This opinion will be unpublished and

may not be cited except as provided by

Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2012).

STATE OF MINNESOTA

IN COURT OF APPEALS

A14-0356

State of Minnesota,

Respondent,

vs.

Jeffrey Kevin Nelson,

Appellant.

Filed December 22, 2014

Affirmed

Hooten, Judge

Chisago County District Court

File No. 13-CR-13-107

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Janet Reiter, Chisago County Attorney, Ryan M. Flynn, Assistant County Attorney, 

Megan E. Kelly, Certified Student Attorney, Center City, Minnesota (for respondent)

Barrie Schumack, Eagan, Minnesota; and

Nadia Wood, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

Considered and decided by Rodenberg, Presiding Judge; Hooten, Judge; and Kirk, 

Judge. 

U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N

HOOTEN, Judge

On appeal from his conviction for disorderly conduct, appellant argues that the 

evidence was insufficient to sustain the conviction. We affirm.
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FACTS

On February 2, 2013, appellant Jeffrey Nelson entered a liquor store and had an 

altercation with the clerk working behind the cash register. In connection with this 

incident, police issued Nelson a citation for disorderly conduct under Minn. Stat. 

§ 609.72, subd. 1(3) (2012), and the state later charged Nelson with criminal trespass in 

addition to disorderly conduct. After Nelson’s pretrial motion to dismiss for lack of 

probable cause was denied, a bench trial was held on September 19, 2013.

At trial, the clerk testified that he had had previous confrontations with Nelson, 

and had witnessed “heated exchanges” between Nelson and the clerk’s wife. The clerk 

said that Nelson had been to the liquor store before when the clerk was working, and

Nelson would have recognized him from their previous encounters. The clerk further 

testified that when Nelson entered the liquor store on February 2, 2013, he “proceeded to 

cuss and swear,” calling the clerk a “f--king a--hole” and a “piece of sh-t” in the presence 

of 10 to 15 liquor store customers. The clerk indicated that he found these statements 

offensive, particularly because he was at work and Nelson was yelling so loudly that the 

other customers could hear him. Although the clerk told Nelson that he needed to leave, 

Nelson “continued to cuss and swear,” and refused to leave until the clerk told him he 

was calling the police. As Nelson left the liquor store, he declared that he would be 

waiting outside for the police.

Nelson testified to a somewhat different version of events. Nelson stated that as 

soon as he walked into the liquor store, the clerk immediately confronted him and asked

what he was doing there. Nelson asked what was on sale, to which the clerk responded,
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“There’s nothing until Monday. You need to get out of here.” As Nelson turned to leave, 

the clerk again told him that he needed to leave and that he was calling the police. As 

Nelson walked out the door, he called the clerk either “a piece of sh-t” or a “worthless 

piece of sh-t,” but testified that he never called the clerk a “f--king a--hole.” Nelson 

acknowledged that he was once previously ordered by a court not to come into contact 

with the clerk, but denied that he entered the store that day to confront the clerk.

Sergeant Pouti testified that he arrived at the liquor store after hearing a radio 

report regarding a “customer harassing an employee or causing a disturbance at the liquor 

store.” Upon his arrival, he noted that Nelson was standing outside the store with an 

adult female, who was later identified as the clerk’s aunt. They both advised Sergeant 

Pouti that Nelson called the clerk a “piece of sh-t” while he was in the store. At trial, the 

clerk’s aunt confirmed that she heard Nelson say, “You’re a worthless piece of sh-t” to 

the clerk. She further testified that she did not hear Nelson use the word “f--king” when 

speaking with the clerk.

The district court found Nelson guilty of disorderly conduct. The district court 

summarized the witnesses’ testimony, and “d[id] not find [Nelsons’s] testimony credible 

regarding his version of events.” Based on its finding that Nelson called the clerk a “f--

king a--hole” and a “piece of sh-t” or “worthless piece of sh-t,” the district court 

concluded that, as “a matter of common knowledge,” these were “fighting words” that 

“clearly . . . constitute personally offensive epithets that are likely to provoke a violent 

reaction or incite an immediate breach of peace by the person to whom such words are 

addressed.” The district court found Nelson’s conduct akin to the defendant in City of 
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Little Falls v. Witucki, 295 N.W.2d 243 (Minn. 1980), in which the supreme court upheld 

a disorderly conduct conviction for use of fighting words.

Nelson made a post-verdict motion for judgment of acquittal, which was 

subsequently denied by the district court. At sentencing, Nelson was ordered to pay a 

$120 fine with an $80 surcharge. This appeal followed.

D E C I S I O N

I.

