*

 This order is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of

the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the

citation of orders; nevertheless, an order may be cited under the terms and

conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

** Pursuant to the Court’s February 4, 2005 Order granting Appellant’s

Unopposed Motion to Postpone Oral Argument, this cause is submitted without

(continued...)

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

August 31, 2005

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

CABS, INC., doing business as ZONE

CABS, INC., also doing business as

CENTENNIAL SEDANS, INC., and

PARATRANSIT RISK RETENTION

GROUP INSURANCE CO.,

Plaintiffs-Counter-

 Defendants-Appellants,

No. 03-1452

(D. of Colo.)

(D.C. No. 01-M-1367 (MJW))

v.

HARTFORD INSURANCE GROUP,

HARTFORD FIRE INSURANCE

COMPANY, and HARTFORD

PROPERTY AND CASUALTY

INSURANCE COMPANY,

Defendants-Counter-

 Claimants-Appellees.

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before EBEL , O’BRIEN , and TYMKOVICH , Circuit Judges. **
**(...continued)

oral argument. After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this threejudge panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of

material assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a);

10th Cir. R. 34.1(G).

-2-

The issues in this appeal are whether the district court erred in reforming an

insurance policy and in dismissing various claims against The Hartford Insurance

Group, et al. The underlying lawsuit was based on an insurance coverage dispute

arising from an accident in Denver, Colorado, in which one of Zone Cabs’ taxis

injured a pedestrian. Cabs, Inc., the parent company of Zone Cabs, and Cabs’

insurers, Hartford and Paratransit Risk, reached a settlement of the injured

pedestrian’s subsequent litigation. Hartford contributed $1,000,000 to the

settlement, while Paratransit contributed over $600,000. Zone Cabs itself

contributed $50,000. 

After the settlement was executed, Cabs, Zone Cabs and Paratransit

(collectively “Plaintiffs”) demanded that Hartford reimburse them for a portion of

their settlement payments and other costs of defense. Hartford refused. Hartford

claimed it was not obligated to provide any reimbursement despite its

participation in the settlement agreement because its insurance policy did not

cover the operations of Zone Cabs. Instead, Hartford insisted its insurance policy
-3-

only covered another operating division of Cabs named Centennial Sedans, Inc., a

luxury limousine service. 

The district court conducted a bench trial to determine the scope of

Hartford’s insurance policy. After taking evidence, the court ordered the policy

reformed to make explicit that coverage extended only to Centennial’s limousines

and not to Zone Cabs’ taxis. The court also granted summary judgment to

Hartford on Plaintiffs’ claim under the Colorado Consumer Protection Act, Colo.

Rev. Stat. § 6-1-101, et seq. (2001), and a claim for treble damages under the

former Colorado Auto Accident Reparations Act, Colo. Rev. Stat. § 10-4-708(1.8)

(2001) (repealed 2003). Plaintiffs appeal arguing that both reformation and

summary judgment were improper. 

We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and affirm. 

Background

I. The Plaintiffs

Cabs, Inc. was a licensed and registered Colorado motor vehicle carrier

regulated by the Colorado Public Utilities Commission (PUC). Cabs owned Zone

Cabs, Inc., a taxicab business dating back to the 1940s that operated in excess of

100 taxis. Cabs also owned Centennial Sedans, Inc., a luxury sedan service

started in 1995 that operated up to fourteen limousines. Though both were owned

by Cabs, Centennial and Zone Cabs functioned as independent businesses with
-4-

different addresses and management. Zone Cabs and Centennial, however, did

operate under the same tariff issued by the PUC (the tariff listed the tariff-holder

as “Cabs, Inc. dba Zone Cabs, Inc. and/or Centennial Sedans, Inc”). Paratransit

Risk Retention Group Insurance Company was a mutual insurance company

owned and operated by taxicab fleet owners. Paratransit provided liability

insurance coverage to Zone Cabs at the time of the accident. 

II. The Insurance Policies

The circumstances underlying this litigation are a result of Centennial’s

acquisition of liability insurance for its limousine business from Hartford in 1998. 

Hartford initially named “Cabs, Inc. d/b/a Centennial Sedans, Inc.” as the insured

and provided coverage for the period December 19, 1998 to December 19, 1999. 

The policy included property, general liability and auto coverage. 

The policy specifically covered ten listed vehicles, all of which were

limousines, since Centennial neither owned nor operated any taxis. The policy

further detailed coverage in a section entitled “Schedule of Coverage and Covered

Autos.” For liability coverage, the policy included the notation “01” for covered

autos and included a $1 million cap per accident. The notation “01” represented

coverage for “any auto” owned and operated by the named insured. For personal

injury protection (PIP) or equivalent no-fault coverage, the policy included the

notation “05,” which represented coverage for autos owned by the insured and
1

 It is uncontested that Colorado law required both Centennial’s limousines

and Zone Cabs’ taxis to have no-fault insurance. See Colo. Rev. Stat. § 10-4-705

(2001) (repealed 2003).

