NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

SON HONG, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

 v. 

MILDRED GARCIA, et al.,

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 21-55019 

D.C. No. 

8:19-cv-00086-RGK-JC 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Central District of California

R. Gary Klausner, District Judge, Presiding

Submitted June 21, 2022**

San Francisco, California

Before: WALLACE, FERNANDEZ, and SILVERMAN, Circuit Judges.

Son Hong appeals pro se from the district court’s order dismissing his action 

alleging various federal constitutional and statutory claims. We have jurisdiction 

under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review de novo the district court’s dismissal for failure 

to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6), see Mudpie, Inc. v. Travelers Cas. Ins. Co. of 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision 

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

FILED

JUN 23 2022

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

Am., 15 F.4th 885, 889 (9th Cir. 2021), and for abuse of discretion the denial of leave 

to amend, see Drew v. Equifax Info. Servs., 690 F.3d 1100, 1105–06 (9th Cir. 2012). 

We affirm.

The district court properly dismissed Hong’s action because Hong failed to 

allege facts sufficient to state any plausible claim. See Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 

338, 341–42 (9th Cir. 2010) (although pro se pleadings are to be construed liberally, 

a plaintiff must present factual allegations sufficient to state a plausible claim for 

relief); see also Shooter v. Arizona, 4 F.4th 955, 960 (9th Cir. 2021) (requirements 

for equal protection claim); Fobbs v. Holy Cross Health Sys. Corp., 29 F.3d 1439, 

1447 (9th Cir. 1994), overruled on other grounds by Daviton v. Columbia/HCA 

Healthcare Corp., 241 F.3d 1131 (9th Cir. 2001) (elements of Title VI claim); 

Schwake v. Ariz. Bd. of Regents, 967 F.3d 940, 946 (9th Cir. 2020) (elements of Title 

IX claim). The operative complaint does not contain sufficient plausible, nonconclusory allegations that “raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell 

Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 

U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (“Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, 

supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.”).

Hong voluntarily dismissed his breach of contract claim. See Ho v. 

ReconTrust Co., NA, 858 F.3d 568, 577 (9th Cir. 2017) (claims dismissed without 

prejudice and not repleaded are not preserved for appeal). 
3 

The district court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing Hong’s action

without leave to amend because further amendment would have been futile. See 

Hartmann v. Cal. Dep’t of Corr. & Rehab., 707 F.3d 1114, 1130 (9th Cir. 2013); 

Mai v. United States, 952 F.3d 1106, 1112 (9th Cir. 2020) (dismissal is affirmed 

when a “district court determines that further amendment would be futile” and “it is 

clear, upon de novo review, that the complaint could not be saved by any 

amendment” (citation omitted)). Moreover, Hong was given a previous opportunity 

to amend his complaint. See Chodos v. W. Publ’g Co., 292 F.3d 992, 1003 (9th Cir. 

2002) (a district court’s discretion to deny leave to amend is “particularly broad”

when it has already granted leave to amend). Despite “spen[ding] nearly one 

hundred additional pages,” Hong’s prior amendment failed to cure the deficiencies 

identified by the district court. See Akhtar v. Mesa, 698 F.3d 1202, 1212 (9th Cir. 

2012); see also Knapp v. Hogan, 738 F.3d 1106, 1110 (9th Cir. 2013) (“When a 

litigant knowingly and repeatedly refuses to conform his pleadings to the 

requirements of the Federal Rules, it is reasonable to conclude that the litigant simply 

cannot state a claim.”). 

We do not consider matters not specifically and distinctly raised and argued 

in the opening brief. See Padgett v. Wright, 587 F.3d 983, 985 n.2 (9th Cir. 2009);

Acosta-Huerta v. Estelle, 7 F.3d 139, 144 (9th Cir. 1992) (issues not supported by 

argument in pro se appellant’s opening brief are deemed abandoned). 
4 

AFFIRMED.