alessio-vertemati/ikitracs-qa huggingface dataset:
Country: Bangladesh
Document: 1st NDC

Table 4: Possible mitigation actions to deliver the conditional contribution Sector Description Objectives of the activity by 2030 Power  Ensure all new coal generation uses super-critical technology  Increased penetration of wind power  Implement grid-connected solar plant to diversify the existing electricity generation mix  100% of new coal based power plants use super-critical technology by 2030  400 MW of wind generating capacity by 2030  1000 MW of utility-scale solar power plant Transport  Modal shift from road to rail, delivered through a range of measures, including underground metro systems and bus rapid transit systems in urban areas. Co-benefits will include reduced congestion, improved air quality and improved traffic safety.  Reduced congestion and improved running of traffic. This will be achieved by a number of measures, including building of expressways to relieve congestion and public transport measures.

Question: Are there any road safety improvements?
Answer: Co-benefits will include reduced congestion, improved air quality and improved traffic safety.
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

Transport Improve understanding of climate change- related risks and support planning capacities for climate-resilient infrastructure in the transport sector - Provide training to decision-makers managing the construction of transport infrastructure on climate risk impacts; - Undertake periodic assessments of the level of resilience to climate change impact of the transport infrastructure; - Produce a research-analysis-assessment platform on climate change risks with impact on transport infrastructure, involving insurance companies; - Communicate transport sector climate risks to the targeted audience and general pubic using georeferenced data on climate hazards, social and gender vulnerabilities, risk mapping covering different scenarios of threats, other tools.Sectors Sectorial adaptation priorities Main activities and actions in support of adaptation priorities - Carry out research on the design and development of advanced materials and technologies aimed at increasing the resistance of roads, railways, aerodromes, ports to climate hazards; - Adjust urban and land-use planning to future climate change-related risks for transport infrastructure (roads, bridges, railways, waterways, aerodromes); - Promote funding schemes to support climate action that fit specific transport sector related needs, geographic area, other specifics. Improve access to climate-resilient and safe public transport - Ensure the access of citizens to safe transport systems with fair, accessible and sustainable prices for all, as well as improving road safety, in particular by expanding the public transport system; - Promote a well-developed cycling path network, accessible pedestrian routes; - Promote more sustainable consumer behavior in using transport.

Question: Are there any road safety improvements?
Answer: improving road safety, in particular by expanding the public transport system
Country: Republic of Moldova
Document: Updated NDC

Improve access to climate-resilient and safe public transport - Ensure the access of citizens to safe transport systems with fair, accessible and sustainable prices for all, as well as improving road safety, in particular by expanding the public transport system; - Promote a well-developed cycling path network, accessible pedestrian routes; - Promote more sustainable consumer behavior in using transport. Create sustainable transport infrastructure - Implement adaptation measures to combat the effect of temperature variation: heat- tolerant streets and highways, landscape protection, heat-resilient paving materials; milling out ruts; shifting construction schedules to cooler parts of the day; design for higher maximum temperatures in replacement or new construction; adaptation of cooling systems; - Promote and implement adaptation solutions for extreme precipitations such as climate-resilient paving materials and overlay with more rut-resilient asphalt; use of the most efficient technologies to assure sealing and renewal of asphalt concrete; wider use of efficient road maintenance methods, including preventive and corrective maintenance; improve flood protection; greater use of sensors for monitoring water flows; upgrading of road drainage systems and improved collection and disposal of rainwater from the roads; pavement grooving and sloping; implement increased standards for drainage capacity for new transportation infrastructure and major rehabilitation projects; - Identification and implementation of corporate management and advanced technological models for the management of transport infrastructure in response to the impact of climate change; - Purchase the necessary equipment for cleaning and widening riverbeds, and the development of a system for navigation monitoring, etc.

Question: Are there any road safety improvements?
Answer: improving road safety, in particular by expanding the public transport system
Country: Fiji
Document: LTS

Regarding all transport infrastructure, the NAP proposes to develop certification standards for climate proofing transport infrastructure and establishing measures to ensure compliance, and to promote institution strengthening and capacity building for integrated transport planning. With regard to land transport, the NAP proposes to: conduct road inspections, renew and upgrade road infrastructure to address current and future risks, address the impacts of overloaded trucks on sealed road pavement and bridges and to enforce load restrictions, and work to renew and upgrade priority water crossings to withstand climate impacts. Maritime transport has been described as the lifeline of Pacific SIDS, such as Fiji. It is essential to all agendas for climate change resilience, adaptation, economic and sustainable development (including fulfilling most SDGs), government service delivery, and natural disaster preparedness and response.

