[DO NOT PUBLISH]

In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 21-13542

Non-Argument Calendar

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TIMOTHY DEWAYNE LITTLEJOHN, 

Petitioner-Appellant,

versus

DIRECTOR, FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION, 

Respondent-Appellee.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Georgia

D.C. Docket No. 1:21-cv-02321-MLB

____________________

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2 Opinion of the Court 21-13542

Before ROSENBAUM, BRASHER, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Timothy Littlejohn appeals the district court’s dismissal of 

his 28 U.S.C. § 1361 mandamus petition for failure to pay the full 

filing fee in accordance with the three-strikes provision of 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1915(g). 

We review de novo the interpretation of § 1915(g). Brown 

v. Johnson, 387 F.3d 1344, 1347 (11th Cir. 2004). We liberally construe the filings of pro se litigants. Tannenbaum v. United States, 

148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998). We may affirm on any ground 

supported by the law and the record. United States v. Campbell, 

26 F.4th 860, 879 (11th Cir. 2022) (en banc). 

Section 1915 governs proceedings in forma pauperis (“IFP”), 

under which prisoners may proceed without prepayment of the filing fee and instead pay the fee in installments. 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1915(a)(2), (b). However, “to curtail abusive prisoner litigation,”

§ 1915(g) withholds IFP status from prisoners who bring a “civil action” if they have three or more prior meritless lawsuits or appeals, 

unless they are in imminent danger.1 Dupree v. Palmer, 284 F.3d 

1 Section 1915(g) states,

In no event shall a prisoner bring a civil action or appeal a judgment in a civil action or proceeding under this section if the 

prisoner has, on 3 or more prior occasions, while incarcerated 

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21-13542 Opinion of the Court 3

1234, 1236 (11th Cir. 2002); see 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g); White v. 

Lemma, 947 F.3d 1373, 1377 (11th Cir. 2020). “After the third meritless suit, the prisoner must pay the full filing fee at the time he 

initiates suit.” Dupree, 284 F.3d at 1236. (quotation marks omitted). 

In his petition, Littlejohn sought to compel the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”) and a U.S. Attorney to take action 

against mail fraud and Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”) crimes allegedly committed by various public 

officials in Cobb County in relation to state criminal proceedings

against him. Littlejohn also described instances of being beaten by 

jail officers and forcibly medicated with Haldol, an antipsychotic 

medication.

Because Littlejohn was an inmate who sought leave to proceed IFP, the district court considered the three-strikes provision. 

See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). It found that Littlejohn was a serial litigant 

who, while detained, had filed forty cases in the Northern District 

of Georgia since March 2021, the majority of which were dismissed 

as frivolous. It also determined that Littlejohn had failed to raise 

any allegation of imminent danger. And it overruled his objection 

or detained in any facility, brought an action or appeal in a 

court of the United States that was dismissed on the grounds 

that it is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon 

which relief may be granted, unless the prisoner is under imminent danger of serious physical injury.

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that the § 1361 mandamus petition was not a “civil action” subject 

to § 1915(g). Finally, the court explained that Littlejohn could not 

use the courts to exercise control over the investigation and prosecution of others. 

Based on a liberal construction of his briefing on appeal, including the motions and other documents he has submitted, Littlejohn maintains that various state actors (and now federal judges) 

have committed crimes against him, and he asserts that he has a 

clear legal right to file a complaint with the FBI. He contends that 

the Supreme Court left the “mandamus door open” under 

§ 1915(g), relying on excerpts from Miller v. Donald, 541 F.3d 1091 

(11th Cir. 2009). He also asserts that he is in imminent danger, 

claiming he has been attacked several times since filing this lawsuit. 

He does not dispute his status as a three-striker.

