[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 17-10445

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 1:16-cv-21525-JLK

MIGUEL DURON, 

 Plaintiff-Appellant,

 versus

DIRECTOR ENID STUL,

USCIS Hialeah Field Office, Field Office Director,

 Defendant,

DISTRICT DIRECTOR LINDA SWACINA, 

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service Miami District Director, 

UNITED STATES CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION SERVICES, USCIS, 

USCIS HIALEAH FIELD OFFICE, 

 Defendants-Appellees.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

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(February 14, 2018)

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Before TJOFLAT, WILLIAM PRYOR, and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

Plaintiff Miguel Duron, a native and citizen of Honduras, appeals the district 

court’s order dismissing his complaint filed pursuant to the Administrative 

Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 701, and the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. 

§ 2201, against Defendants Linda Swacina and Enid Stulz, Miami District Director 

and Hialeah Field Office Director at the United States Citizenship and Immigration 

Services, respectively. In his complaint, Plaintiff sought a declaration that the 

United States Citizenship and Immigration Services’s (“the Immigration Service”)

denial of his application for adjustment of status to that of a lawful permanent 

resident—based on its determination that he was ineligible under 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1255(c)(2) for failing to maintain continuously a lawful status since entry into the 

United States—was arbitrary, capricious, and otherwise not in accordance with the 

law. On appeal, Plaintiff argues that his grant of temporary protected status 

(“TPS”) overcomes § 1255(c)(2)’s bar on adjustment of status for aliens who have 

failed to maintain continuously a lawful status since entry into the United States. 

After careful review, we affirm. 

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I. BACKGROUND

A. FACTS

The relevant facts are not in dispute. Plaintiff, a native and citizen of 

Honduras, entered the United States without inspection in December 1997. On 

January 5, 1999, following a hurricane in Honduras, the Secretary for the 

Department of Homeland Security1 designated Honduras for inclusion in the TPS 

program. A foreign state is designated for inclusion in the TPS program if

“certain conditions exist in [the] country . . . including the occurrence of an 

environmental disaster, that results ‘in a substantial, but temporary, disruption of 

living conditions in the area affected.’” Mejia Rodriguez v. U.S. Dep’t of 

Homeland Sec., 562 F.3d 1137, 1140 (11th Cir. 2009). An alien granted TPS is not 

subject to removal from the United States during the period in which that status is 

in effect and is also entitled to work authorization during that time. 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1254a(a)(1). 

Plaintiff applied for TPS on August 12, 1999. The Immigration Service

granted his application on April 7, 2000. In 2001, Plaintiff married a lawful 

permanent resident. Shortly thereafter, Plaintiff’s wife filed a Form I-130, Alien 

Relative Petition on his behalf, which was approved in 2006. 

 1 “Although the statute governing TPS refers to the Attorney General as the decisionmaker, the 

authority to designate countries for inclusion in the TPS program and for adjudicating the 

eligibility of individual applicants for TPS has been transferred to the Secretary of the 

Department [of Homeland Security] and the district directors at [the Immigration Service].” 

Mejia Rodriguez v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 562 F.3d 1137, 1140 n.3 (11th Cir. 2009). 

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After requesting and receiving advanced parole through the TPS program,

Plaintiff traveled abroad on December 6, 2014. On December 13, 2014, he was 

paroled back into the United States and resumed his temporary protected status. 

On February 5, 2015, Plaintiff filed an application for adjustment of status

based on his marriage to a lawful permanent resident. The Immigration Service

denied his application, concluding that he was barred from adjustment of status 

because he failed to maintain continuously a lawful status since his entry into the 

United States as required under 8 U.S.C. § 1255(c)(2). The Immigration Service

explained that Plaintiff was without lawful immigration status from the time he 

entered the United States in 1997 until he applied for TPS in August 1999. 

Although he departed and was subsequently paroled back into the United States in 

2014, this did not cure his failure to continuously maintain a lawful status in the 

United States since his arrival in 1997. 

B. Procedural History

In April 2016, Plaintiff filed a complaint against Defendants seeking review 

of the denial of his application for adjustment of status and a declaration that the 

Immigration Service’s determination that he was ineligible for adjustment of status 

was arbitrary and capricious. Defendants moved to dismiss Plaintiff’s complaint 

for failure to state a claim. 

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The district court granted Defendants’ motion, concluding that Plaintiff was 

statutorily barred from adjustment of status under the plain language of 8 U.S.C. 

§§ 1254a(f)(4) and 1255(c)(2) because he could not show that he maintained 

continuously a lawful status since his entry into the United States in 1997. 

Although an alien with TPS is considered as “being in, and maintaining, lawful 

status” pursuant to § 1254a(f)(4), the court determined that this lawful-status 

benefit was limited to the time period that the alien has TPS. Because the lawfulbenefit status did not apply to the time period prior to the grant of TPS, the court 

determined that Plaintiff was not eligible for adjustment of status because he had 

failed to maintain continuously a lawful status since his entry into the United States 

in 1997. Thus, the district court determined that the Immigration Service’s denial 

of Plaintiff’s application was consistent with the plain language of §§ 1254a and 

1255. 

