alessio-vertemati/ikitracs-qa huggingface dataset:
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

In January 2020, the draft NDC2 was subjected to additional consultations and it was accepted in the version which incorporated suggestions received from the central and local governmental authorities and the civil society in a gender-responsive manner. National Circumstances: Land Area – 33,846 km2; Population (with ATULBD) - 3.146 million (2019), of them rural residents represents 55 per cent and urban residents 45 per cent; women represent 52.7 and men 47.3 per cent; Geography – the country is located in central part of Europe in the northeastern Balkans, between Romania and Ukraine; Climate - temperate continental, characterized by relatively mild winters and little snow, with long, warm summers and low humidity; the average annual air temperature varies within 8 to 10°C across the country; the maximum temperature is 42°C and the minimum temperature reaches -35°C; the probability of winds with speeds above 10 m/s is 6-10 per cent; the warm period comprises about 190 days; Key Climate Risks - droughts and floods, increasing annual average temperature, uneven rainfall distribution; Vulnerable Sectors - agriculture, human health, water resources, forestry, transport and energy; GHG Emissions Profile - 3.8 t CO2 equivalent / capita (2016); the share of the Republic of Moldova’s GHG emissions in total global emissions is 0.026 per cent; Key EmitterUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution of the Republic of Moldova Sectors - energy – 68.1 per cent of the total national GHG emissions, including 31.0 per cent – energy industries and 16.3 per cent - transport; agriculture – 16.7 per cent; waste – 10.0 per cent; Economy – GDP per capita: US$ 7,703 (PPP, 2019) and US$ 3,300 (nominal, 2019); the average annual economic growth in the most recent years was 4.5 per cent; within global competitiveness ranking, the Republic of Moldova ranked 89 out of 137 countries in 2017-2018, lower than most countries in the region and CIS countries; Poverty Headcount Ratio at National Poverty Lines (% of population) – 9.6 per cent (2015); Gender – on the average women are still earning 12 per cent less than men; the largest gender pay gap was recorded in the following sectors: information & communication (-23 per cent), industry (-18.3 per cent), art, recreation & leisure (-15.1 per cent); the national legal framework on equality between women and men is in line with international gender standards; National Designated Authority – Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Development and Environment.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 14
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

Best practices and experience in NDC development: - The experience gained during the elaboration and approval of NDC1 served as a main support in the development and promotion of NDC2; - NDC2 formulation was done under the leadership of the Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Development and Environment, with the financial support of the European Union (EU) in the frame of the Regional Project EU4Climate, implemented by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP); - The draft NDC2 was posted for comments on <www.clima.md> and it was discussed and validated during the national consultation workshop organized on 28 January 2020, with the participation of all relevant stakeholders, including representatives of the central and local public authorities, academia, civil society organizations, private entities, business associations; - The NDC2 targets are planned to be achieved through the Low Emission Development Strategy of the Republic of Moldova until 2030 and the Action Plan for its implementation, approved through the GD No. 1470 as of 30.12.2016 (it will be updated by the end of 2020 to incorporate more ambitious reduction commitments from NDC2); - The NDC2 unconditional target is foreseen to be reached by implementing the efficient incentives, redirecting public investments to less emission intensive activities; - In respect to NDC2 conditional target, financial support is envisaged from relevant donors, mostly from Green Climate Fund (GCF); currently, the Country Programme of the Republic of Moldova for engagement with GCF for the 2020-2024 years is under consideration for approval; a comprehensive assessment of country’s capacity, financial and technology needs is conducted to implement a pipeline of measures to mitigate and adapt to climate change; - Taking into account existing gaps and barriers in engaging the private sector in climate investment, a set of measures are to be developed to provide capacity building and technical assistance to the private sector of Moldova.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 14
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

1470 as of 30.12.2016 (it will be updated by the end of 2020 to incorporate more ambitious reduction commitments from NDC2); - The NDC2 unconditional target is foreseen to be reached by implementing the efficient incentives, redirecting public investments to less emission intensive activities; - In respect to NDC2 conditional target, financial support is envisaged from relevant donors, mostly from Green Climate Fund (GCF); currently, the Country Programme of the Republic of Moldova for engagement with GCF for the 2020-2024 years is under consideration for approval; a comprehensive assessment of country’s capacity, financial and technology needs is conducted to implement a pipeline of measures to mitigate and adapt to climate change; - Taking into account existing gaps and barriers in engaging the private sector in climate investment, a set of measures are to be developed to provide capacity building and technical assistance to the private sector of Moldova. Regional economic integration The Republic of Moldova has signed the Association Agreement with the European Union in 2014, whereby the country has also committed to aligning its climate change policies to the EU ones.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 14
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

