IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2018-CA-00673-COA

RANDI LYNN BUTLER APPELLANT

v.

JOSEPH PARKER MOZINGO APPELLEE

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 04/05/2018

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. SUSAN RHEA SHELDON

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: FORREST COUNTY CHANCERY COURT

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: PHILLIP LLOYD LONDEREE

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE: SHEILA HAVARD SMALLWOOD 

JOHN D. SMALLWOOD

NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - CUSTODY

DISPOSITION: REVERSED AND RENDERED - 11/12/2019

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:

EN BANC.

C. WILSON, J., FOR THE COURT:

¶1. This is a child-custody-modification case. Randi Butler and Joseph Mozingo are the

parents of R.M., a minor.1 Butler appeals from the Forrest County Chancery Court’s

judgment granting Mozingo’s request for custody modification and for other relief. To

obtain a change in custody, Mozingo had to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that

“(1) a material change of circumstances . . . occurred in the custodial home since the most

recent custody decree, (2) the change adversely affect[ed] the child, and (3) the child’s best

interests mandate[d] a change in custody.” Butler v. Butler, 218 So. 3d 759, 762 (¶11) (Miss.

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 We use initials to protect the privacy of the minor involved in this matter.
Ct. App. 2017). Upon review, the chancellor did not err in finding that a material change in

circumstances occurred in R.M.’s custodial home. But the chancellor’s de facto

determination that the change adversely affected R.M. is not supported by substantial

evidence in the record. We therefore reverse and render the chancery court’s order

modifying custody.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶2. Although never married, Butler and Mozingo engaged in an intimate relationship that

resulted in the conception of R.M. Butler gave birth to R.M. in July 2014. On January 12,

2015, the chancery court entered an agreed order that adjudicated Mozingo as the natural

father of R.M., granted the parties joint legal custody of R.M., granted physical custody and

child support to Butler, and granted visitation to Mozingo. 

¶3. About two years later, on March 24, 2017, Mozingo filed a complaint seeking

modification of custody and for other relief. In his complaint, Mozingo alleged that there had

been a substantial change in circumstances in Butler’s home since January 2015 and that the

change had an adverse impact on R.M. According to Mozingo, Butler had made “numerous

moves in the past two . . . years due in part to her inability to maintain gainful employment.” 

Mozingo also contended that Butler’s “actions over the past two years show[ed] poor

judgment as well as poor parenting skills with regard to the health and welfare of [R.M.]” 

Accordingly, Mozingo sought physical custody of R.M. and child support from Butler. 

¶4. On April 25, 2017, the chancery court entered an agreed temporary order for the

parties to exchange physical custody of R.M. on a weekly basis during June and July 2017. 

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On August 28, 2017, the chancery court entered a second agreed temporary order for the

parties to share joint legal and physical custody of R.M. until further order of the court. On

March 8, 2018, the chancery court held a trial on Mozingo’s complaint. Butler, Mozingo,

Mozingo’s mother, Mozingo’s girlfriend, and Butler’s sister-in-law testified during the trial.

¶5. Butler’s testimony revealed five moves that entailed both different residences and

living arrangements, the birth of a second child (whose father provides Butler no child

support), a driver’s license suspension for an unpaid traffic violation, and an arrest for a

misdemeanor incident that occurred prior to R.M.’s birth—all within the three years since

the chancery court entered the January 2015 agreed order. According to Butler’s testimony,

she first lived with her brother and his wife. She then moved into her own apartment. After

that, she moved into a larger home with her mother. Next, she moved in with a friend and

her friend’s two children. And finally, Butler moved into a three-bedroom trailer, which she

was leasing to own from her friend Mandy Odom. Butler testified that she had been living

in the trailer for about a year and that Odom was also living in the trailer until Odom finished

remodeling her house. 

¶6. Mozingo testified he should have physical custody of R.M. due to Butler’s lack of

stability. But he also stated that the week-on-week-off schedule had worked well for them

and that he “personally [did] not have a problem with the week on, week off.” According

to Mozingo, R.M. has been in good health, and Butler has done nothing to cause him to

believe that she was being negligent or not taking care of R.M. 

