Exhibit 4.5

    

    

    WARRANT AGREEMENT

    

    

    WARRANT AGREEMENT (this “Warrant Agreement”)
      made as of              , 2020 (“Issuance Date”), between Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation, a Pennsylvania corporation, with offices at 726 Bell Avenue, Suite 301,
      Carnegie, Pennsylvania 15106 (the “Company”), and Broadridge Corporate Issuer
        Solutions, Inc., with offices at 51 Mercedes Way, Edgewood, NY 11717 (“Warrant Agent”).

    

    

    WHEREAS, the Company is engaged in a public offering of units (the “Units”), each consisting of               shares of common stock, par value $1.00 per share (the “Common Stock”), and Series A Warrants
      to purchase               shares of Common Stock (the “Warrants” and each a “Warrant”);
      and

    

    

    WHEREAS, the Company has filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) a Registration Statement, No. 333-239446 on Form S-1 (as the same may be amended from time to time or any other registration statement filed by the Company under the Securities Act of 1933, as
      amended (the “Act”) with respect to the registration of the issuance of the Warrant Shares (as defined below) by the Company, the “Registration Statement”) for the registration, under the Act of, among other Units, shares of Common Stock included in the Units, the Warrants and the Common Stock issuable upon
      exercise of the Warrants (the “Warrant Shares”); and

    

    

    WHEREAS, the Company desires the Warrant Agent to act on behalf of the Company, and the Warrant Agent is willing to so act, in
      connection with the issuance, registration, transfer, exchange and exercise of the Warrants; and

    

    

    WHEREAS, the Company desires to provide for the form and provisions of the Warrants, the terms upon which they shall be issued and
      exercised, and the respective rights, limitation of rights, and immunities of the Company, the Warrant Agent, the holders of the Warrants and, if the Warrants are held in “street name”, a Participant (as defined below) or a designee appointed by such
      Participant (each, a “Holder”); and

    

    

    WHEREAS, all acts and things have been done and performed which are necessary to make the Warrants, when executed on behalf of the
      Company and countersigned by or on behalf of the Warrant Agent, as provided herein, the valid, binding and legal obligations of the Company, and to authorize the execution and delivery of this Warrant Agreement.

    

    

    NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual agreements herein contained, the parties hereto agree as follows:

    

    

    1.          Appointment of Warrant Agent.  The Company hereby appoints the Warrant Agent to act as agent for the Company for the Warrants, and the Warrant Agent hereby accepts such
        appointment and agrees to perform the same in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in this Warrant Agreement.

    

    

    2.          Warrants.

    

    

    2.1          Form of Warrant.  Each Warrant shall be issued in registered form only, and, if a physical certificate is issued, shall be in substantially the form of Exhibit A hereto, the provisions of which are incorporated herein, and shall be signed by, or bear the facsimile or electronic signature of, the Chief Executive Officer,
        President, Chief Financial Officer or Treasurer, Secretary or Assistant Secretary of the Company. In the event the person whose facsimile or electronic signature has been placed upon any Warrant shall have ceased to serve in the capacity in which
        such person signed the Warrant before such Warrant is issued, it may be issued with the same effect as if he or she had not ceased to be such at the date of issuance.  All of the Warrants shall initially be represented by one or more book-entry
        certificates (each a “Book-Entry Warrant Certificate”).

    
      
        


    

    
    

    

    2.2          Effect of Countersignature.  If a physical certificate is issued, unless and until countersigned by the Warrant Agent pursuant to this Warrant Agreement, a Warrant certificate
        shall be invalid and of no effect and may not be exercised by the Holder thereof.

    

    

    2.3          Registration.

    

    

    2.3.1          Warrant Register.  The Warrant Agent shall maintain books (the “Warrant Register”),
        for the registration of original issuance and the registration of transfer of the Warrants.  Upon the initial issuance of the Warrants, the Warrant Agent shall issue and register the Warrants in the names of the respective Holders thereof in such
        denominations and otherwise in accordance with instructions delivered to the Warrant Agent by the Company.  To the extent the Warrants shall be eligible for the book entry and depositary services of The Depositary Trust Company (“DTC eligible”) as of the Issuance Date, all of the Warrants shall be represented by one or more Book-Entry Warrant Certificates deposited with The Depository
        Trust Company (the “Depositary”) and registered in the name of Cede & Co., a nominee of the Depositary. Ownership of beneficial interests in the
        Book-Entry Warrant Certificates shall be shown on, and the transfer of such ownership shall be effected through, records maintained (i) by the Depositary or its nominee for each Book-Entry Warrant Certificate; (ii) by institutions that have
        accounts with the Depositary (such institution, with respect to a Warrant in its account, a “Participant”); or (iii) directly on the book-entry records of
        the Warrant Agent with respect only to owners of beneficial interests that represent such direct registration.

    

    

    If the Warrants are not DTC eligible as of the Issuance Date or the Depositary subsequently ceases to make its book-entry settlement
      system available for the Warrants, the Company may instruct the Warrant Agent regarding making other arrangements for book-entry settlement within ten (10) days after the Depositary ceases to make its book-entry settlement available.  In the event
      that the Company does not make alternative arrangements for book-entry settlement within ten (10) days or the Warrants are not eligible for, or it is no longer necessary to have the Warrants available in, book-entry form, the Warrant Agent shall
      provide written instructions to the Depositary to deliver to the Warrant Agent for cancellation each Book-Entry Warrant Certificate, and the Company shall instruct the Warrant Agent to deliver to the Depositary definitive certificates (“Warrant Certificates”) in physical form evidencing such Warrants.  Such Warrant Certificates shall be in substantially the form annexed hereto as Exhibit A, with appropriate insertions, modifications and omissions, as provided herein.

    
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    2.3.2          Beneficial Owner; Registered Holder.  The term “beneficial owner”
        shall mean any person in whose name ownership of a beneficial interest in the Warrants evidenced by a Book-Entry Warrant Certificate is recorded in the records maintained by the Depositary or its nominee.  Prior to due presentment for registration
        of transfer of any Warrant, the Company and the Warrant Agent may deem and treat the person in whose name such Warrant is registered upon the Warrant Register (“Registered
            Holder”), which may be a Participant or a nominee of the Depositary, as the absolute owner of such Warrant and of each Warrant represented thereby (notwithstanding any notation of ownership or other writing on the Warrant Certificate
        made by anyone other than the Company or the Warrant Agent), for the purpose of any exercise thereof, and for all other purposes, and neither the Company nor the Warrant Agent shall be affected by any notice to the contrary.

    

    

    2.4          Detachability of Warrants.  The Common Stock comprising a part of the Units will be separately transferable immediately upon issuance.

