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SUPREME COURT OF ARKANSAS

No. CR-15-1067

JEREMY EDWARD WHALEN

APPELLANT

V.

STATE OF ARKANSAS

APPELLEE

Opinion Delivered October 20, 2016

APPEAL FROM THE SEBASTIAN

COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

[NO. MC-2013-202]

HONORABLE STEPHEN TABOR,

JUDGE

REVERSED AND REMANDED;

MOTION TO TAKE JUDICIAL

NOTICE DENIED; COURT OF

APPEALS OPINION VACATED.

KAREN R. BAKER, Associate Justice

This case is on petition for review from the Arkansas Court of Appeals. Appellant

Jeremy Edward Whalen was convicted of driving while intoxicated–first offense after a bench

trial in the Sebastian County Circuit Court. On appeal to the court of appeals, Whalen

argued that (1) the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, along with article

II, section 15 of the Arkansas Constitution, required reversal of his conviction based on the

illegally conducted sobriety checkpoint; and (2) the circuit court erred by failing to recognize

the lack of probable cause to support any further detention of Whalen. The court of appeals

reversed and dismissed Whalen’s conviction based on Whalen’s first point on appeal. Whalen

v. State, 2015 Ark. App. 706, 478 S.W.3d 249.

On December 29, 2015, the State petitioned this court for review of the court of
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appeals’ opinion. As bases for review, the State contended that this case presented issues on

which there is a perceived inconsistency in the decisions of the Court of Appeals and the

Supreme Court, issues involving federal constitutional interpretation, issues of substantial

public interest, and issues needing clarification or development of the law. Ark. Sup. Ct. R.

1-2(b)(2), (3), (4), (5) and 2-4(c)(ii) and (iii). On January 28, 2016, we granted the State’s

petition for review. When we grant a petition for review, we treat the appeal as if it had

been originally filed in this court. Whaley v. Beckham, 2016 Ark. 196, 492 S.W.3d 65 (citing

Sullivan v. Coney, 2013 Ark. 222, 427 S.W.3d 682). 

The facts related to this appeal stem from a sobriety checkpoint conducted by the

Arkansas State Police (“ASP”). On September 20, 2012, the ASP conducted a sobriety

checkpoint on the Exit 11 ramp on Interstate 540 in Fort Smith. Whalen was stopped and

subsequently arrested and charged with driving while intoxicated–first offense. On July 29,

2014, a bench trial was held. 

During the bench trial, Corporal Dwight Lee testified that during the checkpoint at

issue, he made contact with Whalen. Corporal Lee testified that after he had smelled alcohol

on Whalen, he retrieved his portable breathalyzer, but Whalen refused to submit to testing. 

Corporal Lee then asked Whalen pull over to the right shoulder of the roadway and instructed

Trooper Brandon Margis to make contact with Whalen; Corporal Lee continued to conduct

the checkpoint. With regard to establishing checkpoints, Corporal Lee testified that if the

supervisors do not assign the checkpoint, “I will make a call and say, you know, we’re going

to do a checkpoint. And they just usually tell us, you know, it’s okay, but they don’t actually

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know where, because they would like for us to do them quite often.” Corporal Lee

explained that he would generally make the call and pick the location of the checkpoint and

“would call the other guys and say, ‘Hey, we’re going to be here at such and such a time.’ ” 

As for the checkpoint at issue, Corporal Lee testified that checkpoint location was “most

likely” at his discretion. Corporal Lee testified that as the senior officer in the field, he

decided whether to allow traffic to come through if traffic got backed up. Corporal Lee

testified that the officer in the field had discretion to determine what would happen during

the checkpoint, and the supervisor would be called only if something major occurred, like a

collision or a chase. Decisions regarding what to do with the individuals whom the officer

comes into contact with, the flow of traffic, and the location, are left to the discretion of the

field officer. Corporal Lee testified that the officers do not keep records of the number of cars

they stop; “[w]e keep count of, the activity -- if we wrote a ticket, or anything like that.” 

As to the submission of a written plan to the supervisor, Corporal Lee testified that, “once we

generate all the activity, we do the ASP-20 with all the numbers on it, and then we submit

it to the supervisor.” Corporal Lee further testified that “normally what we do is we will just

do a checkpoint, and send in the information to the supervisor, after we collect it or whatever. 

And even if we don’t do any activity on it, we still have to send one, because they want to

know what we were doing at that time.” However, Corporal Lee explained that the

supervisors do not have any direct input in planning the checkpoints; they are notified

through the submission of the written plan. Corporal Lee testified that because the

supervisors expect the checkpoints to be performed every weekend, the field officers do not

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mention the checkpoints to the supervisors until after the checkpoint has been performed. 

Trooper Margis testified that after Corporal Lee instructed Whalen to pull over, he

made contact with Whalen. Trooper Margis testified that he could smell intoxicants coming

from Whalen. Trooper Margis testified that there was no sergeant at the checkpoint at issue

and that the most senior person present was Corporal Lee.

At the close of the evidence, Whalen objected to the constitutionality of the

checkpoint. 