Nelson first argues that his speech is protected by the First Amendment, and 

cannot be punished as “fighting words” without violating the federal and Minnesota 

constitutions. Nelson asserts that the “archaic ‘fighting words’ doctrine has not been 

used [by the United States Supreme Court] to uphold a conviction since World War II 

[and] should not be resuscitated to do so here.” While citing a string of cases in which 

the United States Supreme Court has vacated convictions for punishing protected speech, 

he cites no authority providing that speech deemed to be “fighting words” is protected 

under the First Amendment. In fact, the Supreme Court recently cited the “fighting 

words” doctrine in Chaplinsky as providing one of the few “historic and traditional 

categories” of speech that can be restricted based on content. United States v. Alvarez, 

132 S. Ct. 2357, 2544 (2012) (citing Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568, 62 S. 

Ct. 766 (1942)). The Minnesota Supreme Court has explicitly held that the disorderly 

conduct statute can punish speech in accordance with the First Amendment if applied 

only to “fighting words.” In re Welfare of S.L.J., 263 N.W.2d 412 (Minn. 1978). As 

seen in the cases below, Minnesota courts have continued to apply this doctrine to narrow 
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the reach of the disorderly conduct statute in light of First Amendment concerns. The 

“fighting words” category of unprotected speech remains good law and is appropriate for 

application in this case.

II.

Nelson primarily contends that the evidence was insufficient to support his 

conviction of disorderly conduct because his speech did not constitute fighting words. 

Disorderly conduct charges are “closely scrutinized” on appeal. In re Welfare of M.A.H., 

572 N.W.2d 752, 757 (Minn. App. 1997) (quotation omitted). First Amendment 

challenges to disorderly conduct adjudications are analyzed under a “hybrid” framework: 

“This court will review the evidence in the light most favorable to the state and then 

determine, as a matter of law, whether the defendant’s language under that set of 

circumstances falls outside the protection of the First Amendment.” M.A.H., 572 N.W.2d 

at 757. We defer to the district court as the “exclusive judge of witness credibility,” and 

we “assume[] the factfinder believed the evidence supporting the state’s case and 

disbelieved contrary evidence.” State v. Super, 781 N.W.2d 390, 396 (Minn. App. 2010), 

review denied (Minn. June 29, 2010).

Minn. Stat. § 609.72, subd. 1(3) defines disorderly conduct to include an 

individual who:

[K]nowing, or having reasonable grounds to know that it will, 

or will tend to, alarm, anger, or disturb others or provoke an 

assault or breach of the peace . . . :

(3) engages in offensive, obscene, abusive, boisterous, or 

noisy conduct or in offensive, obscene, or abusive language 
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tending reasonably to arouse alarm, anger or resentment in 

others. 

The Minnesota Supreme Court has narrowed the reach of the “offensive, obscene, or 

abusive language” portion of the statute by limiting its reach to “fighting words” as 

defined by the United States Supreme Court. S.L.J., 263 N.W.2d at 419. The fighting 

words doctrine prohibits two categories of utterances: incitement of group violence, and 

personal insults. M.A.H., 572 N.W.2d at 756. The first category of fighting words is

speech meant to “intentionally provoke a given group to a hostile reaction,” and “would 

tend to incite an immediate breach of peace.” Id. at 756 (quotations omitted); see also 

State v. Lynch, 392 N.W.2d 700, 704 (Minn. App. 1986) (upholding conviction when 

defendant’s speech incited a club-brandishing crowd). The second category is “insults 

personally directed at an individual.” M.A.H., 572 N.W.2d at 756. These insults must 

“have an immediate tendency to provoke retaliatory violence or tumultuous conduct by 

those to whom such words are addressed.” S.L.J., 263 N.W.2d at 419 (quotation 

omitted). Whether a defendant’s speech rises to the level of fighting words depends on 

the specific facts and circumstances of the case. Lynch, 392 N.W.2d at 704.

This case involves the second category of fighting words. Viewed in the light 

most favorable to the state, the evidence shows that Nelson was “loud, very loud” and 

“yelling” at the clerk inside the liquor store, calling him a “f--king a--hole” and a “piece 

of sh-t” in the presence of 10 to 15 customers in the store. The clerk found these 

statements “personally . . . offensive,” especially because he was at work at the time and 

was concerned about getting Nelson out of the store so “the other customers [wouldn’t] 
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hav[e] to deal with that.” The clerk testified on cross-examination that the other 

customers “looked confused” due to Nelson’s words to the clerk. After being asked to 

leave the liquor store, Nelson refused to leave but instead “continued to cuss and swear” 

at the clerk. Nelson only left after the clerk picked up the telephone and announced he 

would call the police. Further, this was not a confrontation between strangers—the clerk 

had “many run-ins” with Nelson in the past, and had seen “heated exchanges” before 

between his wife and Nelson.

