Flygehundar

Flygehundar (Pteropodidae), på eng.: fruit bats, old world fruit bats, flying foxes eller megabats, er den eine av dei to gruppene av flaggermus. Den andre gruppa er småflaggermus. Pteropodidae er også ein familie. 

Dei fleste (men ikkje alle) artane er større enn småflaggermus. Dei minste er 6 cm lange, dei største blir 40 cm lange og har eit vengespenn på 1,5 m. Slike kjemper kan bli over eitt kilo tunge. Dei fleste flygehundar har store auge som gjer at dei kan orientere seg i halvmørke og i holer. Flygehundar har svært god luktesans. I motsetnad til småflaggermysene, brukar ikkje flygehundane ekkolokalisering. Unntaket er grotteflygehundar (slekta Rousettus), som brukar høgfrekvente klikkelydar til å orientere seg i holer.

Flygehundar er utbreidde i tropiske og subtropiske strøk frå Afrika til Aust-Asia og Australia.
Flygehundar lever av frukt og blomenektar. Ofte blir frukta most, og berre fruktsafta blir konsumert. Tennene er tilpassa til å bite gjennom harde fruktskal. Store flygehundar må lande for å ete fruktene, medan dei mindre artane er i stand til å stå stille i lufta framfor ein blom eller frukt. Mange flygehundar hjelper til med å spreie pollen og frø.

Forskjellar mellom småflaggermusene og flygehundane
Småflaggermus brukar ekko til å koordinere, mens dei aller fleste flygehundar ikkje gjer det.
Småflaggermus manglar naglen på den andre tåa på forlemen.
Øyrene på småflaggermus er ikkje forma som ein lukka ring, men som eitt stort øyre separert i to delar.

Artar

Familien Pteropodidae er delt inn i sju underfamiliar med 186 total bevarte artar, representert med 44-46 slekter;