    

    

    2.5          Uncertificated Warrants.  Notwithstanding the foregoing and anything else herein to the contrary, the Warrants may be issued in uncertificated form.

    

    

    3.          Terms and Exercise of Warrants.

    

    

    3.1          Exercise Price.  Each Warrant shall entitle the Registered Holder thereof, subject to the provisions of such Warrant and of this Warrant Agreement, to purchase from the Company
        the number of shares of Common Stock stated therein, at the price of $      per whole share, subject to the subsequent adjustments provided in Section 4 hereof.  The term “Exercise Price” as used in this Warrant Agreement shall mean the price per
        share at which a Warrant Share may be purchased at the time a Warrant is exercised.

    

    

    3.2          Duration of Warrants.  A Warrant may be exercised only during the period (the “Exercise Period”)
        commencing on              , 2020 and terminating at 5:00 P.M., New York time on August 1, 2025 (“Expiration Date”).  Each Warrant not exercised on or before
        the Expiration Date shall become void, and all rights thereunder and all rights in respect thereof under this Warrant Agreement shall cease at 5:00 P.M., New York time on the Expiration Date.

    

    

    3.3          Exercise of Warrants.

    

    

    3.3.1          Exercise and Payment.  Subject to the provisions of the Warrant and this Agreement, a Registered Holder may exercise a Warrant by delivering, not later than 5:00
        P.M., New York time, on any Business Day (as defined below) during the Exercise Period (such date of delivery, the “Exercise Date”) to the Warrant Agent at
        its corporate trust department (i) the Warrant Certificate evidencing the Warrants to be exercised, or, in the case of a Book-Entry Warrant Certificate, the Warrants to be exercised (the “Book-Entry Warrants”) shown on the records of the Depositary to an account of the Warrant Agent at the Depositary designated for such purposes in writing by the Warrant Agent to the Depositary from time to
        time, (ii) an election to purchase some or all of the Warrant Shares underlying the Warrants to be exercised (“Election to Purchase”), properly completed and
        executed by the Registered Holder on the reverse of the Warrant Certificate or, in the case of a Book-Entry Warrant Certificate, properly delivered by the Participant in accordance with the Depositary’s procedures, and (iii) subject to Section
        3.3.7 of this Warrant Agreement, payment in full of the Exercise Price for each Warrant Share as to which the Warrant is exercised, and any and all applicable taxes due in connection with the exercise of the Warrant, the exchange of the Warrant for
        the Warrant Shares and the issuance of such Warrant Shares as shares of Common Stock, in lawful money of the United States of America by certified or official bank check or by bank wire transfer in immediately available funds.

    
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    If any of (A) the Warrant Certificate or the Book-Entry Warrants, (B) the Election to Purchase, or (C) the Exercise Price therefor, is
      received by the Warrant Agent after 5:00 P.M., New York time, on the specified Exercise Date, the Warrants will be deemed to be received and exercised on the Business Day next succeeding the Exercise Date.  If the date specified as the Exercise Date
      is not a Business Day, the Warrants will be deemed to be received and exercised on the next succeeding day that is a Business Day. If the Warrants are received or deemed to be received after the Expiration Date, the exercise thereof will be null and
      void and any funds delivered to the Warrant Agent will be returned to the Registered Holder or Participant, as the case may be, as soon as practicable.  In no event will interest accrue on funds deposited with the Warrant Agent in respect of an
      exercise or attempted exercise of Warrants. The validity of any exercise of Warrants will be determined by the Company in its sole discretion and such determination will be final and binding upon the Registered Holder or Participant, as applicable,
      and the Warrant Agent.  Neither the Company nor the Warrant Agent shall have any obligation to inform a Registered Holder or the Participant, as applicable, of the invalidity of any exercise of Warrants.

    

    

    The Warrant Agent shall deposit all funds received by it in payment of the Exercise Price in the account of the Company maintained with
      the Warrant Agent for such purpose and shall advise the Company via telephone at the end of each day on which funds for the exercise of the Warrants are received of the amount so deposited to its account.  The Warrant Agent shall promptly confirm
      such telephonic advice to the Company in writing.

    

    

    3.3.2          Issuance of Shares of Common Stock on Exercise.  The Warrant Agent shall, by 11:00 A.M. New York time on the Business Day following the Exercise Date of any
        Warrant, advise the Company or the transfer agent and registrar in respect of (a) the Warrant Shares issuable upon such exercise as to the number of Warrants exercised in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Warrant Agreement, (b) the
        instructions of each Registered Holder or Participant, as the case may be, with respect to delivery of the Warrant Shares issuable upon such exercise, and the delivery of definitive Warrant Certificates, as appropriate, evidencing the balance, if
        any, of the Warrants remaining after such exercise, (c) in case of a Book-Entry Warrant Certificate, the notation that shall be made to the records maintained by the Depositary, its nominee for each Book-Entry Warrant Certificate, or a Participant,
        as appropriate, evidencing the balance, if any, of the Warrants remaining after such exercise and (d) such other information as the Company or such transfer agent and registrar shall reasonably require.

    

    

    The Company shall, by 5:00 P.M., New York time, on the third Business Day next succeeding the Exercise Date of any Warrant and the
      clearance of the funds in payment of the Exercise Price, execute, issue and deliver to the Warrant Agent, the Warrant Shares to which such Registered Holder or Participant, as the case may be, is entitled, in fully registered form, registered in such
      name or names as may be directed by such Registered Holder or the Participant, as the case may be.  Upon receipt of such Warrant Shares, the Warrant Agent shall, by 5:00 P.M., New York time, on the fifth Business Day next succeeding such Exercise
      Date, transmit such Warrant Shares to or upon the order of the Registered Holder or Participant, as the case may be.

    

    

    In lieu of delivering physical certificates representing the Warrant Shares issuable upon exercise, provided the Company’s transfer
      agent is participating in the Depositary’s Fast Automated Securities Transfer program, the Company shall use its reasonable best efforts to cause its transfer agent to electronically transmit the Warrant Shares issuable upon exercise to the
      Depositary by crediting the account of the Depositary or of the Participant through its Deposit Withdrawal Agent Commission system.  The time periods for delivery described in the immediately preceding paragraph shall apply to the electronic
      transmittals described herein.

    
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    3.3.3          Valid Issuance.  All shares of Common Stock issued upon the proper exercise of a Warrant in conformity with this Warrant Agreement shall be validly issued, fully
        paid and nonassessable.

