1

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

ADRIAN A. PLESHA,

Plaintiff,

v.

BESTLINE INTERNATIONAL 

RESEARCH, INC.,

Defendant.

Civil Action No. 19-1273 (BAH)

Chief Judge Beryl A. Howell

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Plaintiff Adrian A. Plesha, a consultant, seeks a default judgment in a breach of contract 

suit against his former client, defendant Bestline International Research, Inc., based on his 

factual allegations that, in 2017, defendant abruptly terminated their 2015 contract, without 

paying all monies due to plaintiff, and then defendant filed for bankruptcy. Compl. ¶¶ 1, 5, 8, 

20, 22, ECF No. 1; Pl.’s Mot. Default J. (“Pl.’s Mot.”) at 3, ECF No. 27. Although a former 

executive of defendant has submitted letters to the Court on behalf of the defendant corporation

at various points in this two-year long litigation, no attorney has yet filed an appearance on 

defendant’s behalf, nor filed any response to the Complaint, despite this Court’s admonition on 

two occasions that a corporation may not appear pro se. See Min. Order (July 3, 2019) (citing 

Greater S.E. Cmty. Hosp. Found., Inc. v. Potter, 586 F.3d 1, 4–5 (D.C. Cir. 2009)); Min. Order 

(July 19, 2019).

For the reasons detailed below, default judgment is granted as to Counts One and Two of 

the Complaint and denied as to Counts Three, Four, and Five.
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I. BACKGROUND

The relevant factual background and procedural history is summarized below, with 

plaintiff’s factual allegations, as set out the Complaint, presumed to be true. See Robinson v. 

Ergo Solutions, LLC, 4 F. Supp. 3d 171, 178 (D.D.C. 2014) (“Upon entry of default by the clerk, 

the ‘defaulting defendant is deemed to admit every well-pleaded allegation in the complaint.’”

(quoting Int’l Painters & Allied Trades Indus. Pension Fund v. R.W. Amrine Drywall Co., 239 F. 

Supp. 2d 26, 30 (D.D.C. 2002))).

A. Factual Background

Plaintiff consults with new companies to develop opportunities for business development. 

Compl. ¶ 5. On about September 10, 2015, plaintiff entered into a contract with defendant, a 

corporation that develops oil and gas treatment technologies for use in the public and private 

sectors. Id. ¶¶ 7–8. 1 Under the terms of the agreement, plaintiff was obliged to advocate for 

and introduce defendant to industry actors and government decision-makers. See Pl.’s Decl., Ex. 

A, Agreement for Professional Services (“Agreement”) § 7, ECF No. 27-2. In return for 

plaintiff’s consulting services, defendant agreed to compensate plaintiff in three ways: (1) 

defendant would pay plaintiff a total of $120,000, payable over twelve months in monthly 

installments of $6,000 in cash and $4,000 in supplementary equitable shares of defendant,

Compl. ¶ 11 (citing Agreement § 2(a)); (2) defendant would pay plaintiff a “finder’s fee” of 10% 

of defendant’s stock or 10% of the net sale of the entire company if plaintiff “either brings in or 

introduces the company to a team of investors who acquire it or for finding a corporate shell in 

which the company would transfer its assets,” id. ¶¶10, 14 (citing Agreement § 2(c)); and (3) 

defendant would pay plaintiff “a commission of 7% of the company’s gross sales on all non1 At the time the contract was formed, Bestline was known as Bestline Lubricants, Inc. See Compl. ¶ 1; Pl.’s 

Decl., Ex. A at 1.
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federal government business,” id. ¶ 15 (citing Agreement § 2(d)). 2 This contract was effective 

for one year, from September 1, 2015 through August 31, 2016, with provision for an automatic 

extension for an additional twelve month period, unless defendant notified plaintiff of its 

intention to terminate the agreement “in writing before July 31, 2016.” Agreement §§ 4, 4.a.

Plaintiff introduced defendant to new clients including Chevron, Valvoline, UPS, AT&T, 

and Lowes. Compl. ¶ 18. On August 30, 2017, defendant terminated the Agreement in an email 

sent to plaintiff by John Polster, id. ¶ 22, whose position within the defendant corporation is not 

identified in the email but who has identified himself in correspondence to this Court as

defendant’s “Exec. Vice President.” See, e.g., Def.’s First Mot. Extension, ECF No. 12. 3

 

Polster’s email stated that defendant did not “have the resources to continue.” Pl.’s Decl., Ex. B, 

August 30, 2017, E-Mail from John Polster to plaintiff, at 16, ECF No. 27-2; Compl. ¶ 22. 

