x;
    } else {
      auto root = get_root(data[x]);
      diff_weight[x] += diff_weight[data[x]];
      return data[x] = root;
    }
  }
  ll size(ll x) { return -data[get_root(x)]; }
  ll query_size(ll x) { return querySize_[get_root(x)]; }

  const set<ll> &get_roots() { return roots; }
  void initialize() {
    for (auto &i : data) {
      i = -1;
    }
  }
  ll weight(ll x) {
    get_root(x);
    return diff_weight[x];
  }
  ll weight_diff(ll x, ll y) { return weight(y) - weight(x); }
};

#include <fstream>
#ifdef _WIN64
#include <direct.h>
#endif

enum class GraphDir { dir, undir };

template <class cost_t> struct Edge_Base {
  ll from;
  ll to;
  cost_t cost;
  Edge_Base reverse() const { return Edge_Base{to, from, cost}; }
  Edge_Base(ll from, ll to, cost_t cost = 1) : from(from), to(to), cost(cost){};
  Edge_Base(pll e) : from(e.first), to(e.second), cost(1) {}
  Edge_Base() : from(0), to(0), cost(1){};
  bool operator<(const Edge_Base &e) const { return cost < e.cost; }
  bool operator>(const Edge_Base &e) const { return cost > e.cost; }
  bool operator==(const Edge_Base &e) const {
    return cost == e.cost && from == e.from && to == e.to;
  }
  string dot(GraphDir dir, bool weighted) const {
    return to_string(from) + (dir == GraphDir::dir ? "->" : "--") +
           to_string(to) +
           (weighted ? "[label = " + to_string(cost) + "]" : "");
  }
};
using Edge = Edge_Base<ll>;

template <class EdgeType, class EdgeContainerType> struct Edge_Itr_Base {
  constexpr Edge_Itr_Base() : index(), edges(nullptr) {}
  constexpr Edge_Itr_Base(ll index, EdgeContainerType &edges_)
      : index(index), edges(&edges_) {}
  constexpr Edge_Itr_Base &operator++() {
    ++index;
    return *this;
  }
  constexpr bool operator==(const Edge_Itr_Base &rhs) const {
    return index == rhs.index;
  }
  constexpr bool operator!=(const Edge_Itr_Base &rhs) const {
    return index != rhs.index;
  }
  constexpr EdgeType *operator->() const { return &(*edges)[index]; }
  constexpr EdgeType &operator*() const { return (*edges)[index]; }
  constexpr Edge_Itr_Base &operator+=(ll n) {
    index += n;
    return *this;
  }
  ll index;
  EdgeContainerType *edges;
};

auto nullAction = [](const auto &) {};

template <GraphDir dir, class cost_t> struct Graph_Base {
  using Edge = Edge_Base<cost_t>;
  using Edge_Itr = Edge_Itr_Base<Edge_Base<cost_t>, vector<Edge_Base<cost_t>>>;
  using Edge_CItr =
      Edge_Itr_Base<const Edge_Base<cost_t>, const vector<Edge_Base<cost_t>>>;
  ll nodeSize;
  vector<Edge> edges;
  vector<vector<Edge_Itr>> out_edges;
  // vector<vector<Edge_Itr>> in_edges;
  Graph_Base(ll nodeSize, const vector<Edge> &edges_ = vector<Edge>(),
             GraphDir dirct = GraphDir::dir)
      : nodeSize(nodeSize), out_edges(nodeSize) {
    for (const Edge &e : edges_)
      push(e);
  }
  Graph_Base(ll nodeSize, vector<pll> edges_)
      : nodeSize(nodeSize), out_edges(nodeSize) {
    for (const pll &e : edges_)
      push(Edge(e));
  }
  Graph_Base(vvll ajacency_matrix, ll default_value)
      : nodeSize(ajacency_matrix.size()), out_edges(nodeSize) {
    ll n = ajacency_matrix.size();
    rep(i, 0, n) rep(j, 0, n) {
      if (ajacency_matrix[i][j] != default_value)
        push(Edge(i, j, ajacency_matrix[i][j]));
    }
  }
  Graph_Base(const Graph_Base &g) : nodeSize(g.nodeSize), out_edges(nodeSize) {
    this->push(g.edges);
  }
  Graph_Base &operator=(const Graph_Base &g) {
    nodeSize = g.nodeSize;
    out_edges.resize(nodeSize);
    push(g.edges);
    return *this;
  }

  Edge &operator[](ll ind) { return this->edges[ind]; }
  const Edge &operator[](ll ind) const { return this->edges[ind]; }
  vector<Edge_Itr> &out(ll ind) { return this->out_edges[ind]; }
  const vector<Edge_Itr> &out(ll ind) const { return this->out_edges[ind]; }
  // vector<Edge_Itr>& in(ll ind){ return this->in_edges[ind]; }
  // const vector<Edge_Itr>& in(ll ind) const{ return this->in_edges[ind]; }
  Edge_Itr begin() { return Edge_Itr(0, edges); }
  Edge_Itr end() { return Edge_Itr(edges.size(), edges); }
  Edge_CItr begin() const { return Edge_CItr(0, edges); }
  Edge_CItr end() const { return Edge_CItr(edges.size(), edges); }

  ll size() const { return nodeSize; }
  ll sizeEdges() const { return edges.size(); }
  void _push(const Edge &edge) {
    assert(max(edge.from, edge.to) < nodeSize);
    edges.emplace_back(edge);
    out_edges[edge.from].emplace_back(Edge_Itr(edges.size() - 1, edges));
    // in_edges[edge.to].emplace_back(Edge_Itr(edges.size() - 1, edges));
  }

public:
  template <class T = void>
  void push(const Edge &edge,
            enable_if_t<dir == GraphDir::undir, T *> = nullptr) {
    _push(edge);
    _push(edge.reverse());
  }
  template <class T = void>
  void push(const Edge &edge,
            enable_if_t<dir == GraphDir::dir, T *> = nullptr) {
    _push(edge);
  }
  void push(vector<Edge> edges) {
    for (const Edge &e : edges) {
      push(e);
    }
  }
  vvll adjacency_matrix() const {
    vvll d(size(), vll(size(), INF));
    for (auto &e : edges) {
      d[e.from][e.to] = e.cost;
    }
    rep(i, 0, size()) { d[i][i] = 0; }
    return d;
  }

  Graph_Base reverse() const {
    Graph_Base g(size());
    for (const auto &e : this->edges) {
      g.push(e.reverse());
    }
    return g;
  }

  vll get_topologically_sorted_nodes() const {
    // graph needs to be represented by adjacent list.
    // complexity: O( node size + edge size)
    ll nodeSize = this->size();

    // find root
    vll roots;
    vll inDegree(nodeSize);
    rep(i, 0, nodeSize) {
      for (auto &sibling : this->out(i)) {
        inDegree[sibling->to]++;
      }
    }
    rep(i, 0, nodeSize) {
      if (inDegree[i] == 0) {
        roots.push_back(i);
      }
    }

    stack<ll> parents;
    for (ll i : roots)
      parents.push(i);

    vll sortedNodes;
    while (!parents.empty()) {
      ll parent = parents.top();
      parents.pop();
      sortedNodes.push_back(parent);
      for (auto &sibling : this->out(parent)) {
        inDegree[sibling->to]--;
        if (inDegree[sibling->to] == 0) {
          parents.push(sibling->to);
        }
      }
    }
    return sortedNodes;
  }

