FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 AUGUST 26, 2010

JOHN LEY

CLERK

[PUBLISH]

 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 ________________________

 No. 10-10750 

Non-Argument Calendar

 ________________________

 D.C. Docket No. 3:09-cv-00344-WS-MD

R. E. BANKSTON, 

Firearms Retailer Buck and

Bass Sporting Goods,

lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

COLLEEN M. THEN,

Director of Industry Operations Tampa Field

Division Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco Firearms and Explosive,

lllllllllllllllllll l lDefendant-Appellee.

________________________

 Appeal from the United States District Court

 for the Northern District of Florida

 ________________________

(August 26, 2010)

Before TJOFLAT, WILSON and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:

Federal law requires a licensed firearms dealer to conduct a criminal

background check prior to the transfer of any firearm. 18 U.S.C. § 922(t)(1). 

Under § 922(t)(5), 

If the licensee knowingly transfers a firearm to such other person and

knowingly fails to comply with paragraph (1) of this subsection . . .

and, at the time such other person most recently proposed the transfer,

the national instant criminal background check system was operating

and information was available to the system demonstrating that

receipt of a firearm by such other person would violate subsection (g)

or (n) of this section . . . the Attorney General may, after notice and

opportunity for a hearing . . . impose on the licensee a civil fine of not

more than $5,000.

18 U.S.C. § 922(t)(5). In this appeal, we are asked to determine whether § 922(t) 1

dictates that the licensee is prohibited from transferring a firearm if the

background check produces inaccurate information and the buyer is not actually

forbidden from purchasing the firearm. We must also determine the level of

mental culpability required to violate the statute. We conclude that the accuracy

of the information at the time of the check is irrelevant for purposes of this statute,

and that the government need only prove the licensee acted knowingly. We

Subsection (g) prohibits the possession of a firearm by, among others, anyone convicted of 1

a crime for which the punishment exceeds one year imprisonment. Subsection (n) prohibits firearm

possession by anyone under indictment for an offense punishable by more than one year

imprisonment. 18 U.S.C. § 922(g), (n).

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therefore affirm the district court’s summary judgment order. 

R. E. Bankston was the sole proprietor of Buck and Bass Sporting Goods, a

licensed firearms dealer. In 2006, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms

(ATF) inspected the shop and discovered five violations of federal firearms laws,

including the failure to conduct background checks. Bankston was notified of the

violations and received a warning conference, after which he assured ATF

investigators that he would follow proper procedures in the future. 

In 2008, ATF Industry Operations Investigator James Hithcock conducted

another inspection of Buck and Bass, finding four violations in which Bankston

had transferred a firearm without first conducting the required background check

through the Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE). In particular,

Bankston transferred a firearm to James Brooks on August 23, 2007, but the FDLE

check was not performed until September 1, 2007. When he conducted the check,

Bankston learned that Brooks was not approved to purchase a firearm. 

The ATF issued Bankston a notice of imposition of a fine in connection

with the transfer to Brooks. At a subsequent hearing, Hithcock testified that

Bankston admitted knowing he was required to conduct the background check

before he transferred the firearm. Hithcock confirmed that the FDLE site was

operational on August 23, 2007, and that FDLE had confirmed that Bankston

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would have received a non-approval had he conducted the check that day. 

Hithcock could not disclose what criminal history rendered Brooks ineligible; he

could only confirm that it involved a federal charge. 

In his own testimony, Bankston admitted that he knew he was required to

perform the check but stated that the failure to do so in this case was a mistake. 

He stated that he did not do it knowingly. He explained that when he learned

Brooks was not approved, he called Brooks and retrieved the gun. 

The hearing officer concluded that the government had established the

elements of § 922(t)(5) and that Bankston had violated the federal firearm

requirements. Thereafter, the ATF imposed the $5,000 fine. Bankston then filed

this petition for review under 18 U.S.C. § 923(f)(3), arguing that the information

in the system was incorrect because Brooks was not prohibited from owning a

firearm. He submitted copies of Brooks’s criminal record, which showed that

Brooks had been convicted in 1971 of three misdemeanor federal offenses under

42 U.S.C. § 408(e). 

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The district court granted the government’s motion for summary judgment,

In 1971, when Brooks was convicted, 42 U.S.C. § 408(e) provided that anyone who made 2

an application for payment for the benefit and use of another and then knowingly and willfully

converted the payment for another use was guilty of a misdemeanor. 42 U.S.C. § 408(e) (1958);

Pub. L. 85-840, 72 Stat. 1013, 1035 (Aug. 28, 1958). In 1981, Congress amended the statute,

making any violation a felony. Pub. L. 97-123, 95 Stat. 1659, 1664 (Dec. 29, 1981). Subsection (e)

is currently codified at 42 U.S.C. § 408(a)(5) (2004).

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concluding that the statutory language did not require the information available

through the background check to be accurate and that Bankston had acted

knowingly. Bankston now appeals challenging the district court’s conclusions

that (1) the information in the background check did not have to be accurate, and

(2) the government could, and did, prove that he had acted knowingly. We

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address each issue in turn.