-5-

required to have no-fault coverage, including those acquired after the policy

became effective.1

 Total annual premiums for the policy were $23,879, including

$581 for commercial property coverage, $22,265 for commercial auto coverage,

and $1,033 for commercial general liability coverage. 

Centennial’s procurement of insurance from Hartford became complicated

when Centennial’s broker, Stewart Levin, attempted to submit proof of insurance

to the PUC as required by Colorado law for tariffed motor vehicle service

carriers. See Colo. Rev. Stat. § 40-16-103 (1985). Under PUC regulations, if

carriers do not submit the original insurance policy as proof of insurance, they

must submit a form titled “Form E – Uniform Motor Carrier Bodily Injury and

Property Damage Liability Certificate of Insurance.” See 4 Colo. Code Regs.

§ 723-31-12.3 (2001). Proof of insurance must be filed “with the exact name,

initials, corporate and trade name (if any), and address as shown in the

Application or records of the Commission.” Id. at § 723-31-12.3.1.

The Form E initially submitted identified the insured as “Cabs, Inc. dba

Centennial Sedans, Inc.” Because the tariff under which Centennial operated,

however, also listed Zone Cabs as a “d/b/a,” the PUC returned the form to

Centennial with a letter requiring “that the named insured on the policy . . . had to
-6-

be in the exact name of the company listed on the PUC tariff for that company.” 

Centennial forwarded the letter to Levin, asking him to make the requested

change and resubmit the form. On December 18, 1998, a new Form E was filed in

accordance with the tariff, stating that Hartford had issued a complying policy to

“Cabs, Inc., dba Zone Cabs, Inc., and/or Centennial Sedans, Inc.,” which the PUC

subsequently approved. Contemporaneously, Hartford also produced Common

Declaration Pages for the insurance policy identifying the named insured as the

same listed on the revised Form E.

In producing the Common Declaration Pages, Hartford did not explicitly

change the representations regarding coverage in the agreement, nor did it

increase the premiums charged. However, including Zone Cabs as an additional

“doing business as” designation meant that the policy language regarding the

scope of coverage could be fairly read to include taxis owned by Zone Cabs. In

effect, by adding “dba Zone Cabs” to the named insureds in the contract, the

benefits running to Centennial under the prior version now appeared to also

extend to Zone Cabs. 

During the period at issue, Cabs and Zone Cabs had other insurance

coverage. In August 1998, Paratransit issued a policy to Cabs specifically

covering the Zone Cabs operation. The policy covered Zone Cabs’ taxi fleet of

over 100 vehicles and charged $108,946 in annual premiums for the 1998–99
2

 “A Bashor agreement is a settlement reached between opposing parties

after a judgment has been obtained against the defendant. The prevailing party

agrees not to execute on the judgment in exchange for the defendant’s agreement

not to appeal the judgment and instead to pursue claims against third parties (and

(continued...)

-7-

policy year. In addition, however, the policy included an excess coverage

exclusion, which provided “[i]f, but for the insurance afforded by this policy, the

Insured would have other insurance against a loss otherwise covered hereby, the

insurance afforded by this policy shall be excess over such insurance.” The Form

E filed with the PUC to reflect the Paratransit coverage also listed the named

motor carrier as “Cabs, Inc. dba Zone Cabs, Inc. and/or Centennial Sedans, Inc.” 

III. The Accident

In February 1999, Anh Lan Nguyen was seriously injured when struck by a

Zone Cabs taxi on a Denver street. Through a conservator, Nguyen sued Cabs,

Zone Cabs, and the driver of the taxi for personal injuries. Cabs and Zone Cabs

sought insurance coverage from Paratransit. In May 2000, they also asked

Hartford to provide defense costs and indemnity coverage on the Nguyen claim

based on the inclusion of Zone Cabs as a named insured on the policy issued by

Hartford to Centennial. Hartford denied coverage. 

Hartford, however, later offered to participate in a settlement agreement

with Nguyen because of concern that Plaintiffs and Nguyen might otherwise enter

into a Bashor-type agreement.2

 In August 2000, Hartford sent a settlement offer
2

(...continued)

share any recovery with the original plaintiff).” Stone v. Satriana, 41 P.3d 705,

707 n.2 (Colo. 2002) (citing Northland Ins. Co. v. Bashor, 494 P.2d 1292 (Colo.

1972)). 

-8-

to Plaintiffs, indicating a willingness to settle “all claims that the Nguyens may

have against Cabs, Inc.” for $1 million. Hartford partially conditioned the offer

as to Cabs and Paratransit: 

this offer may not be viewed or used as a waiver of any policy

defenses or claims that Hartford may have against Cabs, Inc. or

Paratransit (with, of course, the exception of any claim for

reimbursement of the settlement amount paid to the Nguyens). In

essence, the offer is a “one shot deal,” and Hartford reserves the

right to assert any and all claims and defenses it may have, including

all defenses against any other claims.