Before the termination, defendant made some payments to plaintiff, but failed to make all 

payments for the cash, equitable shares, and company shares set out in the Agreement. Compl. ¶

20. As a result, plaintiff alleges losses in the amount of approximately $284,425. See Pl.’s Mot. 

at 6. Specifically, plaintiff claims that he is owed $87,625 in deferred monthly payments as well 

as approximately $96,000 in company equity, and/or shares of that value. See id. at 5–6 (citing

Agreement § 2(a)). In addition, plaintiff estimates defendant owes $100,800 in cash from 

commissions on gross sales. Id. at 6; see also Compl. ¶ 16 (citing Agreement § 2(d)). 

2 Defendant also agreed to pay certain expenses in connection with the Agreement, including reimbursing

plaintiff for all transportation, hotel, meals, and other business-related expenses incurred in connection with carrying 

out plaintiff’s services to defendant. Compl. ¶ 17 (citing Agreement §3). 3

 On September 20, 2019, defendant’s Board of Directors approved a resolution authorizing Polster, the 

“Secretary of BestLine International Research, Inc.” to “appear in all such bankruptcy proceedings on behalf of the 

[c]ompany, and to otherwise do and perform any and all acts and deeds and to execute and deliver all necessary 

documents on behalf of the [c]ompany in connection with said bankruptcy proceedings.” Corp. Resolution, In re 

BestLine International Research, Inc., No. 19-11853-1 (Bankr. N.D.N.Y. Oct. 11, 2019), ECF No. 2. 
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Following the Agreement’s termination, plaintiff made numerous attempts to recover the 

payments. Compl. ¶¶ 23–31. Defendant remained largely unresponsive for several months until

November 16, 2017, when Polster advised plaintiff, via email, that the defendant owed him no 

commission but only $78,875 in monthly fees. See id. ¶ 33. Polster offered to ask the Board to 

issue plaintiff $78,875 of company stock, amounting to a 0.5% interest in defendant, id., but

plaintiff rejected this offer, see Pl.’s Decl. ¶ 15, ECF No. 27-2. After subsequent negotiations 

failed, plaintiff initiated this action to recover unpaid amounts owed under the terms of the 

Agreement. See Compl. ¶¶ 34–38.

B. Procedural Background

Plaintiff filed his Complaint on May 1, 2019, asserting five claims against defendant: (1) 

breach of contract, id. ¶¶ 40–46; (2) breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, id. 

¶¶ 48–52; (3) quantum meruit, id. ¶¶ 54–59; (4) misrepresentation, id. ¶¶ 61–68; and (5)

promissory estoppel, id. ¶¶ 70–73. 

Defendant was served on July 25, 2019. Return of Serv. Aff. at 2, ECF No. 11. Even 

before then, on June 28, 2019, Polster, acting pro se, attempted to file an answer on defendant’s

behalf, but the Court denied leave to file because defendant, as a corporation, is not permitted to 

appear pro se. Min. Order (July 3, 2019). On August 15, 2019, the date by which defendant was

required to have filed an answer, Polster submitted another letter to the Court requesting until 

September 27, 2019 to file defendant’s answer, which letter was docketed and “[c]onstrued as 

motion for extension of time to respond to the complaint.” See Def.’s First Mot. Extension. 

Based on Polster’s representation that defendant had obtained an attorney to file a petition in

bankruptcy and needed time to retain representation in these proceedings, defendant was granted 

an extension until September 27, 2019 to respond to the Complaint. Min. Order (Aug. 22, 2019). 

No timely response was filed by defendant, however.
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On October 7, 2019, the Court directed plaintiff to show cause why the case should not 

be dismissed for failure to prosecute. See Min. Order (Oct. 7, 2019) (citing D.D.C. LCvR 

83.23). Polster, acting pro se, requested another extension on defendant’s behalf, Def.’s Second 

Mot. Extension, ECF No. 14, which request was docketed and granted, requiring defendant’s 

response to the Complaint to be filed by October 11, 2019, Min. Order (Oct. 9, 2019), but again 

no timely response was filed. 

Plaintiff then sought entry of default, see Pl.’s Aff. Supp. Entry of Default, ECF No. 15, 

which the Clerk of Court entered against defendant on October 22, 2019, see Clerk’s Entry of 

Default, ECF No. 16. Plaintiff subsequently explained that defendant had filed for Chapter 7 

bankruptcy, see Pl.’s Response to Order to Show Cause (“Pl.’s Response”) ¶ 10, ECF No. 17, 

and plaintiff was asserting his rights to collection in defendant’s bankruptcy case, see id. ¶ 13.

Plaintiff was directed to file quarterly status reports, apprising the Court of the status of 

defendant’s bankruptcy proceedings and whether plaintiff would be able to prosecute this case to 

judgment. Min. Order (Nov. 26, 2019). 

Plaintiff submitted six timely status reports every 90 days over a period of eighteen 

months and, in the last status report, advised that “[t]he Bankruptcy Court issued a Final Decree 

deeming the Chapter 7 bankruptcy claim of the defendant ‘fully administered’ on January 8, 

2020,” but that “proceedings in this Court are not complete, and plaintiff maintains that [he] will 

be able to prosecute this case to judgment.” Pl.’s Status Report (May 24, 2021) at 2–3, ECF No. 