Regional economic integration The Republic of Moldova has signed the Association Agreement with the European Union in 2014, whereby the country has also committed to aligning its climate change policies to the EU ones. The agreement comprises binding provisions, regulatory documents and wider cooperation arrangements in all sectors of concern, including those related to GHG emissions reduction and adaptation to climate change.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 14
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

The key priority for 2019 was the adoption of 2030 goals in the area of renewable energy, energy efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the ECT by transposing the recent EU clean energy package for its members. The Republic of Moldova participates in the Danube Transnational Program, the Program having as main objective to promote innovation and entrepreneurship, to preserve the natural and cultural heritage of the Danube region, to improve connectivity and to support the transition to a low-carbon economy. The outcomes of the global stocktake According to Article 14.2 of the Paris Agreement, the Conference serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Agreement (CMA) shall undertake its first global stocktake in 2023 and every 5 years thereafter unless otherwise decided by the CMA.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 14
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

The outcomes of the global stocktake According to Article 14.2 of the Paris Agreement, the Conference serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Agreement (CMA) shall undertake its first global stocktake in 2023 and every 5 years thereafter unless otherwise decided by the CMA. It is expected, the reduction commitments of the updated NDC of the Republic of Moldova will be considered in the Global Stocktake Report to be published in 2023. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals Key assumptions and methodological approaches Metrics applied: Republic of Moldova intends to use the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) Global Warming Potential (GWP) 100-year values to calculate and report its CO2 equivalent totals.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 14
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

It is worthwhile to note that considerations of fairness in the national perspective include a variety of issues and no separate indicator on its own can accurately reflect fairness or a globally equitable distribution of countries’ efforts. It is further important to note that the evolving nature of a country’s circumstances is to be reflected in the consideration of fairness: Responsibility is reflected in a country’s past, current and future greenhouse gas emissions. Total emissions, as well as per capita emissions, are to be considered. Republic of Moldova’s responsibility in terms of GHG emissions is low. In 2016, Republic of Moldova emitted 14.6 Mt (without LULUCF) and 13.7 Mt (with LULUCF), which is less than 0.026 per cent of current world’s emissions.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 14
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

In 2016, Republic of Moldova emitted 14.6 Mt (without LULUCF) and 13.7 Mt (with LULUCF), which is less than 0.026 per cent of current world’s emissions. In 2016, the total and net per capita emissions were almost 50 per cent lower than the world’s average (3.8 t CO2 equivalent per capita to be compared to equivalent per capita, respectively 3.6 t CO2 equivalent per capita to be compared to 7.4 t CO2 equivalent per capita). Also, the Republic of Moldova has a low level of historic emissions, of about 0.05 per cent (without LULUCF) and/or of about 0.04 per cent (with LULUCF) of the worlds’ emissions, since 1990. The capacity to contribute to solving the climate change problem is closely related to the ability to invest in appropriate mitigation measures.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 14
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

636 as of 11.12.2019. 2.2. CLARIFYING INFORMATION ON MITIGATION ASPECTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA The Republic of Moldova’s share in global GHG emissions is less than 0.026 per cent. In 2016, total and net GHG emissions of the Republic of Moldova equaled 13.7 Mt (with LULUCF) and 14.6 Mt CO2 eq. (without LULUCF) (see Table 2.2-1) and total and net per capita emissions were almost half of the world’s average (3.6 eq. /capita vs 7.4 t CO2 eq. /capita, and 3.8 t CO2 eq. /capita vs 6.8 t CO2 eq. /capita, respectively). Table 2.2-1: Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks Trends within 1990-2016 period, Mt CO2 equivalent In 2016, about 72.7 per cent of the national net direct GHG emissions originated from the Energy Sector.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 14
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

Second, the end of the Soviet Era with its well established commercial links has resulted in the emergence of numerous obstacles for free movement of goods, and in access restrictions introduced by the emerging markets. Third, the lack of domestic energy resources and raw materials in the country has contributed considerably to the nation’s strong dependence on other former Soviet Republics. This dependence has affected consumers’ capacity to pay for the energy used due to the increased prices of energy resources (ex., from 1997 to 2014 the natural gas tariff increased 13.0 times; electricity tariff increased 6.6 times; gasoline, diesel and liquefied gases prices increased 1.9 times), in the condition when about 95% of energy resources were imported.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 14
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

