IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 15-0167

Filed March 25, 2015

IN THE INTEREST OF C.H.,

Minor Child,

J.M., Mother,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Bremer County, Peter B. Newell, 

District Associate Judge. 

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to her one-year-old 

son. AFFIRMED.

Linnea Nicol, Juvenile Public Defender’s Office, Waterloo, for appellant.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Kathrine S. Miller-Todd, Assistant 

Attorney General, and Kasey E. Wadding, County Attorney, for appellee.

Brett Schilling of Schilling Law Office, P.C., Waterloo, for father.

Beth Becker, Sumner, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor child.

Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Tabor and Mullins, JJ.
2

TABOR, J.

The juvenile court found clear and convincing evidence to terminate the 

parental rights of C.H.’s mother under Iowa Code sections 232.116(1)(h) and (l) 

(2013). The mother does not contest the grounds for termination; instead she 

argues the permanency timelines in the statute are unconstitutional. Within that

argument, she asks for additional time to work toward reunification. She also 

claims termination would be detrimental to her one-year-old son given the 

strength of their bond. 

Because the juvenile court did not rule on the constitutionality of the 

statute, we find the issue was not preserved for appeal. After reviewing the 

record,

1 we conclude an additional six months would not likely lead to 

reunification and the relationship between C.H. and his mother is not so close 

that it would override the benefits of moving toward permanency. Therefore, we 

affirm. 

The family first came to the attention of the Iowa Department of Human 

Services (DHS) in March 2014 when relatives found C.H. left in his mother’s care 

when she was passed out next to a methamphetamine pipe. The mother tested 

positive for methamphetamine, opiates, and benzodiazepines. The relationship 

between C.H.’s mother and father2 was volatile. On May 1, 2014, the court 

adjudicated C.H. to be a child in need of assistance (CINA) under Iowa Code 

section 232.2(6)(n). 

 

1 We review the termination of parental rights de novo. In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 110 

(Iowa 2014).

2 The father agreed to the termination of his parental rights and is not a party to this 

appeal. 
3

After the CINA adjudication, the DHS encouraged the mother to obtain

mental health and substance abuse treatment, but she did not consistently 

participate in the available services. She would attend several sessions, and 

then miss several sessions. Equally concerning was the fact the mother did not 

consistently attend visitation with C.H. Because the mother was not making 

progress toward reunification, on September 4, 2014, the State filed a petition to 

terminate parental rights.

A few weeks later, the mother was hospitalized after a drug overdose. 

Hospital records show she had been using methamphetamine for twenty of the 

previous thirty days. She also admitted abusing opiates, specifically Vicodin.

The juvenile court started the termination hearing on October 31, 2014, 

but continued the proceedings because the mother appeared to be ill and could 

not stay awake. She entered in-patient drug treatment on November 12, 2014. 

But she was discharged without completing the program after staff discovered 

she had been “cheeking”3 medication and taking more than the prescribed dose

to obtain a “high.” The staff reported the mother was slurring her words and 

seemed “out of it.” The termination hearing resumed on January 9, 2015; the 

mother did not testify. On January 23, 2015, the court terminated the mother’s

parental rights under paragraphs (h) and (l). She now appeals. 

On appeal, the mother claims the permanency deadlines in section 

232.116(1)(h) are unconstitutional because the time is unreasonably short to 

regain custody of a child under the age of four. The mother argued this position 

 

3

“Cheeking” is where the patient pretends to swallow the medication but actually hides 

the pill between the gum and the cheek in the mouth. 
4

at the hearing, but the juvenile court did not discuss the constitutionality of the 

statute in its decision. The mother did not file a motion under Iowa Rule of Civil 

Procedure 1.904(2) asking for the court to address this argument. Because the 

juvenile court did not rule on the constitutional claim, it was not preserved for 

appellate review. See In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 773 (Iowa 2012) (explaining 

“general rule that appellate arguments must first be raised in the trial court 

applies to CINA and termination of parental rights cases”); see also In re K.C., 

660 N.W.2d 29, 38 (Iowa 2003) (“Even issues implicating constitutional rights 

must be presented to and ruled upon by the district court in order to preserve 

error for appeal.”).

The mother also requests more time to reunite and claims C.H. is “very 

bonded” to her. She notes the child is not in a pre-adoptive home and asks 

rhetorically: “what harm exists in giving her another six months to regain custody 

of her child?” Under Iowa Code section 232.104(2)(b), a juvenile court may 

continue placement of a child for six months if it can enumerate specific factors, 

conditions, or expected behavioral changes that would indicate the need for 

removal would not exist after that extension of time. This record does not include 

any circumstances pointing toward the likelihood of reunification after six months.

The mother’s situation grew less stable leading up to the termination 

hearing. She was hospitalized for a drug overdose after the State filed its 

termination petition. She was too lethargic to participate in the October 31, 2014 

termination hearing. She entered, but could not complete, in-patient treatment. 

She did not have a stable residence at the time of the hearing, and the DHS 
5

worker believed she may have been living in her car. Nothing in the record 

shows the mother could suddenly make positive progress toward reunification,

and it is contrary to our child welfare law to postpone permanency under these 

conditions. See In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 494 (Iowa 2000) (recognizing “full 

measure of patience” for troubled parents is “[b]uilt this patience into the statutory 

scheme of Iowa Code chapter 232”).

The DHS worker testified, in her view, C.H. has been harmed by his 

mother’s inconsistency in attending visits and her difficulty in staying awake when 

she did attend. The worker opined: “Children are affected by their parents’ 

behavior.” We defer to the expertise of the worker in this case. An extension of 

time would not have been a proper outcome, regardless of the fact C.H. was not 

currently placed in a pre-adoptive home.

Finally, like the juvenile court, we do not find the relationship between the 

mother and C.H. to be so close that termination would be detrimental to the child. 

See Iowa Code § 232.116(3)(c). This factor is permissive and the court may use 

its discretion in deciding whether the strength of the bond signals termination is 

not in the best interest of the child. See A.M., 843 N.W.2d at 113. The mother’s 

addictions and instability are more compelling factors than her bond with C.H. 

Accordingly, we affirm the termination order.

AFFIRMED.