COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Elder, Kelsey and McClanahan 

Argued at Richmond, Virginia 

WILLIAM A. PRYOR, JR. 

 OPINION BY 

v. Record No. 0947-06-2 JUDGE D. ARTHUR KELSEY 

 JUNE 19, 2007 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF GREENE COUNTY 

Paul M. Peatross, Jr., Judge 

Charles L. Weber, Jr., for appellant. 

Denise C. Anderson, Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. 

McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

William A. Pryor, Jr. appeals his conviction for distribution of cocaine, a violation of 

Code § 18.2-248. He claims the trial court erred (i) in allowing the jury to view a videotape of a 

later transaction which had been the subject of a stricken distribution charge, and (ii) in finding 

the evidence sufficient to establish his guilt. We hold the trial court erred in neither respect and 

affirm Pryor’s conviction. 

I. 

 On appeal, we review the evidence in the “light most favorable” to the Commonwealth. 

Commonwealth v. Hudson, 265 Va. 505, 514, 578 S.E.2d 781, 786 (2003). This evidentiary 

perspective requires us to “discard the evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the 

Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and 

all fair inferences to be drawn therefrom.” Parks v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 492, 498, 270 

S.E.2d 755, 759 (1980) (emphasis and citation omitted). 

So viewed, the evidence showed that Deputy Sheriff Joseph Hogsten made an agreement 

with Stephanie Wood to participate in a controlled narcotics buy from Pryor. Wood advised 
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Hogsten that she had purchased crack cocaine from Pryor (known by Wood as “Willie”) in the 

past and could call him to deliver more crack in the future. Wood agreed to cooperate in 

exchange for Hogsten’s promise to assist in the dismissal of unrelated misdemeanor charges 

pending against her. 

The first controlled buy occurred on June 16, 2003. Wood called Pryor and “his friend” 

and ordered $100 worth of crack to be delivered to her outside her home. Before Pryor and his 

friend arrived, Hogsten gave Wood $100, searched her for drugs, and installed a hidden video 

camera and microphone on her clothing to record the transaction. Hogsten then hid about 75 to 

100 yards away to monitor the video and audio feed. It was still light outside, but it was late in 

the day and beginning to get dark. 

From his observation post, Hogsten saw a white Toyota Camry drive up to Wood’s 

residence. Two black individuals appeared to be in the Camry. Wood went to the car, and a 

transaction appeared to take place. From where he was positioned, Hogsten could not personally 

observe the exchange of money for drugs. After the Camry drove off, Wood presented Hogsten 

with crack cocaine she obtained from either “Willie” or the black female passenger in the Camry. 

Wood did not remember which one physically handed the drugs to her. Nor could she recall any 

conversation taking place — only an exchange of the money for the drugs. 

The sting was repeated on July 24, 2003. Wood contacted “Willie” and requested that he 

deliver crack cocaine to her at her residence. “Willie” arrived in a white Toyota Camry, but this 

time accompanied by a black male. Wood paid the $100 purchase price and received crack 

cocaine either from “Willie” or his male companion. As before, the transaction was videotaped 

by a camera hidden in Wood’s clothing. 

The Commonwealth charged Pryor with two counts of distributing cocaine. At his trial, 

the prosecutor emphasized to the jury that the videotape would confirm that it was in fact Pryor 
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in the vehicle on both occasions. “You’ll see on the videotape,” the prosecutor stated, “that it 

will show that, indeed, it is the defendant.” Pressing the issue of identity, the first line of Pryor’s 

opening statement raised doubt as to the identity of the black male that appeared in the white 

Toyota Camry during the June 16 and July 24 incidents. “One of the questions for you today,” 

Pryor’s counsel emphasized, “is was it or was it not the defendant?” Counsel also explained that 

“[r]eliability of the confidential informant will be an issue” the jury must decide. 

Hogsten was the first to testify. He described both transactions in detail and showed the 

jury the June 16 and July 24 videotapes. Pryor raised no objection when the prosecution offered 

both videotapes into evidence. After Hogsten testified, the Commonwealth put Wood on the 

stand. She corroborated Hogsten’s testimony about the June 16 controlled buy but equivocated 

about the details of the July 24 transaction. Pryor’s counsel impeached Wood with a prior felony 

conviction and with cross-examination highlighting her admitted self-interest in cooperating with 

Hogsten. 