In October 2000, Hartford and Plaintiffs settled the Nguyen claim. 

Hartford contributed $1 million, the limit of its liability policy. Paratransit also

contributed its policy limit of $500,000. In addition, as an insurer for Cabs and

Zone Cabs, Paratransit paid Nguyen in excess of $100,000 as mandated by the

former Colorado Auto Accident Reparations Act (No-Fault Act), Colo. Rev. Stat.

§ 10-4-701, et seq. (2001) (repealed 2003), as well as defense costs, less a

$50,000 deductible paid by Zone Cabs.

Plaintiffs then demanded that Hartford reimburse them for these no-fault

payments and defense costs. This litigation ensued. 
-9-

IV. The Litigation

In June 2001, Plaintiffs filed suit against Hartford in Colorado state court,

seeking to recover the no-fault sums paid to Nguyen, treble and punitive damages,

and defense costs based on claims of equitable subrogation or reimbursement,

insurance bad faith, breach of contract, and violation of the Colorado Consumer

Protection Act (CCPA). See Colo. Rev. Stat. § 6-1-101, et seq.; id. § 10-4-701, et

seq. (repealed 2003). Hartford removed the case to federal district court based on

diversity jurisdiction, 28 U.S.C. §§ 1332, 1446, and counterclaimed to have the

insurance contract reformed to reflect the company’s position that the policy was

not intended to provide coverage for Zone Cabs’ taxis. Hartford did not pursue

reimbursement for the $1 million it contributed to the Nguyen settlement. 

In February 2002, Plaintiffs filed a motion for summary judgment seeking a

determination that the insurance policy at issue covered the entirety of the Nguyen

claim, including the no-fault payments, and that they were entitled to be

reimbursed for costs of defense. Hartford responded by filing a cross-motion for

summary judgment on the reformation claim and, in the alternative, to have the

court determine that Plaintiffs’ claim for treble damages under the former NoFault Act and the claim under the CCPA both lacked merit.

The district court denied Plaintiffs’ motion as well as the portion of

Hartford’s cross-motion seeking reformation. The court, however, granted
3

 Plaintiffs initially filed their notice of appeal with this court between the

time the district court ruled in Hartford’s favor on the reformation claim and

when the district court dismissed Plaintiffs’ remaining claims on summary

judgment. During that same time period, Hartford filed a motion in this court to

have the appeal dismissed for lack of appellate jurisdiction, contending that the

district court’s disposition of the reformation claim did not constitute a final,

appealable order because Plaintiffs’ remaining claims had not been ruled on. The

district court’s subsequent grant of summary judgment on the remaining issues is

sufficient to extinguish any concerns over our jurisdiction or the timeliness of the

filing of the notice of appeal. See Lewis v. B.F. Goodrich Co., 850 F.2d 641

(10th Cir. 1988) (en banc). Therefore Hartford’s motion to dismiss the appeal is

denied. 

-10-

summary judgment in favor of Hartford on Plaintiffs’ claim for treble damages

and the CCPA claim. Subsequently, the court bifurcated the remaining claims and

held a bench trial on Hartford’s reformation claim. In September 2003, the court

ruled in Hartford’s favor. The court held that, to the extent the policy purported

to insure Zone Cabs’ taxis and thereby make Hartford liable for the no-fault

payments and the costs of defense, such representations resulted from a mutual

mistake by the contracting parties, Centennial and Hartford, and did not represent

their true contractual intent. Accordingly, the court ordered the contract to be

reformed to reflect that the policy did not provide coverage for Zone Cabs’ taxis. 

Thereafter, the court granted summary judgment to Hartford on the remaining

claims.3 
-11-

Discussion

This case requires us to answer three questions. First, whether the district

court erred in reforming the insurance policy. Second, whether the district court

erred in granting summary judgment to Hartford on Plaintiffs’ claim under the

CCPA. Third, whether the district court erred in granting summary judgment to

Hartford on Plaintiffs’ claim under the No-Fault Act. Applying Colorado law, we

find no error on the part of the district court. 

I. Contract Reformation

The district court ordered the insurance policy to be reformed to exclude

coverage for Zone Cabs’ taxis. The court based its order on the finding that

Hartford had established by “clear and convincing evidence” that “[a]t all times,

both Centennial Sedans, Inc. and the Hartford intended that Hartford’s

commercial automobile policy . . . provide coverage only for the limousines of

Centennial Sedans, Inc., and not for the taxi cabs of Zone Cabs, Inc.” 