24. 4 Plaintiff thereafter filed the pending motion for default judgment, Pl.’s Mot. Defendant 

4 The filing of the bankruptcy petition triggered an “automatic stay against most collection activities” and,

“while the stay is in effect, creditors [could not] sue, assert a deficiency, repossess property, or otherwise try to 

collect from the debtor.” Pl.’s Response ¶ 10 (quoting Notice of Ch. 7 Bankr. Case, In re BestLine International 

Research, Inc., No. 19-11853 (Bankr. N.D.N.Y. Oct. 11, 2019), ECF No. 3); see also 11 U.S.C. § 362(a). On 

January 8, 2020, the bankruptcy court issued a final decree that defendant’s estate had been fully administered and 

the bankruptcy case closed, see Final Decree, In re BestLine International Research, Inc., No. 19-11853 (Bankr. 

N.D.N.Y. Jan. 8, 2020), ECF No. 6, extinguishing the stay, see 11 U.S.C. § 362(c). Plaintiff is now free to pursue 
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has filed no response to this motion or in response to this Court’s order to show cause why 

plaintiff’s motion should not be granted, see Min. Order (June 24, 2021).5

II. LEGAL STANDARD

The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure “provide for default judgments . . . [to] safeguard 

plaintiffs ‘when the adversary process has been halted because of an essentially unresponsive 

party,’” and to protect “‘the diligent party . . . lest he be faced with interminable delay and 

continued uncertainty as to his rights.’” Mwani v. bin Laden, 417 F.3d 1, 7 (D.C. Cir. 2005) 

(quoting Jackson v. Beech, 636 F.2d 831, 836 (D.C. Cir. 1980)). Pursuant to Federal Rule of 

Civil Procedure 55(a), “[w]hen a party against whom a judgment for affirmative relief is sought 

has failed to plead or otherwise defend, and that failure is shown by affidavit or otherwise, the 

clerk must enter the party’s default.” FED. R. CIV. P. 55(a); see 10A CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT ET

AL., FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 2682 (4th ed. 2018) (“When the prerequisites of Rule 

55(a) are satisfied, an entry of default may be made by the clerk without any action being taken 

by the court . . . [as long as] the clerk [has] examine[d] the affidavits filed and [found] that they 

meet the requirements of Rule 55(a).”). Upon entry of default, the “defaulting defendant is 

deemed to admit every well-pleaded allegation in the complaint.” Int’l Painters & Allied Trades 

Indus. Pension Fund, 239 F. Supp. 2d at 30 (citing Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Hughes, 449 

F.2d 51, 63 (2d Cir. 1971)). 

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55(b)(2) permits a court to consider entering a default 

judgment when a party applies for that relief. See FED. R. CIV. P. 55(b)(2). “The determination 

of whether default judgment is appropriate [under Rule 55(b)(2)] is committed to the discretion 

his claims against defendant, since corporate debtors, unlike individual debtors, are ineligible for discharge of all 

their debts at the termination of the bankruptcy suit. See 11 U.S.C. §§ 524(a), 727. 5 On September 10, 2021, Polster again submitted a pro se letter on defendant’s behalf but leave to file was 

denied. See ECF No. 28.
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of the trial court.” Int’l Painters & Allied Trades Indus. Pension Fund v. Auxier Drywall, LLC, 

531 F. Supp. 2d 56, 57 (D.D.C. 2008) (citing Jackson, 636 F.2d at 836). Default judgment is 

appropriate if defendants are “‘totally unresponsive’” and the failure to respond is “plainly 

willful, as reflected by [the party’s] failure to respond ‘either to the summons and complaint, the 

entry of default, or the motion for default judgment.’” District of Columbia v. Butler, 713 F.

Supp. 2d 61, 64 (D.D.C. 2010) (quoting Gutierrez v. Berg Contracting Inc., No. 99–3044, 2000 

WL 331721, at *1 (D.D.C. Mar. 20, 2000)). When there is an “absence of any request to set 

aside the default or suggestion by the defendant that it has a meritorious defense, it is clear that 

the standard for default judgment has been satisfied.” Int’l Painters, 531 F. Supp. 2d at 57 

(internal quotations omitted).

“Entry of a default judgment is not automatic,” Mwani, 417 F.3d at 6, however, and so 

the procedural posture of a default does not relieve a federal court of its “‘independent obligation 

to determine whether subject-matter jurisdiction exists, even in the absence of a challenge from 

any party.’” Olson v. United States, 953 F. Supp. 2d 223, 228 (D.D.C. 2013) (quoting Arbaugh 

v. Y & H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 514 (2006)). Additionally, “a court should satisfy itself that it has 

personal jurisdiction before entering judgment against an absent defendant.” Mwani, 417 F.3d at 

6.

