alessio-vertemati/ikitracs-qa huggingface dataset:
Country: Ghana
Document: 1st NDC

The following priority adaptation policy actions will be implemented in order to achieve Ghana’s INDC adaptation goal. Sector Strategic Area INDC Policy Actions No of Programme of Actions Agriculture and food security Sustainable land use Agriculture resilience building in climate vulnerable landscapes Sustainable forest resource management Value addition-based utilization of forest resources Resilient Infrastructure in built environment Climate resilient strategic infrastructure City-wide resilient infrastructure planning Early warning and disaster prevention Climate change and health Equitable social development Managing climate-induced health risk Water resources Integrated water resources management Gender and the vulnerable Resilience for Gender and the Vulnerable Some of the priority adaptation policy actions we have presented will yield positive synergies with mitigation policy actions7. 7 Refer to the Annex 2 for the detail description on adaptation policy actions3. Means of Implementation 3.1 Investment Requirements In the 10-year period, Ghana intends to mobilize nearly USD 22.6 billion investment from both domestic and international public and private sources.

Question: What structural, technical and infrastructure upgrades are envisioned?
Answer: City-wide resilient infrastructure planning
Country: Ghana
Document: 1st NDC

Value addition-based utilization of forest resources Governance reform for utilization of forest resources for sustainable energy use and biodiversity business. National bio-energy strategy. Sustainable energy for all action plan National Forest and Wildlife Policy Manage 413,000ha fragile, ecologically sensitive and culturally significant sites in 22 administrative district in the forest and savannah areas. City-wide resilient infrastructure planning Building standards for strategic infrastructure in housing, transport, coastal, waste management, telecommunication and energy) adopted in 10 urban administrative regions. Local Government Act 462. National Building Regulation Early warning and disaster prevention Expand and modernize the current 22 synoptic stations based on needs assessment, and increase the number to 50 stations for efficient weather information management Ghana Meteorological Agency Act 682. Managing climate- induced health risks Strengthen climate related disease surveillance in vulnerable communities in 3 Districts.

Question: What structural, technical and infrastructure upgrades are envisioned?
Answer: City-wide resilient infrastructure planning
Country: Guyana
Document: 1st NDC

Climate change considerations will be mainstreamed in all sectors of national development. The GoG is currently in the process of preparing a Climate Resilience Strategy and Action Plan (CRSAP) which is expected to provide a comprehensive framework for adaptation and resilience building in Guyana. Guyana will continue and finalize its work on the CRSAP, but will require significant resources to implement it. Conditional contributions Given the requisite support, Guyana will undertake actions in the following areas: • Implementation of the CRSAP. • Upgrading infrastructure and other assets to protect against flooding. • Mangrove restoration. • Hinterland Adaptation Measures. • Development and implementation of Early Warning Systems. • Enhanced weather forecasting including microclimate studies and localized forecasting.

Question: What structural, technical and infrastructure upgrades are envisioned?
Answer: Upgrading infrastructure and other assets to protect against flooding
Country: Kenya
Document: 1st NDC

Any reasonable achievement of the adaptation goal will require financial, technology and capacity building support.MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MTP SECTOR PRIORITY ADAPTATION ACTIONS Public sector reforms Integrate climate change adaptation into the public sector reforms. Human Resource Development, Labour and Employment Enhance adaptive capacity and resilience of the informal private sector. Infrastructure Climate proofing of infrastructure (energy, transport, buildings, ICT). Land Reforms Mainstream climate change adaptation in land reforms. Education and training Enhance education, training, public awareness, public participation, public access to information on climate change adaptation across public and private sectors. Health Strengthen integration of climate change adaptation into the health sector. Environment Enhance climate information services. Enhance the resilience of ecosystems to climate variability and change.

Question: What structural, technical and infrastructure upgrades are envisioned?
Answer: Climate proofing of infrastructure (energy, transport, buildings, ICT)
Country: Maldives
Document: 1st NDC

Â· Establish mechanisms to ensure food security to citizens in case of extreme events and market irregularities. Infrastructure Resilience Considering the highly vulnerable nature of the Maldives the critical infrastructure in the country require additional protection from the potential adverse impacts of climate change. The Ibrahim Nasir International Airport, and other international and domestic airports and sea-ports are crucial infrastructure in the Maldives. Increasing resilience of island communities is a critical challenge, which needs to be addressed to meet the adverse impacts of climate change. Â· The Ibrahim Nasir International Airport is planned forMaldivesâ Intended Nationally Determined Contribution expansion to handle additional passenger capacity along with an additional runway. Moreover, coastal protection measure would be carried out to protect the shoreline of Hulhule (the Airport Island) as well as for other air and sea ports.