¶7. Mozingo’s mother likewise testified that the week-on-week-offschedule had worked

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well and that R.M. was in good health, “active[,] and bright.” Mozingo’s girlfriend testified

that Mozingo wanted physical custody of R.M. to provide him with stability. Mozingo’s

girlfriend agreed that Mozingo seemed to be enjoying the week-on-week-off schedule and

that the schedule was “good.” Butler’s sister-in-law testified that Butler is a very good

mother and that the week-on-week-off schedule had been working “okay.” 

¶8. At the end of the trial, the chancellor made an on-the-record finding that

there has been a material change in circumstances that has been adverse to the

minor child, namely, [R.M.], and that material change in circumstances has to

do with the five different residence[s] and the lack of stability in [Butler’s]

household, that [Butler has] moved five times since [R.M.] was born. And

he’s only three-and-a-half years old.

The chancellor went on to address the Albright2factors and ultimately awarded physical

custody to Mozingo. On April 2, 2018, the chancery court entered a judgment modifying

custody. Similar to the chancellor’s bench finding, the judgment stated that

[Butler]’s testimony reflected that she and the minor child had made several

moves since the [agreed order] was entered in January of 2015 . . . . Based on

these moves, the Court finds that a material change in circumstances has

occurred in the home of . . . Butler which has had an adverse effect on the

minor child of the parties.

Aggrieved, Butler appealed. 

¶9. On appeal, Butler contends that the chancellor erred in finding a material change in

the custodial home. According to Butler, Mozingo likewise did not establish an adverse

effect on R.M. at trial. Butler contends that, in fact, the undisputed evidence offered at trial

demonstrated that the parties’ custody and visitation schedule was working well and had no

2

 Albright v. Albright, 437 So. 2d 1003 (Miss. 1983).

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ill effects on R.M.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶10. “The standard of review in child custody cases is limited. Reversal occurs only if a

chancellor is manifestly wrong or applied an erroneous legal standard.” Floyd v. Floyd, 949

So. 2d 26, 28 (¶5) (Miss. 2007). “So long as there is substantial evidence in the record that,

if found credible by the chancellor, would provide support for the chancellor’s decision, this

Court may not intercede simply to substitute our collective opinion for that of the

chancellor.” Hammers v. Hammers, 890 So. 2d 944, 950 (¶14) (Miss. Ct. App. 2004)

(quoting Bower v. Bower, 758 So. 2d 405, 412 (¶33) (Miss. 2000)). 

DISCUSSION

¶11. “To obtain a change in custody, the moving party must prove by a preponderance of

the evidence that (1) a material change of circumstances has occurred in the custodial home

since the most recent custody decree, (2) the change adversely affects the child, and (3) the

child’s best interests mandate a change in custody.” Butler, 218 So. 3d at 762 (¶11). In

weighing a petition for modification, “chancellors are charged with considering the ‘totality

of the circumstances.’” Giannaris v. Giannaris, 960 So. 2d 462, 467 (¶10) (Miss. 2007)

(quoting Tucker v. Tucker, 453 So. 2d 1294, 1297 (Miss. 1984)). “Before custody should be

changed, the chancellor should find that the overall circumstances in which a child lives have

materiallychanged and are likelyto remain materiallychanged for the foreseeable future and,

of course, that such change adversely impacts upon the child.” Id. (emphasis omitted). 

¶12. Viewing the record as a whole, substantial evidence supports the chancellor’s finding

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that a material change of circumstances occurred in R.M.’s custodial home. As noted by the

chancellor, Butler has moved five times since R.M.’s birth. Generally, “the mere moving of

the custodial parent does not constitute a material change in circumstances for child custody

modification purposes.” Welton v. Westmoreland, 180 So. 3d 738, 749 (¶34) (Miss. Ct. App.

