#### Rafael David SHERMAN, Individually and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated, Plaintiff, v. YAHOO! INC., Defendant.

Case No. 13cv0041-GPC-WVG.

United States District Court, S.D. California.

Signed Feb. 3, 2014.

Order Denying Reconsideration July 3, 2014.

*1130Abbas Kazerounian, Jason A. Ibey, Kaz-erouni Law Group, APC, Costa Mesa, CA, Joshua Swigart, Hyde & Swigart, San Diego, CA, for Plaintiff.

Ian Charles Ballon, Greenberg Traurig LLP, Santa Monica, CA, Wendy Michelle Mantell, Greenberg Traurig, LLP, Los Angeles, CA, for Defendant.

ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

GONZALO P. CURIEL, District Judge.

Before the Court is Defendant Yahoo! Inc.’s (“Yahoo!”) motion for summary judgment. (Dkt. No. 9.) The motion has been fully briefed. (Dkt. Nos. 17, 23.) For the reasons set out below, the Court hereby DENIES Defendant’s motion for summary judgment.

BACKGROUND

This case concerns a notification message that was sent to a cellular phone number as part of Yahool’s Instant Messenger service. Plaintiff, individually and on behalf of those similarly situated, claims such messages violate provisions of the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (the “TCPA”), 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(A), and seeks statutory damages of $500 per negligent violation and up to $1500 per knowing or willful violation. (Dkt. No. 1, “Complaint.”) Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant violated the TCPA by “illegally contacting] Plaintiff and the Class members via their cellular telephones by using unsolicited SPAM text messages.” (Complaint ¶ 26.)

On or about January 7, 2013, Plaintiff received two text messages on his cellular telephone from a number identified as 924-665-01. (Dkt. No. 17-2, “Sherman Decl.,” ¶ 4.) The first text message, which is the basis for Plaintiffs suit, stated:

> A Yahoo! user has sent you a message. Reply to that SMS to respond. Reply *1131INFO to this SMS for help or go to y.ahoo.it/imsms.

(Complaint ¶ 15; Sherman Decl. ¶ 5.) The second text message stated: “hey get online I have to talk to you.” (Complaint ¶ 14; Sherman Decl. ¶ 6.) Plaintiff alleges Yahoo! sent the first message via an automatic telephone dialing system (“ATDS”) as defined and prohibited by the TCPA. (Complaint ¶¶ 17-18.) Plaintiff alleges he never provided Yahoo! with his mobile phone number, nor sent or received a similar text message from the aforementioned number. (Complaint ¶¶ 8-9, 13; Sherman Decl. ¶¶ 8-9.) Plaintiff also alleges he was not a subscriber of Yahoo!’s Instant Messenger Service at the time he received the messages. (Sherman Decl. ¶ 10.)

Defendant describes Yahoo! Messenger as an instant messaging client and associated protocol provided by Yahoo! free of charge that can be downloaded and used by anyone registered as a user with a Yahoo! ID. (Dkt. No. 9-2, “Choudhary Decl.,” ¶ 3.) Yahoo! offers a feature called the Mobile SMS Messenger Service (“PC to SMS Service”), which allows registered Yahoo! users to send instant messages to mobile devices from their computers through the Yahoo! Messenger platform. (Choudhary Decl. ¶ 4.) “PC to SMS Service” converts instant messages into SMS messages (commonly referred to as text messages) so that they will be received on mobile devices. (Choudhary Decl. ¶ 5.) Recipients can then reply from their mobile devices, and the sender will receive the reply message as an instant message. *(Id.)*This tool allows people who do not own mobile phones to send and receive text messages from their computers. *(Id.)*

Yahoo! sends a mobile phone user a notification message in response to an instant message from an unidentified third party. Defendant utilizes the following Yahoo! Messenger notification process:

> When a Yahoo! user sends a message using the PC to SMS Service, Yahoo! automatically verifies whether anyone previously had sent a message to the intended recipient’s telephone number through the PC to SMS Service. If the recipient’s telephone number has not previously been sent a text message ... then a single notification message is sent, alerting the recipient that a friend ... sent a message.... It also instructs the recipient to “Reply INFO to this SMS for help or go to y.ahooiVimsms.” This confirmatory message is automatically generated as a result of the instant message initiated by a Yahoo! user.

(Choudhary Decl. ¶ 8.) The mobile phone user can then utilize three methods to opt-out of receiving future “PC to SMS Service” messages.1 Yahoo! sends the notification message only if the mobile phone user has not previously received a message via the “PC to SMS Service.” Here, Plaintiff had not previously received a message via the “PC to SMS Service” nor had he provided Yahoo! his mobile phone number. Accordingly, Plaintiff received a text message from Yahoo! when a third *1132party sent him an instant message via Yahoo!’s Instant Messenger service. (Complaint ¶ 21; Sherman Decl. ¶¶ 8-9.)

Defendant’s motion for summary judgment is based on the following three arguments: (1) Plaintiffs claim must fail as a matter of law because the TCPA was not intended to reach a single confirmatory text message; (2) This case does not involve use of an Automatic Telephone Dialing System (“ATDS”) as defined by the TCPA; and (3) Yahoo! is immune from liability under the Good Samaritan exemption in the Telecommunications Act. (Dkt. No. 14, “MSJ.”)