Question: What structural, technical and infrastructure upgrades are envisioned?
Answer: coastal protection measure would be carried out to protect the shoreline of Hulhule (the Airport Island) as well as for other air and sea ports.
Country: Maldives
Document: 1st NDC

Moreover, coastal protection measure would be carried out to protect the shoreline of Hulhule (the Airport Island) as well as for other air and sea ports. Â· MalÃ© Commercial Port that handles more than 90 percent of the imported cargo. To increase the capacity and reduce the impacts of high winds and seas to the operation of the port, the commercial port would be relocated to a different island called Thilafushi. Â· Increase resilience and climate proofing of all critical infrastructures across the country including utility services, health care facilities, and telecommunications. Â· A National Building Code will be established to provide guidance to the planners, architects and engineers to integrate climate and weather related factors into the designs of buildings and facilities.

Question: What structural, technical and infrastructure upgrades are envisioned?
Answer: coastal protection measure would be carried out to protect the shoreline of Hulhule (the Airport Island) as well as for other air and sea ports.
Country: Mauritius
Document: 1st NDC

However, the costs of such adaptation measures are so exorbitant that Mauritius can only achieve its targets if financial support in terms of grant and technical support from partners is made available to enable it to implement the plans to protect life and property and mitigate any propensity of migration of its population. Sector Priority Adaptation Actions Infrastructure Protection of infrastructure will be enhanced against climate change calamities Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy Objective is to understand disaster risk, implement disaster risk strategy, strengthen management of related governance and invest in resilience. Coastal Zone Management Improve awareness, enhance rehabilitation and strengthen regulatory framework for protection of beach, dunes and vegetation.

Question: What structural, technical and infrastructure upgrades are envisioned?
Answer: Protection of infrastructure will be enhanced against climate change calamities
Country: Mexico
Document: 1st NDC

Guarantee urban and industrial waste water treatment, ensuring quantity and good quality of water in human settlements larger than 500,000 inhabitants and to monitor their performance. iv. Apply the norm on specifications for environmental protection and adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change in the planning, design, construction, operation and abandonment of tourism facilities in coastal ecosystems. v. Guarantee the security of dams and strategic hydraulic infrastructure, as well as communications and transportation strategic infrastructure. vi. Strengthen the diversification of sustainable agriculture by conserving germplasm and native maize species, thermal comfort for livestock, development of agro-ecosystems, through the incorporation of climate criteria in agriculture programs.

Question: What structural, technical and infrastructure upgrades are envisioned?
Answer: Guarantee the security of dams and strategic hydraulic infrastructure, as well as communications and transportation strategic infrastructure.
Country: Pakistan
Document: 1st NDC

An overview of the adaptation road map is presented below: Table 2: National Adaptation Priorities Long-term Vision To build a climate resilient society and economy by ensuring that climate change is mainstreamed in the economically and socially vulnerable sectors of the economy. Medium to long- term actions (up to To support achievement of our long-term adaptation vision of a climate- resilient society, Pakistan will pursue efforts up to 2030 that address the vulnerability of water, agriculture and infrastructure to climate change by taking the following actions: Improving the irrigation system through actions such as lining of canals and irrigation channels Enhancing water resource management through:  Integrated watershed management  Water conservation  Development and optimization of water resource allocation, implementation of strict water management regulations and utilization of unconventional water resources such as recycling of used water and harvesting rain water and flood water Strengthening risk management system for the agriculture sector Implementing a comprehensive Climate Smart Agriculture program Building climate-resilient infrastructure with focus on improved and safe operation of water-related infrastructure and better management of transport operations and energy transmission, supported by innovations in urban planning for synergistic implementation of mitigation and adaptation actionsImproving the emergency response mechanism for managing extreme climate events and strengthening the development of disaster reduction and relief management systems based on risk assessments, aligned with the goals of Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction: 2015-2030 Near-term actions Led by the Ministry of Climate Change, Pakistan shall develop a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) that will create a framework for guiding the mainstreaming of medium- and long-term climate change concerns into national sectoral policies, strategies and programmes.

Question: What structural, technical and infrastructure upgrades are envisioned?
Answer: Building climate-resilient infrastructure with focus on improved and safe operation of water-related infrastructure and better management of transport operations and energy transmission, supported by innovations in urban planning for synergistic implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions
Country: Singapore
Document: 1st NDC

The Singapore Government encourages food security research and development, and incentivises the adoption of technology to increase productivity and resilience of local farms. b. Infrastructure resilience: Singapore’s Building Control Act requires buildings to undergo periodic structural inspections to ensure structural resiliency. All road and rail structures also undergo regular inspections by registered professional engineers. To protect critical transport infrastructure from flood risks, flood barriers have been installed at subway stations that may be affected, with ongoing work to do so for the remaining ones. For energy and telecommunication services, private operators are required to meet performance standards and ensure network resilience, including through monitoring and maintenance. The Singapore Government constantly reviews and revises design codes, regulations and policies to account for new information and the latest climate projections.