FAMILIEN PTEROPODIDAE
Underfamilie Nyctimeninae
 Slekta Nyctimene - tube-nosed fruit bats
Broad-striped Tube-nosed Fruit Bat, Nyctimene aello
Common Tube-nosed Fruit Bat, Nyctimene albiventer
Pallas's Tube-nosed Fruit Bat, Nyctimene cephalotes
Dark Tube-nosed Fruit Bat, Nyctimene celaeno
Mountain Tube-nosed Fruit Bat, Nyctimene certans
Round-eared Tube-nosed Fruit Bat, Nyctimene cyclotis
Dragon Tube-nosed Fruit Bat, Nyctimene draconilla
Keast's Tube-nosed Fruit Bat, Nyctimene keasti
Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat, Nyctimene major
Malaita Tube-nosed Fruit Bat, Nyctimene malaitensis
Demonic Tube-nosed Fruit Bat, Nyctimene masalai
Lesser Tube-nosed Bat, Nyctimene minutus
Philippine Tube-nosed Fruit Bat, Nyctimene rabori
Eastern Tube-nosed Bat, Nyctimene robinsoni
Nendo Tube-nosed Fruit Bat, Nyctimene sanctacrucis (utdøydd tidleg på 1800-talet)
Umboi Tube-nosed Fruit Bat, Nyctimene vizcaccia
 Slekta Paranyctimene
Lesser Tube-nosed Fruit Bat, Paranyctimene raptor
Steadfast Tube-nosed Fruit Bat, Paranyctimene tenax
Underfamilie Cynopterinae
 Slekta Aethalops - pygmy fruit bats
Borneo Fruit Bat, Aethalops aequalis
Pygmy Fruit Bat, Aethalops alecto
 Slekta Alionycteris
Mindanao Pygmy Fruit Bat, Alionycteris paucidentata
 Slekta Balionycteris
Spotted-winged Fruit Bat, Balionycteris maculata
 Slekta Chironax
Black-capped Fruit Bat, Chironax melanocephalus
 Slekta Cynopterus - dog-faced fruit bats or short-nosed fruit bats
Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat, Cynopterus brachyotis
Horsfield’s Fruit Bat, Cynopterus horsfieldii
Peters’s Fruit Bat, Cynopterus luzoniensis
Minute Fruit Bat, Cynopterus minutus
Nusatenggara Short-nosed Fruit Bat, Cynopterus nusatenggara
Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat, Cynopterus sphinx
Indonesian Short-nosed Fruit Bat, Cynopterus titthaecheilus
 Slekta Dyacopterus - Dayak fruit bats
Brooks’s Dyak Fruit Bat, Dyacopterus brooksi
Rickart's Dyak Fruit Bat, Dyacopterus rickarti
Dayak Fruit Bat, Dyacopterus spadiceus
 Slekta Haplonycteris
Fischer's Pygmy Fruit Bat, Haplonycteris fischeri
 Slekta Latidens
Salim Ali's Fruit Bat, Latidens salimalii
 Slekta Megaerops
Tailless fruit bat, Megaerops ecaudatus
Javan Tailless Fruit Bat, Megaerops kusnotoi
Ratanaworabhan's Fruit Bat, Megaerops niphanae
White-collared fruit bat, Megaerops wetmorei
 Slekta Otopteropus
Luzon Fruit Bat, Otopteropus cartilagonodus
 Slekta Penthetor
Dusky Fruit Bat, Penthetor lucasi
 Slekta Ptenochirus - musky fruit bats
Greater Musky Fruit Bat, Ptenochirus jagori
Lesser Musky Fruit Bat, Ptenochirus minor
 Slekta Sphaerias
Blanford's Fruit Bat, Sphaerias blanfordi
 Slekta Thoopterus
Swift Fruit Bat, Thoopterus nigrescens
Underfamilie Harpiyonycterinae
 Slekta Aproteles
Bulmer's Fruit Bat, Aproteles bulmerae
 Slekta Dobsonia - bare-backed fruit bats
Andersen's Bare-backed Fruit Bat, Dobsonia anderseni
Beaufort's Naked-backed Fruit Bat, Dobsonia beauforti
Philippine bare-backed fruit bat, Dobsonia chapmani
Halmahera Naked-backed Fruit Bat, Dobsonia crenulata
Biak Naked-backed Fruit Bat, Dobsonia emersa
Sulawesi Naked-backed Fruit Bat, Dobsonia exoleta
Solomon's Naked-backed Fruit Bat, Dobsonia inermis
Lesser Naked-backed Fruit Bat, Dobsonia minor
Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat, Dobsonia moluccensis
Panniet Naked-backed Fruit Bat, Dobsonia pannietensis
Western Naked-backed Fruit Bat, Dobsonia peroni
New Britain Naked-backed Fruit Bat, Dobsonia praedatrix
Greenish Naked-backed Fruit Bat, Dobsonia viridis
 Slekta Harpyionycteris
Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat, Harpyionycteris celebensis
Harpy Fruit Bat, Harpyionycteris whiteheadi
Underfamilie Macroglossinae
 Slekta Macroglossus - long-tongued fruit bats
Long-tongued Nectar Bat, Macroglossus minimus