DISCUSSION

I. Legal Standards

Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(a). When deciding a summary judgment motion, a court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and draw all justifiable inferences in its favor. *Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,*477 U.S. 242, 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986); *Hunt v. City of Los Angeles,*638 F.3d 703, 709 (9th Cir.2011). A party seeking summary judgment bears the initial burden of informing the court of the basis for its motion, and of identifying those portions of the pleadings and discovery responses that demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. *Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,*477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). Material facts are those that might affect the outcome of the case. *Anderson, 477*U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505. A dispute as to a material fact is “genuine” if there is sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to return a verdict for the nonmoving party. *Id.*

Where the moving party will have the burden of proof at trial, it must affirmatively demonstrate that no reasonable trier of fact could find other than for the moving party. *Soremekun v. Thrifty Payless, Inc.,*509 F.3d 978, 984 (9th Cir.2007). On an issue where the nonmoving party will bear the burden of proof at trial, the moving party may carry its initial burden of production by submitting admissible “evidence negating an essential element of the nonmoving party’s case,” or by showing, “after suitable discovery,” that the “non-moving party does not have enough evidence of an essential element of its claim or defense to carry its ultimate burden of persuasion at trial.” *Nissan Fire & Marine Ins. Co., Ltd. v. Fritz Cos., Inc.,*210 F.3d 1099, 1105-06 (9th Cir.2000); *see also Celotex, 477*U.S. at 324-25, 106 S.Ct. 2548 (moving party can prevail merely by pointing out to the district court that there is an absence of evidence to support the non-moving party’s case).

When the moving party has carried its burden, the nonmoving party must respond with specific facts, supported by admissible evidence, showing a genuine issue for trial. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c), (e). But allegedly disputed facts must be material— the existence of only “some alleged factual dispute between the parties will not defeat an otherwise properly supported motion for summary judgment.” *Anderson, 477*U.S. at 247-48, 106 S.Ct. 2505.

II. Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”)

The TCPA was enacted to “protect the privacy interests of residential telephone subscribers by placing restrictions on unsolicited, automated telephone calls to the home and to facilitate interstate commerce by restricting certain uses of facsimile machines and automatic dialers.” *Satterfield v. Simon & Schuster, Inc.,*569 F.3d 946, 954 (9th Cir.2009) (quoting S.Rep. No. 102-178, at 1, 1991 *1133U.S.C.C.A.N. 1968 (1991)). In particular, the TCPA makes it illegal:

> (A) to make any call *(other than a call*made for emergency purposes or *made with the prior express consent*of the called party) using *any automatic telephone dialing system*or an artificial or prerecorded voice—

> (iii) to any telephone number assigned to a paging service, cellular telephone service, specialized mobile radio service, or other radio common carrier service, or any service for which the called party is charged for the call[.]

47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(l)(A)(iii) (emphases added). Congress authorized a private right of action to enforce the Act. *See*47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(3). Additionally, Congress directed the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) to “prescribe regulations to implement the requirements of’ the TCPA. *See*47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(2).

A. Single Confirmatory Text Message

The parties dispute whether Yahool’s notification sent to Plaintiff was consented to and constitutes a single, confirmatory text message not intended to be covered by the TCPA. Federal combs have consistently concluded that “when a customer provides a company his or her phone number in connection with a transaction, he or she consents to receiving calls about that transaction.” *Emanuel v. Los Angeles Lakers, Inc.,*CV 12-9936-GW SHX, 2013 WL 1719035 (C.D.Cal. Apr. 18, 2013) (citing *Saunders v. NCO Fin. Sys.,*910 F.Supp.2d 464, 467-68 (E.D.N.Y.2012) (compiling cases including *Meyer v. Portfolio Recovery Assocs., LLC,*707 F.3d 1036, 1043 (9th Cir.2012))). These decisions follow the FCC’s common sense approach of interpreting the TCPA to exempt consensual text messages. *In re Rules and Regulations Implementing the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991,*7 FCC Red. 8752, 8769 ¶ 31 (1992) (“[Persons who knowingly release their phone number have in effect given their invitation or permission to be called at the number which they have given, absent instructions to the contrary.”).

Yahoo! relies on the recent decision *Ibey v. Taco Bell Corp.,*2012 WL 2401972 (S.D.Cal. June 18, 2012), in support of their argument. (MSJ at 6.) In opposition, Plaintiff argues *Ibey*is inapplicable and the notification message at issue was unsolicited by Plaintiff. (Dkt. No. 17, “Opp.” at 5-13.) The Court finds *Ibey*and other similar district court cases finding prior express consent2 are distinguishable. In *Ibey,*the allegedly unsolicited text message was sent in response to a voluntary text message sent from plaintiff to cease communications. 2012 WL 2401972 at *3. The plaintiff had initially agreed to receive text messages from the defendant, but then changed his mind. *Id.*He then sent the text message “STOP” to the defendant. *Id.*In response, defendant sent plaintiff a confirmation text message that plaintiff had opted out of receiving text message notifications. *Id.*Based off this *1134single text message, plaintiff filed a lawsuit alleging a violation of the TCPA. *Id.*In granting defendant’s motion to dismiss, the court reasoned that “[djefendant’s sending a single, confirmatory text message in response to an opt-out request from Plaintiff, who voluntarily provided his phone number by sending the initial text message, does not appear to demonstrate an invasion of privacy contemplated by Congress in enacting the TCPA.” *Id.*

Unlike the plaintiff in *Ibey,*Plaintiff Sherman did not send a voluntary message to Yahoo! prior to receipt of the unsolicited text message. Plaintiff did not provide Yahoo! prior express consent or take any action which would have justified a response or confirmation by Yahoo! Based on these facts, the Court concludes Plaintiff did not offer his prior express consent to Yahoo! to be contacted within the meaning of § 227(b)(1).

