IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

No. COA19-613

Filed: 7 April 2020

Pasquotank County, No. 18-CVS-12

KAREN BAUMAN, Plaintiff,

v.

PASQUOTANK COUNTY ABC BOARD, Defendant.

Appeal by Plaintiff from order entered 1 March 2019 by Judge Marvin K. 

Blount in Pasquotank County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 4

February 2020.

Gregory E. Wills for Plaintiff-Appellant.

Roberson Haworth & Reese, PLLC, by Alan B. Powell, Christopher C. Finan, 

and Andrew D. Irby, for Defendant-Appellee.

INMAN, Judge.

Plaintiff Karen Bauman (“Plaintiff”) appeals from an order granting judgment 

on the pleadings in favor of Defendant Pasquotank County ABC Board (the “Board”). 

After careful review, we affirm the trial court’s order.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

The record below discloses the following:

Plaintiff’s grandmother, Margaret Fletcher, owned considerable acreage in and 

around Elizabeth City, North Carolina. Ms. Fletcher passed away in 1990, and her 
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will provided that her real property holdings be placed in a testamentary trust for 

the benefit of her son—Plaintiff’s father—Charles Fletcher. The will provided that 

the trust remainder would pass to Plaintiff at her father’s death. The will named as 

trustee Emma Norris (“Emma”), who was not a family member at the time of Ms. 

Fletcher’s death, and delegated to Emma full and sole discretion to sell the corpus for 

the benefit of Mr. Fletcher and to terminate the trust at any time. 

The trustee-beneficiary relationship between Emma and Mr. Fletcher 

eventually took on a more romantic character and, in 1997, the two were married. 

On the day the marriage license was issued, Emma, in her capacity as trustee,

conveyed the majority of the real property in the trust to Mr. Fletcher individually by 

general warranty deed. Nine days later, Emma arranged for Mr. Fletcher to execute 

a deed conveying that same property to her in her individual capacity. 

The deeds did not transfer the entirety of the trust’s real estate holdings 

because they failed to describe a .66 acre tract in Elizabeth City (the “Disputed 

Tract”). Thus, while the vast majority of the trust’s corpus now belonged to Emma 

individually, the Disputed Tract remained within the trust.

Emma executed a deed purporting to transfer the Disputed Tract to the Board 

in exchange for $165,000 in March of 2000. The deed lists the grantor as Emma “and 

husband, [Mr.] Fletcher[,]” and both signed the deed individually without reference 
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to the trust. Emma deposited the proceeds from the sale in a personal account under 

her name only. The Board built and operated an ABC store on the property. 

In 2015, Mr. Fletcher and Plaintiff filed suit against Emma for undue 

influence, fraud, and breach of fiduciary duty in connection with her transfers of the 

real property out of the trust. Emma and Mr. Fletcher died while the suit was 

pending, and their respective estates were substituted in as parties. Those claims 

were ultimately resolved by summary judgment entered in favor of Plaintiff and her 

father’s estate. In 2017, Plaintiff and the new trustee learned that the Disputed Tract 

had never been conveyed out of the trust and, on 8 January 2018, Plaintiff filed a 

quiet title action against the Board. 

The Board responded to Plaintiff’s complaint by asserting counterclaims for 

adverse possession under color of title and reformation, among others. The Board 

then moved for judgment on the pleadings under Rule 12(c) of the North Carolina 

Rules of Civil Procedure, while Plaintiff moved for partial summary judgment on all 

pertinent claims discussed above. Both motions came on for hearing before the trial 

court on 20 December 2018. 

The trial court requested that counsel first argue the Board’s motion for 

judgment on the pleadings. Following those arguments, the trial court took the 

matter under advisement and concluded the hearing without proceeding to argument 

on Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment. And, although it had received 
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evidentiary exhibits pertinent to Plaintiff’s motion, the trial court announced that it 

would not consider those exhibits in deciding the Board’s motion. The trial court 

ultimately entered judgment on the pleadings in favor of the Board. Plaintiff now 

appeals.

II. ANALYSIS

A. Standard of Review

Judgment on the pleadings is appropriate “where the pleadings fail to reveal 

any material issue of fact with only questions of law remaining.” Fisher v. Town of 

Nags Head, 220 N.C. App. 478, 480, 725 S.E.2d 99, 102 (2012). Granting judgment 

on the pleadings “is not favored by law and the trial court is required to view the facts 

and permissible inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmovant.” Carpenter 

v. Carpenter, 189 N.C. App. 755, 762, 659 S.E.2d 762, 767 (2008). “This Court reviews 

de novo a trial court’s ruling on motions for judgment on the pleadings. Under a de 

novo standard of review, this Court considers the matter anew and freely substitutes 

its own judgment for that of the trial court.” Reese v. Mecklenburg Cty., 200 N.C. App. 