When entering default judgment, the court must “‘make an independent determination of 

the sum [of damages, if any,] to be awarded,’” Sanchez v. Devashish Hosp., LLC, 322 F.R.D. 32, 

37 (D.D.C. 2017) (quoting Boland v. Yoccabel Constr. Co., 293 F.R.D. 13, 17 (D.D.C. 2013)). 

“To ensure that there is an adequate basis to determine damages,” a plaintiff bears the burden of 

“‘prov[ing] his entitlement’ to the relief requested,” Ventura v. L.A. Howard Constr. Co., 134 F.

Supp. 3d 99, 103 (D.D.C. 2015) (quoting Boland v. Providence Constr. Corp., 304 F.R.D. 31, 36 
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(D.D.C. 2014)), “to a reasonable certainty,” Boland v. Elite Terrazzo Flooring, Inc., 763 F. Supp. 

2d 64, 68 (D.D.C. 2011) (citing Flynn v. Extreme Granite, Inc., 671 F. Supp. 2d 157, 162 

(D.D.C. 2009)).

III. DISCUSSION

A default judgment for damages may be entered, after both subject-matter jurisdiction 

and personal jurisdiction over a defendant is established, when the plaintiff has presented 

satisfactory evidence to establish his claims against the defendant and entitlement to the 

monetary damages sought. 6 Plaintiff has met these requirements—and is entitled to a damages 

award—on his two contractual claims but not for his remaining equitable claims, as discussed 

seriatim below. 

A. COUNT I – BREACH OF CONTRACT

Plaintiff has provided sufficient evidence to show defendant is liable for breach of 

contract. To state a claim for breach of contract under District of Columbia law, “‘a party must 

establish (1) a valid contract between the parties; (2) an obligation or duty arising out of the

contract; (3) a breach of that duty; and (4) damages caused by the breach.’” Logan v. LaSalle 

Bank Nat’l Ass’n, 80 A.3d 1014, 1023 (D.C. 2013) (quoting Tsintolas Realty Co. v. Mendez, 984 

A.2d 181, 187 (D.C. 2009)); see also Wetzel v. Capital City Real Estate, LLC, 73 A.3d 1000, 

1005 (D.C. 2013) (same); Regan v. Spicer HB, LLC, 134 F. Supp. 3d 21, 30 (D.D.C. 2015) 

(same, applying District of Columbia law).

6 This Court has subject-matter jurisdiction over this action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1) because 

plaintiff is a citizen of the District of Columbia, Compl. ¶ 3, and defendant is a citizen of New York, id. ¶ 6, and the 

matter in controversy exceeds the jurisdictional threshold of $75,000. Personal jurisdiction may be exercised over 

defendant because the contract at issue provided that “any litigation arising from this Agreement shall be in 

Washington D.C . . . .” See Agreement § 8. Such clauses are presumptively valid provisions, Marra v. Papandreou, 

216 F.3d 1119, 1124 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (citing M/S Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co., 407 U.S. 1, 10 (1972)), and 

reflect defendant’s implied consent to the personal jurisdiction of this Court. See Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 

471 U.S. 462, 472 n.14 (1985) (enforcement of forum-selection provisions does not offend due process if provision 

is just, reasonable, and obtained through freely negotiated agreement).
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As support for the Complaint’s allegations, which are assumed to be true, plaintiff has 

submitted a copy of the parties’ Agreement, which is signed by Florian A. Rais, defendant’s 

Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”). See Agreement at 3; Compl. ¶ 9. The Agreement plainly 

provides three forms of compensation to plaintiff for services rendered, including a monthly 

payment for the duration of the contract. Agreement at § 2(a). Defendant made some of its 

monthly payments but, with plaintiff’s approval, began deferring them. Compl. ¶¶ 12, 20. 

Defendant has still not fully rendered its monthly payments owed to plaintiff. 

The contract further required defendant to pay plaintiff a “[c]ommission of 7% (seven 

percent) of Company gross sales on all non-federal government business.” Agreement at § 2(d). 

Plaintiff does not explicitly state but, based on his request for relief, implies that defendant never 

paid any commission fee. See Compl. ¶ 16. Polster’s November 16, 2017 e-mail to plaintiff 

stated that defendant owed no commission payments because plaintiff did not request 

commissions earlier nor any sales information from which commissions could be calculated. See

Pl.’s Decl., Ex. B at 10. Yet, any tardiness by plaintiff in demanding commissions owed does 

not nullify the provision in the agreement that prescribes this fee. The contract required 

defendant to pay plaintiff 7% commission on all non-federal government business and it did not. 

Consequently, plaintiff has not been fully compensated for the consulting work he performed 

pursuant to the Agreement. Compl. ¶ 45. Plaintiff claims he suffered losses in the amount of 

approximately $284,425, see Pl.’s Mot. at 6, and has satisfied his burden. Defendant is therefore 

liable for breach of contract. 