Alternatively, the district court concluded that even if §§ 1254a and 1255 

were ambiguous, the Immigration Service’s decision was entitled to deference 

because it was validly reasoned and consistent with the agency’s and the Board of 

Immigration Appeals’s decisions regarding the interpretation of §§ 1254a and 

1255. Accordingly, the district court granted Defendants’ motion and dismissed 

Plaintiff’s complaint. 

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II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

We review the district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss de novo, and in 

doing so, we view all allegations in the complaint as true and construe them in the 

light most favorable to the Plaintiff. Perez v. U.S. Bureau of Citizenship and 

Immigration Servs., 774 F.3d 960, 964 (11th Cir. 2014). We review issues 

involving statutory interpretation de novo. Serrano v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 655 F.3d 

1260, 1264 (11th Cir. 2011). 

Under the Administrative Procedure Act, a court may review an agency’s 

interpretation of a statute and set aside an agency action or conclusion that was 

arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with 

the law. 5 U.S.C. § 706; see also Serrano, 655 F.3d at 1264 (“Courts may, under 

the Administrative Procedure Act, review an agency’s interpretation of a statute.”). 

When reviewing an agency’s construction of a statute, we first look to “whether 

Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue.” Chevron, U.S.A., 

Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842–43 (1984). “If the 

‘language at issue has a plain and unambiguous meaning with regard to the 

particular dispute in the case,’ and ‘the statutory scheme is coherent and 

consistent,’ the inquiry is over.” Warshauer v. Solis, 577 F.3d 1330, 1335 (11th 

Cir. 2009).

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B. Applicable Law

In order to adjust status to that of a lawful permanent resident, an alien must: 

(1) have been inspected and admitted or paroled into the United States; (2) made 

an application for adjustment of status; (3) be eligible to receive an immigrant visa 

and be admissible to the United States for permanent residence; and (4) have an 

immigrant visa immediately available to him at the time the application is filed. 

8 U.S.C. § 1255(a). This appeal does not concern the adjustment-of-status 

eligibility requirements set forth in § 1255(a), as the district court noted “[i]t is 

undisputed that Plaintiff satisfies the threshold requirements of § 1255(a).”2

 

Instead, the parties’ arguments focus on the portion of the statute providing that

adjustment of status under § 1255 is not available to “an alien (other than an 

immediate relative as defined in section 1151(b) . . . of this title) who . . . has failed 

(other than through no fault of his own or for technical reasons) to maintain 

continuously a lawful status since entry into the United States.” 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1255(c)(2). 

As noted above, aliens granted TPS receive certain benefits—such as work 

authorization and not being subject to removal during the time period in which the 

status is in effect. 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(a). In addition to these benefits, the statute 

 2 Indeed, the Government asserted before the district court that Plaintiff’s 2014 parole into the 

United States satisfied § 1255(a)’s requirement that an alien demonstrate that he has been 

“inspected and admitted or paroled” into the United States. 

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also provides that: “[d]uring a period in which an alien is granted [TPS] under this 

section[,] for purposes of adjustment of status . . . and change of status . . . , the 

alien shall be considered as being in, and maintaining, lawful status as a 

nonimmigrant.” 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(f)(4). 

C. Plaintiff’s Grant of TPS Does Not Overcome § 1255(c)(2)’s 

Eligibility Bar for Adjustment of Status 

Plaintiff argues that he is eligible for adjustment of status because the 

lawful-status benefit provided to TPS grantees pursuant to § 1254a(f)(4) cures any 

prior ineligibility for failure to maintain continuously a lawful status under 

§ 1255(c)(2). As the district court noted, it is undisputed that Plaintiff entered the 

United States without inspection in 1997 and resided unlawfully prior to his grant 

of TPS in 2000. The outcome of this case, therefore, turns on whether the lawfulstatus benefit under § 1254a(f)(4) overrides § 1255(c)(2)’s bar to adjustment of 

status if the alien failed to maintain continuously a lawful status since entry into 

the United States. In other words, does Plaintiff’s subsequent receipt of TPS status

nullify his prior unlawful status? We conclude that it does not. 

To answer this question, we need not look further than the plain and 

unambiguous language of the statute, which establishes that the lawful-status 

benefit for TPS grantees set forth in § 1254a(f)(4) applies only to the time period in 

which an alien has TPS. Contrary to Plaintiff’s contentions, the prefatory phrase 

“during a period in which an alien is granted temporary protective status” is a 

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temporal qualifier for the lawful-status benefit under § 1254a(f)(4). Indeed, the 

statute provides:

During a period in which an alien is granted temporary 

protected status under this section—

(1) the alien shall not be considered to be permanently residing 

in the United States under color of law; 

(2) the alien may be deemed ineligible for public assistance by 

a State . . . ; 

(3) the alien may travel abroad with the prior consent of the 

Attorney General; and 

(4) for purposes of adjustment of status under section 1255 . . . 

the alien shall be considered as being in, and maintaining, lawful 

status as a nonimmigrant. 