2015) (quoting Giannaris, 960 So. 2d at 468 (¶11)). But “it is the effect the move has on the

child and the custody arrangement that is dispositive.” Id. (quoting Pearson v. Pearson, 11

So. 3d 178, 182 (¶10) (Miss. Ct. App. 2009)). This Court has previously upheld a

chancellor’s finding of material change where multiple moves are coupled with other

evidence indicating a lack ofstability. Id. at (¶35) (referencing the “considerable discretion”

we afford chancellors). 

¶13. In this case, Butler’s five moves each entailed not only different residences but also

materially different living arrangements. The chancellor determined “the five different

residences and the lack of stability in [Butler’s] household” constituted a material change in

circumstances. (Emphasis added). Reviewing the record, additional evidence of a “lack of

stability in [Butler’s] household” was adduced at trial. For example, the chancellor noted

that Butler “does not have the financial resources to pay the financial obligations that were

listed on her financial statement.” And, since R.M.’s birth, Butler has had a second child for

whomshe bears sole financial responsibility because the child’s father pays no child support.

Mindful of our limited standard of review, we conclude that the chancellor’s finding of a

material change in R.M.’s custodial home is supported by substantial evidence and therefore

is not manifestly wrong.

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¶14. Still, even when the record supports a finding that a material change in circumstances

in the custodial home has occurred, the chancellor “must separately and affirmatively

determine that this change is one which adversely affects the child[].” Bredemeier v.

Jackson, 689 So. 2d 770, 775 (Miss. 1997). The change in circumstances must “clearly

posit[] or cause[] danger to the mental or emotional well-being of [the] child . . . .” 

Giannaris, 960 So. 2d at 468 (¶10) (quoting Ballard v. Ballard, 434 So. 2d 1357, 1360 (Miss.

1983)). Each of these findings—a material change and adverse effect on the child—is a

condition precedent to reaching and re-weighing the Albright factors. Id. (“The Albright

factors may ebb and flow yearly, quarterly, monthly or even less, but in the absence of a

substantial adverse effect upon the child, physical custody changes are not onlyunwarranted,

they are unwise.”). 

¶15. As Butler points out on appeal, the record reveals no “separate and affirmative

determination,” supported by substantial evidence, of any adverse effect on R.M. In fact, the

evidence adduced at trial runs counter to such a determination: Butler, Mozingo, and

Mozingo’s mother all agreed that R.M. was in “good health,” “active,” and “bright.” 

Moreover, Mozingo “personally [did] not have a problem with the week on, week off”

custody arrangement in place at the time of trial; Mozingo’s girlfriend agreed that the

schedule was “good”; and Butler’s sister-in-law testified that the schedule had been working

“okay.” There was no proof that Butler was a negligent mother or failed to care for R.M.

¶16. In the face of this evidence, the chancery court’s finding that “the lack of stability in

[Butler’s] household, that [Butler has] moved five times since [R.M.] was born,” while

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sufficient to substantiate a material change in the custodial home, does not in itself support

a finding of adverse effect on R.M. Absent an “affirmative determination” of adverse effect, 

the chancery court’s re-application of the Albright factors was at best premature, and the

chancery court’s modification of custody was manifestly in error. 

¶17. Nor is this the “occasional” or “rare” case, as Mozingo urges on appeal, that would

warrant a change in custody “even without a specific finding that such environment has

adversely affected the child’s welfare.” Riley v. Doerner, 677 So. 2d 740, 744-45 (Miss.

1996) (affirming modification of custody where custodial home was site of dangerous and

illegal behavior, including drug use). In Riley, our supreme court made clear that the test for

custody modification “need not be applied so rigidly, nor in such a formalistic manner so as

to preclude the chancellor from rendering a decision appropriate to the facts of an individual

case.” Id. But the Riley court also made clear that “in most cases, a straightforward

application of the test for custody modification—that is, starting with the requirement of a

showing of a material change in circumstances, adversely affecting the child’s welfare—will

result in a decision consistent with the best interests of the child.” Id. at 745. This case, on

the record before us, falls within that general rule. We accordingly reverse and render the

chancery court’s judgment modifying custody.

