# Patent

## Title
Cutting structures, tools for use in subterranean boreholes including cutting structures and related methods

## Abstract

Cutting structures for use with downhole tools in subterranean boreholes include a blade, a plurality of primary cutting elements coupled to the blade, and at least one secondary element rotationally leading the plurality of primary cutting elements in a direction of intended rotation of the cutting structure. The at least one secondary element is coupled to the blade proximate a leading surface of the blade and comprises at least one of a rubbing surface and a cutting surface. An exposure of at least one primary cutting element of the plurality of primary cutting elements is greater than an exposure of the at least one secondary element. Downhole tools such as reamers include cutting structures. Methods of enlarging a subterranean borehole include reaming a borehole with cutting structures.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/618,950, filed Apr. 2, 2012, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference.


TECHNICAL FIELD
Embodiments of the present disclosure relate generally to cutting structures for use in a subterranean borehole and, more particularly, to cutting structures for use with downhole tools for at least one of enlarging and drilling a subterranean borehole during a drilling operation (e.g., reamers or drill bits having a portion for enlarging a portion of the borehole) and to related methods.
BACKGROUND
Reamers are typically employed for enlarging subterranean boreholes. Conventionally, in drilling oil, gas, and geothermal wells, casing is installed and cemented to prevent the well bore walls from caving into the subterranean borehole while providing requisite shoring for subsequent drilling operation to achieve greater depths. Casing is also conventionally installed to isolate different formations, to prevent cross-flow of formation fluids, and to enable control of formation fluids and pressure as the borehole is drilled. To increase the depth of a previously drilled borehole, new casing is laid within and extended below the previous casing. While adding additional casing allows a borehole to reach greater depths, it has the disadvantage of narrowing the borehole. Narrowing the borehole restricts the diameter of any subsequent sections of the well because the drill bit and any further casing must pass through the existing casing. As reductions in the borehole diameter are undesirable because they limit the production flow rate of oil and gas through the borehole, it is often desirable to enlarge a subterranean borehole to provide a larger borehole diameter for installing additional casing beyond previously installed casing as well as to enable better production flow rates of hydrocarbons through the borehole.
A variety of approaches have been employed for enlarging a borehole diameter. One conventional approach used to enlarge a subterranean borehole includes using eccentric and bi-center bits. For example, an eccentric bit with a laterally extended or enlarged cutting portion is rotated about its axis to produce an enlarged borehole diameter. An example of an eccentric bit is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,635,738, which is assigned to the assignee of the present disclosure. A bi-center bit assembly employs two longitudinally superimposed bit sections with laterally offset axes, which, when rotated, produce an enlarged borehole diameter. An example of a bi-center bit is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,957,223, which is also assigned to the assignee of the present disclosure.
Another conventional approach used to enlarge a subterranean borehole includes employing an extended bottom-hole assembly with a pilot drill bit at the distal end thereof and a reamer assembly some distance above the pilot drill bit. This arrangement permits the use of any conventional rotary drill bit type (e.g., a rock bit or a drag bit), as the pilot bit and the extended nature of the assembly permit greater flexibility when passing through tight spots in the borehole as well as the opportunity to effectively stabilize the pilot drill bit so that the pilot drill bit and the following reamer will traverse the path intended for the borehole. This aspect of an extended bottom-hole assembly is particularly significant in directional drilling. The assignee of the present disclosure has, to this end, designed as reaming structures so called “reamer wings,” which generally comprise a tubular body having a fishing neck with a threaded connection at the top thereof and a tong die surface at the bottom thereof, also with a threaded connection. U.S. Patent Nos. RE36,817 and 5,495,899, both of which are assigned to the assignee of the present disclosure, disclose reaming structures including reamer wings. The upper midportion of the reamer wing tool includes one or more longitudinally extending blades projecting generally radially outwardly from the tubular body and PDC cutting elements are provided on the blades.
Expandable reamers may also be used to enlarge a subterranean borehole and may include blades that are pivotably or hingedly affixed to a tubular body and actuated by way of a piston disposed therein as disclosed by, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,402,856 to Warren. In addition, U.S. Pat No. 6,360,831 to Akesson et al., discloses a conventional borehole opener comprising a body equipped with at least two hole opening arms having cutting means that may be moved from a position of rest in the body to an active position by exposure to pressure of the drilling fluid flowing through the body. The blades in these reamers are initially retracted to permit the tool to be run through the borehole on a drill string, and, once the tool has passed beyond the end of the casing, the blades are extended so the bore diameter may be increased below the casing.
