|   | a) | designed      such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure      controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure      that material information relating to the registrant, including its      consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those      entities, particularly during the period in which this annual report is      being prepared; |
|--------|----|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|

|   | b) | designed      such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal      control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to      provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial      reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external      purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting      principles; |
|--------|----|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|

|   | c) | evaluated      the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures      and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of      the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period      covered by this report based on suchevaluation; |
|--------|----|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|

|   | d) | disclosed      in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over      financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent      fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to      materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial      reporting; |
|--------|----|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|

|   | a) | all significant      deficiencies in the design or operation of internal controls which could      adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize      and report financial data and have identified for the registrant’s      auditors any material weaknesses in internal controls;  and |
|--------|----|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|

|   | b) | any fraud, whether or      not material, that involves management or other employees who have a      significant role in the registrant’s internal controls over financial      reporting. |
|--------|----|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|