alemiaschi/clic-it_corpus huggingface dataset:
TED-MWE: a bilingual parallel corpus with MWE annotation. Towards a methodology for annotating MWEs in parallel multilingual corpora
Authors: Johanna Monti, Federico Sangati, Mihael Arcan (Università di Sassari, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, National University of Ireland, 2015)
Topic: Lexical and Semantic Resources and Analysis

Abstract
The translation of Multiword expressions (MWE) by Machine Translation (MT) represents a big challenge, and although MT has considerably improved in recent years, MWE mistranslations still occur very frequently. There is the need to develop large data sets, mainly parallel corpora, annotated with MWEs, since they are useful both for SMT training purposes and MWE translation quality evaluation. This paper describes a methodology to annotate a parallel spoken corpus with MWEs. The dataset used for this experiment is an English-Italian corpus extracted from the TED spoken corpus and complemented by an SMT output.

Introduction
Multiword expressions (MWEs) represent one of the major challenges for all Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications and in particular for Machine Translation (MT) (Sag et al., 2002). The notion of MWE includes a wide and frequent set of different lexical phenomena with their specific properties, such as idioms, compound words, domain specific terms, collocations, Named Entities or acronyms. Their morpho-syntactic, semantic and pragmatic idiomaticity (Baldwin and Kim, 2010) together with translational asymmetries (Monti and Todirascu, 2015), i.e. the differences between an MWE in the source language and its translation, prevent technologies from using systematic criteria for properly handling MWEs. For this reason their automatic identification, extraction and translation are very difficult tasks. Recent PARSEME surveys1 have highlighted that there is lack of MWE-annotated resources, and in particular parallel corpora. Moreover, the few available ones are usually limited to the study of specific MWE types and specific language pairs. The focus of our research work is therefore to provide a methodology for annotating a parallel corpus with all MWEs (with no restrictions to a specific type) which can be used both for training and testing SMT systems. We have refined this methodology while developing the English-Italian MWE-TED corpus, which contains 1.5K sentences and 31K EN tokens.It is a subset of the TED spoken corpus annotated with all the MWEs detected during the annotation process. This contribution presents the corpus2 together with the annotation guidelines in section 3, the annotation process in section 4 and the MWE annotation statistics in section 5.

Conclusion
We have described the TED-MWE corpus, an English-Italian parallel spoken corpus annotated with MWEs, together with the methodology and the guidelines adopted during the annotation process. Ongoing and future work includes refinement of the annotation tools and guidelines, the extension of the methodology to further languages in order to develop a multilingual MWE-TED corpus. The main aim is to provide useful data both for SMT training purposes and MT quality evaluation.
Enhancing the Accuracy of AGWN by Multilingual Distributional Semantics
Authors: Yuri Bizzoni, Riccardo Del Gratta, Federico Boschetti, Marianne Reboul (CNR-ILC, Université de Paris 4, 2015)
Topic: Lexical and Semantic Resources and Analysis

Abstract
We discuss a method to enhance the accuracy of a subset of the AGWN based on the Homeric lexicon and the related conceptual network, by using multilingual semantic spaces built from aligned corpora.

Introduction
The AGWN represents the first attempt to build a WN for Ancient Greek AUTHOR. The AGWN synsets are aligned to PWN AUTHOR, to IWN AUTHOR, developed at the Institute for Computational Linguistic ``A. Zampolli'' in Pisa, to the Italian section of MultiWordNet, developed at Bruno Kessler Foundation and to a LWN created with the same criteria of AGWN and linked to Minozzi's LWN AUTHOR and AUTHOR, developed at the University of Verona. In this way the user is allowed to find the equivalents of a set of synonyms into different languages. The AGWN can be freely accessed through a Web interface, which allows enabled users to add or delete words in the synsets, adapt the glosses and validate the lexico-semantic relations. we mean the three WN: AGWN, IWNand PWN. We first created AGWN by bootstrapping Greek-English pairs from bilingual dictionaries and by assigning Greek words to PWN synsets associated to the corresponding English translations. As a drawback of this method, a large number of synsets and lexico-semantic relations are spuriously over-generated by English homonymy and polysemy. As exposed in AUTHOR, to have PWN as a pivoting resource links through ILI AUTHOR AGWN to IWN propagates the same drawback to other connected WN in CoPhiWn. In order to improve the accuracy of a subset of AGWN synsets related to the Homeric lexicon and the related conceptual network, we have automatically extracted word translations from Greek-Italian parallel texts by applying distributional semantic strategies illustrated in the following sections and verified how many of these translation were in CoPhiWn. According to the methodology explained in AUTHOR, trilingual resources (in our case the original Greek-English pairs extracted from dictionaries and the Greek-Italian pairs extracted from aligned translations) are useful to enhance the accuracy of a bootstrapped WN.