On appeal, Plaintiffs argue the district court’s reformation order should be

reversed for two reasons. First, they allege the evidence is insufficient to

establish that Centennial and Hartford did not intend to insure Zone Cabs as part

of Hartford’s coverage of Cabs and Centennial. Second, they argue Hartford, by

its actions, either affirmed or ratified the contract as written to include Zone Cabs

as a named insured and is therefore precluded from seeking reformation. 
4

 Relying on our statement in Downriver Cmty. Fed. Credit Union v. Penn

Square Bank, 879 F.2d 754, 758 (10th Cir. 1989), that our review is de novo if

“the availability of equitable relief depends upon an interpretation of law,”

Plaintiffs argue for de novo review because whether Hartford has made an

adequate evidentiary showing to justify relief is a “mixed question of law and fact

involving primarily a consideration of legal principles.” Aplt. Br. at 15. We

disagree. The district court’s determination turned primarily on the factual

question of the parties’ intent. See Rascon v. US West Commc’ns, Inc., 143 F.3d

1324, 1329 (10th Cir. 1998) (mixed questions of law and fact are reviewed de

novo if they involve primarily a consideration of legal principles and under a

clearly erroneous standard if the question is primarily a factual inquiry).

-12-

A. Standard of Review for Reformation 

“We review a district court's choice of equitable remedies for abuse of

discretion.” Roberts v. Colorado State Bd. of Agric., 998 F.2d 824, 826 (10th Cir.

1993). Contract reformation is such an equitable remedy. See Clark v. State

Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 319 F.3d 1234, 1242 (10th Cir. 2003); Brennan v.

Farmers Alliance Mut. Ins. Co., 961 P.2d 550, 556 (Colo. Ct. App. 1998). 

Furthermore, determinations as to the intent of contracting parties are questions of

fact reviewed for clear error. See Mile High Indus. v. Cohen, 222 F.3d 845, 854

(10th Cir. 2000); Ray L. Atchinson Constr. Co. v. Sossaman, 717 P.2d 988,

989–90 (Colo. Ct. App. 1985). “A finding of fact is not clearly erroneous unless

it is without factual support in the record, or if the appellate court, after reviewing

all the evidence, is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has

been made.” Mile High, 222 F.3d at 854 (citation omitted).4
-13-

B. The District Court Did Not Err in Reforming the Policy

Under Colorado law, “[r]eformation of a written instrument is appropriate

only when the instrument does not represent the true agreement of the parties and

the purpose of reformation is to give effect to the parties’ actual intentions. The

evidence must clearly and unequivocally show that reformation is appropriate

under the circumstances.” Maryland Cas. Co. v. Buckeye Gas Prod. Co., 797

P.2d 11, 13 (Colo. 1990) (internal citations omitted); see also Cont’l W. Ins. Co.

v. Jim's Hardwood Floor Co., 12 P.3d 824, 827 (Colo. Ct. App. 2000). “Mutual

mistake of fact is grounds for reformation if the written instrument because of the

mutual mistake does not express the true intent or agreement of the parties.” 

Segelke v. Kilmer, 360 P.2d 423, 426 (Colo. 1961). “An essential prerequisite to

a court's power to reform a contract on the ground of mutual mistake is the

existence of a prior agreement that represents the actual expectations of the

parties and provides the basis upon which a court orders reformation.” Maryland

Cas., 797 P.2d at 13 (citation omitted). As such, under the doctrine of contract

reformation the concepts of the intent of the parties and mutual mistake are

interrelated. Where the written instrument does not reflect the true intent of the

contracting parties, then the contrary intent reflected in the written instrument can

be said to have resulted from a mutual mistake. Conversely, where the written
-14-

instrument does reflect the true intent of at least one of the parties, then no mutual

mistake occurred. 

1.

Having reviewed the record, we affirm the district court’s reformation

order. We agree with the district court that (a) the contracting parties, Centennial

and Hartford, never intended to insure Zone Cabs’ more than 100 taxis, and (b)

any representation to the contrary resulted from a mutual mistake regarding the

impact of including Zone Cabs as an additional “doing business as” designation in

the insurance agreement. A brief summary of the evidence confirms the court’s

conclusions. 

Centennial’s General Manager. Brian Howard, Centennial’s former

general manager and the individual in charge of procuring its insurance, testified

in his deposition that he had no intention of insuring Zone Cabs or its taxicabs,

nor did he intend to include Zone Cabs’ taxis in Centennial’s policy. He further

testified that he did not intend, nor did he communicate that he intended, to

change the scope of coverage when he asked the insurance broker to alter the

Form E after the PUC rejected the initial filing. In addition, Howard testified he

did not think the policy would provide coverage for the Nguyen accident because

“the only thing that Hartford was insuring was our limousine cars.” Regarding

the relationship between Zone Cabs and Centennial in the procurement of
-15-

insurance, Howard made clear he was not responsible for obtaining insurance for

Zone Cabs and he believed Zone Cabs had its own insurance during the period at

issue.

Hartford’s Sales Representative. Jean Mullahy, a sales representative for

Hartford, stated in her affidavit that “[i]t was never the intention of The Hartford

to insure Zone Cabs, taxi cabs, or taxi operations” under the policy and that

Hartford’s records showed Howard requested coverage for Centennial’s

limousines, not for Zone Cabs’ taxis. 