B. COUNT II - BREACH OF IMPLIED COVENANT OF GOOD FAITH AND 

FAIR DEALING 

Under District of Columbia common law, “[e]very contract contains an implied covenant 

of good faith and fair dealing,” Sundberg v. TTR Realty, LLC, 109 A.3d 1123, 1133 (D.C. 2015), 
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which prohibits “‘do[ing] anything which will have the effect of destroying or injuring the right 

of the other party to receive the fruits of the contract . . . .’” Abdelrhman v. Ackerman, 76 A.3d 

883, 891 (D.C. 2013) (quoting Hais v. Smith, 547 A.2d 986, 987 (D.C. 1988)). “‘To state a 

claim for breach of [this covenant], a plaintiff must allege either bad faith or conduct that is 

arbitrary and capricious.’” Id. at 891–92 (quoting Wright v. Howard Univ., 60 A.3d 749, 754 

(D.C. 2013)). Bad faith amounts to “more than mere negligence,” but includes conduct 

reflecting a “lack of diligence, purposeful failure to perform, and interference with the other 

party’s ability to perform.” Wright, 60 A.3d at 754.

Plaintiff has provided sufficient evidence to show defendant is liable for breaching this 

covenant. On August 30, 2017, Polster emailed plaintiff terminating the parties’ contract, 

stating, “we have no choice but to cancel our contract,” but expressly offered to continue the 

relationship through a different compensation arrangement based entirely on commission. Pl.’s 

Decl., Ex. B at 16. On November 16, 2017, Polster had an about-face and emailed plaintiff 

stating that, upon further review, “it is now apparent that there is no contract.” Id at 10. Polster 

provided two justifications for this about-face: (1) the contract executed by plaintiff was with 

“BestLine Lubricants, Inc.,” whereas the company’s name is “BestLine International Research, 

Inc.;” and (2) the contract was never presented to defendant’s Board for approval. Id. These

justifications for asserting no contract existed appear to be spurious: on September 9, 2017, 

defendant’s CEO Florian Rais wrote to plaintiff from the email address 

“frais@bestlinelubricants.com,” id. at 14, suggesting the company held itself out as “BestLine 

Lubricants” in at least some business contexts. Furthermore, the contract with plaintiff contained 

no provision stating that defendant’s Board needed to approve the agreement before the contract 
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would take effect. See Agreement. Polster’s justifications for denying the existence of the 

contract, therefore, represent arbitrary and capricious conduct on the part of defendant.

Defendant’s decision to make partial payments of the sum owed to plaintiff under the 

contract and to terminate the Agreement before its renewal date confirms that defendant viewed 

the contract to be valid and binding. Defendant raised an issue about the validity of the 

Agreement only when called upon to fulfill its obligations on the agreed-upon terms. For these 

reasons, defendant “willfully rendered [an] imperfect performance,” and therefore defendant is 

liable for breach of the covenant of good faith. See Himmelstein v. Comcast of the Dist., L.L.C., 

908 F. Supp. 2d 49, 54 (D.D.C. 2012).

C. COUNTS III AND V - QUANTUM MERUIT AND PROMISSORY 

ESTOPPEL 

Given plaintiff’s success on Counts I and II, his claims on Counts III and V for quantum 

meruit and promissory estoppel, respectively, are alternative means to obtain relief on equitable 

legal theories and precluded. To bring a claim of quantum meruit, plaintiff must establish that: 

(1) plaintiff rendered “‘valuable services;’ (2) ‘for the person from whom recovery is sought;’ (3) 

‘which services were accepted and enjoyed by that person;’ and (4) ‘under circumstances which 

reasonably notified the person that the plaintiff, in performing such services, expected to be 

paid.’” Alemayehu v. Abere, 199 F. Supp. 3d 74, 84 (D.D.C. 2016) (quoting Providence Hosp. v. 

Dorsey, 634 A.2d 1216, 1218 n.8 (D.C. 1993)). Quantum meruit is a theory of recovery that 

“rests on a contract implied in fact, that is, a contract inferred from the conduct of the parties[.]”

Id. at 84 n.5 (internal quotations omitted). The existence of an actual contract precludes a claim 

for quantum meruit because “there is no need to consider whether the parties’ conduct implies a 

contractual relationship.” Plesha v. Ferguson, 725 F. Supp. 2d 106, 112 (D.D.C. 2010); U.S. ex 

rel. Am. Civ. Constr., LLC v. Hirani Eng’g & Land Surveying, P.C., 962 F.3d 587, 595 (D.C. 
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Cir. 2020) (restitution, rather than quantum meruit, is the proper remedy where defendant has 

breached an express contract). 