Conclusion
We have elaborated a system to enhance the accuracy of Ancient Greek WordNet. This system appears to be useful to verify the soundness of automatically generated links between the Ancient Greek WordNet and WordNet in other languages. The method aims at increasing the precision of the GreekItalian pairs within their translations, since it removes modern polysemy and discards translations in CoPhiWn that are not supported by actual texts’ translations.
Costituzione di un corpus giuridico parallelo italiano-arabo
Authors: Fathi Fawi (Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2015)
Topic: Lexical and Semantic Resources and Analysis

Abstract
Parallel corporations represent an absolute importance for many applications of computational linguistics, such as machine translation, the extraction of terminologies, or semantic disambiguation, etc. In this work we present our attempt to create a parallel Italian-Arab legal corpus aligned at sentence level and noted at morphosintactic level.

Introduction
With the growing development of computer technologies that allow the collection, management and exploration of huge amounts of linguistic data, interest in the creation of linguistic corpora has recently grown in an exponential way. There is no doubt that nowadays the enormous availability of data on the web has significantly facilitated the constitution and distribution of the linguistic corpora both monolingual and multilingual. In fact, corporations are an essential resource for the linguistic field, especially for contrasting analyses between two or more languages, for teaching foreign languages and for lexicographic and translation studies. In the context of computational linguistics, linguistic corpora, and in particular parallel ones, acquire an absolute importance, especially for applications such as machine translation, the extraction of terminologies or semantic disambiguation. However, not all languages equally take part in parallel bilingual or multilingual corpora. In fact, Arabic is a language that has limited participation in parallel corpora, especially specialized ones. It is a phenomenon that can be considered as a possible effect of the modest availability on the web of parallel texts in Arabic and other languages, as well as the complexity of the Arabic morphological system. In this contribution we try to expose our experience with the creation of a parallel legal body Italian-Arab specialized in international law. It is a corpus aligned at sentence level and noted morphosyntactically. A version of the bilingual corpus aligned at sentence level will be available free of charge to the scientific community at the website of the Laboratory of Computational Linguistics of the University of Ca' Foscari, Venice.

Conclusion
In this work we tried to give a description of our project to create an Italian-Arab parallel corpus in the field of international law. The construction of this corpus responds to the general purpose of providing linguistic resources useful to the applications of computational linguistics, especially considering the visible lack of parallel Italian-Arabic texts. The computational treatment of the corpus has reached PoS tagging, extendable in the future to other levels of annotation and enrichment. In the future we intend to extend this corpus in two ways: vertical and horizontal. The horizontal extension concerns the addition of other legal texts, while the vertical one has to do with the automatic treatment of the corpus at more advanced levels.
Italian-Arabic domain terminology extraction from parallel corpora
Authors: Fathi Fawi, Rodolfo Delmonte (Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2015)
Topic: Lexical and Semantic Resources and Analysis

Abstract
In this paper we present our approach to extract multi-word terms (MWTs) from an Italian-Arabic parallel corpus of legal texts. Our approach is a hybrid model which combines linguistic and statistical knowledge. The linguistic approach includes Part Of Speech (POS) tagging of the corpus texts in the two languages in order to formulate syntactic patterns to identify candidate terms. After that, the candidate terms will be ranked by statistical association measures which here represent the statistical knowledge. After the creation of two MWTs lists, one for each language, the parallel corpus will be used to validate and identify translation equivalents.

Introduction
The development of robust approaches aiming at terminology extraction from corpora plays a key role in a lot of applications related to NLP, such as information retrieval, ontology construction, machine translation, etc. The main approaches adopted to terms extractions are linguistic-based, statistical-based, and hybrid-based. While the linguistic approach tries to identify terms by capturing their syntactic properties, called synaptic compositions (Pazienza et al., 2005), the statistical one uses different association measures (Church et al., 1989) to determine the degree of association or cohesiveness between the multiword terms (MWTs) components. There is no doubt that the use of a hybrid approach, which combines linguistic and statistical information to identify candidate terms, can guarantee best results rather than relying basically on one approach (Frantzi et al., 1999). In this paper we present our approach to extract MWTs from an Italian-Arabic parallel corpus of legal texts. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: in Section 2 we present related works; Section 3 describes our proposed approach to extract MWTs from parallel corpora; Section 4 presents the experiments and the results; and Section 5 explains the Conclusion and future works.

