alessio-vertemati/ikitracs-qa huggingface dataset:
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Emissions from livestock, predominantly CH from enteric fermentation in cattle, represented the largest emissions source category in the base year, followed by N O emissions from managed soils in crop production. Following these agricultural sources, major sources included CO emissions from fuel combustion for heating and cooking in buildings (LPG, kerosene), which accounted for 14% of the total, and CO emissions from liquid fuel use in road transport (diesel, gasoline), which accounted for 13% of the total. Figure 5.1 Rwanda’s GHG emissions by source in 2015, MtCO e Source: Rwanda National GHG Inventory data (as of September 2019); forestry excluded. Solid waste Waste water Transport MtCO e Buildings IPPU 0.1% Urea Application Managed soils Rice Cultivation Enteric fermentation Manure managementUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Table 5.1 Rwanda’s GHG emissions by source in 2015, MtCO e IPCC Reporting Categories GgCO e MtCO e Combustion Activities Industries 1.A.1.a. Electricity and Heat Production Sectors Institutional 2.D. Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use 4 0.004 2.F.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 3
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use 4 0.004 2.F. Product Uses as Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances 7 0.01 3.B. Land 3.B.1. Forest Land - - Sources and Emissions Sources on Land 3.C.5. Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils 3.C.6. Indirect N2O Emissions from manure management 4.B. Biological Treatment of Solid Waste 159 0.16 4.C. Incineration and Open Burning of Waste 1 0.001 Total emissions Energy 1,677 1.68 Total emissions IPPU 82 0.08 Total emissions AFOLU 2,940 2.94 Total emissions Waste 637 0.64 TOTAL emissions (excluding forestry) 5,337 5.33 Source: Rwanda National GHG Inventory data (as of September 2019); forestry excluded.26 GREEN RWANDA 5.3 Mitigation actions 5.3.1 Methodological approach Rwanda’s NDC mitigation targets are based on an in-depth assessment of the country’s mitigation potential against a BAU baseline through 2030.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 3
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Incineration and Open Burning of Waste 1 0.001 Total emissions Energy 1,677 1.68 Total emissions IPPU 82 0.08 Total emissions AFOLU 2,940 2.94 Total emissions Waste 637 0.64 TOTAL emissions (excluding forestry) 5,337 5.33 Source: Rwanda National GHG Inventory data (as of September 2019); forestry excluded.26 GREEN RWANDA 5.3 Mitigation actions 5.3.1 Methodological approach Rwanda’s NDC mitigation targets are based on an in-depth assessment of the country’s mitigation potential against a BAU baseline through 2030. This has been undertaken through a process that integrates an analysis of Rwanda’s existing sectoral and climate policy framework, the generation of qualitative information through consultation with government officials, experts and stakeholders, quantitative modelling of mitigation options and scenarios, and multi-criteria assessment to prioritise measures and determine conditional and unconditional contributions.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 3
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

GHG mitigation estimates made in the context of NAMAs and the TNC (GoR, 2018a), and a variety of other official data and information sources. The analysis comprised of three main stages: • Stage 1: Develop BAU emissions forecasts: Based on the national GHG inventory emissions described above for the base year of 2015, develop a revised BAU baseline scenario through 2030 according to key drivers of national GHG emissions e.g. GDP, population, sectoral output projections. • Stage 2: Assess and prioritise mitigation actions: Identify and collect information on mitigation options within each sector based on extensive cross-departmental discussions between officials and experts, quantify their emissions reduction potential through 2030 compared to BAU and undertake an economic cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of each option.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 3
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

• Stage 2: Assess and prioritise mitigation actions: Identify and collect information on mitigation options within each sector based on extensive cross-departmental discussions between officials and experts, quantify their emissions reduction potential through 2030 compared to BAU and undertake an economic cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of each option. In order to prioritize actions and determine which can be supported domestically and which require international support, a multi-criteria-based assessment of the identified measures was undertaken to determine environmental effectiveness, socio-economic effectiveness and feasibility. • Stage 3: Develop alternative GHG pathways for NDC: Model alternative GHG pathways based on the identified and prioritised mitigation options against the BAU baseline through 2030 to quantify emissions reduction potential for the NDC across sectors and associated costs and investment needs.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 3
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