BRIEF SUMMARY
In some embodiments, the present disclosure includes a cutting structure for use with a downhole tool in a subterranean borehole. The cutting structure includes a blade, a plurality of primary cutting elements coupled to the blade, and at least one secondary element rotationally leading the plurality of primary cutting elements in a direction of intended rotation of the cutting structure. The at least one secondary element comprises at least one of a rubbing surface and a cutting surface and is coupled to the blade proximate a rotationally leading surface of the blade. An exposure of at least one primary cutting element of the plurality of primary cutting elements is greater than an exposure of the at least one secondary element.
In additional embodiments, the present disclosure includes a reamer for use in a subterranean borehole including a body and a plurality of blades coupled to the body. Each blade includes a plurality of primary cutting elements coupled to the blade and extending along the blade in a direction substantially parallel to a centerline of the blade and at least one secondary element comprising at least one of a rubbing surface and a cutting surface coupled to the blade proximate a rotationally leading surface of the blade and rotationally leading the plurality of primary cutting elements. An exposure of at least one primary cutting element of the plurality of primary cutting elements is greater than an exposure of the at least one secondary element.
In yet additional embodiments, the present disclosure includes methods for enlarging a subterranean borehole. The methods include engaging a subterranean borehole with at least one reamer blade coupled to a reamer, reaming a portion of the subterranean borehole with a plurality of primary cutting structures on the at least one blade, pivoting the reamer about the a plurality of primary cutting structures on the at least one blade and engaging the subterranean borehole with at least one secondary element on the at least one blade.
In yet additional embodiments, the present disclosure includes methods of forming downhole tools including cutting structures.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming what are regarded as embodiments of the disclosure, various features and advantages of embodiments of the disclosure may be more readily ascertained from the following description of some embodiments of the disclosure, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a side view of an embodiment of a reamer including a plurality of cutting structures in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 2 shows a transverse cross-sectional view of the reamer including the plurality of cutting structures as indicated by section line 2-2 in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 shows a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the reamer including the plurality of cutting structures as indicated by section line 3-3 in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 shows an enlarged cross-sectional view of a downhole portion reamer including the plurality of cutting structures shown in FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 shows an enlarged cross-sectional view of an uphole portion of reamer including the plurality of cutting structures shown in FIG. 3;
FIG. 6 shows a partial, longitudinal cross-sectional illustration of a reamer including the plurality of cutting structures in an expanded position;
FIG. 7 shows a partial, front view of a cutting structure in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 8 shows a top view of the cutting structure of FIG. 7 coupled to a downhole tool such as a reamer in accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 9 shows a partial, side view of a cutting structure in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 10 shows a top view of a cutting structure coupled to a downhole tool such as a reamer in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present disclosure; and
FIG. 11 shows a partial, front view of a cutting structure in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present disclosure.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The illustrations presented herein are, in some instances, not actual views of any particular tool, apparatus, structure, element, or other feature of a downhole or earth-boring tool, but are merely idealized representations that are employed to describe embodiments of the present disclosure. Additionally, elements common between figures may retain the same numerical designation.
As disclosed herein, embodiments of cutting structures for use with downhole tools (e.g., a reaming tool) may include cutting elements (e.g., primary cutting elements) positioned on a portion of the downhole tool (e.g., an exterior surface or structure of the downhole tool that protrudes from a body of the downhole tool such as, for example, one or more blades). For example, the primary cutting elements may be positioned on surfaces of a downhole tool that at least partially extend only the length of the tool or along the length of the borehole in which the tool is to be utilized. The primary cutting elements may be positioned on the blades at a location trailing the rotationally leading surface (e.g., a leading edge) of the blade. For example, the primary cutting elements may be formed as a row extending along the length of the blade and may be positioned proximate a centerline of the blade (e.g., at the centerline or positioned between the centerline and a trailing surface such as, for example, a trailing edge of the blade). In some embodiments, one or more additional elements comprising a rubbing surface, a cutting surface, or combinations thereof may be coupled to the blade proximate the rotationally leading surface of the blade (e.g., elements to reduce wear of the blade proximate the leading surface). For example, at least one wear element (e.g., hardfacing, inserts, etc.), a second plurality of cutting elements (e.g., secondary cutting elements) or combinations thereof may be positioned proximate the rotationally leading surface of the blade. In other words, the second, additional elements may be positioned to rotationally lead the primary cutting elements. The primary cutting elements may also be positioned on the blade to have an exposure greater than an exposure of the additional elements.
