alessio-vertemati/ikitracs-qa huggingface dataset:
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Under a BAU projection, Rwanda’s total emissions are forecast to more than double over the 2015-2030 period, rising from 5.3 million tCO e in the base year to 12.1 million tCO e in 2030. The forecast indicates the growing contribution from fossil fuels to national emissions, arising from increasing demand for power generation, road transport and other modern energy uses. At the same time, despite potential for increased productivity, agricultural output is expected to be limited due to land availability, thereby limiting emissions growth from this sector. With the ongoing development of the country, Rwanda will therefore need to explore other innovative approaches in agriculture such as utilizing vertical farming technologies to increase crop yields within a smaller land area.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Basing on the experiences in reporting at the global level (including expectations of adaptation investment funds) and national level (including projects), the indicators have the potential to position Rwanda’s envisaged robust engagement and efforts at addressing challenges of measurement of climate adaptation/resilience. Table ES-1 NDC selected adaptation interventions by sector Water 1 A national water security through water conservation practices, wetlands restoration, water storage and efficient water use 2 Water resource models, water quality testing and hydro-related information 3 Develop and implement a management plan for all level 1 catchment Agriculture 4 Develop climate resilient crops and promote climate resilient livestock 5 Develop climate resilient post harvest and value addition facilities and technologies 6 Strengthen crop management practices 7 Develop sustainable land use management practices 8 Expand irrigation and improve water management 9 Expand crop and livestock insurance Land and Forestry 10 Development of Agroforestry and sustainable agriculture 11 Promote afforestation / reforestation of designated areas 12 Improve forest management for degraded forest resources 13 Integrated approach to planning and monitoring for sustainable land use management 14 Harmonized and integrated spacial data management system for sustainable land use 15 Inclusive land administration that regulate and provide guidance for land tenure securityUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION The NDC adaptation indicators will be embedded in the Environment and Natural Resources Management Results Based Monitoring and Evaluation framework (RBME) used to track and inform progress on NDC implementation towards the NST.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Table ES-1 NDC selected adaptation interventions by sector Water 1 A national water security through water conservation practices, wetlands restoration, water storage and efficient water use 2 Water resource models, water quality testing and hydro-related information 3 Develop and implement a management plan for all level 1 catchment Agriculture 4 Develop climate resilient crops and promote climate resilient livestock 5 Develop climate resilient post harvest and value addition facilities and technologies 6 Strengthen crop management practices 7 Develop sustainable land use management practices 8 Expand irrigation and improve water management 9 Expand crop and livestock insurance Land and Forestry 10 Development of Agroforestry and sustainable agriculture 11 Promote afforestation / reforestation of designated areas 12 Improve forest management for degraded forest resources 13 Integrated approach to planning and monitoring for sustainable land use management 14 Harmonized and integrated spacial data management system for sustainable land use 15 Inclusive land administration that regulate and provide guidance for land tenure securityUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION The NDC adaptation indicators will be embedded in the Environment and Natural Resources Management Results Based Monitoring and Evaluation framework (RBME) used to track and inform progress on NDC implementation towards the NST. This reporting framework is conducted biennially through Joint Sector Reviews (JSRs).

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Internationally, the implementation of an MRV system is the basis for understanding the current GHG emission levels, the ambition of the existing efforts, and the progress made in contributing towards the goals of the Paris Agreement. Rwanda submitted its Third National Communication (TNC) in September 2018, reporting on its national GHG inventory up to the year 2015. The country is currently preparing its first Biennial Update Report (BUR) and an updated GHG inventory. The Paris Agreement contains several additional MRV requirements which, when taken together with the existing UNFCCC arrangements, provide an enhanced basis for Rwanda’s international reporting requirements.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

The consultations undertaken through the NDC revision process have created momentum for strengthening planning, implementation and monitoring and accountability frameworks. Thus, the updated NDC will continually guide successful mainstreaming of climate change into sector priorities building on existing country driven policy mechanisms and institutional arrangements, Technology transfer and capacity building, areas that are considered critical to fully implement Rwanda’s mitigation and adaptation contributions, as outlined further in this submission.08 GREEN RWANDA At the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) in Paris, on 12 December 2015, Parties to the United Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC) reached a landmark agreement to combat climate change and to accelerate and intensify the actions and investments needed for a sustainable low carbon future.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Thus, the updated NDC will continually guide successful mainstreaming of climate change into sector priorities building on existing country driven policy mechanisms and institutional arrangements, Technology transfer and capacity building, areas that are considered critical to fully implement Rwanda’s mitigation and adaptation contributions, as outlined further in this submission.08 GREEN RWANDA At the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) in Paris, on 12 December 2015, Parties to the United Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC) reached a landmark agreement to combat climate change and to accelerate and intensify the actions and investments needed for a sustainable low carbon future. The Paris Agreement (PA) entered into force in November 2016, following the universal adoption of the Agreement by Parties.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