• Stage 3: Develop alternative GHG pathways for NDC: Model alternative GHG pathways based on the identified and prioritised mitigation options against the BAU baseline through 2030 to quantify emissions reduction potential for the NDC across sectors and associated costs and investment needs. The interaction between these three elements is shown below in Figure 5.2.UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Figure 5.2 Overview of approach to analysis of mitigation potential 5.3.2 Business as usual (BAU) projections Rwanda’s mitigation contribution is based on a reduction relative to business as usual (BAU) emissions 2015-2030. The BAU projection represents the scenario according to which mitigation policies and actions are not implemented. It therefore provides the reference case (or baseline) against which the emissions reduction potential from mitigation actions have been quantified.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 3
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

It therefore provides the reference case (or baseline) against which the emissions reduction potential from mitigation actions have been quantified. BAU projections GHG forecast by sector and IPCC category 2015-2030 Sensitivity cases Mitigation assessment GHG emission reductions calculations Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) Evaluation of options Criteria based evaluation of mitigation options Prioritisation of options GHG reduction pathways (NDC) Mitigation options grouped into GHG reduction scenarios Calculations of impacts 2015- 203 against BAU projections Sensitivity cases Technical Outputs Emission reduction outputs (absolute; per capita; per GDP) Economic outputs (abatement costs; investment needs) Sectoral outputs (e.g energy use; power generation mix)28 GREEN RWANDA The development of BAU projections was based on detailed bottom-up modelling of activity and GHG forecasts developed for each emitting sector through 2030. These reflect a number of assumptions determining changes in inter alia energy supply and demand, sector output, technology uptake, and policy choices.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 3
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

These provide long-term emissions projections for Rwanda through 2050 using the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) software system developed by the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI, 2009) and supplemented by various excel-based calculations. As described above, the BAU modelling develops and improves in the TNC projections in several ways, including through the use of more recent data and sectoral analysis. Changes in production, energy use and GHG emissions through 2030 will be driven by a number of factors. The two most important drivers in the specific context of Rwanda’s NDC sectors are considered to be: • Economic growth: Economic growth within key sectors will drive demand for energy, industrial output and services such as road transport and housing.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 3
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

The two most important drivers in the specific context of Rwanda’s NDC sectors are considered to be: • Economic growth: Economic growth within key sectors will drive demand for energy, industrial output and services such as road transport and housing. Lower rates of GDP growth over the coming years will therefore tend to restrain demand and output, and GHG emissions levels. As set out in the country’s vision for continued economic development5, Vision 2050, Rwanda aspires to reach Middle Income Country (MIC) and High-Income Country (HIC) status by 2035 and 2050, respectively. The Vision will be delivered through a series of seven-year National Strategies for Transformation (NST1), underpinned by detailed sectoral strategies (World Bank, 2019). The current NST1 covers the period 2017-2024 (GoR, 2017a).

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 3
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

The medium population scenario has been used as the base assumption in BAU emissions6. An aggregated economy-wide forecast of BAU emissions through 2030 in shown below in Figure 5.3. This represents the BAU baseline projection, consistent with the Vision 2050 outlook, against which Rwanda’s mitigation contribution has been quantified. At an aggregate level, total emissions are forecast to more than double over the 2015-2030 period, 5 GDP growth averaged 7.5% over the decade to 2018 while per capita GDP grew at 5% annually (World Bank, 2019).

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 3
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

At an aggregate level, total emissions are forecast to more than double over the 2015-2030 period, 5 GDP growth averaged 7.5% over the decade to 2018 while per capita GDP grew at 5% annually (World Bank, 2019). 6 The medium scenario predicts a total population growth of around 39% over the period 2015-2030; this rises to 43% under the high scenario and falls to 32% under the low scenario.UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION rising from 5.3 million tCO e in the base year to 12.1 million tCO e in 2030. The graph shows that this represents an increased rate of growth compared to that seen during the period 2006-2015, closely reflecting the assumptions around economic and population growth and official planning, instead of projections based on past trends7.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 3
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

The graph shows that this represents an increased rate of growth compared to that seen during the period 2006-2015, closely reflecting the assumptions around economic and population growth and official planning, instead of projections based on past trends7. The current projection compares with the TNC projection of around 10.2 million tCO e in 2030, representing a doubling from the base year8. The most rapid growth is forecast within industrial processes and energy use: the former expands its share of total emissions from 2% to around 4%, and the latter from 31% to 40% by 2030. The share of emissions from waste generation remains at around 12-13%, whilst agricultural sources decline from 55% to 43%.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 3
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