Similarly, promissory estoppel is an equitable remedy available where the formal 

requirements of a contract have not been satisfied. Vila v. Inter-Am. Inv. Corp., 570 F.3d 274, 

279 (D.C. Cir. 2009). A claim for promissory estoppel requires plaintiff to show there was a 

promise that he reasonably relied upon to his detriment. In re U.S. Office Prods. Co. Sec. Litig., 

251 F. Supp. 2d 77, 97 (D.D.C. 2003) (citing Simard v. Resolution Trust Corp., 639 A.2d 540, 

552 (D.C. 1994)). “District of Columbia law is clear that promissory estoppel applies to 

arrangements only where no written agreements exist.” Parnigoni v. St. Columba’s Nursery 

School, 681 F. Supp. 2d 1, 26 (D.D.C. 2010) (citing Osseiran v. Int’l Fin. Corp., 498 F. Supp. 2d 

139, 147 (D.D.C. 2007)).

Plaintiff’s claims of promissory estoppel and for quantum meruit fail because there is an 

express, written contract between the parties. See Vila, 570 F.3d at 280; United States ex rel. 

Am. Civ. Constr., LLC, 962 F.3d at 595 (quantum meruit improper remedy where express 

contract exists); Plesha, 725 F. Supp. 2d at 111–112 (existence of contract precluded claims for 

promissory estoppel and quantum meruit). As described above, plaintiff’s claims are predicated 

on the breach of an express written contract, and plaintiff does not identify any promises 

independent of the express contract for which promissory estoppel or quantum meruit could 

apply. See Ace Am. Ins. Co. v. Fed. Crop Ins. Corp., 209 F. Supp. 3d 343, 347 (D.D.C. 2016)

(additional promises outside contract not precluded).

D. COUNT IV – FRAUDULENT MISREPRESENTATION

Plaintiff’s allegations of fraud are inseparable from his breach of contract allegations and 

merely reiterate defendant’s failure to compensate fully plaintiff under the terms of the contract. 

See Compl. ¶¶ 61-66. This is fatal to his fraudulent misrepresentation claim. 
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Plaintiffs bringing fraud-related claims in the D.C. Circuit must state “the time, place[,]

and content of the false misrepresentations, the fact misrepresented, and what was retained or 

given up as consequence of the fraud,” as well as “the individuals allegedly involved in the 

fraud.” U.S. ex rel. Williams v. Martin-Baker Aircraft Co., Ltd., 389 F.3d 1251, 1256 (D.C. Cir. 

2004) (internal quotations omitted). 7 Although “‘conduct occurring during the course of a 

contract dispute may be the subject of a fraudulent or negligent misrepresentation claim,’” the 

facts supporting that claim must be “‘separable from the terms of the contract.’” Araya v. 

JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 775 F.3d 409, 418 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (quoting Choharis v. State 

Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 961 A.2d 1080, 1089 (D.C. 2008)); see also Plesha, 725 F. Supp. 2d at 

113 (“District of Columbia law requires that the factual basis for a fraud claim be separate from 

any breach of contract claim that may be asserted.”); Choharis, 961 A.2d at 1089 (“[T]he tort 

must exist in its own right independent of the contract, and any duty upon which the tort is based 

must flow from considerations other than the contractual relationship.”). In other words, “[t]he 

tort must stand as a tort even if the contractual relationship did not exist,” such that “an action for 

breach of contract would reach none of the damages suffered by the tort.” Id.; see Jacobson v. 

Hofgard, 168 F. Supp. 3d 187, 199-20 (D.D.C. 2016) (dismissing fraud claims where the 

plaintiffs alleged fraudulent statements “duplicative of their breach of contract claim” because 

the statements in question “directly involve[d] the terms and conditions” of the disputed 

contract).

7 The elements for a fraudulent misrepresentation claim require a plaintiff to prove: “(1) a false 

representation; (2) in reference to a material fact; (3) made with knowledge of its falsity; (4) with the intent to 

deceive; and (5) action taken in reliance upon the representation.” Frese v. City Segway Tours of Washington, DC, 

LLC, 249 F. Supp. 3d 230, 236 (D.D.C. 2017) (citing Saucier v. Countrywide Home Loans, 64 A.3d 428, 438 (D.C. 

2013)). 
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Here, defendant’s failure to comply with the contractual obligations due to plaintiff under 

the Agreement constitutes a breach of contract, not fraud. Statements by defendant regarding 

meeting or modifying those obligations are necessarily related to its obligations and performance 

pursuant to the contract. Moreover, the only injury plaintiff points to is “the mere 

disappointment of [his] hope to receive his contracted-for benefit,” Choharis, 961 A.2d at 1089, 

which is insufficient to maintain a separate fraud claim. Plaintiff’s fraud claim does not stand 

independent from his contract claims and therefore fails.