The highlands, including the Congo-Nile Ridge and volcanic chains of Birunga, benefit from an annual rainfall of between 1,300 mm and 1,600 mm, with annual mean temperature ranging between 10°C and 18°C. Regions around Lake Kivu and Bugarama plains have an annual rainfall of between 1,200 mm and 1,500 mm, with an annual mean temperature between 18°C and 22°C (Ilunga et al., 2004; MINIRENA, 2010; Muhire and Ahmed, 2015; 2016).UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION As with many other countries, Rwanda is increasingly experiencing the impacts of climate change. Rainfall has become increasingly intense and the variability is predicted to increase by 5% to 10% (GoR, 2017b). Temperature increases have also been experienced, with records from 1971 to 2016 showing rises in mean temperature of between 1.4°C and 2.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Temperature increases have also been experienced, with records from 1971 to 2016 showing rises in mean temperature of between 1.4°C and 2. 56°C in the south-west and eastern regions of Rwanda (GoR, 2018a). Changes in temperature and precipitation and their distributions are the key drivers of climate and weather-related disasters that negatively affect Rwandans and the overall economy. The main risks/impacts that adversely affect the population include droughts, floods, landslides and storms. These are associated with damages to infrastructure, loss of lives and property including crops, soil erosion, water pollution, etc. (GoR, 2017b; REMA, 2015). A rise in temperature is predicted across Rwanda in the coming years up to 2050, especially during the dry seasons.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Climate change will also upset the north-west highlands and south-western districts of Rwanda with a rise in rainfall intensities. According to the TNC, there is a high probability that the number of days with extreme temperature will continue to increase by 2050 whereas the days with extreme rainfall will be relatively constant (GoR, 2018a). Rwanda is highly reliant on rain-fed agriculture both for rural livelihoods and exports of tea and coffee, and depends on hydropower for half of its electricity generation. The country’s ongoing economic growth is therefore highly threatened by climate change. Rwanda is highly vulnerable to climate change. The National Risk Atlas of Rwanda highlights that the country is highly prone to droughts, floods, landslides and windstorms (MIDIMAR, 2015).

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

The National Risk Atlas of Rwanda highlights that the country is highly prone to droughts, floods, landslides and windstorms (MIDIMAR, 2015). Other factors influencing the country’s climate change vulnerability include socio- economic drivers such as building in flood prone areas, high population density in prone areas, increased value of assets in flood-prone areas, and poor management of soil erosion. 2.3 Environment and natural resources Rwanda’s socio-economic development is dependent on the environment and natural resources such as land, water, air, minerals and biodiversity. Total arable land is estimated at 14,000 km2 or 52% of the country’s total surface area (26,338 km2). However, in 2014 the total cultivated area increased to 1,747,559 hectares or 66% of the national territory.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

These smaller plots are overexploited, leading to degradation and a decrease in soil fertility (GoR, 2018a).12 GREEN RWANDA Rwanda’s hydrographic system is split into two basins divided by the Congo-Nile ridge, with water systems to the west of the ridge flowing into the Congo basin, and those to the east of ridge flowing into the Nile basin. The country’s hydrologic network covers 8% of the national territory, equivalent to about 2,143 km2, on which 101 lakes cover around 1300 km2 (RNRA, 2015), 861 rivers occupy about 72.6 km2 while the water of 860 wetlands and valleys covers 770 km2 (Sirven et al, 1974; REMA, 2009; MINIRENA, 2012). The Congo basin drains around 33% of the national territory with around 10% of the country’s water.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Unfortunately, Rwanda’s protected areas have lost around 50% of their original surface area over the last 40 years. There are also small reserve forests including Busaga, Buhanga, Sanza, Iwawa, Rubirizi, Makera, and a number of public and private plantation forests. Rwanda’s wetlands comprise marshlands, lakes, rivers and streams and represent around 15% of the national territory (of which 6.3% are marshlands and 8.6% are lakes and streams). Total wetlands cover an area of 276,477 ha of which 74% is classified as conditionally exploited, 6% unconditionally exploited, and 20% fully protected. Wetlands are dominated by papyruses, especially in the Kamiranzovu, Gishoma and Rugezi marshlands and around lakes such as Muhazi, Burera and Ruhondo.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Wetlands are dominated by papyruses, especially in the Kamiranzovu, Gishoma and Rugezi marshlands and around lakes such as Muhazi, Burera and Ruhondo. Plantations forest are distributed throughout the country and dominated by exotic species such as Eucalyptus, Pinus, and Grevillea. 2.4 Socio-economic characteristics Rwanda has experienced a rapid socio-economic and demographic transformation since 2000. According to data from the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NSIR), real gross domestic product (GDP) across the period 2007-2017 rose from RWF 3.26 trillion to RWF 6.69 trillion, or by an average of 7.45% per year (GoR, 2018b). For the year 2015, the NSIR reports the working population (16 years and above) in Rwanda to be 6.4 million, with females representing 54% and males 46%.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