  // not safe for Edge_Itr
  // void topological_sort() {
  //	vll sorted = get_topologically_sorted_nodes();
  //	vll new_ind(sorted.size());
  //	vector<Edge> new_edges;
  //	rep(i, 0, sorted.size()) {
  //		new_ind[sorted[i]] = i;
  //	}
  //	for (Edge& e : edges) {
  //		new_edges.emplace_back(Edge{ new_ind[e.from], new_ind[e.to],e.cost
  //});
  //	}
  //	*this = Graph_Base(this->size(), new_edges);
  //}
  cost_t diameter() const {
    // require : graph is tree
    // calculate the diameter ( longest path length ) in O(N)
    vector<cost_t> dp(size(), -1);
    cost_t m = 0;
    ll ind;
    function<void(ll)> dfs = [&](ll x) {
      for (auto &e : this->out(x)) {
        ll nextnode = e->to;
        if (dp[nextnode] == -1) {
          dp[nextnode] = dp[x] + e->cost;
          if (dp[nextnode] > m) {
            m = dp[nextnode];
            ind = nextnode;
          }
          dfs(nextnode);
        }
      }
    };
    dp[0] = 0;
    ind = 0;
    dfs(0);
    ll first = ind;
    fill_v(dp, -1);
    dp[first] = 0;
    dfs(first);
    return m;
    // remark two end points of diameter are 'first' and 'ind';
  }

  cost_t max_length() const {
    // calculate the max lenth of path in the graph
    vector<cost_t> dp(size(), -1);
    auto dfs = [&](auto dfs, ll x) -> void {
      for (auto &e : this->out(x)) {
        if (dp[e->to] == -1) {
          dp[e->to] = 0;
          dfs(dfs, e->to);
        }
        chmax(dp[e->from], dp[e->to] + e->cost);
      }
    };
    rep(node, 0, size()) dfs(dfs, node);
    return *max_element(all(dp));
  }

  vll leaves() const {
    vll res;
    rep(i, 0, nodeSize) {
      if (out(i).size() <= 1)
        res.push_back(i);
    }
    return res;
  }

  template <class T, class S = decltype(nullAction)>
  void dfs(ll startNode, T before_act, S after_act = nullAction) const {
    // Impliment func: void(const Edge&) representing what this should do, when
    // target node moves from visited node (e.from) to unvisited node (e.to).
    const auto &graph = *this;
    vb visited(graph.size());
    auto dfs_impl = [&](auto dfs_impl, ll startNode) -> void {
      visited[startNode] = 1;
      for (auto &e : graph.out(startNode)) {
        if (visited[e->to])
          continue;
        before_act(*e);
        dfs_impl(dfs_impl, e->to);
        after_act(*e);
      }
    };
    dfs_impl(dfs_impl, startNode);
  };

  template <class T, class S = decltype(nullAction)>
  void dfs_node(ll startNode, T before_act, S after_act = nullAction) const {
    // Impliment func: void(ll node_ind) representing what this should do, when
    // target node moves from visited node to unvisited node (node_ind).
    const auto &graph = *this;
    vb visited(graph.size());
    auto dfs_impl = [&](auto dfs_impl, ll startNode) -> void {
      before_act(startNode);
      visited[startNode] = 1;
      for (auto &e : graph.out(startNode)) {
        if (visited[e->to])
          continue;
        dfs_impl(dfs_impl, e->to);
      }
      after_act(startNode);
    };
    dfs_impl(dfs_impl, startNode);
  };

  template <class T, class S = decltype(nullAction)>
  void bfs(ll startNode, T before_act, S after_act = nullAction) const {
    const auto &graph = *this;
    vb visited(graph.size());
    auto bfs_impl = [&](ll startNode) {
      // if (visited[startNode] != 0) return;
      visited[startNode] = 1;
      queue<Edge> toVisit;
      for (auto &e : graph.out(startNode))
        toVisit.push(*e);
      while (toVisit.size()) {
        auto next = toVisit.front();
        toVisit.pop();
        if (visited[next.to])
          continue;
        visited[next.to] = 1;
        before_act(next);
        for (auto &e : graph.out(next.to)) {
          if (!visited[e->to])
            toVisit.push(*e);
        }
        after_act(next);
      }
    };
    bfs_impl(startNode);
  };

  vector<cost_t> dijkstra(ll start, Timer &timer) const {
    vector<cost_t> fromList;
    return dijkstra(start, fromList, timer);
  }

  vector<cost_t> dijkstra(ll start, vector<cost_t> &from_list,
                          Timer &timer) const {
    // graph: weighted directed graph of adjacent representation
    // start: index of start point
    // return1: minimum path length from start
    // complexity : E*log(V)

    const auto &graph = *this;
    ll node_size = graph.size();
    vector<cost_t> dist(node_size, INF);
    from_list.resize(node_size);
    fill_v(from_list, -1);
    dist[start] = 0;
    pq_greater<pair<cost_t, pll>> pq;
    pq.push({0, {start, start}});
    while (!pq.empty()) {
      auto node = pq.top();
      pq.pop();
      // if not shortest path fixed, fix
      ll from = node.second.first;
      ll to = node.second.second;
      if (from_list[to] != -1)
        continue;
      from_list[to] = from;

      for (auto &edge : graph.out(to)) {

        ll adj = edge->to;
        cost_t cost = dist[to] + edge->cost;
        if (dist[adj] > cost) {
          dist[adj] = min(dist[adj], cost);
          pq.push({cost, {to, adj}});
        }
      }
    }
    return dist;
  }

  vll euler_tour(ll start) const {
    vll res;
    res.push_back(start);
    dfs(
        start, [&](const Edge &e) { res.push_back(e.to); },
        [&](const Edge &e) { res.push_back(e.from); });
    return res;
  }

  template <GraphDir out_dir> Graph_Base<out_dir, cost_t> kruskal() const {
    // returns minimal spanning tree
    Graph_Base<out_dir, cost_t> res(nodeSize);
    vpll sortedEdges;
    rep(i, 0, edges.size()) { sortedEdges.push_back({edges[i].cost, i}); }
    sort(all(sortedEdges));
    UnionFind uf(nodeSize);
    rep(i, 0, sortedEdges.size()) {
      ll cost, eInd;
      tie(cost, eInd) = sortedEdges[i];
      ll from = (*this)[eInd].from;
      ll to = (*this)[eInd].to;
      if (!uf.is_same(from, to)) {
        res.push((*this)[eInd]);
      }
      uf.unite(from, to);
    }
    return res;
  }

  vvll warshall_floyd() const {
    // O(|V|^3)
    const Graph_Base &g = *this;
    ll n = g.size();
    vvll d = g.adjacency_matrix();
    rep(k, 0, n) rep(i, 0, n) rep(j, 0, n) {
      if (d[i][j] > d[i][k] + d[k][j])
        d[i][j] = d[i][k] + d[k][j];
    }
    return d;
  }

  vll bellman_ford(ll start, ll negative_closed_loop_value = -INF) const {
    vll from_list;
    return bellman_ford(start, from_list, negative_closed_loop_value);
  }

  vll bellman_ford(ll start, vll &from_list,
                   ll negative_closed_loop_value = -INF) const {
    // O(|E| * |V|)
    const Graph_Base &g = *this;
    vll dist(g.size(), INF);
    dist[start] = 0;
    from_list.resize(g.size());
    rep(i, 0, g.size()) {
      for (const Edge &e : g) {
        if (dist[e.from] != INF && dist[e.to] > dist[e.from] + e.cost) {
          dist[e.to] = dist[e.from] + e.cost;
          from_list[e.to] = e.from;
          if (i == g.size() - 1 && dist[e.to] != INF) {
            // check negative closed loop
            dist[e.to] = negative_closed_loop_value;
          }
        }
      }
    }
    // propagate negative path
    rep(i, 0, g.size()) {
      rep(j, 0, g.edges.size()) {
        auto &e = g.edges[j];
        if (dist[e.from] == negative_closed_loop_value && dist[e.from] != INF)
          dist[e.to] = negative_closed_loop_value;
      }
    }
    return dist;
  }

  bool is_bipartite() const {
    vll even(size(), -1);
    even[0] = 0;
    bool ok = true;
    dfs_node(0, [&](ll node) {
      for (auto &e : out(node)) {
        if (even[e->to] != -1) {
          if (even[e->from] == even[e->to]) {
            ok = false;
            break;
          }
        } else {
          even[e->to] = !even[e->from];
        }
      }
    });
    return ok;
  }

  bool acyclic() const {
    vll loop;
    return acyclic(loop);
  }
  bool acyclic(vll &loop) const {
    // check whether directed graph has cycle in O(|V| + |E|)
    // found loop is stored to "loop"
    auto &g = *this;
    vll visited(size());
    vll stack;
    auto dfs = [&](auto dfs, ll node, ll par) -> bool {
      visited[node] = 1;
      stack.push_back(node);
      for (auto &e : g.out(node)) {
        if ((dir == GraphDir::dir || par != e->to) && visited[e->to] == 1) {
          if (loop.empty()) {
            auto it = find(all(stack), e->to);
            copy(it, stack.end(), back_inserter(loop));
          }
          return false;
        } else if (visited[e->to] == 0 && !dfs(dfs, e->to, e->from))
          return false;
      }
      visited[node] = 2;
      stack.pop_back();
      return true;
    };
    rep(i, 0, g.size()) {
      if (!dfs(dfs, i, i))
        return false;
    }
    return true;
  }

