alessio-vertemati/ikitracs-qa huggingface dataset:
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

Improve access to climate-resilient and safe public transport - Ensure the access of citizens to safe transport systems with fair, accessible and sustainable prices for all, as well as improving road safety, in particular by expanding the public transport system; - Promote a well-developed cycling path network, accessible pedestrian routes; - Promote more sustainable consumer behavior in using transport. Create sustainable transport infrastructure - Implement adaptation measures to combat the effect of temperature variation: heat- tolerant streets and highways, landscape protection, heat-resilient paving materials; milling out ruts; shifting construction schedules to cooler parts of the day; design for higher maximum temperatures in replacement or new construction; adaptation of cooling systems; - Promote and implement adaptation solutions for extreme precipitations such as climate-resilient paving materials and overlay with more rut-resilient asphalt; use of the most efficient technologies to assure sealing and renewal of asphalt concrete; wider use of efficient road maintenance methods, including preventive and corrective maintenance; improve flood protection; greater use of sensors for monitoring water flows; upgrading of road drainage systems and improved collection and disposal of rainwater from the roads; pavement grooving and sloping; implement increased standards for drainage capacity for new transportation infrastructure and major rehabilitation projects; - Identification and implementation of corporate management and advanced technological models for the management of transport infrastructure in response to the impact of climate change; - Purchase the necessary equipment for cleaning and widening riverbeds, and the development of a system for navigation monitoring, etc.

Question: What changes are considered for transport demand management?
Answer: fair, accessible and sustainable prices for all
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Increased adaptative capacity as a result of increased off-farm business for rural community having access to electricity/ energy. UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONTransport Public transport infrastructure Wide range of measures including bus rapid transport (BRT) project, bus lanes, non-motorised transport lanes, and other modal shift projects contained in the Transport Sector Strategic Plan as part of the NST1. MININFRA (RTDA, REMA, RURA, CoK, transport operators) 50 million USD (but cost estimates are limited to bus mea- sures only). Increased resilience of transport infrastructure. Improved health and reduction of harmful pollutants, enhacing resilience of population to disease and adverse climate impacts. Electric vehicles (EVs) The e-mobility programme plans for the phased adoption of electric buses, passenger vehicles (cars) and motorocycles from 2020 onwards, resulting in displaced conventional vehicle sales, transport fuel imports and associated GHG emissions. MININFRA (RTDA, REMA, RURA CoK, transport operators) Total costs including EVs and charging infrastructure est.

Question: What changes are considered for transport demand management?
Answer: other modal shift projects contained in the Transport Sector Strategic Plan as part of the NST1
Country: Sao Tome and Principe
Document: Updated NDC

An increase in renewable energy share integrated in the national grid; ii. a reduction in power grid losses and increase of energy efficiency; and, iii. a significant reduction in the transport sector’s carbon footprint. With the implementation of these measures, STP will be able to contribute towards an estimated GHG emissions reduction of 109 kTCO2 eq, corresponding to a 27% emission reduction by 2030, with a total estimated cost of close to USD 150M. The goal to reduce emissions is conditional to the availability and mobilization of external funding with the aim of reducing projected emissions in the business-as-usual (BAU) scenarios by 2030.

Question: What changes are considered for transport demand management?
Answer: a significant reduction in the transport sector’s carbon footprint.
Country: Tunisia
Document: Updated NDC

Figure 2: Trajectoires futures des réductions des émissions des GES dues à l’efficacité énergétique (par secteur) Evolution des émissions évitées de GES due à l EE selon les secteurs Figure 3: Trajectoires futures des réductions des émissions des GES dues au renouvelable par technologie Evolution des émissions évitées de GES selon les technologies ERCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE Catalyseur secondaire Les réductions d’émissions dues à l’efficacité énergétique sur la période 2021-2030 découleraient tout d’abord de la politique d’utilisation rationnelle de l’énergie dans l’industrie (38%). Le secteur des transports vient tout juste après (37%), principalement grâce à l’organisation des déplacements urbains dans les grandes villes ainsi qu’à l’introduction des véhicules électriques. Le secteur des bâtiments contribue, lui, à hauteur du quart des réductions d’émissions découlant de l’efficacité énergétique.

