alessio-vertemati/ikitracs-qa huggingface dataset:
Country: Slovakia
Document: LTS

Introduce bikesharing in cities and villages and its integration into the public passenger transport system. Educate on the benefits of green transport and support sustainable mobility campaigns (Riding a bicycle to work, Riding a bicycle to school, Riding a bicycle to shops, European Mobility Week). Create safe bicycle stands near public buildings. Offer convenient transport of bicycles and of passengers with reduced mobility in public transport facilities. Remove obstacles in public spaces as a tool to promote pedestrian traffic. Support the institutional background for sustainable mobility within self-governments.

Question: Who is involved at subnational government level?
Answer: Support the institutional background for sustainable mobility within self-governments.
Country: Slovakia
Document: LTS

Support the institutional background for sustainable mobility within self-governments. Introduce measures to reduce emissions in transport in fiscal policy, in line with the forthcoming revision of Council Directive 2003/96/EC36 and according to the OECD Recommendations 37 and the Progress Report of the Environmental Performance of OECD Recommendations,38 unless they are in contradiction with Council Directive 2003/96/EC, whereas the measures will take into account price competitiveness and elasticity of consumption. Reassess the system of excise duty on energy products in transport so that products are taxed on the basis of their adverse impact on the environment, while allowing the possibilities of Directive 2003/96 EC to be fully applied.

Question: Who is involved at subnational government level?
Answer: Support the institutional background for sustainable mobility within self-governments.
Country: United Kingdom
Document: Updated NDC

The Green Growth Strategy is currently awaiting sign off by the NI Executive. Additionally, The Path to Net Zero44 is Northern Ireland’s current energy strategy and sets a long-term vision of net zero carbon and affordable energy for Northern Ireland by 2050. Local authorities Local authorities play an essential role in driving action to tackle climate change with significant influence in energy, housing and transport. Across the UK, local authorities are actively driving progress on net zero. Local Government can also attract net zero private sector investment, which complements national approaches to attracting net zero investment. HM Government works closely with local government and has provided support to help them contribute to delivering net zero.

Question: Who is involved at subnational government level?
Answer: Local authorities play an essential role in driving action to tackle climate change with significant influence in energy, housing and transport.
Country: United Kingdom
Document: Updated NDC

The findings of these dialogues were considered and informed the development of the Net Zero Strategy. HM Government has also run and funded public workshops and deliberative dialogues on a range of net zero issues such as net zero homes, heating, transport decarbonisation, hydrogen, food, Carbon Capture Use and Storage (CCUS), Advanced Nuclear Technologies (ANT), energy, and the environment. HM Government also ran a public consultation on the approach to the UK Emissions Trading Scheme59 in March 2022. The Welsh Government’s Engagement approach around Climate Change 2022-26 60 was published in June 2022 and provides a framework for working with Team Wales partners around the delivery of Net Zero Wales (Carbon Budget 2) 61.

Question: Who is involved at subnational government level?
Answer: HM Government has also run and funded public workshops and deliberative dialogues on a range of net zero issues such as net zero homes, heating, transport decarbonisation, hydrogen, food, Carbon Capture Use and Storage (CCUS), Advanced Nuclear Technologies (ANT), energy, and the environment. HM Government also ran a public consultation on the approach to the UK Emissions Trading Scheme59 in March 2022.
Country: United Kingdom
Document: LTS

This will support levelling-up and help reinvent high streets as enjoyable places to live, work, visit and spend leisure time. Policies and proposals 14. As the Transport Decarbonisation Plan and this Strategy are implemented, we will continue to consider the views of stakeholders from across the UK. We will engage closely with Devolved Administrations, respecting areas of devolved competency, as we work towards our shared goal of achieving net zero. We will also continue to collaborate with local authorities and other regional bodies to identify and support local solutions. 15. Depending on progress in the sector, at some points additional targeted action maybe be required, such as steps to reduce use of the most polluting cars and tackle urban congestion, to enable these targets to be met.

Question: Who is involved at subnational government level?
Answer: We will also continue to collaborate with local authorities and other regional bodies to identify and support local solutions
Country: Austria
Document: LTS

The bicycle is an ideal complement to public rail transport especially in urban areas thanks to its flexibility, and is a good alternative to a motor vehicle thanks to the little space that it requires. The positive effects that active mobility has on health are also important in this context, and are economically relevant. The transformation of the mobility system will lead to the increased use of active mobility forms (walking and bicycling). This will reduce the number of sick days of people, and will increase their life expectancy. The economic conditions, especially investments by and contracts from public agencies, public funding, and the tax system have a major influence on mobility behaviour and the volume of traffic.