Although embodiments of the present disclosure are depicted as being used and employed in a reamer such as an expandable reamer, persons of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the embodiments of the present disclosure may be employed in any downhole tool where use of cutting structures as disclosed herein, is desirable. For example, one or more cutting structures may be utilized with any type of tool or drill bit used at least partially for the enlargement of a wellbore in a subterranean formation (e.g., a reaming tool, a reamer, or a drill bit having a portion thereof for enlarging a borehole). Such reamers may include, for example, fixed reamers, expandable reamers, bicenter bits, and eccentric bits. In other embodiments, one or more cutting structures may be used with any type of tool or drill bit (i.e., downhole tools) for use in boreholes or wells in earth formations. For example, a downhole tool may employ one or more cutting structures used for drilling during the formation or enlargement of a wellbore in a subterranean formation and include, for example, earth-boring rotary drill bits, roller cone bits, core bits, mills, hybrid bits employing both fixed and rotatable cutting structures, and other drilling bits and tools as known in the art.
In some embodiments, the expandable reamer described herein may be similar to the expandable apparatus described in, for example, United States Patent Application Publication No. US 2008/0128175 A1, entitled “Expandable Reamers for Earth-Boring Applications,” filed Dec. 3, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,900,717; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/570,464, entitled “Earth-Boring Tools having Expandable Members and Methods of Making and Using Such Earth-Boring Tools,” filed Sep. 30, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,230,951; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/894,937, entitled “Earth-Boring Tools having Expandable Members and Related Methods,” and filed Sep. 30, 2010; and United States Patent Application Publication No. US 2012/0111579 A1, entitled “Tools for Use in Subterranean Boreholes having Expandable Members and Related Methods,” and filed Nov. 8, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,038,748, issued May 26, 2015, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference.
An embodiment of an expandable reamer apparatus 100 is shown in FIG. 1. The expandable reamer apparatus 100 may include a generally cylindrical tubular body 108 having a longitudinal axis L108. The tubular body 108 of the expandable reamer apparatus 100 may have a distal end 190, a proximal end 191, and an outer surface 111. The distal end 190 of the tubular body 108 of the expandable reamer apparatus 100 may include a set of threads (e.g., a threaded male pin member) for connecting the distal end 190 to another section of a drill string (not shown) or another component of a bottom-hole assembly (BHA), such as, for example, a drill collar or collars carrying a pilot drill bit for drilling a well bore. In some embodiments, the expandable reamer apparatus 100 may include a lower sub 109 that connects to the lower box connection of the reamer body 108. Similarly, the proximal end 191 of the tubular body 108 of the expandable reamer apparatus 100 may include a set of threads (e.g., a threaded female box member) for connecting the proximal end 191 to another section of a drill string or another component of a bottom-hole assembly (BHA).
The expandable reamer apparatus 100 may include one or more cutting structures 101 including a blade 106 (FIG. 2) and cutting elements as discussed below. For example, three sliding blades 106 are retained in circumferentially spaced relationship in the tubular body 108 as further described below and may be provided at a position along the expandable reamer apparatus 100 intermediate the first distal end 190 and the second proximal end 191. The blades 106 may be comprised of steel, tungsten carbide, a particle-matrix composite material (e.g., hard particles dispersed throughout a metal matrix material), or other suitable materials as known in the art. The cutting structures 101 are retained in an initial, retracted position within the tubular body 108 of the expandable reamer apparatus 100, as illustrated in FIG. 3, but may be moved responsive to application of hydraulic pressure into the extended position, as illustrated in FIG. 6, and returned to the retracted position when desired. The expandable reamer apparatus 100 may be configured such that the cutting structures 101 engage the walls of a subterranean formation surrounding a well bore in which the expandable reamer apparatus 100 is disposed to remove formation material when the cutting structures 101 are in the extended position, but are not operable to engage the walls of a subterranean formation within a well bore when the cutting structures 101 are in the retracted position. While the expandable reamer apparatus 100 includes three cutting structures 101, it is contemplated that one, two or more than three cutting structures may be utilized to advantage. Moreover, while the cutting structures 101 of expandable reamer apparatus 100 are symmetrically circumferentially positioned about the longitudinal axis L108 along the tubular body 108, the cutting structures 101 may also be positioned circumferentially asymmetrically as well as asymmetrically about the longitudinal axis L108. The expandable reamer apparatus 100 may also include a plurality of stabilizer pads to stabilize the tubular body 108 of expandable reamer apparatus 100 during drilling or reaming processes. For example, the expandable reamer apparatus 100 may include upper hard face pads, mid hard face pads, and lower hard face pads.