Question: What changes are considered for transport demand management?
Answer: Le secteur des transports vient tout juste après (37%), principalement grâce à l’organisation des déplacements urbains dans les grandes villes ainsi qu’à l’introduction des véhicules électriques.
Country: Uganda
Document: Updated NDC

10 Mitigation assessment of transport sector. MoWT. Unpublished.Development of Non- Motorized Transport (NMT) infrastructure This measure aims to use the planned NMT corridors in the GKMA as well as in other urban areas across Uganda as its basis. The measure has a potential to reduce the emissions by approximately 0.66 MtCO2e by 2030. MGR – Meter Gauge Railway rehabilitation for freight transit This measure intends to implement 61 km of passenger rail by 2030 and to achieve 22% of fuel economy improvement of diesel locomotives. This measure has a potential to reduce the emissions by approximately 0.0005 MtCO2e by 2030. Efficient operation of public transportation Measures Aggregated – “Modal shift of passengers to mass transit and NMT” Residential trip avoidance through town planning and transport orientated development BRT – Bus Rapid Transit GKMA Passenger service Metro rail Not implemented within time-period.

Question: What changes are considered for transport demand management?
Answer: Residential trip avoidance through town planning and transport orientated development
Country: Uganda
Document: Updated NDC

Efficient operation of public transportation Measures Aggregated – “Modal shift of passengers to mass transit and NMT” Residential trip avoidance through town planning and transport orientated development BRT – Bus Rapid Transit GKMA Passenger service Metro rail Not implemented within time-period. LRT – Light Rail Transit SGR – Standard Gauge Railway 3.5.1.1 Transport Mitigation by Sub-sectors Table 3-14: Transport mitigation measures by sub-sectors Mitigation Measure BAU NDC Scenario Details Road transport fuel efficiency Global Fuel Economy Initiative improvement of fuel economy with 20-year time-lag: Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI) 50 by 50 targets, improvement of fuel economy with 10- year time-lag: Alternative fuel switch Road: No switching to alternative fuels (LNG, ethanol or LNG). All traditional fuels (petrol/gasoline and diesel). 1% per year increase in alternative fuel use for all road vehicles - 60% of the increase comes from natural gas. - 20% from ethanol (E10). - 20% from biodiesel.

Question: What changes are considered for transport demand management?
Answer: Residential trip avoidance through town planning and transport orientated development
Country: Uganda
Document: Updated NDC

Section 2.3.Mitigation Measure BAU NDC Scenario Details Total road PKM: 145,033 million Policies introduced to manage the use of personal motor vehicles to reduce congestion and encourage a shift to public transport, walking, and cycling. Including parking management and secure cycle parking. Efficient operation of public transportation Standard growth rate of PKM of 7% to 2025 and 6% to 2050. No change in load factor. Work with the taxi industry to achieve service quality improvements and operator consolidation. Introduce 1,000 high-quality city buses in GKMA15 together with bus shelters, terminals, and depots.16 Introduce ITS systems, automatic fare collection, and control centre for public transport in GKMA 5% reduction in VKM and 5% increase in load factor from improved organisation of urban public transport. Residential trip avoidance through town planning and transport orientated development Standard growth rate of PKM of 7% to 2025 and 6% to 2050. No change in load factor.

Question: What changes are considered for transport demand management?
Answer: Residential trip avoidance through town planning and transport orientated development
Country: Austria
Document: LTS

The framework for the effective pricing of CO2 should be to promote competition. To this end, the following concrete action areas are being brought into the discussion: • Further measures for more effective CO2 pricing in air traffic and for creating a competition-neutral taxation situation in relation to other modes of transport. • For the purposes of environmental economy, a CO2 price with an adequate incentive and steering effect is indispensable if we are to achieve our long-term goal of zero net emissions in an economically efficient manner.

