Chinyanja

Chinyanja eller chichewa er eit sørleg bantuspråk som har rundt 9,3 millionar talarar. Det er offisielt språk i Malawi og blir også snakka i Mosambik og delvis i Zambia og Zimbabwe. Chinyanja er det mest utbreidde språket i Malawi, der det særleg blir tala i sentrale og sørlege område. 

Nominalklassen chi- blir brukt som forstaving for språk. I Malawi blei namnet på språket offisielt endra frå «chinyanja» til «chichewa» i 1968 på ordre frå president Hastings Kamuzu Banda (som var av chewafolket), og dette er framleis det vanlegaste namnet brukt i Malawi i dag. I Zambia er språket vanlegvis kjend som nyanja eller  '[språket] frå sjøen', som viser til Malawisjøen). Språknamnet blir skrive  i Mosambik. 

Chinyanja er eit bantuspråk i sone N (N31).

Fonologi

Vokalar 

Chewa har fire vokallydar, . Desse blir skrivne a, e, i, o, u.

Konsonantar

Konsonantar i chinyanja kan vera enkle (dvs. følgd av ein vokal), labialiserte (følgd av w) eller palataliserte (følgd av eller kombinert med y):

ba, kha, ga, fa, ma, sa etc.
bwa, khwa, gwa, fwa, mwa, swa etc.
bza, khya, ja, fya, nya, sha etc.

Ortografi 

Chinyanja blir skrive med litt ulik ortografi i Mosambik og dei andre landa. Ortografien bruker det latinske alfabetet, med ein tilleggsbokstav, ŵ, som blir brukt for bilabial frikativ.

Merknadar

Kjelder

Denne artikkelen bygger på «Chewa language» frå ,  den 14. april 2020.  
 

Atkins, Guy (1950) "Suggestions for an Amended Spelling and Word Division of Nyanja" Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 20, No. 3
Batteen, C. (2005). "Syntactic Constraints in Chichewa/English code-switching." 
Corbett, G.G.; Al D. Mtenje (1987) "Gender Agreement in Chichewa". Studies in African Linguistics Vol 18, No. 1.
Downing, Laura J.; Al D. Mtenje (2017). The Phonology of Chichewa. Oxford University Press.
Goodson, Andrew, (2011). Salimini's Chichewa In Paas, Steven (2011). Johannes Rebmann: A Servant of God in Africa before the Rise of Western Colonialism, pp. 239–50.

Henry, George, (1904). A grammar of Chinyanja, a language spoken in British Central Africa, on and near the shores of Lake Nyasa.
Hullquist, C.G. (1988). Simply Chichewa.
Hyman, Larry M. & Sam Mchombo (1992). "Morphotactic Constraints in the Chichewa Verb Stem". Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Place of Morphology in a Grammar (1992), pp. 350–364.
Hyman, Larry M. & Al D. Mtenje (1999a). "Prosodic Morphology and tone: the case of Chichewa" in René Kager, Harry van der Hulst and Wim Zonneveld (eds.) The Prosody-Morphology Interface. Cambridge University Press, 90-133.
Hyman, Larry M. & Al D. Mtenje (1999b). "Non-Etymological High Tones in the Chichewa Verb", Malilime: The Malawian Journal of Linguistics no.1.
Katsonga-Woodward, Heather (2012). Chichewa 101. .
Kanerva, Jonni M. (1990). Focus and Phrasing in Chichewa Phonology. New York, Garland.
Kishindo, Pascal, (2001). "Authority in Language": The Role of the Chichewa Board (1972-1995) in Prescription and Standardization of Chichewa. Journal of Asian and African Studies, No. 62.
Kiso, Andrea (2012). "Tense and Aspect in Chichewa, Citumbuka, and Cisena". Ph.D. Thesis. Stockholm University.
Kunkeyani, Thokozani (2007). "Semantic Classification and Chichewa Derived Nouns". SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics Vol.15 (2007): 151-157.