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the expandable reamer apparatus 100 shown in FIG. 1, taken along section line 2-2 shown therein. As shown in FIG. 2, the elongated cylindrical wall of the tubular body 108 encloses a fluid passageway 192 that extends longitudinally through the tubular body 108. Fluid may travel through the fluid passageway 192 in a longitudinal bore 151 of the tubular body 108 (and a longitudinal bore of a sleeve member).
To better describe aspects of embodiments of the disclosure, in FIG. 2, one of cutting structures 101 is shown in the outward or extended position while the other cutting structures 101 are shown in the initial or retracted positions. In the retracted or recessed position, the cutting structures 101 of the expandable reamer apparatus 100 may be substantially disposed within the tubular body 108 of the expandable reamer apparatus 100. The cutting structures 101 may extend beyond the outer diameter of the tubular body 108 when in the extended position, for example, to engage the walls of a borehole in a reaming operation.
The three sliding blades 106 of the cutting structures 101 may be retained in three blade tracks 148 formed in the tubular body 108.
The cutting structures 101 each carry one or more rows of elements configured to engage with the wall of a subterranean borehole during downhole operations. For example, the cutting structures 101 may include a row of cutting elements (e.g., primary cutting elements 120) positioned on each blade 106 of the cutting structures 101. The primary cutting elements 120 are configured to engage material of a subterranean formation defining the wall of an open borehole when the cutting structures 101 are in an extended position. As above, the primary cutting elements 120 may be positioned on the blades 106 at a location trailing a rotationally leading surface 110 of the blade 106. For example, the primary cutting elements 120 may be formed as a row extending along the length of the blade 106 and may be positioned proximate a centerline (see, e.g., FIG. 7) of the blade 106 (e.g., at the centerline or positioned between the centerline and a trailing surface 112 of the blade 106).
One or more additional, secondary elements 118 forming a cutting surface, a rubbing surface, or combinations thereof may be positioned proximate the rotationally leading surface 110 of the blade 106. In other words, the secondary elements 118 may be positioned to rotationally lead the primary cutting elements 120. The secondary elements 118 may comprise at least one wear element (e.g., hardfacing, inserts, rubbing or bearing elements, etc.), a second plurality of cutting elements (e.g., secondary cutting elements) or combinations thereof.
The primary cutting elements 120 may be configured to be relatively more aggressive than the secondary elements 118. For example, the primary cutting elements 120 may have an exposure greater than an exposure of the secondary elements 118. In additional embodiments, the primary cutting elements 120 may have a back rake angle less than a back rake angle of the secondary elements 118. In such an embodiments, the relatively greater back rake angle of the secondary elements 118 may act to reduce the likelihood that the secondary element 118 will engage (e.g., cut) the formation, thereby, enabling the secondary elements 118 to move along (e.g., slide along) the formation, for example, while stabilizing the cutting structure 101, as the primary cutting elements 120 remove material (e.g., ream) the formation. In other embodiments, the primary cutting elements 120 may have an exposure greater than an exposure of the secondary elements 118 and may have a back rake angle greater than a back rake angle of the secondary elements 118. In yet other embodiments, the secondary elements 118 may have a larger chamfer or comprise cutting elements having relatively less aggressive or efficient cutting edge geometries as compared to the primary cutting elements 120.
In some embodiments, the secondary elements 118 and primary cutting elements 120 may be polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutters or other cutting elements known in the art. In embodiments where the secondary elements 118 are configured to remove material from a subterranean borehole (e.g., where the secondary elements 118 comprise a cutting surface), the secondary elements 118 (e.g., secondary cutting elements) may remove material from the formation and act to protect a rotationally leading portion of the blades 106 from substantial wear as the blades 106 contact the subterranean formation.