CONCLUSION

¶18. Although the chancery court’s finding of a material change in R.M.’s custodial home

is supported by substantial evidence, the court’s “finding” of a resulting adverse effect on

R.M. is not. Accordingly, the modification of custody was manifestly in error. The

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judgment of the chancery court is therefore reversed and rendered.

¶19. REVERSED AND RENDERED.

BARNES, C.J., AND CARLTON, P.J., CONCUR. J. WILSON, P.J., AND

TINDELL, J., CONCUR IN PART AND IN THE RESULT WITHOUT SEPARATE

WRITTEN OPINION. McDONALD, LAWRENCE AND McCARTY, JJ., CONCUR

IN PART AND DISSENT IN PART WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. 

GREENLEE, J., CONCURS IN PART AND DISSENTS IN PART WITH SEPARATE

WRITTEN OPINION, JOINED BYLAWRENCE, J. WESTBROOKS, J., CONCURS

IN PART AND DISSENTS IN PART WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION,

JOINED BY McDONALD AND McCARTY, JJ.; TINDELL, J., JOINS IN PART.

GREENLEE, J., CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN PART:

¶20. I concur with the majority that there is substantial evidence supporting the

chancellor’s finding that a material change of circumstances occurred in R.M.’s custodial

home. However, I believe this case should be reversed and remanded to allow the chancellor

to make a determination as to whether the material change adverselyaffected R.M.’s welfare.

¶21. “Due to the chancellor’s actual presence in the courtroom, [she] is best equipped to

listen to the witnesses, observe their demeanor, and determine their credibility.” Wikel v.

Miller, 53 So. 3d 29, 34 (¶12) (Miss. Ct. App. 2010) (citing Minter v. Minter, 29 So. 3d 840,

850 (¶36) (Miss. Ct. App. 2009)). Since the chancellor is in the best position to hear and

rule, it is not this Court’s province to “substitute our judgment for the chancellor’s, ‘even if

we disagree with the findings of fact and would arrive at a different conclusion.’” James v.

James, 135 So. 3d 188, 191 (¶10) (Miss. Ct. App. 2013) (citing Wilson v. Wilson, 79 So. 3d

551, 560 (¶37) (Miss. Ct. App. 2012)). Therefore, I would reverse and remand this case for

further proceedings.

LAWRENCE, J., JOINS THIS OPINION.

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WESTBROOKS, J., CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN PART:

¶22. I agree with the majority’s implied finding that there was no evidence showing any

adverse effect and would also reverse and render the chancellor’s modification of R.M.’s

custody, but reviewing applicable precedent, Butler’s relocations did not constitute amaterial

change. Therefore, I concur in part and respectfully dissent in part. 

¶23. “In cases involving child-custodymodification, this Court will not disturb the findings

of the chancellor unless the chancellor was manifestly wrong, was clearly erroneous, or

applied an erroneous legal standard.” Bryant v. Bryant, 105 So. 3d 1146, 1149 (¶13) (Miss.

Ct. App. 2012) (citing White v. White, 26 So. 3d 342, 346 (¶10) (Miss. 2010). “[W]e will not

reverse where the chancellor’s findings are supported by substantial credible evidence.”

Jones v. Jones, 878 So. 2d 1061, 1064 (¶4) (Miss. Ct. App. 2004).

¶24. In direct contradiction with the chancellor’s finding, Mississippi’s appellate courts

have “repeatedly held that the mere moving of the custodial parent does not constitute a

material change in circumstances for child custody modification purposes.” Giannaris v.

Giannaris, 960 So. 2d 462, 468 (¶11) (Miss. 2007); see also Powell v. Powell, 976 So. 2d

358, 362 (¶16) (Miss. Ct. App. 2008) (holding that “relocation of the custodial parent does

not alone constitute a material change in circumstances” (emphasis added)); Cooley v.