This dependence has affected consumers’ capacity to pay for the energy used due to the increased prices of energy resources (ex., from 1997 to 2014 the natural gas tariff increased 13.0 times; electricity tariff increased 6.6 times; gasoline, diesel and liquefied gases prices increased 1.9 times), in the condition when about 95% of energy resources were imported. On the other hand, without applying cross subsidizations policies, the current energy prices have incentivized the population to take strong energy efficiency measures in the Republic of Moldova, which led to a significant decrease of the energy intensity, declining since 2000 with an average annual negative growth of 4.5 per cent.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 14
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

Figure 2.2-3: Trends in total GHG emissions and associated variables in the Republic of Moldova over the 2000- 2016 period. Indexed indications (year 2000=100%) Real GDP Total GHG emissions Population GHG intensity (CO2/GDP) Electricity consumption Heat consumption Primary energy resources consumptionMitigation Policy Framework In 2015, the Republic of Moldova submitted its INDC (NDC1). On 24 March 2017 the country’s Low Emission Development Strategy until 2030 and the Action Plan for its implementation, approved through the GD No. 1470 as of 30.12.2016, entered into force, aiming to reach the NDC1 targets. The Paris Agreement was ratified by the Law No. 78 as of 04.05.2017. In order to implement NDC2, it is necessary to update the LEDS by the end of the 2020 year.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 14
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

The Commission will coordinate also previously initiated actions, which have not been completed under the Kyoto Protocol. Through the proposed structure of the CCCM, the Republic of Moldova overcomes the issue of limited integration and connectivity between levels, which is an impediment to the effective decision-making process in adaptation and mitigation. A dedicated Government Decision (under approval) will enact the Climate Change Coordination Mechanism.The Climate Change Adaptation Strategy of the Republic of Moldova and its implementation Action Plan (CCAS, 2014)6, provides for an integrated vision of the Republic of Moldova s development opportunities and the ability to respond in a resilient way to the impact of climate change.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 14
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

A dedicated Government Decision (under approval) will enact the Climate Change Coordination Mechanism.The Climate Change Adaptation Strategy of the Republic of Moldova and its implementation Action Plan (CCAS, 2014)6, provides for an integrated vision of the Republic of Moldova s development opportunities and the ability to respond in a resilient way to the impact of climate change. The objectives of the CCAS are oriented towards increasing the country’s capacity to adapt and respond to actual or potential climate change effects and it is underpinned by an in-depth study of future climate risks and their impacts on vulnerable sectors.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 14
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

The sectorial approach in climate change adaptation in the Republic of Moldova is prevailing at the current stage of the country s development, while cross-sectorial and sub-national approaches are becoming increasingly important. Some sectors are already implementing adaptation actions, while others need more support in adaptation planning and implementation. While the objectives stated in the CCAS are still valid, the associated Action Plan covers the timeframe 2014- 2020. For this reason, new adaptation planning, implementation and investment priorities identified through a wide stakeholder consultation process associated within a number of recent events (development of Fourth National Communication to UNFCCC, second cycle of NAP, Country Programme for the engagement with GCF) are incorporated into the current, updated vision on climate change adaptation, validated during a participatory process entailing climate-relevant stakeholders.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 14
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

The NCCC is to provide effective leadership needed for 6 GD No. 1009 of 10.12.2014 regarding the Moldova’s 2020 Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and its implementation Action Plan, Official Gazette No. 372-384 of 19.12.2014. 7 The implementation Action Plan for Moldova’s 2020 Climate Change Adaptation Strategy is considered as the 1st National Action Plan (NAP-1).transformative changes with consideration of the critical role of sub-national authorities and local organizations in these changes. In support of climate action, the Government of the Republic of Moldova strives to create an effective enabling environment for attracting climate investments in adaptation priority areas. Technologically innovative solutions, new business models are expected to be deployed by international donors, investors and the country’s private sector in resilient infrastructure and nature-based solutions.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 14
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

For the 2081-2100 timespan, the pattern for ensemble projection forced by RCP4.5 is quite similar but the magnitude of changes is lower, decreasing from 13.2% to 7.4% with a maximum seen again over Central AEZ and the minimum - over Northern AEZ, relative to the 1986- 2005 reference time period. Projections of Future Changes in Temperature Extremes Indices: Table 3.2-2 displays the distribution of projected CMIP5 14 GCMs ensemble changes in temperature extreme indices covering 2081–2100 period, relative to the 1986–2005 climatological baseline period. The annual minimum daily minimum temperature (TNn), maximum daily maximum temperature (TXx), warm nights (TN90p), warm days TX90p, Tropical nights (TR), and summer days (SU) indices are projected to increase according to all three RCPs, with stronger warming under RCP8.5 in the RM AEZs.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 14
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