  Graph_Base scc(vll &components) const {
    // strongly connected components decomposition algorithm in O(|V| + |E|)
    // @ return : contracted DAG
    // @ in (components) : node i is in components[i]-th component in DAG
    static_assert(dir == GraphDir::dir, "scc is valid for directed graph");
    components.resize(size());
    vpll time(size());
    ll now = 0;
    vll visited(size());
    auto dfs = [&](auto dfs, ll node) -> void {
      visited[node] = 1;
      for (auto &&e : this->out(node)) {
        if (visited[e->to] == 0) {
          dfs(dfs, e->to);
        }
      }
      time[node] = {now++, node};
    };
    rep(i, 0, size()) {
      if (!visited[i]) {
        dfs(dfs, i);
      }
    }
    fill_v(visited, 0);
    sort(all(time));
    ll cur_comp = 0;
    auto dfs_rev = [&](auto dfs_rev, ll node) -> void {
      visited[node] = 1;
      components[node] = cur_comp;
      for (auto &&e : this->in(node)) {
        if (visited[e->from] == 0) {
          dfs_rev(dfs_rev, e->from);
        }
      }
    };
    rrep(i, 0, time.size()) {
      ll node = time[i].second;
      if (visited[node] == 0)
        dfs_rev(dfs_rev, node);
      cur_comp++;
    }
    // create contracted DAG
    Graph_Base res(cur_comp);
    set<pll> check;
    for (const Edge &e : edges) {
      ll from = components[e.from];
      ll to = components[e.to];
      if (from != to && exist(check, {from, to})) {
        res.push({from, to});
      }
    }
    return res;
  }
  string dot(bool weighted = false) const {
    // export graph as dot file
    string res = (dir == GraphDir::dir ? "digraph {" : "graph {");
    res +=
        "node [ style=filled shape=circle fontname=\\"Fira Code\\" "
        "fontcolor=darkslategray color=darkslategray fillcolor=lightcyan];\\n";
    res += "edge [ color=darkslategray ]";
    rep(i, 0, size()) { res += to_string(i) + ";\\n"; }
    set<pll> used;
    for (auto &e : edges) {
      if (!exist(used, {e.from, e.to}) &&
          (dir == GraphDir::dir || !exist(used, {e.to, e.from}))) {
        used.insert({e.from, e.to});
        res += e.dot(dir, weighted);
        res += ";\\n";
      }
    }
    res += "}\\n";
    return res;
  }
  void show(bool weighted = false, string ext = "pdf") const {
    // show graph as png file
#ifdef _WIN64
    srand(time(nullptr));
    static auto init = []() { // make dir tmp (if not exisit) and delete all
                              // files in it only once.
      return system("mkdir .\\\\tmp > NUL 2>&1") &&
             system("del /Q .\\\\tmp\\\\* > NUL 2>&1");
    }();
    string tmpdot = "./tmp/";
    string tmppng = "./tmp/";
    tmpdot += to_string(rand());
    tmppng += to_string(rand()) + "." + ext;
    ofstream of(tmpdot);
    of << dot(weighted) << endl;
    (int)system(("dot -T" + ext + " -o " + tmppng + " " + tmpdot).c_str());
    (int)system(("powershell start " + tmppng).c_str());
#endif // _WIN64
  }
};

using Graph = Graph_Base<GraphDir::undir, ll>;
using Digraph = Graph_Base<GraphDir::dir, ll>;

// vll shortest_path_generator(const vll& from_list, ll start, ll goal) {
//	// usage : vll path =  shortest_path(dijkstra(g,s).second, s, g);
//	vll path;
//	path.emplace_back(goal);
//	while (true) {
//		ll from = from_list[goal];
//		path.emplace_back(from);
//		if (from == start) {
//			break;
//		}
//		goal = from;
//	}
//	reverse(all(path));
//	return path;
// }

class FordFulkerson {
  vb usedNode;
  using Edge = Edge_Base<ll>;
  struct RevEdge {
    ll from, to, cap, rev;
  };
  vec_t<2, RevEdge> G;
  void add_revedge(const Edge &e) {
    G[e.from].push_back(RevEdge{e.from, e.to, e.cost, SZ(G[e.to])});
    G[e.to].push_back(RevEdge{e.to, e.from, 0, SZ(G[e.from]) - 1});
  }

  ll single_flow(ll from, ll to, ll flow) {
    // make a single flow
    if (from == to)
      return flow;
    usedNode[from] = 1;
    rep(i, 0, G[from].size()) {
      RevEdge &e = G[from][i];
      if (usedNode[e.to] || e.cap <= 0)
        continue;
      ll flow_from_e = single_flow(e.to, to, min(flow, e.cap));
      if (flow_from_e > 0) {
        e.cap -= flow_from_e;
        assert(e.cap >= 0);
        G[e.to][e.rev].cap += flow_from_e;
        // get a larger flow
        return flow_from_e;
      }
    }
    // if we already visited all edges or cap = 0 flow = 0;
    return 0;
  }

public:
  template <GraphDir dir, class cost_t>
  FordFulkerson(const Graph_Base<dir, cost_t> &graph)
      : usedNode(graph.size()), G(vec_t<2, RevEdge>(graph.size())) {
    rep(i, 0, graph.size()) {
      for (auto &e : graph.out(i)) {
        add_revedge(*e);
      }
    }
  }
  ll max_flow(ll from, ll to) {
    ll flow = 0;
    while (true) {
      fill_v(usedNode, 0);
      ll f = single_flow(from, to, INF);
      if (f == 0)
        return flow;
      else
        flow += f;
    }
  }
};
//
//// Least Common Ancestor
// class LCA {
// public:
//	LCA(const Graph& graph, ll root) : max_par(ll(ceil(log2(graph.size()) +
//2))), parent(graph.size(), vll(max_par,-1)), 		depth() {
//		//parent[root][0] = root;
//		graph.dfs(root, [&](const Edge & e) {
//			ll to = e.to;
//			parent[to][0] = e.from;
//			rep(i, 1, parent[to].size()) {
//				if (parent[to][i - 1] == -1)
//					return;
//				else
//					parent[to][i] = (parent[parent[to][i - 1]][i -
//1]);
//			}
//		});
//		depth = graph.dijkstra(root);
//	}
//	ll operator()(ll node1, ll node2) {
//		if (depth[node1] > depth[node2]) swap(node1, node2);
//		rrep(i, 0, max_par) {
//			if (((depth[node2] - depth[node1]) >> i) & 1) {
//				node2 = parent[node2][i];
//			}
//		}
//		if (node1 == node2)return node1;
//		rrep(i, 0, max_par) {
//			if (parent[node1][i] != parent[node2][i]) {
//				node1 = parent[node1][i];
//				node2 = parent[node2][i];
//			}
//		}
//		return parent[node1][0];
//	}
// private:
//	ll max_par;
//	vvll parent;
//	vll depth;
// };
//
// class BipartiteMatching {
//	// O(V*E)
//	int n, left, right;
//	vector< vector< int > > graph;
//	vector< int > used;
//	int timestamp;
// public:
//	BipartiteMatching(int left, int right) : n(left+right), left(left),
//right(right), graph(n), used(n, 0), timestamp(0){}
//
//	void push(int u, int v) {
//		graph[u].push_back(v + left);
//		graph[size_t(v) + left].push_back(u);
//	}
//
//	bool dfs(int idx, vector<int>& match) {
//		used[idx] = timestamp;
//		for (auto& to : graph[idx]) {
//			int to_match = match[to];
//			if (to_match == -1 || (used[to_match] != timestamp &&
//dfs(to_match, match))) { 				match[idx] = to; 				match[to] = idx; 				return true;
//			}
//		}
//		return false;
//	}
//
//	int bipartite_match(vector<int>& match) {
//		match.resize(n); fill_v(match, -1);
//		int ret = 0;
//		for (int i = 0; i < SZ(graph); i++) {
//			if (match[i] == -1) {
//				++timestamp;
//				ret += dfs(i, match);
//			}
//		}
//		return ret;
//	}
//
//	int bipartite_match() {
//		vector<int> match;
//		return bipartite_match(match);
//	}
// };
//
//// tree dfs
////auto dfs = [&](auto dfs, ll from, ll to) ->void {
////	for (auto& e : g.out(to)) {
////		if (e->to != from) {
////			// do something
////		}
////	}
////};
////dfs(dfs, 0, 0);