Question: For what activities are envisioned economic instruments?
Answer: Further measures for more effective CO2 pricing in air traffic and for creating a competition-neutral taxation situation in relation to other modes of transport.
Country: France
Document: LTS

Other alternative fuels, such as synthetic kerosene, could be used if their environmental and energy balance proves relevant. a) Guideline T 1: provide the sector with incentive price signals Find a way to gradually standardise intra-European competition in road transport, in order to standardise fuel tax rates at European level or within a group of neighbouring Member States, particularly for professional road transport, in line with the objectives of greening fleets and with public policy objectives (e.g. for public transport). Enable the internalisation of the external costs of road use (climatic, environmental, health and use) and charge a fair price for road modes, both over long distances and in urban areas.

Question: For what activities are envisioned economic instruments?
Answer: standardise fuel tax rates at European level or within a group of neighbouring Member States,
Country: Slovakia
Document: LTS

Support the institutional background for sustainable mobility within self-governments. Introduce measures to reduce emissions in transport in fiscal policy, in line with the forthcoming revision of Council Directive 2003/96/EC36 and according to the OECD Recommendations 37 and the Progress Report of the Environmental Performance of OECD Recommendations,38 unless they are in contradiction with Council Directive 2003/96/EC, whereas the measures will take into account price competitiveness and elasticity of consumption. Reassess the system of excise duty on energy products in transport so that products are taxed on the basis of their adverse impact on the environment, while allowing the possibilities of Directive 2003/96 EC to be fully applied.

Question: For what activities are envisioned economic instruments?
Answer: Reassess the system of excise duty on energy products in transport so that products are taxed on the basis of their adverse impact on the environment, while allowing the possibilities of Directive 2003/96 EC to be fully applied
Country: Slovakia
Document: LTS

Reassess the system of excise duty on energy products in transport so that products are taxed on the basis of their adverse impact on the environment, while allowing the possibilities of Directive 2003/96 EC to be fully applied. Change passenger car registration fees to reflect CO2 emissions or Euro emission standards, or a combination of these, or other factors that reflect environmental criteria in the calculation of fees. Toll charges will also include an environmental element in passenger transport and will analyse other ways of using economic instruments in accordance with the Polluter Pays principle.

Question: For what activities are envisioned economic instruments?
Answer: Reassess the system of excise duty on energy products in transport so that products are taxed on the basis of their adverse impact on the environment, while allowing the possibilities of Directive 2003/96 EC to be fully applied
Country: Germany
Document: LTS

â â Sustainable investment needs investors who are interested in sustainability and it needs appropriate financing instruments and products. The German government will do its utmost in multilateral con- texts to ensure that sustainability goals play a greater role, for example in funding provided by the multi- lateral development banks. The multilateral develop- ment banks should make a greater contribution to the mobilisation of private resources for sustainable investment than has previously been the case. Sustainable trade International trade also causes external costs. The fuel used for aviation and maritime shipping is subsidised and/or mostly exempt from taxation. Germany should advocate the elimination of subsidies and appropriate taxation in this area. Principles of sustainability should also play a greater role in trade agreements. Trade in sustainable products and services should be preferred.

Question: For what activities are envisioned economic instruments?
Answer: The fuel used for aviation and maritime shipping is subsidised and/or mostly exempt from taxation. Germany should advocate the elimination of subsidies and appropriate taxation in this area. Principles of sustainability should also play a greater role in trade agreements.
Country: Grenada
Document: 1st NDC

Energy efficiency actions to reduce emissions include retrofitting of all buildings (20% reduction), establishment of policies for energy efficiency building codes for all building sectors (30% reduction) and implementation of energy efficiency in hotels (20% reduction). Transport The transport sector (land and marine) contributed an average 39% of Grenada’s greenhouse gas emissions in the 2010 to 2014 period. Grenada plans to reduce its emissions in the transport sector by 20% by 2025. In order to meet its commitment Grenada plans to undertake several policies/actions including introduction of biofuel blends (specifically liquefied natural gas and diesel blend), implementation of gasoline and diesel taxes and implementation of fuel efficiency standards for vehicles through incentives. Waste The waste sector contributed to approximately 10% of Grenada’s emissions.