491, 497, 685 S.E.2d 34, 38 (2009) (citations omitted).

B. Adverse Possession Against Trust Beneficiaries

Plaintiff concedes on appeal that the Board “has possessed the land in dispute 

under a claim of right for 17 years before her lawsuit was filed and that the . . . deed 

to the [Board] adequately described the property.” She thus limits her argument to 
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the “sole contention . . . that th[e] shortened period of adverse possession . . . [of] seven 

years under ‘color of title’ cannot be applied [to] the facts presented in this record.” 

More specifically, Plaintiff asserts that the seven-year term for adverse possession 

under color of title cannot run against the beneficiaries of a trust when the trustee is 

responsible for creating color of title in the adverse possessor. She relies on our 

Supreme Court’s decisions in King v. Rhew, 108 N.C. 696, 13 S.E. 174 (1891), Deans 

v. Gay, 132 N.C. 227, 43 S.E. 643 (1903), and Cherry v. Power Co., 142 N.C. 404, 55 

S.E. 287 (1906).

King, like this case, involved the purported transfer of real property held in a 

testamentary trust. 108 N.C. at 697, 13 S.E. at 174. There, the beneficiary of the 

trust and her husband—but not the trustee—executed a deed transferring the real 

property to a third party, and the purported grantee took possession of the land. Id. 

at 698, 13 S.E. at 174. When the beneficiary died, and more than seven years after 

the grantee took possession, several heirs with contingent remainder interests in the 

trust sued to recover the real property. Id. The Supreme Court held that the sevenyear period for adverse possession under color of title had run against the heirs

because the trustee of the trust could have brought a legal challenge as the true owner 

of the property against the grantee on behalf of the trust’s beneficiaries. Id. at 699, 

13 S.E. at 175. In other words, the Supreme Court followed the default rule that if 

the seven-year period for adverse possession under color of title has run against the 
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trustee, then it has also run against the trust’s beneficiaries. Id.1 The Supreme 

Court, in applying the rule, distinguished a decision from Tennessee, Parker v. Hall, 

39 Tenn. 641 (1859), that reached a different result under a different set of facts:

[Parker] only decides that the [beneficiaries] are not barred 

where the trustee estops himself from suing by selling the 

property, and thus “uniting with the purchaser in a breach 

of the trust.” The wrong, says the court, is to the 

[beneficiaries] and not to the trustee, and he “could not sue 

or represent them.” It has never been insisted that the bar 

is effective against the [beneficiaries] except in cases where 

the trustee could have sued, as in this case, and failed to do 

so.

King, 108 N.C. at 704, 13 S.E. at 176-77.

The Supreme Court again addressed this general rule in Deans, when a 

testator’s will established a testamentary trust for the benefit of her daughter and 

grandchildren and naming her daughter as trustee. 132 N.C. at 228, 43 S.E. at 644. 

Per the trust documents, the real property was to be held in the trust “for the benefit 

of [the daughter] and her children forever.” Id. The daughter and her husband 

executed a mortgage deed encumbering the land held by the trust to a third party, 

who then conveyed that mortgage interest to the defendant. Id. The defendant later 

foreclosed on the property and ultimately purchased it. Id. 25 years later, the 

daughter and her children filed suit against the defendant seeking his removal. Id.

 

1 King was not the first decision from our Supreme Court adopting this rule. See, e.g., Clayton 

v. Cagle, 97 N.C. 300, 303, 1 S.E. 523, 525 (1887) (“The interests of the [beneficiaries] are, as to 

strangers to the deed, under the protection of the trustee, and share the fate that befalls the legal 

estate by his inaction or indifference.” (citations omitted)).
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In resolving the case, the Supreme Court distinguished King and declined to 

apply the general rule on adverse possession found therein. Id. at 231, 43 S.E. at 645. 

The Supreme Court held that although a mortgage interest was validly conveyed by 

the trustee, that mortgage interest did not include a power of sale. Id. at 232, 43 S.E. 

at 645. And, seizing on the fact that the daughter had executed the mortgage deed 

as trustee, the Court held that the defendant’s possession could not satisfy an adverse 

possession claim because the defendant took “possession under, and not adverse to 

the trustee.” Id. at 231, 43 S.E. at 645. The Court continued:

There is no ouster of the trustee; she puts him in. He takes 

the legal title subject to the trust, the declaration of which 

is in his chain of title, and therefore his possession cannot 

become adverse to the [beneficiaries]. In this respect the 

case is distinguished from the case of King v. Rhew[.]

Id. 