struct D2 {
  enum Dir { U, D, L, R };
  static inline vector<Dir> Dirs = {U, D, L, R};
  D2(ll h, ll w) : h(h), w(w){};
  bool in(ll n, D2::Dir d, ll k = 1) {
    if ((W(n) <= k - 1) && d == L)
      return false;
    if ((W(n) >= w - 1 - (k - 1)) && d == R)
      return false;
    if ((H(n) <= k - 1) && d == D)
      return false;
    if ((H(n) >= h - 1 - (k - 1)) && d == U)
      return false;
    return true;
  };
  ll next(Dir d, ll k = 1) {
    switch (d) {
    case U:
      return w * k;
    case D:
      return -w * k;
    case L:
      return -k;
    case R:
      return k;
    default:
      throw invalid_argument("not direction");
    }
  }
  ll H(ll n) { return n / w; }
  ll W(ll n) { return n % w; }

  ll h, w;
};

int main() {

  cin.tie(0);
  cout.tie(0);
  ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
  cout << fixed << setprecision(12);

  auto timer = Timer();
  ll h, w;
  cin >> h >> w;
  pll cp, dp;
  cin >> cp >> dp;
  ll C = (cp.first - 1) * w + cp.second - 1;
  ll D = (dp.first - 1) * w + dp.second - 1;
  vs _S(h);
  cin >> _S;
  string SS;
  rep(i, 0, h) { SS.insert(SS.end(), all(_S[i])); }
  ll N = h * w;
  Digraph g(N);
  D2 d2(h, w);
  rep(i, 0, N) {
    if (SS[i] == '.') {
      for (auto d : d2.Dirs) {
        ll next = i + d2.next(d);
        if (d2.in(i, d) && SS[next] == '.') {
          g.push(Edge(i, next, 0));
        }
      }
    }
  }
  rep(i, 0, N) {
    if (SS[i] == '.') {
      for (auto dir1 : {D2::L, D2::R}) {
        if (timer.seconds() > 1.8)
          abort();
        rep(i1, 0, 3) {
          for (auto dir2 : {D2::U, D2::D}) {
            rep(i2, 0, 3) {
              if (d2.in(i, dir1, i1) &&
                  d2.in(i + d2.next(dir1, i1), dir2, i2)) {
                ll next = i + d2.next(dir1, i1) + d2.next(dir2, i2);
                if (SS[next] == '.') {
                  g.push(Edge(i, next, 1));
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  auto dist = g.dijkstra(C, timer);
  cout << (dist[D] == INF ? -1 : dist[D]) << endl;

  return 0;
}


Error: -6
terminate called after throwing an instance of 'std::bad_alloc'
  what():  std::bad_alloc


Fixed submission:


#pragma GCC optimize("-O3")
#include <algorithm>
#include <array>
#include <bitset>
#include <cassert>
#include <cmath>
#include <complex>
#include <cstdio>
#include <functional>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <map>
#include <numeric>
#include <queue>
#include <random>
#include <regex>
#include <set>
#include <sstream>
#include <stack>
#include <string>
#include <time.h>
#include <type_traits>
#include <typeinfo>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <vector>
#ifdef _MSC_VER
#include <intrin.h>
#define popcnt __popcnt64
// #  define __builtin_popcount __popcnt
#else
#define popcnt __builtin_popcountll
#endif
// #include "boost/variant.hpp"

// #include <boost/multiprecision/cpp_int.hpp>
// namespace mp = boost::multiprecision;
// using lll = mp::cpp_int;

using namespace std;

using ll = long long;
constexpr ll MOD = 1000000007ll;
constexpr ll INF = 1LL << 60;
#define rep(i, N, M) for (ll i = N, i##_len = (M); i < i##_len; ++i)
#define rep_skip(i, N, M, ...)                                                 \\
  for (ll i = N, i##_len = (M); i < i##_len; i += (skip))
#define rrep(i, N, M) for (ll i = (M)-1, i##_len = (N - 1); i > i##_len; --i)
#define repbit(bit, N, DIG) rep(bit, (N), (1LL << (DIG)))
#define pb push_back
#define fir first
#define sec second
#define all(a) (a).begin(), (a).end()
#define rall(a) (a).rbegin(), (a).rend()
#define perm(c)                                                                \\
  sort(all(c));                                                                \\
  for (bool c##perm = 1; c##perm;                                              \\
       c##perm = next_permutation(                                             \\
           all(c))) // perm(c){write(c)} writes all permutation of c
constexpr ll dceil(ll x, ll y) {
  if (y < 0) {
    x *= -1;
    y *= -1;
  };
  return x > 0 ? (x + y - 1) / y : x / y;
} // ceil for x/y
constexpr ll dfloor(ll x, ll y) {
  if (y < 0) {
    x *= -1;
    y *= -1;
  };
  return x > 0 ? x / y : -dceil((-x), y);
} // floor for x/y

typedef pair<double, double> pd;
typedef pair<ll, ll> pll;
typedef vector<ll> vll;
typedef vector<vll> vvll;
typedef vector<pll> vpll;
typedef vector<bool> vb;
typedef vector<vb> vvb;
typedef vector<string> vs;
template <typename T>
using pq_greater = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<T>>;
template <typename T> using vpt = vector<complex<T>>;

template <int n> struct tll_impl {
  using type = decltype(tuple_cat(tuple<ll>(),
                                  declval<typename tll_impl<n - 1>::type>()));
};
template <> struct tll_impl<1> {
  using type = tuple<ll>;
};
template <int n> using tll = typename tll_impl<n>::type;

template <class T> constexpr ll SZ(T &v) { return static_cast<ll>(v.size()); };

template <int n, typename T> struct vec_t_impl {
  using type = vector<typename vec_t_impl<n - 1, T>::type>;
};
template <typename T> struct vec_t_impl<1, T> {
  using type = vector<T>;
};
template <int n, typename T> using vec_t = typename vec_t_impl<n, T>::type;
// check
static_assert(is_same<vec_t<3, ll>, vector<vector<vector<ll>>>>::value, "");

// decompose vector into basetype and dimension.
template <typename T> struct vec_dec {
  static constexpr int dim = 0;
  using type = T;
};
template <typename T> struct vec_dec<vector<T>> {
  static constexpr int dim = vec_dec<T>::dim + 1;
  using type = typename vec_dec<T>::type;
};
static_assert(is_same<typename vec_dec<vec_t<3, ll>>::type, ll>::value, "");
static_assert(vec_dec<vec_t<3, ll>>::dim == 3, "");

template <typename T = ll> vector<T> makev(size_t a) { return vector<T>(a); }

template <typename T = ll, typename... Ts> auto makev(size_t a, Ts... ts) {
  return vector<decltype(makev<T>(ts...))>(a, makev<T>(ts...));
} // ex:  auto dp =  makev<ll>(4,5) => vector<vector<ll>> dp(4,vector<ll>(5));

template <typename T>
struct is_vector : std::false_type {}; // check if T is vector

template <typename T> struct is_vector<vector<T>> : std::true_type {};
static_assert(is_vector<vector<ll>>::value == true &&
                  is_vector<ll>::value == false,
              "");

// check if T is vector
template <typename T> struct is_pair : std::false_type {};

template <typename T, typename S>
struct is_pair<pair<T, S>> : std::true_type {};
static_assert(is_pair<pll>::value == true && is_pair<ll>::value == false, "");

template <typename T, typename V,
          typename enable_if<!is_vector<T>::value, nullptr_t>::type = nullptr>
void fill_v(T &t, const V &v) {
  t = v;
}

template <typename T, typename V,
          typename enable_if<is_vector<T>::value, nullptr_t>::type = nullptr>
void fill_v(T &t, const V &v) {
  for (auto &&x : t)
    fill_v(x, v);
} // ex:  fill_v(dp, INF);

namespace std {
template <class T> bool operator<(const complex<T> &a, const complex<T> &b) {
  return a.real() == b.real() ? a.imag() < b.imag() : a.real() < b.real();
}
}; // namespace std

template <typename T, typename S>
istream &operator>>(istream &istr, pair<T, S> &x) {
  return istr >> x.first >> x.second;
}
template <typename T> istream &operator>>(istream &istr, vector<T> &x) {
  rep(i, 0, x.size()) istr >> x[i];
  return istr;
}
template <typename T> istream &operator>>(istream &istr, complex<T> &x) {
  T r, i;
  istr >> r >> i;
  x.real(r);
  x.imag(i);
  return istr;
}