In addition, the Court observes Plaintiff has not offered any facts regarding whether he released his phone number to the unidentified third party (described by De: fendant as the “Yahoo! user”). This gap in the record does not alter the Court’s conclusion and a previous Ninth Circuit decision confirms this Court’s rationale. In *Satterfield v. Simon & Schuster, Inc.,*569 F.3d at 946, the plaintiff had provided her cell phone number to a company called Nextones (also not a named defendant in that case) to sign up for a free ringtone. *Id.*The plaintiff later received an advertising text message from defendant Simon & Schuster, which had obtained plaintiffs number from a list of Nextones subscribers. *Id.*The Ninth Circuit held that “Satterfield had solely consented to receiving promotional material from Nextones or their affiliates and brands,” and that her consent “cannot be read as consenting to the receipt of Simon *&*Schuster’s promotional material.” *Id.*Here, even assuming, *arguendo,*Plaintiff had provided the unidentified Yahoo! user his mobile phone number, it cannot be interpreted as consent to receive Yahoo!’s Messenger Service messages.

The question then becomes whether Yahoo!’s sending a single notification text message without Plaintiffs prior consent is actionable under the TCPA. Defendant argues that Yahoo!’s notification message is not the type of invasion of privacy Congress intended to prevent in passing the TCPA. (MSJ at 7-8.) Plaintiff responds that the text of the TCPA is unambiguous and content-neutral, and that a single call may be actionable under the TCPA. (Opp. at 10-12.)

The Court declines to rely on Congressional intent when the language of the TCPA is clear and unambiguous. *Satterfield,*569 F.3d at 951 (concluding the statutory text of the TCPA is clear and unambiguous). The plain language of the TCPA exempts certain calls in certain contexts. *See*47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii) (exempting calls sent during an emergency or with prior express consent). In issuing the TCPA implementing guidelines, the FCC has determined certain categories of calls are considered exempt under the ‘prior express consent’ provision. *See, e.g., In the Matter of Rules & Regulations Implementing the Tel. Consumer Prot. Act of 1991,*23 F.C.C. Rcd. 559, 564 (2008) (determining that autodialed and prerecorded “calls to wireless numbers provided by the called party in connection with an existing debt are made with the ‘prior express consent’ of the called party”). Additionally, the FCC has noted that the TCPA prohibition applies “regardless of the content of the call.” *Id.*at 564, ¶ 11. Relying on the statutory text and the FCC implementing guidelines, the Ninth Circuit has approached application of the TCPA with a “measure of common sense.” *Chesbro v. Best Buy Stores, L.P.,*705 F.3d 913, 918 *1135(9th Cir.2012). Indeed, courts in this district have found that “[e]ontext is indisputably relevant to determining whether a particular call is actionable.” *Ryabysh-chuck v. Citibank (S.Dakota) N.A.,*2012 WL 5379143 (S.D.Cal. Oct. 30, 2012).

Using these principles, the Court concludes that, absent prior express consent, a single call or text with the use of an ATDS may be actionable under the TCPA. *See Satterfield,*569 F.3d at 946 (remanding case to district court where the alleged violation consisted of one advertising text message). This conclusion is in alignment with the FCC’s reiteration of the plain language of section 227(b)(1)(A)(iii) as prohibiting the use of autodialers to make “any call” to a wireless number absent an exemption. *In the Matter of Rules & Regulations Implementing the Tel. Consumer Prot. Act of 1991,*23 F.C.C. Red. 559, 564 (2008). The Court concludes that the prohibition of § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii) applies even if Yahoo! sent only one notification message to Plaintiff without his prior consent.

B. Automatic Telephone Dialer System

The TCPA only prohibits calls made with an “automatic telephone dialing system” (“ATDS”). The Ninth Circuit has upheld the FCC’s interpretation that a text message is considered a “call” within the meaning of the TCPA. *Satterfield,*569 F.3d at 954. The TCPA defines an “automatic telephone dialing system” as “equipment which has the capacity (A) to store or produce telephone numbers to be called, using a random or sequential number generator; and (B) to dial such numbers.” 47 U.S.C. § 227(a)(1). The FCC has interpreted an ATDS as “covering] any equipment that has the specified capacity to generate numbers and dial them without human intervention, regardless of whether the numbers called are randomly or sequentially generated or come from calling lists.” *See Rules and Regulations Implementing the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991,*CG Docket No. 02-278, Report and Order, 18 FCC Red. 14014, 14092 (2003) (“2003 TCPA Order”) (emphasis added). A predictive dialer is considered an ATDS under the TCPA. *Id.*at 14093.

“A predictive dialer is ... hardware, when paired with certain software, [which] has the capacity to store or produce numbers and dial those numbers at random, in sequential order, or from a database of numbers ... from a database of numbers.” *Id.*at 14091. The FCC states that “the basic function of such equipment ... [is] the capacity to dial numbers without human intervention.” *In the Matter of Rules & Regulations Implementing the Te. Consumer Prot. Act of 1991,*23 F.C.C.R. 559, 566 (2008). The Ninth Circuit, upon evaluating ATDS technology under the TCPA, stated “the statute’s clear language mandates that the focus must be on whether the equipment has the capacity ‘to store or produce telephone numbers to be called, using a random or sequential number generator.’ ” *Satterfield,*569 F.3d at 951. The Court thus concluded, “a system need not actually store, produce, or call randomly or sequentially generated telephone numbers, it need only have the capacity to do so.” *Id.*

Defendant argues the Yahoo! server and system is not an ATDS because it does not have the capacity to store or produce telephone numbers to be called, using a random or sequential number, nor can it dial such numbers. (MSJ at 9-10; Choudhary Decl. ¶ 11.) Plaintiff responds that Defendant’s own admissions show Yahoo!’s equipment is an ATDS because the Yahoo! server has the capacity to store numbers. (Opp. at 15-16.)

