Bel canto

Bel canto (italiensk for 'vakker song') er eit musikkuttrykk som viser til kunsten og teorien bak songteknikk som oppstod i Italia mot slutten av 1500-talet og nådde høgdepunktet sitt tidleg på 1800-talet. Han viser til eit ideal der ei ekspressiv og fleksibel røyst blir brukt til å uttrykka vene klangfargar. Rossini, Bellini og Donizetti er dei best kjende eksponentane for denne stilarten. Dei tidlege operaene til Verdi kan også reknast til stilen.

Kjelder

Bakgrunnsstoff
 Artiklar
Bel Canto: Historically Informed, Re-Creative Singing in the Age of Rhetorical Persuasion, c.1500 – c.1830 
Nigro, Antonella, Observations on the Technique of Italian Singing from the 16th Century to the Present Day from the book "Celebri Arie Antiche: le piu' note arie del primo Barocco italiano trascritte e realizzate secondo lo stile dell'epoca" by Claudio Dall'Albero and Marcello Candela. (ref)
Samoiloff, Lazar S. (1942), "Bel Canto", The Singer's Handbook

Bøker
Brown, M. Augusta (1894), University of Pennsylvania "Extracts From Vocal Art" in The Congress of Women, Mary Kavanaugh Oldham (ed.), Chicago: Monarch Book Company, p.  477.
Celletti, Rodolfo (1983), Storia del belcanto, Fiesole: Discanto (English edition, translated by Frederick Fuller (1991), A History of Bel Canto, Oxford: Clarendon Press,  )
Coffin, Berton (2002), Sounds of Singing, Second Edition, Littlefield.
Christiansen, Rupert (15 March 2002), "A tenor for the 21st century", The Daily Telegraph Accessed 3 November 2008.
Marchesi, Mathilde (1970), Bel Canto: A Theoretical and Practical Vocal Method, Dover. 
Pleasants, Henry (1983), The Great Singers from the Dawn of Opera to Our Own Time, London: Macmillan Publishers. 
Rosselli, John (1995), Singers of Italian Opera: The History of a Profession, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
Rushmore, Robert (1971), The Singing Voice, London: Hamish Hamilton. 
Somerset-Ward, Richard (2004), Angels and Monsters: Male and Female Sopranos in the Story of Opera, New Haven & London: Yale University Press. 
Reid, Cornelius L. (1950), Bel Canto: Principles and Practices, Joseph Patelson Music House 
Rosenthal, Harold; Ewan West (eds.) (1996), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera, London: Oxford University Press. 
Scalisi, Cecilia (November 10, 2003), "Raúl Giménez, el maestro del bel canto", La Nación. Accessed 3 November 2008.
Toft, Robert (1993), Tune thy Musicke to thy Hart: The Art of Eloquent Singing in England 1597–1622. University of Toronto Press. 
Toft, Robert (2000), Heart to Heart: Expressive Singing in England 1780–1830. Oxford University Press. 
Toft, Robert (2014), With Passionate Voice: Re-Creative Singing in Sixteenth-Century England and Italy. Oxford University Press. 
Traité complet de chant et de déclamation lyrique Enrico Delle Sedie (Paris, 1847) fragment 

 Digitalisert materiale
"Bel Canto" Titles from the Internet Archive (e.g. Lamperti, Giovanni Battista: The Technics of Bel Canto)
Garcia, Manuel; Garcia, Beata, (trans.) (1894). Hints on singing, London: E. Ascherberg.
Greene, Harry Plunket (1912), Interpretation in Song. New York: The Macmillan Company.
Lehmann, Lilli; Aldrich, Richard, (trans.) (1902), How to sing, New York: Macmillan & Co. Ltd.

Video
Singing Early Music. Robert Toft. Discussions of period sources and recorded examples of 17th- and 18th-century singing.

Operaterminologi
Italienske ord og uttrykk