Question: For what activities are envisioned economic instruments?
Answer: Implementation of gasoline and diesel taxes
Country: Nepal
Document: 1st NDC

Conservation and management of this area, including implementation of forests, soil and water conservation activities, is expected to greatly sequestrate carbon and could function as the carbon sink. c. Moving towards Environmentally Sustainable Transport System Promotion of public transport system and bicycle use, introduction of fuel tax used in Kathmandu Valley for air quality improvement and further promotion of non-motorised transport would contribute to the reduction of pollution in urban areas. d. Promoting Climate Friendly Practices in Agriculture Nepal is implementing farmers schools where local varieties of crops will be promoted using local and indigenous knowledge and building on efficient technologies. Similarly, efforts are underway to develop flood and drought-resistant crop varieties to cope with climate change impacts.

Question: For what activities are envisioned economic instruments?
Answer: introduction of fuel tax used in Kathmandu Valley
Country: Republic of North Macedonia
Document: LTS

Some of these have already been received and put into use • Campaigns for cheaper/free driving of certain categories of passengers (young people, pensioners, etc.) carried out • Implement promotional campaigns for raising public awareness • Continuing the campaigns for cheaper/free driving • Enabling additional conditions for companies Finance: Budget: 180.6 M€ Source of finance: Central government budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: By 2040, 3% of the passenger kilometres of cars, 1% of passenger kilometres of busses and 6.6% of tonnes kilometres of heavy-duty vehicles will be realized by railway transport A-M-28: Renewing of the national car fleet Main objective: Use of more advanced technologies in order to slow down the growing energy consumption in the transport sector, which is complex and with limited capabilities of energy use reduction Description: The measures recommended in the Study on the transport sector analysis of policies and measures should be implemented: Reduction of VAT from 18% to 5% for hybrid and electric vehicles; Direct subsidizing of hybrid vehicles, Excise duties of diesel fuel and petrol need to be gradually equalled.

Question: For what activities are envisioned economic instruments?
Answer: Excise duties of diesel fuel and petrol need to be gradually equalled.
Country: Republic of North Macedonia
Document: LTS

carried out • Implement promotional campaigns for raising public awareness • Continuing the campaigns for cheaper/free driving • Enabling additional conditions for companies Finance: Budget: 180.6 M€ Source of finance: Central government budget Progress monitoring: Objective achieved: Activities implemented: Yes/No Yes/No Reference to assessments and underpinning technical reports: Energy Strategy up to 2040, NECP, 3rd BUR Assumptions/ General comments: By 2040, 3% of the passenger kilometres of cars, 1% of passenger kilometres of busses and 6.6% of tonnes kilometres of heavy-duty vehicles will be realized by railway transport A-M-28: Renewing of the national car fleet Main objective: Use of more advanced technologies in order to slow down the growing energy consumption in the transport sector, which is complex and with limited capabilities of energy use reduction Description: The measures recommended in the Study on the transport sector analysis of policies and measures should be implemented: Reduction of VAT from 18% to 5% for hybrid and electric vehicles; Direct subsidizing of hybrid vehicles, Excise duties of diesel fuel and petrol need to be gradually equalled. Obligations of public institutions to purchase vehicles with low CO2 emissions (up to 90 gCO2/km by 2020 and 50 gCO2/km by 2025).

