# Patent

## Title
Broad spectrum natural preservative composition

## Abstract

Disclosed herein are preservative compositions comprising effective amounts of an alcohol, such as benzyl alcohol (“BA”), ethyl alcohol or phenyl ethanol, and cinnamon bark oil (“CB”), cinnamaldehyde (“CMA”), thyme oil, thymol, galangal oil, botanical extracts or combinations thereof, each of which are preferably obtained from natural sources. These preservatives have been observed to show broad spectrum anti microbial efficacy in both anionic and cationic formulations. In certain non-limiting embodiments, such compositions further comprise tetrahydrocurcuminoid (“THC”), phenyl ethanol and/or orange oil (“OR”) or rosemary oil (“RM”).

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a continuation in part of International Application Serial No. PCT/US12/068107, filed Dec. 6, 2012, and which published as WO/2013/086094 on Jun. 13, 2013, which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/567,372, filed Dec. 6, 2011, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties, and to each of which priority is claimed.


1. INTRODUCTION
Disclosed are combinations of alcohol, such as benzyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol or phenyl ethanol, and cinnamon bark oil, cinnamaldehyde, galangal oil, thyme oil, thymol, botanical extracts or combinations thereof, for use in personal care formulations.
2. BACKGROUND
In the past, synthetic preservatives such as parabens, imidiazolidinyl urea, DMDM hydantoin, triclosan and quaternary ammonium compounds have been the mainstay of preservatives in cosmetics, toiletries, health and personnel care products. Recently the popularity of traditional preservatives has greatly diminished around the world due to regulatory, environmental and health issues. Concerns over traditional preservatives have resulted in the search for natural alternatives. There has been a significant increase in the use of plant products in many areas of human health such as treating common diseases and as preservatives in personal care products.
The ideal preservative should have broad spectrum antimicrobial activity and the ability to be used in various types of formulations without affecting the function, color or odor of the final product. A preservative composition desirably inactivates bacteria, fungi as well as yeast in both cationic and anionic formulations. Additionally, preservatives should have a low risk of irritation and sensitizing potential. While certain essential oils have antibacterial activity and may be suitable in that regard, most have a distinct odor and are therefore not universally appropriate for use as preservatives in personal care products.
3. SUMMARY
Disclosed herein are preservative compositions comprising effective amounts of an alcohol, for example, benzyl alcohol (“BA”), ethyl alcohol or phenyl ethanol (“PE”), and cinnamon bark oil (“CB” or “CBO”), cinnamaldehyde (“CMA”), or galangal oil, each of which are preferably obtained from natural sources. These preservatives have been observed to show broad spectrum anti microbial efficacy in both anionic and cationic formulations. In certain non-limiting embodiments, such compositions further comprise tetrahydrocurcuminoid (“THC”), phenyl ethanol and/or orange oil (“OR”) or rosemary oil (“RM”).
In certain embodiments, the compositions of the present application comprise BA (for example, between about 0.1 and 0.8% weight/weight (“w/w”)), PE (for example, between about 0 and 0.5% w/w), THC and/or curcumin (for example, between about 0.03 and 0.2% w/w), CB (for example, between about 0.01 and 0.3% w/w), benzoic acid (for example, between about 0.1 and 0.3% w/w). In certain embodiments, the compositions further comprise thymol (for example, between about 0.05 and 0.1% w/w), and one or more botanical extract selected from the group consisting of grapefruit seed extract, calendula extract, and combinations thereof (for example, between about 0.5 and 1% w/w). In certain embodiments, the compositions can be used in personal care products, and topical antimicrobial and/or antifungal compositions such as creams, wherein such compositions can be for human or veterinary use. In certain embodiments, the compositions can be used in a disinfectant or pesticide.