The final case cited by Plaintiff, Cherry, involved a tract of real property held 

in trust for a woman with her husband acting as trustee. 142 N.C. at 408, 55 S.E. at 

288. The wife possessed “an equitable estate for the joint life of her husband and 

herself and a contingent remainder in fee dependent upon her surviving him, with 

remainder over to her children dependent upon her predeceasing her husband.” 

Id. at 409, 55 S.E. at 288. The trust document provided that the wife could transfer 

her interest only upon the consent of the trustee, but in any event could not “dispose 

of a larger estate than that vested in her.” Id. The husband and wife ultimately 
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conveyed the real property in the trust to a third party in 1868, with the husband 

executing the deed in his capacity as trustee. Id. at 407, 55 S.E. at 288. The property 

was eventually conveyed to the defendant, who continued possession of the property. 

Id. The wife died in 1885, and the husband died in 1903. Id. Their children 

eventually brought suit in 1906 to recover the property from the defendant. Id. 

The Supreme Court first addressed what was transferred by the deed, and held 

that the husband had executed the conveyance in his capacity as trustee; however, it 

construed the deed as only conveying the wife’s interest in the property, i.e., “an 

equitable estate for the joint life of her husband and herself and a contingent 

remainder in fee dependent upon her surviving him[.]” Id. at 409, 55 S.E. at 288.

Thus, the defendant possessed the property under that equitable interest until her 

death and, because the trustee had agreed to the transfer of the equitable interest, 

there was no adverse possession during that time such that the rule utilized in King 

did not apply. Id. at 410, 55 S.E. at 289. Instead, the Supreme Court held that the 

period of adverse possession began when the wife predeceased her husband, as the 

wife’s interest under the trust extinguished upon her death and the property should 

have devolved in fee simple to the children at that time. Id. In other words, because 

the trustee conveyed less than a fee simple interest in the property to the defendant 

and that conveyance was made under the terms of the trust, the defendant’s 
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possession was not adverse until the trust was extinguished and complete title passed 

to the children. Id.

In sum, the above cases stand for the following propositions: (1) if a trustee 

may sue to eject an adverse possessor, the time for adverse possession under color of 

title runs against the trust beneficiaries, King, 108 N.C. at 699, 13 S.E. at 175; and 

(2) if the trust possesses rights short of a fee simple interest in real estate and the 

trustee, acting in that capacity, transfers those rights to a third party, the term of 

adverse possession does not begin to run until the trust is extinguished and fee simple 

passes to the beneficiaries. Deans, 132 N.C. at 231, 43 S.E. at 645; Cherry ̧ 142 N.C. 

at 410, 55 S.E. at 289. 

C. Plaintiff’s Appeal

The facts of this case do not lend themselves to a neat application of King, 

Deans, and Cherry based on the close reading discussed above.

Deans and Cherry are distinctly inapposite from this case. As demonstrated 

by the allegations of the complaint and supporting exhibits,

2 Emma did not convey 

 

2 A trial court may consider documents attached to a complaint in ruling on a motion for 

judgment on the pleadings without converting it into summary judgment because “documents . . . 

attached to and incorporated within a complaint . . . become part of the complaint.” Weaver v. Saint 

Joseph of the Pines, Inc., 187 N.C. App. 198, 204, 652 S.E.2d 701, 707 (2007) (citation omitted). We 

also note that a dispositive motion aimed at the pleadings does not become a summary judgment 

motion where the parties submit extraneous documents so long as it is clear from the record that those 

materials were not considered by the trial court in reaching its ruling. See Estate of Belk by and 

through Belk v. Boise Cascade Wood Products, L.L.C., ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 824 S.E.2d 180, 182-83 

(2019) (noting that a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) is not converted to a summary judgment 

motion if the record shows the trial court limited its consideration to the pleadings). 
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the Disputed Tract to the Board in her capacity as trustee. Nor did she purport to 

bind the trust in any way. By contrast, in Deans and Cherry, the defendants took 

title from trustees under the terms of the respective trusts, so that possession during 

the life of each trust was not adverse. Given the unique and distinguishing facts of 

this case, we hold that the Board took possession of the Disputed Tract adverse to, 

instead of under, the trust. 

The basis for tolling adverse possession against trust beneficiaries announced

in Parker and echoed in King does not apply to this case. Plaintiff argues that the 

Board had no adverse possession during the term of the trust because Emma was 

estopped from suing to eject the Board under the theory of estoppel by deed. See, e.g., 

Crawley v. Stearns, 194 N.C. 15, 16, 138 S.E. 403, 403 (1927) (“[A]s to his grantee the 

maker of a deed will not be heard to contradict it, or to deny its legal effect . . . , or to 

say that when the deed was made he had no title. As against his grantee he is 

estopped to assert any right or title in derogation of this deed.”). However, estoppel 

by deed binds “only . . . parties and privies.” Dixieland Realty Co. v. Wysor, 272 N.C. 