template <typename T, typename Delim_t = string,
          typename enable_if<!is_vector<T>::value, nullptr_t>::type = nullptr>
void write(T &x, Delim_t delim = " ") {
  cout << x << delim;
}
template <typename T, typename Delim_t = string,
          typename enable_if<is_vector<T>::value, nullptr_t>::type = nullptr>
void write(T &x, Delim_t delim = " ") {
  rep(i, 0, x.size()) write(x[i], (i == (x.size() - 1) ? "" : delim));
  cout << '\\n';
}

template <typename T> void chmin(T &a, T b) {
  if (a > b)
    a = b;
}
template <typename T> void chmax(T &a, T b) {
  if (a < b)
    a = b;
}

vll seq(ll i, ll j) {
  vll res(j - i);
  rep(k, i, j) res[k] = i + k;
  return res;
}

constexpr ll POW_0(ll x, ll y) {
  if (y == 0)
    return 1;
  if (y == 1)
    return x;
  if (y == 2)
    return x * x;
  if (y % 2 == 0)
    return POW_0(POW_0(x, y / 2), 2LL);
  return ((POW_0(POW_0(x, y / 2), 2LL)) * (x));
}

constexpr ll POW(ll x, ll y, ll mod = 0) {
  if (mod == 0)
    return POW_0(x, y);
  if (y == 0)
    return 1;
  if (y == 1)
    return x % mod;
  if (y == 2)
    return x * x % mod;
  if (y % 2 == 0)
    return POW(POW(x, y / 2, mod), 2LL, mod) % mod;
  return ((POW(POW(x, y / 2, mod), 2LL, mod)) * (x % mod)) % mod;
}

template <typename Inputs, typename Functor,
          typename T = typename Inputs::value_type>
void sort_by(Inputs &inputs, Functor f) {
  std::sort(std::begin(inputs), std::end(inputs),
            [&f](const T &lhs, const T &rhs) { return f(lhs) < f(rhs); });
}

template <int pos, typename Inputs, typename T = typename Inputs::value_type>
void sort_by(Inputs &inputs) {
  std::sort(
      std::begin(inputs), std::end(inputs),
      [](const T &lhs, const T &rhs) { return get<pos>(lhs) < get<pos>(rhs); });
}

template <typename Inputs, typename Functor,
          typename T = typename Inputs::value_type>
void stable_sort_by(Inputs &inputs, Functor f) {
  std::stable_sort(
      std::begin(inputs), std::end(inputs),
      [&f](const T &lhs, const T &rhs) { return f(lhs) < f(rhs); });
}

template <typename Inputs> void sort_uniq(Inputs &inputs) {
  sort(all(inputs));
  inputs.erase(unique(all(inputs)), inputs.end());
}

vector<string> split(const string &s, char delim) {
  vector<string> elems;
  stringstream ss(s);
  string item;
  if (s.size() > 0 && s.front() == delim) {
    elems.push_back("");
  }
  while (getline(ss, item, delim)) {
    if (!item.empty()) {
      elems.push_back(item);
    }
  }
  if (s.size() > 0 && s.back() == delim) {
    elems.push_back("");
  }
  return elems;
}

template <class T> map<T, ll> inv_map(vector<T> &x) {
  map<T, ll> res;
  rep(i, 0, x.size()) { res[x[i]] = i; }
  return res;
}
template <class K, class V> map<V, K> inv_map(map<K, V> &m) {
  map<V, K> res;
  for (const auto &x : m) {
    res[x.second] = x.first;
  }
  return res;
}
template <class T>
constexpr bool exist(const vector<T> &container, const T &val) {
  return find(all(container), val) != container.end();
}
template <class T> constexpr bool exist(const set<T> &container, const T &val) {
  return container.find(val) != container.end();
}
template <class T, class S>
constexpr bool exist(const map<T, S> &container, const T &val) {
  return container.find(val) != container.end();
}

// inner prod: |a||b|cos(theta)
template <class T> T dot(complex<T> a, complex<T> b) {
  return a.real() * b.real() + a.imag() * b.imag();
}
// outer prod |a||b|sin(theta)
template <class T> T cross(complex<T> a, complex<T> b) {
  return a.real() * b.imag() - a.imag() * b.real();
}

#include <chrono>

class Timer {
  chrono::time_point<chrono::system_clock> start;

public:
  Timer() : start(chrono::system_clock::now()) {}
  double seconds() {
    return chrono::duration<double>(chrono::system_clock::now() - start)
        .count();
  }
  void reset() { start = chrono::system_clock::now(); }
};

struct UnionFind {
  vector<ll> data;
  vll querySize_;
  set<ll> roots;
  vll diff_weight;
  UnionFind(ll size)
      : data(size, -1), querySize_(size, 0), diff_weight(size, 0) {
    rep(i, 0, size) roots.insert(i);
  }
  // return : pair {new root, old root}
  pll unite(ll x, ll y, ll w = 0) {
    // return: root
    w += weight(x);
    w -= weight(y);
    x = get_root(x);
    y = get_root(y);
    if (x != y) {
      if (data[y] < data[x])
        swap(x, y), w = -w;
      diff_weight[y] = w;
      data[x] += data[y];
      data[y] = x;
      querySize_[x] += querySize_[y] + 1;
      roots.erase(y);
      return {x, y};
    } else {
      querySize_[x]++;
      return {x, y};
    }
  }
  bool is_same(ll x, ll y) {
    // check whether x and y are connected
    return get_root(x) == get_root(y);
  }
  ll get_root(ll x) {
    // get root and compress path
    if (data[x] < 0) {
      return x;
    } else {
      auto root = get_root(data[x]);
      diff_weight[x] += diff_weight[data[x]];
      return data[x] = root;
    }
  }
  ll size(ll x) { return -data[get_root(x)]; }
  ll query_size(ll x) { return querySize_[get_root(x)]; }

  const set<ll> &get_roots() { return roots; }
  void initialize() {
    for (auto &i : data) {
      i = -1;
    }
  }
  ll weight(ll x) {
    get_root(x);
    return diff_weight[x];
  }
  ll weight_diff(ll x, ll y) { return weight(y) - weight(x); }
};

#include <fstream>
#ifdef _WIN64
#include <direct.h>
#endif

enum class GraphDir { dir, undir };

template <class cost_t> struct Edge_Base {
  ll from;
  ll to;
  cost_t cost;
  Edge_Base reverse() const { return Edge_Base{to, from, cost}; }
  Edge_Base(ll from, ll to, cost_t cost = 1) : from(from), to(to), cost(cost){};
  Edge_Base(pll e) : from(e.first), to(e.second), cost(1) {}
  Edge_Base() : from(0), to(0), cost(1){};
  bool operator<(const Edge_Base &e) const { return cost < e.cost; }
  bool operator>(const Edge_Base &e) const { return cost > e.cost; }
  bool operator==(const Edge_Base &e) const {
    return cost == e.cost && from == e.from && to == e.to;
  }
  string dot(GraphDir dir, bool weighted) const {
    return to_string(from) + (dir == GraphDir::dir ? "->" : "--") +
           to_string(to) +
           (weighted ? "[label = " + to_string(cost) + "]" : "");
  }
};
using Edge = Edge_Base<ll>;

template <class EdgeType, class EdgeContainerType> struct Edge_Itr_Base {
  constexpr Edge_Itr_Base() : index(), edges(nullptr) {}
  constexpr Edge_Itr_Base(ll index, EdgeContainerType &edges_)
      : index(index), edges(&edges_) {}
  constexpr Edge_Itr_Base &operator++() {
    ++index;
    return *this;
  }
  constexpr bool operator==(const Edge_Itr_Base &rhs) const {
    return index == rhs.index;
  }
  constexpr bool operator!=(const Edge_Itr_Base &rhs) const {
    return index != rhs.index;
  }
  constexpr EdgeType *operator->() const { return &(*edges)[index]; }
  constexpr EdgeType &operator*() const { return (*edges)[index]; }
  constexpr Edge_Itr_Base &operator+=(ll n) {
    index += n;
    return *this;
  }
  ll index;
  EdgeContainerType *edges;
};

auto nullAction = [](const auto &) {};