4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
For clarity but not by way of limitation, the detailed description is divided into the following subsections,
(i) active agents;
(ii) topical disinfectants;
(iii) personal care formulations;
(iv) pesticides;
(v) disinfectants for food
(vi) additional ingredients; and
(vii) methods of use.
4.1 Active Agents
Disclosed herein are compositions comprising effective antimicrobial amounts of a combination of an alcohol, for example, benzyl alcohol (“BA”), ethyl alcohol or phenyl ethanol, and one or more component selected from the group consisting of cinnamon bark oil (“CB” or “CBO”), cinnamaldehyde (“CMA”), thyme oil (“TO”), thymol (“TH”), galangal oil (“GG”), and botanical extracts selected from the group consisting of portulaca extract, wasabi extract, calendula extract or combinations thereof.
“Preservative effect” as used herein mean “antimicrobial effect.” Antimicrobial effect is static or reduced growth of microbes such as one or more of bacteria (Gram positive and/or Gram negative), protozoa, yeast or fungi. Exemplary microbes which may be inhibited include Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger. 
Also disclosed are stock solutions that may be diluted in a personal care formulation to impart a preservative effect.
In certain non-limiting embodiments, the amount of BA in a composition is between about 0.1 and 1.0 percent w/w, or between about 0.1 and 0.8 percent w/w, or between about 0.3 and 0.8 percent w/w, or between about 0.4 and 0.8 percent w/w, or about 0.5 percent w/w. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the amount of BA in a stock solution is between about 30 and 80 percent w/w. “About” as used herein means plus or minus 10 percent of the recited value. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the BA is obtained from a natural source. In other non-limiting embodiments the BA is synthetic.
In certain non-limiting embodiments, the compositions of the present application may comprise alcohol, for example, but not limited to, ethyl alcohol. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the amount of alcohol is between about 0.1 and 5 percent w/w, or between about 0.1 and 2.0 percent w/w, or between about 0.1 and 1.0 percent w/w, or between about 0.1 and 0.8 percent w/w, or between about 0.3 and 0.8 percent w/w, or between about 0.4 and 0.8 percent w/w, or about 0.5 percent w/w. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the amount of alcohol in a stock solution is between about 30 and 80 percent w/w. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the alcohol is obtained from a natural source. In other non-limiting embodiments the alcohol is synthetic.
In certain non-limiting embodiments, the compositions of the present application may comprise phenyl ethanol. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the amount of phenyl ethanol is between about 0.05 and 2.0 percent w/w, or between about 0.05 and 1.0 percent w/w, or between about 0.1 and 2.0 percent w/w, or between about 0.1 and 0.5 percent w/w. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the amount of phenyl ethanol in a stock solution is between about 10 and 40 percent w/w. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the phenyl ethanol is obtained from a natural source. In other non-limiting embodiments the phenyl ethanol is synthetic.
In certain non-limiting embodiments, the amount of CB, CMA, thymol or GG is between about 0.01 and 0.5 percent w/w, or between about 0.01 and 0.2 percent w/w, or between about 0.05 and 0.5 percent w/w or between about 0.05 and 0.2 percent w/w. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the amount of CB, CMA or GG in a stock solution is between about 5 and 20 percent w/w.
Such compositions may further comprise THC to further enhance the antimicrobial activity provided by an alcohol, for example, BA, ethyl alcohol or phenyl ethanol, and CB, CMA or GG. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the amount of THC is between about 0.01 and 0.2 percent w/w or between about 0.025 and 0.05 percent w/w, or between about 0.03 and 0.1 percent w/w. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the amount of THC in a stock solution is between about 2 and 15 percent w/w.
In certain non-limiting embodiments, the compositions of the present application may, whether THC is also present or not, further comprise phenyl ethanol. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the amount of phenyl ethanol is between about 0.05 and 2.0 percent w/w, or between about 0.05 and 1.0 percent w/w, or between about 0.1 and 2.0 percent w/w, or between about 0.1 and 0.5 percent w/w. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the amount of phenyl ethanol in a stock solution is between about 10 and 40 percent w/w.
Any of the foregoing compositions may further comprise glycerin, a natural gelling agent, for example, but not limited to xanthan gum, aloe gel, sangelose, hydroxyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyl methyl cellulose derivatives, and combinations thereof, in an amount between about 10 and 40 percent w/w in a stock solution.
In particular, non-limiting embodiments, the composition comprises BA in an amount between 0.1 and 1 percent or between about 0.4 and 0.8 percent w/w, THC in an amount between about 0.05 and 1.0 percent or between about 0.1 and 0.5 percent w/w, and CB in an amount between about 0.05 and 0.5 percent or between about 0.05 and 0.2 percent w/w, and optionally phenyl ethanol, where present, in an amount between about 0.05 and 1 percent or between about 0.1 and 0.5 percent w/w. In a related non-limiting embodiment, a stock solution comprises BA in an amount between about 30 and 80 percent w/w, THC in an amount between 2 and 15 percent w/w and CB in an amount between about 5 and 20 percent, and optionally phenyl ethanol in an amount between 10 and 40 percent.
In one specific non-limiting embodiment, the composition comprises BA at about 0.5 percent w/w, THC at about 0.05 percent w/w, and CB at about 0.1 percent w/w, and optionally phenyl ethanol at about 0.25 percent w/w.
Any of the compositions of the present application may further comprise an agent that masks the odor of CB or otherwise enhances the olfactory appeal of the composition. In certain embodiment the making agent is an essential oil. In certain embodiments, the compositions of the present application comprise an essential oil, for example but not limited to, orange oil (“OR”), citral (“CL”), rosemary oil (“RM”) cedar wood oil (“CW”), sandal wood oil (“SW”), sandal wood oil related fragrances, ylang ylang oil (“YL”), patchouli oil (“PO”), vetiver oil (“VO”), lemongrass oil (“LG”), thyme oil (“TO”) and/or thymol (“TH”), for example, in an amount between about 0.02 and 1 percent w/w or between about 0.1 and 0.5 percent w/w. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the amount of essential oil such as OR, RM, CL, CW, SW, PO, VO, LG, TO, TH and/or YL in a stock solution is between about 2 and 30 percent w/w.
In particular, non-limiting embodiments, the composition comprises BA in an amount between 0.1 and 1 percent or between about 0.4 and 0.8 percent w/w, THC in an amount between about 0.05 and 1.0 percent or between about 0.1 and 0.5 percent w/w, CB in an amount between about 0.05 and 0.5 percent or between about 0.05 and 0.2 percent w/w, phenyl ethanol in an amount between about 0.05 and 1 percent or between about 0.1 and 0.5 percent w/w, and an essential oil selected from OR, RM, CL, CW, SW, PO, VO, LG, TH or YL in an amount between about 0.05 and 1 percent, or between about 0.05 and 0.1 percent, or between about 0.05 and 0.5 percent, or between about 0.1 and 0.5 percent, or between about 0.1 and 0.3 percent w/w. In a related non-limiting embodiment, a stock solution comprises BA in an amount between about 30 and 80 percent w/w, THC in an amount between 2 and 15 percent w/w, CB in an amount between about 5 and 20 percent, phenyl ethanol in an amount between 10 and 40 percent, and OR, RM, CL, CW, SW, and/or YL in an amount between 5 and 30 percent w/w.
In one specific non-limiting embodiment, the composition comprises BA at about 0.5 percent w/w, THC at about 0.05 percent w/w, CB at about 0.1 percent w/w, phenyl ethanol at about 0.25 percent w/w, and OR or RM at about 0.2 percent w/w.
In certain non-limiting embodiments, the composition, whether it comprises THC and/or phenyl ethanol or not, further comprises thymol (“TH”). In certain non-limiting embodiments, the amount of TH is between about 0.05 and 0.5 percent w/w or between about 0.05 and 0.2 percent w/w. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the amount of TH in a stock solution is between about 5 and 20 percent w/w.
In particular, non-limiting embodiments, the composition comprises BA in an amount between 0.1 and 1 percent or between about 0.4 and 0.8 percent w/w, GG in an amount between about 0.05 and 0.5 percent or between about 0.05 and 0.2 percent w/w, phenyl ethanol in an amount between about 0.05 and 1 percent or between about 0.1 and 0.5 percent w/w, TH in an amount between about 0.05 and 0.5 percent or between about 0.05 and 0.2 percent w/w, and an essential oil selected from OR, RM, CL, CW, SW, and/or YL in an amount between about 0.05 and 1 percent or between about 0.1 and 0.5 percent w/w. In a related non-limiting embodiment, a stock solution comprises BA in an amount between about 30 and 80 percent w/w, GG in an amount between about 5 and 20 percent, phenyl ethanol in an amount between 10 and 40 percent, TH in an amount between about 5 and 20 percent, and OR, RM, CL, CW, SW, and/or YL in an amount between 5 and 30 percent w/w.
In one specific non-limiting embodiment, the composition comprises BA at about 0.5 percent w/w, GG at about 0.1 percent w/w, phenyl ethanol at about 0.2 percent w/w, TH at about 0.1 percent w/w and OR or RM at about 0.2 percent w/w.
In one specific non-limiting embodiment, the composition comprises BA at about 0.5 percent w/w, THC at about 0.05 percent w/w, CB at about 0.1 percent w/w, phenyl ethanol at about 0.25 percent w/w, and OR or RM at about 0.2 percent w/w.
In one specific non-limiting embodiment, the composition comprises BA at about 0.5 percent w/w, GG at about 0.1 percent w/w, phenyl ethanol at about 0.2 percent w/w, TH at about 0.1 percent w/w and CL at about 0.1 percent w/w.
In certain non-limiting embodiments the compositions described above may further comprise propanediol, for example synthetic propanediol or Zemea®. In other non-limiting embodiments the compositions described herein do not contain propanediol. In certain non-limiting embodiments the compositions described herein do not contain any alkanediol.
In certain non-limiting embodiments, all of the active components as described above are obtained from natural sources rather than synthetically produced.
In certain non-limiting embodiments, the composition does not comprise a paraben compound.
In certain non-limiting embodiments, the composition does not further comprise antimicrobial effective amounts of one or more of the following antimicrobial agents: quaternary ammonium compounds, biguanides, chlorinated phenols, triclosan, chlorhexidine or chlorhexidine salt, phenoxyethanol, povidone iodine, or para chlorometa xylenol. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the composition does not further comprise antimicrobial effective amounts of any of the following antimicrobial agents: quaternary ammonium compounds, biguanides, chlorinated phenols, triclosan, chlorhexidine or chlorhexidine salt, phenoxyethanol, povidone iodine, aliphatic alcohol, or para chlorometa xylenol.
In certain non-limiting embodiments, the composition does not contain any fruit acid.
In certain non-limiting embodiments, the compositions of the present application further comprise a botanical extract, for example, but not limited to, a botanical extract selected from the group consisting of portulaca extract, wasabi extract, calendula extract and combinations thereof. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the amount of botanical extract is between about 0.02 and 2.0 percent w/w, or between about 0.02 and 1.0 percent w/w, or between about 0.05 and 1.0 percent w/w, or between about 0.1 and 2.0 percent w/w, or between about 0.1 and 0.5 percent w/w. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the amount of botanical extract is between about 0.02 and 0.2 percent w/w. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the amount of botanical extract in a stock solution is between about 10 and 40 percent w/w.
In certain embodiments, the compositions of the present application comprise BA (for example, between about 0.01 and 2% w/w, or between about 0.05 and 1% w/w, or between about 0.1 and 0.8% w/w, or between about 0.2 and 0.6% w/w), PE (for example, between about 0 and 2% w/w, or between about 0.01 and 0.8% w/w, or between about 0.1 and 0.6% w/w, or between about 0.2 and 0.5% w/w, or between about 0 and 0.5% w/w), THC and/or curcumin (for example, between about 0.01 and 1% w/w, or between about 0.1 and 0.5% w/w, or between about 0.2 and 0.4% w/w, or between about 0.03 and 0.2% w/w), CB (for example, between about 0.001 and 1% w/w, or between about 0.01 and 0.8% w/w, or between about 0.1 and 0.6% w/w, or between about 0.2 and 0.4% w/w, or between about 0.01 and 0.3% w/w), benzoic acid (for example, between about 0.01 and 1% w/w, or between about 0.1 and 0.8% w/w, or between about 0.2 and 0.6% w/w, or between about 0.1 and 0.3% w/w). In certain embodiments, the compositions further comprise thymol (for example, between about 0.001 and 1% w/w, or between about 0.01 and 0.8% w/w, or between about 0.1 an 0.6% w/w, or between about 0.2 and 0.4% w/w, or between about 0.05 and 0.1% w/w), and one or more botanical extract selected from the group consisting of grapefruit seed extract, calendula extract, and combinations thereof (for example, between about 0.01 and 2% w/w, or between about 0.1 and 1.5% w/w, or between about 0.2 and 1% w/w, or between about 0.5 and 1% w/w, or between about 0.6 and 0.8% w/w).
In certain non-limiting embodiments, the compositions of the present application are formulated in a base. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the base is a cationic emulsion. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the base is an anionic emulsion. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the base comprises one or more of water, Ucare Jr 30 M, Incroquat TMS, Polawax NF, petrolatum, stearyl alcohol, polyoxyl 40 stearate, propylene glycol, isopropyl myristate, sorbitan oleate, mineral oil, ceteareth 25, cetearyl alcohol, glyceryl stearate, and monoglyceryl citrate.
In one specific non-limiting embodiment, the base comprises the following components:














Ingredient
% w/w



















Water
75.5



UcareJr 30 M
0.24



Incroquat TMS
2.4



Polawax NF
2.4



Petrolatum
4.8



Stearyl alcohol
6.6



Polyoxyl 40 stearate
1.6



Propylene glycol
1.6



Isopropyl myristate
3.2



Sorbitan oleate
1.6







pH 6.5






In one specific non-limiting embodiment, the base comprises the following components:














Ingredient
% w/w



















Water
78.0



Propylene glycol
2.0



Mineral oil
9.5



Ceteareth 25
2.5



Cetearyl Alcohol
4.0



Glyceryl stearate
2.0



Monoglyceryl citrate
2.0







pH 5.0






In one set of non-limiting embodiments, the composition comprises the following components:














Ingredients
% weight/weight (w/w)









Benzyl alcohol
 0.3-0.8



Tetrahydrocurcumanoid
0.025-0.05



Cinnamon bark oil
0.05-0.1



Lemon grass oil
0.05-0.1



Cedar wood oil
 0.1-0.3



Phenyl ethanol
  0-0.5










In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises an odor masking agent. In certain embodiments, the odor masking agent is selected from the group consisting of patchouli oil, vetiver oil, sandal wood oil and sandal wood oil related fragrances.
In one specific non-limiting embodiment, the composition comprises the following components:














Ingredients
% w/w



















Benzyl alcohol
0.5



Tetrahydrocurcumanoid
0.05



Cinnamon bark oil
0.10



Lemon grass oil
0.075



Cedar wood oil
0.2



Phenyl ethanol
0.3










In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises an odor masking agent. In certain embodiments, the odor masking agent is selected from the group consisting of patchouli oil, vetiver oil, sandal wood oil and sandal wood oil related fragrances.
In one set of non-limiting embodiments, the composition comprises the following components:














Ingredients
% w/w









Benzyl alcohol
 0.3-0.8



Tetrahydrocurcumanoid
0.025-0.05



Cinnamon bark oil
0.05-0.1



Lemon grass oil
0.05-0.1



Cedar wood oil
 0.1-0.3










In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises an odor masking agent. In certain embodiments, the odor masking agent is selected from the group consisting of patchouli oil, vetiver oil, sandal wood oil and sandal wood oil related fragrances.
In one specific non-limiting embodiment, the composition comprises the following components:














Ingredients
% w/w



















Benzyl alcohol
0.5



Tetrahydrocurcumanoid
0.05



Cinnamon bark oil
0.10



Lemon grass oil
0.075



Cedar wood oil
0.1










In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises an odor masking agent. In certain embodiments, the odor masking agent is selected from the group consisting of patchouli oil, vetiver oil, sandal wood oil and sandal wood oil related fragrances.
In one set of non-limiting embodiments, the composition comprises the following components:














Ingredients
% w/w









Benzyl alcohol
 0.3-0.8



Tetrahydrocurcumanoid
0.025-0.05



Cinnamon bark oil
0.05-0.1



Lemon grass oil
0.05-0.1



Thymol
0.05-0.5



Cedar wood oil
0.05-0.3










In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises an odor masking agent. In certain embodiments, the odor masking agent is selected from the group consisting of patchouli oil, vetiver oil, sandal wood oil and sandal wood oil related fragrances.
In one specific non-limiting embodiment, the composition comprises the following components:














Ingredients
% w/w



















Benzyl alcohol
0.5



Tetrahydrocurcumanoid
0.05



Cinnamon bark oil
0.05



Lemon grass oil
0.05



Thymol
0.05



Cedar wood oil
0.1










In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises an odor masking agent. In certain embodiments, the odor masking agent is selected from the group consisting of patchouli oil, vetiver oil, sandal wood oil and sandal wood oil related fragrances.
In one specific non-limiting embodiment, the composition comprises the following components:














Ingredients
% w/w



















Benzyl alcohol
0.1



Tetrahydrocurcumanoid
0.05



Cinnamon bark oil
0.05



Lemon grass oil
0.05



Cedar wood oil
0.05










In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises an odor masking agent. In certain embodiments, the odor masking agent is selected from the group consisting of patchouli oil, vetiver oil, sandal wood oil and sandal wood oil related fragrances.
In certain embodiment, the compositions of the present application do not comprise benzyl alcohol.
In one set of non-limiting embodiments, the composition comprises the following components:














Ingredients
% w/w









Cinnamon bark oil
0.01-0.2



Tetrahydrocurcumanoid
0.025-0.05



Alcohol
 0.1-2.0










In one specific non-limiting embodiment, the composition comprises the following components:














Ingredients
% w/w



















Cinnamon bark oil
0.1



Tetrahydrocurcumanoid
0.05



Alcohol
0.5










In one set of non-limiting embodiments, the composition comprises the following components:














Ingredients
% w/w









Cinnamon bark oil
0.01-0.2



Tetrahydrocurcumanoid
0.025-0.05



Phenyl ethanol
 0.1-2.0










In one specific non-limiting embodiment, the composition comprises the following components:














Ingredients
% w/w



















Cinnamon bark oil
0.1



Tetrahydrocurcumanoid
0.05



Phenyl ethanol
0.5










In one set of non-limiting embodiments, the composition comprises the following components:














Ingredients
% w/w









Cinnamon bark oil
0.01-0.2



Tetrahydrocurcumanoid
0.025-0.05



Alcohol
 0.1-2.0



Thymol
0.02-0.2










In one specific non-limiting embodiment, the composition comprises the following components:














Ingredients
% w/w



















Cinnamon bark oil
0.1



Tetrahydrocurcumanoid
0.05



Alcohol
0.5



Thymol
0.05










In one set of non-limiting embodiments, the composition comprises the following components:














Ingredients
% w/w









Cinnamon bark oil
0.01-0.2



Tetrahydrocurcumanoid
0.025-0.05



Alcohol
 0.1-2.0



Portulaca extract
0.02-0.2










In one specific non-limiting embodiment, the composition comprises the following components:














Ingredients
% w/w



















Cinnamon bark oil
0.1



Tetrahydrocurcumanoid
0.05



Alcohol
0.5



Portulaca extract
0.05










In one specific non-limiting embodiment, the composition comprises the following components:














Ingredients
% w/w



















Benzyl alcohol
0.5



Cinnamon bark oil
0.05



Thymol
0.05



Tetrahydrocurcumanoid
0.05










In one specific non-limiting embodiment, the composition comprises the following components:














Ingredients
% w/w



















Benzyl alcohol
0.5



Cinnamon bark oil
0.10



Thymol
0.05



Tetrahydrocurcumanoid
0.05










In one set of non-limiting embodiments, the composition comprises the following components:














Ingredients
% w/w









Benzyl alcohol
0.1-1.0



Thymol
0.03-0.1 



Portulaca extract
0.2-2.0



Ethanol
0.05-1.0 










In one set of non-limiting embodiments, the composition comprises the following components:














Ingredients
% w/w



















Benzyl alcohol
0.5



Thymol
0.05



Portulaca extract
0.5



Ethanol
0.2










In one set of non-limiting embodiments, the composition comprises the following components:
Preservative Composition 1:













% w/w
% w/w


Ingredients
Stock
Use level in products







BA (Benzyl alcohol)
30-50
0.3-0.5


THC (Tetrahydrocurcuminiod)
 5-10
0.05-0.1 


Benzoic acid
10-20
0.1-0.2


CBO (Cinnamon Bark oil)
3-5
0.03-0.05









In one set of non-limiting embodiments, the composition comprises the following components:
Preservative Composition 2:
















% w/w
% w/w



Ingredients
Stock
Use level in products









BA
30-50
0.3-0.5



THC
 5-10
0.05-0.1 



Benzoic acid
10-20
0.1-0.2



CBO (Cinnamon Bark oil)
  1-5.0
0.01-0.05



Thymol
3-5
0.03-0.05










4.2 Topical Disinfectants
Disclosed herein are compositions that may be comprised in disinfectant compositions that may be used topically to reduce the number and/or growth of microbes, for example, bacteria and/or fungus, on the skin of a human or non-human animal. The disinfectant may be a wash solution, a lotion, a cream, or a splash and/or may be comprised in a wipe.
In certain embodiments, the disinfectant composition comprises the recited active agents and a suitable solvent. Non-limiting examples of suitable solvents 10 include water, ethanol, glycerin, octoxyglycerin, and mixtures thereof.
Disclosed herein is a method of reducing the number and/or growth of microbes on the skin of a subject (for example, a human subject) comprising applying to the skin a topical disinfectant composition as set forth herein. Microbes, the numbers and/or growth of which are reduced, include but are not limited to one or more of Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Listeria monocytogenes. 
In one set of non-limiting embodiments, the composition comprises the following components:










Antimicrobial topical composition


Formulation A










Ingredients
% w/w














Actives




BA
1.0



CBO
0.1



THC
0.1



Benzoic acid
0.2



Thymol
0.1



Calendula extract
1.0



Inactives



Water
75



Grapefruit seed extract
0.5



Polyquaternium 10
0.30



Incroquat TMS
2.4



Polawax NF
2.4



Petrolatum
4.8



Steatyl alcohol
6.6



Polyoxyl 40 stearate
1.6



Propylene glycol
1.6



Isopropyl myristate
3.2



Sorbitan oleate
1.6










In one set of non-limiting embodiments, the composition comprises the following components:










Antifungal topical composition


Formulation B










Ingredients
% w/w














Actives




BA
1.0



CBO
0.3



THC
0.1



Benzoic acid
0.2



Thymol
0.1



Calendula extract
1.0



Inactives



Water
74.8



Grapefruit seed extract
0.5



Polyquaternium 10
0.30



Incroquat TMS
2.4



Polawax NF
2.4



Petrolatum
4.8



Stearyl alcohol
6.6



Polyoxyl 40 stearate
1.6



Propylene glycol
1.6



Isopropyl myristate
3.2



Sorbitan oleate
1.6










In certain embodiments, Formulation B can be used as an antifungal cream, for example, for use in treating Athlete's foot (for example, skin infection caused by Epidermophyton floccosum or fungi of the Trichophyton genus such as T. rubrum or T. mentagrophytes). In certain embodiments, Formulation B can be comprised in a composition with or without additional antifungal agents. In certain embodiments, Formulation A and/or B can be also used in a topical composition, such as a cream, for veterinary use as described herein.
4.3 Personal Care Formulations
In non-limiting embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein are embodied as gels, tonics, lotions or creams such as but not limited to hand cream, liquid or cream makeup, and other cosmetic products, hair conditioners or other hair care products such as setting gels or tonics, shampoos, soaps, wipe formulations or diaper rash ointments or creams. The formulations may be applied to humans or non-human animals (for example, for veterinary or agricultural purposes).
In a subset of non-limiting embodiments, the present subject matter provides for veterinary products for care of any domestic animal, including but not limited to cats, dogs, birds, rodents, rabbits, horses, cows and cattle, sheep, goats, etc.
Non-limiting examples of veterinary care products which may utilize the compositions of the present subject matter include pet shampoo, pet cleansing wipes including body wipes, ear wipes, eye wipes, dental wipes, toothpaste, ear cleaning liquid, cage cleaner, surface cleaner for housebreaking accidents, topical creams, ointments, teat dip therapeutic for mastitis and liquid to be applied to pet's skin (as in a “body splash”).
In one set of non-limiting embodiments, the composition comprises the following components:










Diaper Rash cream


Formulation C










Ingredients
% w/w














Actives




BA
1.0



CBO
0.1



THC
0.1



Thymol
0.1



Benzoic acid
0.2



Calendula extract
1.0



Inactives



Water
67.6



Grapefruit seed extract
0.5



Polyquaternium 10
0.24



Incroquat TMS
1.4



Polawax NF
1.4



Petrolatum
4.8



Stearyl alcohol
6.6



Polyoxyl 40 stearate
1.6



Propylene glycol
1.6



Isopropyl myristate
3.2



Sorbitan oleate
1.6



Silicone (Shin Etsu) KP 545
10.0










In certain embodiments, Formulation C can be used as an antifungal diaper rash composition, such as, for example, a cream. In certain embodiments, Formulation C can be used as an antifungal composition for use in treating geriatric patients. In certain embodiments, Formulation C can be comprised in a composition with or without additional antifungal agents.
4.4 Pesticides
In a subset of non-limiting embodiments, the present subject matter provides for pesticides comprising the formulations outlined above and described herein. In non-limiting embodiments, pesticides of the present subject matter include the following.
In one set of non-limiting embodiments, the composition comprises the following components:










Pesticide Formulation


Formulation D










Ingredients
% w/w














Actives




BA
2.0



CBO
0.1



Curcumin
0.2



Thymol
0.1



Cedarwood oil
0.3



Curry leaf oil
0.2



Benzoic acid
0.2



Lemongrass oil
0.2



Inactives



Alcohol
15.0



Water
76.7



Natural Emulsifier
5.0










4.5 Disinfectants for Food
In certain embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein are compositions that may be comprised in disinfectant compositions that may be used to reduce the number and/or growth of microbes on food products such as but not limited to vegetables, fruit, meat, poultry and fish. The disinfectant may be used by one or more of the original food producer or a food processor or the consumer. The food item may be washed, dipped, or soaked (for example, for between about 30 seconds and 1 hour or between about 30 seconds and 5 minutes) in the disinfectant composition, optionally followed by rinsing with water prior to consumption.
In certain embodiments the composition is a stock solution comprising the recited active agents and a suitable solvent. Non-limiting examples of suitable solvents include water, ethanol, glycerin, octoxyglycerin, and mixtures thereof.
As a non-limiting example, the stock disinfectant can be incorporated into the final product at a use level of between about 0.01 and 10 percent w/w.
Disclosed herein is a method of reducing the number and/or growth of microbes in or on a food product comprising exposing the food product to a disinfectant composition as set forth herein. Microbes (for example, bacteria and/or fungi), the numbers and/or growth of which are reduced, include but are not limited to one or more of Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus, Streptococcus species, Salmonella species (e.g. typhimurium, enteritidis) and Listeria monocytogenes. 
In one set of non-limiting embodiments, the composition comprises the following components:










Food disinfectant formulation


Formulation E










Ingredients
% w/w














Actives




BA
1.0



CBO
0.1



Curcumin
0.2



Thymol
0.1



Coriander leaf oil
0.2



Benzoic acid
0.2



Grapefruit seed extract
0.5



Inactives



Natural glycerin
5.0



Water
77.4



Natural Emulsifier
5.0










4.6 Additional Ingredients
The compositions may contain additional components known in the art for use in personal care compositions.
In certain non-limiting embodiments, the composition does not contain a petroleum-derived component.
In certain non-limiting embodiments, the composition may comprise a polyethylene oxide (Polyox) hydrogel polymer which, without being bound to any particular theory, can help the skin retain moisture.
In certain non-limiting embodiments, the composition may comprise an anti-irritant component, for example a zinc salt, such as zinc gluconate, alpha bisabolol, aloe gel/leaf juice, and combinations thereof. Further non-limiting examples of zinc salts that may be used include zinc acetate, zinc butyrate, zinc citrate, zinc glycerate, zinc glycolate, zinc formate, zinc lactate, zinc picolinate, zinc propionate, zinc salicylate, zinc tartrate, zinc undecylenate, and combinations thereof.
For example, a composition disclosed herein may further comprise a thickening and/or gelling agent such as stearyl alcohol, cationic hydroxy ethyl cellulose (Ucare; JR30), hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl cellulose (Klucel), chitosan pyrrolidone carboxylate (Kytamer), behenyl alcohol, zinc stearate, emulsifying waxes, including but not limited to Incroquat and Polawax, an addition polymer of acrylic acid, a resin such as Carbopol® ETD 2020, guar gum, acacia, acrylates/steareth-20 methacrylate copolymer, agar, algin, alginic acid, ammonium acrylate co-polymers, ammonium alginate, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, amylopectin, attapulgite, bentonite, C9-15 alcohols, calcium acetate, calcium alginate, calcium carrageenan, calcium chloride, caprylic alcohol, carbomer 910, carbomer 934, carbomer 934P, carbomer 940, carbomer 941, carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar, carrageenan, cellulose, cellulose gum, cetearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, corn starch, damar, dextrin, dibenzlidine sorbitol, ethylene dihydrogenated tallowamide, ethylene diolamide, ethylene distearamide, gelatin, guar gum, guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride, hectorite, hyaluronic acid, hydrated silica, hydroxybutyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl ethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl stearamide-MIPA, isocetyl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol, karaya gum, kelp, lauryl alcohol, locust bean gum, magnesium aluminium silicate, magnesium silicate, magnesium trisilicate, methoxy PEG-22/dodecyl glycol copolymer, methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, montmorillonite, myristyl alcohol, oat flour, oleyl alcohol, palm kernel alcohol, pectin, PEG-2M, PEG-5M, polyacrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, potassium alginate, potassium aluminium polyacrylate, potassium carrageenan, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, potato starch, propylene glycol alginate, sodium acrylate/vinyl alcohol copolymer, sodium carboxymethyl dextran, sodium carrageenan, sodium cellulose sulfate, sodium chloride, sodium polymethacylate, sodium silicoaluminate, sodium sulfate, stearalkonium bentotnite, stearalkonium hectorite, stearyl alcohol, tallow alcohol, TEA-hydrochloride, tragacanth gum, tridecyl alcohol, tromethamine magnesium aluminium silicate, wheat flour, wheat starch, xanthan gum, abietyl alcohol, acrylinoleic acid, aluminum behenate, aluminum caprylate, aluminum dilinoleate, aluminum salts, such as distearate, and aluminum isostearates, beeswax, behenamide, butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymer, C29-70 acid, calcium behenate, calcium stearate, candelilla wax, carnauba, ceresin, cholesterol, cholesterol hydroxystearate, coconut alcohol, copal, diglyceryl stearate malate, dihydroabietyl alcohol, dimethyl lauramine oleate, dodecanoic acid/cetearyl alcohol/glycol copolymer, erucamide, ethylcellulose, glyceryl triacetyl hydroxystearate, glyceryl tri-acetyl ricinolate, glycol dibehenate, glycol di-octanoate, glycol distearate, hexanediol distearate, hydrogenated C6-14 olefin polymers, hydrogenated castor oil, hydrogenated cottonseed oil, hydrogenated lard, hydrogenated menhaden oil, hydrogenated palm kernel glycerides, hydrogenated palm kernel oil, hydrogenated palm oil, hydrogenated polyisobutene, hydrogenated soybean oil, hydrogenated tallow amide, hydrogenated tallow glyceride, hydrogenated vegetable glyceride, hydrogenated vegetable oil, Japan wax, jojoba wax, lanolin alcohol, shea butter, lauramide, methyl dehydroabietate, methyl hydrogenated rosinate, methyl rosinate, methylstyrene/vinyltoluene copolymer, microcrystalline wax, montan acid wax, montan wax, myristyleicosanol, myristyloctadecanol, octadecene/maleic anhyrdine copolymer, octyldodecyl stearoyl stearate, oleamide, oleostearine, ouricury wax, oxidized polyethylene, ozokerite, paraffin, pentaerythrityl hydrogenated rosinate, pentaerythrityl tetraoctanoate, pentaerythrityl rosinate, pentaerythrityl tetraabietate, pentaerythrityl tetrabehenate, pentaerythrityl tetraoleate, pentaerythrityl tetrastearate, ophthalmic anhydride/glycerin/glycidyl decanoate copolymer, ophthalmic/trimellitic/glycols copolymer, polybutene, polybutylene terephthalate, polydipentene, polyethylene, polyisobutene, polyisoprene, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl laurate, propylene glycol dicaprylate, propylene glycol dicocoate, propylene glycol diisononanoate, propylene glycol dilaurate, propylene glycol dipelargonate, propylene glycol distearate, propylene glycol diundecanoate, PVP/eiconsene copolymer, PVP/hexadecene copolymer, rice bran wax, stearlkonium bentonite, stearalkonium hectorite, stearamide, stearamide DEA-distearate, stearamide DIBA-stearate, stearamide MEA-stearate, stearone, stearyl erucamide, stearyl stearate, stearyl stearoyl stearate, synthetic beeswax, synthetic wax, trihydroxystearin, triisononanoin, triisostearin, tri-isostearyl trilinoleate, trilaurin, trilinoleic acid, trilinolein, trimyristin, triolein, tripalmitin, tristearin, zinc laurate, zinc myristate, zinc neodecanoate, zinc rosinate, and mixtures thereof. Gelling agents used in vehicles may be natural gelling agents such as natural gums, starches, pectins, agar and gelatin, and may be based on polysaccharides or proteins Examples include but are not limited to guar gum, xanthum gum, alginic acid (E400), sodium alginate (E401), potassium alginate (E402), ammonium alginate (E403), calcium alginate (E404, polysaccharides from brown algae), agar (E406, a polysaccharide obtained from red seaweeds), carrageenan (E407, a polysaccharide obtained from red seaweeds), locust bean gum (E410, a natural gum from the seeds of the Carob tree), pectin (E440, a polysaccharide obtained from apple or citrus-fruit), and gelatin (E441, made by partial hydrolysis of animal collagen).
A composition as disclosed herein may optionally further comprise a surfactant. The surfactant may be an anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, an ampholytic surfactant, or a nonionic surfactant. Non-limiting examples of surfactants include polyethoxylates, fatty alcohols (e.g., ceteth-20 (a cetyl ether of polyethylene oxide having an average of about 20 ethylene oxide units) and other “BRIJ”TM nonionic surfactants available from ICI Americas, Inc. (Wilmington, Del.)), cocamidopropyl betaine, alkyl phenols, fatty acid esters of sorbitol, sorbitan, or polyoxyethylene sorbitan. Suitable anionic surfactants include ammonium lauryl sulfate and lauryl ether sulfosuccinate.
A composition as disclosed herein may optionally further comprise a silicone polymer, for example one or more than one polydimethylsiloxane polymer (Dow Corning 225 Silicone Fluid), dimethiconol fluid in dimethicone (Dow Corning 1403 Silicone Fluid), cyclomethicone and dimethicone copolyl (Dow Corning 3225C Silicone Fluid), silicone glycol (BASF 1066 DCG polyol), and combinations thereof.
A composition as disclosed herein may optionally further comprise one or more additives such as dyes, fragrances, pH adjusters, including basic pH adjusters such as ammonia, mono-, di- and tri-alkyl amines, mono-, di- and tri-alkanolamines, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal hydroxides (e.g., ammonia, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, monoethanolamine, triethylamine, isopropylamine, diethanolamine and triethanolamine); acid pH adjusters such as mineral acids and polycarboxylic acids; vitamins such as vitamin A, vitamin E and vitamin C; polyamino acids and salts, such as ethylenediamine tetraacidic acid (EDTA), preservatives such as Germall plus and DMDM hydantoin, and sunscreens such as aminobenzoic acid, arobenzone, cinoxate, diioxybenzone, homosalate, menthyl anthranilate, octocrylene, octyl methoxycinnamate, octyl salicylate, oxybenzoate, padimate O, phenylbenzimidazole, sulfonic acid, sulisobenzone, titanium dioxide, trolamine salicylate and zinc oxide.
In certain non-limiting embodiments the composition may contain a cationic emulsifer selected from the group consisting of incroquat compounds such as (but not limited to) behenyltrimonium methosulfate in cetearyl alcohol (e.g., incroquat behenyl TMS and incroquat behenyl TMS 50 (Croda Inc., Edison, N.J.)), behenalkonium chloride and cetyl alcohol (e.g., Incroquat B-65 (Croda Inc., Edison, N.J.)), behenamido propyl ethyl dimonium ethosulfate and stearyl alcohol (Incroquat BES-35 S (Croda Inc., Edison, N.J.)), steralkonium chloride and cetearyl alcohol and PEG-40 Castor oil (e.g., Incroquat CR concentrate (Croda Inc., Edison, N.J.)), Incroquat CTC-30 (Croda Inc., Edison, N.J.), Incroquat DBM-90 (Croda Inc., Edison, N.J.), Incroquat O-50 (Croda Inc., Edison, N.J.), Incroquat S-DQ-25 (Croda Inc., Edison, N.J.), Incroquat BA-85 (Croda Inc., Edison, N.J.), Incroquat WG-85 (Croda Inc., Edison, N.J.), as well as distearyldimonium chloride (e.g., VARISOFT® TA 100 (Essen-Degussa, Germany)), palmitamidopropyltrimonium chloride (e.g., VARISOFT® PATC (Essen-Degussa, Germany)), and cetearyl alcohol (and) palmitamidopropyltrimonium chloride (e.g., TEGO® Care CE 40).
4.7 Methods of Use
Disclosed herein are methods of inhibiting the growth of a microbe in a personal care formulation, topical disinfectant, pesticide and/or disinfectant for food, comprising incorporating a composition, as described above, into said personal care formulation, topical disinfectant, pesticide and/or disinfectant for food. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the microbe, the growth of which is inhibited, is a bacterium or yeast or fungus, for example, but not limited to, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the personal care formulation, topical disinfectant, pesticide and/or disinfectant for food is an anionic formulation; in others, it is a cationic formulation. In certain non-limiting embodiments, growth is inhibited by at least about 10 percent or at least about 20 percent or at least about 30 percent or at least about 40 percent or at least about 50 percent. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the inhibition occurs over a period of up to about 3 months, or up to about 6 months, or up to about 12 months, or up to about 18 months, or up to about 24 months, or up to about 30 months.
5. EXAMPLE 1
Efficacy of Benzyl Alcohol and Botanical Extracts Against Various Pathogens in Cationic and Anionic Emulsions
The formulations used in this study included BA combined with THC, 15 citrus fruit extract (“CT”), grapefruit seed extract (“GSE”), or W in an emulsion having the following formulation:










Formulation A (Cationic emulsion)










Ingredient
% w/w














Water
75.5



UcareJr 30 M
0.24



Incroquat TMS
2.4



Polawax NF
2.4



Petrolatum
4.8



Stearyl alcohol
6.6



Polyoxyl 40 stearate
1.6



Propylene glycol
1.6



Isopropyl myristate
3.2



Sorbitan oleate
1.6







pH 6.5
















Formulation B (Anionic emulsion)










Ingredient
% w/w














Water
78.0



Propylene glycol
2.0



Mineral oil
9.5



Ceteareth 25
2.5



Cetearyl Alcohol
4.0



Glyceryl stearate
2.0



Monoglyceryl citrate
2.0







pH 5.0






The testing method was based on the guidelines issued by the Cosmetics, Toiletries, and Fragrance Association, Inc. [CTFA, 2001] Briefly, 25 gms of emulsion containing 0.85% of various preservative was prepared. 0.9 gm aliquots of preservative containing emulsions were dispensed into several culture tubes. These were divided into various groups and inoculated with 0.1 ml of the test organism (bacteria, Candida albicans (108 cfu/ml) or Aspergillus niger (107 cfu/ml). After mixing, the tubes were incubated for 48 hours for bacteria t days for either C. albicans or A. niger. The cultures were then diluted serially with Drug Neutralizing Fluid (DNF) and 0.5 ml aliquots were plated on TSA and incubated for 24-48 hours (bacteria and C. albicans were incubated at 37° C. and A. niger at 30° C.). In the control group, the emulsion base without the preservatives was inoculated with each organism and processed similarly. The log 10 reduction in colony counts of the test group from the colony counts of control group was determined, and the results are shown in TABLES 1 and 2 below for cationic and anionic emulsions, respectively.
The preservatives in the final emulsions used for testing contains the following percent of each ingredient.

    BA+THC+CT: BA (0.5%)+THC (0.05%)+CT (citrus extract 0.3%)
    BA+THC+GSE: BA (0.5%)+THC (0.05%)+GSE (0.3%)
    BA+THC+W: BA (0.5%)+THC (0.05%)+W (0.3%)









TABLE 1







CATIONIC EMULSION*












S. aureus
P. aeruginosa
C. albicans
A. niger















BA + THC + CT
5.3
5.4
4.0
4.4


BA + THC + GSE
5.6
3.27
3.9
4.4


BA + THC + W
5.6
3.27
3.9
4.4





*log10 reduction in colony counts













TABLE 2







ANIONIC EMULSION*












S. aureus
P. aeruginosa
C. albicans
A. niger















BA + THC + CT
4.0
5.3
5
0.57


BA + THC + GSE
3.1
5.0
4.0
0.2


BA + THC + W
3.1
5.0
4.0
0.61





*log10 reduction in colony counts


Conclusion: All the above groups do not show efficacy against A. niger in anionic emulsion.






6. EXAMPLE 2
Efficacy of Synergistic Combinations of BA, THC and Essential Oils Incorporated in an Anionic Emulsion Against A. niger 
Various essential oils were used along with BA and THC and incorporated in anionic emulsion and tested against A. niger. Formulations comprising essential oil alone, at a concentration of 0.3% w/w with the essential oil at the same concentration combined with BA at 0.5% w/w and THC at 0.05% w/w (a concentration of cinnamon bark oil at a concentration of 0.1% w/w in combination with BA an THC was also tested). All formulations had an anionic emulsion base having the formula provided above. The testing method was the same as described for Example 1 except that 10′ cfu A. niger/gm of anioninc emulsion was used and the incubation time was only 48 hours. The results are shown in TABLE 3, and indicate that of all the essential oils tested, cinnamon bark oil was the most effective against A. niger in the anionic emulsion formulation.







TABLE 3*†







EFFICACY AGAINST A. NIGER IN ANIONIC EMULSION










active ingredients
log10 reduction in cfu














B
0.5



BA + THC + B
0.90



CL
0.8



BA + THC + CL
1.11



CB (0.3% w/w)
0.88



BA + THC + CB (0.3% w/w)
5.78



BA + THC + CB (0.1% w/w)
3.28



LG
0.5



BA + THC + LG
0.83



PS
0.5



BA + THC + PS
0.90



CU
0.8



BA + THC + CU
1.03



GG
0.7



BA + THC + GG
1.14



RM
0.5



BA + THC + RM
0.85



TH
0.8



BA + THC + TH
1.2



BA + THC
0.21







*CL = Cinnamon leaf oil, CU = Curry leaf oil, GG = Galangal oil RM = Rosemary oil, LG = Lemongrass oil, B = Basil oil, PS = Pomegranate seed oil, CB = Cinnamon bark oil. TH = Thymol.



†The control growth ranged from 5 × 106 to 1 × 107 cfu/ml. Results are the average of nine samples in each group.






