alessio-vertemati/ikitracs-qa huggingface dataset:
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

The country’s new economy-wide unconditional target is to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 70 per cent below its 1990 level in 2030, instead of 64-67 per cent as committed in NDC1. As to the new economy-wide conditional target, instead of 78 per cent as committed in NDC1, the reduction commitment expressed above could be increased in NDC2 up to 88 per cent below 1990 level, provided a global agreement addressing important topics including low-cost financial resources, technology transfer, and technical cooperation, accessible to all at a scale commensurate to the challenge of global climate change, is insured. Following the decisions 1/CP.21, 4/CMA.1, 9/CMA.1, 18/CMA.1, the following quantifiable information is hereby submitted: 2.1.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 70
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

The noted difference between NDC1 and NDC2, in the latest, is due to the full transition from Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines to 2006 IPCC Guidelines, also due to switch from IPCC AR2’s GWP values to the use of GWP values provided in IPCC AR4, based on the effects over a 100-year time-horizon of GHGs, as well as due to undertaken recalculations as result of using higher tier methodologies, revised values of country-specific and default emission factors, actualized time-series of activity data and due to considering into the national GHG inventory new emissions and sinks categories, etc. Target relative to the reference indicator Republic of Moldova is committed to an unconditional target of 70 per cent reduction of its net greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 as compared to 1990 levels, instead of 64-67 per cent committed in NDC1.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 70
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

Target relative to the reference indicator Republic of Moldova is committed to an unconditional target of 70 per cent reduction of its net greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 as compared to 1990 levels, instead of 64-67 per cent committed in NDC1. The GHG reduction commitment could be increased up to 88 per cent reduction as compared to 1990 level conditional to the global agreement addressing important issues, including access to low-cost financial resources, technology transfer and technical cooperation commensurate to the challenge of global climate change. In NDC1 this commitment was established at the level of 78 per cent GHG emission reduction. Thus, following the Art. 4.3 of the Paris Agreement, the Republic of Moldova’s NDC2 reflects its highest possible ambition and represents progress beyond commitments made in NDC1.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 70
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

In January 2020, the draft NDC2 was subjected to additional consultations and it was accepted in the version which incorporated suggestions received from the central and local governmental authorities and the civil society in a gender-responsive manner. National Circumstances: Land Area – 33,846 km2; Population (with ATULBD) - 3.146 million (2019), of them rural residents represents 55 per cent and urban residents 45 per cent; women represent 52.7 and men 47.3 per cent; Geography – the country is located in central part of Europe in the northeastern Balkans, between Romania and Ukraine; Climate - temperate continental, characterized by relatively mild winters and little snow, with long, warm summers and low humidity; the average annual air temperature varies within 8 to 10°C across the country; the maximum temperature is 42°C and the minimum temperature reaches -35°C; the probability of winds with speeds above 10 m/s is 6-10 per cent; the warm period comprises about 190 days; Key Climate Risks - droughts and floods, increasing annual average temperature, uneven rainfall distribution; Vulnerable Sectors - agriculture, human health, water resources, forestry, transport and energy; GHG Emissions Profile - 3.8 t CO2 equivalent / capita (2016); the share of the Republic of Moldova’s GHG emissions in total global emissions is 0.026 per cent; Key EmitterUpdated Nationally Determined Contribution of the Republic of Moldova Sectors - energy – 68.1 per cent of the total national GHG emissions, including 31.0 per cent – energy industries and 16.3 per cent - transport; agriculture – 16.7 per cent; waste – 10.0 per cent; Economy – GDP per capita: US$ 7,703 (PPP, 2019) and US$ 3,300 (nominal, 2019); the average annual economic growth in the most recent years was 4.5 per cent; within global competitiveness ranking, the Republic of Moldova ranked 89 out of 137 countries in 2017-2018, lower than most countries in the region and CIS countries; Poverty Headcount Ratio at National Poverty Lines (% of population) – 9.6 per cent (2015); Gender – on the average women are still earning 12 per cent less than men; the largest gender pay gap was recorded in the following sectors: information & communication (-23 per cent), industry (-18.3 per cent), art, recreation & leisure (-15.1 per cent); the national legal framework on equality between women and men is in line with international gender standards; National Designated Authority – Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Development and Environment.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 70
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