Centennial’s Insurance Broker. Stewart Levin, the insurance broker,

testified in his deposition at length regarding issuance of the initial version of the

policy and the circumstances surrounding the revised Form E filing. Specifically,

he testified Centennial never asked him, nor did he intend, to procure insurance

for Zone Cabs or its taxis. He also testified that he understood Hartford did not

intend to insure Zone Cabs, did not want to insure any taxi cab operations in

Colorado, and that he took steps to assure Hartford that Howard sought coverage

for limousines, not taxis. 

With respect to the revised Form E and inclusion of Zone Cabs as an

additional “doing business as” designation in the policy, Levin testified the

changes were made to “facilitate the filing requirements of the PUC, not to

include [Zone Cabs’] exposures in our policy,” that it was neither his nor
-16-

Howard’s intent to expand coverage beyond Centennial’s limousines in

completing the revised Form E, and that he did not inform Hartford that filing the

revised Form E and including Zone Cabs as a named insured could have “included

exposures not contemplated in the original submission and the original policy”

because it did not occur to him. Finally, Levin testified that any failure to alter

the policy to make clear that coverage did not extend to Zone Cabs was a

“technical error” and, to the extent the policy could be read to cover taxicabs,

such a reading did not represent Howard’s nor Hartford’s intent.

2.

Despite this evidence, Plaintiffs claim the record does not adequately

support the district court’s factual determination that Centennial and Hartford did

not intend to insure Zone Cabs. Put another way, Plaintiffs challenge the district

court’s finding that any representations in the insurance agreement indicating

coverage for Zone Cabs resulted from a mutual mistake by Centennial and

Hartford as to the effect of adding Zone Cabs to the policy. 

As to Centennial, Plaintiffs argue the district court failed to consider

statements made by Howard and Levin that allegedly reflect an intent to insure

Zone Cabs. Howard testified he sought whatever coverage was legally required to

operate his business. Combining this statement with testimony from a PUC

employee that the PUC required insurers to cover every party listed on the
-17-

operating tariff, Plaintiffs allege that Howard, in seeking legally necessary

insurance and complying with the PUC filing requirement, intended to insure

Zone Cabs because the PUC would have required him to do so. 

This argument is unpersuasive for several reasons. First, the record

contains no suggestion Howard believed the law obligated him to procure

insurance for Zone Cabs’ taxis even after the PUC rejected the initial Form E. 

Second, Howard testified the revised Form E was not intended to expand the

scope of coverage to include Zone Cabs’ taxis. Whatever the PUC required, there

is simply no basis in the record for inferring that Howard in fact intended the

Hartford policy to insure Zone Cabs’ taxis. 

Levin’s testimony confirms this view. Although he testified he sought “the

broadest scope of coverage possible for my clients” and included the notation

“01” for liability in the policy to ensure his client would be covered if it

purchased new vehicles and did not notify the insurance provider, he made plain

he considered Centennial to be his client and, further, that in seeking the broadest

coverage possible he did not intend to provide coverage for Zone Cabs’ taxis. 

In sum, these statements simply do not indicate an intent that the policy

cover Zone Cabs nor make the contracting parties’ contrary intent equivocal. 

Plaintiffs’ contention Centennial intended to insure Zone Cabs’ taxis lacks merit.
-18-

3.

Plaintiffs next challenge the district court’s determination that any coverage

provided to Zone Cabs in the revised policy resulted from a mistake on the part of

Hartford. Despite the testimony from Hartford’s representative Mullahy and the

insurance agent Levin that Hartford did not intend to insure Zone Cabs, Plaintiffs

allege “it strains credibility to its limits to believe that The Hartford did not

understand the legal effect of adding a named insured to a policy, and thus made a

‘mistake.’” Aplt. Br. at 16, n. 2. We disagree. 

First, there is no evidence in the record establishing that Hartford realized

at the time it issued the changed policy that the alterations could affect the scope

of coverage. Second, Levin, whom Plaintiffs characterize as Hartford’s agent,

testified that he did not realize changing the named insured on the policy could

expand its scope to include Zone Cabs’ taxis and that he did not believe Hartford

held such a belief. Insofar as an experienced insurance agent failed to recognize

the potential effect of altering the policy, we do not find it unreasonable that

Hartford made the same mistake, especially where Levin repeatedly assured

Hartford that the requested coverage was for limousines, not taxis, and in

requesting the changes to the Form E only indicated that the PUC required a name

change. Third, the means by which Zone Cabs was added to the policy and the

Form E support the district court’s finding that Hartford made a mistake. The
-19-

name Zone Cabs was included as an additional “doing business as” designation,

not an entirely separate insured. Fourth and finally, the fact that Hartford did not

seek to increase the premiums charged on the policy when asked to include “dba

Zone Cabs, Inc.” shows that Hartford did not believe inclusion of the term would

expand coverage from Centennial’s ten limousines to Zone Cabs’ more than 100

taxis.