For the year 2015, the NSIR reports the working population (16 years and above) in Rwanda to be 6.4 million, with females representing 54% and males 46%. The majority (82%) live in rural areas and 18% live in urban areas. The total labour force participation rate was 87.4% and was lower in urban areas (79%) compared to rural areas (89%). This employment rate represents 85% of the working age population. The majority of Rwandan households are reliant on agriculture for food and income.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

The majority of Rwandan households are reliant on agriculture for food and income. The agricultural sector employs over 70% of the working population and is characterized by low productivity and low economic value (NISR, 2014).UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION According to the Fifth Integrated Household Living Survey (EICV5), Rwanda’s population grew from 8.13 million in 2002 to 11.23 million in 2015 (GoR, 2018b). Around 77% of the population lives in rural areas, and 23% in urban areas (of which the capital Kigali is by far the largest). The EICV5 foresees significant population growth under its central ‘medium growth’ scenario reaching 14.16 million by 2025 and 15.71 million by 2030 (Table 2.1).

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

The EICV5 foresees significant population growth under its central ‘medium growth’ scenario reaching 14.16 million by 2025 and 15.71 million by 2030 (Table 2.1). Table 2.1 Urban and rural population forecasts to 2030 Source: Adapted from GoR, 2018b and GoR, 2015b Rwanda’s policies for addressing poverty, and the goals for poverty reduction, are set out in the First National Strategy for Transformation (NST1), the Vision 2020 and Vision 2050 strategies (GoR, 2018b). These commit the government to reduce poverty from 44.9% in 2011 to 20% by 2020. The results of the EICV5 survey show that 38.2% of the population was poor in 2016/17, as compared to 39.1% in 2013/14 and 44.9% in 2010/11. Since 2010/11, extreme poverty fell from 24.1% to 16.0%.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Since 2010/11, extreme poverty fell from 24.1% to 16.0%. There are substantial geographical differences in the poverty rates, with lower rates in urban areas than elsewhere (GoR, 2018b). 2.5 Economic sectors 2.5.1 Agriculture, fisheries and forests Agriculture is an important sector of the Rwandan economy, contributing 33% to national GDP in 2015 (GoR, 2018a) with almost 90% of households practice traditional subsistence agriculture, mainly on narrow plots of land exhausted by continuous utilization (ibid). National crop production comprises tubers and roots (37%) such as cassava, followed by banana (28%) and cereals (11%), legumes and pulses (8%), and vegetables and fruits (5%). Coffee and tea constitute Rwanda’s main export crops.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Cattle predominate on the larger farms in the east and central regions while in the southern parts where farms are often as small as 0.5 ha, few households own cattle. In these areas, the government is promoting the One-Cow-per-Poor-Family, or Grinka, program.14 GREEN RWANDA Fish production has increased significantly since 2011 (for example, rising from 11.662 tons in 2011 to 24,550 tons in 2013; GOR, 2018a). Rwanda is turning around a legacy of deforestation in keeping with its 2020 goal to increase forest cover to 30% of national land area (MINIRENA, 2015). Natural forests, which cover 10.8 % of the country, comprise forested belts in National Parks, forest reserves, natural and gallery forests and other remnant forests.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Natural forests, which cover 10.8 % of the country, comprise forested belts in National Parks, forest reserves, natural and gallery forests and other remnant forests. Forest plantations of exotic tree species (mostly eucalyptus and pine), woodlots and agro-forestry plantations cover 18.4 % and represent nearly 63% of the country’s total forest cover. Plantation forests supply almost all fuelwood, with charcoal accounting for about 15.2 % of households’ primary energy sources. Rwanda is actively promoting agro-forestry to provide wood for fuel during the transition to available and affordable electricity for all. Agro-forestry also helps combat soil erosion, provides fodder, improves soil fertility and contributes to social well-being and green economic growth (GoR, 2018a).