Best practices and experience in NDC development: - The experience gained during the elaboration and approval of NDC1 served as a main support in the development and promotion of NDC2; - NDC2 formulation was done under the leadership of the Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Development and Environment, with the financial support of the European Union (EU) in the frame of the Regional Project EU4Climate, implemented by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP); - The draft NDC2 was posted for comments on <www.clima.md> and it was discussed and validated during the national consultation workshop organized on 28 January 2020, with the participation of all relevant stakeholders, including representatives of the central and local public authorities, academia, civil society organizations, private entities, business associations; - The NDC2 targets are planned to be achieved through the Low Emission Development Strategy of the Republic of Moldova until 2030 and the Action Plan for its implementation, approved through the GD No. 1470 as of 30.12.2016 (it will be updated by the end of 2020 to incorporate more ambitious reduction commitments from NDC2); - The NDC2 unconditional target is foreseen to be reached by implementing the efficient incentives, redirecting public investments to less emission intensive activities; - In respect to NDC2 conditional target, financial support is envisaged from relevant donors, mostly from Green Climate Fund (GCF); currently, the Country Programme of the Republic of Moldova for engagement with GCF for the 2020-2024 years is under consideration for approval; a comprehensive assessment of country’s capacity, financial and technology needs is conducted to implement a pipeline of measures to mitigate and adapt to climate change; - Taking into account existing gaps and barriers in engaging the private sector in climate investment, a set of measures are to be developed to provide capacity building and technical assistance to the private sector of Moldova.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 70
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

1470 as of 30.12.2016 (it will be updated by the end of 2020 to incorporate more ambitious reduction commitments from NDC2); - The NDC2 unconditional target is foreseen to be reached by implementing the efficient incentives, redirecting public investments to less emission intensive activities; - In respect to NDC2 conditional target, financial support is envisaged from relevant donors, mostly from Green Climate Fund (GCF); currently, the Country Programme of the Republic of Moldova for engagement with GCF for the 2020-2024 years is under consideration for approval; a comprehensive assessment of country’s capacity, financial and technology needs is conducted to implement a pipeline of measures to mitigate and adapt to climate change; - Taking into account existing gaps and barriers in engaging the private sector in climate investment, a set of measures are to be developed to provide capacity building and technical assistance to the private sector of Moldova. Regional economic integration The Republic of Moldova has signed the Association Agreement with the European Union in 2014, whereby the country has also committed to aligning its climate change policies to the EU ones.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 70
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

Thus, this information may serve as a source for tracking implementation of the measures. How Republic of Moldova believes that its updated Nationally Determined Contribution is fair and ambitious in view of its national circumstances Fair and ambitious Following the Talanoa Call for Action2, launched by the Presidents of COP 23 and COP 24, the Republic of Moldova made its NDC2 more ambitious than NDC1, and stated the target to reduce its GHG emissions by 70 per cent below its 1990 level by 2030 under the unconditional scenario, instead of 64-67 per cent, thus showing its alignment to the “ratchet up mechanism” of the Paris Agreement.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 70
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

How Republic of Moldova believes that its updated Nationally Determined Contribution is fair and ambitious in view of its national circumstances Fair and ambitious Following the Talanoa Call for Action2, launched by the Presidents of COP 23 and COP 24, the Republic of Moldova made its NDC2 more ambitious than NDC1, and stated the target to reduce its GHG emissions by 70 per cent below its 1990 level by 2030 under the unconditional scenario, instead of 64-67 per cent, thus showing its alignment to the “ratchet up mechanism” of the Paris Agreement. Another issue that proves country’s NDC2 ambitions refers to the application of an economy-wide absolute emission reduction target (in compliance with Article 4.4 of Paris Agreement), which ensures reaching the objectives in a relevant, complete, consistent, transparent, and accurate manner.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 70
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

Figure 2.2-3: Trends in total GHG emissions and associated variables in the Republic of Moldova over the 2000- 2016 period. Indexed indications (year 2000=100%) Real GDP Total GHG emissions Population GHG intensity (CO2/GDP) Electricity consumption Heat consumption Primary energy resources consumptionMitigation Policy Framework In 2015, the Republic of Moldova submitted its INDC (NDC1). On 24 March 2017 the country’s Low Emission Development Strategy until 2030 and the Action Plan for its implementation, approved through the GD No. 1470 as of 30.12.2016, entered into force, aiming to reach the NDC1 targets. The Paris Agreement was ratified by the Law No. 78 as of 04.05.2017. In order to implement NDC2, it is necessary to update the LEDS by the end of the 2020 year.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 70
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