template <GraphDir dir, class cost_t> struct Graph_Base {
  using Edge = Edge_Base<cost_t>;
  using Edge_Itr = Edge_Itr_Base<Edge_Base<cost_t>, vector<Edge_Base<cost_t>>>;
  using Edge_CItr =
      Edge_Itr_Base<const Edge_Base<cost_t>, const vector<Edge_Base<cost_t>>>;
  ll nodeSize;
  vector<Edge> edges;
  vector<vector<Edge_Itr>> out_edges;
  vector<vector<Edge_Itr>> in_edges;
  Graph_Base(ll nodeSize, const vector<Edge> &edges_ = vector<Edge>(),
             GraphDir dirct = GraphDir::dir)
      : nodeSize(nodeSize), out_edges(nodeSize), in_edges(nodeSize) {
    for (const Edge &e : edges_)
      push(e);
  }
  Graph_Base(ll nodeSize, vector<pll> edges_)
      : nodeSize(nodeSize), out_edges(nodeSize), in_edges(nodeSize) {
    for (const pll &e : edges_)
      push(Edge(e));
  }
  Graph_Base(vvll ajacency_matrix, ll default_value)
      : nodeSize(ajacency_matrix.size()), out_edges(nodeSize),
        in_edges(nodeSize) {
    ll n = ajacency_matrix.size();
    rep(i, 0, n) rep(j, 0, n) {
      if (ajacency_matrix[i][j] != default_value)
        push(Edge(i, j, ajacency_matrix[i][j]));
    }
  }
  Graph_Base(const Graph_Base &g)
      : nodeSize(g.nodeSize), out_edges(nodeSize), in_edges(nodeSize) {
    this->push(g.edges);
  }
  Graph_Base &operator=(const Graph_Base &g) {
    nodeSize = g.nodeSize;
    out_edges.resize(nodeSize);
    in_edges.resize(nodeSize);
    push(g.edges);
    return *this;
  }

  Edge &operator[](ll ind) { return this->edges[ind]; }
  const Edge &operator[](ll ind) const { return this->edges[ind]; }
  vector<Edge_Itr> &out(ll ind) { return this->out_edges[ind]; }
  const vector<Edge_Itr> &out(ll ind) const { return this->out_edges[ind]; }
  vector<Edge_Itr> &in(ll ind) { return this->in_edges[ind]; }
  const vector<Edge_Itr> &in(ll ind) const { return this->in_edges[ind]; }
  Edge_Itr begin() { return Edge_Itr(0, edges); }
  Edge_Itr end() { return Edge_Itr(edges.size(), edges); }
  Edge_CItr begin() const { return Edge_CItr(0, edges); }
  Edge_CItr end() const { return Edge_CItr(edges.size(), edges); }

  ll size() const { return nodeSize; }
  ll sizeEdges() const { return edges.size(); }
  void _push(const Edge &edge) {
    assert(max(edge.from, edge.to) < nodeSize);
    edges.emplace_back(edge);
    out_edges[edge.from].emplace_back(Edge_Itr(edges.size() - 1, edges));
    in_edges[edge.to].emplace_back(Edge_Itr(edges.size() - 1, edges));
  }

public:
  template <class T = void>
  void push(const Edge &edge,
            enable_if_t<dir == GraphDir::undir, T *> = nullptr) {
    _push(edge);
    _push(edge.reverse());
  }
  template <class T = void>
  void push(const Edge &edge,
            enable_if_t<dir == GraphDir::dir, T *> = nullptr) {
    _push(edge);
  }
  void push(vector<Edge> edges) {
    for (const Edge &e : edges) {
      push(e);
    }
  }
  vvll adjacency_matrix() const {
    vvll d(size(), vll(size(), INF));
    for (auto &e : edges) {
      d[e.from][e.to] = e.cost;
    }
    rep(i, 0, size()) { d[i][i] = 0; }
    return d;
  }

  Graph_Base reverse() const {
    Graph_Base g(size());
    for (const auto &e : this->edges) {
      g.push(e.reverse());
    }
    return g;
  }

  vll get_topologically_sorted_nodes() const {
    // graph needs to be represented by adjacent list.
    // complexity: O( node size + edge size)
    ll nodeSize = this->size();

    // find root
    vll roots;
    vll inDegree(nodeSize);
    rep(i, 0, nodeSize) {
      for (auto &sibling : this->out(i)) {
        inDegree[sibling->to]++;
      }
    }
    rep(i, 0, nodeSize) {
      if (inDegree[i] == 0) {
        roots.push_back(i);
      }
    }

    stack<ll> parents;
    for (ll i : roots)
      parents.push(i);

    vll sortedNodes;
    while (!parents.empty()) {
      ll parent = parents.top();
      parents.pop();
      sortedNodes.push_back(parent);
      for (auto &sibling : this->out(parent)) {
        inDegree[sibling->to]--;
        if (inDegree[sibling->to] == 0) {
          parents.push(sibling->to);
        }
      }
    }
    return sortedNodes;
  }

  // not safe for Edge_Itr
  // void topological_sort() {
  //	vll sorted = get_topologically_sorted_nodes();
  //	vll new_ind(sorted.size());
  //	vector<Edge> new_edges;
  //	rep(i, 0, sorted.size()) {
  //		new_ind[sorted[i]] = i;
  //	}
  //	for (Edge& e : edges) {
  //		new_edges.emplace_back(Edge{ new_ind[e.from], new_ind[e.to],e.cost
  //});
  //	}
  //	*this = Graph_Base(this->size(), new_edges);
  //}
  cost_t diameter() const {
    // require : graph is tree
    // calculate the diameter ( longest path length ) in O(N)
    vector<cost_t> dp(size(), -1);
    cost_t m = 0;
    ll ind;
    function<void(ll)> dfs = [&](ll x) {
      for (auto &e : this->out(x)) {
        ll nextnode = e->to;
        if (dp[nextnode] == -1) {
          dp[nextnode] = dp[x] + e->cost;
          if (dp[nextnode] > m) {
            m = dp[nextnode];
            ind = nextnode;
          }
          dfs(nextnode);
        }
      }
    };
    dp[0] = 0;
    ind = 0;
    dfs(0);
    ll first = ind;
    fill_v(dp, -1);
    dp[first] = 0;
    dfs(first);
    return m;
    // remark two end points of diameter are 'first' and 'ind';
  }

  cost_t max_length() const {
    // calculate the max lenth of path in the graph
    vector<cost_t> dp(size(), -1);
    auto dfs = [&](auto dfs, ll x) -> void {
      for (auto &e : this->out(x)) {
        if (dp[e->to] == -1) {
          dp[e->to] = 0;
          dfs(dfs, e->to);
        }
        chmax(dp[e->from], dp[e->to] + e->cost);
      }
    };
    rep(node, 0, size()) dfs(dfs, node);
    return *max_element(all(dp));
  }

  vll leaves() const {
    vll res;
    rep(i, 0, nodeSize) {
      if (out(i).size() <= 1)
        res.push_back(i);
    }
    return res;
  }

  template <class T, class S = decltype(nullAction)>
  void dfs(ll startNode, T before_act, S after_act = nullAction) const {
    // Impliment func: void(const Edge&) representing what this should do, when
    // target node moves from visited node (e.from) to unvisited node (e.to).
    const auto &graph = *this;
    vb visited(graph.size());
    auto dfs_impl = [&](auto dfs_impl, ll startNode) -> void {
      visited[startNode] = 1;
      for (auto &e : graph.out(startNode)) {
        if (visited[e->to])
          continue;
        before_act(*e);
        dfs_impl(dfs_impl, e->to);
        after_act(*e);
      }
    };
    dfs_impl(dfs_impl, startNode);
  };

  template <class T, class S = decltype(nullAction)>
  void dfs_node(ll startNode, T before_act, S after_act = nullAction) const {
    // Impliment func: void(ll node_ind) representing what this should do, when
    // target node moves from visited node to unvisited node (node_ind).
    const auto &graph = *this;
    vb visited(graph.size());
    auto dfs_impl = [&](auto dfs_impl, ll startNode) -> void {
      before_act(startNode);
      visited[startNode] = 1;
      for (auto &e : graph.out(startNode)) {
        if (visited[e->to])
          continue;
        dfs_impl(dfs_impl, e->to);
      }
      after_act(startNode);
    };
    dfs_impl(dfs_impl, startNode);
  };