Question: For what activities are envisioned economic instruments?
Answer: Excise duties of diesel fuel and petrol need to be gradually equalled.
Country: Austria
Document: LTS

through corresponding Horizon Europe and InvestEU funding windows). • Promotion of the automation and networking of sustainable mobility through the Digital Europe programme. • Introduction of a national contribution to the EU budget calculated from the non- recycled plastic packaging waste generated in each Member State (“plastic funds”) as indicated by statistical data to create an incentive for the Member States to reduce the generation of non-recycled plastic. • Allocation of 15% of the funds of the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) that are earmarked for the energy segment to cross-border renewable energy projects.

Question: How digital solutions are being promoted in the transport sector?
Answer: Promotion of the automation and networking of sustainable mobility through the Digital Europe programme
Country: European Union
Document: LTS

Just as for renewable energy in the previous decade, the automotive industry already today heavily invests in the emergence of zero and low emission vehicle technologies, such as electric vehicles. A combination of decarbonised, decentralised and digitalised power, more efficient and sustainable batteries, highly efficient electric powertrains, connectivity and autonomous driving offers prospects to decarbonise road transport with strong overall benefits including clean air, reduced noise, accident-free traffic, altogether generating major health benefits for citizens and the European economy. Electrification of short sea shipping and inland waterways is also an option, where the power to weight ratio makes it feasible. Based on today’s knowledge and technologies, electrification using renewables alone will not be the single silver bullet for all transport modes.

Question: How digital solutions are being promoted in the transport sector?
Answer: A combination of decarbonised, decentralised and digitalised power, more efficient and sustainable batteries, highly efficient electric powertrains, connectivity and autonomous driving
Country: Japan
Document: LTS

This includes 1.47 million hybrid vehicles (about 34%), 21,000 electric vehicles (about 0.5%), 18,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles (about 0.4%), 0.07 million fuel cell vehicles (about 0.02%), and 175,000 clean diesel vehicles (about 4.1%).- 36 - Figure 17 Breakdown of energy-related CO2 emissions from transport sector (FY2019, Final Figures) (Source: Compiled based on Japan s GHG Inventory) From the perspective of transportation, logistics, and infrastructure systems it is necessary to strengthen climate measures that will lead to the simultaneous realization of CO2 emission reductions and the vitalization of mobility. This will be in combination with utilizing and applying new technologies such as automated driving and digital technology to electrified vehicles, considering the diverse needs of local transportation for low-speed driving and new services such as downsizing (downsizing of vehicles, review of routes and frequencies, etc.).

Question: How digital solutions are being promoted in the transport sector?
Answer: applying new technologies such as automated driving and digital technology to electrified vehicles,
Country: Japan
Document: LTS

This will be in combination with utilizing and applying new technologies such as automated driving and digital technology to electrified vehicles, considering the diverse needs of local transportation for low-speed driving and new services such as downsizing (downsizing of vehicles, review of routes and frequencies, etc.). It is also required to promote the spread of EVs by devising multifaceted ways to use them, taking advantage of their functions as storage batteries and mobile power sources in times of disaster. b. Developing Sustainable Transportation and Logistics Services through Digital and Green CO2 emissions from the transportation sector account for approx. 20% of Japan s total CO2 emissions.

Question: How digital solutions are being promoted in the transport sector?
Answer: applying new technologies such as automated driving and digital technology to electrified vehicles,
Country: Japan
Document: LTS

In the field of logistics, in order to cope with the shortage of human resource and to achieve both efficiency and productivity improvements and decarbonization, the Government will build a new mobility service through green logistics initiatives, such as realization of more efficient and energy-saving transportation in the entire supply chain, promotion of logistics DX28 using AI, IoT, etc. with cooperation of related businesses, enhancement of efficient logistics networks using technology like automated driving, improvement of truck transportation efficiency including advanced logistics systems with cooperation among related businesses using digital technology from the perspective of logistics MaaS29, and further promotion of modal shifts to shipping and rail.

Question: How digital solutions are being promoted in the transport sector?
Answer: , enhancement of efficient logistics networks using technology like automated driving