Long-tongued Fruit Bat, Macroglossus sobrinus
 Slekta Melonycteris
Fardoulis' Blossom Bat, Melonycteris fardoulisi
Black-bellied Fruit Bat, Melonycteris melanops
Woodford's Fruit Bat, Melonycteris woodfordi
 Slekta Notopteris - long-tailed fruit bats
Long-tailed Fruit Bat, Notopteris macdonaldi (Fiji og Vanuatu)
New Caledonia Blossom Bat, Notopteris neocaledonica (Ny-Caledonia)
 Slekta Syconycteris - blossom bats
Common Blossom Bat, Syconycteris australis
Halmahera Blossom Bat, Syconycteris carolinae
Moss-forest Blossom Bat, Syconycteris hobbit
Underfamilie Pteropodinae
 Slekta Acerodon
Sulawesi Flying Fox, Acerodon celebensis
Talaud Flying Fox, Acerodon humilis
Giant Golden-crowned Flying Fox, Acerodon jubatus
Palawan Fruit Bat, Acerodon leucotis
Sunda Flying Fox, Acerodon mackloti
 Slekta Desmalopex
White-winged Flying Fox, Desmalopex leucopterus
Small White-winged Flying Fox, Desmalopex microleucopterus
 Slekta Eidolon (Slekta)|Eidolon - straw-coloured fruit bats
Madagascan Fruit Bat, Eidolon dupreanum
Straw-coloured Fruit Bat, Eidolon helvum
 Slekta Mirimiri
Fijian Monkey-faced Bat, Mirimiri acrodonta
 Slekta Neopteryx
Small-toothed Fruit Bat, Neopteryx frosti
 Slekta Pteralopex
Bougainville Monkey-faced Bat, Pteralopex anceps
Guadalcanal Monkey-faced Bat, Pteralopex atrata
Greater Monkey-faced Bat, Pteralopex flanneryi
Montane Monkey-faced Bat, Pteralopex pulchra
New Georgian Monkey-faced Bat, Pteralopex taki
Slekta Pteropus - flying foxes
P. alecto species group
Black Flying Fox, Pteropus alecto
P. caniceps species group
Ashy-headed Flying Fox, Pteropus caniceps
P. chrysoproctus species group
Silvery Flying Fox, Pteropus argentatus
Moluccan Flying Fox, Pteropus chrysoproctus
Makira Flying Fox, Pteropus cognatus
Banks Flying Fox, Pteropus fundatus
Solomons Flying Fox, Pteropus rayneri
Rennell Flying Fox, Pteropus rennelli
P. conspicillatus species group
Spectacled Flying Fox, Pteropus conspicillatus
Ceram Fruit Bat, Pteropus ocularis
P. livingstonii species group
Aru Flying Fox, Pteropus aruensis
Kei Flying Fox, Pteropus keyensis
Livingstone's Fruit Bat, Pteropus livingstonii
Black-bearded Flying Fox, Pteropus melanopogon
P. mariannus species group
Okinawa Flying Fox, Pteropus loochoensis
Mariana Fruit Bat, Pteropus mariannus
Pelew Flying Fox, Pteropus pelewensis
Kosrae Flying Fox, Pteropus ualanus
Yap Flying Fox, Pteropus yapensis
P. melanotus species group
Black-eared Flying Fox, Pteropus melanotus
P. molossinus species group
Lombok Flying Fox, Pteropus lombocensis
Caroline Flying Fox, Pteropus molossinus
Rodrigues Flying Fox, Pteropus rodricensis
P. neohibernicus species group
Great Flying Fox, Pteropus neohibernicus
P. niger species group
Aldabra Flying Fox, Pteropus aldabrensis
Mauritian Flying Fox, Pteropus niger
Madagascan Flying Fox, Pteropus rufus
Seychelles fruit bat|Seychelles Fruit Bat, Pteropus seychellensis
Pemba Flying Fox, Pteropus voeltzkowi
P. personatus species group
Bismark Masked Flying Fox, Pteropus capistratus
Masked Flying Fox, Pteropus personatus
Temminck's Flying Fox, Pteropus temminckii
P. poliocephalus species group
Big-eared Flying Fox, Pteropus macrotis
Geelvink Bay Flying Fox, Pteropus pohlei
Grey-headed Flying Fox, Pteropus poliocephalus
P. pselaphon species group
Chuuk Flying Fox, Pteropus insularis
Temotu Flying Fox, Pteropus nitendiensis
Large Palau Flying Fox, Pteropus pilosus (utdøydd på 1800-talet)
Bonin Flying Fox, Pteropus pselaphon
Guam Flying Fox, Pteropus tokudae (utdøydd i 1970-åra)
Insular Flying Fox, Pteropus tonganus
Vanikoro Flying Fox, Pteropus tuberculatus
New Caledonia Flying Fox, Pteropus vetulus
P. samoensis species group
Vanuatu Flying Fox, Pteropus anetianus
Samoa Flying Fox, Pteropus samoensis
P. scapulatus species group
Gilliard's Flying Fox, Pteropus gilliardorum