E. PLAINTIFF’S ENTITLEMENT TO DAMAGES

In the default judgment context, the court must make an independent determination of 

any damages to be awarded, relying on affidavits, documentation, or an evidentiary hearing. See

Fanning v. Seneca One Realty LLC, 265 F. Supp. 3d 31, 34 (D.D.C. 2017). Thus, a plaintiff 

suing for breach of contract must provide some reasonable basis upon which damages may be 

estimated but is not required to prove damages “‘with mathematical certainty[.]’” Klayman v. 

Judicial Watch, Inc., 255 F. Supp. 3d 161, 167 (D.D.C. 2017) (quoting Garcia v. Llerena, 559 

A.2d 1138, 1142 (D.C. 1991)). Any failure to offer a reasonable basis for calculating damages

means, then, that the plaintiff fails to meet the requisite burden of proof to recover damages for 

breach of contract. Id. (citing Windows Specialists, Inc. v. Forney Enter., Inc., 106 F. Supp. 3d 

64, 92 (D.D.C. 2015) (citing Cahn v. Antioch Univ., 482 A.2d 120, 120 (D.C. 1984)).

Here, plaintiff points to Agreement § 2(a), which provided two forms of monthly 

payments to plaintiff, totaling $120,000 annually. The first monthly payment was a fixed 

amount of $6,000. See Agreement § 2(a). Plaintiff claims that defendant never fully rendered 

payment and that he is still owed $87,625 in deferred monthly payments under § 2(a). See Pl.’s 

Decl. ¶ 8. The second was a monthly payment of $4,000 in supplementary company equitable 

shares. Agreement § 2(a). Plaintiff claims that he never received any of this amount over the 
15

two years the contract was in place, entitling him to $96,000. Pl.’s Decl. ¶ 9. The contract 

between the parties is clear and plaintiff’s undisputed sworn declaration provides substantial 

proof of this claim. Therefore, plaintiff is entitled to damages in the amount of $183,625. 

Plaintiff further claims he is entitled, pursuant to § 2(d) of the Agreement, to the 

equivalent of 7% of defendant’s gross sales on all non-federal government business, which

amounts to an estimated $100,800. Compl. ¶¶ 15, 16. At the same time, he acknowledges this 

amount is merely an estimate because “without access to Bestline’s company earnings it is 

impossible to calculate the exact amount owed under § 2(d).” Id. ¶ 16. Plaintiff’s estimate of

$100,800 is based on an e-mail exchange plaintiff had with Polster, defendant’s CEO Florian 

Rais, and a third individual following the termination of the Agreement. In the exchange, 

plaintiff estimates defendant’s gross sales to be $60,000 per month, see Pl.’s Decl., Ex. B at 15, 

but Polster offers no response to this estimate. Plaintiff interprets this silence as acquiescence, 

Pl.’s Decl. ¶ 11, and that this estimate is reasonable because Polster, in response, states that he

believed defendant’s last regular sale of stock “was based upon a $15[ million] valuation,” Pl.’s 

Decl., Ex. B at 10. Plaintiff offers no additional evidence to support his estimate of defendant’s 

gross monthly sales or Polster’s stated belief.

While D.C. courts recognize that a plaintiff need not prove damages “‘with mathematical 

certainty,’ he must proffer ‘some reasonable basis on which to estimate damages.’” See SNH

Med. Office Props. Tr. v. Healthy Eateries L.L.C., 325 F.R.D. 514, 519 (D.D.C. 2018) (quoting 

Garcia, 559 A.2d at 1142). An agent’s belief as to the valuation of the company is not sufficient 

proof that plaintiff reasonably estimated the monthly gross sales of the company. Plaintiff is not 

entitled to compensation under § 2(d) because the accuracy of this estimate cannot be verified 

with reasonable certainty. See Int’l Painters & Allied Trades Indus. Pension Fund v. Exec 
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Painting, Inc., 719 F. Supp. 2d 45, 51 (D.D.C. 2010); see also Transatlantic Marine Claims 

Agency, Inc. v. Ace Shipping Corp., 109 F.3d 105, 111 (2d Cir. 1997) (remanding case to the 

district court to calculate damages based on appropriate evidence because the district court had 

erroneously accepted the plaintiff’s estimate of damages at face value); Gillespie v. Capitol 

Reprographics, LLC, 573 F. Supp. 2d 80, 87 (D.D.C. 2008) (finding grant of default judgment 

was improper because the court needed additional information to ascertain the plaintiff’s claim 

for monetary damages).

On plaintiff’s damages award, for which he has sustained his proof burden in the amount 

of $183,625, plaintiff seeks both pre-judgment and post-judgment interest, as well as attorney’s 

fees and costs. The award of pre-judgment interest “rests within this Court’s discretion, subject 

to equitable considerations.” Oveissi v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 879 F. Supp. 2d 44, 58 (D.D.C. 

2012). D.C. Code § 15-108 requires pre-judgment interest “if (1) the action is one to recover a 

liquidated debt, and (2) the interest is payable on that debt by contract or by law or usage.” 