Seeking to bolster its evidence that Pryor was the only individual appearing in the vehicle 

during both incidents, the prosecutor called to the stand a witness from the Division of Motor 

Vehicles. The DMV witness verified that Pryor was the registered owner of a white Toyota 

Camry. The Commonwealth also introduced other evidence that Pryor had been seen on another 

occasion in the white Toyota Camry. 

At the close of the Commonwealth’s case, Pryor moved to strike the second charge 

arising out of the July 24 transaction. Given Wood’s equivocations on that incident, the trial 

court struck the second distribution charge and advised the jury that there was only “one charge 

remaining,” the one arising out of the June 16 transaction. The court then instructed the jury on 

the elements of the distribution charge, the definition of principal in the second degree, and other 

routine instructions. 
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During closing arguments, the prosecutor emphasized that “this is not a mistaken identity 

case.” He also called the jury’s attention to the videotapes of both the June 16 and the July 24 

incidents. Watching the videotapes, the prosecutor told the jurors, “you see the defendant appear 

in the July 24th incident.” Raising no objection to the prosecutor’s argument, Pryor’s counsel 

focused his closing argument on Wood’s lack of credibility. As to the identity of the black male 

in the white Toyota Camry, counsel pointed out that there was no testimony about “license 

plates” or any other unique features of the vehicle. From the video of the June 16 incident, 

Pryor’s counsel argued, “you’ll see where he’s sitting, if it is him, first of all, and where is that 

person sitting? That’s your decision.” 

After the jury retired for deliberations, the trial court instructed the bailiff to deliver the 

exhibits to the jurors for their review. Pryor’s counsel objected to the videotape of the July 24 

incident, claiming that the court had stricken it from the evidence by striking the evidence in 

support of the July 24 distribution charge. The Commonwealth disagreed, contending that the 

videotape of the July 24 incident remained relevant to the June 16 charge. “We would submit 

that it’s corroborative of his being at her residence . . . [w]hether it was actually him or not,” the 

prosecutor explained. From this perspective, the July 24 video — showing Pryor in the same 

vehicle, at Wood’s residence, after having been called by Wood to come there — “corroborates 

the fact that the first incident took place and the defendant was a participant in that.” 

In response, Pryor’s counsel conceded the second videotape “shows someone who 

resembles my client, who would have --- resembles a guy on the 16th in the car.” Further 

reinforcing this concession, Pryor’s counsel added: “I wouldn’t be making this argument if this 

occurred prior to the 16th.” Because the identity evidence came after the June 16 drug 

transaction, counsel argued, it necessarily made the evidence more prejudicial than probative. 

The trial court disagreed and overruled the objection. 
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After the bailiff brought the exhibits (including the videotape of the July 24 incident) to 

the jury room, the foreman submitted questions to the trial court. One of the questions asked 

whether the jury could again review the videotape of the July 24 incident. The trial court 

answered: “Yes, but only as it may be relevant to the June 16, ’03 charge. It may not be 

considered for the July 24, ’03 charge, which has been struck and is not before you.” 

The jury found Pryor guilty of distributing cocaine on June 16, 2003. After trial, Pryor 

moved the court to set aside the verdict on two grounds. The trial court erred, Pryor argued, in 

permitting the jury to review the videotape of the July 24 incident. And, with or without the July 

24 videotape, Pryor added, the verdict rested on an insufficient factual basis. The trial court 

rejected both arguments and entered final judgment. 

Pryor repeats these arguments on appeal. We find neither persuasive. 

II. 

 A. ADMISSIBILITY OF THE JULY 24 VIDEOTAPE

“Two threshold principles govern appellate review of evidentiary decisions.” Thomas v. 

Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 741, 753, 607 S.E.2d 738, 743, adopted upon reh’g en banc, 45 

Va. App. 811, 613 S.E.2d 870 (2005). “First, we do not review such decisions de novo.” Id. 