As Littlejohn notes, we have not addressed whether or in 

what circumstances mandamus petitions are “civil actions” subject 

to § 1915(g). Other circuits have held that a mandamus petition 

qualifies as a civil action if it is analogous to or arises out of a civil 

lawsuit to which § 1915(g) applies, such as a challenge to prison 

conditions. See In re Crittenden, 143 F.3d 919, 920 (5th Cir. 1998) 

(“[T]he nature of the underlying action . . . determine[s] the applicability of [§ 1915(g)].”); Martin v. United States, 96 F.3d 853, 854 

(7th Cir. 1996) (whether a petition for mandamus falls within 

§ 1915(g) “turn[s] on whether the litigation in which it is being filed 

is within that scope”); In re Nagy, 89 F.3d 115, 117 (2d Cir. 1996) 

(reasoning that prisoners should not be able to avoid § 1915(g) 

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simply by bringing 42 U.S.C. § 1983 civil rights claims under the 

guise of seeking mandamus). But if the mandamus petition seeks 

relief in relation to a criminal proceeding, § 1915(g) may not apply. 

See Martin, 96 F.3d at 854 (“A petition for mandamus in a criminal 

proceeding is not a form of prisoner litigation.”). 

Here, Littlejohn’s petition raises both allegations analogous 

to a civil lawsuit, concerning his conditions of confinement, and 

allegations about invalid state criminal proceedings. So if we 

adopted the framework we just described, he arguably could proceed in part on his petition, notwithstanding § 1915(g). We need 

not decide that issue, though, because even assuming that Littlejohn’s mandamus petition was not subject to § 1915(g), or that 

he otherwise could meet the exception for “imminent danger, his 

petition was properly dismissed because “it is clear that no writ of 

mandamus could properly issue in this case.” Heckler v. Ringer, 

466 U.S. 602, 616 (1984). We affirm on that alternative ground. See 

Campbell, 26 F.4th at 879.

Littlejohn sought relief under § 1361, which grants the district courts jurisdiction over “any action in the nature of mandamus 

to compel an officer or employee of the United States or any 

agency thereof to perform a duty owed to the plaintiff.” 28 U.S.C.

§ 1361. This section codifies the common-law writ of mandamus 

and permits relief “only if [a petitioner] has exhausted all other avenues of relief and only if the defendant owes him a clear nondiscretionary duty.” Heckler, 466 U.S. at 616–17. 

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Here, Littlejohn cannot show that either the FBI or the U.S. 

Attorney owes him a clear nondiscretionary duty to investigate or 

prosecute Cobb County employees, or any other person.2 As the 

Supreme Court has explained, “a private citizen lacks a judicially 

cognizable interest in the prosecution or nonprosecution of another.” Linda R.S. v. Richard D., 410 U.S. 614, 619 (1973). Federal 

courts also lack the authority to control prosecutorial discretion

through mandamus. Otero v. U.S. Atty. Gen., 832 F.2d 141, 141 

(11th Cir. 1987). Accordingly, Littlejohn has not offered any 

grounds on which to grant the extraordinary relief of mandamus. 

For these reasons, we affirm the dismissal of Littlejohn’s 

mandamus petition.3 

AFFIRMED. 

2 To the extent Littlejohn raised claims against the state or private actors he 

accuses of crimes, he faces other obstacles. First, they are not “officer[s] or

employee[s] of the United States,” so 28 U.S.C. § 1361 does not permit relief 

against them. And second, he appears to have other avenues of relief available, such as a complaint under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 or the ordinary review procedures available to criminal defendants under state law. That any complaint in 

federal court under § 1983 would be subject to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g) does not 

amount to a denial of access to that remedy. See Medberry v. Butler, 185 F.3d 

1189, 1194 (11th Cir. 1999) (noting that “§ 1915(g) does not deny prisoners the 

right of access to the courts; it merely requires them to pay the filing fee immediately and in full rather than on an installment plan”). 

3 We DENY Littlejohn’s motions to refer the matter to law enforcement, to 

hear oral argument, to order his placement in protective custody, to suspend 

the rules, and to appoint a special master.

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