The share of emissions from waste generation remains at around 12-13%, whilst agricultural sources decline from 55% to 43%. Although these do not represent dramatic shifts in emissions sources, they clearly indicate the growing contribution from fossil fuels to national emissions, arising from increasing demand for power generation, road transport services and other modern energy uses. At the same time, despite potential for increased productivity, agricultural output is expected to be limited due to land availability, thereby limiting emissions growth from this sector. Figure 5.3 BAU GHG emissions projection, all NDC sectors Wastewater Manure management Industry Solid Waste Enteric fermentation Electricity Rice cultivation IPPU Urea application Buildings Managed soils Transport 7 This pattern is consistent with developing countries emissions trajectories; see for example historic Non-Annex B emissions in

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 3
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Figure 5.3 BAU GHG emissions projection, all NDC sectors Wastewater Manure management Industry Solid Waste Enteric fermentation Electricity Rice cultivation IPPU Urea application Buildings Managed soils Transport 7 This pattern is consistent with developing countries emissions trajectories; see for example historic Non-Annex B emissions in 8 Note that this value is ‘corrected’ to account for data errors in the TNC reported data (GoR, 2018a).30 GREEN RWANDA 5.3.3 Mitigation assessment A detailed assessment of GHG mitigation options for Rwanda was undertaken in order to determine which options are most suitable within the NDC. The analysis was undertaken according to a three-step process: • Step 1: Identifying mitigation options.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 3
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

The analysis was undertaken according to a three-step process: • Step 1: Identifying mitigation options. A ‘long-list’ list of potentially suitable emission reduction projects and measures was developed through discussions and consultation with government officials, technical and sector experts, and other stakeholders. This include Rwanda’s NDC (GoR, 2015a); assessment of NAMAs in Rwanda (GoR, 2015b); an “adjusted” list of NDC options, as contained in the Rwanda NDC Implementation Plan (GoR, 2017b); and Rwanda’s TNC (GoR, 2018a). • Step 2: Assessing the potential. The identified long-list of mitigation options were then assessed in terms of their mitigation potential through 2030 compared to the BAU baseline projection and their economic costs and benefits. • Step 3: Evaluating the options.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 3
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

• Step 3: Evaluating the options. The quantitative analysis undertaken in Step 2 was complimented by a broader, multi criteria-based, assessment in order to identify those options considered most suitable or feasible to be implemented under the NDC and to determine which can be implemented through domestic efforts (unconditional measures) and those requiring international support and finance (conditional measures). Assessing the potential Figure 5.4 summarises the estimated emissions reduction potential in 2030 for all mitigation measures assessed from the ‘long list’ of all mitigation measures. The pie charts indicate the relative contribution made from projects within the key sectors of energy (covering energy use in electricity generation, industry, transport, commercial and residential, and agriculture), waste, IPPU and agriculture against the BAU baseline described above.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 3
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

The pie charts indicate the relative contribution made from projects within the key sectors of energy (covering energy use in electricity generation, industry, transport, commercial and residential, and agriculture), waste, IPPU and agriculture against the BAU baseline described above. The total mitigation potential is estimated at around 4.6 million tCO e in 2030 compared to BAU emissions in the same year of 12.1 million tCO e. According to the analysis, mitigation measures identified within the agriculture sector accounts for 49% of the total potential, followed by energy (34% of total), waste (14%), and IPPU (3%). Within agriculture, soil conservation measures – which include terracing, conservation tillage, multi-cropping and crop rotation practices – account for around half of the sector’s mitigation potential.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 3
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Mitigation potential from IPPU sources is by comparison relatively limited, with the majority of emissions reductions arising from increased use of clinker substitute for cement production (volcanic pozzolanas), followed by reduction of fluorinated gases (F-gases), in line with the 2016 Kigali amendment of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (UN, 1987). Figure 5.4 Estimated GHG mitigation potential in 2030 from all mitigation measures MtCO e Industrial Processes and Product Use Waste Increased pozzolanas in cement F-gases substitution MtCO e Landfill gas utilisation Waste-to- energy Aerobic compositing Waste-water treatment32 GREEN RWANDA MtCO e MtCO e Solar mini grids Solar water heaters Efficient cook stoves Electric vehicles Efficient lighting Vehicle standards Hydropower Solar irrigation Other solar On-farm biogas Industry Improved fertilisers efficiency Soil conservation (terracing) Conservation tillage Soil Conservation (multicropping) Soil Conservation (rotation) Improved livestock husbandry Improved livestock species Compost production Manure management Energy AgricultureUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Evaluating the options The identified mitigation options were assessed according to a multi-criteria evaluation framework.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 3
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Figure 5.4 Estimated GHG mitigation potential in 2030 from all mitigation measures MtCO e Industrial Processes and Product Use Waste Increased pozzolanas in cement F-gases substitution MtCO e Landfill gas utilisation Waste-to- energy Aerobic compositing Waste-water treatment32 GREEN RWANDA MtCO e MtCO e Solar mini grids Solar water heaters Efficient cook stoves Electric vehicles Efficient lighting Vehicle standards Hydropower Solar irrigation Other solar On-farm biogas Industry Improved fertilisers efficiency Soil conservation (terracing) Conservation tillage Soil Conservation (multicropping) Soil Conservation (rotation) Improved livestock husbandry Improved livestock species Compost production Manure management Energy AgricultureUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Evaluating the options The identified mitigation options were assessed according to a multi-criteria evaluation framework. This was undertaken partly to assess the suitability of the identified measures within the NDC, and also to help inform the decision of which could be considered unconditional (domestically supported) measures, and which could be instead considered as conditional on international support. A detailed economic assessment was made for the full list of options. Although economic efficiency is a key criterion, climate policy must also respond to other key issues such as e.g.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 3
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