“Given the ‘broad discretion’ of a trial judge over evidentiary matters, we apply a deferential 

abuse-of-discretion standard of appellate review.” Id. (quoting Seaton v. Commonwealth, 42 

Va. App. 739, 752, 595 S.E.2d 9, 15 (2004)). “This standard, if nothing else, means that the trial 

judge’s ‘ruling will not be reversed simply because an appellate court disagrees.’” Id. (quoting 

Henry J. Friendly, Indiscretion about Discretion, 31 Emory L.J. 747, 754 (1982)). “Only when 

reasonable jurists could not differ can we say an abuse of discretion has occurred.” Tynes v. 

Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 17, 21, 635 S.E.2d 688, 689 (2006) (citation omitted). 
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The second principle accepts that “every fact, ‘however remote or insignificant, that tends 

to establish the probability or improbability of a fact in issue is relevant.’” Thomas, 44 Va. App. 

at 753, 607 S.E.2d at 743 (footnote omitted) (quoting Va. Elec. & Power Co. v. Dungee, 258 Va. 

235, 260, 520 S.E.2d 164, 179 (1999)). “Put another way, evidence has relevance if it ‘tends to 

cast any light’ on any material point.” Id. (citation omitted). 

It is its tendency to prove or disprove — not its sufficiency, 

standing alone, to satisfy the ultimate burden of proof — that 

makes a fact relevant: “It is universally recognized that evidence, 

to be relevant to an inquiry, need not conclusively prove the 

ultimate fact in issue, but only have ‘any tendency to make the 

existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of 

the action more probable or less probable than it would be without 

the evidence.” 

Id. at 753-54, 607 S.E.2d at 744 (footnote omitted) (quoting McKoy v. North Carolina, 494 U.S. 

433, 440 (1990) (citations and internal brackets omitted)). “This standard entrusts juries with the 

task of weighing evidence of all probative gradations and gives them the freedom to accept or 

reject what they will.” Id. “We are content to rely upon the good sense and judgment of 

American juries, for evidence with some element of untrustworthiness is customary grist for the 

jury mill.” Id. (citation omitted). 

 While acknowledging these principles, Pryor argues the trial court nonetheless abused its 

discretion in admitting the July 24 videotape because it has no relevance except to show, 

impermissibly, a subsequent bad act of the defendant for the purpose of inflaming the jury with 

propensity evidence. If that conclusion were true, we would certainly agree and remand for a 

new trial. It is not true, however. 

“Ultimately, the question whether to admit evidence of other crimes involves the same 

considerations as any other circumstantial evidence.” Spencer v. Commonwealth, 240 Va. 78, 

90, 393 S.E.2d 609, 616 (1990). Settled Virginia law “follows an ‘inclusionary approach’ to the 

uncharged misconduct doctrine by admitting such evidence ‘if relevant, for any purpose other 
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than to show a mere propensity or disposition on the part of the defendant to commit the crime.’” 

Thomas, 44 Va. App. at 757 n.8, 607 S.E.2d at 745 n.8 (quoting Kent Sinclair, Joseph C. 

Kearfott, Paul F. Sheridan, & Edward J. Imwinkelried, Virginia Evidentiary Foundations

§ 6.4[A], at 165 (1998) (emphasis in original)). 

In this case, the other-than-propensity purpose for admitting the July 24 videotape was to 

rebut Pryor’s mistaken-identity argument. The video placed Pryor in a white Toyota Camry on 

July 24 arriving at Wood’s residence after being called by Wood. It tended to prove he was also 

the same (and only) black male (whom Wood only knew by the name “Willie”) in the same car 

that had previously been at Wood’s residence on June 16. And it was further corroborated by the 

additional evidence linking Pryor to the white Toyota Camry. 

 Needless to say, the defendant’s identity as the criminal actor is a threshold fact that any 

prosecution must establish. Proving this fact does not conflict “with the prior-bad-acts doctrine 

(he has done it before, thus, he did it this time) or the other-crimes principle (he committed one 

crime, thus, he committed another)” which are both “applications of the same rule prohibiting the 

use of propensity evidence in criminal prosecutions.” Thomas, 44 Va. App. at 756, 607 S.E.2d 

at 745. Proof of the “identity of the accused,” when that question is “in issue,” has been 

universally understood as outside the prohibition on mere propensity evidence for logical 

relevance purposes. Gonzales v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 375, 381, 611 S.E.2d 616, 619 

(2005) (en banc) (citation and footnote omitted); see also Commonwealth v. Minor, 267 Va. 166, 

174, 591 S.E.2d 61, 66-67 (2004) (recognizing that a “contested issue about the defendant’s 

identity” would generally render other crimes evidence logically relevant). 