    

    

    3.3.4          No Fractional Exercise.  Warrants may be exercised only in whole numbers of Warrant Shares.  No fractional Warrant Shares are to be issued upon the exercise of
        the Warrant.  If, upon the exercise of Warrants, a Holder would be entitled to receive a fractional interest in a Warrant Share any right to a fractional Warrant Share will be automatically terminated without consideration to Holder and the Company
        will, upon exercise, round down to the nearest whole number the number of Warrant Shares to be issued to Holder.  If fewer than all of the Warrants evidenced by a Warrant Certificate are exercised, a new Warrant Certificate for the number of
        unexercised Warrants remaining shall be executed by the Company and countersigned by the Warrant Agent as provided in Section 2 of this Warrant Agreement, and delivered to the Holder of such Warrant Certificate at the address specified on the books
        of the Warrant Agent or as otherwise specified by such Registered Holder. If fewer than all the Warrants evidenced by a Book-Entry Warrant Certificate are exercised, a notation shall be made to the records maintained by the Depositary, its nominee
        for each Book-Entry Warrant Certificate, or a Participant, as appropriate, evidencing the balance of the Warrants remaining after such exercise.

    

    

    3.3.5          No Transfer Taxes.  The Company shall not be required to pay any stamp or other tax or governmental charge required to be paid in connection with any transfer
        involved in the issue of the Warrant Shares upon the exercise of Warrants; and in the event that any such transfer is involved, the Company shall not be required to issue or deliver any Warrant Shares until such tax or other charge shall have been
        paid or it has been established to the Company’s satisfaction that no such tax or other charge is due.

    

    

    3.3.6          Date of Issuance.  Each person in whose name any such certificate for shares of Common Stock is issued shall for all purposes be deemed to have become the holder
        of record of such shares on the date on which the conditions set forth in Section 3.3.1 of this Warrant Agreement are satisfied in accordance therewith.

    

    

    3.3.7          Cashless Exercise Under Certain Circumstances.

    

    

    (a)          The Company shall
        provide to the Registered Holder prompt written notice of any time that the Company is unable to issue the Warrant Shares via DTC transfer or otherwise (without restrictive legend), because (A) the Commission has issued a stop order with respect to
        the Registration Statement, (B) the Commission otherwise has suspended or withdrawn the effectiveness of the Registration Statement, either temporarily or permanently, (C) the Company has suspended or withdrawn the effectiveness of the Registration
        Statement, either temporarily or permanently, or (D) otherwise the prospectus contains in the Registration Statement is not available for issuance of the Warrant Shares by the Company (each a “Restrictive Legend Event”).  To the extent that a Restrictive Legend Event occurs after the Registered Holder has exercised a Warrant in accordance with the terms of the Warrants but prior to the delivery of
        the Warrant Shares, the Company shall, at the election of the Registered Holder to be given within five (5) days of receipt of notice of the Restrictive Legend Event, either (A) rescind the previously submitted Election to Purchase and the Company
        shall return all consideration paid by Registered Holder for such shares upon such rescission or (B) treat the attempted exercise as a cashless exercise as described in the next paragraph and refund the cash portion of the exercise price to the
        Registered Holder.

    
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    (b)          If a Restrictive Legend
        Event has occurred, the Warrant shall only be exercisable on a “cashless basis”, by exchanging the Warrants (in accordance with Section 3(a)(9) of the Act (or any successor rule) or another exemption pursuant to this Section 3.3.7. Notwithstanding
        anything herein to the contrary, the Company shall not be required to make any cash payments or net cash settlement to the Registered Holder in lieu of issuance of the Warrant Shares. Upon a “cashless exercise”, the Holder shall be entitled to
        receive a certificate (or book entry) for the number of Warrant Shares equal to the quotient obtained by dividing ((A-B) (X)) by (A), where:

    

    

    (A) = the VWAP on the Business Day immediately preceding the date on which the Registered Holder elects to exercise the Warrant by means
      of a “cashless exercise,” as set forth in the applicable Election to Purchase;

    

    

    (B) = the Exercise Price of the Warrant, as it may have been adjusted hereunder; and

    

    

    (X) = the number of Warrant Shares that would be issuable upon exercise of the Warrant in accordance with the terms of the Warrant if
      such exercise were by means of a cash exercise rather than a cashless exercise.

    

    

    Upon receipt of an Election to Purchase for a cashless exercise, the Warrant Agent will promptly deliver a copy of the Election to Purchase to the Company
      to confirm the number of Warrant Shares issuable in connection with the cashless exercise. The Company shall calculate and transmit to the Warrant Agent, and the Warrant Agent shall have no obligation under this section to calculate, the number of
      Warrant Shares issuable in connection with the cashless exercise.

    

    

    “Business Day” means a day, other than a
      Saturday, Sunday or federal holiday, on which banks in New York City are generally open for normal business.

    

    

    “VWAP” means, for any date, the price
      determined by the first of the following clauses that applies: (a) if the Common Stock is then listed or quoted on NYSE AMEX, the Nasdaq Capital Market, the Nasdaq Global Market, the Nasdaq Global Select Market or the New York Stock Exchange (each, a
      “Trading Market”), the daily volume weighted average price of the Common Stock for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on the Trading Market on which the
      Common Stock is then listed or quoted as reported by Bloomberg L.P. (based on a Trading Day from 9:30 a.m. (New York time) to 4:02 p.m. (New York time)), (b) the volume weighted average price of the Common Stock for such date (or the nearest
      preceding date) on the OTC Bulletin Board, (c) if the Common Stock is not then listed or quoted for trading on the OTC Bulletin Board and if prices for the Common Stock are then reported in the “Pink Sheets” published by OTC Markets, Inc. (or a
      similar organization or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting prices), the most recent bid price per share of the Common Stock so reported, or (d) in all other cases, the fair market value of a share of Common Stock as determined by an
      independent appraiser selected in good faith by the Holders of a majority in interest of the Warrants then outstanding and reasonably acceptable to the Company, the fees and expenses of which shall be paid by the Company.

    
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    3.3.8          Disputes.  In the case of a dispute as to the determination of the Exercise Price or the arithmetic calculation of the Warrant Shares, the Company shall promptly
        issue to the Registered Holder the number of Warrant Shares that are not disputed.

    

    

    4.          Adjustments.

    

    

    4.1          Adjustment upon Subdivision or Combination of Common Stock. If the Company at any time after the Issuance Date subdivides (by any stock split, stock dividend, recapitalization,
        reorganization, scheme, arrangement or otherwise) its outstanding shares of Common Stock into a greater number of shares, the Exercise Price in effect immediately prior to such subdivision will be proportionately reduced and the number of Warrant
        Shares will be proportionately increased.  If the Company at any time after the Issuance Date combines (by any stock split, stock dividend, recapitalization, reorganization, scheme, arrangement or otherwise) its outstanding shares of Common Stock
        into a smaller number of shares, the Exercise Price in effect immediately prior to such combination will be proportionately increased and the number of Warrant Shares will be proportionately decreased.  Any adjustment under this Section 4.1 shall
        become effective at the close of business on the date the subdivision or combination becomes effective.  Company shall promptly notify Warrant Agent of any such adjustment and give specific instructions to Warrant Agent with respect to any
        adjustments to the warrant register.