The deposition of Yahooi’s engineer, Nita Choudhary, indicates that Yahool’s *1136equipment may have the capacity to store telephone numbers. (Choudhary Depo. at 44:9-46:6; Snyder Decl. ¶¶ 35-36). As previously discussed, Yahool’s notification message is automatically generated after the mobile phone number is verified in a database to determine whether the number has previously been sent a message. (Choudhary Depo. at 64:14-21; Snyder Decl. ¶¶ 37, 39.) In short, Yahool’s notification process entails three steps: (1) a Yahoo! user initiates an instant message to a mobile phone number; (2) the “PC to SMS Service” server checks the Yahoo! server’s database for the mobile phone number; and (3) if the mobile phone number is not in the database (i.e., has not received a message before), then Yahoo! sends a notification message to the mobile phone user. *(Id.)*If the mobile phone number was not previously in the server database, Yahool’s equipment stores the mobile phone number. (Opp. at 2; Choudhary Depo. at 41:3-42:14.)

Plaintiff offers the expert report of Mr. Randall Snyder to support the contention that Yahool’s equipment is an ATDS. Mr. Snyder concludes Yahool’s “PC to SMS Service” is a “value-added text messaging service,” which “provide[s] a variety of text messaging services that are not strictly peer-to-peer ... rather, they ... use automated computer equipment to send and receive text messages.” (Snyder Decl. ¶¶ 10-12.) Based upon a review of background information and Yahool’s technology, Mr. Snyder concludes that the “equipment used by the Defendants has the capacity to store or produce cellular telephone numbers to be called, using a random or sequential number generator, or from a list of telephone numbers,” and that the equipment “has the capacity to dial cellular telephone numbers without human intervention.” (Snyder Decl. ¶¶ 74, 76.) Specifically, Mr. Snyder reasoned “[i]n order for the ‘PC to SMS Service’ system to determine whether an IM had ever been previously sent to a particular intended message recipient, identified only by a cellular telephone number, and whether to send that recipient an initial notification message, the system must *store*cellular telephone numbers to be called.” (Snyder Decl. ¶ 39) (emphasis in original).

Yahoo! contends that it is impossible for their equipment to send messages to random or sequential numbers. (Choudhary Decl. ¶ 11.) Specifically, Yahool’s engineer states that “[t]he servers and systems affiliated with the PC to SMS Service do not have the capacity to store or produce telephone numbers to be called, using a random or sequential number generator, and to call those numbers. It is simply not possible.” *(Id.)*In response, Plaintiff points to the testimony of Yahoo’s representative who testified that it could, if it wanted to, dial all of the telephone numbers in its database with a notification text message by writing new software code instructing the system to do so, thereby demonstrating the capacity to dial telephone numbers sequentially from a list of telephone numbers. (Choudhary Depo. at 61:9-62:17; 63:6-22.14.) As stated by the Ninth Circuit, the focus of the inquiry in evaluating whether a technology is considered an ATDS is whether the equipment has the capacity to store and dial phone numbers. *See Satterfield,*569 F.3d at 951. The parties dispute whether Yahool’s “PC to SMS Service” technology explained above has the requisite capacity to *both*store numbers and dial random or sequential numbers. The Court concludes there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the equipment Yahoo! utilizes for the PC to SMS Service constitutes an ATDS within the meaning of the statute. As such, the Court DENIES Defendant’s motion for summary judgment.

*1137C. Good Samaritan Immunity

The Court next addresses YahooFs argument that Section 230(c)(2)(B) of the Communication Decency Act (“CDA”), 47 U.S.C. § 230, renders it immune from liability in this case. The CDA was enacted “to control the exposure of minors to indecent material” on the Internet. *Zango, Inc. v. Kaspersky Lab, Inc.,*568 F.3d 1169, 1173 (9th Cir.2009) (citing *Batzel v. Smith,*333 F.3d 1018, 1026 (9th Cir.2003)). The operative section is 230(c), which states:

> (c) Protection for “good Samaritan” blocking and screening of offensive material

> (2) Civil Liability. No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be held liable on account of—

> (A) any action voluntarily taken in good faith to restrict access to or availability of material that the provider or user considers to be obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy, excessively violent, harassing, or *otherwise objectionable,*whether or not such material is constitutionally protected; or

> (B) any action taken to enable or make available to information content providers3 or others the technical means to restrict access to material described in paragraph (A).

47 U.S.C. § 230 (emphasis added).

A plain reading of the statute indicates protection is intended only for the “blocking and screening of offensive material.” § 230(c). Protection from civil liability under 230(c)(2)(B) will be afforded so long as (1) Yahoo! is a “provider” or a “user” of an “interactive computer service;” and (2) Yahoo! “enablefs]” or “makes available” for its users the “technical means to restrict access,” to objectionable material under § 230(c)(2)(A). *See Zango, Inc. v. Kasper-sky Lab, Inc.,*568 F.3d 1169, 1175-77 (9th Cir.2009).

The parties do not dispute that Yahoo! is a provider of an interactive computer service. An “interactive computer service” is defined as “any information service, system, or access software provider that provides or enables computer access by multiple users to a computer server.” 47 U.S.C. § 230(f)(2). Other courts have found internet service providers such as Yahoo! to meet this definition. *See Holo-maxx Technologies v. Microsoft Corp.,*783 F.Supp.2d 1097, 1104 (N.D.Cal.2011) (citing district court cases which have concluded that ISP’s that provide email services are properly characterized as “interactive computer service” providers). Thus, the Court concludes this element is satisfied.

Yahoo! further argues that by including a link to a help page which, among other things, contain instructions on how to block further messages, the notification message at issue makes available the “technical means to restrict access” to messages which plaintiff might deem “objectionable.” (MSJ at 11.) The Court disagrees for the following reasons.

