1

Filed 3/4/24 In re D.M. CA4/2

See Dissenting Opinion

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

In re D.M. et al.; Persons Coming Under 

the Juvenile Court Law.

RIVERSIDE COUNTY DEPARTMENT 

OF PUBLIC SOCIAL SERVICES,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

V.M.,

Defendant and Appellant.

E081344

(Super.Ct.No. RIJ2100603)

OPINION

APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Dorothy McLaughlin, 

Judge. Conditionally reversed and remanded.

Robert McLaughlin, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant.

Minh C. Tran, County Counsel, Teresa K.B. Beecham and Catherine E. Rupp, 

Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
2

V.M. (mother) appeals orders of the Riverside County Juvenile Court terminating 

her parental rights pursuant to Welfare and Institutions Code section 366.261 as to her 

two children, D.M. and M.M. (the children). We will conditionally reverse the orders for 

compliance with section 224.2 and rule 5.481, California’s provisions designed to 

implement and enhance the Federal Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 (25 U.S.C. § 1901, 

et seq.).

BACKGROUND

In October 2020, the Los Angeles County Department of Child and Family 

Services (DCFS) took the children into protective custody under exigent circumstances, 

placed them with their presumed father, and filed a juvenile dependency petition alleging 

the children came within subdivision (b)(1) of section 300.

The petition included Indian Child Inquiry attachments stating the children may 

have Indian ancestry. On the first day of the detention hearing, father filed a Judicial 

Council Forms, form ICWA-020, indicating the children have Cherokee ancestry, and 

provided the name and telephone number of the paternal grandmother. The court ordered 

DCFS to investigate father’s claim, specifically directing DCFS to follow up with the 

paternal grandmother, father, and “all appropriate relatives.” It also directed DCFS to 

“send out proper ICWA notices,” even though DCFS requested it not be required to 

perform that task because the children were being released to a parent.

1 All further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless 

otherwise designated. References to rules are to California Rules of Court.
3

When the hearing resumed three days later, DCFS reported the paternal 

grandmother said the family’s Cherokee heritage was just a myth and was not true. 

Based on that information, the court found it had no reason to know the children were 

Indian children. Thereafter, both parents denied having Indian ancestry.

The court sustained an amended version of the petition, and at the April 2021 

hearing on disposition, it adjudged the children dependents of the court and continued 

them in father’s care with provision of family maintenance services and ordered 

enhancement services for mother.

Two months later, DCFS removed the children from father’s custody, placed them 

with their paternal grandmother, and filed a section 387 supplemental juvenile 

dependency petition. The court sustained the petition, removed the children from father, 

and ordered family reunification services for him.

In September 2021, the children’s cases were transferred to Riverside County. 

Family reunification services were terminated a year later and, in May 2023, the court 

found the children are not Indian children, terminated parental rights of mother and father 

as to them, and ordered the paternal grandmother’s application for adoption be given 

preference. Mother timely filed notice of this appeal.

DISCUSSION

On appeal, mother argues the juvenile court failed to comply in full with the initial 

inquiry provisions set forth in subdivision (b) of section 224.2 because neither DCFS nor 

the Riverside County Department of Public Social Services (the Department) asked the 
4

maternal great-uncle or the paternal aunt about their family’s Indian ancestry even though 

both relatives were readily available.

ICWA was enacted by Congress to protect the best interests of Indian children, 

and to promote the stability and security of Indian tribes and families in child custody 

proceedings, including juvenile dependency cases. (25 U.S.C. §§ 1902, 1903(1); 25 

C.F.R. § 23.106.) To that end, California law imposes an affirmative and continuing duty 

on the court and child services agencies such as DCFS and the Department to inquire 

whether a child for whom a Welfare and Institutions Code section 300 juvenile 

dependency petition has or may be filed is or may be an Indian child. (§ 224.2, 

subd. (a).) An Indian child is defined as an unmarried person under the age of 18 and 

who is either (i) a member of an Indian tribe, or (ii) eligible for membership in an Indian 

tribe and is the biological child of a member of an Indian tribe. (25 U.S.C. § 1903(4).) 

To come within ICWA, the Indian tribe must be eligible to receive services provided by 

the Secretary of the Interior because of their status as Indians. (25 U.S.C. § 1903(8), 

(11).)

Section 224.2 sets forth California’s duty of ICWA inquiry. As relevant here, the 

child services agency’s duty of inquiry begins when it initially contacts with a child for 

whom a section 300 petition may be filed. (§ 224.2, subd. (a).) At that time, it must at 

minimum ask the reporting party whether that person has any information that the child 

may be an Indian child. (Ibid.) It is well settled that if, as here, the agency takes a child 

into custody without a protective custody warrant, the statute expands the required 

inquiry set forth in subdivision (a) to include the child, parents, legal guardian, extended 
5

family members, and others who have an interest in the child.2(§ 224.2, subd. (b).)3

Rule 5.481(a)(5) requires the agency to include in its filings on an ongoing basis a 

detailed description of all inquiries undertaken, and all information it received pertaining 

to the child’s Indian status.

The affirmative and ongoing duty of the agency and the juvenile court to make 

ICWA inquiries and the agency’s specific obligation to ask extended family members 

about the child’s Indian status are imposed by state, not federal, law. (§ 224.2, subds. (a), 

(b); rule 5.481.) Accordingly, reversal is permitted only if we find the error was 

prejudicial. (Cal. Const., art. VI, § 13; In re Benjamin M. (2021) 70 Cal.App.5th 735, 

742 (Benjamin M.).)

We recognize our courts are divided on the question of what sort of failure of 

inquiry constitutes prejudicial error when a child services agency fails to comply with the 

inquiry provisions, and that our Supreme Court is poised to resolve the issue. (In re 

Dezi C. (2022) 79 Cal.App.5th 769, 779-782, review granted, Sept. 21, 2022, S275578.) 

2 What persons qualify as an extended family member is defined by law or custom 

of the tribe or, in the absence of such law or custom, shall be a person who has reached 

the age of 18 and who is the Indian child’s grandparent, aunt or uncle, brother or sister, 

brother-in-law or sister-in-law, niece or nephew, first or second cousin, or stepparent. 

(25 U.S.C. § 1903(2); § 224.1, subd. (c).)

3 This court is divided on the issue whether compliance with the expanded inquiry

requirement set forth in subdivision (b) of section 224.2 is required when a child is

removed pursuant to a protective custody warrant. (Compare In re Delila D. (2023) 93

Cal.App.5th 953, 962, review granted Sept. 27, 2023, S281447 [subd. (b) applies

whenever a child is removed from home] with In re Ja.O. (2023) 91 Cal.App.5th 672,

review granted July 26, 2023, S280572 [subd. (b) does not apply if a child is removed

pursuant to a protective custody warrant].)
6

Unless and until our Supreme Court instructs otherwise, we will continue to follow our 

opinion in Benjamin M., supra, 70 Cal.App.5th 735. There we adopted the view that a 

reviewing court must conditionally reverse a no-ICWA finding if the record demonstrates 

that the child services agency did not fulfill its initial duty of inquiry by asking readily 

available persons who might have helpful information likely to bear meaningfully upon 

whether a child is an Indian child. (Benjamin M., at p. 744; see In re Josiah T. (2021) 71 

Cal.App.5th 388, 408 [“the court may not find that ICWA does not apply when the 

absence of evidence that a child is an Indian child results from a [child services agency’s] 

inquiry that is not proper, adequate, or demonstrative of due diligence.”].)

Here, the reports of DCFS reflect the maternal great-uncle and paternal aunt were 

known and readily available. The October 2020 detention report lists the Riverbank, 

California address and telephone number of the maternal great-uncle. The January 2021 

report states the paternal aunt was supervising visits between the children and their 

mother. There is no mention in those reports or subsequent ones that any effort was 

made by DCFS or the Department to contact either of the relatives, each of whom might 

reasonably have helpful information regarding whether the children come within ICWA.4 

The Department acknowledges those family members were not interviewed but 

argues (i) the contacts made with the paternal and maternal grandmothers suffice to 

4 We note the Department’s oral representation to the court during the permanent 

plan selection hearing that the maternal and paternal grandmothers denied that the 

maternal and paternal grandfathers had Native American ancestry. There is no mention 

whether the Department had contact information for either grandfather or made any effort 

to request it from the parents or grandmothers.
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satisfy the extended relative inquiry requirement, and (ii) the failure to interview the aunt 

and great-uncle is harmless because mother has not shown she would have enjoyed a 

different or more favorable outcome had that inquiry been made.

In support of its sufficient inquiry claim, the Department notes that section 224.2 

does not specify how many extended family members it must interview and, because it 

interviewed the children’s grandmothers and the parents, it complied with its duty to 

make a reasonable inquiry. We disagree. By its plain language, subdivision (b) of 

section 224.2 contemplates a broad inquiry of extended family members and others 

having an interest in the child.

The Department is correct that a child services agency is not required to conduct a 

comprehensive investigation of a child’s Indian status or to cast about for information 

shedding light on the subject. (In re C.Y. (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 34, 39 [no duty to cast 

about for information]; In re S.B. (2005) 130 Cal.App.4th 1148, 1161 [comprehensive 

investigation not required].) That does not mean, however, that it may choose not to 

interview readily available extended family members and others who have an interest in 

the children who may have potentially meaningful information on the theory there is no 

reason to believe that those persons would not yield any new information. (Benjamin M.,

supra, 70 Cal.App.5th at p. 744.)

Relying on In re A.C. (2021) 65 Cal.App.5th 1060, the Department argues that its 

failure to interview paternal aunt or the maternal great-uncle was harmless because 

mother has not made an affirmative assertion of Indian ancestry and, in all events, there is 

no reason to suspect those relatives have any meaningful information on the subject. We 
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are not persuaded. In Benjamin M. we declined to adopt the approach taken in cases such 

as A.C. (Benjamin M., supra, 70 Cal.App.5th at pp. 743-745.) We noted there that the 

Legislature placed the burden of making inquiry provisions and searching for evidence of 

Indian ancestry on the child services agencies, not the parent. (Ibid.) Moreover, ICWA’s 

purpose is not limited to protecting the interests of Indian children and their families but 

encompasses as well the separate and distinct rights of the tribes to intervene in (or 

exercise jurisdiction over) a custody proceeding involving an Indian child. (25 U.S.C. 

§§ 1901, 1902, 1911; In re Isaiah W. (2016) 1 Cal.5th 1, 7, 9; Benjamin M., at pp. 743-

745.)

Naturally, a tribe cannot exercise its rights to intervene in a child custody 

proceeding if it does not have notice of it. And, for proper notice to be given, there must 

be an adequate investigation to determine whether the children who are the subject of the 

proceeding have or may have Indian ancestry. Compliance with the ongoing and 

affirmative duty of initial inquiry set forth in section 224.2, subdivisions (a) and (b), and 

rule 5.481 is crucial to that investigation. As we explained in Benjamin M., though we 

cannot know what extended family members will say when interviewed by the 

Department about a child’s ancestry, their answers are likely to bear meaningfully on the 

question whether the child comes within ICWA. (Benjamin M., supra, 70 Cal.App.5th at 

pp. 744-745.) We cannot simply assume from the statements made by some members of 

the family that they are not aware of (or are simply denying) Native American ancestry 

that other extended family members or others who have an interest in the children will 

not have any useful information bearing on the subject. (Id. at pp. 742-743 [until the 
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child services agency complies with its duty to gather information by conducting an 

initial inquiry, we cannot know what information an initial inquiry, properly conducted, 

might reveal].)

DISPOSITION

The orders terminating parental rights are conditionally reversed. On remand, the 

juvenile court shall order the Department to comply with the duty of initial inquiry 

(§ 224.2, subd. (b)) and, if applicable, the duty of further inquiry (§ 224.2, subd. (e)) and 

the duty to provide notice to the pertinent tribes (25 U.S.C. § 1912(a); § 224.3). If the 

juvenile court determines that ICWA does not apply, then the court shall reinstate the 

orders. If the court determines that ICWA does apply, then it shall proceed in conformity 

with ICWA and related California law.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

RAMIREZ

P. J.

I concur:

CODRINGTON

J.
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[In re D.M., E081344]

MENETREZ, J., Dissenting.

The majority opinion concludes that the duty to inquire of extended family 

members was violated because no child welfare agency asked either the paternal aunt or 

the maternal great-uncle about possible Native American ancestry. (Maj. opn., ante, at 

p. 6.) But the term “extended family member” is defined by statute, and a great-uncle is 

not an extended family member under that definition. (25 U.S.C. § 1903(2); Welf. & 

Inst. Code, § 224.1, subd. (c); maj. opn., ante, at p. 5, fn. 2.) Thus, the statutory duty to 

inquire of extended family members was violated only as to the paternal aunt.

But both parents denied Native American ancestry, and the paternal grandmother 

repeatedly denied that either she or the paternal grandfather had any Native American 

ancestry. The paternal grandmother also was aware of the claim of Cherokee ancestry 

but insisted that it was just a myth. Nothing in the record indicates that the paternal aunt 

(i.e., the paternal grandmother’s daughter) would have any information likely to bear on 

the determination of whether the children in this case are Indian children within the 

meaning of the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 (25 U.S.C. § 1901 et seq.). Rather, this 

appears to be a case in which it is “obvious that additional information would not have 

been meaningful to the inquiry” and “the evidence already uncovered in the initial 

inquiry was sufficient for a reliable determination.” (In re Benjamin M. (2021) 70 

Cal.App.5th 735, 743.)
2

Because the failure to inquire of the paternal aunt was not prejudicial, the orders 

terminating parental rights should be affirmed. I therefore respectfully dissent.

MENETREZ

J.