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              A framework for establishing a rapid ‘Ōhi‘a death resistance programT
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    A framework for establishing a rapid ‘Ōhi‘a death resistance program
                            Formally Refereed	Authors:
		Blaine C. Luiz, Christian P. Giardina, Lisa M. Keith, Douglass F. Jacobs, Richard A. Sniezko, Marc A. Hughes, James B. Friday, Philip  Cannon, Robert  Hauff, Kainana  Francisco, Marian M. Chau, Nicklos  Dudley, Aileen  Yeh, Gregory  Asner, Roberta E. Martin, Ryan  Perroy, Brian J. Tucker, ʻAleʻalani  Evangelista, Veronica  Fernandez, Chloe  Martins-Keliʻihoʻomalu, Kirie  Santos, Rebekah  OharaYear:
		2022Type:
		Scientific JournalStation:
		Pacific Southwest Research StationDOI:
		https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-021-09896-5Source:
		New Forests
		Download PDF (2.0 MB)
			Cite
                                                        Abstract
*Metrosideros polymorpha* Gaud. (‘ōhi‘a) is the most abundant native forest tree in Hawai‘i and a keystone species of cultural, ecological, and economic importance. ‘Ōhi‘a forests, particularly on Hawaiʻi Island, are being severely impacted by Rapid ‘Ōhi‘a Death (ROD), which is caused by the fungal pathogens *Ceratocystis lukuohia* and *C. huliohia*. ROD is characterized by branch dieback, crown wilting, and mortality. Initial disease resistance screening of four varieties of *M. polymorpha* with *C. lukuohia* demonstrated that varieties may differ in susceptibility. Several survivors of field or screening-based infections still exist, providing strong impetus for the establishment of the ‘Ōhiʻa Disease Resistance Program (ʻŌDRP). Here, we outline a framework for guiding the ʻŌDRP throughout the process of identifying and developing ROD resistance in *M. polymorpha* and, possibly, all Hawaiian *Metrosideros* species. Core ʻŌDRP projects include: (1) evaluating and operationalizing methods for greenhouse-based production and screening of test plants; (2) greenhouse screening of seedlings and rooted cuttings sampled from native *Metrosideros* throughout Hawaiʻi; (3) establishing field trials to validate results from greenhouse assays; (4) understanding environmental and genetic drivers of resistance to characterize the durability of resistance to ROD; (5) developing remote sensing and molecular methods to rapidly detect ROD-resistant individuals; and (6) conducting breeding trials to improve the degree and durability of ROD resistance. Ultimately, the ʻŌDRP seeks to produce ROD-resistant material for the perpetuation of *M. polymorpha* across Hawai‘i, with the goal of preserving the ecology, culture, and communities that are dependent on this tree species.
	
	
	 
Keywords
            Metrosideros polymorpha,
            Ceratocystis,
            Plant disease,
            Disease resistance,
            Forest pathogens,
            Fungal disease

	Citation
Luiz, Blaine C.; Giardina, Christian P.; Keith, Lisa M.; Jacobs, Douglass F.; Sniezko, Richard A.; Hughes, Marc A.; Friday, James B.; Cannon, Philip; Hauff, Robert; Francisco, Kainana; Chau, Marian M.; Dudley, Nicklos; Yeh, Aileen; Asner, Gregory; Martin, Roberta E.; Perroy, Ryan; Tucker, Brian J.; Evangelista, ʻAleʻalani; Fernandez, Veronica; Martins-Keliʻihoʻomalu, Chloe; Santos, Kirie; Ohara, Rebekah. 2022. A framework for establishing a rapid ‘Ōhi‘a death resistance program. New Forests. 11(S2): 593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-021-09896-5.
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