Question: What structural, technical and infrastructure upgrades are envisioned?
Answer: conduct road inspections
Country: Cambodia
Document: Updated NDC

Financing for resilient cities. Partnership and communication. Develop national road construction and maintenance design standards for national and provincial roads, considering climate change impact including M&E framework develop for climate proofing and low-carbon technology roads MPWT Reduce road repair/ rehabilitation cost Reduce vehicle maintenance Save time Ensure flow of traffic and transportationCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Repair and rehabilitate existing road infrastructure and ensure effective operation and maintenance systems, considering climate change impact MPWT - GHG mitigation using low carbon technology road - Building road with less impacts on forest, biodiversity - Planting tree along road and highway to reduce heat and emission produced by road - Ensure sustainability of water run-off for the intersection of water way and road line Rural road rehabilitation and improvement for climate change resilience MRD - Contribute to GHG reduction - Food Security, - Agriculture market connectivity, Skill development, - Improve productivities Livelihoods, poverty and vulnerability Develop and annually update national and subnational multi-hazard and climate risk assessments, including identification of most vulnerable communities.

Question: What structural, technical and infrastructure upgrades are envisioned?
Answer: Repair and rehabilitate existing road infrastructure and ensure effective operation and maintenance systems, considering climate change impact
Country: Cambodia
Document: Updated NDC

Develop national road construction and maintenance design standards for national and provincial roads, considering climate change impact including M&E framework develop for climate proofing and low-carbon technology roads MPWT Reduce road repair/ rehabilitation cost Reduce vehicle maintenance Save time Ensure flow of traffic and transportationCambodia’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Repair and rehabilitate existing road infrastructure and ensure effective operation and maintenance systems, considering climate change impact MPWT - GHG mitigation using low carbon technology road - Building road with less impacts on forest, biodiversity - Planting tree along road and highway to reduce heat and emission produced by road - Ensure sustainability of water run-off for the intersection of water way and road line Rural road rehabilitation and improvement for climate change resilience MRD - Contribute to GHG reduction - Food Security, - Agriculture market connectivity, Skill development, - Improve productivities Livelihoods, poverty and vulnerability Develop and annually update national and subnational multi-hazard and climate risk assessments, including identification of most vulnerable communities. NCDM - National risk assessment can be used as a basis for priority areas of adaptation and mitigation activities - Enhanced database on disaster occurrences in Cambodia - Being an instrument in monitoring disaster impacts across the country; can be used to informed priority areas and actions on mitigation activities.

Question: What structural, technical and infrastructure upgrades are envisioned?
Answer: Repair and rehabilitate existing road infrastructure and ensure effective operation and maintenance systems, considering climate change impact
Country: Cambodia
Document: Updated NDC

-Climate proofed standard design is built, quality of road infrastructure resilience to extreme climate event reduce maintenance and rehabilitation cost, good condition of road will result in better combustion led to GHG reduction Guidelines for Climate Proofing Investment in the Transport Sector Road Infrastructure Projects by ADB Guidelines for climate proofing investment in the transport sector: Road infrastructure projects by WB Capacity building program for stakeholders on climate proofing road standard 25% at least of workers or beneficiaries are female The climate proofing road standard will consider gender considerations to ensure the women have full access to roads and use roads as a means to improve their income and livelihood. 30% of local women report increased mobility all year round due to improved roads Unconditional-for publication (national budget)+Training 57 Repair and rehabilitate existing road infrastructure and ensure effective operation and maintenance systems, considering climate change impact Infrastruct ure - Roads Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT) Cambodia Climate Change Strategic National Adaptation Plan Financing Strengthen climate road resilience to avoid loss and damage due to climate hazards and ensure full and sustain road operations for road users particularly most vulnerable group New national road construction using climate proofing road standards by 2030.

Question: What structural, technical and infrastructure upgrades are envisioned?
Answer: Repair and rehabilitate existing road infrastructure and ensure effective operation and maintenance systems, considering climate change impact
Country: Cambodia
Document: Updated NDC

30% of local women report increased mobility all year round due to improved roads Unconditional-for publication (national budget)+Training 57 Repair and rehabilitate existing road infrastructure and ensure effective operation and maintenance systems, considering climate change impact Infrastruct ure - Roads Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT) Cambodia Climate Change Strategic National Adaptation Plan Financing Strengthen climate road resilience to avoid loss and damage due to climate hazards and ensure full and sustain road operations for road users particularly most vulnerable group New national road construction using climate proofing road standards by 2030. Repair road using climate proofing standards by 2030.