In some embodiments, the secondary elements 118 may be shaped inserts (e.g., circular shaped inserts such as, for example, ovoids) formed from superabrasive materials (e.g., diamond-enhanced materials such as, for example, thermally stable product (TSP) inserts) and/or tungsten carbide materials, other shaped tungsten carbide and diamond-enhanced inserts (e.g., bricks or discs), or combinations thereof. In embodiments where the secondary elements 118 are not configured to primarily remove material from a subterranean borehole (e.g., where the secondary elements 118 are configured as a bearing or rubbing surface), the secondary elements 118 may act to protect a rotationally leading portion of the blades 106 from substantial wear as the blades 106 contact the subterranean formation.
In some embodiments, the secondary elements 118 may be configured as substantially chisel-shaped elements, chisel-shaped elements having one or more blunt surfaces, elements configured to have a plowing, gouging, and/or crushing cutting action, or combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, the cutting structures 101 may include additional wear features such as, for example, hardfacing on portions of the blades 106 (e.g., at the rotationally leading surface 110 as shown in FIG. 10).
FIG. 3 shows a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the expandable reamer apparatus 100 as indicated by section line 3-3 in FIG. 2. The expandable reamer apparatus 100 may include an actuating feature, such as a push sleeve 115 coupled to extendable and retractable cutting structures 101. The actuating feature of the reamer apparatus 100 may also include a latch sleeve 117 coupled to the push sleeve 115. In some embodiments, the latch sleeve 117 may be formed as a portion of the push sleeve 115. The push sleeve 115 may be directly or indirectly coupled (e.g., by a linkage) to the one or more cutting structures 101 of the expandable reamer apparatus 100. As discussed below in further detail, the push sleeve 115 may move in an uphole direction 159 in order to transition the cutting structures 101 between the extended and retracted position. The cutting structures 101 of the expandable reamer apparatus 100 may be retained in a retracted position by a retaining feature such as a sleeve member (e.g., a traveling sleeve 102). As depicted in FIGS. 4 through 6, the length of the traveling sleeve 102 may be varied in different embodiments depending on the application.
As shown in FIG. 4, the expandable reamer apparatus 100 may include a traveling sleeve 102, which is movable from a first, initial position, which is shown in FIG. 4, in a downhole direction 157 to a second position (e.g., a triggered position) shown in FIG. 6. The traveling sleeve 102 may be at least partially received within a portion of the actuating feature of the reamer apparatus 100 (e.g., one or more of a portion of the push sleeve 115 and a portion of the latch sleeve 117). For example, the push sleeve 115 and the latch sleeve 117 may be cylindrically retained between the traveling sleeve 102 and the inner surface of the tubular body 108 of the expandable reamer apparatus 100.
The push sleeve 115 may be retained in the initial position by the traveling sleeve 102. For example, a portion of the traveling sleeve 102 may act to secure a portion of the push sleeve 115 (or another component attached thereto such as, for example, the latch sleeve 117) to a portion of an inner wall 107 of the tubular body 108 of the expandable reamer apparatus 100.
Referring still to FIG. 4, when the traveling sleeve 102 is in the initial position, the hydraulic pressure may act on the push sleeve 115, which is coupled the latch sleeve 117, between an outer surface of the traveling sleeve 102 and an inner surface of the tubular body 108. With or without hydraulic pressure, when the expandable reamer apparatus 100 is in the initial position, the push sleeve 115 is prevented from moving (e.g., in the uphole direction 159) by the latch sleeve 117.
After the traveling sleeve 102 travels sufficiently far enough from the initial position in the downhole direction 157 (e.g., to a triggered position) to enable the latch sleeve 117 to be disengaged from the tubular body 108, the latch sleeve 117, which is coupled to the push sleeve 115, may both move in the uphole direction 159. In order for the push sleeve 115 to move in the uphole direction 159, the differential pressure between the longitudinal bore 151 and the outer surface 111 of the tubular body 108 caused by the hydraulic fluid flow must be sufficient to overcome the restoring force or bias of a spring 116.
FIG. 5 shows an enlarged cross-sectional view of an uphole portion of an embodiment of an expandable reamer apparatus 100. As shown in FIG. 5, the push sleeve 115 includes, at its proximal end, a yoke 114 coupled to the push sleeve 115. The yoke 114 includes three arms 177, each arm 177 being coupled to one of the cutting structures 101 by a pinned linkage 178. The pinned linkage 178 enables the cutting structures 101 to rotationally transition about the arms 177 of the yoke 114 as the actuating means (e.g., the push sleeve 115, the yoke 114, and the linkage 178) transitions the cutting structures 101 between the extended and retracted positions.
Referring now to FIGS. 4 and 6, the expandable reaming apparatus 100 is now described in terms of its operational aspects. Before “triggering” the expandable reamer apparatus 100 to the expanded position, the expandable reamer apparatus 100 is maintained in an initial, retracted position as shown in FIG. 4. While the traveling sleeve 102 is in the initial position, the cutting structure actuating feature (e.g., the push sleeve 115) is prevented from actuating the cutting structures 101. When it is desired to trigger the expandable reamer apparatus 100, the traveling sleeve 102 is moved in the downhole direction 157 to release the latch sleeve 117. For example, the rate of flow of drilling fluid through the reamer apparatus 100 is increased to increase the hydraulic pressure at a constricted portion 104 of the traveling sleeve 102 and to exert a force (e.g., a force due to a pressure differential) against the traveling sleeve 102 and translate the traveling sleeve 102 in the downhole direction 157. In additional embodiments, other methods may be used to constrict fluid flow through the traveling sleeve 102 in order to move the traveling sleeve 102 in the downhole direction 157. For example, an obstruction may be selectively disposed within the traveling sleeve 102 to at least partially occlude fluid from flowing therethrough in order to apply a force in the downhole direction 157 to the traveling sleeve 102.