As a preliminary matter, Yahoo! does not block or filter the unidentified third party user’s message to Plaintiff. Rather, the record shows that the PC to SMS Service *“automatically*converts] instant messages into [text] messages so that they will be received on mobile devices,” and the sole screening Yahoo! does is to *“automatically*veriffy] whether anyone previously had sent a message to the intended recipient’s telephone number.” (Choud-hary Deck ¶¶ 5, 8) (emphasis added).

*1138Yahoo! relies on *Holomaxx Technologies v. Microsoft Corp.,*783 F.Supp.2d at 1097, to support its argument. In that case, Microsoft employed various filtering technologies to “identify and reject potentially harmful communications,” to its email service subscribers. *Holomaxx,*783 F.Supp.2d at 1101. Holomaxx, an ecommerce business development company, sued for Microsoft’s alleged “blocking, rerouting and ‘throttling’ emails sent by Holomaxx.” *Id.*In assessing the availability of “good Samaritan” immunity under the CDA, the court concluded that Microsoft “reasonably could conclude that Holomaxx’s emails were ‘harassing’ and thus ‘otherwise objectionable.’ ” *Id.*at 1104.

Here, neither Yahoo! nor the mobile phone user have the opportunity to determine whether the third party message is “obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy, excessively violent, harassing, or otherwise objectionable,” as required by § 230(c)(2)(A). The Court declines to broadly interpret “otherwise objectionable” material to include any or all information or content. The Ninth Circuit has expressed caution at adopting an expansive interpretation of this provision where providers of blocking software “might abuse th[e CDA] immunity to block content for anticompetitive purposes or merely at its malicious whim, under the cover of considering such material ‘otherwise objectionable,’ ” under § 230(c)(2). *Zango,*568 F.3d at 1178 (Fisher, J.).4 Accordingly, the Court concludes that the “good samari-tan” immunity is inapplicable where Yahoo! did not engage in any form of content analysis of the subject text to identify material that was offensive or harmful prior to the automatic sending of a notification message. *See*§ 230(c).

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court hereby DENIES Defendant YahooFs motion for summary judgment.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

ORDER:

DDENYING MOTION FOR PARTIAL RECONSIDERATION OF ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’ MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

2)DENYING MOTION IN THE ALTERNATIVE FOR INTERLOCUTORY APPEAL

Presently before the Court is a Motion for Reconsideration filed by Defendant Yahoo! Inc. (“Defendant” or “Yahoo!”). (Dkt. No. 33.) The Parties have fully briefed the motion. (Dkt. Nos. 37, 38, 39, 40, 43.) The Court held a hearing on the matter on June 13, 2014. Joshua Swigart, Esq. appeared on behalf of Plaintiff Rafael David Sherman, and Ian Ballon, Esq. appeared on behalf of Defendant Yahoo!. For the following reasons, the Court DENIES the motion.

*1139BACKGROUND

This case concerns a text notification message that was sent to a cellular phone number as part of YahooFs Instant Messenger service. Plaintiff Rafael David Sherman (“Plaintiff’) brings this action individually and on behalf of those similarly situated, claiming Defendant violated the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”), 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(A) by “illegally contacting] Plaintiff and the Class members via their cellular telephones by using unsolicited SPAM text messages.” (Dkt. No. 1, Compl. ¶ 26.)

On February 3, 2014, this Court issued an Order denying Defendant’s motion for summary judgment. (Dkt. No. 30.) Specifically, the Court held that: (1) a single, confirmatory text message may be actionable under the TCPA; (2) issues of fact precluded summary judgment on the issue of whether YahooFs PC to SMS Service constitutes an Automatic Telephone Dialer System (“ATDS”) within the meaning of the TCPA; and (3) that “Good Samaritan Immunity” did not render Yahoo! immune from liability in this case. *(Id.)*

On March 24, 2014, Defendant filed a motion for reconsideration of the Court’s February 3, 2014 Order. (Dkt. No. 33.) Defendant contends the Court erred by relying on FCC commentary to construe what constitutes an ATDS under the TCPA and that new evidence warrants summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ claim that YahooFs PC to SMS Service equipment is an ATDS. (Dkt. No. 33.) In the alternative, Defendant seeks certification of the Court’s Order denying summary judgment for appeal due to conflicting constructions of the phrase ATDS among district courts in the Ninth Circuit. *(Id.)*

LEGAL STANDARD

District courts have the discretion to reconsider interlocutory rulings until a final judgment is entered. Fed.R.Civ.P. 54(b); *United States v. Martin,*226 F.3d 1042, 1048-49 (9th Cir.2000). While the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure do not set forth a standard for reconsidering interlocutory rulings, the “law of the case” doctrine and public policy dictate that the efficient operation of the judicial system requires the avoidance of re-arguing questions that have already been decided. *See Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe of Indians v. Hodel,*882 F.2d 364, 369 n. 5 (9th Cir.1989).

As such, most courts adhere to a fairly narrow standard by which to reconsider their interlocutory rulings. This standard requires that the party show: (1) an intervening change in the law; (2) additional evidence that was not previously available; or (3) that the prior decision was based on clear error or would work manifest injustice. *Id.; Marlyn Nutraceuticals, Inc. v. Mucos Pharma GmbH & Co.,*571 F.3d 873, 880 (9th Cir.2009); *Sch. Dist. No. 1J v. ACandS, Inc.,*5 F.3d 1255, 1263 (9th Cir.1993).

