* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent

except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.

 ** The Honorable Mark W. Bennett, District Judge for the U.S. District

Court for the Northern District of Iowa, sitting by designation.

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

 Plaintiff - Appellee,

 v.

MIGUEL VALEDON,

 Defendant - Appellant.

No. 10-50390

D.C. No. 2:09-cr-00917 GAF

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Central District of California

Gary Allen Feess, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted October 10, 2012

Pasadena, California

Before: PREGERSON and W. FLETCHER, Circuit Judges, and BENNETT,

District Judge.** 

Appellant Miguel Valedon (nka Luis Rodriguez Ortega) pleaded guilty,

pursuant to a plea agreement that was not binding on the district court, to one count

FILED

OCT 24 2012

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
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of knowingly possessing a false identification document with intent to use it to

defraud the United States, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1028(a)(4), and three counts

of knowingly presenting false tax returns to the United States, knowing them to be

fraudulent, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 287 and 2. Valedon and others used false

identification documents to open mailboxes in California and Illinois, identified

certain Puerto Rican citizens as authorized mail recipients at those boxes,

submitted false federal income tax returns in the names of those persons claiming

earned income credits, and received the refunds at the mailboxes. Valedon now

challenges his 57-month sentence as improperly enhanced by the “intended loss”

and “sophisticated means” of the entire scheme in which he was involved and as

substantively unreasonable. He also challenges his conviction, because the district

court advised him that his conviction “could” have immigration consequences, not

that such consequences were mandatory.

We have jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a)(2) and 28 U.S.C.

§ 1291. We review only for plain error, because Valedon did not raise any of his

challenges below. United States v. Rangel, ___ F.3d ___, ___, 2012 WL 4857207,

*3 (9th Cir. Oct. 15, 2012). We have repeatedly observed that “[o]nly a

procedurally erroneous or substantively unreasonable sentence should be set

aside.” Rangel, ___ F.3d at ___, 2012 4857207, *3; United States v. Collins, 684
3

F.3d 873, 887 (9th Cir. 2012). Thus, we review sentences in two steps, first for

procedural error, then, if there is no procedural error, for substantive

unreasonableness. Collins, 684 F.3d at 886. There was no error, plain or

otherwise, in Valedon’s sentence.

Although a sentencing court may not “automatically hold an individual

responsible for losses attributable to the entire conspiracy,” the district court here

properly determined that the intended loss of $5.4 million “fell within the scope of

the defendant’s agreement with his co-conspirators and was reasonably foreseeable

to the defendant.” United States v. Treadwell, 593 F.3d 990, 1003 (9th Cir. 2010);

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3 cmt. 2. Adequate explanation for the amount of loss can be

inferred from the PSR on which the district court explicitly relied. See Collins,

684 F.3d at 887. The PSR noted the requirements for sentencing liability for joint

activity and Valedon’s admissions that the scope of the conspiracy exceeded the

actual refunds issued by the IRS, including claims for over $5.4 million. The PSR

also gave rise to inferences of foreseeability of the entire intended loss from

findings that Valedon was aware that he was not the only person involved in

renting mailboxes in either California or Illinois or in filing fraudulent tax returns. 

Rule 32 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure did not require more, because

Valedon did not dispute these facts in the PSR, and these facts satisfy the
4

government’s burden to prove the applicability of the enhancement. Compare

United States v. Showalter, 569 F.3d 1150, 1160 (9th Cir. 2009) (holding that the

PSR contained insufficient explanation for its finding on the number of victims to

satisfy the government’s burden).

The district court also did not err by enhancing Valedon’s sentence for

“sophisticated means” or in failing to recognize its discretion under Pepper v.

United States, 131 S. Ct. 1229 (2011), to balance the policies behind the

“sophisticated means” and “minor role” adjustments to arrive at an appropriate

sentence. Then-U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(9)(C) does not require the defendant to be

responsible for designing the “sophisticated means” of the scheme, only that he

engaged in a scheme involving such means. The district court considered both

whether the scheme involved “sophisticated means” and Valedon’s role in the

offense (“average” rather than “minor”), and we have concluded that conduct

similar to Valedon’s use of stolen identities and fake identification documents to

rent mailboxes and to effectuate a tax fraud scheme in two jurisdictions was use of

“sophisticated means.” Cf. United States v. Aragbaye, 234 F.3d 1101, 1108 (9th

Cir. 2000), superseded by statute on other grounds, United States v. McEnry, 659

F.3d 893 (9th Cir. 2011).
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Valedon’s “substantive unreasonableness” challenge to his sentence simply

reiterates his procedural error arguments. He has not identified any respect in

which, notwithstanding that the district court correctly considered and applied the

guidelines and the § 3553(a) factors, his sentence is greater than necessary to

accomplish the goals of sentencing in light of the totality of the circumstances. See

Collins, 684 F.3d at 887. Therefore, we affirm Valedon’s sentence.

As to Valedon’s conviction, the district court’s advice that there “could” be

immigration consequences to his conviction, not that such consequences were

mandatory, did not violate due process or Rule 11 or render his plea involuntary

and unknowing. See United States v. Amador-Leal, 276 F.3d 511 (9th Cir. 2002). 

The Supreme Court’s decision in Padilla v. Kentucky, 130 S. Ct. 1473 (2010), does

not require a different result. See United States v. Delgado-Ramos, 635 F.3d 1237

(9th Cir. 2011) (per curiam).

Valedon’s arguments that Missouri v. Frye, 132 S. Ct. 1399 (2012), and

Lafler v. Cooper, 132 S. Ct. 1376 (2012), overrule circuit precedent and require a

different result on either his conviction or his sentence are incorrect. The plea

agreement expressly states that it is not binding on the court, and the government’s

concessions about Valedon’s role in the offense are not concessions that the

intended loss of the entire scheme was not attributable to Valedon. Moreover,
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Frye and Lafler do not change the fact that the district court did not err by advising

Valedon that there “could” be immigration consequences to his conviction. See

Delgado-Ramos, 635 F.3d at 1238-39.

AFFIRMED.