alessio-vertemati/ikitracs-qa huggingface dataset:
Country: South Sudan
Document: 2nd NDC

The emission sequestration scenario targets a 70 percent reduction in deforested area in South Sudan by 2030 compared to 2019 levels. (This is in line with the 1.5ºC-compatible target estimated by the World Resources Institute (Lebling et. al., 2020) for the forest sector globally.) Under this scenario, the deforested area is estimated to reduce to 1,152 square kilometres in 2030 (63 percent lower than the 2030 baseline value). The emission sequestration scenario will generate additional sequestration potential of 45 million tCO e by 2030 compared to the baseline scenario. To achieve the potential GHG-sequestration target, South Sudan will implement various strategies which are outlined in the section below. 7.3.3 Key strategies The forestry sector in South Sudan has a high potential for mitigation. However, due to increased land-use change, the sector became a net emitter of GHG emissions in 2015.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 1.5
Country: South Sudan
Document: 2nd NDC

Ecosystem restoration activities (including conservation activities) tend to create localized employment benefits through well paying jobs. Various studies indicate that ecosystem restoration supports an average of 33 jobs per million of United States dollars invested (but up to 39.7 jobs, depending on geographic scale and type of restoration activity) compared to only 5.2 jobs created in the oil and gas sector for similar investment. The employment multiplier of restoration activities ranges between 1.5 and 3.8 jobs, which is similar to that of various industries and agriculture and livestock sectors (BenDor et al., 2015). Therefore, investments made in conserving, restoring and sustainably managing wetlands, water catchments, forests, etc., will create employment opportunities and provide a means for sustained jobs in South Sudan while maintaining biodiversity and protecting communities dependent on these ecosystems.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 1.5
Country: South Sudan
Document: 2nd NDC

• Investments of $500 million will be made for solar- based power generation, which translates to 57 MW (at the cost of $1 per kilowatt-hour; Mozersky and Kammen, 2018) of new solar-powered plants installed by 2030. • Investments of $100 million will be made for power generation using wind energy, which translates to a total of 11.41 MW (at the cost of $1 kilowatt-hour; Mozersky and Kammen, 2018) by 2030. • Investments of $1.5 million will be made for biogas-based power generation, which translates to 5.7 MW (at the cost of $30 per megawatt-hour; International Energy Agency, 2020) by 2030.Sectoral strategies 97 In the emission reduction scenario, the share of renewable energy will be more than 92 percent including hydropower plants (but 3 percent excluding hydropower) by 2030.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 1.5
Country: South Sudan
Document: 2nd NDC

• Investments of $1.5 million will be made for biogas-based power generation, which translates to 5.7 MW (at the cost of $30 per megawatt-hour; International Energy Agency, 2020) by 2030.Sectoral strategies 97 In the emission reduction scenario, the share of renewable energy will be more than 92 percent including hydropower plants (but 3 percent excluding hydropower) by 2030. Greenhouse emissions in 2030 are estimated to be 0.53 million tCO e, 92 percent lower than the baseline scenario (Figure 32, page 95). Thus, the emission reduction scenario will achieve a cumulative emission reduction of 11.9 million tCO e by 2030 compared to the baseline scenario. The strategies that will be implemented to achieve the targets for emission reduction in the electricity sector are detailed in the section below.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 1.5
Country: South Sudan
Document: 2nd NDC

In the baseline scenario, emissions from the transport sector increase gradually and reach 0.9 million tCO e (29 percent higher than the 2012 level) by 2030. Emission reduction scenario: The emission reduction scenario includes the decarbonization pathway that South Sudan will have to follow until 2030 to achieve the Paris Agreement’s goal of limiting global temperature rise to 1.5ºC above pre-industrial levels. Since more than 90 percent of emissions in the transport sector are from road transport, the emission reduction scenario concentrates on GHG mitigation from road transport. This scenario aims to reduce transport emissions from the baseline level by 2030, in line with the Paris Process on Mobility and Climate estimates for emission reduction required from land transport globally to achieve levels compatible with a 1.5°C scenario (Gota et al., 2016).

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 1.5
Country: South Sudan
Document: 2nd NDC

This scenario aims to reduce transport emissions from the baseline level by 2030, in line with the Paris Process on Mobility and Climate estimates for emission reduction required from land transport globally to achieve levels compatible with a 1.5°C scenario (Gota et al., 2016). Under this scenario, emissions from the transport sector are estimated to be 0.5 million tCO e in 2030. The emission reduction scenario achieves cumulative emission reduction of 2.43 million tCO e by 2030, which is 31 percent lower than the baseline scenario. The strategies that will be implemented to achieve the emission reduction targets for the transport sector are detailed in the section below.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 1.5
Country: South Sudan
Document: 2nd NDC

Employment for both men and women decreased in 2015. One of the potential reasons for this could be the decline in the country’s oil reserves, resulting in a decrease in oil production and therefore needing fewer employees. Given the role of this sector in the economic development of South Sudan, oil extraction activities will continue in the near term, and will continue to provide employment. In the long term, achieving the 1.5°C goal will entail more aggressive decarbonization of the energy126 Second Nationally Determined Contribution sector, implying more rapid replacement of fossil fuel-based energy production with renewables. Thus, in the long run, phasing out the use of petroleum and oil products will result in negative impacts on jobs in the petroleum industry.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 1.5
Country: South Sudan
Document: 2nd NDC

Some of the implementation strategies that are proposed as part of this policy are to: • Collaborate with the Ministry of Environment and Forestry to identify key activities that respond to immediate needs to adapt to climate change; • Support and promote the development of intensive agriculture and diversified crops adapted to extreme climate risks; • Map and intensify research on crops and livestock most adapted to changing climatic conditions in different agroecological zones; and • Prevent water, soil and air pollution from agrochemicals. 8.1.5 Comprehensive Agricultural Master The CAMP was approved by the Government of South Sudan in March 2017.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 1.5
Country: South Sudan
Document: 2nd NDC

8.1.5 Comprehensive Agricultural Master The CAMP was approved by the Government of South Sudan in March 2017. It is an investment plan that was developed to align with the national policies, plans and strategies of various ministries, such as the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries and the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation. The CAMP has developed over 110 sub-sector project profiles with the aim of ensuring food security, improving livelihoods of communities and promoting sustainable agriculture and livestock rearing practices. The development themes under the CAMP and corresponding focus areas where investments are planned are as follows.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 1.5
Country: South Sudan
Document: 2nd NDC

Gota, S., C. Huizenga and K. Peet (2016). Implications of 2DS and 1.5DS for Land Transport Carbon Emissions in 2050: Paris Process on Mobility and Climate. www.ppmc-transport.org/wp- 2020. Ibrahim, M. S. (2015). Artisanal Mining in South Sudan: Opportunities, challenges and impacts. Juba: Ministry of Minerals. International Energy Agency (2020). Outlook for Biogas and Biomethane: Prospects for organic growth. Paris. www.iea.org/reports/outlook- for-biogas-and-biomethane-prospects-for- organic-growth/sustainable-supply-potential- and-costs. Accessed 9 December 2020. International Labour Organization (n.d.). Green Jobs and Renewable Energy: Low carbon, high public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/documents/ November 2020. International Labour Organization (2016). Sustainable Tourism: A driving force of job creation, economic growth and development, 17 May. www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/ news/WCMS_480824/lang--en/index.htm. Accessed 29 November 2020. International Labour Organization (2018a). The Employment Impact of Climate Change Adaptation: Input document for the G20 Climate Sustainability Working Group. Geneva. emp/documents/publication/wcms_645572. pdf. Accessed 26 November 2020. International Labour Organization (2018b). World Employment and Social Outlook 2018: Greening the jobs.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 1.5
Country: South Sudan
Document: 2nd NDC

Joseph Africano Bartel Undersecretary of Environment, Ministry of Environment and Forestry Republic of South SudanAbbreviations and acronyms 13 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AfDB African Development Bank CAMP Comprehensive Agriculture Master Plan CH methane CO carbon dioxide ER emission reduction ESIA environmental and social impact assessment EV electric vehicle FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FY financial year GDP gross domestic product GHG greenhouse gas JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LULUCF land use, land use change and forestry m2 square metre MW megawatt N O nitrous oxide NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action NATCOM Initial National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NDS National Development Strategy °C degree Celsius Ramsar Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SCP-HAT Sustainable Consumption and Production Hotspot Analysis Tool SDG Sustainable Development Goal t tonne (metric ton) tCO e tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization USAID United States Agency for International Development WHO World Health Organization $ United States dollar % percent14 Second Nationally Determined Contribution SUMMARYExecutive summary 15 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Republic of South Sudan became a new nation after more than 50 years of civil war that took over 3 million lives and displaced over a million people. South Sudan gained its independence from Sudan on 9 July 2011 as the outcome of a 2005 agreement and became the 55th country in Africa.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 200
Country: South Sudan
Document: 2nd NDC

South Sudan gained its independence from Sudan on 9 July 2011 as the outcome of a 2005 agreement and became the 55th country in Africa. The protracted conflict destroyed the limited infrastructure and governance structures that existed before the conflict. In December 2013 and July 2016, renewed conflicts undermined the development gains made since independence and exacerbated the humanitarian crisis. The gradual implementation of the peace agreement of September 2018, which included establishing a unity government in February 2020 and an agreement on the number of states, gave a positive economic outlook in early 2020. Along with the negative impacts of long-term conflicts, the adverse effects of changing climate are also being faced by the inhabitants of South Sudan. The country is experiencing an increasingly warm and dry climate with erratic rainfall.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 200
Country: South Sudan
Document: 2nd NDC

Financing requirements for additional strategies proposed have also been provided, along with the assumptions and estimation methodology used. • International cooperation (Chapter 12) gives an estimation of the finances that will be required through international cooperation. These are preliminary estimates that will need further detailed analysis and assessment in the years ahead.32 Second Nationally Determined Contribution CIRCUMSTANCESNational circumstances 33 NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES The Republic of South Sudan became a new nation after more than 50 years of civil war that took over three million lives and displaced over a million people. South Sudan gained its independence from Sudan on 9 July 2011 as the outcome of a 2005 agreement and became the 55th country in Africa. The protracted conflict destroyed what little infrastructure and governance structures had existed before the conflict.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 200
Country: South Sudan
Document: 2nd NDC

The single long rainy season lasts from March to November, and peaks from May to September, leading to seasonal flooding (Figure 2). The rainfall regions of South Sudan stretch outside the country’s border into Ethiopia to the east, Sudan to the north and Uganda to the south (African Development Bank (AfDB), 2018). Annual rainfall ranges from 200 millimetres in the southeast to 1,200–2,200 millimetres in the forested areas in Western Equatoria and the Equatorian highlands. In the northern states, rainfall varies between 700 and 1,300 millimetres (United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 2016). Historical data of rainfall show that the highest rainfall occurs in the southwest and is lowest in the northeast, especially in the greenbelt along the border with the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 200
Country: South Sudan
Document: 2nd NDC

Most of the agriculture in South Sudan is rainfed and therefore depends on seasonal rainfall for optimal crop production, making the sector vulnerable to climate variability. Extended dry seasons (droughts) and increasing precipitation variability negatively impact the economy and the nutrition status Juba SUDAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC ETHIOPIA KENYA UGANDA JONGLEI LAKES UPPER NILE UNITY WARRAP WESTERN EQUATORIA EASTERN EQUATORIA WESTERN BAHR EL GHAZAL CENTRAL EQUATORIA NORTHERN BAHR EL GHAZAL +50 mm to -50 mm 50 mm to -100 mm decrease 100 mm to 150 mm decrease 150 mm or more decrease Legend Figure 3: Projected change in precipitation in South Sudan, 1960–2039 Source: UNEP, 2018aNational circumstances 37 LAKES UPPER NILE UNITY WARRAP WESTERN EQUATORIA EASTERN EQUATORIA WESTERN BAHR EL GHAZAL CENTRAL EQUATORIA NORTHERN BAHR EL GHAZAL ABYEI REGION JONGLEI Juba SUDAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC ETHIOPIA KENYA UGANDA < +0.7° C < +0.9° C < +1.1° C < +1.3° C Legend Figure 4: Projected change in temperature in South Sudan, 1960–2039 Source: UNEP, 2018a Figure 5: Reduction in tree cover, 2001–2009 Source: Global Forest Watch, 2020 Thousands per hectare38 Second Nationally Determined Contribution of residents who rely on agriculture for their livelihoods.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 200
Country: South Sudan
Document: 2nd NDC

Extended dry seasons (droughts) and increasing precipitation variability negatively impact the economy and the nutrition status Juba SUDAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC ETHIOPIA KENYA UGANDA JONGLEI LAKES UPPER NILE UNITY WARRAP WESTERN EQUATORIA EASTERN EQUATORIA WESTERN BAHR EL GHAZAL CENTRAL EQUATORIA NORTHERN BAHR EL GHAZAL +50 mm to -50 mm 50 mm to -100 mm decrease 100 mm to 150 mm decrease 150 mm or more decrease Legend Figure 3: Projected change in precipitation in South Sudan, 1960–2039 Source: UNEP, 2018aNational circumstances 37 LAKES UPPER NILE UNITY WARRAP WESTERN EQUATORIA EASTERN EQUATORIA WESTERN BAHR EL GHAZAL CENTRAL EQUATORIA NORTHERN BAHR EL GHAZAL ABYEI REGION JONGLEI Juba SUDAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC ETHIOPIA KENYA UGANDA < +0.7° C < +0.9° C < +1.1° C < +1.3° C Legend Figure 4: Projected change in temperature in South Sudan, 1960–2039 Source: UNEP, 2018a Figure 5: Reduction in tree cover, 2001–2009 Source: Global Forest Watch, 2020 Thousands per hectare38 Second Nationally Determined Contribution of residents who rely on agriculture for their livelihoods. According to Taha et al.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 200
Country: South Sudan
Document: 2nd NDC

According to Taha et al. (2013), there is likely to be a reduction in sorghum production, one of the staple grains of most of the population, by 5–25 percent between 2000 and 2050. From 2001 to 2019, South Sudan has also witnessed a loss of around 12.3 square kilometres of relative tree cover, equivalent to an average annual decrease of 2 percent since 2000 (Figure 5) (UNEP, 2018a; Global Forest Watch, 2020). The major drivers for deforestation are commodity-driven deforestation, shifting agriculture and an increase in demand for fuelwood and charcoal (UNEP, 2018b). A study by Salih et al. (2013) in South Sudan suggests that reduction in vegetation cover significantly affects precipitation and surface temperature.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 200
Country: South Sudan
Document: 2nd NDC

The education system consists of around 8,000 primary schools (Grades 1–8), about 120 secondary schools (Grades 9–12) and only one university (Global Partnership for Education, 2020). According to USAID, although the number of school enrolments has increased to 1.4 million from 300,000 in the year 2000 there are still 1 million children out of school. The same source highlights an acute shortage of trained qualified teachers, with the ratio of pupil to qualified teachers being 100 to 1. It is estimated that only around 8 percent of women are literate, possibly the lowest female literacy rate in the world (USAID, 2012).