    

    

    4.2          Adjustment for Other Distributions.  In the event the Company shall fix a record date for the making of a dividend or distribution to all holders of Common Stock of any evidences
        of indebtedness or assets or subscription rights or warrants (excluding those referred to in Section 4.1 or other dividends paid out of retained earnings), then in each such case the Exercise Price shall be adjusted by multiplying the Exercise
        Price in effect immediately prior to the record date fixed for determination of stockholders entitled to receive such distribution by a fraction of which the denominator shall be the VWAP determined as of the record date mentioned above, and of
        which the numerator shall be such VWAP on such record date less the then per share fair market value at such record date of the portion of such assets or evidence of indebtedness so distributed applicable to one outstanding share of the Common
        Stock as determined by the Board of Directors in good faith. In either case the adjustments shall be described in a statement provided to the Registered Holder of the portion of assets or evidences of indebtedness so distributed or such
        subscription rights applicable to one share of Common Stock. Such adjustment shall be made whenever any such distribution is made and shall become effective immediately after the record date mentioned above.

    
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    4.3          Reclassification, Consolidation, Purchase, Combination, Sale or Conveyance. If, at any time while the Warrants are outstanding, (i) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or
        more related transactions effects any merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another person, (ii) the Company, directly or indirectly, effects any sale, lease, license, assignment, transfer, conveyance or other disposition of all or
        substantially all of its assets in one or a series of related transactions, (iii) any, direct or indirect, purchase offer, tender offer or exchange offer (whether by the Company or another person) is completed pursuant to which holders of Common
        Stock are permitted to sell, tender or exchange their shares for other securities, cash or property and has been accepted by the holders of 50% or more of the outstanding Common Stock, (iv) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more
        related transactions effects any reclassification, reorganization or recapitalization of the Common Stock or any compulsory share exchange pursuant to which the Common Stock is effectively converted into or exchanged for other securities, cash or
        property, (v) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions consummates a stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination (including, without limitation, a reorganization, recapitalization, spin-off or
        scheme of arrangement) with another person whereby such other person acquires more than 50% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock (not including any shares of Common Stock held by the other person or other persons making or party to, or
        associated or affiliated with the other persons making or party to, such stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination) (each a “Fundamental
            Transaction”), then, upon any subsequent exercise of a Warrant, the Holder shall have the right to receive, for each Warrant Share that would have been issuable upon such exercise immediately prior to the occurrence of such
        Fundamental Transaction, the number of shares of Common Stock, if any, of the successor or acquiring corporation or of the Company, if it is the surviving corporation, and any additional consideration (the “Alternate Consideration”) receivable as a
        result of such Fundamental Transaction by a holder of the number of shares of Common Stock for which such Warrant is exercisable immediately prior to such Fundamental Transaction. For purposes of any such exercise, the determination of the Exercise
        Price shall be appropriately adjusted to apply to such Alternate Consideration based on the amount of Alternate Consideration issuable in respect of one share of Common Stock in such Fundamental Transaction, and the Company shall apportion the
        Exercise Price among the Alternate Consideration in a reasonable manner reflecting the relative value of any different components of the Alternate Consideration. If holders of Common Stock are given any choice as to the securities, cash or property
        to be received in a Fundamental Transaction, then the Holder shall be given the same choice as to the Alternate Consideration it receives upon any exercise of such Warrant following such Fundamental Transaction. The Company shall cause any
        successor entity in a Fundamental Transaction in which the Company is not the survivor (the “Successor Entity”) and for which shareholders received any
        equity securities of the Successor Entity, to assume in writing all of the obligations of the Company under this Warrant Agreement and the Warrants in accordance with the provisions of this Section 4.3 pursuant to written agreements and shall, upon
        the written request of the Holder of a Warrant, deliver to the Holder in exchange for the Warrant a security of the Successor Entity evidenced by a written instrument substantially similar in form and substance to the Warrant which is exercisable
        for a corresponding number of shares of capital stock of such Successor Entity (or its parent entity), if any, plus any Alternate Consideration, receivable as a result of such Fundamental Transaction by a holder of the number of shares of Common
        Stock for which the Warrant is exercisable immediately prior to such Fundamental Transaction, and with an exercise price which applies the exercise price hereunder to such shares of capital stock, if any, plus any Alternate Consideration (but
        taking into account the relative value of the shares of Common Stock pursuant to such Fundamental Transaction and the value of such shares of capital stock, such number of shares of capital stock and such exercise price being for the purpose of
        protecting the economic value of such Warrant immediately prior to the consummation of such Fundamental Transaction).  Upon the occurrence of any such Fundamental Transaction the Successor Entity shall succeed to, and be substituted for (so that
        from and after the date of such Fundamental Transaction, the provisions of this Warrant Agreement and the Warrant referring to the “Company” shall refer instead to the Successor Entity), and may exercise every right and power of the Company and
        shall assume all of the obligations of the Company under this Warrant Agreement and the Warrants with the same effect as if such Successor Entity had been named as the Company herein.

    
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    The Company shall instruct the Warrant Agent to mail by first class mail, postage prepaid, to each Registered Holder of a Warrant,
      written notice of the execution of any such amendment, supplement or agreement. Any supplemented or amended agreement entered into by the successor corporation or transferee shall provide for adjustments, which shall be as nearly equivalent as may be
      practicable to the adjustments provided for in Section 4. The Warrant Agent shall be under no responsibility to determine the correctness of any provisions contained in such agreement relating either to the kind or amount of securities or other
      property receivable upon exercise of warrants or with respect to the method employed and provided therein for any adjustments and shall be entitled to rely upon the provisions contained in any such agreement. The provisions of this Section 4.3 shall
      similarly apply to successive reclassifications, changes, consolidations, mergers, sales and conveyances of the kind described above.

    

    

    4.4          Other Events. If any event occurs of the type contemplated by the provisions of Section 4.1, 4.2 or 4.3 but not expressly provided for by such provisions (including, without
        limitation, the granting of stock appreciation rights, phantom stock rights or other rights with equity features to all holders of Common Stock for no consideration), then the Company’s Board of Directors will in good faith make an adjustment in
        the Exercise Price and the number of Warrant Shares so as to protect the rights of the Holder.

