[Cite as State v. Futrall, 123 Ohio St.3d 498, 2009-Ohio-5590.]

T HE S TATE OF O HIO , A PPELLEE , v. F UTRALL , A PPELLANT . [Cite as State v. Futrall, 123 Ohio St.3d 498, 2009-Ohio-5590.] Criminal law — Sealing criminal records — When an applicant with multiple
convictions under one case number moves to seal his or her criminal record in that case pursuant to R.C. 2953.32 and one of those convictions is exempt from sealing pursuant to R.C. 2953.36, the trial court may not seal the remaining convic tions — Judgment affirmed. (No. 2008-2391 — Submitted September 1, 2009 — Decided October 29, 2009.)
A PPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Lorain County, No. 08CA009388,
2008-Ohio-5654.

__________________ S YLLABUS OF THE C OURT When an applicant with multiple convic tions under one case number moves to seal his or her criminal record in that case pursuant to R.C. 2953.32 and one of those convictions is exempt from sealing pursuant to R.C. 2953.36, the trial court may not seal the remaining convictions.

__________________ L UNDBERG S TRATTON , J. {¶ 1} Today this court must decide wh ether a trial court is precluded from sealing an applicant’s c onvictions that are eligible to be sealed by statute when one of the convictions is exempt fro m being sealed. Because we hold that a conviction that is exempt by statute from being sealed also precludes the sealing
of convictions that are othe rwise eligible, we affirm the judgment of the court of appeals.
Facts {¶ 2} In May 2001, defendant-appellant, Do uglas Futrall, was indicted on five criminal offenses: (1) aggravated menacing in violation of R.C.S UPREME C OURT OF O HIO

2 2903.21(A), a first-degree misdemeanor, (2) improper handling of firearms in violation of R.C. 2923.16(B), a first-degree misdemeanor, (3) carrying a concealed weapon in viol ation of R.C. 2923.12(A), a fourth-degree felony, (4)
domestic violence in violation of R. C. 2919.25, a fourth-degree misdemeanor, and (5) telephone harassment in violation of R.C. 2917.21(A)(4), a first-degree misdemeanor. All charges resulted from one incident and were filed under one
case number. {¶ 3} In March 2002, Futrall entered a guilty plea to a negotiated misdemeanor charge of carrying a conc ealed weapon as well as to the other misdemeanor charges. The court placed Futrall on a two-year probation. Four months later, the trial court terminated Futrall’s probation and restored Futrall to all appropriate civil rights. {¶ 4} Approximately five years later, Futrall filed an application in the trial court to seal his record. After a hearing, the trial court denied the request. The trial court concluded that Futrall was sufficiently rehabilitated and was “otherwise an outstanding candidate” to have convictions sealed, but “because the aggravated menacing charge is statutorily exempt from being sealed, as a matter of law, all of his convictions are preclude d from being sealed and his application to seal record is accordingly denied.” {¶ 5} The Court of Appeals for Lorain County affirmed the judgment of
the trial court. State v. Futrall , 9th Dist. No. 08CA009388, 2008-Ohio-5654. The cause is now before this court pursuan t to the acceptance of a discretionary appeal. State v. Futrall , 121 Ohio St.3d 1424, 2009-Ohio-1296, 903 N.E.2d 324.
Standard of Review {¶ 6} The court of appeals reviewed this matter under an abuse-ofdiscretion standard, noting that “ ‘ “expungeme nt is an act of grace created by the state,” and so is a privilege, not a ri ght. Expungement should be granted only when all requirements for eligibility are met.’ ” Futrall , 2008-Ohio-5654, ¶ 6,January Term, 2009

3 quoting State v. Simon (2000), 87 Ohio St.3d 531, 533, 721 N.E.2d 1041, quoting
State v. Hamilton (1996), 75 Ohio St.3d 636, 639, 665 N.E.2d 669. While we agree that expungement is a privilege and not a right, we disagree with the court of appeals’ decision to review this matte r using the abuse-of-discretion standard, because the matter in dispute is purely a question of law. “When a court's judgment is based on an erroneous in terpretation of the law, an abuse-ofdiscretion standard is not appropriate. See Swartzentruber v. Orrville Grace Brethren Church, 163 Ohio App.3d 96, 2005-Ohio-4264, 836 N.E.2d 619, ¶ 6; Huntsman v. Aultman Hosp., 5th Dist. No. 2006 CA 00331, 2008-Ohio-2554, 2008 WL 2572598, ¶ 50.” Med. Mut. of Ohio v. Schlotterer , 122 Ohio St.3d 181, 2009-Ohio-2496, 909 N.E.2d 1237, ¶ 13. {¶ 7} Therefore, as a preliminary matter, we conclude that the court of appeals erred in reviewing the case under an abuse-of-discretion standard. But “ ‘reviewing courts are not authorized to reverse a correct judgment on the basis
that some or all of the lower c ourt’s reasons are erroneous.’ ” Goudlock v.
Voorhies , 119 Ohio St.3d 398, 2008-Ohio-4787, 894 N.E.2d 692, ¶ 12, quoting
State ex rel. McGrath v. Ohio Adult Parole Auth. , 100 Ohio St.3d 72, 2003-Ohio5062, 796 N.E.2d 526, ¶ 8. Because we reach the same conclusion even applying a de novo standard of review, we affirm the judgment of the court of appeals. Analysis {¶ 8} The procedure for expungement is set forth in R.C. 2953.32 and provides that the court shall do each of the following when considering an application to expunge: {¶ 9} “(C)(1)(a) Determine whether the applicant is a first offender or whether the forfeiture of bail was agreed to by the applicant and the prosecutor in
the case. * * * {¶ 10} “(b) Determine whether criminal proceedings are pending against the applicant;S UPREME C OURT OF O HIO

4 {¶ 11} “(c) If the applicant is a first offender who applies pursuant to division (A)(1) of this section, determine whether the applicant has been rehabilitated to the satisfaction of the court; {¶ 12} “(d) If the prosecutor has filed an objection in accordance with division (B) of this section, consider th e reasons against granting the application specified by the prosecutor in the objection; {¶ 13} “(e) Weigh the interests of the applicant in having the records pertaining to the applicant’s conviction seal ed against the legitimate needs, if any, of the government to maintain those records.” {¶ 14} R.C. 2953.36 enumerates the crimes that cannot be expunged, including convictions of an offense of violence when the offense is a misdemeanor of the first degree. R.C. 2953.36(C). “Offense of violence” is defined by R.C. 2901.01(A)(9) and includes aggravated menacing, R.C. 2903.21. Therefore, Futrall’s conviction for ag gravated menacing cannot be sealed. {¶ 15} The question then becomes whether an applicant with multiple convictions in one case may seal the portion of his or her criminal record that is eligible pursuant to R.C. 2953.32 when one of the convictions is statutorily exempt from being sealed. For the reasons that follow, we hold that when an applicant with multiple convi ctions under one case numbe r moves to seal his or her criminal record in that case pursuant to R.C. 2953.32 and one of those convictions is statutorily exempt from sealing pursuant to R.C. 2953.36, the trial court may not seal the remaining convictions. {¶ 16} Three statutes support our conclusi on that the eligible convictions may not be separated from the inelig ible convictions for purposes of expungement. First, although this case doe s not directly call upon us to determine whether the defendant is a first offender, we find support for our holding in the
definition of “first offender” in R.C. 2953.31: “When two or more convictionsJanuary Term, 2009

5 result from or are connected with the same act or result from offenses committed at the same time, they shall be counted as one conviction .” (Emphasis added.) {¶ 17} Second, although R.C. 2953.61 is not directly applicable to this case, it, too, is instructive on the issue of how sealing of multicount convictions should be handled. R.C. 2953.61 provides: {¶ 18} “When a person is charged with two or more offenses as a result
of or in connection with th e same act and at least one of the charges has a final disposition that is different than the fi nal disposition of the other charges, the person may not apply to the court for the s ealing of his record in any of the cases until such time as he would be able to apply to the court and have all of the records in all of the cases pertaining to those charges sealed * * *.” (Emphasis added.) {¶ 19} Finally, the process and duties imposed for sealing records outlined in R.C. 2953.32 guide us in answering the question before us. R.C. 2953.32(C)(2) states that upon determining that the app licant’s record qualifies for sealing under R.C. 2953.32(C)(1), the court “shall order all official records pertaining to the
case sealed and all index references to the case deleted.” (Emphasis added.) R.C. 2953.32(C)(2). Meeting the requirements of Futrall’s position – parsing out those
convictions that can be sealed from t hose that cannot – would be impossible: a
trial court is unable to order all index references to the case deleted while at the same time ordering that i ndex references to one c onviction in that case be maintained because the case cannot be lawfully sealed. {¶ 20} In enacting these provisions, the General Assembly appears to have recognized the inherent difficulty of sealing only some convictions in one case. Partial sealing would have to be attempted for everything from arrest records to written statements to transcripts to journal entries. How this task would be accomplished and who would have the aut hority to attempt it are questions that underscore the impractical reality of an a ttempt to seal certain convictions in oneS UPREME C OURT OF O HIO

6 case while revealing others. If the Gene ral Assembly had intended only partial sealing, it would have chosen phrases othe r than “all official records” or “all index cards” in order to give guidance on how to seal a partial expungement. We therefore conclude that R.C. 2953.31 (definitions), 2953.61 (sealing of records in cases of multiple charges), and 2953.32(C)(2 ) (sealing of record of conviction) illustrate the General Assembly’s intent to authorize the sealing of cases, not the sealing of individual convictions within cases.
Conclusion {¶ 21} Based on R.C. 2953.31, 2953.61, and 2953.32, we hold that when an applicant with multiple convictions under one case number moves to seal his or her criminal record in that case pursuant to R.C. 2953.32 and one of those convictions is exempt from sealing pur suant to R.C. 2953.36, the trial court may not seal the remaining convictions. Accord ingly, we affirm the judgment of the court of appeals. Judgment affirmed.
P FEIFER , O’C ONNOR , O’D ONNELL , L ANZINGER , and C UPP , JJ., concur.
M OYER , C.J., concurs separately.

__________________ M OYER , C.J., concurring. {¶ 22} I concur because the majority correctly analyzes R.C. 2953.31, 2953.32, 2953.36, and 2953.61 and draws the prope r conclusion that none of appellant’s convictions in this case may be expunged. Still, our path in this case is dimly lit by the existing statutory framework. No Ohio statute directly answers the question before us. For that reas on, we have been required to fashion interstitial law, covering the gap between the existing law and the issue in this case by tugging at the edges of several closely related statutes. See S

. Pacific Co.
v. Jensen (1917), 244 U.S. 205, 221, 37 S.Ct. 524, 61 L.Ed. 1086 (Holmes, J., dissenting). But an opinion of this court is not the preferred method ofJanuary Term, 2009

7 lawmaking. At issue is the ability of a person to expunge the record of his past offenses. Such an issue is better resolved in the General Assembly. Therefore, I write separately to urge the General Assembly to address the issues posed in this

case. O’C ONNOR , O’D ONNELL , and L ANZINGER , JJ., concur in the foregoing opinion.

__________________ Dennis P. Will, Lorain County Prosecuting Attorney, and Mary R. Slanczka, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee. Giardini, Cook & Nicol, L.L.C., and D. Chris Cook, for appellant.

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