Zuñi

Zuñi er eit urfolkspråk i USA som blir tala av zuñifolk frå vestlege New Mexico og austlege Arizona. Det har rundt 9 500 talarar, særleg rundt Zuni Pueblo i New Mexico. Til forskjell frå mange andre urfolkspråk i USA har zuñi mange unge talarar og er i utbreidd bruk som daglegspråk. Det er derfor mindre truga av språkdød.

Zuñi er eit isolert språk, men høyrer til pueblo-språkbunten og har mange lånord frå keres, hopi og o'odham.

Zuñinamnet på språket er  (shiwi 'zuñi' og '-’ma', 'zuñi-måten') og namnet på talarane er a:shiwi (’a:(w)- [fleirtal] + shiwi, 'zuñi').

Skrift
Zuñi blir skrive med latinsk skrift. Zuñialfabetet har 18 bokstavar:

A, B, D, CH, E, H, I, K, L, Ł, M, N, O, P, S, T, U, W, Y

Bokstaven Ł, ł uttrykker lyden   (IPA, uttalt som h og l saman). Ein bruker ’ ti la uttrykk  (glottal plosiv) i midten og slutten, men ikkje først i ord.

I tillegg til ch finst det også fleire bokstavkombinasjonar.

Bokstavane c, r, g, v, z, x, q, f j er ikkje brukt i zuñi, men kan brukast til å skriva lånord.

Zuñiortografien blei i stor grad utarbeidd av Curtis Cook. Det finst også eldre ortografiar laga av språkforskarar og antropologar.

Kjelder
Denne artikkelen bygger på «Zuni language» frå ,  den 31. januar 2013.

