alessio-vertemati/ikitracs-qa huggingface dataset:
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Morbidity data indicate that acute respiratory infections are the leading causes of death in the country, followed by malaria and intestinal parasites (GoR, 2018a). According to the UNDP, life expectancy in Rwanda was 68.7 years in 2018, compared to 55.3 years in 2005 (UNDP, 2019). Rwanda is experiencing a rapid urbanization process associated with rapid population growth in its towns and cities. This increase is resulting in huge waste generation and high demand in public services including solid waste management services. For instance in City of Kigali, levels of waste entering landfill sites increased from 141.38 tons per year in 2006 to 495.76 tons per year in 2015. A standard “collect and dump” approach is the dominant waste management in most Rwandan cities.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

A standard “collect and dump” approach is the dominant waste management in most Rwandan cities. Increased involvement of the private sector increased the coverage of solid waste collection service; for example, 90% of the population in Kigali had access to solid waste collection service in 2015 compared to 44% in 2012. The same improvement is also being seen in other urban areas. Generation of electric power from landfill gas (LFG) collection at landfill site presents an opportunity to utilise waste methane and help meet growing energy demand. The main wastewater treatment and disposal systems in Kigali and secondary cities are dominated by septic tanks, soakaways and direct discharge in natural wetlands.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

There are several plans to develop wastewater treatment (WWT) systems over the coming years, including a Kigali central WWT project in Nyarugenge and a centralized sewerage system for Kibagabaga and Kinyinya catchments in the Gasabo District. The government also plans to increase waste recycling initiatives, including through the use of aerobic biological treatment (composting).UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 03 Rwanda’s Vision for Climate Change The Government of Rwanda (GoR) is committed to taking urgent action to mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate change. As a Party to the UNFCCC, the country seeks to contribute to the ambitious goal of limiting temperature rise to 2oC with efforts to reach 1.5oC agreed under the Paris Agreement (UNFCCC, 2015).

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

As a Party to the UNFCCC, the country seeks to contribute to the ambitious goal of limiting temperature rise to 2oC with efforts to reach 1.5oC agreed under the Paris Agreement (UNFCCC, 2015). Rwanda ratified the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1995, the Kyoto Protocol in 2004, and the Paris Agreement in 2016. Rwanda submitted its National Adaptation Programmes of Actions (NAPA) in 2006. In line with the Paris Agreement, Rwanda submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) in 2015 which became its first NDC in 2016. Rwanda submitted its first National Communication to the UNFCCC in 2005, its second in 2012, and its third in 2018.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

The strategy contains 14 Programmes of Action (PoA), as summarised in Table 3.1 below. The actions set out in the GGCRS provide the basis for the development of the NDC and the country’s commitment towards the implementation of the Paris agreement with mitigation and adaptations actions, as well as other key national guiding documents including Vision 2050, the National Strategy for Transformation (NST1), sectoral policies, Sector Strategic Plans, the Strategic Programme for Climate Resilience (SPCR), and Sustainable Energy for All (2015-2030). Rwanda has also been an active member of regional and global initiatives to respond to the threat of climate change. These include participation in the East African Community (EAC) Climate Change Policy (2010) and subsequent East African Community (EAC) Climate Change Master Plan 2011–2031.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

PoA Area 1 Sustainable intensification of small scale farming 2 Agricultural diversity for local and export markets 3 Integrated Water Resource Management and Planning 4 Sustainable Land Use Management and Planning 5 Low carbon mix of power generation for national grid 6 Sustainable small-scale energy installations in rural areas 7 Green industry and private sector investment 8 Climate compatible mining 9 Efficient resilient transport systems 10 Low carbon urban settlements 11 Ecotourism, Conservation and PES Promotion 12 Sustainable forestry, agro-forestry and biomass energy 13 Disaster Management and Disease Prevention 14 Climate data and projections Source: GoR, 2011UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Most recently, the National Environment and Climate Change Policy was enacted in 2019 with the goal of achieving a climate resilient nation with a clean and healthy environment (MoE, 2019). The policy’s objectives include (MoE, 2019): • Greening economic transformation (resource efficiency, low carbon, climate resiliency, circular economy, green technology and procurement, green urbanization and settlements, and green mobility); • Strengthening meteorological and early warning services (climate and weather services production and mainstreaming into all sectors of Rwanda’s socio-economic development, production and access of meteorological, climate and weather services for better planning in all sectors of economy; • Promoting climate change adaptation, mitigation and response (strengthen mitigation and adaptation in both planning and implementation); • Strengthening environment and climate change governance (mainstreaming of environment and climate change into all sector policies, national coordination for the management of critical ecosystems, inclusive decision-making and interventions for environment and climate change management, education & awareness of Rwandan society on environment, weather and climate change, and strengthen the institutional framework and coordination mechanisms); and • Promoting green foreign and domestic direct investment and other capital inflows (strengthening environment & climate financial mechanisms for more efficiency, effectiveness and impact and strengthening climate proofing capital inflow in national economic planning).20 GREEN RWANDA 04 NDC Revision Process Rwanda submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the UNFCCC in September 2015, setting out its adaptation and mitigation goals.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