Reconsideration is an “extraordinary remedy, to be used sparingly in the interests of finality and conservation of judicial resources.” *Kona Enters., Inc. v. Estate of Bishop,*229 F.3d 877, 890 (9th Cir.2000). “ ‘A motion for reconsideration is not an opportunity to renew arguments considered and rejected by the court, nor is it an opportunity for a party to re-argue a motion because it is dissatisfied with the original outcome.’ ” *FTC v. Neovi, Inc.,*2009 WL 56130 at *2 (S.D.Cal. Jan. 7, 2009) (quoting *Devinsky v. Kingsford,*2008 WL 2704338 at *2 (S.D.N.Y. July 10, 2008)).

DISCUSSION

I. Reconsideration

Defendant brings the present motion seeking reconsideration solely as to the Court’s conclusion that issues of fact pre-*1140elude summary judgment on Plaintiffs claim that Yahool’s PC to SMS service equipment constituted an automatic telephone dialing system within the meaning of the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”), 47 U.S.C. § 227. (Dkt. No. 33.) Under the TCPA, an “automatic telephone dialing system” (“ATDS”) is defined as “equipment which has the capacity (A) to store or produce telephone numbers to be called, using a random or sequential number generator; and (B) to dial such numbers.” 47 U.S.C. § 227(a)(1).

Defendant argues reconsideration is warranted on two grounds: (1) that the Court erred in relying on Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) commentary regarding “predictive dialers” to construe the statutory term “ATDS”; and (2) that the Court erred in relying on Yahool’s testimony regarding its ability to write or install new software to dial telephone numbers to deny summary judgment. (Dkt. No. 33-1.) Having reviewed the Parties’ arguments and the applicable legal authority, the Court finds no basis for granting the “extraordinary remedy” of reconsideration.

A. FCC Commentary on Predictive Dialers

Defendant first argues the Court erred in construing the term ATDS according to FCC guidance on predictive dialers because the Ninth Circuit has held in *Satter-field v. Simon & Schuster, Inc.,*569 F.3d 946, 951 (9th Cir.2009), that the statutory definition of ATDS is “clear and unambiguous,” and therefore deference to the FCC guidance under *Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.,*467 U.S. 837, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984), would be inappropriate. (Dkt. No. 33-1 at 4.) Defendant argues the Court’s citation to FCC rulings beyond the plain meaning of the TCPA thus constituted clear error. *(Id.)*

The Court disagrees. This Court’s construction of ATDS is premised on the statutory text of the TCPA as interpreted by the *Satterfield*court. *(See*Dkt. No. 30 at 11-12) (citing *Satterfield*for the proposition that the focus of the ATDS inquiry is on whether the equipment has the capacity to store and dial phone numbers). In *Sat-terfield,*the Ninth Circuit reversed the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of defendant Simon and Schuster, Inc., finding that the district court “focused its analysis on the wrong issue in its determination of what constitutes an ATDS.” 569 F.3d at 951. The Ninth Circuit found that, when courts evaluate whether equipment is an ATDS under the TCPA, “the statute’s clear language mandates that the focus must be on whether the equipment has the *capacity*‘to store or produce telephone numbers to be called, using a random or sequential number generator.’ ” *Id.*(emphasis in original). Although the court concluded that the statutory text “is clear and unambiguous,” the court did so in the context of finding that the statute clearly and unambiguously focuses on the equipment’s requisite “capacity” rather than present functionality. *Id.*Ultimately, it is unnecessary to rely on the FCC guidance on predictive dialers to reach the result arrived at in this case.

Furthermore, to the extent that the Defendant complains of the Court’s citation to the FCC commentary, the Ninth Circuit has itself cited the same FCC regulations regarding predictive dialers in defining an ATDS. *Meyer v. Portfolio Recovery Assocs., LLC,*707 F.3d 1036, 1043 (9th Cir.2012) (citing *In the Matter of Rules & Regs. Implementing the Tel. Consumer Prot. Act of 1991,*18 FCC Red. 14014, 14091-93 (July 3, 2003)).

In the alternative, Defendant argues the Court erred in relying on the FCC’s definition of “ATDS” to include “predictive dial-*1141ers” because of evidence since obtained in another case. (Dkt. No. 33-1 at 6.) Specifically, Defendant argues Plaintiffs expert testified in *Benzion v. Vivint, Inc.,*No. 12-cv-61826WJZ (S.D.Fla.), that “there’s no such thing as predictive dialing in text.” *(Id.)*As such, Defendant argues the Court erred in relying on the FCC’s guidance related to predictive dialers. *(Id.*at 6-7.)

This argument also fails to show clear error in the Court’s prior Order. . Although the Court cited FCC rules and regulations related to predictive dialers in its Order denying summary judgment, the Court did not rest its conclusion regarding the Parties’ “ATDS” showing on a finding that Defendant’s equipment was or was not a predictive dialer. *(See*Dkt. No. 30 at 12.) The Court cited to the FCC’s rulings regarding predictive dialers to support the proposition that equipment may fall under the statutory definition of “ATDS” without the present functionality of randomly or sequentially generating numbers to be called. *(Id.*at 9.) The focus of the Court’s analysis was on the Parities’ respective evidence as to whether YahooFs server and system had the capacity to store or produce telephone numbers to be called, using a random or sequential number generator. (Dkt. No. 30 at 10-12) (citing *Satterfield,*569 F.3d at 951) (“[T]he statute’s clear language mandates that the focus must be on whether the equipment has the capacity ‘to store or produce telephone numbers to be called, using a random or sequential number generator.’ ”). Having reviewed the Parties’ respective evidence regarding the statutorily mandated “capacity,” the Court found that genuine issues of material fact precluded summary judgment. (Dkt. No. 30 at 12.) Defendant’s newly proffered evidence that Plaintiffs’ expert has testified in another case that there is “no such thing as predictive dialing in text” is therefore inappo-site and fails to show clear error in the Court’s previous Order.