As shown in FIG. 6, the traveling sleeve 102 may travel sufficiently far enough from the initial position in the downhole direction 157 to enable the latch sleeve 117 to be disengaged from the groove 124 of the tubular body 108. The latch sleeve 117, coupled to the pressure-activated push sleeve 115, may move in the uphole direction 159 under fluid pressure influence (e.g., from fluid supplied through orifices in one or more of the latch sleeve 117, the traveling sleeve 102, and a ring 113). As the fluid pressure is increased by the increased fluid flow, the biasing force of the spring 116 is overcome enabling the push sleeve 115 to move in the uphole direction 159. Movement of the push sleeve 115 in the uphole direction 159 may move the yoke 114 and the cutting structures 101 in the uphole direction 159. In moving in the uphole direction 159, the cutting structures 101 each follow a ramp or track 148 to which they are mounted (e.g., via a type of modified square dovetail groove 179 (FIG. 2)).
Whenever the flow rate of the drilling fluid passing through the traveling sleeve 102 is decreased below a selected flow rate value, the traveling sleeve 102 may be returned to the initial position shown in FIG. 4 under the biasing force of spring 116. As the traveling sleeve 102 returns to the initial position, the latch sleeve 117 may return to the initial position and the traveling sleeve 102 may again secure the latch sleeve 117 to the tubular body 108. The push sleeve 115, the yoke 114, the cutting structures 101, and the latch sleeve 117 may also be returned to their initial or retracted positions under the force of the spring 116.
Whenever the flow rate of the drilling fluid passing through traveling sleeve 102 is elevated to or beyond a selected flow rate value, the traveling sleeve 102 may again move in the downhole direction 157 releasing the latch sleeve 117 as shown in FIG. 6. The push sleeve 115 with the yoke 114 and cutting structures 101 may then move upward with the cutting structures 101 following the tracks 148 to again ream the prescribed larger diameter in a borehole. In this manner, the expandable reamer apparatus 100 may move the cutting structures 101 between the retracted position and the expanded position in a repetitive manner (e.g., an unlimited amount of times).
FIG. 7 shows a partial, front view of a cutting structure 201 including multiple rows (e.g., two) of elements (e.g., cutting elements). In some embodiments, cutting structure 201 may be somewhat similar to the cutting structures 101 discussed above. As shown in FIG. 7, the cutting structure 201 including a plurality of secondary elements (e.g., secondary cutting elements 218) and a plurality of cutting elements (e.g., primary cutting elements 220) may be formed on a portion of a downhole tool. For example, the primary cutting elements 220 and secondary elements 218 may be formed on a portion of the downhole tool that protrudes (e.g., permanently or selectively) from another portion of the downhole tool (e.g., a blade 206 of a reamer such as, for example, and the expandable reamer 100 discussed above). As noted above, in some embodiments, the secondary elements 218 may be formed as bearing or rubbing elements (i.e., configured to move along a surface of the subterranean formation without substantially removing material therefrom) instead of cutting elements.
Cutting elements 220 extend along the blade 206 in a position rotationally trailing cutting elements 218. In other words, cutting elements 220 may trail cutting elements 218 in a direction of indented rotation of the cutting structure 201 during a downhole operation. For example, cutting elements 218 may positioned proximate (e.g., at) the rotationally leading surface of the blade 206. The cutting elements 220 may be positioned proximate to (e.g., at or rotationally trailing) a centerline CL of the blade 206. For example, the cutting elements 220 may be positioned on the blade 206 between the centerline CL of the blade 206 and a trailing surface 212 of the blade 206. The cutting elements 220 may extend along the length of the blade 206 (e.g., in direction substantially parallel to the centerline CL).
In some embodiments, the cutting structure 201 may include one or more inserts 208 positioned proximate the cutting elements 218, 220 (e.g., on an uphole portion of the blade 206) that are configured to provide a rubbing surface that may contact the formation during downhole operation.
FIG. 8 shows a top view of the cutting structure of FIG. 7 coupled to a downhole tool such as a reamer 200. As shown in FIG. 8, cutting elements 220 have an exposure greater than an exposure of the cutting elements 218. In other words, cutting elements 220 extend relatively further from the surface of the blade 206 on which they are mounted than cutting elements 218. The relatively greater exposures of the cutting elements 220 will act to engage the cutting elements 220 with a subterranean formation 10 before the cutting elements 218 engage with the formation 10. In other words, cutting elements 220 will operate as relatively more aggressive, primary cutters and cutting elements 218 will operate as secondary cutters.