Cooley, 574 So. 2d 694, 695-96, 699 (Miss. 1991) (finding that although the mother and

children resided in five different cities over a four- year period and had crossed multiple state

and international borders, there was not sufficient evidence to support the chancellor’s

finding that a material change had occurred), overruled on other grounds by Powell v.

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Powell, 644 So. 2d 269, 274 (Miss. 1994). 

¶25. In the case before us, the chancellor’s order, in pertinent part, stated that

Randi’s testimony reflected that she and the minor child made several moves

since the Agreed Order was entered in January of 2015, including the

following: [1] with her brother, Justin Butler . . . ; [2] an apartment [on her

own]; [3] a home with her mother . . . ; [4] with a roommate and her children

. . . ; and currently at [5] with Mandy Odom . . . . Based on these moves, the

[c]ourt finds that a material change in circumstances has occurred in the home

of Randi Butler which has had an adverse effect on the minor child of the

parties. 

The majority attempts to insert further considerations into the chancellor’s reasoning

regarding Butler’s moves, but her relocations served as the only basis of support for the

chancellor’s findings in the record. 

¶26. The majority opinion cites Welton, 180 So. 3d at 749 (¶34), where this Court held that

“the mere moving of the custodial parent does not constitute a material change in

circumstances for child custody modification purposes” but upheld the chancellor’s custody

modification because the moves were coalesced with other evidence. Id. at (¶35). Unlike

the court here, the chancellor in Welton considered “more than just Sabrina [Welton’s]

relocation in his ruling.” Id. Hardly comparable to the facts involved in this case, Welton

exhibited numerous and blatant signs of instability. Id. At the time of the trial, Welton was

residing with her then fiancé, Darren (whom she met on the Internet). Id. On at least one

occasion, Darren had kicked Welton and her children out of the home following an argument.

Id. For a time, both she and her children were rendered homeless by Darren’s actions. Id.

Welton’s children testified that the moves, living arrangements, and arguing between their

mother and her partner had been both stressful and frightening. Id. Perhaps the most notable

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distinction from the case at bar is that the mother in Welton made various moves because she

was unable “to provide any stable living arrangements for the minor children” due to

“erratic” employment and ultimately ended up in a home “in which she had no legal right to

stay.” Id. at 748-49 (¶¶33, 35).

¶27. “Whether a material change has occurred depends on the totality ofthe circumstances.

Events (i.e., moving), which would not, alone, be a sufficient material change, may in

combination provide a basis for modifying custody.” Deborah H. Bell, Bell on Mississippi

Family Law § 12.11[5][a], 396 (2d ed. 2011) (citing Duke v. Elmore, 956 So. 2d 244, 251

(¶19) (Miss. Ct. App. 2006); Hill v. Hill, 942 So. 2d 207, 211 (¶16) (Miss. Ct. App. 2006)). 

To meet the threshold, “[t]he material change must present a genuine danger to the child” and

“[c]onduct that would weigh against a parent in an original custody decision does not

necessarily justify custodymodification.” Id. (citing Lorenz v. Strait, 987 So. 2d 427, 430-34

(¶¶14-38) (Miss. 2008) (finding that a father’s drinking and DUI did not evince a material

change despite the mother’s testimony that the father drank heavily because no harm or

danger to the child was shown, and the father was in substance-abuse counseling)). 

¶28. Here, there is no other evidence to show a material change occurred. Cf. Welton, 180

So. 3d at 749 (¶34). In support of the chancellor’s finding, the majority references

inconsistencies in Butler’s Rule 8.05 financial statement as evidence of inadequate financial

resources. When questioned about the statement, Butler readily testified about omitted cash

savings and the variances in her monthly income and expenditures.3 No attempts were made

3 Butler testified that she worked part time for a cleaning service and was paid in

cash. 

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to conceal the assets at trial and it was evident during Butler’s testimony that she made some

mistakes in her attempt to complete the form.