    

    

    4.5          Notices of Changes in Warrant.  Upon every adjustment of the Exercise Price or the number of shares issuable upon exercise of a Warrant, the Company shall give written notice
        thereof to the Warrant Agent, which notice shall state the Exercise Price resulting from such adjustment and the increase or decrease, if any, in the number of shares purchasable at such price upon the exercise of a Warrant, setting forth in
        reasonable detail the method of calculation and the facts upon which such calculation is based.  Upon the occurrence of any event specified in Sections 4.1 or 4.2, then, in any such event, the Company shall give written notice to each Registered
        Holder, at the last address set forth for such holder in the warrant register, of the record date or the effective date of the event.  Failure to give such notice, or any defect therein, shall not affect the legality or validity of such event.

    

    

    4.6          No Fractional Shares.  Notwithstanding any provision contained in this Warrant Agreement to the contrary, the Company shall not issue fractional shares upon exercise of Warrants. 
        If, by reason of any adjustment made pursuant to this Section 4, the Holder of any Warrant would be entitled, upon the exercise of such Warrant, to receive a fractional interest in a share, the Company shall, upon such exercise, round up or down,
        as applicable, to the nearest whole number the number of the shares of Common Stock to be issued to the Holder.

    

    

    4.7          Form of Warrant.  The form of Warrant need not be changed because of any adjustment pursuant to this Section 4, and Warrants issued after such adjustment may state the same
        Exercise Price and the same number of shares as is stated in the Warrants initially issued pursuant to this Warrant Agreement.  However, the Company may at any time in its sole discretion make any change in the form of Warrant that the Company may
        deem appropriate and that does not affect the substance thereof, and any Warrant thereafter issued or countersigned, whether in exchange or substitution for an outstanding Warrant or otherwise, may be in the form as so changed.

    
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    5.          Transfer and Exchange of Warrants.

    

    

    5.1          Registration of Transfer.  The Warrant Agent shall register the transfer, from time to time, of any outstanding Warrant upon the Warrant Register, upon surrender of such Warrant
        for transfer, in the case of a certificated Warrant, properly endorsed with signatures properly guaranteed and accompanied by appropriate instructions for transfer.  Upon any such transfer, a new Warrant representing an equal aggregate number of
        Warrants shall be issued and the old Warrant shall be cancelled by the Warrant Agent.  In the case of a certificated Warrant, the Warrants so cancelled shall be delivered by the Warrant Agent to the Company from time to time upon request.

    

    

    5.2          Procedure for Surrender of Warrants.  Warrants may be surrendered to the Warrant Agent, together with a written request for exchange or transfer reasonably acceptable to Warrant
        Agent, duly executed by the Registered Holder thereof, or by a duly authorized attorney, and thereupon the Warrant Agent shall issue in exchange therefor one or more new Warrants as requested by the Registered Holder of the Warrants so surrendered,
        representing an equal aggregate number of Warrants; provided, however, that except as otherwise provided herein or in any Book-Entry Warrant Certificate, each Book-Entry Warrant Certificate may be transferred only in whole and only to the
        Depositary, to another nominee of the Depositary, to a successor depositary, or to a nominee of a successor depositary; provided further, however, that in the event that a Warrant surrendered for transfer bears a restrictive legend, the Warrant
        Agent shall not cancel such Warrant and issue new Warrants in exchange therefor until the Warrant Agent has received an opinion of counsel for the Company stating that such transfer may be made and indicating whether the new Warrants must also bear
        a restrictive legend.  Upon any such registration of transfer, the Company shall execute, and the Warrant Agent shall countersign and deliver, in the name of the designated transferee a new Warrant Certificate or Warrant Certificates of any
        authorized denomination evidencing in the aggregate a like number of unexercised Warrants.

    

    

    5.3          Fractional Warrants.  The Warrant Agent shall not be required to effect any registration of transfer or exchange which will result in the issuance of a Warrant Certificate for a
        fraction of a Warrant, except as part of the Units.

    

    

    5.4          No Transfer Taxes.  The Company shall not be required to pay any stamp or other tax or governmental charge required to be paid in connection with any transfer of Warrants; and in
        the event that any such transfer is involved, the Company shall not be required to issue or deliver any Warrant Certificates or Warrants, as applicable, until such tax or other charge shall have been paid or it has been established to the Company’s
        satisfaction that no such tax or other charge is due.

    

    

    5.5          Service Charges.  A service charge shall be made for any exchange or registration of transfer of Warrants, as negotiated between Company and Warrant Agent.

    

    

    5.6          Warrant Execution and Countersignature.  The Warrant Agent is hereby authorized to countersign and to deliver, in accordance with the terms of this Warrant Agreement, the Warrants
        required to be issued pursuant to the provisions of this Section 5, and the Company, whenever required by the Warrant Agent, will supply the Warrant Agent with Warrants duly executed on behalf of the Company for such purpose.

    
      10

      
        


    

    

    

    6.          Other Provisions Relating to Rights of Holders of Warrants.

    

    

    6.1          No Rights as Stockholder.  Except as otherwise specifically provided herein, a Registered Holder, solely in its capacity as a holder of a Warrant, shall not be entitled to vote or
        receive dividends or be deemed the holder of share capital of the Company for any purpose, nor shall anything contained in this Warrant Agreement be construed to confer upon a Registered Holder, solely in its capacity as the Registered Holder of a
        Warrant, any of the rights of a stockholder of the Company or any right to vote, give or withhold consent to any corporate action (whether any reorganization, issue of stock, reclassification of stock, consolidation, merger, conveyance or
        otherwise), receive notice of meetings, receive dividends or subscription rights, or otherwise, prior to the issuance to the Registered Holder of the Warrant Shares which it is then entitled to receive upon the due exercise of a Warrant. A Warrant
        does not entitle the Registered Holder thereof to any of the rights of a stockholder.

    

    

    6.2          Lost, Stolen, Mutilated, or Destroyed Warrants.  If any Warrant is lost, stolen, mutilated, or destroyed, the Company and the Warrant Agent may on such terms as to indemnity (including obtaining an open penalty bond protecting the Warrant Agent) or otherwise as they may in their discretion impose (which shall, in the case of a mutilated
        Warrant, include the surrender thereof), issue a new Warrant of like denomination, tenor, and date as the Warrant so lost, stolen, mutilated, or destroyed.  Any such new Warrant shall constitute a substitute contractual obligation of the Company,
        whether or not the allegedly lost, stolen, mutilated, or destroyed Warrant shall be at any time enforceable by anyone.