Steuart Inv. Co. v. Meyer Group, Ltd., 61 A.3d 1227, 1239 (D.C. 2013). 8 “For liquidated debts, 

§ 15-108 mandates ‘pre-judgment interest from the date the debt is due until the date it is paid.’” 

Bazarian Int’l Fin. Assocs., LLC v. Desarrollos Hotel Co., 342 F. Supp. 3d 1, 22 (D.D.C. 2018) 

(quoting District of Columbia v. Pierce Assocs., Inc., 527 A.2d 306, 310 (D.C. 1987)). Where 

the contract does not specify the rate of interest, pre-judgment interest is limited to 6%. Id. at 

21–22; D.C. Code §28-3302. “‘Debt’ as used in section 15-108 ‘is given a broad reading, and 

describes an amount of money the use of which a prevailing plaintiff has been deprived by the 

8 D.C. Code § 15-108 provides, in full, that: “In an action in the United States District Court for the District 

of Columbia or the Superior Court of the District of Columbia to recover a liquidated debt on which interest is 

payable by contract or by law or usage the judgment for the plaintiff shall include interest on the principal debt from 

the time when it was due and payable, at the rate fixed by the contract, if any, until paid.”
17

defendant’s conduct.’” Bazarian Int’l Fin. Assocs., LLC, 342 F. Supp. 3d at 22 (quoting Wash. 

Inv. Ptnrs. of Delaware v. Secs. House, K.S.C.C., 28 A.3d 566, 581 (D.C. 2011)). 

Plaintiff is entitled to pre-judgment interest under D.C. Code § 15-108 for defendant’s 

debt under § 2(a) of the Agreement. Pre-judgment interest began accruing on August 31, 2017, 

after defendant terminated the contract. With total damages of $183,625 and interest accruing 

annually at 6%, plaintiff appears to be entitled to $46,425 in pre-judgment interest.

Any post-judgment interest is governed by the federal post-judgment interest statute, 

which provides that “[i]nterest shall be allowed on any money judgment in a civil case recovered 

in a district court” and that such interest “shall be calculated from the date of the entry of the 

judgment, at a rate equal to the weekly average 1-year constant maturity Treasury yield, as 

published by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, for the calendar week 

preceding the date of judgment.” 28 U.S.C. § 1961(a). The statute further provides that 

“[i]nterest shall be computed daily to the date of payment . . . and shall be compounded 

annually.” Id. § 1961(b). As the use of the word “shall” suggests, an award of post-judgment 

interest under this statute is “mandatory, not discretionary.” Lanny J. Davis & Assocs. LLC v. 

Republic of Equatorial Guinea, 962 F. Supp. 2d 152, 165 (D.D.C. 2013); Cont’l Transfer 

Technique Ltd. v. Fed. Gov’t of Nigeria, 850 F. Supp. 2d 277, 287 (D.D.C. 2012). Plaintiff is 

therefore awarded post-judgment interest at the statutory rate.

Finally, plaintiff seeks reimbursement for attorneys’ fees and costs. Absent a statute to 

the contrary, both D.C. and federal courts generally incorporate the “American Rule,” under 

which “the prevailing party may not recover attorneys’ fees as costs or otherwise.” Ellipso, Inc. 

v. Mann, 594 F. Supp, 2d 40, 43 (D.D.C. 2009) (citing Alyeska Pipeline Serv. Co. v. Wilderness 

Soc’y, 421 U.S. 240, 245 (1975)). Plaintiff correctly notes the existence of exceptions to this 
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general rule but fails to explain which exception might apply to his request, citing only a case 

addressing punitive damages, rather than attorney’s fees and costs. Pl.’s Mot. at 12–13 (quoting 

Brown v. Coates, 253 F.2d 36, 39 (D.C. Cir. 1958) (“[I]n certain, narrowly defined 

circumstances, where a breach of contract merges with, and assumes the character of, a willful 

tort, calculated rather than inadvertent, flagrant, and in disregard of obligations of trust punitive 

damages may be assessed.” (emphasis added))). Plaintiff has failed to identify any exception to 

the American Rule that would entitle him to attorneys’ fees and costs, therefore, none shall be 

awarded.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, plaintiff’s motion for default judgment is granted in part 

and denied in part. Specifically, plaintiff is entitled to judgment on his breach of contract and 

breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing claims, in Counts I and II, but not on 

his quantum meruit, fraudulent misrepresentation, and promissory estoppel claims, in Counts III, 

IV and V. Plaintiff is awarded money damages in the total of:

• $183,625 in damages stemming from defendant’s breach of the 2015 Agreement;

• $46,425 in pre-judgment interest; and

• Post-judgment interest to be awarded at the statutory rate. 

Therefore, the total damages award is $230,050.

An order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion will be entered contemporaneously.

Date: November 16, 2021

__________________________

BERYL A. HOWELL

Chief Judge