A. Accuracy of Information 

Bankston argues that § 922(t)(5) prohibits the sale of a firearm to a

transferee only if the receipt of that firearm by the transferee would actually

violate § 922(g) or (n). Thus, if the information in the background check was not

accurate, the transfer would not be illegal. 

We review questions of statutory interpretation de novo. Warshauer v.

Solis, 577 F.3d 1330, 1335 (11th Cir. 2009). “‘The starting point in statutory

interpretation is the language of the statute itself.’” Id. (quoting Ardestani v. INS,

502 U.S. 129, 135 (1991)). “If the ‘language at issue has a plain and unambiguous

meaning with regard to the particular dispute in the case,’ and ‘the statutory

scheme is coherent and consistent,’ the inquiry is over.” Id. (quoting Robinson v.

We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing all facts in the 3

light most favorable to the non-moving party. Willingham Sports, Inc. v. Bureau of Alcohol,

Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, 415 F.3d 1274, 1276 (11th Cir. 2005). 

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Shell Oil Co., 519 U.S. 337, 340 (1997)). “In determining whether a statute is

plain or ambiguous, we consider ‘the language itself, the specific context in which

that language is used, and the broader context of the statute as a whole.’” Id.

Bankston’s argument focuses on the language, “information was available

to the system demonstrating that receipt of a firearm by such other person would

violate subsection (g) or (n) of this section.” (emphasis added). He contends that

the statute must be interpreted to mean that accurate information was available. 

The plain language of the statute, however, includes no such modifier. 

Moreover, the statute uses the term “at the time,” indicating that it would not be

relevant if the information later turned out to be incorrect. The focus is on the

information available when the dealer conducts the background check. Here, had

Bankston conducted the check at the time of transfer, he would have received a

non-approval. The fact that Brooks could later show he was eligible to own the

gun does not change the information available at the time of the transfer.

We find support for this interpretation in Congress’s decision to give

purchasers, but not dealers, the ability to challenge non-approval status. See 28

C.F.R. § 25.10. This makes sense: because a dealer is never told the reason for the

non-approval, only the individual purchaser would know his criminal history and

be able to challenge his status.

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We therefore conclude that the information transmitted during a background

check need not be accurate at the time of the check to prohibit the firearm transfer. 

B. Whether the Licensee Must Act Knowingly

Bankston next argues that the government had to prove his culpability by

showing he acted wilfully rather than knowingly. Alternatively, he contends that

the government did not prove he knowingly failed to conduct the background

check. He further asserts that he cannot be held vicariously liable for his

employee’s failure to conduct the check. 

We disagree. First, other sections of the Gun Control Act use the term

“willful” or “willfully.” See 18 U.S.C. § 923(d)(1)(C), (D). But Congress chose

to use “knowingly” in § 922(t)(5). This distinction indicates that Congress did not

intend the standard for § 922(t)(5) to be willfulness. See Duncan v. Walker, 533

U.S. 167, 173 (2001) (“It is well settled that where Congress includes particular

language in one section of a statute but omits it in another section of the same Act,

it is generally presumed that Congress acts intentionally and purposely in the

disparate inclusion or exclusion.” (internal quotation marks omitted)); DIRECTV,

Inc. v. Brown, 371 F.3d 814, 818 (11th Cir. 2004) (“As we have previously stated,

when Congress uses different language in similar sections, it intends different

meanings.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Moreover, we will presume that

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Congress said what it meant. In re Hendrick, 524 F.3d 1175, 1186-87 (11th Cir.

2008); Kehoe v. Fid. Federal Banks & Trust, 421 F.3d 1209, 1216 (11th Cir.

2005). 

We further conclude that there was sufficient evidence to show Bankston

acted knowingly. “Knowingly” is defined as “having an awareness or

understanding; deliberate; conscious.” Black’s Law Dictionary, 7th Ed. (1999). 

Here, Bankston testified that he was aware of the background check requirements,

had been counseled about the requirements previously, and had educated his staff

about the requirements. Although Bankston testified that he did not knowingly

ignore the requirements, he admitted that he was aware that he was required to

perform the checks before transferring a firearm. He also admitted that he had

signed off on the transfer to Brooks even though the check had not been done. 

This was sufficient to establish that Bankston knowingly violated the law.

Moreover, contrary to Bankston’s arguments, Bankston was liable for the

acts of his employees. “Pure vicarious liability, such as respondeat superior

liability, attributes liability to one party based on the actions of the other party

regardless of any allegation of culpability on the party held vicariously liable.” 

Laperriere v. Vesta Ins. Group, Inc., 526 F.3d 715, 722 (11th Cir. 2008). An

employee’s knowledge can be imputed to the employer “when the employee acts

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for the benefit of the [employer] and within the scope of his employment.” Grand

Union Co. v. United States, 696 F.2d 888, 891 (11th Cir. 1983) (discussing theory

of vicarious liability in False Claims Act case in which supermarket cashiers

allowed customers to buy ineligible items with food stamps). Here, the employee

who actually sold the gun to Brooks was working within the scope of his

employment and for Bankston’s benefit. Bankston was the sole proprietor of the

gun shop and thus was responsible for the acts of his employees. 

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s order.

AFFIRMED.

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