    

    

    6.3          Reservation of Common Stock.  The Company shall at all times reserve and keep available a number of its authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock that will be sufficient to
        permit the exercise in full of all outstanding Warrants issued pursuant to this Warrant Agreement.

    

    

    7.          Concerning the Warrant Agent and Other Matters.

    

    

    7.1          Concerning the Warrant Agent.  The Warrant Agent:

    

    

    7.1.1          shall have no duties
        or obligations other than those set forth herein and no duties or obligations shall be inferred or implied;

    

    

    7.1.2          may rely on and shall
        be held harmless by the Company in acting upon any certificate, statement, instrument, opinion, notice, letter, facsimile transmission, telegram or other document, or any security delivered to it, and reasonably believed by it to be genuine and to
        have been made or signed by the proper party or parties;

    

    

    7.1.3          may rely on and shall
        be held harmless by the Company in acting upon written or oral instructions or statements from the Company with respect to any matter relating to its acting as Warrant Agent;

    

    

    7.1.4          may consult with
        counsel satisfactory to it (including counsel for the Company) and shall be held harmless by the Company in relying on the advice or opinion of such counsel in respect of any action taken, suffered or omitted by it hereunder in good faith and in
        accordance with such advice or opinion of such counsel;

    

    

    7.1.5          solely shall make the
        final determination as to whether or not a Warrant received by Warrant Agent is duly, completely and correctly executed, and Warrant Agent shall be held harmless by the Company in respect of any action taken, suffered or omitted by Warrant Agent
        hereunder in good faith and in accordance with its determination;

    
      11

      
        


    

    

    

    7.1.6          shall not be obligated
        to take any legal or other action hereunder which might, in its judgment subject or expose it to any expense or liability unless it shall have been furnished with an indemnity satisfactory to it; and

    

    

    7.1.7          shall not be liable or
        responsible for any failure of the Company to comply with any of its obligations relating to the Registration Statement or this Warrant Agreement, including without limitation obligations under applicable regulation or law.

    

    

    7.2          Payment of Taxes.  The Company will from time to time promptly pay all taxes and charges that may be imposed upon the Company or the Warrant Agent in respect of the issuance or
        delivery of shares of Common Stock upon the exercise of Warrants, but the Company shall not be obligated to pay any transfer taxes in respect of the Warrants or such shares.  The Warrant Agent shall not register any transfer or issue or deliver any Warrant Certificate(s) or Warrant Shares unless or until the persons requesting the registration or issuance shall have paid to the Warrant Agent for the account of the
          Company the amount of such tax, if any, or shall have established to the reasonable satisfaction of the Company that such tax, if any, has been paid

    

    

    7.3          Resignation, Consolidation, or Merger of Warrant Agent.

    

    

    7.3.1          Appointment of Successor Warrant Agent.  The Warrant Agent, or any successor to it hereafter appointed, may resign its duties and be discharged from all further
        duties and liabilities hereunder after giving sixty (60) days’ notice in writing to the Company.  If the office of the Warrant Agent becomes vacant by resignation or incapacity to act or otherwise, the Company shall appoint in writing a successor
        Warrant Agent in place of the Warrant Agent.  If the Company shall fail to make such appointment within a period of 30 days after it has been notified in writing of such resignation or incapacity by the Warrant Agent or by the holder of the Warrant
        (who shall, with such notice, submit his Warrant for inspection by the Company), then the holder of any Warrant may apply to the Supreme Court of the State of New York for the County of New York for the appointment of a successor Warrant Agent at
        the Company’s cost.  Any successor Warrant Agent, whether appointed by the Company or by such court, shall be a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the United States of America or any state thereof or the District of Columbia, in good standing, which is authorized under such laws to exercise corporate trust, stock transfer, or shareholder services powers and which has at the time of its appointment as Warrant Agent a combined capital and surplus of at least $50 million or (b) an affiliate of a legal business entity described in clause (a) of this
          sentence.  After appointment, any successor Warrant Agent shall be vested with all the authority, powers, rights, immunities, duties, and obligations of its predecessor Warrant Agent with like effect as if originally named as Warrant Agent
        hereunder, without any further act or deed; but if for any reason it becomes necessary or appropriate, the predecessor Warrant Agent shall execute and deliver, at the expense of the Company, an instrument transferring to such successor Warrant
        Agent all the authority, powers, and rights of such predecessor Warrant Agent hereunder; and upon request of any successor Warrant Agent the Company shall make, execute, acknowledge, and deliver any and all instruments in writing for more fully and
        effectually vesting in and confirming to such successor Warrant Agent all such authority, powers, rights, immunities, duties, and obligations.

    

    

    7.3.2          Notice of Successor Warrant Agent.  In the event a successor Warrant Agent shall be appointed, the Company shall give notice thereof to the predecessor Warrant
        Agent and the transfer agent for the Common Stock not later than the effective date of any such appointment.

    
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    7.3.3          Merger or Consolidation of Warrant Agent.  Any corporation into which the Warrant Agent may be merged or with which it may be consolidated or any corporation
        resulting from any merger or consolidation to which the Warrant Agent shall be a party shall be the successor Warrant Agent under this Warrant Agreement without any further act.

    

    

    7.4          Fees and Expenses of Warrant Agent.

    

    

    7.4.1          Remuneration.  The Company agrees to pay the Warrant Agent reasonable remuneration in an amount separately agreed to between Company and Warrant Agent for its
        services as Warrant Agent hereunder and will reimburse the Warrant Agent upon demand for all expenditures that the Warrant Agent may reasonably incur in the execution of its duties hereunder.  The fees must be paid upon execution of this Warrant
        Agreement, before any services hereunder commence.  An invoice for any out-of-pocket and/or per item fees incurred will be rendered to and payable by the Company within
          fifteen (15) days of the date of said invoice.  It is understood and agreed that all services to be performed by Warrant Agent shall cease if full payment for its services has not been received in accordance with the above schedule, and said
          services will not commence thereafter until all payment due has been received by Warrant Agent. If Company fails to pay any amounts due under this Warrant Agreement, Company shall, upon demand by Warrant Agent, pay interest at the rate of
        1-1/2% per month (but in no event more than the highest interest rate allowable by law) on such delinquent amounts from the due date until the date of payment.

    

    

    7.4.2          Further Assurances.  The Company agrees to perform, execute, acknowledge, and deliver or cause to be performed, executed, acknowledged, and delivered all such
        further and other acts, instruments, and assurances as may reasonably be required by the Warrant Agent for the carrying out or performing of the provisions of this Warrant Agreement.