When a non-propensity basis exists for admitting evidence, it does not matter if it 

involves incidents preceding or subsequent to the date of the alleged crime. See generally Scott 

v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 519, 526-27, 323 S.E.2d 572, 577 (1984) (accepting that, when 
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logically and legally relevant, factual circumstances “which followed the commission of the 

crime on trial, as well as those which preceded it” should be admissible “even though they may 

show the defendant guilty of other offenses”); see also Thomas, 44 Va. App. at 757 n.7, 607 

S.E.2d at 745 n.7 (citation omitted). A defendant, after all, “has no right to have the evidence 

‘sanitized’ so as to deny the jury knowledge of all but the immediate crime for which he is on 

trial.” Gregory v. Commonwealth, 46 Va. App. 683, 696-97, 621 S.E.2d 162, 169 (2005) 

(quoting Scott, 228 Va. at 526, 323 S.E.2d at 577); see also Jones v. Commonwealth, 32 

Va. App. 30, 41, 526 S.E.2d 281, 286 (2000). 

 Pryor counters that, whether relevant or not, the July 24 videotape should have been 

excluded because it was unduly prejudicial. We disagree. “In a sense, all ‘evidence tending to 

prove guilt is prejudicial’ — at least from the point of view of the person standing trial.” 

Thomas, 44 Va. App. at 757, 607 S.E.2d at 746 (quoting Powell v. Commonwealth, 267 Va. 107, 

141, 590 S.E.2d 537, 558 (2004)). “Virginia law, however, intervenes only when the alleged 

prejudice tends to inflame irrational emotions or leads to illegitimate inferences. And even then, 

it becomes a matter of degree.” Id. “Relevant evidence may be excluded only if the prejudicial 

effect of the evidence outweighs its probative value.” Goins v. Commonwealth, 251 Va. 442, 

461, 470 S.E.2d 114, 127 (1996) (emphasis added). “We generally defer to trial judges on this 

subject because they, unlike us, participate first person in the evidentiary process and acquire 

competencies on the subject that we can rarely duplicate merely by reading briefs and 

transcripts.” Thomas, 44 Va. App. at 758, 607 S.E.2d at 746. 

Under the circumstances of this case, we see good reason to defer to the trial court on this 

judgment call. Pryor’s counsel raised the identity issue in both his opening statement and his 

closing argument. Pryor’s counsel also proffered to the court the visual contents of the 

videotape, including the fact that it depicted a black male that appeared to be Pryor. The jury 
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had already seen the July 24 videotape during the Commonwealth’s case-in-chief before the July 

24 charge was stricken. At that time, Pryor requested no cautionary instruction to preclude the 

jury’s consideration of the July 24 videotape for any reason associated with the June 16 charge. 

And when the jury itself raised the question directly, the trial court properly instructed them to 

consider that evidence only to the extent it related to the June 16 charge, because at that time the 

July 24 charge was no longer before the jury. For these reasons, we cannot say that the trial 

court abused its discretion in leaving the July 24 videotape in evidence for purposes of proving 

Pryor’s identity as the lone black male occupying the white Toyota Camry at the time of the June 

16 controlled buy.1

 B. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

 Pryor contends that the evidence fails to prove him guilty of distributing cocaine during 

the June 16 controlled buy. We disagree. 

 When a jury decides the case, Code § 8.01-680 requires that “we review the jury’s 

decision to see if reasonable jurors could have made the choices that the jury did make. We let 

the decision stand unless we conclude no rational juror could have reached that decision.” Pease 

v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 342, 355, 573 S.E.2d 272, 278 (2002) (en banc), aff’d, 266 Va. 

397, 588 S.E.2d 149 (2003). Put another way, a reviewing court does not “ask itself whether it

believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. 

