Problem p00481 (C++) — buggy submission, verdict: Time Limit Exceeded

#include <iostream>
#include <queue>
#define N 1002
using namespace std;
int bfs(pair<int, int>, pair<int, int>);
int h, w, d[N][N];
string str[N];
int main() {
  int n, i, j, sum;
  pair<int, int> P[10];
  cin >> h >> w >> n;
  for (i = 0; i <= w + 1; i++)
    str[0] += 'X', str[h + 1] += 'X';
  for (i = 1; i <= h; i++)
    cin >> str[i], str[i] = 'X' + str[i] + 'X';
  for (i = 1; i <= h; i++) {
    for (j = 1; j <= w; j++) {
      if (str[i][j] == 'S')
        P[0].first = i, P[0].second = j;
      if ('1' <= str[i][j] && str[i][j] <= '9') {
        P[str[i][j] - '0'].first = i;
        P[str[i][j] - '0'].second = j;
      }
    }
  }
  sum = bfs(P[0], P[1]);
  for (i = 1; i < n; i++)
    sum += bfs(P[i], P[i + 1]);
  cout << sum << endl;
}
int bfs(pair<int, int> s, pair<int, int> g) {
  int i, j, ret;
  pair<int, int> t;
  pair<int, int> u;
  queue<pair<int, int>> Q;
  for (i = 1; i <= h; i++) {
    for (j = 1; j <= w; j++) {
      d[i][j] = -1;
    }
  }
  Q.push(s);
  d[s.first][s.second] = 0;
  while (Q.empty() != 1) {
    u = Q.front();
    if (str[u.first][u.second] == str[g.first][g.second]) {
      ret = d[u.first][u.second];
      break;
    }
    Q.pop();
    if (d[u.first][u.second - 1] == -1 && str[u.first][u.second - 1] != 'X') {
      d[u.first][u.second - 1] = d[u.first][u.second] + 1;
      t.first = u.first;
      t.second = u.second - 1;
      Q.push(t);
    }
    if (d[u.first][u.second + 1] == -1 && str[u.first][u.second + 1] != 'X') {
      d[u.first][u.second + 1] = d[u.first][u.second] + 1;
      t.first = u.first;
      t.second = u.second + 1;
      Q.push(t);
    }
    if (d[u.first - 1][u.second] == -1 && str[u.first - 1][u.second] != 'X') {
      d[u.first - 1][u.second] = d[u.first][u.second] + 1;
      t.first = u.first - 1;
      t.second = u.second;
      Q.push(t);
    }
    if (d[u.first + 1][u.second] == -1 && str[u.first + 1][u.second] != 'X') {
      d[u.first + 1][u.second] = d[u.first][u.second] + 1;
      t.first = u.first + 1;
      t.second = u.second;
      Q.push(t);
    }
  }
  return ret;
}

Error: TLE

Fixed submission:

#include <iostream>
#include <queue>
#define N 1002
using namespace std;
int bfs(pair<int, int>, pair<int, int>);
int h, w, d[N][N];
string str[N];
int main() {
  int n, i, j, sum;
  pair<int, int> P[10];
  cin >> h >> w >> n;
  for (i = 0; i <= w + 1; i++)
    str[0] += 'X', str[h + 1] += 'X';
  for (i = 1; i <= h; i++)
    cin >> str[i], str[i] = 'X' + str[i] + 'X';
  for (i = 1; i <= h; i++) {
    for (j = 1; j <= w; j++) {
      if (str[i][j] == 'S')
        P[0].first = i, P[0].second = j;
      if ('1' <= str[i][j] && str[i][j] <= '9') {
        P[str[i][j] - '0'].first = i;
        P[str[i][j] - '0'].second = j;
      }
    }
  }
  sum = bfs(P[0], P[1]);
  for (i = 1; i < n; i++)
    sum += bfs(P[i], P[i + 1]);
  cout << sum << endl;
}
int bfs(pair<int, int> s, pair<int, int> g) {
  int i, j, ret;
  pair<int, int> t;
  pair<int, int> u;
  queue<pair<int, int>> Q;
  for (i = 1; i <= h; i++) {
    for (j = 1; j <= w; j++) {
      d[i][j] = -1;
    }
  }
  Q.push(s);
  d[s.first][s.second] = 0;
  while (Q.empty() != 1) {
    u = Q.front();
    if (str[u.first][u.second] == str[g.first][g.second]) {
      ret = d[u.first][u.second];
      break;
    }
    Q.pop();
    for (i = 1; i <= h; i++) {
      for (j = 1; j <= w; j++) {
        if (u.first == i && u.second == j) {
          if (d[i][j - 1] == -1 && str[i][j - 1] != 'X') {
            d[i][j - 1] = d[u.first][u.second] + 1;
            t.first = i;
            t.second = j - 1;
            Q.push(t);
          }
          if (d[i][j + 1] == -1 && str[i][j + 1] != 'X') {
            d[i][j + 1] = d[u.first][u.second] + 1;
            t.first = i;
            t.second = j + 1;
            Q.push(t);
          }
          if (d[i - 1][j] == -1 && str[i - 1][j] != 'X') {
            d[i - 1][j] = d[u.first][u.second] + 1;
            t.first = i - 1;
            t.second = j;
            Q.push(t);
          }
          if (d[i + 1][j] == -1 && str[i + 1][j] != 'X') {
            d[i + 1][j] = d[u.first][u.second] + 1;
            t.first = i + 1;
            t.second = j;
            Q.push(t);
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return ret;
}