As such, the district court did not err in finding mutual mistake. 

4. 

Furthermore, to the extent Plaintiffs assert the district court erred in

determining Hartford had shown by “clear and convincing evidence” they were

entitled to reformation, as opposed to the “clear and unequivocal evidence”

standard contained in Colorado case law, see Maryland Cas. Co. v. Buckeye Gas

Prod. Co., 797 P.2d 11, 13 (Colo. 1990), we find this contention without merit. 

Assuming there is an appreciable difference between these standards of proof, the
5

 Plaintiffs make one additional allegation that warrants comment. They

assert in their opening brief that comments made by the district court expressing

displeasure with the PUC for allowing Zone Cabs and Centennial to operate under

the same tariff “are particularly telling” and suggest that the court was focused

more on regulatory practices of the PUC than the question of policy coverage. 

Aplt. Br. at 17. In their reply brief, Plaintiffs continue “[t]he district court’s

disparagement of the PUC to justify its decision to reform the policy also

demonstrates its error.” Aplt. R. Br. at 8. Though it is unclear how the district

court’s statements about PUC operating practices are indicative of any error

regarding the question of contractual intent, to the extent Plaintiffs allege the

court based its decision on displeasure with the PUC, we note the court explicitly

stated in the context of these remarks, “we’re not here to try the PUC. . . . The

case here is mutual mistake.” 

-20-

evidence before the district court supports reformation under either standard. 5

C. Hartford Did Not Ratify Coverage of Zone Cabs 

Plaintiffs also opposed reformation on the ground that Hartford effectively

ratified the broader insurance agreement, including the PIP benefits and duty to

defend contained therein, by settling the Nguyen claim. The district court found

this argument unpersuasive for three reasons: (1) Hartford’s decision to settle the

Nguyen claim was defensive in nature and designed to avoid the possibility of

additional litigation exposure; (2) Hartford reserved the right to assert claims and

policy defenses when agreeing to participate in the Nguyen settlement; and (3)

Hartford did not seek to be reimbursed by Plaintiffs for the $1 million contributed

to the settlement. Under Colorado law, though ratification is generally a question

of fact, where the facts are uncontested and clearly established, it is a question of

law. See Mountain States Waterbed Distribs., Inc. v. O.N.C. Freight Sys. Corp .,
-21-

614 P.2d 906, 907 (Colo. Ct. App. 1980); see also In re King Resources Co. , 614

F.2d 703, 705 (10th Cir. 1980). Such is the case here and our review is de novo. 

See Salve Regina Coll. v. Russell, 499 U.S. 225, 231 (1991). 

1.

On appeal, Plaintiffs rely on an unpublished Colorado Court of Appeals

case to argue in their opening brief that “reformation is not available to a party

that has availed itself of the benefit of the contract. A party to a contract cannot

both affirm and disaffirm a contract or affirm it in part and disaffirm it in part. 

Kelly v. Silver State Savings and Loan Ass’n., 534 P.2d 326, 328 (Colo. Ct. App.

1975); Joyce v. Davis, 539 F.2d 1262, 1266 (10th Cir. 1976).” Aplt. Br. at 19. In

Kelly, the court found the doctrine of ratification can defeat a mutual mistake

reformation claim where the party seeking reformation accepts a benefit under the

contract with knowledge of the alleged mistake. See 534 P.2d at 327–28; see

also Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 380(2) (1981) (“The power of a party to

avoid a contract for mistake . . . is lost if after he knows or has reason to know of

the mistake . . . he manifests to the other party his intention to affirm it or acts

with respect to anything that he has received in a manner inconsistent with

disaffirmance.”); id. at cmt. a (“A party who has the power of avoidance may lose

it by action that manifests a willingness to go on with the contract. Such action is

known as ‘affirmance’ and has the effect of ratifying the contract.”); id. at cmt. b
-22-

(“A party may manifest his intention to affirm by words or other conduct,

including the exercise of dominion over what he has received in a manner

inconsistent with avoidance of the contract. . . . [H]is power of avoidance for . . .

mistake [is not] lost until he . . . knows or ought to know of a non-fraudulent . . .

mistake.”). 

Based on Kelly, Plaintiffs contend Hartford ratified or affirmed the validity

of the insurance agreement, including the PIP benefits and the duty to defend, in

three ways: (1) paying to Nguyen the policy’s liability limit of $1 million in

exchange for protection from “extra-contractual liability,” (2) settling another

unrelated liability claim under the policy, and (3) including Zone Cabs as a named

insured because without Zone Cabs “the PUC would not have approved the Form

E and the Hartford would not have been paid a premium for a non-complying

policy.” Aplt. R. Br. at 10. Plaintiffs conclude that Hartford therefore availed

itself of a benefit of the insurance policy and is precluded from seeking

reformation. 

2.