Question: What structural, technical and infrastructure upgrades are envisioned?
Answer: Repair and rehabilitate existing road infrastructure and ensure effective operation and maintenance systems, considering climate change impact
Country: Tajikistan
Document: Updated NDC

In forestry, adaptation measures (many of which also have strong mitigation benefits) include reforestation/afforestation, natural and active/assisted regeneration, forest protection from cutting, grazing, fire, pests etc., improved and sustainable management of existing forest, improved pasture productivity, promoting crosscutting actions: integrated land management, improving the regulatory framework, strengthening law enforcement, developing a sustainable financing system, conducting inventory and monitoring, and investing in science and innovation. List of adaptation measures in the transport sector: ● improving the protection and long-term maintenance of transport infrastructure; ● updating national building codes for the construction of bridges; ● providing support to improve infrastructure and access roads in the country, in particular in hazardous and vulnerable areas; ● adapting rail, road, air and all modes of transport, including non-traditional and special modes of transport, to the requirements under international standards; ● promoting the implementation of incentives and regulations for fuel-efficient vehicles.

Question: What structural, technical and infrastructure upgrades are envisioned?
Answer: improving the protection and long-term maintenance of transport infrastructure;
Country: Tajikistan
Document: Updated NDC

List of adaptation measures in the transport sector: ● improving the protection and long-term maintenance of transport infrastructure; ● updating national building codes for the construction of bridges; ● providing support to improve infrastructure and access roads in the country, in particular in hazardous and vulnerable areas; ● adapting rail, road, air and all modes of transport, including non-traditional and special modes of transport, to the requirements under international standards; ● promoting the implementation of incentives and regulations for fuel-efficient vehicles. List of adaptation measures in the industry and construction sector: ● equipping large enterprises with modern energy-saving and digital technologies; ● a national industrial sector that embraces the environmental protection and creation of a green economy; introduction of rational consumption and production patterns; greening of industry; ● development of sustainable infrastructure based on the implementation of green investment projects; ● creation of early warning systems for the adoption of protective measures and prevention of damage and loss of infrastructure.

Question: What structural, technical and infrastructure upgrades are envisioned?
Answer: improving the protection and long-term maintenance of transport infrastructure;
Country: Tonga
Document: LTS

Links to other mitigation sectors: All sectors. HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Engage with donors and partners to source funds for infrastructure management and design, particularly on stormwater management and road design. GHG emissions reduction potential: This action does not contribute to GHG reduction but could contribute to protection of low emission infrastructure assets. Description: Integrate stormwater drainage infrastructure into urban road network and implement maintenance regime to enhance longevity of infrastructure. The action requires the systematic integration of stormwater planning in the design and construction of roads and pavements in urban areas. This complements the Road Maintenance Fund established in 2013. Technical support to enhance the work of the National Spatial Planning Agency Office (NSPAO) and the Road Committee will be needed. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Install and maintain stormwater management infrastructure. Location: Urban areas. Timeline: Road Committee has been established and Road Maintenance Fund is operational.

Question: What structural, technical and infrastructure upgrades are envisioned?
Answer: maintenance regime to enhance longevity of infrastructure.
Country: Micronesia
Document: Updated NDC

Conditional By 2030, update vessels and/or secure additional vessels for inter-state transportation and emergency response operations. Climate Change Co-Benefits Mitigation Adaptation • Reduction of carbon dioxide emissions from emergency response vessels • Enhancement of emergency management and disaster response to extreme weather events, including improved delivery of essential supplies and services (e.g., food, water, medical, transportation) • Improved monitoring of coastal erosion, sea level-rise, groundwater supplies and other natural resources Means of Implementation Requirements Completion of GIS mapping is expected to require additional financial resources to pay for technical assistance. Acquiring one to two additional transport and emergency response vessels will either require significant financial support or an in-kind contribution. Relevant SDGs Good health is advanced by preparing communities for severe climatic events and responding to such events in a timely manner.

Question: What structural, technical and infrastructure upgrades are envisioned?
Answer: Enhancement of emergency management and disaster response to extreme weather events, including improved delivery of essential supplies and services (e.g., food, water, medical, transportation)
Country: Mexico
Document: 1st NDC

Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate climate change criteria as part of its design, construction and throughout its useful life span, in order to reduce its vulnerability and increment its resilience. Actions to be implemented for the period 2020 – 2030 on this topic are the following: i. Execute infrastructure relocation programs currently located in high-risk zones in priority tourism destinations and implement restoration actions of vacated locations. ii. Incorporate adaptation criteria for public investment projects that include infrastructure construction and maintenance. iii. Guarantee urban and industrial waste water treatment, ensuring quantity and good quality of water in human settlements larger than 500,000 inhabitants and to monitor their performance. iv.

