._

OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF TEXAS AUSTIN



## pr.%oorg*

‘L1. Gor

rtio par par*

lathla dkreotly or **inalre8tl;l n** water aw rarlmm BI: f thing tI%erein,OF in ewh that it till pmwbL7 rr*Gh tere 

## 0rmaah water aours or 

### or water IFW wbdoh step :e rho l tuts 3-6rttni

rimpi to mu w8ter 

### QOUFS~OP publ%c bo4y sf

## waternitbcmt **aietlnetion** betrren aurfaoe au4 oub-aurfaoe mtere. If un4wgroun4 water8 may oonatltute publie waters than we deem themundmibte.adl7 to hare been LnaludeG **by** tha **hg~d.atu~ur~, beoawe**  **the ltrtute**  

### embrass* all publle 

### waters wlthaut eterptkoa. 

### htwm-gr0ma watera hate besn geaerally olarsed 86 el&her (11underground rtreamt vlth **a** ourrent of flow

### P, Dr. George W.Cox, page 2

in a a*rlnlte oour8e 

### and (b) percolating water*, percolating alalerrl~ without aerinite direotion, referred to a8 

### *aimt84a peraolatl waters.

### * an4 **Water**



### % lghta." gee reatlon 1188, Kinney on *Irrlgatlon Undorgrouaa 

### stream8a* thus defined have been un%veraally held 

### to oonstitute publ.lowater* in the samemanner a8 rurfaoe rtre8mr. 

### Chier Su*tloe Cureton rpeakl Court In the i4qarRg oa84 

### or Texas Company v8.3 

### for the 8upreme urkett, 296 8.W. 273reoognlma by lmpll*atlon the pub110 aharaoter ofs~k;~aoe rtreus whioh are **not** 8ubJeot to pr&vate ornerrhlp. : *In other word*, ln*oiar 

### a# thir reoord dl**loma*, they were neither 8urfaee water nor l ubmrfaae rtream8 wlth defined crhannel8, nor riparlan 

### water in anJ form, an4 thereiore were the exolu8lvr property of hrkett.” 296 6.W., at p. 278.

In co T lJurir Vol. 67, 1).8Jl, It is 8aid: ‘Where a subterranean 8 ream flbW8 la a dlrtlnet, permanent, well known an4 aerln*a ohmmel, it la governed b7 the same rules a8 applled 

### to 8 naturalwat8rwnarr* on the l urfao*. . . .* C In Harlaopa Co. Hun. water Conservation D~etrlat So. 1



### VS. kuthwe8t Cotton Oerpanj, 4 P. 

### tea) 369 

### it wa8 

### held that ,:,: ,:,, the

### om~aaterl~ti%r or 8,, 

### ‘water, aour8e’ whehier 8urirae. OF:.&j&= tefishsan are that It *hall brve 

### a ohanael eon*l8tlag or 

### a wllde?lneU bed **and**bank, **an4 ourrent**  of water.

It 18 stated in Longam work on Irrigation, 680. 92, that %here 

### vaterr oomeot 

### or gather in a 8treaa flowing in a 

### defined0hmn81, uo it.

It I* **our** opinion therefore that Artlole 4444 Revlead Civil Statute*, 1925, Inoluder rubmrtaoe stream AI pub110 water8 ooureea on bodler,ofwater. There 18 another type OS underground water, in all respeot the oharaoterlstlae ofwhlth 

### do not 

### oonfora to thore 

### of either of the two general alarret of underground vater referred to above. This olals8har been Judlolally reoognlred though not generally a6 a (llctlnatclams. In Corpus Jurla, Vol. 67, p. RX, lt 11,said:

*The general rule ve*tln@:the ownerehlp of peroolatlng water in the owner OS the land has been held not to apply to the waters of an artleian bam1n underlying the land* of several owner* llprto oontw subterrs

horwv thrq&out a butween an w and Lower lm~ervloua atrw ,Dr. George X. Cox, page 3

and inwhich there lr more or lees movement, both perpendicular and horizontal, through the earth and rook. an4 at page 834, la Corpur Jurls, Vol. 67, It le **maid:**

*Where a subterranean 

### stream flare In 

### a aietinot, permanent, veil 

### known**an&**

### 4eflneU ohnnnml, it I* governed by the sase rule6 

### as applied to P natural water aourmeon thb surfaoe, an6 the owner* 

### of land beneath which It flowe have the same right with reapeot to it e* rlparlan proprietors bare with rerpeot to a *treu on the murfaaa, aon4ltlonea on the vater ooolng to hI8 land in a natural flow, regnrdleme of whether or not It Isunder pre*eure. Also the rule* a* to rlparian 

### rights of ovnera on a natural vater **Bourre** on the eurfaae **extends**

**. .**  **. to**  **located** in vu11 m

In the ease of the 

### City of Lo8 Angelee vs. Hunter, ,) ~~~,~:.~~a.,~~?V~

.+efJ me 603, v?,~+d tW: miPeroolatlng **vatera ’** **,** In the aommon law eenme **of** the tars, **are** thoee that **are m&rant,**  **van&wihg** drape, moving by gravity In any and every d;reotlon 

### along the line of least rerl*t

### anac. s does not 

### s* par-- form a **vast** ;~a48 **of** t&fir conflmb in a -led witi 

### fietriQ& alwaye 

### slowlg moving downward to the **outlet in**  **oonformity** with the physloal lav to attaln a uniform level.’ In the Lo* iingelemoa*e, the Supreme Court of CalIfornla held that the olty of Los **Angeler** VMJ entitled to an lnJunction against an aggregate of tvo hundred and maven 4cfe;e;:s from pumping water **from** the *anCs of Ean **Fernannbo**Valley. there warna findlng on the part of the court that the water* developed ln the wells of the appellsnts a’repart of the oubterranean flow of the Los Angeles filver,the court nevertheless reoognlzea the faot that the water diE not In fact mupvwt the surface ,flova* **an** ordinary underflow 

### of water, and therefore It prooeeded to dl*tlnlfulehthe peroolatlng water* from ordinary *. peroolat1ng waters and declared them to,be oi auoh a characterC Dr. George %'.Cox, page 4

a6 eruentlall~ to oonstltute 

### a "flow." %d the valley waters aotuallg oonatltuted 

### the underflow of the river, Itwould under the deci6iOn6 hart been eonsidtreb a part of the river and there **wOUM h6~e**  bean no need to ai6ttn~'i6h euchwater from Ordinary or dlffured peroolatlng waters. $he court 

### raid:



## l Unque8t1onably the outtlng off of this 6upp1ywould as OOPlpl%telydeetroy the Lo6 ~ngelec River a6 would th6 outting off of the Great Laker **destroy** the St. Lawrenoe. hn Ternando Valley may indeed be regarded se a Great Lake filled with loose detritus, Into uhloh the drainage **from** th6 neighboring mmntalnr flowr, 

### and the outlet ol whloh 16 the Lo6 Angel86 **River.** B br t& the6e w-a af ogre moy&@Or6 &W~P t&Q &&~w~In~e~ all 16 B irrtheBPITOWO~ thonnhw 00Apgsler River ~1-0s ffnque8tlonablgll6c a atrlous Interruption a? & interference with 

### thl.8 **supply** would certainly impair the volume ofwater oarrled **by** the Los Angeler River as though the **ln** ttrruptlon and lnterferenot were with a aurfaoe rlowlng tributary thereof. The 

### water6 of the 66~ '~'"'fs+nando

Valltj'8ra thkroior& 

### not 'peroolatlng E-E~ watera' in 

### the oommonlaw len6t of the term, vagrant, wuI&arlnga drop6 moving by gravity in any **and every**  direction along the lln6 **of** lea66 rtrlrttnoe. a x&=6 u-6 lt 18true but wikf In W of water ou -cl m rlwayr elowlymoving downward to the outlet in the &fox% In oonfonnlty with phySIca 

### laws to obtaln 

### a uniiorm level. "$0 It It **in616ttd** by appellant **that** these water6 6re ptroolatlng waters, and **that** of them they have the oomdtonlaw right of absolute ownershIp 

### a6 modliltd 

### in thI6 6t8tt only by the

### dootrine of %atz VII.Uallclnshaw,supra, namely that the quantum of water which they u6e @hall be In 

### reasonable proportIon6 to the whole thereof, and that thewater 60 taken @hall be use& 

### upon the eur?ac% 6011 of the bssln, or, at I.eaat,not carried away for exterior **utt,** to the InJury of any ownerw of land rfthin the basin.*

~-. In Calirornta even 

### diffu6td **ptroolatinu** weters a6 Indic6ted above art 6ubJect to appropriation with the UmItatIon that they nhel1 oot be appropriated beyond a res6nnable ude, **propor** tionate to the whole thereof, **In** Texae pPrcolatInp water6 are**C** Dr. **George** v. Cox, page 5

not 6ubJtot to appropriation. In the above ctated caee the City of Los Angeles **in** order to assert it6 rlghta to the **tn** tire u6e 

### of all of thewater, found It neotsaary to rhow that 

### the6ubJtct water6 dli not fall wlthln the category of 

### ordlnary percolating water6, admlttlng that 6UOhwaters were In a **senre** ptroolatlng. The court raid: "thewaters of the San Fernando Valley therefore are not 'percolatlnq wattr6' In the common **law** stn6c Of the term. . . .* so also here by reason of the **great** putzllclnt6rcst Inhering In reservoirs of undtrground waters that are confined within definite strata, bearing 611 of the characterlstIo6 of a regular surface or sub-surfaoe stream except that their flow 16 impeded by rand, the court6 of th16 6tatewe belltvt will apply the rame dlrtinction ao applied by th6 California court6 holding thst 6uchwater6 ;f;;no;eordlnary percolating water8 in the oommon law tense. ordlnarlly appertalnl"& to peroolatlng waters in Texao would not therefore apply. ndtrground strata or rand6 saturated with 610~1~ moving watar in a definite Qlreotlon and wlthln confined llalte, hart dImtn6lons and dlrtotlon a606rtaInablt with soltntlflc aocuraoy. Th16 16 016aPly 6hown by 6olentIfio paper on the /^~ subJect attached hereto. Thir type of underground water oan

properly be ola66tU a8 aw6teroourse and it 18 our opinion that it Is. 

### \ Xnsofar aa

### we **oan**

### find,OUF**Ttxaa** 

### oourtshartnotpane&

rpra$flcally upon the **oharaoter~o?** ruoh **waters,** though 

### without thejii&ntb+lng involved, 

### thereappear6 to be certain lnpllcationo thatwould tend to exolude them a6 public water6. For lnstance In the Burkttt m.se, smpbaelr 16 plsotd upon edtflnlte chmntls" as a characteristic of unttergroun@btrtame. And It was 66ld that In the ab6ence of proof to the contrary, undtrground uater6 are prrcluaedto **be** peraolatlng wattrr. The previous dIfflculty tn asctrtalnrent of the physical oharaoter of epecifia underground water h66 led the courts in the abrenoe of 6cIentlflc txactne66, apparently to adopt a rule of ccnvtnltnct ln the abatnct of anythins batter and to refer to all ptrcolatlng water6 without dIstInction a6 part and 'parcelat the land and to further assume that all wnters are percolating waterw unlewa **prOYtd** OthtZWl6t. we.btllevt the solenoe of hydrology, that la, the study of underground water6 ha6 advanaed In comperatlvtly recent years to a degree of certainty as towarrant 6ome aea6ure of dlwcrlminatlon on the part of the courte, re,-uirlngthem to abandon the above decrcrlbednrePumptIon altocethrr and to dlatlnguieh the different type6 of percolatlne waters.

iewill here outline tha charaaterletlce pre6tntl.y recngnlted in the two general cl@iWwew

### ofundergrounfiwater6 66Cr. George g’.Cox, Pale 6

reflected by our search of the oaaee an6 then 1Iet and compare with them the oharaoterlrtloe of stratum water, showing l&at the latter more nearly conform towateroourres 

### andehould be treated aa suoh. Xera diffused peroolating waters:

(a) they peroolate; (b) ln any and all direotlone by gravity alone; (0)moving alow the line of 

### least rerlstanoe other than In oonfined channels with sides, oelling and bottom. Under round 

### ‘T streams 

### ofwateroourses: a) rlow by torce or gravity and by **roroe** or an even oonatant waterhead; (b) 

### ina rlnglsdefinitedlreotioq (0) withineonfinedli!EitE 

### orebafinel; (d) incurrents. **Under Lund**  

### ? rtritum 

### raters: they percolate; 

### (b) byf-0~ orgravityand 

### unir0~ head or I., l0) i

a) la **a gir~a.~direotioa;~**  .' within eonflabd **llmlts,** 

### botveen 

### Imperviour upperand 

### lowarstrata 

### ofearthwithbanke @onfInIngthewaterbetwoenthestrata. Ia ooaparieon we see that the stratum 

### water8bear all of the Uharaoterlstloa of underground wateraourreu exaept that the watere do not flow in ourrents, but by percolation. **Aaide** rrom a oomparieon of’physioal oharaoterietios rerleatIng aore sImIlar- :ty with 

### waterooursesthanrtrlotly peroolatlng 

### waters, there are oonsIderatIon6 of public welfare and use whloh Lapel the oonolurion that regardlear of where the ownershIp may rest, the Pub110 at large has aoFe need ror the use of large underground reeervoirs ofwater oontained wIthin strata than even OT Its surface rtreams.

In the oase of HInton vs. Little, et al, the Supreme Court of Idaho In 1931, %?96Pac. Rep. 662 held that thewater from a stratum as desorlbed 

### abovewas eubject to appropriation and therefore not subJeot to the rule of private property appertaininp in the onsc of ordinary percolating water. The opinion reads:

‘The oomplalnt alleges . . . that the territory In question Ie underlaid at a depth of from 200to ZOOfeet,

. . .,by subterranean waters oon-Dr. George W. Cox, page 7



### finedhorizontally between this upper ImpervIoue 

### stratum and lower etratua, 

### art oi 

### euohanatureto support this subterranean water when artiPiQfa1 optn**lngs** 

### art made In the upper stratum to, and In come Inetanote abort the ground. Laterally the subttrranean voters art evidently oontinuous andm throughout the basin. . . .I .The etrength of this oaee ae authority In support of the propotltlon that a stratum ofwater whIoh Ypermeatte throughout the basin* oonetltuter water eubjeot to appraprlation, ie weakened by the **raot** that the oourt points **out** that in Idaho even **diffused** ptroolating waters without a derlnltt oouree of movement art 8ubJeot to 

### l pproprlatlon. While Texas aourte have 

### declaredperoolatlng waters, movIn(rvlthout dtrlnltt dlrtotlon as 

### notsubject to approprlatlon, In our opinion they will follow -the l otual deelelon of the Idaho oaee holding that 

### flowing**waters** perpleating

### a 

### derinedstratum,**art** eubJeot toappropriation as a "body" 

### orwater. 

### Our**oouyte** 

### wouldundobtedly**take** 

### Judlolalknowledgeoftheraot that 

### manyofourTexas**oltlte** 

### Inoludlna; its largeet, 

### kurton, **take** 

### theirmunlolpalsupply of vater from de**lined** water **strata.** 

### 8uoh**strata bear**  a oontlnuoue flow of ail

### lionsor

### gallonsor

### wmttr. lotwithetandlng theelowntee of move- 

### ~~mtnt~Ahevater

avallablt~fFom

themle~tremendoue.Woaamnat**be** 

### liersthat **our courts**  would hold such waters to **sonetItute** ptroolatlng waters within the 8tnee that tht term 1s ordlnarll~ 

### used, 

### thatIe,dlffuetdperoolation.

The natural geologloal oondltione of the **oounty**have impelled varlout treatments on the part of 

### theoourte of underground 

### waters. Western States hare dtolartd mere peroolatlng water6 to be pub110 water6 and 

### notsubJeot**to** 

### prIrateownership. Inthem,water1sofoouree 

### very l oarae,

and the pub110 ooneldtratlon Impelled the courts to declare them to belong to the publlo. **Our** Supreme Court has already claeeIfIed Texas aa other than an arid State and has declared mere percolating watert to belong to the landowner. Sut In applying the reasoning underlying the deolelons of both arid and semi-arid states,

### ye findthe public 

### need for rtlianot upon stratum water in Texae Is eogreat, 

### a8 to impel1 we belltve, the oourte to deolare it to bear a public interest not subject toprivate 

### owntrshlc any &ore than our surfaoe 

### or subsur

### face etreamns.

P The designation of public 

### streams ae pub110 was at

oomaon law a matter of Juelolal pronouncement; so aloo the designation of undtreround stream6 as public waters has bttn aDr. horge .*.Cox, page 0

matter of Judicial determination as dIetInguIehed from leglslatire, While these legal concept8 grew up uader the oommon **law, as**  **oosqared** to othere, their origin Is oomparatlvely reoent. It Is reported that the first **cast** defining undtrgrolnd raters was handed down in England In 184C. The eolenoe of underground waters bar developed only rtotntly. with IncreaeIng errlalenoy It hae only been within the last fifty years that eolentiets have been able **to** locate 

### an&determine with **rearonable** oertalntg the exietanot, the oouree and elxe of undrrground strata8 of **watts.** At **one** stage, of the devalcpmtnt, whIoh may In certain etatec yet ptrelst, the oourts deolarcd that only under&round streams that could be traotd irom eurfaue indioatlone would be deolared to be a public 

### stream and not eubJeet to private ownership. he 67 Corpus Jurie. p. 834. Courts at 

### a 

### timewhen eoitntIrlo methods for l 

### moertainment of the oharaater of underground waters was someager, sought, In derlning Impcrtant property rights to dtelare them only **upon** oertaln vIeIble euriaoe indIoatIoae. With the d.ertlopmentor 88IentIiIO methods 

### an l pplloation of the same rtaeonlmg would dinot that underground strata **of water**  be **trtatt6 in**  the eame manner as an&erground 

### etreeme or eurtaoe streams. As 

### reservolre ror 

### bllouse their Importanoe /--- **is efta**  **grerter than**  

### eurraot ~treame. $he 

### storage Is permanent

and of oapaoltlee rar greeter than the 

### average artlrIci&l 

### l **toroge. We** 

### are unable 

### to attribute any **reason** originally Impelling the ‘:biNMe. to deelowe 

### eurfaoe and eubeurfaoe rtreue tc ba cl,, .publIu oharaottr, **that** 

### do not presently give weight to the oon~luelon that vhen the Ieeue Is **squarely** 

### put **to our**  **Texas aourte,**  **strata** ofwater ehsuld aleo be declared to be of 

### a publie 

### nature. Em**phaehlng this**  point we attaoh **hereto** axaerpte from 

### awritten statement on “The Movement of Underground Water* prepared by **Mon** orable Walter **M.** White, **fknior** fiydroliehglnetr with the United States ~tolo~Ioal Borveg. This statement ehowe the eImIlarIty of stratum water with etrtame and 

### l mphaelree the great **use** of euoh **waters** by the publlo a6 

### Texas.

Xn answer to your Inquiry, therefore, underground water ooureee and bodies of water, Inoludlng etrata, but not **mere ptr**  oolatlng waters, are public **waters** within the purview of Artlole 4444, )itvIeed~1~11 **Etatuttm,** 1925. As towhether the partlaular **water6** 

### affected by the sewer system of the City **of** Temple, oonstltute awater course or a body ofwater, **art** questions of fact WliIOhwe cannot answer.

You have asked what recourse the parties whoee wells are timaged will have In the event the waters affected art notDr. George H. Cox, page 9

included within the puroleu of Article 4444. If euoh water6 are found to be mere diffused percolating water8 and thereiore eubJect to **prlvats** ownership it follows that the pub110 would have no **property** interest **in** them **and the**  **parties** would be rele**gated to**  **a private**  **mlt** 

### fordamages, or injunction **for** the preventfon of the nulsanoe.

Very truly yours 

### ATTORNEY

GENEHAL OF TEXAS

. By (Signed) Hugh Q. aUok Hugh Q. Suck Assistant IiC$:db APPRWED AIM ee, 1940

P (Signed) Grover Sellers

FIRST h88ISTANT hTTQRNEY (IENERAL

APPROVED OPINION COMMITTEE

By BNB chabmul

THIS OPItiIONC3MSIDEPXD AND APFROVLD IN LIHITF-DCONFERENCE

CTiiLMOVEYIENTOF‘UNDEFGROUNJDtiATW 1% TEXAS

YalteYk. White July 23, 1040 

### Wound water,In its 

### orlgln,movement 

### andultimate disposal, Is olosely analogous to 

### surfaoewaEe~. Theeoume Is the same-- rainfall. 

### Allof thewater we use In Texas must flrct 

### have falled 

### a8 rain or mow. soae of this water runs off quiokly into the otreaas, some evaporates, and some seeps into the ground where It **rails, A** **part** of the water that eInks Into the ground la returned to the air 

### by evaporation, 

### and a part is oarried back into the

### air by transpiration through planta, some of whleh **are** deeply rooted

_ Ths remainder may aove **downward** until It Join6 the water 

### contributed

bypreviousrains In 

### thezone of raturatlon where all 

### iWtiielrc! openIngiInthe'robks'are oik~letelyillled61th**water.**

we call 

### theupper 

### surfaoe of the aaturatrd zone the water table. 

### ThewatertableIP seldom 

### flat,but usually nlopee 

### Intheaame general 

### dlreotlon as the taurfaoeof the ground. Both 

### euriace water **and** ground water praotloally everywhere

are moving from areas 

### 0r intake toward an outlet. The rate of movement **of** both varkus direotly with the elope of the etream and Indlrsotlp with the reslstanae or trhctlon produoed by the stream bed oP.&raund-wateraquifer. Both r+ldom originate on the property of the person or corporation that used the water. **A** eurfaot stream Is confined wIthIn **a**well defined channel, the looatlon of whloh ie clearly apparent. Ground water also

moves In reetrlcted channela which altho not 80 apparent can be determined.The Interrelatlonrhlp between the underground waters and

.etreame 18 a olost one. 

### A large proportion of the water that reaohes the @uli make8 It8 Journey In part on the surfaoa and In part undarground. All **Texas**streams that have a fairly constant flow of clear or moderately olear wat&r are fed rrom underground souroes. On the other hand praotlcally all the streams of the State contribute q,tiantItier ofwater to the underground supplies In parte of their 6ouroas. The important water-bearhe rormations of Taxa under118 great araaa. The Carrlro sand **for** example underlies the greater part of the Texas Costa1 Plain. Thbs does not mean that the water In those **formations** -isperoolatlng almlersly in any or /-- every dlraotlon. On the contrary, It move8 8rtrJwhere In a daiIn%t,o,d$raot$onand with 

### a ,da?inItpslope dr gradlurt Microooraanoe wlth wall known hydraulic 

### laws. The dlreetion and amount of slope **or** gradient of a aurfaot **atream oan**  be determined by’l&relIngand (LOcranthe (Ureotlon and amount of alope of an underground stream. **In** the oaoe of the surface stream the lartl traverse 1s run so as **to** oonnaot points 

### onthesurface 

### of the 

### stream. In the case of the umdtrground straam the levels arc

run so aa to oonneot mtaaurlng points at the eurraoe of a large number ofwells. Then rrom the level data and,from measurementa to the

### water level& in the welle a contour map 

### can be 

### oonetruoted which will,be similar to 

### a topopraphlo **map** with the difference that the contours ara drawn on thewater table or arttelan eurfaot

### 3

Instead of on the surfaaa 02 the ground. 

### Fromtheoontour map the direotlon of the ‘undergroundmovement can be determlned for It must be at right angle to the contouru juet aa the

### maximum slope of 

### theland Ir

### at right 

### angle to the aontourm drawn on the land surface! The 

### rateof movement of water lo proportional.to the gredlent and the transaleeability of the formatIon The gredlent IE Indicated by the dlatanoe between the aontoura, end the tranrmIesabIlIty of the 

### formationoen be determIned either 

### from 

### laboratoryterte 

### of water-bearing materiels, or from pumping t6etr In the field. From 

### thetwo feotore, gmdlent and 

### trensmIe~abIlIt~,therete 

### ofmovementof the ground water end the volume of ths underground flow per llne8r rile oan be ooeputad. Perbapr the most 

### outcrtandlng dlfferenoes

between ground water 8nd 8urfaoe 

### water I8 In the rate oi flow. 

### Ingravel, 

### sendor sandstonegroundwatermovesthroughsrall 8p8aos **between**the 

### 'pdbblesor sandgrains. 

### Inr&k &oh rls

### querttlte, granite and limertonc 

### ItMIOVCO alone**areokr** and orerIcer. fn limestone 

### the water has e tendenoy to dissolve the sides of the crevloee and e&large them into ehannels of oonelderable site eo that In some eaee8 thewater may move underground at a rate comparable with surface streams. The Edward6 limestone Is the prinoipal mcuroe of the huge springs which appear at Intervale 

### along the Beloones Fault 

### zone from the vlolnlty of Del Rio eastward and northeastward to Austin 

### nndbeyond. The saber supply In this foraatlon Ir derived from ralnfall end seepage from atreame on a band outcrop whioh4

perellels the north side ai the Fault Zone. Whole rivers disappear In crossing this band of outcrop. An estimate baseO largely on etream Raging records Indicates that the~relosses from the Nueaee, Frio, Dry Frio, Bablnal and lledlne rivers may everaEe about 140,000 acre-feet e year, the equivalent of e aontlnuoue flow of 90,000 @lone a minute. Practically all the water reappears In the large sprlnge of the Teult zone which hevc a oomblned flow of more than 800,000,000 gellone 8 day. The average flow of the New Breunfels springs alone Is around %!20,000,000gallons a day. At 

### Ben Antonio the dlscherge 

### fromwella end springs drawing from the llmestone evereges &round 100,000,000 gellone l díey.The direction end rate of movement ofweter In the llaaatone from are&e of Inteke **toward** the **springs** 

### andwells ha6 -baendetermined In pertr of the Feult

sone and in other parts 18 **at111**under etudy. **,,:,.,,,?$e**

Carrlro **an@ le**  **t+e aouro~** **of** 

### water**aapply ‘** **for 8**  .lerge number of towns and still oltler In Teraa. It her been moat axtenslvely developed in the Winter Garden District southwest of San Antonio in Dimnit, Zavale, Frio end Atasooee Gountiee where

more than ?rO,OOO8cree ofwin& vegetables, 

### fruits and other crops ere Irrigated fromwells in the formation. The hrrevlest drafts on the Cerrlzo are In DImmit and Zavala Counties where about 20,000 &ores are irrigated. Figure 2 shows the outcrop of the Cerrlzo send In a pert of the Winter 

### SerBen erea In &vale end Diamit Counties, Texas, end the erteelen he& In feet above se.9level. Water enters the send at the outorop end movea down6

the dip rt right &ngler 

### tothe 

### oontoursshown on the map. The erteslen slope IO represented by the dlstanoe between the con- -. tour6 and drop In pressure between them, which Is 25 feet. In 1932, by uelng the srteslan 610pe shown on this map the thlcknese end permesbllity of the sand determined by **pumping**te8te end 

### laboratorysnrlyses, It

### w&6ertlaated thet the tren8mle6Ion ceprcity of the Csrriso ssnd from the outorop to the sree Irrigated

wee 24,000,OOO gallons IIday. 

### Theroundness of thI6 estlmste has been **proved** during ths lert eight ye&r6 by the faot thst the average annual **pumpage** from this 68nd hss been oomprrsble to the estlmsts vlthout 

### o~uolngrlgniifcant ohs~rr Intheerterien **pres6uure6** 

### RI Indicatedbymter lovslrinthewell@.

**In Marsh**  1957 **there ~86**  **6 matltlen**  

### IaoreereInthepumpingnear 

### Pe6edene

### mounting toabout~O,OOO,OOOg&llons 

### Rd+y. F'urtherinoroeae6hatebeenud8 **rlnos that**  

### tireand 

### thetotalpuapageInthe ~,' **Hosiitbbn-Pis*dei.a-Keti** 

### P&defI4&~d~~~r~ct~nowuounte **to** 

### between **90,000,000** 

### end**96,000,000** gallons **8** 

### dry, **or ab-ut**  **46 per**  **cent** greater than’lt W&B

### in1936. A6 R reru3.tthere her been I severe decline in the srteelan prercures which hsn meterlally lowered the water levele ln 811 thevella **of** theee dlstrlots 

### andhasextended out In every direction 

### tramthem for 20 **mllee** or more. The decline Is contlnufng. From 

### theeerly 

### rprlng of 1859 to oorreepondlng period In 1940 the 

### averagenet deollne in privately owned well6 et **iioueton**smounted to about six feet and the net decline In the City owned well6 wee even greater. In the Kety.rice flelde there

was an saverwe net decline durlne:the year oi about 2) reet.