  template <class T, class S = decltype(nullAction)>
  void bfs(ll startNode, T before_act, S after_act = nullAction) const {
    const auto &graph = *this;
    vb visited(graph.size());
    auto bfs_impl = [&](ll startNode) {
      // if (visited[startNode] != 0) return;
      visited[startNode] = 1;
      queue<Edge> toVisit;
      for (auto &e : graph.out(startNode))
        toVisit.push(*e);
      while (toVisit.size()) {
        auto next = toVisit.front();
        toVisit.pop();
        if (visited[next.to])
          continue;
        visited[next.to] = 1;
        before_act(next);
        for (auto &e : graph.out(next.to)) {
          if (!visited[e->to])
            toVisit.push(*e);
        }
        after_act(next);
      }
    };
    bfs_impl(startNode);
  };

  vector<cost_t> dijkstra(ll start, Timer &timer) const {
    vector<cost_t> fromList;
    return dijkstra(start, fromList, timer);
  }

  vector<cost_t> dijkstra(ll start, vector<cost_t> &from_list,
                          Timer &timer) const {
    // graph: weighted directed graph of adjacent representation
    // start: index of start point
    // return1: minimum path length from start
    // complexity : E*log(V)

    const auto &graph = *this;
    ll node_size = graph.size();
    vector<cost_t> dist(node_size, INF);
    from_list.resize(node_size);
    fill_v(from_list, -1);
    dist[start] = 0;
    pq_greater<pair<cost_t, pll>> pq;
    pq.push({0, {start, start}});
    while (!pq.empty()) {
      auto node = pq.top();
      pq.pop();
      // if not shortest path fixed, fix
      ll from = node.second.first;
      ll to = node.second.second;
      if (from_list[to] != -1)
        continue;
      from_list[to] = from;

      for (auto &edge : graph.out(to)) {

        ll adj = edge->to;
        cost_t cost = dist[to] + edge->cost;
        if (dist[adj] > cost) {
          dist[adj] = min(dist[adj], cost);
          pq.push({cost, {to, adj}});
        }
      }
    }
    return dist;
  }

  vll euler_tour(ll start) const {
    vll res;
    res.push_back(start);
    dfs(
        start, [&](const Edge &e) { res.push_back(e.to); },
        [&](const Edge &e) { res.push_back(e.from); });
    return res;
  }

  template <GraphDir out_dir> Graph_Base<out_dir, cost_t> kruskal() const {
    // returns minimal spanning tree
    Graph_Base<out_dir, cost_t> res(nodeSize);
    vpll sortedEdges;
    rep(i, 0, edges.size()) { sortedEdges.push_back({edges[i].cost, i}); }
    sort(all(sortedEdges));
    UnionFind uf(nodeSize);
    rep(i, 0, sortedEdges.size()) {
      ll cost, eInd;
      tie(cost, eInd) = sortedEdges[i];
      ll from = (*this)[eInd].from;
      ll to = (*this)[eInd].to;
      if (!uf.is_same(from, to)) {
        res.push((*this)[eInd]);
      }
      uf.unite(from, to);
    }
    return res;
  }

  vvll warshall_floyd() const {
    // O(|V|^3)
    const Graph_Base &g = *this;
    ll n = g.size();
    vvll d = g.adjacency_matrix();
    rep(k, 0, n) rep(i, 0, n) rep(j, 0, n) {
      if (d[i][j] > d[i][k] + d[k][j])
        d[i][j] = d[i][k] + d[k][j];
    }
    return d;
  }

  vll bellman_ford(ll start, ll negative_closed_loop_value = -INF) const {
    vll from_list;
    return bellman_ford(start, from_list, negative_closed_loop_value);
  }

  vll bellman_ford(ll start, vll &from_list,
                   ll negative_closed_loop_value = -INF) const {
    // O(|E| * |V|)
    const Graph_Base &g = *this;
    vll dist(g.size(), INF);
    dist[start] = 0;
    from_list.resize(g.size());
    rep(i, 0, g.size()) {
      for (const Edge &e : g) {
        if (dist[e.from] != INF && dist[e.to] > dist[e.from] + e.cost) {
          dist[e.to] = dist[e.from] + e.cost;
          from_list[e.to] = e.from;
          if (i == g.size() - 1 && dist[e.to] != INF) {
            // check negative closed loop
            dist[e.to] = negative_closed_loop_value;
          }
        }
      }
    }
    // propagate negative path
    rep(i, 0, g.size()) {
      rep(j, 0, g.edges.size()) {
        auto &e = g.edges[j];
        if (dist[e.from] == negative_closed_loop_value && dist[e.from] != INF)
          dist[e.to] = negative_closed_loop_value;
      }
    }
    return dist;
  }

  bool is_bipartite() const {
    vll even(size(), -1);
    even[0] = 0;
    bool ok = true;
    dfs_node(0, [&](ll node) {
      for (auto &e : out(node)) {
        if (even[e->to] != -1) {
          if (even[e->from] == even[e->to]) {
            ok = false;
            break;
          }
        } else {
          even[e->to] = !even[e->from];
        }
      }
    });
    return ok;
  }

  bool acyclic() const {
    vll loop;
    return acyclic(loop);
  }
  bool acyclic(vll &loop) const {
    // check whether directed graph has cycle in O(|V| + |E|)
    // found loop is stored to "loop"
    auto &g = *this;
    vll visited(size());
    vll stack;
    auto dfs = [&](auto dfs, ll node, ll par) -> bool {
      visited[node] = 1;
      stack.push_back(node);
      for (auto &e : g.out(node)) {
        if ((dir == GraphDir::dir || par != e->to) && visited[e->to] == 1) {
          if (loop.empty()) {
            auto it = find(all(stack), e->to);
            copy(it, stack.end(), back_inserter(loop));
          }
          return false;
        } else if (visited[e->to] == 0 && !dfs(dfs, e->to, e->from))
          return false;
      }
      visited[node] = 2;
      stack.pop_back();
      return true;
    };
    rep(i, 0, g.size()) {
      if (!dfs(dfs, i, i))
        return false;
    }
    return true;
  }

  Graph_Base scc(vll &components) const {
    // strongly connected components decomposition algorithm in O(|V| + |E|)
    // @ return : contracted DAG
    // @ in (components) : node i is in components[i]-th component in DAG
    static_assert(dir == GraphDir::dir, "scc is valid for directed graph");
    components.resize(size());
    vpll time(size());
    ll now = 0;
    vll visited(size());
    auto dfs = [&](auto dfs, ll node) -> void {
      visited[node] = 1;
      for (auto &&e : this->out(node)) {
        if (visited[e->to] == 0) {
          dfs(dfs, e->to);
        }
      }
      time[node] = {now++, node};
    };
    rep(i, 0, size()) {
      if (!visited[i]) {
        dfs(dfs, i);
      }
    }
    fill_v(visited, 0);
    sort(all(time));
    ll cur_comp = 0;
    auto dfs_rev = [&](auto dfs_rev, ll node) -> void {
      visited[node] = 1;
      components[node] = cur_comp;
      for (auto &&e : this->in(node)) {
        if (visited[e->from] == 0) {
          dfs_rev(dfs_rev, e->from);
        }
      }
    };
    rrep(i, 0, time.size()) {
      ll node = time[i].second;
      if (visited[node] == 0)
        dfs_rev(dfs_rev, node);
      cur_comp++;
    }
    // create contracted DAG
    Graph_Base res(cur_comp);
    set<pll> check;
    for (const Edge &e : edges) {
      ll from = components[e.from];
      ll to = components[e.to];
      if (from != to && exist(check, {from, to})) {
        res.push({from, to});
      }
    }
    return res;
  }
  string dot(bool weighted = false) const {
    // export graph as dot file
    string res = (dir == GraphDir::dir ? "digraph {" : "graph {");
    res +=
        "node [ style=filled shape=circle fontname=\\"Fira Code\\" "
        "fontcolor=darkslategray color=darkslategray fillcolor=lightcyan];\\n";
    res += "edge [ color=darkslategray ]";
    rep(i, 0, size()) { res += to_string(i) + ";\\n"; }
    set<pll> used;
    for (auto &e : edges) {
      if (!exist(used, {e.from, e.to}) &&
          (dir == GraphDir::dir || !exist(used, {e.to, e.from}))) {
        used.insert({e.from, e.to});
        res += e.dot(dir, weighted);
        res += ";\\n";
      }
    }
    res += "}\\n";
    return res;
  }
  void show(bool weighted = false, string ext = "pdf") const {
    // show graph as png file
#ifdef _WIN64
    srand(time(nullptr));
    static auto init = []() { // make dir tmp (if not exisit) and delete all
                              // files in it only once.
      return system("mkdir .\\\\tmp > NUL 2>&1") &&
             system("del /Q .\\\\tmp\\\\* > NUL 2>&1");
    }();
    string tmpdot = "./tmp/";
    string tmppng = "./tmp/";
    tmpdot += to_string(rand());
    tmppng += to_string(rand()) + "." + ext;
    ofstream of(tmpdot);
    of << dot(weighted) << endl;
    (int)system(("dot -T" + ext + " -o " + tmppng + " " + tmpdot).c_str());
    (int)system(("powershell start " + tmppng).c_str());
#endif // _WIN64
  }
};

using Graph = Graph_Base<GraphDir::undir, ll>;
using Digraph = Graph_Base<GraphDir::dir, ll>;