Question: What structural, technical and infrastructure upgrades are envisioned?
Answer: To protect critical transport infrastructure from flood risks, flood barriers have been installed at subway stations that may be affected, with ongoing work to do so for the remaining ones.
Country: Mexico
Document: Updated NDC

Quinta Comunicación de México ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. PÁG. 44 Eje E. Protección de infraestructura estratégica y del patrimonio cultural tangible LÍNEA DE ACCIÓN LINEA DE ACCIÓN NUEVA SINERGIA CON MITIGACIÓN ODS E1. Incrementar la seguridad estructural y funcional de la infraestructura estratégica actual y por desarrollar ante eventos asociados al cambio climático E2. Incorporar criterios de adaptación al cambio climático y gestión integral del riesgo de desastres en proyectos de inversión de infraestructura estratégica E3. Proteger, restaurar y conservar el patrimonio cultural tangible ante impactos del cambio climático E4. Generar y fortalecer los instrumentos de financiamiento público, así como promover la inversión privada, para proyectos de infraestructura y patrimonio cultural que incorporen criterios de adaptaciónContribución Determinada a Nivel Nacional | PÁG. 45

Question: What structural, technical and infrastructure upgrades are envisioned?
Answer: Incrementar la seguridad estructural y funcional de la infraestructura estratégica actual y por desarrollar ante eventos asociados al cambio climático
Country: Rwanda
Document: 1st NDC

It is expected that under the busines as usual scenario, the annual increase in population vehicles will reach A high rate increase in population of vehicles and light duty vehicles would lead to the high GHG emission scenarios in the future as explained in the BAU. To avoid these emissions, By 2030, Rwanda will implement the following actions:Constructi on of central Bus Terminal(s) and Customer Service Increase of climate resilience by creating affordable, reliable and accessible transport services to the community. 14 Liquefied Petroleum GasRwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 18 of 24 while light duty vehicles will increase 20% by 2030. Centers inKigali,Standardiz ed Route Optimization planning and implementation,Pl anning, rehabilitation and construction of intra-modal passenger terminals, Construction of 17 km BRT main corridor and 6 modern interchanges which will results in GHG emissions reductions estimated n of dedicated “rush hour” high speed bus lanes, Improvement of traffic and pedestrian controls and street lighting using solar pannels Enforcing Fleet renewal and scrappage (heavy, medium, mini- bus), Setting emission standards (equivalent to Euro standards)Rwanda INDCs - November 2015 - Page 19 of 24 for new vehicles, Use of higher fuel efficiencies and low carbon technologies for new vehicles, Standardized compliance and inspections for non-Rwandan registered vehicles,Integratio n with International Airport and convention/busine ss center.

Question: What structural, technical and infrastructure upgrades are envisioned?
Answer: Increase of climate resilience by creating affordable, reliable and accessible transport services to the community.
Country: Costa Rica
Document: LTS

Activities 1.1.1 To implement the sectorization of the public transport services, in bus modality, in a manner aligned with the mobility needs of the citizens and firstly focused on the GMA. • To reorganize public transport routes; set trunk lines into operation in exclusive lanes. • To modernize the concession scheme for 2021, which will reward efficient and decarbonized service provision. • To develop a profitable and innovative financial model that promotes efficiency and transparency in the service operation. 1.1.2 To establish and operate an efficient and accessible Electronic Payment system for bus and train services. 1.1.3 To adopt measures that promote intermodality. • To design and implement intermodal stations (train-bus-taxi- bicycles).

Question: How digital solutions are being promoted in the transport sector?
Answer: To establish and operate an efficient and accessible Electronic Payment system for bus and train services.
Country: Costa Rica
Document: LTS

Quantity of operating sectorized trunks Number of public transport modes with an operational electronic payment 1.1 To modernize public transport and to create an integrated and intermodal system. • 8 main trunk lines inoperation At least one public transport mode operates with a system of integrated electronic payment. 1.1.1 To implement the sectorization of the public transport services, in bus modality, in a manner aligned with the mobility needs of the citizens, and firstly focused on the GMA. o To reorganize public transport routes; set trunk lines into operation in exclusive lanes. o To modernize the concession scheme for 2021, which will reward efficient and decarbonized service provision. o To develop a profitable and innovative financial model that promotes efficiency and transparency in the service operation. 1.1.2 To establish and operate an efficient and accessible Electronic Payment system for bus and train services.