Hot (very high) temperatures, which were rarely observed at the end of the twentieth century, will become the daily weather by the end of the twenty-first century under the RCP8.5 scenario (Table 3.2-2). Table 3.2-2: Projected CMIP5 14 GCMs Ensemble Changes in Temperature Extreme Indices Presented for 2081–2100 years, Relative to the 1986–2005 Climatological Baseline Period Scenario Ensemble DTR CSDI FD ID SU TNn TNx TR TXn TXx Northern AEZ Central AEZ Southern AEZ Projections of Future Changes in Precipitation Extreme Indices: Table 3.2-3 displays distribution of projected CMIP5 14 GCMs ensemble changes in precipitation extreme indices presented for 2081–2100 years, relative to the 1986–2005 climatological baseline period. The Simple Daily Intensity Index (SDII) is projected to increase everywhere by the end of the twenty-first century under all three RCPs, with strong agreement among models.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 14
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

The projections show that Northern AEZ will experience the greatest increase of very wet days (95pTOT), with 95pTOT, by 20%, under the RCP8.5 scenario, whereas Southern AEZ will experience the greatest increase of 95pTOT, by 19%, under RCP2.6, relative to the reference period 1986-2005. By the end of the twenty-first century under RCP2.6, the projected ensemble median increase of extremely wet days (99pTOT) will be from 8% in Northern to 19% in Southern AEZs and/or from 14% in Southern to 20% in Northern AEZs, under RCP8.5 9, with the medium increase by 17-18% according to RCP4.5.The Consecutive Dry Days index (CDD) is projected to increase everywhere by the end of the twenty-first century under all three RCP scenarios, except Southern AEZ, where a slight decrease in consecutive dry days is possible under RCP2.6.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 14
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

By the end of the twenty-first century under RCP2.6, the projected ensemble median increase of extremely wet days (99pTOT) will be from 8% in Northern to 19% in Southern AEZs and/or from 14% in Southern to 20% in Northern AEZs, under RCP8.5 9, with the medium increase by 17-18% according to RCP4.5.The Consecutive Dry Days index (CDD) is projected to increase everywhere by the end of the twenty-first century under all three RCP scenarios, except Southern AEZ, where a slight decrease in consecutive dry days is possible under RCP2.6. The projections indicate that Northern AEZ will experience the greatest increase of CDD, with a CDD increase by 17% (RCP8.5), whereas Southern AEZ will experience the decrease of CDD by - 1.6% (RCP2.6), relative to the reference period 1986-2005.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 14
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

By the end of the twenty-first century, the projected CWD decrease will be from 3.5% in Central to 12.5% (RCP4.5) in Northern AEZs and/or from 10.6% in Southern to 21% (RCP8.5) in Northern AEZs (Table 3.2-3). Table 3.2-3: Projected CMIP5 14 GCMs Ensemble Changes in Precipitation Extreme Indices Presented for 2081–2100 years, Relative to the 1986–2005 Climatological Baseline Period Scenario Ensemble SDII PRCPTOT CDD CWD Northern AEZ Central AEZ Southern AEZ Projections of Future Changes in Humidity and Drought Conditions by Selianinov Hydro-Thermal Coefficient (HTC): An assessment of the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) was performed to identify the humidity climate change patterns during the vegetation period. When the value of HTC is 1.0, it means that the amount of precipitations is equal to the amount of the evaporated moisture.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 14
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

Table 3.2-4 refers to the undertaken assessments’ methods, approaches and outputs that revealed national and sub-national level climate risks and vulnerabilities. 9 Second National Communication of the RM, Chișinău, 2010, < 10 Third National Communication of the RM, Chișinău, 2014, < 11 Fourth National Communication of the RM, Chișinău, 2018, < analysis of the national climatic data disclose that the drought frequency in the Republic of Moldova over a period of 10 years is about 1-2 droughts in the northern part of the country; 2-3 droughts in the central part 2003, 2007, 2011, 2012, 2015) with droughts of varying intensity were recorded on the territory of the RM12. In 1990, 1992 and 2003, droughts continued throughout the growing season (April to September).

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 14
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

The chapter on climate change focuses on actions in six areas: (i) mitigation; (ii) adaptation; (iii) carbon emission trading; (iv) research, development, implementation and other related issues; (v) integrating climate aspects into sectorial policies and (vi) awareness-raising, education and training. The Association Agreement is accompanied by an implementation Program of Action for European Integration: 13 Association Agreement between the Republic of Moldova and the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their MemberFreedom, Democracy, Welfare14, which addresses adaptation to climate change and sets the framework for the congruence of Moldovan policies with European ones.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 14