We agree with the district court that the present case is similar to Witucki. In that 

case, the defendant’s vulgar language and name-calling at an on-duty bartender was held 

to be fighting words punishable under the disorderly conduct statute. Witucki, 295

N.W.2d at 244, 246. The bartender in Witucki was especially bothered by the obscenities 

directed at her because she was the only employee on duty and had no way to leave the 

situation. Id. at 244. Nelson’s profanities were likewise “directed at and . . . intended to 

be about a person,” namely the clerk. Id. at 245 (quotation omitted). Nelson “directly 

insult[ed] and intimidate[ed] an innocent person.” See id. Further, the clerk “was 

essentially a captive audience” because he was the only employee on duty and could not 

leave the liquor store. Id. Under similar circumstances, the Witucki court ruled that “the 

abusive language hurled by defendant at [the victim] could readily be found by a jury to 

be inherently likely to incite violence.” Id. While the clerk did not retaliate by escalating 

the confrontation into a physical assault, that does not foreclose our fighting words

conclusion. As we recognized in Witucki, the fact that the clerk “exercised responsible 
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and mature forebearance in not retaliating cannot be relied upon by defendant to escape 

responsibility for his own actions.” Id. at 246. 

Moreover, we can distinguish fighting words cases involving obscenities spoken 

to law enforcement from speech directed at ordinary citizens like the store clerk. See, 

e.g., S.L.J., 263 N.W.2d at 415; In re Welfare of T.L.S., 713 N.W.2d 877, 879 (Minn. 

App. 2006). A police officer, unlike a store clerk, is trained to deal with unruly citizens. 

“[O]fficers expect to deal with abusive behavior on a regular basis,” and may be targets 

of disorderly conduct only when “subjected to . . . indignities that go far beyond what any 

other citizen might reasonably be expected to endure.” M.A.H., 572 N.W.2d at 758 

(quotation omitted). A store clerk at his place of work should not be expected to tolerate 

the same level of abuse as a trained police officer who often deals with intoxicated or 

mentally ill persons.

We conclude that Nelson’s speech constituted fighting words because his language 

was “inherently likely to provoke violent reaction” from the clerk. S.L.J., 263 N.W.2d at 

419 (quotation omitted). Nelson’s speech falls outside the ambit of First Amendment 

protection, and therefore the district court did not err in finding him guilty of disorderly 

conduct under Minn. Stat. § 609.72, subd. 1(3).

III.

Even if Nelson’s speech did not constitute fighting words, the record provides 

sufficient evidence to support Nelson’s disorderly conduct conviction based on his 

conduct alone. “[O]ffensive, obscene, abusive, boisterous, or noisy conduct” that a 

person knows would “tend[] reasonably to arouse alarm, anger, or resentment in others,” 
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is punishable as disorderly conduct. Minn. Stat. § 609.72, subd. 1(3). Even if there is no 

showing that a defendant used fighting words, the defendant’s conduct, including his or 

her manner of speech separate from its content, may violate the statute. T.L.S., 713 

N.W.2d at 879, 880–81 (finding probable cause to arrest juvenile defendant for disorderly 

conduct when defendant was “shrieking” obscenities so loudly that it was “disruptive to 

the running of the school”); see also McCarthy, 659 N.W.2d at 811 (upholding 

conviction when defendant interrupted football game, put his hands on referee, and 

refused to leave when asked); State v. Klimek, 398 N.W.2d 41, 43 (Minn. App. 1986) 

(upholding conviction because defendant followed the victim to her car and proceeded to 

shake his fist at her in a threatening manner); State v. Ackerman, 380 N.W.2d 922, 926 

(Minn. App. 1986) (upholding conviction when defendant was “yelling and swearing” as 

to alarm others and fought with officers when they arrived). 

Here, Nelson yelled obscenities that offended the clerk and were heard by the 

other customers at the liquor store. Nelson also refused to leave, even though the clerk, 

with whom he had had prior confrontations, repeatedly asked him to do so, and then only 

left when the clerk sought police assistance. Based upon this record, we conclude that 

Nelson’s conduct was “boisterous[] or noisy” and “tend[ed] reasonably to arouse alarm, 

anger, or resentment in others” within the meaning of section 609.72, subdivision 1. 

Apart from whether Nelson’s speech constituted “fighting words,” there was sufficient 

evidence regarding his conduct to support his disorderly conduct conviction.

Affirmed.