4 Miscalculations on Butler’s Rule 8.05

disclosure would hardly render her moves a material change and were not noted as support

for the chancellor’s findings or in any relevant precedent; similar inconsistencies were also

noted in Mozingo’s Rule 8.05 disclosure. 

¶29. The majority points to the birth of Butler’s second child as an attendant circumstance

to render the moves a material change, citing Butler’s decision to act as the sole provider for 

an additional child as indication of a “lack of stability.” This assertion is not recited in the

chancellor’s order. It is also unsupported byanylegal authority and contradicts the testimony

presented in the majority opinion’s summary of the facts. Mozingo, Mozingo’s mother, and

Mozingo’s girlfriend testified that R.M. was in “good health,” and that Butler “had done

nothing to cause [Mozingo] to believe that she was being negligent or not taking care of

R.M.” No one, including the chancellor, cited Butler’s second child as an indication that she

was unstable or experiencing notable difficulty providing and caring for either of her

children. 

¶30. Butler’s decision to conceive, keep, and care for a second child is just that—her

decision. While the choice may not align with the personal and/or religious convictions of

some people, the law does not render it necessarily wrong or provide for it to serve as a basis

to establish a material change with regard to custody modification. The fact that the father

4 During Butler’s testimony, trial counsel clarified a mistake in Butler’s Rule 8.05

disclosure. Intending to report an annual income of $10,500, Butler misstated the amount

as monthly income. 

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of Butler’s second child does not financially support Butler could just as easily be construed

as evidence of her maturity given the allegations surrounding his fitness as a parent. 

Nevertheless, by all indications, Butler put both her children first and worked to maintain a

safe and loving environment. 

¶31. Obviously distinguishable from Welton, Butler’s moves, all of her own accord, never

left her family destitute. Instead, Butler’s transitions seemingly signified attempts toward

greater independence and stability for her and her children. Initially, Butler lived with her

brother, his wife, and their children. After the birth of R.M., Butler moved into a modest

apartment to establish a residence of her own. The record indicates Butler converted to a

larger accommodation, which was owned by the same landlord, when her mother moved in

with her and R.M. Following her mother’s departure, Butler determined it was more

economical to share a home with her friend, who was also a mother of two small children. 

Butler and her children remained there until moving into their current residence, which

happens to be owned by Mandy Odom. At trial, Butler submitted a receipt for the $4,000

down payment she paid toward the purchase of the home; Butler entered a rent-to-own

agreement to purchase the property fromOdom. The purchase evinces a permanent residence

for Butler and her children for the foreseeable future and remedies any potential material

change that might have arisen from the relocations.

¶32. In contrast, upon his return from school, Mozingo moved into a residence on his

family’s property. Like Welton, Mozingo admittedly has no legal ownership interest in the

property and lives there by the grace of his parents. Even without the benefit or assistance

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of reliable parents, Butler maintained stable employment and worked quickly and actively

to move her family forward. 

¶33. To affirm the chancellor’s finding of a material change based solely on Butler’s

relocations would reconstrue Mississippi law. Absent additional factors, the moves simply

do not constitute a material change. “We close our eyes to the real world if we ignore that

ours is a mobile society. Opportunity and economic necessity transport perfectly responsible

adults . . . from their homes” to more suitable and desirable accommodations. Spain v.

Holland, 483 So. 2d 318, 321 (Miss. 1986). The majority’s finding would penalize Butler

for attaining growth and advancement and thereby be counterproductive to the law and its

purpose.

¶34. Accordingly, I would find that Butler’s relocations did not constitute a material

change; thus, the chancellor did not satisfy even the first prong of the applicable custody

modification analysis. Neither the chancellor’s order nor the record provide any additional

basis to support the finding, which was clearly erroneous and manifestly wrong. For these

reasons, I concur in part and respectfully dissent in part. 

McDONALD AND McCARTY, JJ., JOIN THIS OPINION. TINDELL, J.,

JOINS THIS OPINION IN PART. 

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