Lehmann, Dorothea (1977) An outline of Cinyanja Grammar. Zambia 
Mapanje, John Alfred Clement (1983). "On the Interpretation of Aspect and Tense in Chiyao, Chichewa, and English". University College London PhD Thesis.
Marwick, M.G., (1963). "History and Tradition in East Central Africa Through the Eyes of the Northern Rhodesian Cheŵa", Journal of African History, 4, 3, pp. 375–390.
Marwick, M.G., (1964). "An Ethnographic Classic Brought to Light" Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 46–56.
Maxson, Nathaniel (2011). Chicheŵa for English Speakers: A New and Simplifed Approach. .
 
Mchombo, S. (2006). "Nyanja". In The Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World (Elsevier).
Missionários da Companhia de Jesus, (1963). Dicionário Cinyanja–Português. Junta de Investigaçôes do Ultramar.
: The first Chinyanja/Chichewa monolingual dictionary (c.2000). Blantyre (Malawi): Dzuka Pub. Co. (Also published online at the website of the "Centre for Language Studies of the University of Malawi".)
Mtenje, Al D. (1986). Issues in the Non-Linear Phonology of Chichewa part 1. Issues in the Non-Linear Phonology of Chichewa part 2. PhD Thesis, University College, London.
Mtenje, Al D. (1987). "Tone Shift Principles in the Chichewa Verb: A Case for a Tone Lexicon", Lingua 72, 169-207.
Newitt, M.D.D. (1982) "The Early History of the Maravi". The Journal of African History, vol 23, no. 2, pp. 145–162.
Paas, Steven, (2016). Oxford Chichewa–English, English–Chichewa Dictionary. Oxford University Press.
Rebman, John (= Johannes Rebmann), (1877). A Dictionary of the Kiniassa Language. Church Missionary Society (reprinted Gregg, 1968).

Salaun, N. (1993) [1978]. Chicheŵa Intensive Course. Likuni Press, Lilongwe.
Scott, David Clement & Alexander Hetherwick (1929). Dictionary of the Nyanja Language.
Scotton, Carol Myers & Gregory John Orr, (1980). Learning Chichewa, Bk 1. Learning Chichewa, Bk 2. Peace Corps Language Handbook Series. Peace Corps, Washington, D.C. (For recordings, see External links below.)
Simango, Silvester Ron (2000). "'My Madam is Fine': The Adaptation of English loanwords in Chichewa". Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, vol 12, no. 6.
Stevick, Earl et al. (1965). Chinyanja Basic Course. Foreign Service Institute, Washington, D.C. (Recordings of this are available on the internet.)
Wade-Lewis, Margaret (2005). "Mark Hanna Watkins". Histories of Anthropology Annual, vol 1, pp. 181–218.
Watkins, Mark Hanna (1937). A Grammar of Chichewa: A Bantu Language of British Central Africa, Language, Vol. 13, No. 2, Language Dissertation No. 24 (Apr.-Jun., 1937), pp. 5–158.
Woodward, M.E., (1895). A vocabulary of English–Chinyanja and Chinyanja–English as spoken at Likoma, Lake Nyasa. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.

Bakgrunnsstoff 

 PanAfrLoc om Chichewa
 Menneskerettserklæringa på chinyanja

 Litteratur 

 Paas, Steven, 2012. 3. utg. Dictionary / Mtanthauziramawu. English – Chichewa / Chinyanja // Chichewa / Chinyanja – English. VTR Publications. ISBN 978-3-941750-87-6
 Mchombo, Sam, 2004. The Syntax of Chichewa. Cambridge Syntax Guides

 Henry, George, 1904. A grammar of Chinyanja, a language spoken in British Central Africa, on and near the shores of Lake Nyasa.

 Woodward, M. E., 1895. A vocabulary of English-Chinyanja and Chinyanja-English as spoken at Likoma, Lake Nyasa. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
 Missionários da Companhia de Jesus 1963. Dicionário Cinyanja-Português. Junta de Investigaçôes do Ultramar.

Bantuspråk
Språk i Malawi
Språk i Mosambik
Språk i Zambia
Språk i Zimbabwe
Einskildspråk