Question: Are there any health benefits?
Answer: The positive effects that active mobility has on health are also important in this context, and are economically relevant. The transformation of the mobility system will lead to the increased use of active mobility forms (walking and bicycling). This will reduce the number of sick days of people, and will increase their life expectancy.
Country: European Union
Document: LTS

Just as for renewable energy in the previous decade, the automotive industry already today heavily invests in the emergence of zero and low emission vehicle technologies, such as electric vehicles. A combination of decarbonised, decentralised and digitalised power, more efficient and sustainable batteries, highly efficient electric powertrains, connectivity and autonomous driving offers prospects to decarbonise road transport with strong overall benefits including clean air, reduced noise, accident-free traffic, altogether generating major health benefits for citizens and the European economy. Electrification of short sea shipping and inland waterways is also an option, where the power to weight ratio makes it feasible. Based on today’s knowledge and technologies, electrification using renewables alone will not be the single silver bullet for all transport modes.

Question: Are there any health benefits?
Answer: A combination of decarbonised, decentralised and digitalised power, more efficient and sustainable batteries, highly efficient electric powertrains, connectivity and autonomous driving offers prospects to decarbonise road transport with strong overall benefits including clean air, reduced noise, accident-free traffic, altogether generating major health benefits for citizens and the European economy.
Country: Luxembourg
Document: LTS

Pour parvenir à la neutralité climatique d’ici à 2050, le défi consiste donc à inverser cette tendance et à tout mettre en œuvre pour décarboniser le système de mobilité. Les efforts à consentir seront très substantiels, mais apporteront également d’importants avantages supplémentaires comme une meilleure qualité de l’air, une réduction de la congestion routière, des nuisances sonores et du nombre d’accidents ou encore une baisse voire la suppression des capacités de stockage pour produits pétroliers, générant ainsi des bienfaits pour la santé et des améliorations de la qualité de la vie des citoyens.

Question: Are there any health benefits?
Answer: générant ainsi des bienfaits pour la santé et des améliorations de la qualité de la vie des citoyens.
Country: Luxembourg
Document: LTS

Les efforts à consentir seront très substantiels, mais apporteront également d’importants avantages supplémentaires comme une meilleure qualité de l’air, une réduction de la congestion routière, des nuisances sonores et du nombre d’accidents ou encore une baisse voire la suppression des capacités de stockage pour produits pétroliers, générant ainsi des bienfaits pour la santé et des améliorations de la qualité de la vie des citoyens. Bien qu’il soit impératif que les prix reflètent les coûts réels147 des différents modes de transport, notamment par le biais d’une politique fiscale appropriée, incluant la taxation des carburants et des véhicules, le développement et la mise en œuvre de solutions incitant les usagers à modifier leurs habitudes en termes de mobilité sont primordiaux.

Question: Are there any health benefits?
Answer: générant ainsi des bienfaits pour la santé et des améliorations de la qualité de la vie des citoyens.
Country: Malta
Document: LTS

Increased awareness in homes enables food cost savings  Improved public health  Improved security for incinerator workers & neighborhoods  Better job conditions for EfW plant workers  Lower nuisance effects on individuals residing near the EfW facility Economic  Cost savings for commercial businesses and more customer profile insights for tailored offerings  Potential reduction in costs, capacity issues and adverse externalities experienced in the sector  Economic efficiency and resiliency gains from a more circular economy  Creation of additional raw material input into secondary economic markets  R&I in connection with change in biogas use and development of efficient waste sorting management processes  Indirect contribution to lowering food insecurity and malnutrition goals  Positive impacts on reaching national recycling targets Social  Change in household behavior requires more attention and effort, against time and space constraints  Potential disincentive for households to sort recyclable waste at source (from semi-mixed waste separation measure) Economic  Higher administrative burden on Local Councils  Higher cost of collection  Administrative burden  Change in demand for printing houses  Macroeconomic impacts from household behavior changes (e.g. purchases, savings) Table 25: Impact Assessment for the Waste sectorMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy Measures Positive Impacts Negative Impacts  Electrification measures  Public Transport measures  Active Transport measures  Teleworking/ remote working Social  Health benefits from reduced air and noise pollution, potentially lower traffic accidents and more regular exercising  Increased flexibility for employees  Travel time reductions for individuals and businesses  Improved travel for non- vehicle owners, enabling social and economic participation  Enhancing the efficiency of local components of the TEN-T network  Facilitated access to cultural sites and improved preservation as a result of lower traffic emissions Economic  Incremental investment in the EV market  Reduced traffic congestion contributing to economic productivity and competitiveness, investment/ employment/ job attractiveness and facilitating trade logistics  New R&I spurred in connection with EV transition implementation and efficient/ safe active transport infrastructure  Facilitation of labour geographical mobility and labour market matching efficiency  Possible reduced costs of operating and managing offices Social  High upfront EV capital cost/ use might exclude some individuals from the personal vehicle ownership market  Risks for public safety in EV accidents  Waste management of EVs/ batteries  Security of supply issues for electricity and batteries (EVs)  Reduced social interaction (and linked mental/physical health effects and work engagement) resulting from TW/ RW  Higher costs for employees, and potential increased digital divide.