In 1990, 1992 and 2003, droughts continued throughout the growing season (April to September). The most severe and disastrous droughts during the recorded period were in 2007 and 2012, affecting more than 70% of the country s territory. Table 3.2-4: Undertaken national and subnational level V&A assessments during 2012-2019 Methods used in the V&A assessments Components, description Main findings of the assessments Team-based (experts + sectorial planners) sectorial assessment of vulnerabilities in support of CCA incorporation into sectorial development planning. Sectorial vulnerability assessments. The sector-specific methodology applied in the assessments of crop and livestock production; health conditions (Bodman severity index for winter conditions, Effective Temperature Index, Equivalent -Effective Temperature Index, disease-specific indicators); forest indicators (Forest Fire Risk by Angstrom Index), other.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 70
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

Technology Action Plans for agriculture and health sectors. Indicator-based reporting at sector level 90 core indicators used in evaluating the reduction in vulnerability and progress in adaptation at sector level. Data on sector level vulnerabilities and resilience. Geographic level V&A assessments at district level Agriculture, health and forestry indicators applied identifying key economic, social and/or environmental vulnerabilities, impacts and risks. The most/least vulnerable geographic areas, peoples, and ecosystems identified at the district level. Floods also affect the Republic of Moldova repeatedly. Over the past 70 years, 10 major floods of the Dniester River and the Prut River have been reported, three of which occurred in the 21st century (in 2006, 2008 and 2010). The floods caused by smaller rivers in the country are quite common as well.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 70
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

The overall Official Development Assistance (ODA) project portfolio addresses general climate change concerns, with some dedicated interventions to mitigation, while adaptation is mainstreamed within ongoing development co-operation activities that are at risk because of climate change, with several projects targeting dedicated adaptation planning and implementation. At the current stage of adaptation implementation in the country, both adaptation-dedicated and adaptation-relevant financing directions are important.According to OECD statistics41, gross Official Development Assistance (ODA) for the Republic of Moldova has reached $370.7 million in 2015, with the two largest donors being institutions of the European Union at $134.8 million, and the United States at $108.6 million.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 70
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

At the current stage of adaptation implementation in the country, both adaptation-dedicated and adaptation-relevant financing directions are important.According to OECD statistics41, gross Official Development Assistance (ODA) for the Republic of Moldova has reached $370.7 million in 2015, with the two largest donors being institutions of the European Union at $134.8 million, and the United States at $108.6 million. About 80% of climate-related development finance flow was committed through multilateral channels: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the European Investment Bank, and the World Bank Group using mainly loans, while the remainder was committed by bilateral sources (e.g. the European Union, Germany and Japan), mainly in the form of grants.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 70
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

Moldova - Climate adaptation investment planning technical assistance (English). Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group.Table 3.4-2: High Priority Investments in Moldova’s Economy’s Sectors through 2040 (million US$) Sector Investment Investment period Cost Indicated Rate of Return Uncertainty Poverty impact Gender impact Agriculture Water Management Rehabilitate/modernize centralized irrigation systems Medium Medium Medium Rehabilitation/modernization of drainage infrastructure in irrigated areas Medium Medium Medium Institutional reforms/capacity building 2017 to 140 n/a Medium High High Forestry Ecological reconstruction of forests 2020 to Medium High High Ecological reconstruction of forest belts 2020 to Medium High High Health Heat health warning system 2017+ 0.445 BCR: 3.1- High Medium Medium Water Supply Improving municipal & industrial water system efficiency by 10% reduction in loss BCR: 61-70 Low Medium Medium Water storage in Lower Dniester (100 MCM) 2030+?

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 70
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group.Table 3.4-2: High Priority Investments in Moldova’s Economy’s Sectors through 2040 (million US$) Sector Investment Investment period Cost Indicated Rate of Return Uncertainty Poverty impact Gender impact Agriculture Water Management Rehabilitate/modernize centralized irrigation systems Medium Medium Medium Rehabilitation/modernization of drainage infrastructure in irrigated areas Medium Medium Medium Institutional reforms/capacity building 2017 to 140 n/a Medium High High Forestry Ecological reconstruction of forests 2020 to Medium High High Ecological reconstruction of forest belts 2020 to Medium High High Health Heat health warning system 2017+ 0.445 BCR: 3.1- High Medium Medium Water Supply Improving municipal & industrial water system efficiency by 10% reduction in loss BCR: 61-70 Low Medium Medium Water storage in Lower Dniester (100 MCM) 2030+? 18.4 BCR: 2.6- Low Medium Medium Water storage in Reut (1 MCM) 2020 0.3 BCR: 20-59 Low Low Medium Flood Prevention Structural measures 2020-2040 360.8 BCR: 2,1 Medium Unknown Unknown Non-Structural measures 2020-2040 13.6 BCR: 5.6 Medium Unknown Unknown WSS Rehabilitation of existing and construction of new WSS infrastructure Medium High Medium Disaster Response Management Improved training facilities; Create N&S Emergency Command Centers; Improved emergency response capabilities Medium Medium Medium Note: * - assessed by the World Bank (million US $).