The policy’s objectives include (MoE, 2019): • Greening economic transformation (resource efficiency, low carbon, climate resiliency, circular economy, green technology and procurement, green urbanization and settlements, and green mobility); • Strengthening meteorological and early warning services (climate and weather services production and mainstreaming into all sectors of Rwanda’s socio-economic development, production and access of meteorological, climate and weather services for better planning in all sectors of economy; • Promoting climate change adaptation, mitigation and response (strengthen mitigation and adaptation in both planning and implementation); • Strengthening environment and climate change governance (mainstreaming of environment and climate change into all sector policies, national coordination for the management of critical ecosystems, inclusive decision-making and interventions for environment and climate change management, education & awareness of Rwandan society on environment, weather and climate change, and strengthen the institutional framework and coordination mechanisms); and • Promoting green foreign and domestic direct investment and other capital inflows (strengthening environment & climate financial mechanisms for more efficiency, effectiveness and impact and strengthening climate proofing capital inflow in national economic planning).20 GREEN RWANDA 04 NDC Revision Process Rwanda submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the UNFCCC in September 2015, setting out its adaptation and mitigation goals. With the entry into force of the Paris Agreement in November 2016, the INDC became Rwanda’s first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC).

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

This section provides a brief description of the revision process of Rwanda’s nationally determined contribution for both the mitigation and adaptation components. Business-as-usual (BAU) emissions forecasting The mitigation contributions presented in this updated NDC are based on achieving a relative GHG emissions reduction through 2015-2030 against a counterfactual baseline emissions projection representing the national emissions pathway in the absence of the mitigation measures. This requires developing sectoral BAU forecasts of output/activity and associated emissions through the NDC period; the subsequent tracking of progress against this baseline through implementation of mitigation projects will require the ongoing updating of the baseline.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

The analysis used to develop this updated NDC has involved identifying a range of mitigation options from within each of the NDC sectors for further consideration and quantitative analysis. A bottom-up ‘long-list’ was developed through close consultation with various stakeholders and experts, based on Rwanda’s NDC (GoR, 2015a); an assessment of NAMAs in Rwanda (GoR, 2015b); an “adjusted” list of NDC options, as contained in the Rwanda NDC Implementation Plan (GoR, 2017b); and Rwanda’s TNC to the UNFCCC (GoR, 2018a). A workshop was held in June 2019 in order to identify and discuss the ‘long-list’ according to sector-based discussion groups3. Guided discussions focused on three elements: 1. Review of NDC options: What is the current status of these projects? What is the planned timing?

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

The following points outline the key steps that were followed in this revision process for identifying and assessing adaptation measures: • The process involved an extensive review of relevant documents on climate adaptation that have developed over time starting with the Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy (2011) and the associated sector working papers. • The analysis builds on the first NDC work and other more recent studies including the Strategic Program for Climate Resilience (2017) along with the Gaps and Needs Analysis, the Forest Investment Program (2017), the vulnerability index (National, 2015 and District 2018), Rwanda National Communication to UNFCCC (2018), the Sector Strategic Plans (2017) and the first NDC Implementation Plan (2017).