FIG. 9 shows a partial, side view of a cutting structure 301 that may be somewhat similar to the cutting structures 101, 201 discussed above. As shown in FIG. 9, primary cutting elements 320 have an exposure D2 that is greater than an exposure D1 of the secondary elements 318. As discussed above, the secondary elements 318 may comprise cutting elements, shaped inserts (e.g., ovoids) formed from superabrasive materials and/or tungsten carbide materials, or combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, the primary cutting elements 320 (also, primary cutting elements 120, 220 (see FIGS. 2, 7, and 8)) may be offset (e.g., laterally offset in a direction substantially transverse to a rotational path of the secondary elements 318) from one or more secondary elements 318 (also, secondary elements 118, 218 (see FIGS. 2, 7, and 8)). For example, one or more of the primary cutting elements 320 may be positioned at a location laterally between two secondary elements 318. In other embodiments, the primary cutting elements 320 may each be positioned substantially within a rotational path of a corresponding secondary element 318 (e.g., directly trailing). For example, the primary cutting elements 320 may each be positioned in a kerf of a corresponding secondary element 318.
FIG. 10 shows a top view of the cutting structure 401 coupled to a downhole tool such as a reamer 400 that may be somewhat similar to the cutting structures 101, 201, 301 discussed above. As shown in FIG. 10, secondary element 418 may rotationally lead cutting elements 420 and may be formed as a wear-resistance surface (e.g., hardfacing) at rotationally leading portions of the blade 406 (e.g., at leading surface 410, radially outward surface 411, or combinations thereof. In such an embodiment, the secondary element 418 may be formed as only a wear-resistance surface or may include additional secondary elements such as, for example, elements 118, 218, 318 discussed above.
FIG. 11 shows a partial, front view of a cutting structure 501 that may be somewhat similar to the cutting structures 101, 201, 301, 401 discussed above. The cutting structure 501 includes secondary elements comprising shaped inserts 502. As mentioned above, the shaped inserts 502 may comprise one or more of circular shaped inserts 503 (e.g., ovoids), bricks 504, and discs 505. Such shaped inserts 502 may be formed from one or more of superabrasive materials (e.g., diamond-enhanced materials such as, for example, thermally stable product (TSP) inserts) and tungsten carbide materials. As above, the shaped inserts 502 may rotationally lead cutting elements 520 and may be positioned at rotationally leading portions of blade 506 (e.g., at leading surface 510).
Embodiments of the present disclosure may be particularly useful in providing a cutting structure that is relatively more robust in handling drilling and/or reaming dysfunctions during downhole operations (e.g., vibrations caused by operations including a reamer following a pilot bit). For example, referring back to FIGS. 7 and 8, positioning the primary cutting elements 220 proximate the centerline CL of the blade 206 may alter the pivot point of the blade 206. As discussed above, additional elements (e.g., one or more rubbing, bearing, or cutting elements such as cutting elements 218) at the rotationally leading surface 210 of the blade 206 may be formed to act as a dampening or rocking feature to be the second point of contact rather the subsequent blade (see, e.g., FIG. 2).
Cutting structures having primary cutting elements positioned at the rotationally leading surface thereof may, during a dysfunction, cause the primary cutting elements at the leading surface to become lodged in the formation material of the borehole wall, causing the downhole tool (e.g., reamer) to experience forward whirl. In other words, the drill string to which the reamer is attached continues to rotate while one or more cutting structures of the reamer are lodged in the formation (i.e., the reamer is not rotating or rotating at a slower rotational speed than the drill string) causing a rotational force (e.g., a reactive moment in a direction opposite to the direction of rotation of the drill string) to build in the drill string. Such a force will generally cause the reamer to pivot on the primary cutting element engaged with the formation causing one or more adjacent cutting structures of the reamer to be forced into the formation, potentially damaging the blade and the cutting elements thereon.
Embodiments of the present disclosure including primary cutting elements positioned away from the rotationally leading edge of the blade may form a pivot point proximate the centerline of the blade (i.e., a pivot point rotationally spaced from the leading edge of the blades). During a dysfunction, the reamer may pivot under a rotation force. However, the primary cutting elements positioned proximate the centerline or trailing surface of the blade may act to pivot the reamer such that the rotationally leading portion of the blade, including additional elements thereon to protect the blade and reamer, may be forced into the formation. Such positioning of a pivot point on the blade and additional, secondary elements at the rotationally leading surface of the blade may reduce the potential damage caused to adjacent cutting structures as compared to cutting structures with primary cutting elements at the leading portion thereof.
While particular embodiments of the disclosure have been shown and described, numerous variations and other embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended that the disclosure only be limited in terms of the appended claims and their legal equivalents.