Question: How digital solutions are being promoted in the transport sector?
Answer: To establish and operate an efficient and accessible Electronic Payment system for bus and train services.
Country: Costa Rica
Document: LTS

1.1.2 To establish and operate an efficient and accessible Electronic Payment system for bus and train services. 1.1.3 To adopt measures that promote intermodality. o To design and implement intermodal stations (train-bus-taxi-bicycles). o To design and adjust the schedules for the provision of public transport services in a way that promotes systems integration. 1.1.4 To establish a governance model under the sustainable mobility system approach. 1.1.4 To establish a governance model under the sustainable mobility system approach. o To strengthen the capacities and transparency of the Public Transport Council and the stewardship of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport Decarbonization axis Linkages with cross-cutting strategy and lock in parameters Indicator Objective Period goal Activity Key actors MOPT CTP ARESEP INCOFER MINAE Private sector Users Bank MIVAH IFAM MOPT CTP Central Bank INCOFER ARESEP Operators MOPT CTP INCOFER IFAM MOPT CTP ARESEP INCOFER MINAE Private sector Usuarios 1. Development of a mobility system based on safe, efficient and renewable public transport and active mobility schemes.

Question: How digital solutions are being promoted in the transport sector?
Answer: To establish and operate an efficient and accessible Electronic Payment system for bus and train services.
Country: Japan
Document: LTS

In the field of logistics, in order to cope with the shortage of human resource and to achieve both efficiency and productivity improvements and decarbonization, the Government will build a new mobility service through green logistics initiatives, such as realization of more efficient and energy-saving transportation in the entire supply chain, promotion of logistics DX28 using AI, IoT, etc. with cooperation of related businesses, enhancement of efficient logistics networks using technology like automated driving, improvement of truck transportation efficiency including advanced logistics systems with cooperation among related businesses using digital technology from the perspective of logistics MaaS29, and further promotion of modal shifts to shipping and rail.

Question: How digital solutions are being promoted in the transport sector?
Answer: improvement of truck transportation efficiency including advanced logistics systems with cooperation among related businesses using digital technology from the perspective of logistics MaaS
Country: Japan
Document: LTS

with cooperation of related businesses, enhancement of efficient logistics networks using technology like automated driving, improvement of truck transportation efficiency including advanced logistics systems with cooperation among related businesses using digital technology from the perspective of logistics MaaS29, and further promotion of modal shifts to shipping and rail. It is necessary to make the transportation and logistics system more resilient to climate change risks so that transportation and logistics services as essential services will not be disrupted for a long time in the event of a disaster. In the shipping sector, by promoting the development and implementation of low-carbon and decarbonizing technologies and leading the establishment of related international regulations, Japan will strategically strive for carbon-neutral maritime transportation.

Question: How digital solutions are being promoted in the transport sector?
Answer: improvement of truck transportation efficiency including advanced logistics systems with cooperation among related businesses using digital technology from the perspective of logistics MaaS
Country: Indonesia
Document: LTS

• The breakdown of transport energy in 2050 are: biofuels (46%), oil fuels (20%), electricity (30%) and natural gas (4%). The biofuel (CPO-based) programme is considered successful and will be continued to 2050 by supplying biofuel with higher biodiesel proportions (B30, B40, B50), which will be produced from sustainable sources. • “Mobility as a service” will continue to grow. • Household expenditure for transport is around 20% of total household spending. • Choice of mode of transport is affected by cost, comfort level and social status. • Many cities are connected by inter-city trains especially in Java. Existing plan shows that 3,200 km of train tracks will be built to serve transport in Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi. b.

Question: How digital solutions are being promoted in the transport sector?
Answer: “Mobility as a service” will continue to grow.
Country: Japan
Document: Archived LTS

Additionally, the Government will promote the use of micro mobility vehicles that enables energy efficient transportation according to various needs of all generations. The Government will also take measures to improve services and convenience with new mobility services and to achieve seamless public transportation with:- 47 - improving public transport such as railways; improving connection between transport modes through public-private partnership for development of transport hubs (modal connectiveness); utilizing existing public transport; computerization; improvements in transfer points, introducing park and ride, and; Mobility as a Service (MaaS). e. Logistics revolution The Government will facilitate the modal shift from automobile transportation to coastal shipping or rail transportation to reduce CO2 emission and measure labor shortage in the logistics.

Question: How digital solutions are being promoted in the transport sector?
Answer: Mobility as a Service (MaaS)