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

• The analysis builds on the first NDC work and other more recent studies including the Strategic Program for Climate Resilience (2017) along with the Gaps and Needs Analysis, the Forest Investment Program (2017), the vulnerability index (National, 2015 and District 2018), Rwanda National Communication to UNFCCC (2018), the Sector Strategic Plans (2017) and the first NDC Implementation Plan (2017). • Priority sectors were identified based on the NDC Partnership Plan that was led by the MoE with the support of the NDC Secretariat. The consideration was also based on the focus of the World Bank support in the context of the NDC Partnership Plan endorsed by the GoR in November 2018.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

In addition, a multi-criteria analysis methodology was used for prioritization of adaptation interventions. • This then helped set adaptation indicators to guide baselines and categories of metrics at global, national/sub-national (to influence SSPs and DDSs) and finally at program and project levels.UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 05 Mitigation Contribution Rwanda’s mitigation contribution takes the form of a reduction in GHG emissions relative to a business-as-usual (BAU) emissions baseline over the period 2015-2030. The contribution comprises of two components: • Unconditional contribution: A reduction of 16 per cent relative to BAU in the year 2030; equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 1.9 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO e) in that year. This is an unconditional target, based on domestically supported and implemented mitigation measures and policies.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

This section describes Rwanda’s nationally determined contribution to mitigation. It describes the emissions sources covered by the contribution according to the latest national GHG inventory year, the development of BAU emissions projections by sector to 2030, the expected contribution from mitigation measures according to each sector, and the associated funding requirements expected for both the unconditional and conditional components.24 GREEN RWANDA 5.2 National GHG Inventory Rwanda’s latest GHG inventory data is reported in its Third National Communication (TNC) to the UNFCCC (GoR, 2018a) covers emissions up to the year 2015. This is the year adopted as the NDC baseline year. As part of the NDC revision process, a review of the GHG inventory data was undertaken. This resulted in the correction of some errors and inconsistencies.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

This resulted in the correction of some errors and inconsistencies. In addition, more recently available information and survey data allowed for actual activity and energy consumption data to replace previously estimated values. The historic and base year data described below are therefore based on this revised dataset which is considered the most recent and accurate information available against which to assess NDC mitigation contributions. These will be reflected in Rwanda’s forthcoming Biennial Update Report (BUR) and in the next National Communication. GHG inventory data in the base year 2015 are shown in Table 5.1 according to IPCC reporting categories for all GHG emissions sources, and summarised in aggregated form in Figure 5.1. Total emissions excluding forestry are estimated at 5.33 million tCO e for 2015.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Total emissions excluding forestry are estimated at 5.33 million tCO e for 2015. The agriculture sector accounted for the largest share of the total (2.94 million tCO of total), followed by energy (1.68 million tCO e, 31% of total) and waste (0.64 million tCO e, 12% of total). Emissions from IPPU represented just 0.08 million tCO e, equivalent to around 2% of total emissions in 2015; mainly associated with calcination CO emissions from clinker production. Emissions from livestock, predominantly CH from enteric fermentation in cattle, represented the largest emissions source category in the base year, followed by N O emissions from managed soils in crop production.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Emissions from livestock, predominantly CH from enteric fermentation in cattle, represented the largest emissions source category in the base year, followed by N O emissions from managed soils in crop production. Following these agricultural sources, major sources included CO emissions from fuel combustion for heating and cooking in buildings (LPG, kerosene), which accounted for 14% of the total, and CO emissions from liquid fuel use in road transport (diesel, gasoline), which accounted for 13% of the total. Figure 5.1 Rwanda’s GHG emissions by source in 2015, MtCO e Source: Rwanda National GHG Inventory data (as of September 2019); forestry excluded. Solid waste Waste water Transport MtCO e Buildings IPPU 0.1% Urea Application Managed soils Rice Cultivation Enteric fermentation Manure managementUPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Table 5.1 Rwanda’s GHG emissions by source in 2015, MtCO e IPCC Reporting Categories GgCO e MtCO e Combustion Activities Industries 1.A.1.a. Electricity and Heat Production Sectors Institutional 2.D. Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use 4 0.004 2.F.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use 4 0.004 2.F. Product Uses as Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances 7 0.01 3.B. Land 3.B.1. Forest Land - - Sources and Emissions Sources on Land 3.C.5. Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils 3.C.6. Indirect N2O Emissions from manure management 4.B. Biological Treatment of Solid Waste 159 0.16 4.C. Incineration and Open Burning of Waste 1 0.001 Total emissions Energy 1,677 1.68 Total emissions IPPU 82 0.08 Total emissions AFOLU 2,940 2.94 Total emissions Waste 637 0.64 TOTAL emissions (excluding forestry) 5,337 5.33 Source: Rwanda National GHG Inventory data (as of September 2019); forestry excluded.26 GREEN RWANDA 5.3 Mitigation actions 5.3.1 Methodological approach Rwanda’s NDC mitigation targets are based on an in-depth assessment of the country’s mitigation potential against a BAU baseline through 2030.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