## Claims

1. A reamer for use in a subterranean borehole comprising:
a body; and
a plurality of blades coupled to the body, each blade of the plurality of blades comprising:
a plurality of primary cutting elements coupled to the respective blade of the plurality of blades, each primary cutting element of the plurality of primary cutting elements comprising a polycrystalline diamond compact having a planar cutting face configured to remove material from the subterranean borehole; and
at least one secondary element rotationally leading the plurality of primary cutting elements in a direction of intended rotation of the body, the at least one secondary element coupled to the respective blade proximate a leading surface of the respective blade, the at least one secondary element positioned and oriented on the respective blade as a rubbing surface primarily configured for wear, the rubbing surface being substantially flush with at least one radially outermost surface of the respective blade, wherein an exposure of at least one primary cutting element of the plurality of primary cutting elements is greater than an exposure of the at least one secondary element, and wherein a back rake angle of the of at least one primary cutting element of the plurality of primary cutting elements is less than a back rake angle of the at least one secondary element.

2. The reamer of claim 1, wherein the plurality of primary cutting elements extends along the respective blade in a direction substantially parallel to a centerline of the respective blade.

3. The reamer of claim 2, wherein each of the plurality of primary cutting elements is positioned proximate to the centerline of the respective blade.

4. The reamer of claim 3, wherein each of the plurality of primary cutting elements is positioned at the centerline of the respective blade.

5. The reamer of claim 3, wherein each of the plurality of primary cutting elements is positioned between the centerline of the respective blade and a trailing surface of the respective blade.

6. The reamer of claim 1, wherein the at least one secondary element comprises a plurality of inserts.

7. The reamer of claim 6, wherein the plurality of inserts is formed from at least one of a diamond-enhanced material and a material comprising tungsten carbide.

8. The reamer of claim 6, wherein the plurality of inserts comprises at least one of an ovoid shape, a disc shape, or a brick shape.

9. The reamer of claim 1, wherein the at least one secondary element comprises a hardfacing material formed on a portion of a body of the respective blade.

10. The reamer of claim 1, wherein an exposure of each primary cutting element of the plurality of primary cutting elements is greater than the exposure of the at least one secondary element.

11. The reamer of claim 1, wherein the at least one secondary element is laterally offset from each of the plurality of primary cutting elements in a direction transverse to the direction of intended rotation of the cutting structure.

12. The reamer of claim 1, wherein the at least one secondary element is positioned at the leading surface of the respective blade.

13. The reamer of claim 12, wherein the at least one secondary element comprises a plurality of secondary elements positioned on the leading surface of the respective blade and a radially outward surface of the respective blade.

14. A reamer for use in a subterranean borehole comprising:
a body; and
a plurality of blades coupled to the body, each blade of the plurality of blades comprising:
a plurality of primary cutting elements coupled to the respective blade of the plurality of blades and extending along the respective blade in direction substantially parallel to a centerline of the respective blade; and
at least one non-cutting rubbing surface configured for wear coupled to the respective blade proximate a leading surface of the respective blade and rotationally leading the plurality of primary cutting elements, wherein an exposure of at least one primary cutting element of the plurality of primary cutting elements is greater than an exposure of the at least one non-cutting rubbing surface configured for wear, and wherein a majority of a radially outermost portion of the non-cutting rubbing surface configured for wear is positioned substantially flush with a radially outermost surface of the respective blade.

15. The reamer of claim 14, wherein each of the plurality of primary cutting elements of each blade of the plurality of blades is positioned proximate to the centerline of the respective blade of the plurality of blades.

16. The reamer of claim 15, wherein each of the plurality of primary cutting elements of each blade of the plurality of blades is positioned between the centerline of the respective blade of the plurality of blades and a trailing surface of the respective blade.

17. A method for enlarging a subterranean borehole, the method comprising:
engaging a subterranean borehole with at least one reamer blade coupled to a reamer;
reaming a portion of the subterranean borehole with a plurality of primary cutting structures positioned proximate a centerline of the at least one reamer blade;
pivoting the reamer about the plurality of primary cutting structures on the at least one reamer blade; and
engaging the subterranean borehole with a non-cutting rubbing surface configured for wear of at least one secondary element positioned proximate a leading surface of the at least one reamer blade and positioned substantially flush with at least one radially outermost surface of the at least one reamer blade.

18. The method of claim 17, further comprising protecting at least a portion of the reamer with the at least one secondary element comprising a material selected for wear-resistance.