Conclusion
In this paper we presented our proposed approach to extract multi-word terms from parallel corpora in the legal domain. Regarding the monolingual extraction, we can observe that the results in Italian are a little higher than those in Arabic and this is due to the morphological complexity of the Arabic language which has an impact on the POS tagging performance and therefore on the MWTs extraction. Regarding the bilingual extraction we note that the mediocre recall in SMT system is due to the legal peculiarity of the corpus terms which do not always correspond to the Google translation, while the low recall in the method based on the MWTs index can be attributable to the limited reordering between the two languages. We believe that our attempt can be considered the first one of its type in the Arabic-Italian bilingual domain terminology extraction, and that the results are encouraging. Future work will focus on improving the performance of the approach.
The OPATCH corpus platform. Facing heterogeneous groups of texts and users
Authors: Verena Lyding, Michel Généreux, Katalin Szabò, Johannes Andresen (EURAC, Dr. Friedrich Teßmann library, 2015)
Topic: Lexical and Semantic Resources and Analysis

Abstract
This paper presents the design and development of the OPATCH corpus platform for the processing and delivery of heterogeneous text collections for different usage scenarios. Requirements and technical solutions for creating a multipurpose corpus infrastructure are detailed by describing its development.

Introduction
Nowadays, electronic text collections have become an important information source in different usage contexts, including linguistic research and research in the humanities. With regard to application contexts and user groups, requirements related to tools for analyzing the text collections can differ. This mainly concerns the level of search interfaces, while the underlying data processing and annotation procedures typically build on standard NLP technologies. In this paper, we are presenting the OPATCH project1, which aims at creating a multipurpose corpus platform, by combining a uniform system back-end with varied front ends for different usage scenarios. Its flexible use is illustrated through two sample portals: one for content research and one for a linguistic search scenario.

Conclusion
This article reported on the design and development of the OPATCH corpus platform. Based on two usage scenarios for different target groups, relevant considerations concerning requirements towards a comprehensive corpus infrastructure have been illustrated and the technical solutions chosen in OPATCH have been presented.
Improved Written Arabic Word Parsing through Orthographic, Syntactic and Semantic constraints
Authors: Ouafae Nahli, Simone Marchi (CNR-ILC, 2015)
Topic: Lexical and Semantic Resources and Analysis

Abstract
The Arabic script omits diacritics, which are essential to fully specify inflected word forms. The extensive homography caused by diacritic omission considerably increases the number of alternative parses of any morphological analyzer that makes no use of contextual information. Many such parses are spurious and can be filtered out if diacriticization, i.e. the process of interpolating diacritics in written forms, takes advantage of a number of orthographic, morpho-syntactic and semantic constraints that operate in Arabic at the word level. We show that this strategy reduces parsing time and makes morphological analysis of written texts considerably more accurate.

Introduction
Arabic is a morphologically rich language, where a lot of information on morpho-syntactic and semantic relationships among words in context is directly expressed at the word level 1 . Some prepositions, conjunctions and other particles are morphologically realized as proclitics, while all pronouns are enclitics. Orthographic, morphological and syntactic characteristics of Arabic contribute to increasing the level of ambiguity of written word forms, which is made even more complex by the unsystematic use of diacritical markers in the Arabic script2. In this paper we suggest that spelling rules, morpho-syntactic and semantic constraints should be jointly evaluated as early as possible in parsing an Arabic text. In particular, the analysis of spelled-out forms requires simultaneous use of morpho-syntactic and semantic information to define constraints on NLP, and “interpolate” missing vowels/diacritics (diacriticization) in Arabic written texts.

