#### UNITED STATES, Appellee v. Bryan FELIX, Appellant.

No. 05-5089.

United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.

Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a) Dec. 4, 2006.

Filed: April 5, 2007.

Maureen Phelan, Esq., Office of Attorney General of Virgin Islands, Department of Justice, for Appellee,

Eric S. Chancellor, Esq., for Appellant.

*177OPINION

McKEE, Circuit Judge.

Bryan Felix appeals a decision of the Appellate Division of the District Court of the Virgin Islands. That court affirmed the Territorial Court’s denial of Felix’s motion for a new trial based upon an alleged *Brady*violation. For the following reasons, we will affirm.

Because we write primarily for the parties, we need not recite the underlying facts or background of this appeal except insofar as may be helpful to our discussion. Felix has the burden of establishing a *Brady*violation. *Strickler v. Greene,*527 U.S. 263, 289, 119 S.Ct. 1936, 144 L.Ed.2d 286 (1999). To do so, he must show: (1) the evidence was favorable to him because it was either exculpatory or impeaching; (2) the evidence was suppressed by the government, whether willfully or inadvertently; and (3) the withheld evidence was material. *Id.*at 281-82, 119 S.Ct. 1936.

Here, the Government concedes that it suppressed the evidence. Therefore, Felix’s appeal focuses on the first and third prongs. Felix argues that the arrest warrant was favorable to him because he could have used it to impeach Rodriguez. He also relies upon this impeachment value to argue that he has satisfied the third prong. According to Felix, “[t]he government’s case against [him] rises and falls with the testimony of Rodriguez,” Felix’s Br. as Appellant at 15. Felix claims that there is a reasonable probability that the verdict would have been different.1

Withheld evidence is material “only if there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” *United States v. Bagley,*473 U.S. 667, 682, 105 S.Ct. 3375, 87 L.Ed.2d 481 (1985). The phrase “reasonable probability” refers to a “probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” *Id.*Here, even assuming that the withheld evidence qualifies as *Brady*material, we would still have confidence in the jury’s verdict.

Rodriguez initially identified Felix a few days after the shooting. This was ten months before the robbery, and fourteen months before the arrest warrant issued. Thus, the arrest warrant has absolutely no bearing on the strength of that initial identification. In addition, Rodriguez’s trial testimony was corroborated by other evidence that had nothing to do with Rodriguez. For example, Felix apologized to Mercado, and a witness at the food van gave a description of the shooter that fit Felix. This included his relatively short stature, and his dreadlocks.

Felix argues that the arrest warrant could have been used to impeach Rodriguez in at least two ways. Felix first appears to argue that the arrest warrant would have been useful to demonstrate Rodriguez’s character for untruthfulness. The Government, on the other hand, states that Federal Rules of Evidence 608 and 609 generally preclude impeachment by evidence of an arrest or pending charge. However, we need not determine if the Government’s interpretation of Rules 608 and 609 is correct because we have concluded that robbery is not a crime of dishonesty for purposes of impeachment. *See Walker v. Horn,*385 F.3d 321, 334 (3d Cir.2004) (stating that robbery in general does not involve expressive dishonesty and *178is therefore not automatically admissible under 609(a)(2));2 Mueller & Kirkpatrick, 3 Federal Evidence § 264 (stating that cross-examination on robbery seems improper in the context of Rule 608 because “forced taking is the main fact”). Moreover, an arrest is not admissible. *See, Michelson v. United States,*335 U.S. 469, 482, 69 S.Ct. 213, 93 L.Ed. 168 (1948). Since Rodriguez’s participation in the robbery did not involve dishonesty, it is not probative of his character for truthfulness and could not have been inquired into on cross-examination under Rule 608(b).

Felix’s second argument is that Rodriguez had a motive to help the government in order to receive favorable treatment in his own case.3 However, that argument is seriously undermined by the fact that he identified Felix before the robbery and therefore before the motive existed. Moreover, as noted above, it does not alter the fact that Rodriguez’s testimony was consistent with, and corroborated by, other testimony; including his apology to Mercado. Thus, the bias that arguably did exist when Rodriguez testified does not undermine the jury’s verdict. Accordingly, we must reject Felix’s *Brady*claim.

Accordingly, for the reasons stated above, we will affirm the Appellate Division’s denial of Felix’s motion for a new trial.

1

. Toward the end of his brief, Felix appears to argue that an affidavit Rodriguez signed recanting his trial testimony somehow establishes the materiality of Rodriguez’s credibility. See Felix’s Br. at 15-16. We disagree. This affidavit did not exist at the time of trial, and Rodriguez has disavowed its accuracy since Felix came forward with it.

2

. *See Cree v. Hatcher, 969*F.2d 34, 37 (3d Cir.1992) (“Because the district court lacks the discretion to engage in balancing, 609(a)(2) must be interpreted narrowly to apply to only those crimes that, in the words of the Conference Committee, bear on a witness’s propensity to testify truthfully.”).

3

. The Government admits that arrest or pending prosecution may show bias but counters by arguing that before Felix can demonstrate bias through a pending arrest warrant he must first demonstrate that Rodriguez was aware of the arrest warrant’s existence. Felix claims that is an issue for the jury to determine. Since the integrity of the verdict has not been undermined, we need not address this facet of the dispute.