    

    

    7.5          Liability of Warrant Agent.

    

    

    7.5.1          Reliance on Company Statement.  Whenever in the performance of its duties under this Warrant Agreement, the Warrant Agent shall deem it necessary or desirable
        that any fact or matter be proved or established by the Company prior to taking or suffering any action hereunder, such fact or matter (unless other evidence in respect thereof be herein specifically prescribed) may be deemed to be conclusively
        proved and established by a statement signed by the President of the Company and delivered to the Warrant Agent.  The Warrant Agent may rely upon such statement for any action taken or suffered in good faith by it pursuant to the provisions of this
        Warrant Agreement.

    

    

    7.5.2          Indemnity.  The Warrant Agent shall be liable hereunder only for its own gross negligence, willful misconduct or bad faith.  The Company agrees to indemnify the
        Warrant Agent and save it harmless against any and all liabilities, including judgments, claims, losses, damages, costs and reasonable counsel fees, for anything done or omitted by the Warrant Agent in the execution of this Warrant Agreement except
        as a result of the Warrant Agent’s gross negligence, willful misconduct, or bad faith.

    

    

    7.5.3          Limitation of Liability.

    

    

    (a)          Warrant Agent shall not be liable or deemed to be in default for any delay or failure to perform under this Warrant Agreement or any schedule resulting directly or indirectly
        from any cause beyond Warrant Agent’s reasonable control, including, without limitation, natural disasters, and failure of utilities or carriers.

    
      13

      
        


    

    

    

    (b)          Warrant Agent’s
        aggregate liability for any and all damages arising from or relating to any and all claims and causes of action not covered by Section 7(a) in connection with the services provided under this Warrant Agreement or any schedule hereto (the
        “Services”), shall not exceed the lesser of: (i) the amount of actual damages incurred by Company; and (ii) an amount equal to the fees (excluding pass-through charges) paid by Company to Warrant Agent with respect to those Services giving rise to
        such claim or cause of action during the twelve (12) month period (or such lesser period if those Services have been provided for less than twelve (12) months) immediately preceding the date of occurrence of the event upon which a claim is
        asserted, less any amounts previously paid by Warrant Agent in satisfaction or settlement of other claims applicable to those Services giving rise to such claim or cause of action, regardless of the basis on which Company is entitled to claim
        damages (including, without limitation breach, negligence, misrepresentation, or other contract or tort claim) and shall constitute Company’s sole monetary remedy.

    

    

    (c)          NOTWITHSTANDING ANYTHING
        IN THIS WARRANT AGREEMENT TO THE CONTRARY, NEITHER PARTY TO THIS WARRANT AGREEMENT SHALL BE LIABLE TO THE OTHER PARTY FOR ANY CONSEQUENTIAL, INDIRECT, SPECIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES UNDER ANY PROVISION OF THIS WARRANT AGREEMENT OR FOR ANY
        CONSEQUENTIAL, INDIRECT, PUNITIVE, SPECIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF ANY ACT OR FAILURE TO ACT HEREUNDER EVEN IF THAT PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF OR HAS FORESEEN THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

    

    

    (d)          This Section allocates
        the risks under this Warrant Agreement between Warrant Agent and Company and is viewed by the parties as an integral part of the business arrangement between them.  The pricing and other terms and conditions of this Warrant Agreement and any
        schedule hereto reflect this allocation of risk and the limitations specified herein.

    

    

    7.5.4          Disputes.  In the event any question or dispute arises with respect to the proper interpretation of this Warrant Agreement or the Warrant Agent’s duties
        hereunder or the rights of the Company or of any holder of a Warrant, the Warrant Agent shall not be required to act and shall not be held liable or responsible for refusing to act until the question or dispute has been judicially settled (and the
        Warrant Agent may, if it deems it advisable, but shall not be obligated to, file a suit in interpleader or for a declaratory judgment for such purpose) by final judgment rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction, binding on all parties
        interested in the matter which is no longer subject to review or appeal, or settled by a written document in form and substance satisfactory to the Warrant Agent and executed by the Company and each other interested party.  In addition, the Warrant
        Agent may require for such purpose, but shall not be obligated to require, the execution of such written settlement by all the Warrant holders, as applicable, and all other parties that may have an interest in the settlement.

    
      14

      
        


    

    

    

    7.5.5          Exclusions.  The Warrant Agent shall have no responsibility with respect to the validity of this Warrant Agreement or with respect to the validity or execution
        of any Warrant (except its countersignature thereof); nor shall it be responsible for any breach by the Company of any covenant or condition contained in this Warrant Agreement or in any Warrant; nor shall it be responsible to make any adjustments
        required under the provisions of Section 4 hereof or responsible for the manner, method, or amount of any such adjustment or the ascertaining of the existence of facts that would require any such adjustment; nor shall it by any act hereunder be
        deemed to make any representation or warranty as to the authorization or reservation of any shares of Common Stock to be issued pursuant to this Warrant Agreement or any Warrant or as to whether any shares of Common Stock will when issued be valid
        and fully paid and nonassessable.

    

    

    7.6          Acceptance of Agency.  The Warrant Agent hereby accepts the agency established by this Warrant Agreement and agrees to perform the same upon the terms and conditions herein set
        forth and among other things, shall account promptly to the Company with respect to Warrants exercised and concurrently account for, and pay to the Company, all moneys received by the Warrant Agent for the purchase of shares of Common Stock through
        the exercise of Warrants.

    

    

    8.          Miscellaneous Provisions.

    

    

    8.1          Successors.  All the covenants and provisions of this Warrant Agreement by or for the benefit of the Company or the Warrant Agent shall bind and inure to the benefit of their
        respective successors and assigns.

    

    

    8.2          Notices.  Any notice, statement or demand authorized by this Warrant Agreement to be given or made by the Warrant Agent or by the holder of any Warrant to or on the Company shall
        be sufficiently given when so delivered if by hand or overnight delivery or if sent by certified mail or private courier service within five days after deposit of such notice, postage prepaid, addressed (until another address is filed in writing by
        the Company with the Warrant Agent), as follows:

    

    

    Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation

    726 Bell Avenue, Suite 301

    Carnegie, Pennsylvania 15106

    Attention:

    

    

    With a copy to:

    

    

    Cozen O’Connor

    One Oxford Center

    301 Grant Street, 41st Floor

    Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15229

    Attention:  Jeremiah G. Garvey

    
      15

      
        


    

    

    

    Any notice, statement or demand authorized by this Warrant Agreement to be given or made by the holder of any Warrant or by the Company
      to or on the Warrant Agent shall be sufficiently given when so delivered if by hand or overnight delivery or if sent by certified mail or private courier service within five days after deposit of such notice, postage prepaid, addressed (until another
      address is filed in writing by the Warrant Agent with the Company), as follows:

    

    

    Broadridge Corporate Issuer Solutions, Inc.