As to Plaintiffs’ first argument, we cannot conclude that payment of $1

million to Nguyen in exchange for protection from “extra-contractual liability” as

part of the settlement agreement is a benefit to Hartford under the insurance

agreement and therefore supports ratification of the insurance agreement under
6

 Plaintiffs’ attempt to differentiate Nikolai by arguing the case only speaks

to policy defenses and “reformation is not a defense to coverage, but rather a

claim that the coverage itself should be changed” is unpersuasive. Aplt. R. Br. at

10. Even if reformation does not constitute a policy defense, Plaintiffs offer no

argument as to why this distinction is relevant and we see none. Under either a

theory of reformation or a more typical policy defense such as a policy exclusion,

the gist of the matter is the same: the insurer is asserting that the claim does not

fall within the scope of coverage intended by the parties. 

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Colorado law. The benefit, if any, flows from the settlement agreement, not the

insurance agreement. In fact, Hartford has paid $1 million it was not obligated to

pay under the district court’s view of the facts. In any event, while the settlement

may have reduced some of Hartford’s hypothetical exposure to Nguyen or others

(exposure that Plaintiffs apparently sought to exploit), we decline to infer from

the mere fact of settlement that Hartford manifested an intention to affirm the

insurance agreement where the settlement itself included a full reservation of

rights. See Nikolai v. Farmers Alliance Mut. Ins. Co., 830 P.2d 1070, 1073 (Colo.

Ct. App. 1991) (stating an insurer does not ordinarily waive its policy defenses by

payment of settlement proceeds to a claimant).6 As the district court observed,

the settlement was a rational response to the unusual circumstance Hartford faced

and did not ratify the insurance agreement. 

We similarly will not infer an intention to affirm the insurance policy based

on Hartford’s settlement of another claim against Zone Cabs given the total lack

of argument regarding the nature of the settlement in the record. 
-24-

Nor does acceptance of the premiums paid by Centennial or approval by the

PUC of the revised Form E constitute ratification of the insurance agreement to

include coverage for Zone Cabs. Though the premiums were a financial benefit

to Hartford, and the PUC approval may have represented an indirect benefit (by

allowing Hartford to meet the tariff requirements), Hartford neither accepted the

premiums nor sought PUC approval with knowledge of the mistake, i.e., that the

policy as written could be read to include coverage of Zone Cabs’ more than 100

taxis. We thus also reject Plaintiffs’ third argument.

 In sum, the district court correctly determined Hartford did not ratify or

affirm the contract to include coverage for Zone Cabs. We therefore conclude the

district court properly found that Hartford could seek reformation of the policy

under Colorado law. 

II. Summary Judgment

A. Standard of Review

We review the district court's grant of summary judgment, including its

interpretation of state law, de novo, applying the same standards used by the

district court. See Combs v. PriceWaterhouse Coopers LLP, 382 F.3d 1196, 1199

(10th Cir. 2004); Exxon Corp. v. Gann, 21 F.3d 1002, 1007 (10th Cir. 1994).

Summary judgment is appropriate if the evidence shows that there is no genuine
-25-

issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as

a matter of law. See Combs, 382 F.3d at 1199.

The summary judgment issues before us are unusual given the procedural

posture of this case. Specifically, the evidence entered into the record between

the grant of partial summary judgment and the bench trial, as well as the district

court’s findings after the bench trial, bear directly on the claims disposed of at

summary judgment. Given that we have affirmed the district court’s reformation

order and that affirmation effectively precludes Plaintiffs from recovering on the

statutory claims discussed below, we need not limit our review of the summary

judgment claims to the record before the district court at the time it made those

determinations. Rather, our review includes evidence introduced during the

bench trial as well. See Exxon, 21 F.3d at 1007 (in reviewing grant of summary

judgment, we are not constrained by the conclusions of the district court but

rather may affirm or deny on any grounds adequately presented to the district

court); Sanpete Water Conserv. Dist. v. Carbon Water Conserv. Dist., 226 F.3d

1170, 1176–78 (10th Cir. 2000) (disagreeing with grounds on which district court

granted summary judgment on breach of contract claim but affirming grant

nonetheless because evidence and findings of court at subsequent bench trial on
7

 We further emphasize that such an approach does not run afoul of the rule

that parties cannot on appeal seek to have a grant of summary judgment affirmed

or reversed based on facts not presented to the district court. See, e.g., VBF, Inc.

v. Chubb Group of Ins. Cos., 263 F.3d 1226, 1229 n.2 (10th Cir. 2001). The

evidence on appeal comes from the district court record and is not being

introduced for the first time on appeal. 

-26-

related issue effectively ensured plaintiffs would not prevail on contract claim if

case remanded).7

B. The Colorado Consumer Protection Act Claim

Plaintiffs argue the district court erred in granting summary judgment to

Hartford on Plaintiffs’ claim under the CCPA, Colo. Rev. Stat. § 6-1-101, et seq. 

Under the CCPA, a plaintiff must establish five elements to be eligible for relief: 

(1) conduct by the defendant that constituted a deceptive trade practice, see id.