On July 31, 2014, the circuit court entered a written judgment finding as follows:

The motions to suppress and/or dismiss of Defendant are hereby denied. The Court

finds Defendant guilty of Driving While Intoxicated - First Offense beyond a

reasonable doubt[.]

The circuit court sentenced Whalen to pay fines and costs of $690, serve twenty-four

hours in jail with time suspended upon Whalen’s completion of the defensive driving course

within thirty days of the date of the judgment, complete Level I treatment, and complete one

victim-impact class as recommended in his presentence screening report.

On appeal, Whalen argues two points: (1) The Fourth Amendment of the United

States Constitution and article II, section 15 of the Arkansas Constitution require reversal of

his convictions based on the illegally conducted sobriety checkpoint and (2) the circuit court

erred in its failure to recognize the lack of probable cause to support any further roadside

detention of Whalen. Upon review of a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress, we make

an independent determination based on the totality of the circumstances; we view the

evidence in the light most favorable to the appellee, and we reverse the trial court’s ruling

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only if it is clearly erroneous or against the preponderance of the evidence. Mullinax v. State,

327 Ark. 41, 44, 938 S.W.2d 801, 803 (1997) (citing Norman v. State, 326 Ark. 210, 931

S.W.2d 96 (1996)). 

We now turn to Whalen’s first point on appeal. In support of his argument that the

checkpoint did not meet constitutional scrutiny, Whalen contends that the checkpoint was

not conducted pursuant to a neutral and explicit plan and that the individual field officers

were given too much discretion. The State responds that the record establishes that there

were explicit, neutral criteria for determining which vehicles to stop. The State further

responds that the ASP Sobriety Checkpoint Plan indicated that the checkpoint was conducted

in compliance with ASP policies and procedures governing the conduct of the officers.1

“The Fourth Amendment, of course, ‘applies to all seizures of the person, including

seizures that involve only a brief detention short of traditional arrest.’ ” Brown v. Texas, 443

U.S. 47, 50 (1979). When a law-enforcement officer stops and restrains a person, the officer

has “seized” that person, and the Fourth Amendment requires that the seizure be reasonable.

Id. In Brown, the United States Supreme Court explained,

The reasonableness of seizures that are less intrusive than a traditional arrest,

depends “‘on a balance between the public interest and the individual’s right to

personal security free from arbitrary interference by law officers.’” Consideration of

the constitutionality of such seizures involves a weighing of the gravity of the public

concerns served by the seizure, the degree to which the seizure advances the public

interest, and the severity of the interference with individual liberty.

1On March 31, 2016, the State filed an unopposed motion requesting that this court

take judicial notice of the existence and content of the 2012 and 2015 ASP Policies and

Procedures Manuals. Because these manuals were not before the circuit court, we deny the

State’s motion to take judicial notice.

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A central concern in balancing these competing considerations in a variety of

settings has been to assure that an individual’s reasonable expectation of privacy is not

subject to arbitrary invasions solely at the unfettered discretion of officers in the field. 

To this end, the Fourth Amendment requires that a seizure must be based on specific,

objective facts indicating that society’s legitimate interests require the seizure of the

particular individual, or that the seizure must be carried out pursuant to a plan

embodying explicit, neutral limitations on the conduct of individual officers.

443 U.S. at 50–51 (citations omitted) (quoting Pennsylvania v. Mimms, 434 U.S. 106 (1977)).

Accordingly, Brown requires us to consider the three-prong balancing test when reviewing the

permissibility of vehicle stops made on less than reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. Our

focus is on the third prong-the severity of the interference with individual liberty. 

I. Neutral and Explicit Plan

 For the reasons discussed below, we hold that the State has failed to present evidence

that the checkpoint was “carried out pursuant to a plan embodying explicit, neutral limitations

on the conduct of individual officers.” In order to satisfy the reasonableness requirement of

the Fourth Amendment, the State must present evidence to show that the checkpoint was

carried out pursuant to a previously established objective and neutral plan that was designed

by supervising officers in order to limit the conduct of the field officers. Delaware v. Prouse,

440 U.S. 648 (1979). We have held that the plan for the checkpoint is not required to be in

writing. Mullinax, 327 Ark. 41, 938 S.W.2d 801. In Mullinax, we explained that the

roadblock at issue had been carried out pursuant to a constitutionally sufficient plan where the

field officer participating in the roadblock testified that the particular procedures and location

of the roadblock had been discussed with the superior officer.

Here, Corporal Lee testified that the supervisors did not provide direct input on the

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plan for the checkpoint. In fact, the supervisors were not notified of the checkpoint until after

the checkpoint had been performed, through the ASP-20 Form. Unlike the field officers in

Mullinax, Corporal Lee’s testimony demonstrates that the field officers received no guidance

from their supervisors. Thus, we hold that the State has failed to demonstrate the existence

of a preexisting plan for the checkpoint. 