Litteraturliste
Bunzel, Ruth L. (1932a). Zuñi origin myths. In 47th annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for the years 1929–1930 (pp. 545–609). Washington.
Bunzel, Ruth L. (1932b). Zuñi ritual poetry. In 47th annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology for the years 1929–1930 (pp. 611–835). Washington.
Bunzel, Ruth L. (1933). Zuni texts. Publications of the American Ethnological Society (No. 15). New York: G.E. Steckert & Co. ISBN 0-404-58165-X
Bunzel, Ruth L. (1934). Zuni. In Handbook of American Indian languages (Vol. 3, pp. 383–515). Gluckstadt: J. J. Augustin.
Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
Cannell, Joseph R. (2007). On the Language Family Classifications of Zuni [Online] Available: www.josephcannell.yahoo.com [2007, April 15]
Condie, Carol. (1973). Problems of a Chomskyan analysis of Zuni transitivity. International Journal of American Linguistics, 39, 207-223.
Cook, Curtis D. (1975). Nucleus and margin of Zuni clause types. Linguistics, 13 5-37.
Cushing, Frank Hamilton. (1975). Zuni breadstuff. Indian notes and monographs (Vol. 8). AMS Press.  ISBN 0-404-11835-6
Davis, Nancy Yaw. (2000). The Zuni enigma. Norton. ISBN 0-393-04788-1
 Davis, Irvine. (1966). [Review of Zuni grammar by Stanley Newman]. International Journal of American Linguistics, 32, 82-84.
Dutton, Bertha P. (1983). American Indians of the Southwest.  Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Foster, Michael K. (1996). Language and the culture history of North America. In I. Goddard (Ed.) Handbook of North American Indians: Languages (Vol. 17, pp. 64–110). Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
Goddard, Ives. (1996). The classification of the native languages of North America. In I. Goddard (Ed.) Handbook of North American Indians: Languages (Vol. 17, pp. 290–323). Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
Granberry, Julian. (1967). Zuni syntax. (Doctoral dissertation, SUNY Buffalo).
Hickerson, Nancy P. (1975). Two studies of color: Implications for cross-cultural comparability of semantic categories.  In M. D. Kinkade, K. Hale, & O. Werner (Eds.), Linguistics and anthropology: In honor of C. F. Voegelin (pp. 317–330). The Peter De Ridder Press.
Hymes, Dell H. (1957). Some Penutian elements and the Penutian hypothesis. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 13, 69-87.
 Kroeber, Albert L. (1917). Zuñi kin and clan. Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History (Vol. 18, Pt. 2). New York: The Trustees.
 Miller, Wick R. (1996). The ethnography of speaking. In I. Goddard (Ed.) Handbook of North American Indians: Languages (Vol. 17, pp. 222–243). Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
Miner, Kenneth L. (1986). Noun stripping and loose incorporation in Zuni. International Journal of American Linguistics, 52, 242-254.
Mithun, Marianne (Ed.). (1999). The languages of native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Newman, Stanley. (1954). A practical Zuni orthography. In J. Roberts & W. Smith (Eds.), Zuni law: A field of values (pp. 163–170). Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology (Vol. 43, No. 1). Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum, Harvard University. ISBN 0-527-01312-9
Newman, Stanley. (1955). Vocabulary levels: Zuni sacred and slang usage. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 11, 345-354.
Newman, Stanley. (1958). Zuni dictionary. Indiana University research center publications (No. 6). Bloomington: Indiana University.
 Newman, Stanley. (1964). Comparison of Zuni and California Penutian. International Journal of American Linguistics, 30, 1-13.
Newman, Stanley. (1965). Zuni grammar. University of New Mexico publications in anthropology (No. 14). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico.
Newman, Stanley. (1967). Zuni grammar: Alternative solutions versus weaknesses. International Journal of American Linguistics, 33, 187-192.
Newman, Stanley. (1967). The Zuni verb 'to be'. In J. W. Verhaar (Ed.), Foundations of language, supplemental series (Vol. 1). The Humanities Press.
Newman, Stanley. (1996). Sketch of the Zuni language. In I. Goddard (Ed.) Handbook of North American Indians: Languages (Vol. 17, pp. 483–506). Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
Nichols, Lynn. (1990). Direct quotation and switch reference in Zuni. In Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (No. 16, pp. 90–100).
Nichols, Lynn. (1993). Recovering Zuni auxiliaries and their role in event classification. Harvard Studies in Linguistics, 3, 92-108.
Nichols, Lynn. (1998). Topics in Zuni syntax. (Doctoral dissertation, Harvard).
 Parsons, Elsie Clews. (1927). Zuñi names and naming practices. The Journal of American Folklore, 36 (140), 171-176.
Stout, Carol. (1972). Zuni transitivity: A generative approach. (Doctoral dissertation, University of New Mexico).
 Tedlock, Dennis. (1972). Finding the center: Narrative poetry of the Zuni Indians. New York: Dial.
 Tedlock, Dennis. (1978). Coyote and Junco. In W. Bright (Ed.), Coyote stories (pp. 171–177). Chicago: The Chicago University Press.
 Tedlock, Dennis. (1983). The spoken word and the work of interpretation. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
 Tedlock, Dennis. (1999). Finding the center: The art of the Zuni storyteller (2nd ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Walker, Willard. (1964). Reference, taxonomy and inflection in Zuni. (Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University).
Walker, Willard. (1966). [Review of Zuni grammar by Stanley Newman]. Language, 42 (1), 176-180.
Walker, Willard. (1966). Inflection and taxonomic structure in Zuni. International Journal of American Linguistics, 32 (3), 217-227.
Walker, Willard. (1979). Zuni semantic categories. In A. Ortiz (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest (Vol. 9, pp. 509–513). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
Walker, Willard. (1983). What Zuni is really like. In F. Agard, G. Kelley, A. Makkai, V. B. Makkai (Eds.), Essays in honor of Charles F. Hockett (pp. 551–562). Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Watts, Linda. (1992). Relational terminology at Zuni Pueblo: A social semiotic case study. (Doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University).
Yumitani, Yukihiro. (1987). A comparative sketch of Pueblo languages: Phonology. In Kansas working papers in linguistics (No. 12, pp. 119–139). University of Kansas.

Bakgrunnsstoff
Zuni ved Ethnologue
Zuni World View , "Linguistic and Ontological Implications of the Conceptual Presuppositions of the Zuni Worldview", HTML og PDF.
Engelsk-zuñi ordliste
Engelsk-zuñi fraseliste
Zuni Bibeldelar på zuñi

Kjelder
Denne artikkelen bygger på «Zuni language» frå ,  den 31. januar 2013.  
 

Isolerte språk
Innfødde amerikanske språk
Språk i USA
Zuñifolk
Einskildspråk