§ 6-1-105; (2) the deceptive practice occurred in the course of the defendant’s

business, vocation or occupation; (3) the practice affected the public interest; (4)

the plaintiff suffered an injury to a legally protected interest; and (5) the

defendant’s actions in violation of the CCPA caused the plaintiff’s injury. See

Hall v. Walter, 969 P.2d 224, 234–35 (Colo. 1998). Accepting Plaintiffs’

statement of facts, the district court concluded Plaintiffs had failed to show that
8

 The relevant portions of § 6-1-105 provide that a person engages in a

deceptive trade practice when the person: “[k]nowingly makes a false

representation as to the source, sponsorship, approval, or certification of goods,

services, or property,” id. § 6-1-105(1)(b); “[k]nowingly makes a false

representation as to affiliation, connection, or association with or certification by

another,” id. § 6-1-105(1)(c); and “[k]nowingly makes a false representation as to

the characteristics, ingredients, uses, benefits, alterations, or quantities of goods,

food, services, or property or a false representation as to the sponsorship,

approval, status, affiliation, or connection of a person therewith,” id. § 6-1-

105(1)(e).

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Hartford engaged in an unfair or deceptive act or practice that affected the public

interest. 

Though the parties dedicate substantial briefing to the question of whether

Hartford’s actions in question here sufficiently affected the public interest to

warrant relief, we find it unnecessary to reach this question because, after review

of the record including that developed during the bench trial, we agree with the

district court that Hartford did not engage in a deceptive trade practice. On

appeal, Plaintiffs argue Hartford’s deceptive trade practice consisted of

submitting the revised Form E to the PUC and generating an insurance policy,

both of which included Zone Cabs as a named insured, when Hartford did not

intend to insure Zone Cabs. 

In their underlying complaint, Plaintiffs alleged this conduct violated three

deceptive trade practices listed in Colo. Rev. Stat. § 6-1-105, specifically

subsections (1)(b), (1)(c) and (1)(e).8 Each of these subsections require that the
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purported wrongdoer knowingly make a false representation. Here, while the

record establishes Hartford did not intend to insure Zone Cabs, it also makes clear

Hartford did not knowingly attempt to deceive the public. Further, there is no

basis to infer from the record that Zone Cabs, Cabs or any member of the public

were actually deceived by the revised Form E.

Because the record before us establishes Hartford did not knowingly make

a false representation, we need not consider whether the district court properly

granted summary judgment based on the record before it at that time. To do

otherwise, and remand based on any errors in interpreting the record at the time of

the grant of summary judgment, “we would force the trial court to repeat that

thorough evidence-gathering and decision-making process” it engaged in during

the bench trial to reassess the extent of Hartford’s knowledge at the time it

revised the insurance policy. Sanpete, 226 F.3d at 1176. Such an approach would

be “contrary to the doctrine of judicial economy” and “fulfill no other purpose

than further delay of a resolution of this dispute.” Id. Thus, we conclude on this

record that Hartford did not engage in a deceptive trade practice. 

The district court properly granted summary judgment on this issue. 

C. The Colorado No-Fault Act Claim

At the time of the accident, Colorado’s No-Fault Act, Colo. Rev. Stat. § 10-

4-708(1.8) (repealed 2003), required that “in the event of the willful and wanton
-29-

failure of the insurer to pay [personal injury protection or no-fault] benefits when

due, the insurer shall pay to the insured, in addition to any other amounts due to

the insured under this subsection (1.8), an amount which is three times the amount

of unpaid benefits recovered in the proceeding.” Plaintiffs argued before the

district court that they were entitled to treble damages on no-fault payments made

to Nguyen. The court rejected this claim on summary judgment after finding that

Plaintiffs were not an “injured party” under the No-Fault Act based on MidCentury Ins. Co. v. Travelers Indem. Co., 982 P.2d 310 (Colo. 1999). 

On appeal, Plaintiffs argue the district court erred in finding their claims

barred by Mid-Century because that case is factually distinct from the

circumstances here. We need not address this argument, however, because the

grant of summary judgment is supportable on other grounds. See Exxon, 21 F.3d

at 1007. A prerequisite for recovery under the former No-Fault Act is that the

party allegedly obligated to make no-fault payments in fact be legally required to

do so. The statute speaks in terms of payments required to be made by an insurer,

which presupposes the alleged insurer is an insurer in fact. Here, as reformation

of the insurance policy makes clear, Hartford was not legally obligated to provide

insurance for Zone Cabs’ taxis. Therefore, Hartford cannot be liable for no-fault

payments due Nguyen as a result of her injuries sustained when struck by a Zone
-30-

Cabs taxi. Plaintiffs’ claim for treble damages under the former No-Fault Act is

without merit and the grant of summary judgment is affirmed.

Conclusion

The district court’s order reforming the insurance agreement and grant of

partial summary judgment are affirmed. 

Entered for the Court

Timothy M. Tymkovich

Circuit Judge