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Agro-forestry also helps combat soil erosion, provides fodder, improves soil fertility and contributes to social well-being and green economic growth (GoR, 2018a). 2.5.2 Services and tourism The services and tourism sector is a major driver of economic growth in Rwanda, contributing 47% to national GDP in 2015 (GoR, 2018a). Key growing service areas include banking, insurance, and transport. Services exports grew by 10% per annum between 2009 and 2014. The travel sector (including tourism) has steadily increased its share of total services exports in recent years. In 2014, 76% of services receipts were generated in the travel and tourism sector, contributing USD 303 million in export revenue, up from USD 174 million in 2009 (GoR, 2018a). Freight and other transportation services are also important contributors.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Freight and other transportation services are also important contributors. The number of visitors to Rwanda has increased over recent years, driven largely by tourist visits to the country’s national parks. In 2015 national parks counted 72,790 visitors, of which 44% visited the Volcano national park and 44% visited the Akagera national park (GoR, 2018a). 2.5.3 Trade and industry Rwanda’s industry sector mainly comprises construction, manufacturing, mining and quarrying. In 2011, the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MINICOM) developed a national export strategy aiming to transform Rwanda into a globally competitive export economy. The industry sector has since grown to contribute 14% to national GDP (GoR, 2018a).

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

The industry sector has since grown to contribute 14% to national GDP (GoR, 2018a). In the fourth quarter of 2017, Rwanda’s total trade amounted to USD 959.48 million, an increase of 19.8% over the fourth quarter of 2016. Exports totalled USD 157.53 million, imports totalled USD 724.15 million and re-exports were valued at USD 77.70 million (NISR, 2017). The deficit in the balance of formal trade in goods was USD 136.17 million in January 2018, a decrease of 24% compared to the previous month of December 2017. Year-over- year, the formal trade in goods deficit increased by 1.45% on the deficit of January 2017 (NISR, 2018). National exports are dominated on a volume basis by re-export products (including petroleum products, machines, vehicles and engines), tea and coffee.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Rwanda has one of the lowest electricity consumptions per capita in the region, and generation capacity is low. According to the Rwanda Energy Group Ltd (REG), national electricity generating capacity is currently around 150 MW of which hydropower accounts for around one third (50 MW) and fossil based units the remaining two thirds (99 MW), mainly from oil- fired generation and recently added peat-fired capacity. Several small solar PV and biomass installations account for around 2 MW (REG, 2019). Increasing investment in generating capacity and improving access to electricity represent important energy policy aims, and recent years have seen major improvements.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Increasing investment in generating capacity and improving access to electricity represent important energy policy aims, and recent years have seen major improvements. For example, during the period between 2012 and 2015, electricity generation increased by 72% and access to electricity improved from around 5% to 36% although lower than the 50% targeted in 2016 (GoR, 2018a). Rwanda is also undertaking various energy efficiency programs including the distribution of compact fluorescent lights (CFL), the ‘SolaRwanda’ Solar Water Heaters (SWH) project, and the replacement of high-pressure sodium lamps with LEDs in street lights. Rwanda’s transport sector is dominated by land transport due to the improved national and districts road network and increased investment in public transport.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Rwanda’s transport sector is dominated by land transport due to the improved national and districts road network and increased investment in public transport. Transport is mainly undertaken by road with a current classified road network consisting of national roads (2,749 km), district roads class 1 (3,906 km) district roads class 2 (9,706 km) and other unclassified roads. With increasing demand for travel, the number of vehicles has increased dramatically over the past decade. Based on number of registrations, total vehicle numbers are estimated to have grown from 47,631 in 2006 to 161,925 in 2015, representing an increase of over 300%1. Motorcycles accounted for around 51% of total vehicles in 2015, followed by passenger cars (34%), and other vehicles including buses and trucks (15%).

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Motorcycles accounted for around 51% of total vehicles in 2015, followed by passenger cars (34%), and other vehicles including buses and trucks (15%). To reduce the number of accidents on Rwanda’s roads, motor vehicle inspection centres has been created. To reduce atmospheric pollution levels from the transport sector, the government has also committed to reducing the number of imported used cars by increasing taxes and plans the introduction of electric vehicles from 2020 onwards as part of its ‘e-mobility’ program. Other key transport strategies include bus promotion as part of public transport development, replacement of minibuses by modern buses and the promotion of mass rapid transportation.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15