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 70
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

km of climate-resilient road in rural area developed. MEI 70.00 Ensure planning of urban transportation system in view of creating the needed infrastructure to promote alternative transportation such as cycling. Infrastructure created for cyclists in urban area. MEI 14.00 Cross-cutting Improve resilience of Moldovan communities to the adverse effects of climate change through improved surface water management. Small-scale water storage constructed; irrigation options improved; water efficiency and agricultural productivity increased; energy costs reduced; awareness of climate resilience issues among users of water services; water security increased; high value agricultural developed. MARDE, Private sectorIdentified need Indicators Responsible Lead Agency Estimated Resources Required (mil. US $) Ecosystem Approaches in Disaster Risk Management (EA DRR). Disaster risk assessment for three zones: Dniester National Park, Lapusna river basin and Biosphere Reserve "Prutul de Jos" effectuated; Measures/options to mitigate and reduce these risks identified and integrated in the local development documents.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 70
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

The main national producers of electric and thermal energy (Termoelectrica S.A. and CET – Nord S.A.) implemented projects to streamline the process of energy production and supply. Regarding the power sector, it is worth mentioning that, during the last years (2015-2018) there is a positive evolution of reducing the electricity loss in the grid, thus, for 2018 it represents on average 8.12-8.87% of the total volume of electricity; at the same time, the National Agency for Energy Regulation approved for 2018 investments of over 870 million MDL for the improvement of the electricity sector. Promotion of energy efficiency and renewable sources is seen as an urgent priority of energy sector, therefore, the annual Moldova Eco Energetica event is organized as an umbrella concept.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 70
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

The Republic of Moldova has included in its updated NDC the adaptation component in line with Articles 2.1 and 7.1 of the Paris Agreement and Katowice Rulebook (COP 24), as an opportunity to communicate country’s strategic vision on climate change adaptation. The adaptation component, as a forward-looking document, incorporates country’s adaptation priorities that derive from the in-force policy documents, such as the Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and the Action Plan for its implementation (2014), as well as from the Fourth National Communication to the UNFCCC (2018), and from a number of national level policy documents covering cross-sectoral socioeconomic areas and sector-specific development documents of the national priority sectors: agriculture, water resources , human health, forestry, energy and transport.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 14
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

The adaptation component, as a forward-looking document, incorporates country’s adaptation priorities that derive from the in-force policy documents, such as the Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and the Action Plan for its implementation (2014), as well as from the Fourth National Communication to the UNFCCC (2018), and from a number of national level policy documents covering cross-sectoral socioeconomic areas and sector-specific development documents of the national priority sectors: agriculture, water resources , human health, forestry, energy and transport. The component is built upon the experience gained from the implementation of the first cycle of the National Adaptation Plan (NAP-1) (2014-2017) that is presented in the document, and from the planning perspectives of the NAP-2 that is to be implemented in two tracks: a) National Adaption Plan, covering Water Resources, Human Health, Forestry, Energy and Transport; b) Agriculture Sectoral Adaptation Plan (Ag.SAP).

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 14
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

The component is built upon the experience gained from the implementation of the first cycle of the National Adaptation Plan (NAP-1) (2014-2017) that is presented in the document, and from the planning perspectives of the NAP-2 that is to be implemented in two tracks: a) National Adaption Plan, covering Water Resources, Human Health, Forestry, Energy and Transport; b) Agriculture Sectoral Adaptation Plan (Ag.SAP). In support to climate action, the adaptation component incorporates cross-sectorial and sector-specific adaptation actions and measures to be implemented, along with identified adaptation investment priorities based on the review of national and sectorial development policies and plans, and the outcomes of an extensive consultation process, including stakeholders from all sectors and levels of governance, in particular, Central Public Authorities and Local Public Authorities, climate-related institutions and agencies, along with private sector, civil society, academia and women associations and youth NGOs representatives.The Republic of Moldova’s medium- and long-term adaptation goal is to reach a sustainable social and economic development resilient to the impact of climate change by establishing a strong enabling environment for a coherent and effective adaptive action with mitigation benefits, integrating climate risk into investment decision- making and business planning, while remaining socially inclusive and sensitive to gender impacts of climate change.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 14