Problem p02599 (C++) — buggy submission, verdict: Time Limit Exceeded

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

struct IoSetup {
  IoSetup() {
    cin.tie(nullptr);
    ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
    cout << fixed << setprecision(10);
    cerr << fixed << setprecision(10);
  }
} iosetup;

struct Mo {

  int width;
  vector<int> left, right, order;
  vector<bool> v;

  Mo(int N, int Q) : width((int)sqrt(N)), order(Q), v(N) {
    iota(begin(order), end(order), 0);
  }

  void add(int l, int r) { /* [l, r) */
    left.emplace_back(l);
    right.emplace_back(r);
  }

  template <typename ADD, typename DEL, typename REM>
  void run(const ADD &add, const DEL &del, const REM &rem) {
    assert(left.size() == order.size());
    sort(begin(order), end(order), [&](int a, int b) {
      int ablock = left[a] / width, bblock = left[b] / width;
      if (ablock != bblock)
        return ablock < bblock;
      if (ablock & 1)
        return right[a] < right[b];
      return right[a] > right[b];
    });
    int nl = 0, nr = 0;
    auto push = [&](int idx) {
      v[idx].flip();
      if (v[idx])
        add(idx);
      else
        del(idx);
    };
    for (auto idx : order) {
      while (nl > left[idx])
        push(--nl);
      while (nr < right[idx])
        push(nr++);
      while (nl < left[idx])
        push(nl++);
      while (nr > right[idx])
        push(--nr);
      rem(idx);
    }
  }
};

int main() {
  int N, Q;
  cin >> N >> Q;
  vector<int> A(N);
  for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
    cin >> A[i];
  }
  vector<int> f(1000001);
  Mo mo(N, Q);
  for (int i = 0; i < Q; i++) {
    int l, r;
    cin >> l >> r;
    mo.add(--l, r);
  }
  int ret = 0;
  auto add = [&](int idx) {
    if (f[A[idx]]++ == 0)
      ret++;
  };
  auto del = [&](int idx) {
    if (f[A[idx]]-- == 1)
      --ret;
  };
  vector<int> ans(Q);
  auto rem = [&](int idx) { ans[idx] = ret; };
  mo.run(add, del, rem);
  for (int i = 0; i < Q; i++) {
    cout << ans[i] << "\\n";
  }
}


Error: TLE

Fixed submission:

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

struct IoSetup {
  IoSetup() {
    cin.tie(nullptr);
    ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
    cout << fixed << setprecision(10);
    cerr << fixed << setprecision(10);
  }
} iosetup;

struct Mo {
  using ADD = function<void(int)>;
  using DEL = function<void(int)>;
  using REM = function<void(int)>;

  int width;
  vector<int> left, right, order;
  vector<bool> v;

  Mo(int N, int Q) : width((int)sqrt(N)), order(Q), v(N) {
    iota(begin(order), end(order), 0);
  }

  void add(int l, int r) { /* [l, r) */
    left.emplace_back(l);
    right.emplace_back(r);
  }

  void run(const ADD &add, const DEL &del, const REM &rem) {
    assert(left.size() == order.size());
    sort(begin(order), end(order), [&](int a, int b) {
      int ablock = left[a] / width, bblock = left[b] / width;
      if (ablock != bblock)
        return ablock < bblock;
      if (ablock & 1)
        return right[a] < right[b];
      return right[a] > right[b];
    });
    int nl = 0, nr = 0;
    auto push = [&](int idx) {
      v[idx].flip();
      if (v[idx])
        add(idx);
      else
        del(idx);
    };
    for (auto idx : order) {
      while (nl > left[idx])
        push(--nl);
      while (nr < right[idx])
        push(nr++);
      while (nl < left[idx])
        push(nl++);
      while (nr > right[idx])
        push(--nr);
      rem(idx);
    }
  }
};

int main() {
  int N, Q;
  cin >> N >> Q;
  vector<int> A(N);
  for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
    cin >> A[i];
  }
  vector<int> f(1000001);
  Mo mo(N, Q);
  for (int i = 0; i < Q; i++) {
    int l, r;
    cin >> l >> r;
    mo.add(--l, r);
  }
  int ret = 0;
  auto add = [&](int idx) {
    if (f[A[idx]]++ == 0)
      ret++;
  };
  auto del = [&](int idx) {
    if (f[A[idx]]-- == 1)
      --ret;
  };
  vector<int> ans(Q);
  auto rem = [&](int idx) { ans[idx] = ret; };
  mo.run(add, del, rem);
  for (int i = 0; i < Q; i++) {
    cout << ans[i] << "\\n";
  }
}