Question: Are there any health benefits?
Answer: Health benefits from reduced air and noise pollution, potentially lower traffic accidents and more regular exercising
Country: Malta
Document: LTS

purchases, savings) Table 25: Impact Assessment for the Waste sectorMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy Measures Positive Impacts Negative Impacts  Electrification measures  Public Transport measures  Active Transport measures  Teleworking/ remote working Social  Health benefits from reduced air and noise pollution, potentially lower traffic accidents and more regular exercising  Increased flexibility for employees  Travel time reductions for individuals and businesses  Improved travel for non- vehicle owners, enabling social and economic participation  Enhancing the efficiency of local components of the TEN-T network  Facilitated access to cultural sites and improved preservation as a result of lower traffic emissions Economic  Incremental investment in the EV market  Reduced traffic congestion contributing to economic productivity and competitiveness, investment/ employment/ job attractiveness and facilitating trade logistics  New R&I spurred in connection with EV transition implementation and efficient/ safe active transport infrastructure  Facilitation of labour geographical mobility and labour market matching efficiency  Possible reduced costs of operating and managing offices Social  High upfront EV capital cost/ use might exclude some individuals from the personal vehicle ownership market  Risks for public safety in EV accidents  Waste management of EVs/ batteries  Security of supply issues for electricity and batteries (EVs)  Reduced social interaction (and linked mental/physical health effects and work engagement) resulting from TW/ RW  Higher costs for employees, and potential increased digital divide. Economic  Business costs in connection with EV transition adjustments  Potentially lower market competition in EV market and competitive distortions from public transport subsidisation  Negative knock-on effects on economic activity and employment in traditional personal car travel sectors  Additional tax/ charges burden on businesses and individuals, which can result to be of a regressive nature  Administrative requirements for management of any mechanism to disincentivise undesirable usage  Free public transport may disincentivise innovation/ competition in this market  Negative/ displacement effects on commercial activity of any location-specific disincentive scheme Table 26: Impact Assessment for the Transport sectorAnnexesMalta Low Carbon Development Strategy 6.1.

Question: Are there any health benefits?
Answer: Health benefits from reduced air and noise pollution, potentially lower traffic accidents and more regular exercising
Country: Papua New Guinea
Document: 2nd NDC

The transport sub-sector contributed approximately 2,007 Gg CO2 eq (17 percent) of the total sectoral emissions in 201525. This sub-sector is a growing source of emissions, particularly with the expansion of urban towns and cities, the population contained in these towns and cities mainly rely on fossil fuel-run vehicles for commuting. Availability of safe, affordable, energy-efficient transportation will increase access to employment, markets, education, health, and other services. Other Sectors contributed 459Gg CO2 eq (4 percent) of the sectoral emissions in 201526, especially from the residential and commercial buildings. PNG does not have much experience with energy efficiency in the residential and commercial building sub-sector; hence the lack of energy efficiency measures to date or energy efficiency projects, which may generate a high return on investments.

Question: Are there any health benefits?
Answer: Availability of safe, affordable, energy-efficient transportation will increase access to employment, markets, education, health, and other services.
Country: United Kingdom
Document: LTS

Decarbonising transport will also help achieve other benefits: • It will improve health by removing a source of air pollution. There will still be particulate emissions associated with road, rail, tyre, and brake wear, and we are working to tackle those too, but the toxic by-products of burning hydrocarbon fuels will be eliminated from the roadside and rail; • Physical inactivity costs the NHS up to £1 billion per annum, with further indirect costs of £8.2 billion – active travel can reduce that; and • Over half the UK population is exposed to daytime noise levels above recommended limits. Zero emission vehicles – extremely quiet at low, urban speeds – will help address this. This will support levelling-up and help reinvent high streets as enjoyable places to live, work, visit and spend leisure time. Policies and proposals 14.

Question: Are there any health benefits?
Answer: Over half the UK population is exposed to daytime noise levels above recommended limits. Zero emission vehicles – extremely quiet at low, urban speeds – will help address this
Country: Malawi
Document: Updated NDC

   Clean Coal technology - Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Deployment of carbon capture to sub-critical coal power stations in the north of Malawi with permanent geological storage within in-situ coal seams. MOE (Department of Energy Affairs) MERA, EGENCO, ESCOM, IPPs, Department of Mines, donors US$ 4.8 billion conditional Not applicable    TRANSPORTMALAWI’S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 35 NDC MEASURE LINE MINISTY (FOCAL POINT) OTHER KEY IMPLEMENTING ENTITIES TOTAL ESTIMATED FUNDING ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCE CO-BENEFITS ALIGNMENT WITH SDGs TIMELINE Modal shift: private to passenger transport Increasing the share of passenger transport from around 10% at present to around 30% in 2040, reducing GHG emissions from gasoline and diesel use. MOTPW, MOLG (Department of Road Traffic and Safety Services) Passenger Associations, Bus Operators Associations, City Councils, private transport cos million uc: US$ 41m c: US$ 97m Increased resilience of transport infrastructure. Improved health and reduction of harmful local air pollutants, enhacing resilience of population to disease and adverse climate impacts.