II. Field Officer Discretion

We also find merit in Whalen’s argument that the field officers exercised unfettered

discretion in establishing and conducting the checkpoint. The United States Supreme Court

has held that “[t]he essential purpose of the proscriptions in the Fourth Amendment is to

impose a standard of ‘reasonableness’ upon the exercise of discretion by government officials,

including law enforcement agents, in order ‘to safeguard the privacy and security of

individuals against arbitrary invasions . . . .’ ” Prouse, 440 U.S. at 653–54 (citations omitted)

(quoting Marshall v. Barlow’s Inc., 436 U.S. 307 (1978)). 

In State v. Hicks, the Tennessee Supreme Court identified two factors that are critical

to a finding that the field officers’ discretion was properly limited: (1) the decision to set up

the roadblock in the first instance cannot have been made by the officer or officers actually

establishing the checkpoint, and (2) the officers on the scene cannot decide for themselves the

procedures to be used in operating the roadblock. 55 S.W.3d 515, 533 (Tenn. 2001). The

Hicks Court explained that the “State must show that some authority superior to the officers

in the field decided to establish the roadblock, particularly as to its time and location, and that

the officers adhered to neutral standards previously fixed by administrative decision or

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regulation.” Id. Finally, the court stated that these factors are so essential to the

reasonableness of a roadblock that the absence of either factor will result in the invalidation

of the stop. Id.

We adopt the reasoning of the Tennessee Supreme Court in Hicks and hold that the

State’s failure to demonstrate that the field officers’ discretion was properly limited requires

this court to declare Whalen’s checkpoint stop unconstitutional. As to the first Hicks factor,

the decision to implement the checkpoint, including the location, time, and duration of the

checkpoint, was left to the sole discretion of Corporal Lee, a field officer. Turning to the

second Hicks factor, despite the State’s argument to the contrary, that the field officers’

discretion was limited because the vehicles were stopped in a preestablished, systematic

fashion, the record demonstrates otherwise. The record demonstrates that all pertinent

decisions regarding the procedures used in operating the checkpoint were left to the

unfettered discretion of the field officers. In the present case, the State did not present any

evidence regarding the limitations placed on the field officers’ discretion. Accordingly, based

on the absence of some authority superior to that of the field officers who did not take part

in the implementation of the checkpoint plan, there was, in effect, unfettered discretion given

to the field officers. Thus, the checkpoint at issue was unconstitutional.

We hold that, without suspicion of individualized criminal conduct, the seizure of

Whalen through the checkpoint stop was unreasonable. Further, any evidence obtained as

a result of the checkpoint should have been suppressed. Accordingly, because there is no

evidence to support Whalen’s conviction and sentence, we reverse and remand. 

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Because we reverse and remand on Whalen’s first point on appeal, we do not consider

Whalen’s second point on appeal.

Reversed and remanded for an order consistent with this opinion; motion to take

judicial notice denied; court of appeals opinion vacated.

WOOD, J., concurring. 

RHONDA K. WOOD, Justice, concurring. This appeal has an inadequately

developed record. We do not know the Arkansas State Police’s policy and plans for handling

sobriety checkpoints. In addition, the witnesses’ testimony was vague, and the State failed to

introduce any written policies and procedures. Our review is limited to the record before us,

and in this instance there simply was no evidence of a neutral and explicit plan that could pass

constitutional muster. I join the majority as to this point. 

I write separately because I believe it is unnecessary for this court to deviate from our

precedent and adopt the factors the Tennessee Supreme Court set out in State v. Hicks, 55

S.W.3d 515 (Tenn. 2001). By adopting these factors, the majority’s opinion further erodes

reasonable local discretion regarding sobriety checkpoints. This additional step is unnecessary

to reach the decision in this case. Nor must law enforcement comply with these factors to

conduct a constitutional sobriety checkpoint. 

The majority cites Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648 (1979) to introduce why it is

adopting the Tennessee factors for evaluating field-officer discretion. However, Prouse does

not require such erosion of local discretion. In fact, in Prouse, the United States Supreme

Court stated only that “the discretion of the official in the field be circumscribed, at least to

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some extent.” Id. at 661 (emphasis added). The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has stated that

“[w]e find no authority, either in the Constitution or the common law, which demands that

an officer be . . . denied reasonable discretion which is necessary to conduct a series of traffic

stops occurring in a free and unstructured world.” Brouhard v. Lee, 125 F.3d 656, 660 (8th Cir.

1997). 

By adopting the Tennessee factors, this court goes much further than the Constitution

requires. Indeed, the Tennessee court’s decision was explicitly based on the Tennessee

Constitution. Hicks, 55 S.W.3d at 533. Neither the United States Constitution nor the

Arkansas Constitution requires us to adopt factors that will inevitably result in micromanaging

law enforcement. I do not join the majority’s opinion as to the second point.

BRILL, C.J., joins.

Johnny Clay Collins II, for appellant.

Leslie Rutledge, Att’y Gen., by: Rebecca Kane, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellee.

Law Offices of Bennett & Williams, by: Brad J. Williams; Island & Huff, by: Bell Island,

pro hac vice, amicus curiae in support of appellant.

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