Question: What structural, technical and infrastructure upgrades are envisioned?
Answer: Incorporate adaptation criteria for public investment projects that include infrastructure construction and maintenance.
Country: Singapore
Document: 1st NDC

The Singapore Government encourages food security research and development, and incentivises the adoption of technology to increase productivity and resilience of local farms. b. Infrastructure resilience: Singapore’s Building Control Act requires buildings to undergo periodic structural inspections to ensure structural resiliency. All road and rail structures also undergo regular inspections by registered professional engineers. To protect critical transport infrastructure from flood risks, flood barriers have been installed at subway stations that may be affected, with ongoing work to do so for the remaining ones. For energy and telecommunication services, private operators are required to meet performance standards and ensure network resilience, including through monitoring and maintenance. The Singapore Government constantly reviews and revises design codes, regulations and policies to account for new information and the latest climate projections.

Question: What structural, technical and infrastructure upgrades are envisioned?
Answer: All road and rail structures also undergo regular inspections by registered professional engineers.
Country: Fiji
Document: LTS

Vessels themselves are also highly exposed to increasingly strong storm events and changing weather patterns. In part, to address these issues the NAP calls for new or upgraded climate resilient jetties and landings and repairs and upgrades to lighthouses, beacons, and other navigation aids.248 Smaller vessels and technology, such as WiG craft and dirigibles, also have potential to allow more direct access to communities and reduce reliance on vulnerable shoreside infrastructure. The NAP does not directly address adaptation for domestic air transport, but this too is an important consideration for the LEDS. Mitigation actions identified for the domestic air transport sector are aligned with the Government of Fiji’s national climate change adaptation and resilience objectives.

Question: What structural, technical and infrastructure upgrades are envisioned?
Answer: Smaller vessels and technology, such as WiG craft and dirigibles, also have potential to allow more direct access to communities and reduce reliance on vulnerable shoreside infrastructure.
Country: Malta
Document: LTS

Review of Storm Water Master Plan; including updated list of areas prone to flooding Reviewing and updating of current measures in 2008 Masterplan, including lists of vulnerable areas to link up with list being drawn up by EWA in terms of flood prone zones. The update should also seek to evaluate the impact of infrastructure on future scenarios, such as population growth and increased construction. Ongoing assessment to optimise flooding pathways and “emergency water ways” Updated assessment and studies to identify new flooding pathways and water ways and integrate reservoirs into the road landscaping to act as a water catchment area which would cushion and avoid urban flooding, whilst allowing for more seepage into the aquifer.

Question: What structural, technical and infrastructure upgrades are envisioned?
Answer: Ongoing assessment to optimise flooding pathways and “emergency water ways”
Country: Malta
Document: LTS

Ongoing assessment to optimise flooding pathways and “emergency water ways” Updated assessment and studies to identify new flooding pathways and water ways and integrate reservoirs into the road landscaping to act as a water catchment area which would cushion and avoid urban flooding, whilst allowing for more seepage into the aquifer. Modify standards for road materials to be able to cope with higher temperatures and extreme precipitation events Amend standards on materials used for roads, including those used for pavements and embankments, to ensure that these endure high temperatures whilst also being able to increasingly soak in more precipitation. Modify technical standards for capacity of flood infrastructure Explore new ways of expanding the capacity of current flood-relief infrastructure, such as higher flood barriers as well as wider flood relief tunnels or additional tunnels.

Question: What structural, technical and infrastructure upgrades are envisioned?
Answer: Ongoing assessment to optimise flooding pathways and “emergency water ways”
Country: Seychelles
Document: Updated NDC

To contribute to the key climate change adaptation actions on critical infrastructure, the following actions are planned: • Undertake research to better understand, plan for and address the vulnerability of Seychelles’ critical infrastructure, in particular to climate change impacts, identifying gaps and priorities. • Establish linkages between responsible government entities to ensure an appropriate adaptation approach and coordination between the implementation national plans and strategies addressing climate adaptation for critical infrastructure. • Establish a national infrastructure database with information on the location, use, ownership and compliance with safety standards of critical infrastructure. • Develop and implement a responsive education and awareness program targeting infrastructure users, supported by appropriate research and reflexive monitoring. • Develop a Port Development Master Plan, which caters for growth and integrate climate change considerations.

Question: What structural, technical and infrastructure upgrades are envisioned?
Answer: Develop a Port Development Master Plan, which caters for growth and integrate climate change considerations.