// vll shortest_path_generator(const vll& from_list, ll start, ll goal) {
//	// usage : vll path =  shortest_path(dijkstra(g,s).second, s, g);
//	vll path;
//	path.emplace_back(goal);
//	while (true) {
//		ll from = from_list[goal];
//		path.emplace_back(from);
//		if (from == start) {
//			break;
//		}
//		goal = from;
//	}
//	reverse(all(path));
//	return path;
// }

class FordFulkerson {
  vb usedNode;
  using Edge = Edge_Base<ll>;
  struct RevEdge {
    ll from, to, cap, rev;
  };
  vec_t<2, RevEdge> G;
  void add_revedge(const Edge &e) {
    G[e.from].push_back(RevEdge{e.from, e.to, e.cost, SZ(G[e.to])});
    G[e.to].push_back(RevEdge{e.to, e.from, 0, SZ(G[e.from]) - 1});
  }

  ll single_flow(ll from, ll to, ll flow) {
    // make a single flow
    if (from == to)
      return flow;
    usedNode[from] = 1;
    rep(i, 0, G[from].size()) {
      RevEdge &e = G[from][i];
      if (usedNode[e.to] || e.cap <= 0)
        continue;
      ll flow_from_e = single_flow(e.to, to, min(flow, e.cap));
      if (flow_from_e > 0) {
        e.cap -= flow_from_e;
        assert(e.cap >= 0);
        G[e.to][e.rev].cap += flow_from_e;
        // get a larger flow
        return flow_from_e;
      }
    }
    // if we already visited all edges or cap = 0 flow = 0;
    return 0;
  }

public:
  template <GraphDir dir, class cost_t>
  FordFulkerson(const Graph_Base<dir, cost_t> &graph)
      : usedNode(graph.size()), G(vec_t<2, RevEdge>(graph.size())) {
    rep(i, 0, graph.size()) {
      for (auto &e : graph.out(i)) {
        add_revedge(*e);
      }
    }
  }
  ll max_flow(ll from, ll to) {
    ll flow = 0;
    while (true) {
      fill_v(usedNode, 0);
      ll f = single_flow(from, to, INF);
      if (f == 0)
        return flow;
      else
        flow += f;
    }
  }
};
//
//// Least Common Ancestor
// class LCA {
// public:
//	LCA(const Graph& graph, ll root) : max_par(ll(ceil(log2(graph.size()) +
//2))), parent(graph.size(), vll(max_par,-1)), 		depth() {
//		//parent[root][0] = root;
//		graph.dfs(root, [&](const Edge & e) {
//			ll to = e.to;
//			parent[to][0] = e.from;
//			rep(i, 1, parent[to].size()) {
//				if (parent[to][i - 1] == -1)
//					return;
//				else
//					parent[to][i] = (parent[parent[to][i - 1]][i -
//1]);
//			}
//		});
//		depth = graph.dijkstra(root);
//	}
//	ll operator()(ll node1, ll node2) {
//		if (depth[node1] > depth[node2]) swap(node1, node2);
//		rrep(i, 0, max_par) {
//			if (((depth[node2] - depth[node1]) >> i) & 1) {
//				node2 = parent[node2][i];
//			}
//		}
//		if (node1 == node2)return node1;
//		rrep(i, 0, max_par) {
//			if (parent[node1][i] != parent[node2][i]) {
//				node1 = parent[node1][i];
//				node2 = parent[node2][i];
//			}
//		}
//		return parent[node1][0];
//	}
// private:
//	ll max_par;
//	vvll parent;
//	vll depth;
// };
//
// class BipartiteMatching {
//	// O(V*E)
//	int n, left, right;
//	vector< vector< int > > graph;
//	vector< int > used;
//	int timestamp;
// public:
//	BipartiteMatching(int left, int right) : n(left+right), left(left),
//right(right), graph(n), used(n, 0), timestamp(0){}
//
//	void push(int u, int v) {
//		graph[u].push_back(v + left);
//		graph[size_t(v) + left].push_back(u);
//	}
//
//	bool dfs(int idx, vector<int>& match) {
//		used[idx] = timestamp;
//		for (auto& to : graph[idx]) {
//			int to_match = match[to];
//			if (to_match == -1 || (used[to_match] != timestamp &&
//dfs(to_match, match))) { 				match[idx] = to; 				match[to] = idx; 				return true;
//			}
//		}
//		return false;
//	}
//
//	int bipartite_match(vector<int>& match) {
//		match.resize(n); fill_v(match, -1);
//		int ret = 0;
//		for (int i = 0; i < SZ(graph); i++) {
//			if (match[i] == -1) {
//				++timestamp;
//				ret += dfs(i, match);
//			}
//		}
//		return ret;
//	}
//
//	int bipartite_match() {
//		vector<int> match;
//		return bipartite_match(match);
//	}
// };
//
//// tree dfs
////auto dfs = [&](auto dfs, ll from, ll to) ->void {
////	for (auto& e : g.out(to)) {
////		if (e->to != from) {
////			// do something
////		}
////	}
////};
////dfs(dfs, 0, 0);

struct D2 {
  enum Dir { U, D, L, R };
  static inline vector<Dir> Dirs = {U, D, L, R};
  D2(ll h, ll w) : h(h), w(w){};
  bool in(ll n, D2::Dir d, ll k = 1) {
    if ((W(n) <= k - 1) && d == L)
      return false;
    if ((W(n) >= w - 1 - (k - 1)) && d == R)
      return false;
    if ((H(n) <= k - 1) && d == D)
      return false;
    if ((H(n) >= h - 1 - (k - 1)) && d == U)
      return false;
    return true;
  };
  ll next(Dir d, ll k = 1) {
    switch (d) {
    case U:
      return w * k;
    case D:
      return -w * k;
    case L:
      return -k;
    case R:
      return k;
    default:
      throw invalid_argument("not direction");
    }
  }
  ll H(ll n) { return n / w; }
  ll W(ll n) { return n % w; }

  ll h, w;
};

int main() {

  cin.tie(0);
  cout.tie(0);
  ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
  cout << fixed << setprecision(12);

  auto timer = Timer();
  ll h, w;
  cin >> h >> w;
  pll cp, dp;
  cin >> cp >> dp;
  ll C = (cp.first - 1) * w + cp.second - 1;
  ll D = (dp.first - 1) * w + dp.second - 1;
  vs _S(h);
  cin >> _S;
  string SS;
  rep(i, 0, h) { SS.insert(SS.end(), all(_S[i])); }
  ll N = h * w;
  Graph g(N);
  g.edges.resize(POW(10, 6) * 30);
  g.edges.clear();
  D2 d2(h, w);
  rep(i, 0, N) {
    if (SS[i] == '.') {
      for (auto d : d2.Dirs) {
        ll next = i + d2.next(d);
        if (d2.in(i, d) && SS[next] == '.') {
          g.push(Edge(i, next, 0));
        }
      }
    }
  }
  rep(i, 0, N) {
    if (SS[i] == '.') {
      for (auto dir1 : {D2::L, D2::R}) {
        if (timer.seconds() > 1.8)
          abort();
        rep(i1, 0, 3) {
          for (auto dir2 : {D2::U, D2::D}) {
            rep(i2, 0, 3) {
              if (d2.in(i, dir1, i1) &&
                  d2.in(i + d2.next(dir1, i1), dir2, i2)) {
                ll next = i + d2.next(dir1, i1) + d2.next(dir2, i2);
                if (SS[next] == '.') {
                  g.push(Edge(i, next, 1));
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  auto dist = g.dijkstra(C, timer);
  cout << (dist[D] == INF ? -1 : dist[D]) << endl;

  return 0;
}