8 U.S.C. § 1254a(f)(1)-(4). Reading the statute as a whole, it is clear that the 

prefatory language applies to each of the parallel phrases set forth in § 1254a(f). 

Cf. Parm v. Nat’l Bank of Cal., Nat’l Ass’n, 835 F.3d 1331, 1336 (11th Cir. 2016) 

(noting that “[w]hen the syntax involves something other than a parallel series of 

nouns or verbs, a prepositive or postpositive modifier normally applies to only the 

nearest reasonable referent”). 

Because “we presume that Congress said what it meant and meant what it 

said,” we conclude that the lawful-status benefit applies only to the period of time 

in which the alien has TPS, not to any prior period of unlawful status. SilvaHernandez v. U.S. Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Servs., 701 F.3d 356, 

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362 (11th Cir. 2012) (quotations omitted); see also Warshauer, 577 F.3d at 1335

(explaining that to determine whether a statute is plain and unambiguous, we look 

to “the language itself, the specific context in which the language is used, and the 

broader context of the statute as a whole.”). 

Plaintiff argues that this interpretation of the interplay between § 1254a(f)(4) 

and § 1255(c)(2) renders § 1254a(f)(4) meaningless, given our holding in Serrano 

v. United States Attorney General, 655 F.3d 1260 (11th Cir. 2011). See Legal 

Envtl. Assistance Found., Inc. v. U.S. E.P.A., 276 F.3d 1253, 1258 (11th Cir. 2001) 

(“[I]t is an elementary principle of statutory construction that, in construing a 

statute, we must give meaning to all the words in the statute.”). In Serrano, we 

determined that the benefits conferred on TPS grantees under § 1254a(f)—

specifically, that an alien granted TPS is considered as “being in, and maintaining, 

lawful status”—does not satisfy § 1255(a)’s requirement that an alien must be 

“inspected and admitted or paroled” in order to adjust status to that of a lawful 

permanent resident. Serrano, 655 F.3d at 1260. The crux of Plaintiff’s argument 

is that if § 1254a(f)(4)’s lawful-status benefit does not permit an alien to establish 

that he has been “inspected and admitted or paroled” under § 1255(a), then it must 

enable an alien to overcome § 1255(c)(2)’s eligibility bar. If it does not, then 

according to Plaintiff, the lawful-status benefit would have no purpose within the 

statute. 

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We are not persuaded. As the Government correctly points out, Plaintiff’s 

argument does not account for the fact that, although § 1254a(f)(4) does not benefit 

Plaintiff, there are situations where the statutory provision would apply. Section 

1254a(f)(4) would apply in a situation where an alien has lawful nonimmigrant 

status in the United States based on, for example, a visitor or student visa, and 

subsequently receives TPS prior to expiration of that lawful nonimmigrant status. 

If that same alien later seeks to adjust his status based on his marriage to a lawful 

permanent resident, he would “be considered as being in, and maintaining, lawful 

status” by operation of § 1254a(f)(4), regardless of whether he had overstayed his 

visitor or student visa.

3

 See 8 U.S.C. § 1254a(f)(4). 

In short, because Plaintiff resided unlawfully in the United States from 1997 

until he was granted TPS in 2000, he is ineligible for adjustment of status based on 

his failure “to maintain continuously a lawful status since entry into the United 

States.” See 8 U.S.C. § 1255(c)(2). Given that Plaintiff was ineligible for 

adjustment of status, the Immigration Service’s denial of his application was not 

 3 The § 1255(c)(2) eligibility bar does not apply to aliens considered to be immediate relatives 

under 8 U.S.C. § 1151(b) or special immigrants under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(27)(H)-(K). 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1255(c)(2). An immediate relative “means the children, spouses, and parents of a citizen of the 

United States.” 8 U.S.C. § 1151(b)(2)(A)(i). Plaintiff does not qualify as an immediate relative 

based on his marriage to a lawful permanent resident. See id.; see 8 U.S.C. § 1153(a)(2) 

(identifying spouses of lawful permanent residents as a second-preference relative for familysponsored visas). 

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arbitrary or capricious. Accordingly, the district court did not err by dismissing 

Plaintiff’s complaint for failure to state a claim.4

 

AFFIRMED. 

 4 Because we conclude that the statute is unambiguous, we need not look at the legislative 

history to determine whether Congress intended for § 1254a(f)(4) to render lawful an alien’s

period of unlawful status prior to the grant of TPS. See Harris v. Garner, 216 F.3d 970, 976 

(11th Cir. 2000) (explaining that we need not consider legislative history where a statute is 

unambiguous and should not do so in order to undermine the plain meaning of the statutory 

language). Nor do we address the district court’s alternative holding that the Immigration 

Service’s decision is entitled to deference. See Silva-Hernandez, 701 F.3d at 364 n.4 (“Because 

we conclude that the statute is not ambiguous . . . we need not address the parties’ arguments 

regarding the type of deference afforded to the Immigration Service’s interpretation of the 

statute.”). 

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