A set of criteria was chosen according to these three broad categories, drawing from international literature and guidance on good practice climate policy development (IPCC, 2007). On the balance of the criteria evaluation framework, and informed by stakeholder and cross- departmental consultation, the majority of the assessed options were considered to be ‘high priority’ or ‘medium priority’ options; no options are considered inappropriate as part of Rwanda’s mitigation contribution. All measures were also considered to be potentially applicable for implementation before 2030, subject to financial support and overcoming implementation challenges. In common with many other developing country Parties, Rwanda mitigation contribution has been developed according to two different components: • Unconditional contribution: Those mitigation measures and policies which will be implemented ‘unconditionally’ through domestic efforts alone (e.g.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 3
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

In common with many other developing country Parties, Rwanda mitigation contribution has been developed according to two different components: • Unconditional contribution: Those mitigation measures and policies which will be implemented ‘unconditionally’ through domestic efforts alone (e.g. funded within committed national policy plans and actions); and • Conditional contribution: Additional mitigation measures which could be implemented, but only conditional upon the availability of international support (including funding and other types of support from donors, climate finance and potentially carbon markets). The multi-criteria evaluation process provided a basis to clarify the identified options according to these two groupings. In so doing, the following broad considerations were also used to help guide the choices:34 GREEN RWANDA 1.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 3
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

In so doing, the following broad considerations were also used to help guide the choices:34 GREEN RWANDA 1. Costs and investment levels: Higher cost projects and those requiring significant investment levels are typically considered more suitable to international support given national budget and resource constraints. 2. Inclusion within existing national policies and sector plans: Several projects and measures are already included within national policy planning and budgeted within sector plans: these can therefore be viewed as domestically supported. 3. Suitability to international support: Some measures are more or less suited to existing and emerging forms of support and climate finance, for example in terms of projects types.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 3
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Suitability to international support: Some measures are more or less suited to existing and emerging forms of support and climate finance, for example in terms of projects types. The subsequent classification of the mitigation measures according to unconditional and conditional measures is shown in the NDC Implementation Plan presented further below. 5.3.4 Mitigation contribution Figure 5.5 illustrates the emission projections for the BAU baseline, and Rwanda’s mitigation contribution for domestic unconditional projects and for all projects (unconditional and conditional). The associated values are shown in the table below. The graph shows emissions more than doubling under the BAU projection from 5.3 MtCO e in the base year to around e in 2030.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 3
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

The graph shows emissions more than doubling under the BAU projection from 5.3 MtCO e in the base year to around e in 2030. With the domestically supported unconditional mitigation measures, 2030 emissions are forecast to instead rise to around 10.2 MtCO e, representing a reduction against BAU of around 16%. With both domestic and conditional mitigation measures, emissions are forecast to instead total around 7.5 MtCO e, equal to a reduction of 38% by 2030 against the same baseline. Figure 5.5 Mitigation contributions against BAU baseline MtCO e BAU BAU (base case) Domestic Measures All NDC measuresUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Table 5.2 Mitigation contributions against BAU baseline The mitigation contributions are summarised in Figure 5.6 below for the year 2030, which also shows the contribution of each sector to the total estimated mitigation potential.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 3