alessio-vertemati/ikitracs-qa huggingface dataset:
Country: Cambodia
Document: LTS

The LTS4CN is an important starting point in providing guidance on how it can reach carbon neutrality by 2050. Agriculture • Less methane-intensive rice cultivars • Direct seeding practices • Alternate wetting and drying practices • Promotion of organic fertilizer and deep fertilizer technology • Feed additives for cattle • Improved fodder management • Introduction of composting technology Forestry and other land uses • Reducing the deforestation rate by 50 percent in 2030 • Stopping deforestation by 2045 • Afforestation, improved forest management and forest restoration • Agroforestry and commercial tree plantation • Full implementation of the REDD+ Investment Plan by 2050 Energy • No new coal generation capacity beyond already committed projects • Use of natural gas as a dispatchable transition fuel • Investments in liquified natural gas (LNG) import, storage and infrastructure • Increase in solar, hydro, biomass and other renewables to 35 percent of the generation mix by 2050, of which 12 percent is from solar • Investments in grid modernization, flexibility and storage Energy efficiency measures in buildings and industry • Fuel switching to electricity for cooking • Substitution of coal in the industrial and power sector Transportation • More use of public transportation – 30 percent modal share in urban areas by 2050 • Moderate penetration of electric vehicles – 70 percent for motorcycles and 40 percent for cars and urban buses by 2050 • Increased fuel efficiency for internal combustion engine vehicles • Rail for freight and passengers • CNG penetration of 80 percent for interregional buses and 80 percent for trucks until 2050 Industrial processes and product use • Clinker substitution in cement production • Carbon capture and storage for cement kilns • Use of recycled aggregate concrete • Increasing use of refrigerants with low global warming potential • Regular inspection of refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment and recovery of spent refrigerants Waste • Reducing open burning by expanding waste collection coverage to 85 percent in 2050 • Implementing a reduce, reuse, and recycle strategy • Landfill gas management • Organic composting • Anaerobic digestion and wastewater treatment Figure 3: Summary of key mitigation actions by sectorCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 6 1.

Question: How freight efficiency improvements correlates with mitigation targets?
Answer: Rail for freight and passengers
Country: Cambodia
Document: LTS

Agriculture • Less methane-intensive rice cultivars • Direct seeding practices • Alternate wetting and drying practices • Promotion of organic fertilizer and deep fertilizer technology • Feed additives for cattle • Improved fodder management • Introduction of composting technology Forestry and other land uses • Reducing the deforestation rate by 50 percent in 2030 • Stopping deforestation by 2045 • Afforestation, improved forest management and forest restoration • Agroforestry and commercial tree plantation • Full implementation of the REDD+ Investment Plan by 2050 Energy • No new coal generation capacity beyond already committed projects • Use of natural gas as a dispatchable transition fuel • Investments in liquified natural gas (LNG) import, storage and infrastructure • Increase in solar, hydro, biomass and other renewables to 35 percent of the generation mix by 2050, of which 12 percent is from solar • Investments in grid modernization, flexibility and storage Energy efficiency measures in buildings and industry • Fuel switching to electricity for cooking • Substitution of coal in the industrial and power sector Transportation • More use of public transportation – 30 percent modal share in urban areas by 2050 • Moderate penetration of electric vehicles – 70 percent for motorcycles and 40 percent for cars and urban buses by 2050 • Increased fuel efficiency for internal combustion engine vehicles • Rail for freight and passengers • CNG penetration of 80 percent for interregional buses and 80 percent for trucks until 2050 Industrial processes and product use • Clinker substitution in cement production • Carbon capture and storage for cement kilns • Use of recycled aggregate concrete • Increasing use of refrigerants with low global warming potential • Regular inspection of refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment and recovery of spent refrigerants Waste • Reducing open burning by expanding waste collection coverage to 85 percent in 2050 • Implementing a reduce, reuse, and recycle strategy • Landfill gas management • Organic composting • Anaerobic digestion and wastewater treatment Figure 3: Summary of key mitigation actions by sectorCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 6 1. Introduction and Background 1.1.

Question: How freight efficiency improvements correlates with mitigation targets?
Answer: Rail for freight and passengers
Country: Cambodia
Document: LTS

Agriculture • Less methane-intensive rice cultivars • Direct seeding practices • Alternate wetting and drying practices • Promotion of organic fertilizer and deep fertilizer technology • Feed additives for cattle • Improved fodder management • Introduction of composting technology Forestry and other land uses • Reducing the deforestation rate by 50 percent in 2030 • Stopping deforestation by 2045 • Afforestation, improved forest management and forest restoration • Agroforestry and commercial tree plantation • Full implementation of the REDD+ Investment Plan by 2050 Energy • No new coal generation capacity beyond already committed projects • Use of natural gas as a dispatchable transition fuel • Investments in liquified natural gas (LNG) import, storage and infrastructure • Increase in solar, hydro, biomass and other renewables to 35 percent of the generation mix by 2050, of which 12 percent is from solar • Investments in grid modernization, flexibility and storage Energy efficiency measures in buildings and industry • Fuel switching to electricity for cooking • Substitution of coal in the industrial and power sector Transportation • More use of public transportation – 30 percent modal share in urban areas by 2050 • Moderate penetration of electric vehicles – 70 percent for motorcycles and 40 percent for cars and urban buses by 2050 • Increased fuel efficiency for internal combustion engine vehicles • Rail for freight and passengers • CNG penetration of 80 percent for interregional buses and 80 percent for trucks until 2050 Industrial processes and product use • Clinker substitution in cement production • Carbon capture and storage for cement kilns • Use of recycled aggregate concrete • Increasing use of refrigerants with low global warming potential • Regular inspection of refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment and recovery of spent refrigerants Waste • Reducing open burning by expanding waste collection coverage to 85 percent in 2050 • Implementing a reduce, reuse, and recycle strategy • Landfill gas management • Organic composting • Anaerobic digestion and wastewater treatment Figure 3: Summary of key mitigation actions by sectorCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 6 1. Introduction and Background 1.1. Global and local context of climate change Science has made it clear that the Earth’s climate is changing, in every region and across the global climate system.

Question: How freight efficiency improvements correlates with mitigation targets?
Answer: Rail for freight and passengers
Country: Cambodia
Document: LTS

GHG emissions in MtCO2 e Savings from power genmix Savings from transport Savings from industry Savings from buildings/cooking LTS4CN net emissions BAU emissions GHG emissions in MtCO2 e Savings from low GWP refrigerants Savings from cement LTS4CN net emissions BAU emissionsCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 13 Figure 12: GHG emissions projections for the waste sector in the LTS4CN scenario GHG emissions in MtCO2 e Savings from waste water Savings from open burning Savings from biological treatment Savings from landfill management LTS4CN net emissions BAU emissionsCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 14 Agriculture • Less methane-intensive rice cultivars • Direct seeding practices • Alternate wetting and drying practices • Promotion of organic fertilizer and deep fertilizer technology • Feed additives for cattle • Improved fodder management • Introduction of composting technology Forestry and other land uses • Reducing the deforestation rate by 50 percent in • Stopping deforestation by 2045 • Afforestation, improved forest management and forest restoration • Agroforestry and commercial tree plantation • Full implementation of the REDD+ Investment Plan by 2050 Energy • No new coal generation capacity beyond already committed projects • Use of natural gas as a dispatchable transition fuel • Investments in LNG import, storage and infrastructure • Increase in solar, hydro, biomass and other renewables to 35 percent of the generation mix by 2050, of which 12 percent is from solar • Investments in grid modernization, flexibility and storage • Energy efficiency measures in buildings and industry • Fuel switching to electricity for cooking • Substitution of coal in the industrial and power sector Transportation • More use of public transportation – 30 percent modal share in urban areas by 2050 • Moderate penetration of electric vehicles – 70 percent for motorcycles and 40 percent for cars and urban buses by 2050 • Increased fuel efficiency for internal combustion engine vehicles • Rail for freight and passengers • CNG penetration of 80 percent for interregional buses and 80 percent for trucks until 2050 Industrial processes and product use • Clinker substitution in cement production • Carbon capture and storage for cement kilns • Use of recycled aggregate concrete • Increasing use of refrigerants with low global warming potential • Regular inspection of refrigeration and air- conditioning equipment and recovery of spent refrigerants Waste • Reducing open burning by expanding waste collection coverage to 85 percent in 2050 • Implementing a reduce, reuse, and recycle strategy • Landfill gas management • Organic composting • Anaerobic digestion and wastewater treatment Figure 13: Summary of key mitigation actions by sectorCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 15 2.2. Economic costs and benefits The sector analysis entailed consultations to identify 31 key actions contributing to carbon neutrality.

Question: How freight efficiency improvements correlates with mitigation targets?
Answer: Rail for freight and passengers
Country: China
Document: LTS

⚫ Build a comprehensive three-dimensional transportation network and integrate the concept of green development throughout the entire process of transportation infrastructure planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance, and actively promote the construction of green railways, green highways, green waterways, green ports, green airports, and green hubs. ⚫ Accelerate the optimization and adjustment of the transportation structure, continue to deepen the construction of special railways and special railway lines, actively develop direct river-sea and river-sea combined transportation, strive to increase the proportion of combined iron and water transportation, accelerate the promotion of the "revolution to rail" and "revolution to water" of bulk cargo in coastal ports, and vigorously develop multi- modal high-efficiency transportation organization modes such as combined transportation, drop-and-pull transportation and joint distribution, improve the efficiency of transportation operations, promote the standardization of freight vehicles, and accelerate the application of recyclable standardized logistics turnover boxes.

Question: How freight efficiency improvements correlates with mitigation targets?
Answer: Accelerate the optimization and adjustment of the transportation structure, continue to deepen the construction of special railways and special railway lines, actively develop direct river-sea and river-sea combined transportation, strive to increase the proportion of combined iron and water transportation, accelerate the promotion of the "revolution to rail" and "revolution to water" of bulk cargo in coastal ports,
Country: China
Document: LTS

⚫ Accelerate the optimization and adjustment of the transportation structure, continue to deepen the construction of special railways and special railway lines, actively develop direct river-sea and river-sea combined transportation, strive to increase the proportion of combined iron and water transportation, accelerate the promotion of the "revolution to rail" and "revolution to water" of bulk cargo in coastal ports, and vigorously develop multi- modal high-efficiency transportation organization modes such as combined transportation, drop-and-pull transportation and joint distribution, improve the efficiency of transportation operations, promote the standardization of freight vehicles, and accelerate the application of recyclable standardized logistics turnover boxes. ⚫ Promote the development of smart transportation, and actively develop new technologies, new business formats, and new models such as autonomous driving and shared cars.

Question: How freight efficiency improvements correlates with mitigation targets?
Answer: Accelerate the optimization and adjustment of the transportation structure, continue to deepen the construction of special railways and special railway lines, actively develop direct river-sea and river-sea combined transportation, strive to increase the proportion of combined iron and water transportation, accelerate the promotion of the "revolution to rail" and "revolution to water" of bulk cargo in coastal ports,
Country: Czech Republic
Document: LTS

The number of passenger cars registered between 1990 and 2014 doubled. At the national level, emissions reduction is addressed by the Transport Policy of the Czech Republic (for the period 2014–2020, with a perspective until 2050) and the Action Plan for Clean Mobility. These strategies envisage a gradual increase in the share of alternative propulsion and fuels in road transport and further electrification of railways, a gradual shift of freight transportation from road to rail or water transport. 6.5 Agriculture and forestry Agriculture contributed about 6% in 2014 to the total greenhouse gas emissions in the Czech Republic. At the same time, however, CO2 sinks resulting from land use, land use change and forestry reduce total greenhouse gas emissions annually by about 4%.

Question: How freight efficiency improvements correlates with mitigation targets?
Answer: a gradual shift of freight transportation from road to rail or water transport.
Country: Japan
Document: 1st NDC

Residential sector 122 201 (180)  Promotion of compliance of energy saving standards for newly constructed housing  Promotion thermal insulation in renovation of existing houses  Introduction of high-efficient water heater (CO2 refrigerant HP water heater, latent heat collection water heater, fuel cell, solar water heater)  Introduction of high-efficient light  Improvement of energy efficiency and conservation performance of equipment by the top runner program, etc. Thorough implementation of energy management in houses with HEMS and other smart meters  Promotion of nationwide campaigns (thorough promotion of Cool Biz/Warm Biz, and encouragement of purchase of upgraded, Home advisor)  Increasing Johkasou energy efficiency and conservation  Promotion of inter-ministry collaborative measures following the Roadmap of Global Warming Counter-measures, etc. Transport sector 163 225 (240)  Improvement of fuel efficiency  Promotion of next-generation automobiles  Other measures in transport sector (traffic flow improvement, promotion of public transport, modal shift to railway, comprehensive measure for eco-friendly ship transportation, reduction of land transportation distance by selecting nearest port, comprehensive low-carbonization at ports, optimization of truck transport, energy consumption efficiency improvement of railways, energy consumption efficiency improvement of aviation, accelerated promotion of energy saving ships, making vehicle transport business more eco-friendly by eco-driving, promotion of collectiveshipment, promotion of Intelligent Transport Systems ITS (centralized control of traffic signals), development of traffic safety facilities (improvement of traffic signals, and promotion of the use of LED traffic lights), promotion of automatic driving, eco-driving and car sharing)  Utilization of the special zones system for structural reform for global warming measures  Promotion of inter-ministry collaborative measures following roadmap of global warming measures, etc.

Question: How freight efficiency improvements correlates with mitigation targets?
Answer: modal shift to railway
Country: Japan
Document: 1st NDC

Transport sector 163 225 (240)  Improvement of fuel efficiency  Promotion of next-generation automobiles  Other measures in transport sector (traffic flow improvement, promotion of public transport, modal shift to railway, comprehensive measure for eco-friendly ship transportation, reduction of land transportation distance by selecting nearest port, comprehensive low-carbonization at ports, optimization of truck transport, energy consumption efficiency improvement of railways, energy consumption efficiency improvement of aviation, accelerated promotion of energy saving ships, making vehicle transport business more eco-friendly by eco-driving, promotion of collectiveshipment, promotion of Intelligent Transport Systems ITS (centralized control of traffic signals), development of traffic safety facilities (improvement of traffic signals, and promotion of the use of LED traffic lights), promotion of automatic driving, eco-driving and car sharing)  Utilization of the special zones system for structural reform for global warming measures  Promotion of inter-ministry collaborative measures following roadmap of global warming measures, etc. Energy conversion sector 73 101 (104)  Expanding renewable energy introduction to the maximum extent possible  Utilizing nuclear power generations whose safety is confirmed  Pursuit of high efficiency in thermal power generation (USC, A-USC, IGCC, etc.)

Question: How freight efficiency improvements correlates with mitigation targets?
Answer: modal shift to railway
Country: Mongolia
Document: Updated NDC

Mitigation Actions and Measures Actions planned GHG emissions reduction, -eq. One. ENERGY SECTOR 1.1 Energy sector (production) Use of renewable energy sources • Hydro Power Plants • Wind Power Plants • Solar Power Plants • Heat pumps for heating utilities Improved efficiency of energy production • Reduce electricity and heat transmission and distribution grid losses • Reduce the internal use of combined heat and power plants (CHPP) • Improve the efficiency of power plants • Improve the heat supply in cities and towns (improving the efficiency of heat only boilers) 1.2 Energy sector (consumption) Transportation: • Switch to Euro-5 standard fuel • Switch the coal export transportation to rail transport from auto transportation • Switch the heating of passenger train to electric heating Construction: • Insulate old precast panel buildings in Ulaanbaatar city • Limit the use of raw coal in Ulaanbaatar city and switch to the use of improved fuel Industry: Energy saving measures Total GHG emission reduction from the energy sector 11,264.6 Two.

Question: How freight efficiency improvements correlates with mitigation targets?
Answer: Switch the coal export transportation to rail transport from auto transportation
Country: Mongolia
Document: Updated NDC

ENERGY SECTOR 1.1 Energy sector (production) Use of renewable energy sources • Hydro Power Plants • Wind Power Plants • Solar Power Plants • Heat pumps for heating utilities Improved efficiency of energy production • Reduce electricity and heat transmission and distribution grid losses • Reduce the internal use of combined heat and power plants (CHPP) • Improve the efficiency of power plants • Improve the heat supply in cities and towns (improving the efficiency of heat only boilers) 1.2 Energy sector (consumption) Transportation: • Switch to Euro-5 standard fuel • Switch the coal export transportation to rail transport from auto transportation • Switch the heating of passenger train to electric heating Construction: • Insulate old precast panel buildings in Ulaanbaatar city • Limit the use of raw coal in Ulaanbaatar city and switch to the use of improved fuel Industry: Energy saving measures Total GHG emission reduction from the energy sector 11,264.6 Two. NON-ENERGY SECTOR Agriculture: • Regulate and reduce the livestock number • Improve the livestock manure management Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU): • Use waste heat from cement plants • Use fly ash in cement production • Use coal bed methaneWaste: • Reduce the waste volume for landfill through the improved waste treatment and recycling process • Increase the share of the population with access to improved sanitation and hygiene facilities Total GHG emission reduction from the non-energy sector 5,623.5 Total GHG emission reduction 16,888.1 D. Adaptation Targets Goals Targets Animal husbandry and pastureland Increase the productivity of the animal husbandry sector while ensuring the sustainable development of the sector and reducing the impacts and risks associated with climate change.

Question: How freight efficiency improvements correlates with mitigation targets?
Answer: Switch the coal export transportation to rail transport from auto transportation
Country: Morocco
Document: Updated NDC

Remplacement des combustibles fossiles utilisés (coke de pétrole) par des grignons d’olive. Substitution d’une partie du clinker par les cendres volantes dans un mélange permettant d’obtenir du ciment aux caractéristiques désirées et contribuer à la réduction des émissions de GES par la réduction de la production du clinker. Transport du phosphate par slurry pipeline en remplacement des trains. Centrales thermiques et systèmes de récupération de chaleur. Fermes solaires. Remplacement du fioul n° 2 utilisé pour le séchage du phosphate par de l’énergie solaire. Captage et valorisation des émissions de CO2 liées au processus. entre 2010 et 2020. Programme d’installation de 40 millions de lampes fluocompactes (LFC) et 40 millions de lampes à diodes électroluminescentes (DEL) entre 2010 et 2030.

Question: How freight efficiency improvements correlates with mitigation targets?
Answer: Transport du phosphate par slurry pipeline en remplacement des trains.
Country: Nigeria
Document: 1st NDC

Oil and Gas o Improved enforcement of gas flaring restrictions o Development of Gas-to-Power Plants at Gas Flare Sites (micro grid) o Blending 10% by volume of Fuel-Ethanol with Gasoline (E10) and 20% by volume of Biodiesel with Petroleum Diesel (B20) for Transportation Fuels. 3. Agriculture and Land Use o Climate Smart Agriculture o Stop using charcoal o Benchmarking against international best practice for industrial energy usage o Adoption of green technology in industry o Modal shift from air to high speed rail o Moving freight to rail o Upgrading roads o Urban transito Toll roads/ road pricing o Increasing use of CNG o Reform petrol/ diesel subsidies The portfolio of policies and measures by sector are described in more detail below. A brief problem statement for each sector precedes them.

Question: How freight efficiency improvements correlates with mitigation targets?
Answer: Moving freight to rail