B. Present versus Future Capacity

Defendant next argues the Court erred in relying on YahooFs testimony regarding its ability to write or install new software to dial telephone numbers to deny summary judgment, because “subsequent case law makes clear that the mere ability to write or install new software does not, as a matter of law, make YahooFs system an ATDS under [the TCPA].” (Dkt. No. 33-1 at 7) (citing *Gragg v. Orange Cab Co., Inc.,*995 F.Supp.2d 1189, 1192-94, No. C12-0576RSL, 2014 WL 494862 at *2-3 (W.D.Wash. Feb. 7, 2014)). As an initial matter, the Court notes that Defendant’s new proffered authority, as district court opinion, does not qualify as an “intervening change in the controlling law” sufficient to justify reconsideration. *See Kona Enters., Inc. v. Estate of Bishop,*229 F.3d 877, 890 (9th Cir.2000) (citing *389 Orange St. Partners v. Arnold,*179 F.3d 656, 665 (9th Cir.1999)).

However, having considered the *Gragg*court’s reasoned disagreement with this Court’s holding, the Court finds itself nonetheless bound by Ninth Circuit precedent .to the contrary and finds no clear error in its February 3, 2014 Order denying YahooFs motion for summary judgment. In particular, the *Gragg*court held that the statutory definition of ATDS focuses on the “system’s present, not potential, capacity to store, produce, or call randomly or sequentially generated telephone numbers.” 995 F.Supp.2d at 1193, 2014 WL 494862 at *2 (emphasis in original). In further denying the plaintiffs motion for reconsideration, the *Gragg*court specifically rejected this Court’s February 3, 2014 Order, finding that “[tjhere is no indication that the Ninth Circuit would deem a system that has to be reprogrammed or have new software installed in order to perform the functions of an ATDS to be an ATDS.” *Gragg v.**1142*Orange Cab Co., Inc.,*No. C12-0576RSL, 2014 WL 801305 at *2 (W.D.Wash. Feb. 28, 2014). As Yahoo! has argued, two other district courts applying Ninth Circuit law have found similarly. *See Hunt v. 21st Mortg. Corp.,*No. 2:12-CV-2697-WMA, 2013 WL 5230061 at *4 (N.D.Ala. Sept.17, 2013) (holding that to “meet the TCPA definition of an [ATDS], a system must have a present capacity, at the time the calls were being made, to store or produce and call numbers from a number generator”); *Dominguez v. Yahoo! Inc.,*— F.Supp.3d —, 2014 WL 1096051 (E.D.Pa. March 20, 2014).

This Court respectfully disagrees. In *Satterfield v. Simon & Schuster,*No. C 06-2893 CW, 2007 WL 1839807 at *6 (N.D.Cal. June 26, 2007), the district court granted summary judgment to defendant Simon & Schuster, concluding that the plain language of the TCPA precluded a finding that Simon & Schuster’s equipment was an ATDS where the parties did not dispute that the equipment at issue did not “store, produce or call randomly or sequentially generated telephone numbers.” On appeal, the Ninth Circuit reversed and remanded the district court’s conclusion, emphasizing that the focus must be on the equipment’s *capacity*rather than whether the equipment actually stored, produced, or called randomly or sequentially generated telephone numbers. *Satterfield v. Simon & Schuster,*569 F.3d 946, 951 (9th Cir.2009).

Furthermore, in *Meyer v. Portfolio Recovery Associates, LLC,*707 F.3d 1036, 1043 (9th Cir.2012), the Ninth Circuit spe-cifieally considered and rejected a defendant’s argument that its dialers did not fall within the statutory definition of ATDS because its dialers did not “have the present capacity to store or produce numbers using a random or sequential number generator.” 1*See Meyer v. Portfolio Recover Associates, LLC,*Case No. 11-56600, Dkt. No. 6-1 (appellant’s opening brief) at 25 (9th Cir. filed Oct. 14, 2011) (arguing that “[t]he question at issue is the *present*capacity of [defendant’s] dialers to store and produce numbers using a random and sequential number generator, not what theoretical, future capacity could be possible if significant time and resources were spent by PRA to modify its dialers”) (emphasis in original). In rejecting the defendant’s argument, the court reaffirmed its previous holding in *Satterfield*that the TCPA focuses on the equipment’s capacity rather than present use. *Meyer,*707 F.3d at 1043. The court further found that because the defendant used its equipment as a predictive dialer, which the FCC has found has the requisite “capacity,” the district court did not err in finding the plaintiff had demonstrated likelihood of success on the merits sufficient for a preliminary injunction. *Id.*(citing *In the Matter of Rules & Regs. Implementing the Tel. Consumer Prot. Act of 1991,*18 FCC Red. 14014, 14091-93 (July 3, 2003)).

This Court therefore finds the clear mandate from the Ninth Circuit requires a defendant challenging a plaintiffs ATDS showing on a motion for summary judgment to demonstrate that no genuine is*1143sues of material fact exist as to whether the equipment at issue has the requisite current and future capacity to act as an ATDS in order to warrant summary judgment.

Accordingly, the Court finds no clear error in its previous conclusion that genuine issues of material fact exist as to whether YahooPs equipment has the requisite “capacity” to be considered an ATDS under the TCPA. Defendant’s motion for reconsideration, (Dkt. No. 33), must be DENIED.