7. EXAMPLE 3
Since, as shown in Example 2, CB was found to be the most effective essential oil against A. niger in anionic formulations, combinations of lower concentration of CB (0.1%) alone with BA+THC were prepared. The odor of CB could be significantly masked by orange oil (OR) or rosemary oil (RM).
A stock solution was prepared containing the active ingredients and was then diluted in either a cationic or anionic test formulation, where the cationic formulation tested was Formulation A described in Example 1 and the anionic formulation tested was Formulation B described in Example 1:
Test formulations comprising the synthetic preservative methylparaben, at a concentration of 0.3% w/w, was used as a positive control.
The following method of testing for antimicrobial activity was used. 25 gms of emulsion containing 1-1.2% of various preservative was prepared. 0.9 gm aliquots of preservative containing emulsions were dispensed into several culture tubes. These were divided into various groups and inoculated with 0.1 ml of the test organism (bacteria, Candida albicans (108 cfu/ml) or Aspergillus niger (107 cfu/ml)). After mixing, the tubes were incubated for 48 hours for bacteria and for 7 days days for either C. albicans or A. niger. The cultures were then diluted serially with Drug Neutralizing Fluid (DNF) and 0.5 ml aliquots were plated on TSA and incubated for 24-48 hours (bacteria and C. albicans were incubated at 37° C. and A. niger at 30° C.). In the control group, the emulsion base without the preservatives was inoculated with each organism and processed similarly. The log 10 reduction in colony counts of the test group from the colony counts of control group was determined.
7.1 CB, with or without Phenyl Ethanol
The test cationic and anionic formulations contain 0.65% w/w of the following stock solution (percentages w/w):










BATCB without PE










Stock
Test















BA
77
0.5



THC
7.7
0.05



CB
15.3
0.1










The test cationic and anionic formulations, contains 0.9% w/w of the following stock solution (percentages w/w):










BATCB with PE










Stock
Test















BA
55.5
0.5



THC
5.6
0.05



Phenyl ethanol
27.8
0.25



CB
11.1
0.1










Cationic or anionic test formulations were then tested for antimicrobial activity, measured as log 10 reduction in colony forming units (cfu). The results are shown in TABLE 4.











TABLE 4





log reduction from






control growth
S. aureus
P. aeruginosa
C. albicans
A. niger



















CBw/oPE
6.8
6.8
6.0
5.0


anionic


CBw/oPE
7.0
7.0
5.8
5.0


cationic


CB + PE
7.0
7.0
6.0
5.2


anionic


CB + PE
7.0
7.0
5.8
5.2


cationic


methyl
0.12
0.11
4.31
2.88


paraben


anionic


methyl
1.9
2.1
4.25
4.16


paraben


cationic









7.2 CB, PE, RM with or without Zemea
A stock solution was diluted to constitute 1.1% w/w of the test formulation, “CB/PE/RM” (all values are % w/w):














Stock
Test




















BA
45.5
0.5



THC
4.6
0.05



Phenyl ethanol
22.7
0.25



CB
9.1
0.1



RM
18.1
0.2










A stock solution was diluted to constitute 1.3% w/w of the test formulation, “CB/PE/RM+Z”, with the natural propanediol, Zemea® (all values are % w/w): Without Zemea is 1.1% and with Zemea is 1.3%














Stock
Test




















BA
38.5
0.5



THC
3.8
0.05



Phenyl ethanol
19.2
0.25



CB
7.7
0.1



RM
15.4
0.2



Zemea ®
15.4
0.2










Cationic or anionic test formulations were then tested for antimicrobial activity, measured as log 10 reduction in colony forming units (cfu). The results are shown in TABLE 5.











TABLE 5





log reduction from






control growth
S. aureus
P. aeruginosa
C. albicans
A. niger



















CB/PE/RM
7.0
7.0
6.2
5.3


anionic


CB/PE/RM
7.0
7.0
6.0
5.3


cationic


CB/PE/RM + Z
7.0
7.0
6.0
5.5


anionic


CB/PE/RM + Z
7.0
7.0
6.0
5.3


cationic


methyl
0.12
0.11
4.31
2.88


paraben


anionic


methyl
1.9
2.1
4.25
4.16


paraben


cationic









7.3 CB, PE, OR
A stock solution was diluted to constitute 1.1% w/w of the test formulation, “CB/PE/OR” (all values are % w/w):














Stock
Test




















BA
45.5
0.5



THC
4.6
0.05



Phenyl ethanol
22.7
0.25



CB
9.1
0.1



OR
18.1
0.2










Cationic or anionic test formulations were then tested for antimicrobial activity, measured as log 10 reduction in colony forming units (cfu). The results are shown in TABLE 6.











TABLE 6





log reduction from






control growth
S. aureus
P. aeruginosa
P. albicans
A. niger



















CB/PE/OR
7.0
7.0
6.0
5.3


anionic


CB/PE/OR
7.0
7.0
6.0
5.2


cationic


methyl
0.12
0.11
4.31
2.88


paraben


anionic


methyl
1.9
2.1
4.25
4.16


paraben


cationic









7.4 without THC, CB
A stock solution was diluted to constitute 1.1% w/w of the test formulation, “GGTHOR” (all values are % w/w):














Stock
Test




















BA
45.6
0.5



GG
9.1
0.1



Phenyl ethanol
18.1
0.2



TH
9.1
0.1



OR
18.1
0.2










A stock solution was diluted to constitute 1.0% w/w of the test formulation, “GGTHCL” where citral is CL (all values are % w/w):














Stock
Test




















BA
50
0.5



GG
10
0.1



Phenyl ethanol
20
0.2



TH
10
0.1



CL
10
0.1










Cationic or anionic test formulations were then tested for antimicrobial activity, measured as log 10 reduction in colony forming units (cfu). The results are shown in TABLE 7.











TABLE 7





log reduction from






control growth
S. aureus
P. aeruginosa
C. albicans
A. niger



















GGTHOR
6.0
6.0
5.0
5.5


anionic


GGTHOR
6.0
6.0
4.5
5.5


cationic


GGTHCL
6.0
6.0
5.0
5.5


anionic


GGTHCL
6.0
6.0
4.5
5.3


cationic


methyl
0.12
0.11
4.31
2.88


paraben


anionic


methyl
1.9
2.1
4.25
4.16


paraben


cationic









7.5 Conclusions
Preservative blends containing a combination of BA, THC, and CB with or without Zemea® showed a broad spectrum of activity both in cationic and anionic emulsions. Orange oil and rosemary oil masked the odor of cinnamon oil when incorporated in the emulsion. Phenyl ethanol (PE) can be used as a solvent. Other preservative blends which were effective was mixture of Thymol+Galangal oil along with BA+ orange oil or citral which is an ingredient of orange oil (citral) and PE as the solvent.
Various publications are cited herein, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

## Claims

1. An antimicrobial composition consisting essentially of:
between about 0.1 and 0.8 percent weight/weight benzyl alcohol;
between about 0.05 and 0.5 percent weight/weight phenyl alcohol;
between about 0.01 and 0.1 percent weight/weight tetrahydrocurcuminoid, curcumin, or combinations thereof;
between about 0.01 and 0.1 percent weight/weight cinnamon bark oil; and
between about 0.1 and 0.3 percent weight/weight benzoic acid.

2. An antimicrobial composition consisting essentially of:
between about 0.1 and 0.8 percent weight/weight benzyl alcohol;
between about 0.05 and 0.5 percent weight/weight phenyl alcohol;
between about 0.01 and 0.1 percent weight/weight tetrahydrocurcuminoid, curcumin, or combinations thereof;
between about 0.01 and 0.1 percent weight/weight cinnamon bark oil;
between about 0.1 and 0.3 percent weight/weight benzoic acid;
between about 0.05 and 0.1 percent weight/weight thymol; and
between about 0.5 and 1 percent weight/weight of a botanical extract selected from the group consisting of grapefruit seed extract, calendula extract, and combinations thereof.