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 200
Country: South Sudan
Document: 2nd NDC

It is estimated that only around 8 percent of women are literate, possibly the lowest female literacy rate in the world (USAID, 2012). Women in poor and developing countries are affected by the adverse Table 1: Leading causes of death in South Sudan Cause of death Historical average Influenza and pneumonia 11,674 Diarrhoeal diseases 9,623 Birth trauma 5,371 Low birthweight 4,634 Coronary heart disease 4,621 Road traffic accidents 3,524 Maternal conditions 3,034 Diabetes mellitus 1,504 Lung disease 1,018 Alzheimer’s disease and dementia Cervical cancer 715 Breast cancer 657 Source: World Life Expectancy42 Second Nationally Determined Contribution effects of climate change because of their limited capacity to adapt. For various reasons, women are more vulnerable to climate change than men, including illiteracy, few socio-economic skills, poor access to assets, social isolation, limited access to decision-making and few economic assets (United Nations WomenWatch, 2009).

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 200
Country: South Sudan
Document: 2nd NDC

For various reasons, women are more vulnerable to climate change than men, including illiteracy, few socio-economic skills, poor access to assets, social isolation, limited access to decision-making and few economic assets (United Nations WomenWatch, 2009). Similarly, women in South Sudan are at the bottom of the social hierarchy, which creates imbalances that leave them highly exposed to climate change disasters. They are less resilient, rely more on natural resources, and have a high rate of illiteracy, few skills and inadequate access to professional employment. This makes them more vulnerable than men to climate change disasters, and households headed by women are more susceptible (Mai et al., 2018). However, women can make a significant contribution to climate change adaptation and mitigation if empowered. Education services are also impacted by climate change.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 200
Country: South Sudan
Document: 2nd NDC

Petroleum is the lifeblood of the South Sudanese economy, followed in importance by services and agriculture (AfDB, 2020). Oil alone accounts for more than half of the total gross domestic product (GDP), 95 percent of exports, 90 percent of government revenues and a significant share of private sector employment (Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2020b). Although South Sudan engages in primary fossil fuel production, it does not have an active refinery to manufacture secondary petroleum products, and the majority of the produced crude oil is exported. The country’s GDP per capita dropped from $1,111 in 2014 to less than $200 in 2017 (World Bank, 2020a).

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 200
Country: South Sudan
Document: 2nd NDC

The country’s GDP per capita dropped from $1,111 in 2014 to less than $200 in 2017 (World Bank, 2020a). In 2019, GDP growth was estimated to be 5.8 percent compared to 0.5 percent in 2018; recovery of the economy was driven by the reopening of oil fields and resumption ofNational circumstances 43 production after the peace agreement was signed in September 2018. These statistics highlight the dependence of South Sudan’s economy on its output of petroleum. However, adoption of climate change mitigation measures will influence the global energy consumption pattern, which will affect the economy of the nation. Climate policies and measures supported by the Kyoto Protocol and subsequent negotiations will see a reduction in the consumption of crude oil in developed countries, leading to a decline in global oil demand.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 200
Country: South Sudan
Document: 2nd NDC

Industry and infrastructure in South Sudan are currently underdeveloped and people live in extreme poverty as a result of several decades of civil war with Sudan. In 2019, the population of South Sudan was 11,062,113, with the majority of the people (80 percent) living in rural areas. Of the small urban population, a majority (95 percent) live in slum settlements (AfDB, 2018). The country has had an annual population growth rate of 1 percent over the past five years. The country’s GDP per capita dropped from $1,111 in 2014 to less than $200 in 2017 as a result of a decline in oil production.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 200
Country: South Sudan
Document: 2nd NDC

The country’s GDP per capita dropped from $1,111 in 2014 to less than $200 in 2017 as a result of a decline in oil production. With the resumption of oil production in 2017, the economy started to recover, showing a GDP growth of 0.5 percent in 2018, which further increased to 5.8 percent in 2019 (World Bank, 2020a). In 2018, the country imported goods worth $811 million while exports were valued at $1.71 billion, representing a trade surplus of $1.46 billion (Observatory of Economic Complexity). While the country’s key suppliers are China, Uganda, Kenya, the Netherlands, Thailand, Pakistan, the United States of America and Germany, it primarily exports goods to China, Pakistan, India, the United Arab Emirates, Uganda and Germany.

Question: What is the investment for transport (in million USD)?
Answer: 200