Conclusion
Automatic text processing requires annotation of different levels of linguistic analysis: morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic. For some languages, like English, it makes sense to analyze those levels in a serial way, by taking the output of an early level of analysis as the input of the ensuing level. Purpose of this article is to demonstrate that specific characteristics of Arabic appear to recommend a different approach. Inflectional, derivational and non-concatenative characteristics of Arabic morphology require interdependence and interaction between different levels of analysis for segmentation of spelled-out forms and their analysis to be adequate. This suggests that Arabic processing may require substantial revision of traditional NLP architectures. For improvement and future work, we plan to complete and refine language resources for Arabic. As a further step, we consider including other contextual factors, such as knowledge about the immediate syntactic context of a word token, as restrictions on diacriticization.
Le scritture brevi dello storytelling: analisi di case studies di successo
Authors: Maria Laura Pierucci (Università di Macerata, 2015)
Topic: Lexical and Semantic Resources and Analysis

Abstract
The contribution presents the analysis of successful storytelling case studies. The perspective is interdisciplinary: moving from pragmatic premises of communication, we investigate strategies and branding techniques through the use of the conceptual category of 'short writings' as in www.scripturebrevi.it.

Introduction
A well-established tradition of semiotic studies, cognitive linguistics and psychology indicates the human mind as "narrant." So Roland Barthes (1969: 7): "[...] the story is present in all times, in all places, in all societies; the story begins with the very history of humanity; it does not exist, there never existed in any place a people without stories [...] the story is there as life is. The reflection on the structures of narrative started by Propp and the Russian formalists in the 20s was resumed in the second half of the last century by structuralists such as Barthes, Todorov and Genette, among others, who gave their contribution to the elaboration of a narrative theory starting from the assumption that the recounting, and the recounting, are constant phenomena in the history of man, behaviors to the human being connatural.

Conclusion
In this work we analyzed some case studies of storytelling and their short writings (claim, headline, hashtag) through which those stories were conceived and disseminated on the web to be intercepted in the magnum sea of digital content. We have seen how the main tool of narrative marketing finds its maximum expression in a wise conjugation of text (short) and images, thus being able to translate into an effective branding tool for companies but also for cultural bodies. The rules to be respected are the same today as in the most remote past: the story speaks of man and man and, by virtue of the fact that the markets are conversations (Cleutrain Manifesto 1999), lives a new season of success thanks to the digital ecosystem.
An extended version of the KoKo German L1 Learner corpus
Authors: Andrea Abel, Aivars Glaznieks, Lionel Nicolas, Egon Stemle (EURAC, 2016)
Topic: Learner Corpora and Language Acquisition

Abstract
This paper describes an extended version of the KoKo corpus (version KoKo4, Dec 2015), a corpus of written German L1 learner texts from three different German-speaking regions in three different countries. The KoKo corpus is richly annotated with learner language features on different linguistic levels such as errors or other linguistic characteristics that are not deficit-oriented, and is enriched with a wide range of metadata. This paper complements a previous publication AUTHOR and reports on new textual metadata and lexical annotations and on the methods adopted for their manual annotation and linguistic analyses. It also briefly introduces some linguistic findings that have been derived from the corpus.

Introduction
The study of linguistically annotated learner corpora has received a growing interest over the past 20 years AUTHOR. In learner corpus linguistics, such corpora are usually defined as ``systematic computerized collections of texts produced by language learners'' AUTHOR. Unlike most learner corpora focusing on L2/FL learners (i.e.~learners learning a foreign language), the KoKo corpus focuses on advanced L1 speakers that are still learning their mother tongue, which typically happens in educational contexts. This paper describes an extended version of the KoKo corpus AUTHOR, a corpus created for the purposes of the KoKo project which aims at investigating the writing skills of German-speaking secondary school pupils. The creation of the corpus was guided by two goals: on the one hand to describe writing skills at the end of secondary school, on the other hand to consider external socio-linguistic factors (e.g.~gender, socio-economic background etc.). The previous description focused on the data collection, the data processing, the annotation of orthographic and grammatical features as well as on aspects regarding annotation quality AUTHOR. This paper, however, introduces the new textual metadata and lexical annotations. The paper is structured as follows. In section short, key facts are briefly reported, including references to related work. The new textual metadata and lexical annotations are then described in section revision, alongside with the methods adopted for their manual annotation and linguistic analyses and some examples of linguistic findings. In section outlook, future works are discussed right before concluding in section conclusion.

Conclusion
This paper described the most recent version of the KoKo corpus, a collection of richly annotated German L1 learner texts, and focused on the new textual metadata and lexical annotations. Because other comparable language resources are either not accessible, or have not been enriched with linguistic information or are only partly annotated, the corpus is a valuable resource for research on L1 learner language, in particular for the research on writing skills, and for teachers of German as L1, in particular for the teaching of L1 German writing skills.