    51 Mercedes Way

    Edgewood, NY 11717

    Attn:  Corporate Actions Department

    

    

    With a copy to:

    

    

    Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc.

    2 Gateway Center

    Newark, New Jersey 07102

    and a copy via email to legalnotices@broadridge.com

    in each case, Attention: General Counsel

    

    

    8.3          Applicable law.  The validity, interpretation, and performance of this Warrant Agreement and of the Warrants shall be governed in all respects by the laws of the State of New
        York, without giving effect to conflicts of law principles that would result in the application of the substantive laws of another jurisdiction.  The Company hereby agrees that any action, proceeding or claim against it arising out of or relating
        in any way to this Warrant Agreement shall be brought and enforced in the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, and irrevocably submits to such jurisdiction, which jurisdiction
        shall be exclusive.  The Company hereby waives any objection to such exclusive jurisdiction and that such courts represent an inconvenience forum.  Any such process or summons to be served upon the Company may be served by transmitting a copy
        thereof by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, postage prepaid, addressed to it at the address set forth in Section 8.2 hereof.  Such mailing shall be deemed personal service and shall be legal and binding upon the Company in
        any action, proceeding or claim.

    

    

    8.4          Persons Having Rights under this Warrant Agreement.  Nothing in this Warrant Agreement shall be construed, to confer upon, or give to, any person or entity other than the parties
        hereto and the Holders of the Warrants, any right, remedy, or claim under or by reason of this Warrant Agreement or of any covenant, condition, stipulation, promise, or agreement hereof.  All covenants, conditions, stipulations, promises, and
        agreements contained in this Warrant Agreement shall be for the sole and exclusive benefit of the parties hereto and their successors and assigns and of the Registered Holders of the Warrants.

    

    

    8.5          Examination of the Warrant Agreement.  A copy of this Warrant Agreement shall be available at all reasonable times at the office of the Warrant Agent in the city of Edgewood,
        State of New York, for inspection by the Registered Holder of any Warrant.  The Warrant Agent may require any such holder to submit his Warrant for inspection by it.

    

    

    8.6          Counterparts.  This Warrant Agreement may be executed in any number of original or facsimile counterparts and each of such counterparts shall for all purposes be deemed to be an
        original, and all such counterparts shall together constitute but one and the same instrument.

    

    

    8.7          Effect of Headings.  The Section headings herein are for convenience only and are not part of this Warrant Agreement and shall not affect the interpretation thereof.

    

    

    8.8          Amendments.  This Warrant Agreement may be amended by the parties hereto without the consent of any Holder for the purpose of curing any ambiguity, or of curing, correcting or
        supplementing any defective provision contained herein or adding or changing any other provisions with respect to matters or questions arising under this Warrant Agreement as the parties may deem necessary or desirable and that the parties deem
        shall not adversely affect the interest of the Holders.  All other modifications or amendments, including any amendment to increase the Exercise Price or shorten the Exercise Period, shall require the written consent of the Company and the
        Registered Holders of a majority of the then outstanding Warrants.

    
      16

      
        


    

    

    

    8.9          Severability. This Warrant Agreement shall be deemed severable, and the invalidity or unenforceability of any term or provision hereof shall not affect the validity or
        enforceability of this Warrant Agreement or of any other term or provision hereof. Furthermore, in lieu of any such invalid or unenforceable term or provision, the parties hereto intend that there shall be added as a part of this Warrant Agreement
        a provision as similar in terms to such invalid or unenforceable provision as may be possible and be valid and enforceable.

    

    

    8.10          Force Majeure.  In the event either party is unable to perform its obligations under the terms of this Warrant Agreement because of acts of God, strikes, natural disasters failure
        of carrier or utilities, equipment or transmission failure or damage that is reasonably beyond its control, or any other cause that is reasonably beyond its control, such party shall not be liable for damages to the other for any damages resulting
        from such failure to perform or otherwise from such causes.  Performance under this Warrant Agreement shall resume when the affected party or parties are able to perform substantially that party’s duties.

    

    

    8.11          Severability.  If any provision of this Warrant Agreement shall be
          held invalid, unlawful, or unenforceable, the validity, legality, and enforceability of the remaining provisions shall not in any way be affected or impaired.

    

    

    8.12          Confidentiality.  The Warrant Agent and the Company agree that all books, records, information and data pertaining to the business of the other party which are exchanged or
        received pursuant to the negotiation or the carrying out of this Warrant Agreement, including the fees for services set forth in the attached schedule, shall remain confidential and shall not be voluntarily disclosed to any third party (except the
        party’s attorneys, subcontractors, vendors, representatives, agents, advisors and affiliates), except with the written approval of the other party or as may be required by law or regulatory authority.

    

    

    8.13          Survival.  The applicable provisions of Sections 8 and 9 shall survive any
        termination of this Warrant Agreement.

    

    

    8.14          Merger of Agreement.  This Warrant Agreement constitutes the entire
        agreement between the parties hereto and supersedes any prior agreement with respect to the subject matter hereof whether oral or written: provided, however, that nothing herein contained shall amend, replace or supersede any agreement between the Company and Warrant Agent to act as the Company’s transfer
        agent which agreement shall remain in full force and effect.

    

    

    8.15          GDPR and Territorial Limitation.

    

    

    8.15.1          To the extent Warrant
        Agent processes Personal Information that would constitute EU Personal Data as defined under Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation), Warrant Agent will comply with the provisions of the Warrant Agent GDPR Annex, found at
        https://www.broadridge.com/GDPR-Annex by using password ICS54903.

    

    

    8.15.2          The Services are
        intended for use in the United States.  Except with respect to representations pertaining to the EU Personal Data as defined under Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation) in Section 8.15.1 Warrant Agent makes no representation
        that the Services are appropriate or available for use outside the United States, and access to the Services from territories where the Services are illegal is prohibited.  The Company is responsible for compliance with all local laws in connection
        with its use of the Services.

    

    

    [Signature Page Follows]

    
      17

      
        


    

    

    

    IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this Warrant Agreement has been duly executed by the parties hereto as of the day and year first above written.

    

    

    	 	
            AMPCO-PITTSBURGH CORPORATION

          
	 	 	 
	 	
            By:

          	

          
	 	
            Name:

          	 
	 	
            Title:

          	 
	 	 	 
	 	 	 
	 	
            BROADRIDGE CORPORATE ISSUER SOLUTIONS, INC.

          
	 	 	 
	 	
            By:

          	

          
	 	
            Name:

          	 
	 	
            Title: