IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

Assigned on Briefs May 2, 2006

MITCHELL BOWERS v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County

No. P-24463 Carolyn Wade Blackett, Judge

No. W2005-01051-CCA-R3-PC - Filed November 7, 2006

The petitioner, Mitchell Bowers, was convicted of first degree murder and sentenced to life

imprisonment in 1997. He appeals the denial of his post-conviction petitioner in which he asserted

that trial counsel was ineffective in: (1) failing to advise him that he was not required to testify in

his own behalf at trial, and (2) failing to disclose that counsel had previously represented the victim.

Upon review, we conclude that the evidence does not preponderate against the findings of the postconviction court; therefore, we affirm.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS,J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which THOMAS T.WOODALL and

J.C. MCLIN, JJ., joined.

Robert B. Gaia, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Mitchell Bowers.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; David H. Findley, Assistant Attorney General;

William L. Gibbons, District Attorney General; and Gail Vermaas, Assistant District Attorney

General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

Facts and Procedural History

The petitioner was convicted of first degree murder in 1997. This court related the proof of

guilt in State v. Bowers, No W1999-01868-CCA-MR3-CD, 1999 Crim App LEXIS 1294 (Tenn.

Crim. App. Dec. 27, 1999). The petitioner filed a petition for post-conviction relief on January 16,

2001. Counsel was appointed, and a hearing was conducted on the petitioner’s claims. The trial

court denied the petition by order entered March 18, 2005, and this appeal followed.

During the post-conviction hearing, the petitioner testified that his trial counsel had

previously represented him on other charges. He said that he did not get a copy of his indictment
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and that it was never read or shown to him. He further testified that his counsel never discussed the

facts of the case with him nor did he tell him they were going to trial. He said that trial counsel told

him that the State was offering a plea to voluntary manslaughter with three to six years at thirtypercent as a Class E felony. He said that this was offered because it was his first felony and he had

been in no major trouble. He told counsel that he wanted to accept the State’s offer and that he knew

nothing about a trial until the day it began. He claimed that he was not aware of a suppression

motion and did not remember being present for the suppression argument. He said that counsel slept

while the trial was going on. He also said counsel did not ask any “main” questions of him during

his testimony. He recalled that the trial lasted from three to four hours and a lunch break. He said

that counsel called only his ex-mother-in-law and himself as witnesses in his defense. He claimed

that he knew nothing of his right against self-incrimination.

He said that after his conviction, he contacted counsel regarding his papers but never received

them. He also said counsel told him to have someone from the public defender’s office to get the

papers for him. He said counsel came to visit him on May 5, 1998, and told him he felt guilty for

not properly representing him because he was using drugs and drinking during the time of his trial.

He said that this visit was the last contact he had with counsel.

On cross-examination, he testified that counsel had represented him during his divorce and

on other misdemeanor charges. He said he was not disappointed when counsel was appointed to him

because he had been pleased with his representation in the past. He recalled that counsel only made

four objections during the trial and said that he did not talk to him about testifying. He

acknowledged that he voluntarily went to the police and gave a statement on the morning of the

murder. During redirect, he said that counsel only slept through part of the trial. 

Next, the petitioner’s sister, Ella Leake, testified that counsel told the family that there was

an offer of three to six years and that there would be no trial. She said that counsel told her this in

his office and at the courthouse. She also said she knew counsel visited the apartment above hers

at a time when the occupants sold drugs. On cross-examination, she said that counsel told the family

the State would offer three to six years. She also said that she had no personal knowledge of counsel

abusing drugs or alcohol.

Ophelia Payne, another sister of the petitioner, testified that counsel told the family not to

worry because the petitioner would receive an offer of three to six years and that there would be no

trial. She said there was no hedging in counsel’s words. She testified that because she operates a

homeless shelter for women with drug and alcohol addiction and severe mental illness, she has

received training through the Shelby County Correctional Department on how to determine if

someone is under the influence. She testified that she was trained to judge a person’s appearance

including dilated eyes, sluggish speech, and erratic behavior. She said she had five to six years

experience but the post-conviction court did not qualify her as an expert. She said that she asked

counsel about the six-year offer at court and that he told her they would “just see what happens.”

She said on the second day of trial, counsel seemed “distance (sic)” and she saw him nod a couple
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times like he was falling asleep. She believed he might have fallen asleep four times. On crossexamination, she said she received her training three years ago, which was after the petitioner’s trial.

Next, trial counsel testified that he could not offer an explanation for why the witnesses

would say what they said. He said he did not use drugs and he would not have slept during a trial.

He said that he knew the petitioner and the victim because they patronized a club that he owned. He

did not recall the suppression hearing or whether the petitioner was present during the hearing. He

said that he did not tell the family about a plea offer because there never was an offer from the

prosecution. He said it was not the policy of the district attorney’s office to make offers on charges

of first degree murder. He could not recall advising the petitioner that he did not have to testify.

On cross-examination he said that he had been practicing law for twenty-five to twenty-seven

years and that this was the first murder trial that he lost. He said the petitioner was a good man who

made some mistakes and he felt bad for him and wished him well. He said no plea offer was ever

made and his only explanation for their recollection of three to six years was his discussions with

them regarding the possible ranges of punishment. He said that he believes it is “always bad” to

allow a defendant to testify. He recalled that the petitioner insisted that he call the former in-laws

because the petitioner believed that they would testify on his behalf. They did not. Counsel said that

he never smoked crack, never fell asleep, was handicapped only by the facts, and right or wrong, he

likes to win.

During redirect, he testified that the victim was choked with a rope. He said that self-defense

is always an option in a murder case. He said that he called the ex-mother-in-law at the petitioner’s

insistence. He called her without speaking to her previously because the petitioner requested that

she testify. He also said he should have further pursued the potential conflict issue.

The State’s only witness was J. Robert Carter, Jr., the lead prosecutor during the trial. He

testified that there was no plea offer of involuntary manslaughter. He said that counsel’s actions

were good during the trial and that he worked to show a lesser charge to the jury on his client’s

behalf. He never felt that counsel was inattentive or impaired. He said that it was his duty as an

officer of the court to notify the court if he felt an attorney was impaired. The petitioner did not

cross-examine the witness, and the State rested its proof. The court took the matter under

advisement to issue written findings in the future. 

By written order entered March 18, 2005, the post-conviction court issued written findings

denying the petition for post-conviction relief. The post-conviction court found that the petitioner

failed to prove his allegations of fact by clear and convincing evidence to sustain any relief. The

court specifically found that each of the petitioner’s claims of ineffective assistance of counsel were

without merit. The court determined that the petitioner did not carry his burden of proof by showing

that a plea offer existed or that counsel did not inform him of his right not to testify. The postconviction court addressed the issue of a potential conflict of interest due to counsel’s prior

representation of the victim. However, the post-conviction court denied relief because it was not

raised in the petition and the petitioner “failed to proffer an articulate argument able to be proved by
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clear and convincing evidence.” The trial court denied relief on other grounds that are not raised in

this appeal. 

Analysis

On appeal, the petitioner contends that the post-conviction court erred in denying relief

based on: (1) ineffective assistance of counsel, and (2) failure of counsel to disclose his prior

representation of the victim. The post-conviction judge’s findings of fact on post-conviction

hearings are conclusive on appeal unless the evidence preponderates otherwise. State v. Burns, 6

S.W.3d 453, 461 (Tenn.1999). Those findings of fact are afforded the weight of a jury verdict, and

this court is bound by those findings unless the evidence in the record preponderates against those

findings. Henley v. State, 960 S.W.2d 572, 578 (Tenn.1997); Alley v. State, 958 S.W.2d 138, 147

(Tenn. Crim. App. 1997). This court may not reweigh or reevaluate the evidence nor substitute its

inferences for those drawn by the post-conviction court. State v. Honeycutt, 54 S.W.3d 762, 766

(Tenn.2001). However, the post-conviction court’s conclusions of law are reviewed under a purely

de novo standard with no presumption of correctness. Fields v. State, 40 S.W.3d 450, 458

(Tenn.2001). 

This court reviews a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel under the standards of Baxter

v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930 (Tenn.1975), and Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.668, 104 S. Ct. 2052

(1984). The petitioner has the burden to prove that the attorney’s performance was deficient and that

the deficient performance resulted in prejudice to the defendant so as to deprive him of a fair trial.

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064; Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d 363, 369 (Tenn.1996);

Butler v. State, 789 S.W.2d 898, 899 (Tenn.1990). The failure to prove either deficiency or

prejudice justifies denial of relief; therefore, the court need not address the components in any

particular order or even address both if one is insufficient. Goad, 938 S.W.2d at 370. In order to

establish prejudice, the petitioner must establish a “reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s

unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable

probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S.

at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2068.

The test in Tennessee to determine if counsel provided effective assistance is whether his or

her performance was within the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases.

Baxter, 523 S.W.2d at 936. The petitioner must overcome the presumption that counsel’s conduct

falls within the wide range of acceptable professional assistance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104

S. Ct. at 2065; State v. Honeycutt, 54 S.W.3d 762, 769 (Tenn.2001). Therefore, in order to prove

a deficiency, a petitioner must show “that counsel’s acts or omissions were so serious as to fall below

an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms.” Goad, 938 S.W.2d

at 369 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 104 S. Ct. at 2065). In reviewing counsel’s conduct, a

“fair assessment . . . requires that every effort be made to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight,

to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel’s challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from

counsel’s perspective at the time.” Nichols v. State, 90 S.W.3d 576, 587 (Tenn.2002) (citing

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S. Ct. at 2065). The fact that a particular strategy or tactic failed
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or hurt the defense does not, standing alone, establish unreasonable representation. However,

deference to matters of strategy and tactical choices applies only if the choices are informed ones

based on adequate preparation. Henley v. State, 960 S.W.2d 572, 579 (Tenn.1997); Hellard v. State,

629 S.W.2d 4, 9 (Tenn.1982).

Here, the petitioner argues that he was denied effective assistance of counsel and claims that

he was never advised of his constitutional rights concerning self-incrimination. However, he fails

to present any proof other than his own testimony to support this argument. The post-conviction

court held that the petitioner did not prove by clear and convincing evidence that counsel failed to

inform him of his right not to testify. It relied on counsel’s testimony that it was his practice to

inform defendants of this right despite the fact that he had no independent recollection of informing

the petitioner of his right not to testify. The petitioner has presented only his own testimony as

proof. The trial court accredited the testimony of counsel, a finding of fact which is conclusive on

appeal because the facts do not preponderate otherwise. See Henley, 960 S.W.2d at 579.

Next, the petitioner argues that counsel was ineffective for representing the petitioner after

previously representing the victim. He maintains that counsel “went through the motions of counsel

without paying attention to the details of effective counsel on his client’s behalf.” However, he does

not present any proof or authority to support his claim of ineffective assistance. The trial court held

that the petitioner failed to “proffer an articulate argument able to be proved by clear and convincing

evidence.” We conclude that the evidence does not preponderate against the findings of the trial

court, and we affirm.

This court has long followed the position that ineffective assistance of counsel may result if

counsel’s performance is affected by a conflict of interests. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 692, 104 S. Ct.

at 2067. Prejudice is presumed if the defendant is able to demonstrate that an actual conflict of

interest adversely affected the performance of his attorney. Id., Netters v. State, 957 S.W.2d 844,

847 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997). Forthe petitioner to prevail based on a conflict of interest, the conflict

must be actual and significant, not irrelevant or “merely hypothetical.” Howard Clifton Kirby v.

State, No. 03C01-9303-CR-00074, 1994 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 625, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App.,

Knoxville, Sept. 28, 1994), perm. app. denied (Tenn.1995).

Here, no proof has been presented to demonstrate that an actual and significant conflict of

interest existed. The petitioner testified at the post-conviction hearing that, initially, he hired counsel

before he was eventually appointed to him. Further, the petitioner stated that he was pleased that

counsel was appointed to him because he had been pleased with his prior representation. The

petitioner has failed to show that any conflict adversely affected his counsel’s performance. We

affirm the judgment of the post-conviction court.
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Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons and the record as a whole, we affirm the judgment of the postconviction court.

___________________________________ 

JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, JUDGE