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979) (emphasis in original and citation omitted). We must 

instead ask whether “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the 

 

1

 The Commonwealth did not raise on appeal (and, given our holding, we need not 

address) the question whether the contemporaneous objection rule required Pryor to object at the 

time of the admission of the July 24 videotape to any consideration of that evidence in support of 

the June 16 charge. For similar reasons, we likewise do not decide whether Pryor’s successful 

motion to strike the evidence in support of the July 24 charge should have expressly challenged 

the continuing admissibility of the July 24 videotape. 
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crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Kelly v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 250, 257, 584 S.E.2d 

444, 447 (2003) (en banc) (quoting Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319 (emphasis in original)). “This 

familiar standard gives full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts 

in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to 

ultimate facts.” Id. “As an appellate court, we are not permitted to reweigh the evidence.” 

Nusbaum v. Berlin, 273 Va. 385, 408, 641 S.E.2d 494, 507 (2007). 

 The jury found Pryor guilty of distributing cocaine to Wood on June 16. Consistent with 

the Commonwealth’s theory of the case, the trial court instructed the jury on the definition of 

principal in the second degree: 

A principal in the first degree is the person who actually commits 

the crime. A principal in the second degree is a person who is 

present, aiding and abetting, by helping in some way in the 

commission of the crime. Presence and consent alone are not 

sufficient to constitute aiding and abetting. It must be shown that 

the defendant intended his words, gestures, signals or actions to in 

some way encourage, advise, or urge, or in some way help the 

person committing the crime to commit it. 

A principal in the second degree is liable for the same punishment 

as the person who actually committed the crime. 

1 Virginia Model Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 3.100, at 3-3 (2006); see also Code § 18.2-18 

(“In the case of every felony, every principal in the second degree and every accessory before the 

fact may be indicted, tried, convicted and punished in all respects as if a principal in the first 

degree . . . .”); Rollston v. Commonwealth, 11 Va. App. 535, 539, 399 S.E.2d 823, 825 (1991) 

(recognizing principal in the second degree liability where “defendant procured, encouraged, 

countenanced, or approved commission of the crime”). 

Ample evidence supports the rationality of the jury’s finding that Pryor participated in the 

drug deal as a principal in the second degree, if not a principal in the first degree. Seeking to buy 

cocaine, Wood called Pryor and his friend. Accompanied by an unidentified female, Pryor went 
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to Wood’s residence in his white Toyota Camry. An open exchange of money for drugs 

occurred between Wood and either Pryor or his female companion. Pryor participated in the 

planning for the drug deal, provided the transportation, and either physically passed the drugs to 

Wood in exchange for the $100 purchase price or aided and abetted his companion in doing so. 

The fact that Pryor showed up in exactly the same vehicle on July 24 (accompanied this time by 

a male) supported Wood’s testimony that Pryor in fact was the lone male in the vehicle during 

the June 16 drug deal. 

To be sure, “it is certain that proof that a person is present at the commission of a crime 

without disapproving or opposing it, is evidence from which, in connection with other 

circumstances, it is competent for the jury to infer that he assented thereto, lent to it his 

countenance and approval, and was thereby aiding and abetting the same.” Pugliese v. 

Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 82, 93-94, 428 S.E.2d 16, 25 (1993) (quoting Foster v. 

Commonwealth, 179 Va. 96, 99-100, 18 S.E.2d 314, 316 (1942)). The evidence before the jury 

amply satisfied this standard of criminal culpability. 

III. 

Finding no error in the trial court’s admission of the July 24 videotape or in the 

rationality of the jury’s verdict of guilt, we affirm Pryor’s conviction. 

 Affirmed and remanded.2

 2

 The indictment, arraignment, trial transcript, and verdict form (as well as the briefs on 

appeal) all identify Pryor’s crime on June 16, 2003, as distributing cocaine in violation of Code 

§ 18.2-248. The final sentencing order, however, mistakenly refers to the convicted crime as 

mere possession of cocaine in violation of Code § 18.2-248. Because of this inconsistency, we 

remand this case to the circuit court with leave to correct the apparent clerical error in the final 

order. See Code § 8.01-428(B).