Question: Are there any health benefits?
Answer: Improved health and reduction of harmful local air pollutants, enhacing resilience of population to disease and adverse climate impacts
Country: Malawi
Document: Updated NDC

Improved health and reduction of harmful local air pollutants, enhacing resilience of population to disease and adverse climate impacts.    Modal shift: road to rail freight Increased use of rail under the National Transport Master Plan, resulting in reduced diesel consumptions and GHG emissions from road freight transport. MOTPW (Department of Rail and Public Transport) Road Transporters Association, Railway Operator, District and City Councils billion uc: US$ 6.45m c: US$ 6.45m Increased resilience of transport infrastructure. Improved health and reduction of harmful local air pollutants, enhacing resilience of population to disease and adverse climate impacts.    Increasing ethanol blending with gasoline as a transportation fuel Achieving an average national blend rate of 20% ethanol, resulting in reduced GHG emissions from gasoline consumption in road transport. MOTPW, MOE (Department of Energy Affairs) MERA, private sector million uc: US$ 253m c: US$ 253m Decreased dependence on imported fossil fuel energy products.

Question: Are there any health benefits?
Answer: Improved health and reduction of harmful local air pollutants, enhacing resilience of population to disease and adverse climate impacts
Country: Malawi
Document: Updated NDC

MOTPW, MOE (Department of Energy Affairs) MERA, private sector million uc: US$ 253m c: US$ 253m Decreased dependence on imported fossil fuel energy products. Improved health and reduction of harmful local air pollutants, enhacing resilience of population to disease and adverse climate impacts.    Blending biodiesel with diesel as a transportation fuel Commercial production of biodiesel fuel reaching 55 million litres and resulting in reduced GHG emissions from diesel consumption in road transport. MOTPW, MOE (Department of Energy Affairs) MERA, MOA, DADOs, private sector million uc: US$ 141m c: US$ 16m Decreased dependence on imported fossil fuel energy products. Improved health and reduction of harmful local air pollutants, enhacing resilience of population to disease and adverse climate impacts.

Question: Are there any health benefits?
Answer: Improved health and reduction of harmful local air pollutants, enhacing resilience of population to disease and adverse climate impacts
Country: Malawi
Document: Updated NDC

Improved health and reduction of harmful local air pollutants, enhacing resilience of population to disease and adverse climate impacts.    BUILDINGSMALAWI’S UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 36 NDC MEASURE LINE MINISTY (FOCAL POINT) OTHER KEY IMPLEMENTING ENTITIES TOTAL ESTIMATED FUNDING ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCE CO-BENEFITS ALIGNMENT WITH SDGs TIMELINE Improved charcoal cookstoves - rural households (a) Deployment of efficient charcoal cookstoves to urban households; increasing from 20% to 30% efficiency thereby reducing demand for charcoal and O emissions. MOE (Department of Energy Affairs), Ministry of Forestry and Natural Resources (DOF) District Energy Offices, District Forestry Offices, District Councils, NGOs, Area and Village Development Committees US$ 8 million unconditional Reduced demand for traditional biomass, which helps to reduce pressure on forestry resources with associated reduced impacts from extreme rainfall events.    Improved firewood cookstoves - rural households (b) Introduction of 2 million improved high efficiency stoves, resulting in carbon sink preservation through reduction in use of unsustainable biomass fuel.

Question: Are there any health benefits?
Answer: Improved health and reduction of harmful local air pollutants, enhacing resilience of population to disease and adverse climate impacts
Country: Nigeria
Document: 1st NDC

Many of the mitigation options can be summarized as “modal shift” – moving passengers or freight from one form or mode of transport to another, less polluting, one. Air pollution in major urban areas is severe and the health benefits of these measures immediate. For example, when High Speed Rail (HSR) is available in Nigeria, a shift from air travel to HSR could begin. Significant investments are being made to revive rail transport, which also has the potential to carry a share of the fast-growing cargo load. With the early stage status of the high speed rail network in Nigeria, it is not possible to quantify the costs and potential accurately. Measures to increase the efficiency of existing vehicles and the transport system are also possible.

Question: Are there any health benefits?
Answer: Many of the mitigation options can be summarized as “modal shift” – moving passengers or freight from one form or mode of transport to another, less polluting, one. Air pollution in major urban areas is severe and the health benefits of these measures immediate.