This has been undertaken through a process that integrates an analysis of Rwanda’s existing sectoral and climate policy framework, the generation of qualitative information through consultation with government officials, experts and stakeholders, quantitative modelling of mitigation options and scenarios, and multi-criteria assessment to prioritise measures and determine conditional and unconditional contributions. As described above, the mitigation assessment builds on the work undertaken in support of Rwanda’s INDC submission in 2015 and other more recent studies including e.g. GHG mitigation estimates made in the context of NAMAs and the TNC (GoR, 2018a), and a variety of other official data and information sources.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

GHG mitigation estimates made in the context of NAMAs and the TNC (GoR, 2018a), and a variety of other official data and information sources. The analysis comprised of three main stages: • Stage 1: Develop BAU emissions forecasts: Based on the national GHG inventory emissions described above for the base year of 2015, develop a revised BAU baseline scenario through 2030 according to key drivers of national GHG emissions e.g. GDP, population, sectoral output projections. • Stage 2: Assess and prioritise mitigation actions: Identify and collect information on mitigation options within each sector based on extensive cross-departmental discussions between officials and experts, quantify their emissions reduction potential through 2030 compared to BAU and undertake an economic cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of each option.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

• Stage 3: Develop alternative GHG pathways for NDC: Model alternative GHG pathways based on the identified and prioritised mitigation options against the BAU baseline through 2030 to quantify emissions reduction potential for the NDC across sectors and associated costs and investment needs. The interaction between these three elements is shown below in Figure 5.2.UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Figure 5.2 Overview of approach to analysis of mitigation potential 5.3.2 Business as usual (BAU) projections Rwanda’s mitigation contribution is based on a reduction relative to business as usual (BAU) emissions 2015-2030. The BAU projection represents the scenario according to which mitigation policies and actions are not implemented. It therefore provides the reference case (or baseline) against which the emissions reduction potential from mitigation actions have been quantified.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

It therefore provides the reference case (or baseline) against which the emissions reduction potential from mitigation actions have been quantified. BAU projections GHG forecast by sector and IPCC category 2015-2030 Sensitivity cases Mitigation assessment GHG emission reductions calculations Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) Evaluation of options Criteria based evaluation of mitigation options Prioritisation of options GHG reduction pathways (NDC) Mitigation options grouped into GHG reduction scenarios Calculations of impacts 2015- 203 against BAU projections Sensitivity cases Technical Outputs Emission reduction outputs (absolute; per capita; per GDP) Economic outputs (abatement costs; investment needs) Sectoral outputs (e.g energy use; power generation mix)28 GREEN RWANDA The development of BAU projections was based on detailed bottom-up modelling of activity and GHG forecasts developed for each emitting sector through 2030. These reflect a number of assumptions determining changes in inter alia energy supply and demand, sector output, technology uptake, and policy choices.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

The medium population scenario has been used as the base assumption in BAU emissions6. An aggregated economy-wide forecast of BAU emissions through 2030 in shown below in Figure 5.3. This represents the BAU baseline projection, consistent with the Vision 2050 outlook, against which Rwanda’s mitigation contribution has been quantified. At an aggregate level, total emissions are forecast to more than double over the 2015-2030 period, 5 GDP growth averaged 7.5% over the decade to 2018 while per capita GDP grew at 5% annually (World Bank, 2019).

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15
Country: Rwanda
Document: Updated NDC

At an aggregate level, total emissions are forecast to more than double over the 2015-2030 period, 5 GDP growth averaged 7.5% over the decade to 2018 while per capita GDP grew at 5% annually (World Bank, 2019). 6 The medium scenario predicts a total population growth of around 39% over the period 2015-2030; this rises to 43% under the high scenario and falls to 32% under the low scenario.UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION rising from 5.3 million tCO e in the base year to 12.1 million tCO e in 2030. The graph shows that this represents an increased rate of growth compared to that seen during the period 2006-2015, closely reflecting the assumptions around economic and population growth and official planning, instead of projections based on past trends7.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 15