Problem p02279 (C++) — buggy submission, verdict: Time Limit Exceeded

#include <cstdio>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

class Node {
public:
  int parent;
  int right_sibling;
  int left_child;
  int depth;
  Node() {
    parent = -1;
    right_sibling = -1;
    left_child = -1;
    depth = -1;
  }
};

void set_depth(Node *nodes, int id, int d) {
  nodes[id].depth = d;
  if (nodes[id].right_sibling != -1) {
    set_depth(nodes, nodes[id].right_sibling, d);
  }
  if (nodes[id].left_child != -1) {
    set_depth(nodes, nodes[id].left_child, d + 1);
  }
}

string type(Node *nodes, int id) {
  if (nodes[id].parent == -1) {
    return "root";
  } else if (nodes[id].left_child == -1) {
    return "leaf";
  } else {
    return "internal node";
  }
}

string childs(Node *nodes, int id) {
  int c = nodes[id].left_child;
  if (c == -1)
    return "";
  string childs_str = "";
  int cnt = 0;
  do {
    if (cnt)
      childs_str = childs_str + ", ";
    childs_str = childs_str + to_string(c);
    c = nodes[c].right_sibling;
    cnt++;
  } while (c != -1);
  return childs_str;
}

int main() {
  int n;
  cin >> n;
  Node nodes[n];
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    int id;
    cin >> id;
    int k;
    cin >> k;
    if (k == 0)
      continue;
    int c[k];
    for (int j = 0; j < k; j++) {
      cin >> c[j];
      nodes[c[j]].parent = id;
      if (j == 0) {
        nodes[id].left_child = c[j];
      } else {
        nodes[c[j - 1]].right_sibling = c[j];
      }
    }
  }
  int root;
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    if (nodes[i].parent == -1)
      root = i;
  }

  set_depth(nodes, root, 0);
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    printf("node %d: parent = %d, depth = %d, %s, [", i, nodes[i].parent,
           nodes[i].depth, type(nodes, i).c_str());
    int c = nodes[i].left_child;
    int cnt = 0;
    while (c != -1) {
      if (cnt)
        printf(", ");
      printf("%d", c);
      cnt++;
      c = nodes[c].right_sibling;
    }
    printf("]\\n");
  }
}

Error: TLE

Fixed submission:

#include <cstdio>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

class Node {
public:
  int parent;
  int right_sibling;
  int left_child;
  int depth;
  Node() {
    parent = -1;
    right_sibling = -1;
    left_child = -1;
    depth = -1;
  }
};

void set_depth(Node *nodes, int id, int d) {
  nodes[id].depth = d;
  if (nodes[id].right_sibling != -1) {
    set_depth(nodes, nodes[id].right_sibling, d);
  }
  if (nodes[id].left_child != -1) {
    set_depth(nodes, nodes[id].left_child, d + 1);
  }
}

string type(Node *nodes, int id) {
  if (nodes[id].parent == -1) {
    return "root";
  } else if (nodes[id].left_child == -1) {
    return "leaf";
  } else {
    return "internal node";
  }
}

string childs(Node *nodes, int id) {
  int c = nodes[id].left_child;
  if (c == -1)
    return "";
  string childs_str = "";
  int cnt = 0;
  do {
    if (cnt)
      childs_str = childs_str + ", ";
    childs_str = childs_str + to_string(c);
    c = nodes[c].right_sibling;
    cnt++;
  } while (c != -1);
  return childs_str;
}

int main() {
  int n;
  cin >> n;
  Node nodes[n];
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    int id;
    cin >> id;
    int k;
    cin >> k;
    if (k == 0)
      continue;
    int c[k];
    for (int j = 0; j < k; j++) {
      cin >> c[j];
      nodes[c[j]].parent = id;
      if (j == 0) {
        nodes[id].left_child = c[j];
      } else {
        nodes[c[j - 1]].right_sibling = c[j];
      }
    }
  }
  int root;
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    if (nodes[i].parent == -1)
      root = i;
  }

  set_depth(nodes, root, 0);
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    printf("node %d: parent = %d, depth = %d, %s, [%s]\\n", i, nodes[i].parent,
           nodes[i].depth, type(nodes, i).c_str(), childs(nodes, i).c_str());
  }
}