Lesser Flying Fox, Pteropus mahaganus
Little Red Flying Fox, Pteropus scapulatus
Dwarf Flying Fox, Pteropus woodfordi
P. subniger species group
Admiralty Flying Fox, Pteropus admiralitatum
Dusky Flying Fox, Pteropus brunneus (utdøydd på 1800-talet)
Ryukyu Flying Fox, Pteropus dasymallus
Nicobar Flying Fox, Pteropus faunulus
Gray Flying Fox, Pteropus griseus
Ontong Java Flying Fox, Pteropus howensis
Small Flying Fox, Pteropus hypomelanus
Ornate Flying Fox, Pteropus ornatus
Little Golden-mantled Flying Fox, Pteropus pumilus
Philippine Gray Flying Fox, Pteropus speciosus
Small Mauritian Flying Fox, Pteropus subniger (utdøydd på 1800-talet)
P. vampyrus species group
Indian Flying Fox, Pteropus giganteus
Andersen's Flying Fox, Pteropus intermedius
Lyle's Flying Fox, Pteropus lylei
Large Flying Fox, Pteropus vampyrus
incertae sedis
Small Samoan Flying Fox, Pteropus allenorum (utdøydd på 1800-talet)
Large Samoan Flying Fox, Pteropus coxi (utdøydd på 1800-talet)
 Slekta Styloctenium
Mindoro stripe-faced fruit bat, Styloctenium mindorensis
Sulawesi Stripe-faced Fruit Bat, Styloctenium wallacei
Underfamilie Rousettinae
 Slekta Eonycteris - dawn fruit bats
Greater Nectar Bat, Eonycteris major
Cave Nectar Bat, Eonycteris spelaea
Philippine Dawn Bat, Eonycteris robusta
 Slekta Rousettus - rousette fruit bats
SubSlekta Boneia
Manado Fruit Bat, Rousettus (Boneia) bidens
SubSlekta Rousettus (subSlekta)|Rousettus
Geoffroy's Rousette, Rousettus amplexicaudatus
Sulawesi Rousette, Rousettus celebensis
Egyptian Rousette, Rousettus aegyptiacus
Leschenault's Rousette, Rousettus leschenaulti
Linduan Rousette, Rousettus linduensis
Comoro Rousette, Rousettus obliviosus
Bare-backed Rousette, Rousettus spinalatus
SubSlekta Stenonycteris
Long-haired Rousette, Rousettus (Stenonycteris) lanosus
Madagascar Rousette, Rousettus (Stenonycteris) madagascariensis
Underfamilie Epomophorinae
Stammen Epomophorini
 Slekta Epomophorus - epauletted fruit bats
Angolan Epauletted Fruit Bat, Epomophorus angolensis
Ansell's Epauletted Fruit Bat, Epomophorus anselli
Peters's Epauletted Fruit Bat, Epomophorus crypturus
Gambian Epauletted Fruit Bat, Epomophorus gambianus
Lesser Angolan Epauletted Fruit Bat, Epomophorus grandis
Ethiopian Epauletted Fruit Bat, Epomophorus labiatus
East African Epauletted Fruit Bat, Epomophorus minimus
Minor Epauletted Fruit Bat, Epomophorus minor
Wahlberg's Epauletted Fruit Bat, Epomophorus wahlbergi
 Slekta Epomops - epauletted bats
Buettikofer's Epauletted Fruit Bat, Epomops buettikoferi
Dobson's Fruit Bat, Epomops dobsoni
Franquet's Epauletted Fruit Bat, Epomops franqueti
 Slekta Hypsignathus
Hammer-headed bat|Hammer-headed Bat, Hypsignathus monstrosus
 Slekta Micropteropus - dwarf epauletted bats
Hayman's Dwarf Epauletted Fruit Bat, Micropteropus intermedius
Peter's Dwarf Epauletted Fruit Bat, Micropteropus pusillus
 Slekta Nanonycteris
Veldkamp's Dwarf Epauletted Fruit Bat, Nanonycteris veldkampii
Stammen Myonycterini
 Slekta Lissonycteris
Angolan Rousette, Lissonycteris angolensis
 Slekta Megaloglossus
Woermann's Bat, Megaloglossus woermanni
 Slekta Myonycteris - little collared fruit bats
São Tomé Collared Fruit Bat, Myonycteris brachycephala
East African Little Collared Fruit Bat, Myonycteris relicta
Little Collared Fruit Bat, Myonycteris torquata
Stammen Plerotini
 Slekta Plerotes
D'Anchieta's Fruit Bat, Plerotes anchietae
Stammen Scotonycterini
 Slekta Casinycteris
Short-palated Fruit Bat, Casinycteris argynnis
 Slekta Scotonycteris
Zenker's Fruit Bat, Scotonycteris zenkeri
Pohle's Fruit Bat, Scotonycteris ophiodon
Merk: Engelske tittelar er inkludert.

Kjelder

Denne artikkelen bygger på «Flygehunder» frå ,  den 28. mai 2012.  
 
Denne artikkelen bygger på «Megabat» frå ,  den 27. juli 2012.  
 

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