II. Interlocutory Appeal

District courts may certify an issue for interlocutory appeal upon satisfaction of certain criteria. 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b). Those criteria are: (1) the order involves a controlling question of law; (2) there is substantial ground for difference of opinion; and (3) an immediate appeal from the order may materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation. *In re Cement Antitrust Litig.,*673 F.2d 1020, 1026 (9th Cir.1982). Courts apply section 1292(b)’s requirements strictly, and grant motions for certification only when exceptional circumstances warrant immediate appeal. *Coopers & Lybrand v. Livesay,*437 U.S. 463, 475, 98 S.Ct. 2454, 57 L.Ed.2d 351 (1978). The party seeking certification to appeal an interlocutory order has the burden of establishing the existence of such exceptional circumstances. *Id.*“Even then, a court has substantial discretion in deciding whether to grant a party’s motion for certification.” *Zulewski v. Hershey Co.,*2013 WL 1334159, at *1 (N.D.Cal. Mar. 29, 2013).

Having considered the foregoing criteria, the Court finds that no exceptional circumstances warrant interlocutory review. The Court notes that it denied summary judgment on the issue of whether YahooPs server and system constitutes and ATDS because it finds that genuine issues of fact preclude summary judgment. (Dkt. No. 30.) Thus, even if the Ninth Circuit ultimately reviews this Court’s February 3, 2014 Order, the Ninth Circuit will be more able to do so with a complete factual record. *See McFarlin v. Conseco Servs., LLC,*381 F.3d 1251, 1259 (11th Cir.2004) (“ § 1292(b) appeals were intended, and should be reserved, for situations in which the court of appeals can rule on a pure, controlling question of law without having to delve beyond the surface of the record in order to determine the facts.”).

Furthermore, to the extent that Yahoo! disagrees with the Court’s interpretation of this circuit’s controlling law, Judge Lasnik in the Western District of Washington has certified an interlocutory appeal in *Gragg v. Orange Cab Co. Inc.,*No. C12057RSL, Dkt. No. 132 (W.D.Wash. Apr. 15, 2014), on the question of the proper interpretation of “has the capacity” in the context of the TCPA’s definition of ATDS. *(See*Dkt. No. 39-1, Chang Decl. Ex. 1.) As such, the Court will deny Defendants’ alternative request to certify the February 3, 2014 Order for interlocutory appeal.

CONCLUSION AND ORDER

For the foregoing reasons, Yahoo! Inc.’s Motion for Reconsideration, (Dkt. No. 33), is DENIED. Yahoo! Inc.’s request, in the alternative, for interlocutory appeal is also DENIED.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

1

. A mobile phone user may opt-out of receiving Yahoo! Messenger service text messages in three ways. First, the mobile phone user may reply "INFO” to the notification message, upon which a subsequent text message offers the user “commands” about Yahoo! Messenger Service including a "command” to opt-out. (Opp. Ex. 3, "Choudhary Deposition,” at 85:19-25.) Second, the mobile phone user may chick on the Yahoo! webpage which includes a "help” link with instructions to opt-out. (Choudhary Deposition at 91:15-24.) Third, if a Yahoo! user sends four instant messages to the mobile phone user and the mobile phone user does not respond to any of the messages, Yahoofs “PC to SMS Service” server will automatically opt-out the mobile phone user. (Choudhary Deposition at 87:15-23; 88:21-24.)

2

. *See also Pinkard v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.,*2012 WL 5511039 (N.D.Ala. Nov. 9, 2012) (distinguishing Ninth Circuit decision *Satter-field,*569 F.3d at 955, and finding plaintiffs provision of her telephone number to defendant constituted "prior express consent" under the TCPA); *Roberts v. PayPal, Inc.,*2013 WL 2384242 (N.D.Cal. May 30, 2013) (finding “prior express consent” where plaintiff provided his cell hone number to defendant); *Emanuel v. Los Angeles Lakers, Inc.,*2013 WL 1719035 (C.D.Cal. Apr. 18, 2013) (concluding plaintiff's voluntary provision of his cell phone number to defendants for a specific request that his personal message appear on the Staples Center jumbotron constituted "prior express consent" to receiving a confirmatory text message and thus was not actionable under the TCPA).

3

. The CDA defines an "information content provider” as any "person or entity responsible, in whole or in part, for the creation or development of information provided through” the interactive computer service. 47 U.S.C. § 230(f)(3).

4

. The Court observes the present case is distinguishable from the sole Ninth Circuit opinion to apply this provision of the CDA. *See Zango, Inc. v. Kaspersky Lab, Inc.,*568 F.3d 1169, 1175 (9th Cir.2009). In that case, plaintiff Zango, an online media company, sued defendant Kaspersky for distribution of software that allegedly filtered and blocked Zango customers’ use of Zango’s downloada-ble programs. The Ninth Circuit afforded Kaspersky immunity under the “good Samari-tan’’ provision because “the statute plainly immunizes from suit a provider of interactive computer services that makes available software that filters or screens material that the user or the provider deems objectionable.” *Id.*at 1174. Unlike Kaspersky, Yahoo! is an internet service provider that sends notification messages to inform recipients of the Yahoo! Messenger service; this is quite distinct from an access software provider that allows users to block or filter messages.

1

. The Court notes that the defendant in *Meyer*had argued to the district court that it “would be required to invest significant resources to change the dialers to achieve [the capacity to store or produce numbers using a random or sequential number generator].” *(Meyer v. Portfolio Recover Associates, LLC,*Case No. 1 1-cv-1008-JAHBGS, Dkt. No. 22 at 18 (S.D. Cal. filed May 31, 2011).) The defendant then presented the same argument to the Ninth Circuit. *(Meyer v. Portfolio Recover Associates, LLC,*Case No. 11-56600, Dkt. No. 6-1 at 25 (9th Cir. filed Oct. 14 2011) ("[defendant] would be required to invest significant resources to change its dialers to achieve that capacity, and it would make no sense for [defendant’s] business to do so.”)).