172, 182, 158 S.E.2d 7, 15 (1967). Plaintiff offers no explanation of how Emma’s 

conveyance solely in her individual capacity worked to estop her from challenging the 

conveyance as trustee on behalf of the trust.3 

 

3 We note that all trustees are empowered to bring suit “to enforce claims of the trust[,]” N.C. 

Gen. Stat. § 36C-8-811 (2019) (emphasis added), and, in light of the complaint’s allegations and 

Plaintiff’s insistence on appeal that Emma’s conveyance to the Board was purely an individual act that 
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Further, and as pointed out by the Board, Parker and King discuss tolling the 

term of adverse possession against beneficiaries when the trustee breaches the trust 

by impermissibly exercising a power of sale and, in doing so, “unit[es] with the 

purchaser in a breach of the trust.” King, 108 N.C. at 704, 13 S.E. 174 at 177 (quoting 

Parker, 39 Tenn. at 646). Here, however, Emma possessed the right as trustee to sell 

trust property in her sole discretion, and the judgment in the constructive fraud case 

against Emma as trustee did not invalidate the conveyance of the Disputed Tract to 

the Board.

4 Although the complaint contains a conclusory allegation that Emma and 

the Board “united in a breach of the . . . trust[,]” the complaint’s allegations and 

supporting documents attached to it do not place this case within that language as 

used in Parker and King. See cf. Restatement 2d of Trusts, § 327, Comment I (1959) 

(“If the trustee in breach of trust transfers trust property to a third person . . . who 

does not knowingly participate in the breach of trust, and the trustee is barred by the 

 

in no way bound the trust, the facts do not compel the legal conclusion that Emma was legally estopped 

from asserting the trust’s claim to oust the Board in her capacity as trustee. See Hendricks v. 

Mendenhall, 4 N.C. 371 (1816) (holding executors’ endorsement of a deed in their capacity as executors 

of an estate did not estop them from challenging the deed in their individual capacities as heirs); cf. 

Brooks v. Arthur, 626 F.3d 194, 201 (4th Cir. 2010) (“The rule of differing capacities is generally 

understood to mean that defendants in their official and individual capacities are not in privity with 

one another for the purposes of res judicata.”). But see Dillingham v. Gardner, 222 N.C. 79, 80, 21 

S.E.2d 898, 899 (1942) (holding a party in his individual capacity was equitably estopped from 

contesting a judgment against him in his capacity as sole trustee when “the plaintiff himself has acted 

upon the assumption that the interest of the plaintiff in the former case and the interest of the plaintiff 

in the instant case were identical.”).

4 The summary judgment order in that cases discusses fraud only in the context of Emma’s 

transfers of real estate from the trust to her husband and from her husband to herself. That judgment 

concerned and voided only those two deeds, and Appellant acknowledges in her brief that “the 

pleadings and affidavits contained [in that case file] show that the issue of title ownership of the .66 

acres in dispute in this case, was never litigated in that case.”
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Statute of Limitations or laches from maintaining a suit against the transferee, the 

beneficiary is also barred, . . . even though the beneficiary does not know of the breach 

of trust.” (emphasis added)).

Given the above distinctions from King, Deans, and Cherry ̧ and in light of the 

particular facts of this case, we hold that the trial court properly granted judgment 

on the pleadings in favor of the Board. The complaint and its attachments do not 

demonstrate facts falling within the exception to the general rule that adverse 

possession under color of title will run against the trust’s beneficiaries. In adopting 

that rule, our Supreme Court believed it “so plain that it was deemed unnecessary to 

cite authorities, and the Court was content to leave the question on the manifest 

reason of the thing.” Carswell v. Creswell, 217 N.C. 40, 46, 7 S.E.2d 58, 61 (1940)

(citation and quotation marks omitted). In discussing the equity of its application, 

our Supreme Court declared:

If by reason of neglect on the part of the trustees, 

[beneficiaries] lost the trust fund, their remedy is against 

the trustees, and if they are irresponsible, it is the 

misfortune of the [beneficiaries], growing out of the want 

of forethought on the part of the maker of the trust, under 

whom they claim.

Id. (citations and quotation marks omitted). In the face of these prevailing principles, 

the unique facts here do not plainly situate Plaintiff’s claim inside the claimed 

exception to this rule.
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III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, and in light of the particular facts of this case, we 

affirm the trial court’s order granting judgment on the pleadings in favor of the Board. 

Because we hold the entry of judgment on the pleadings was proper and it appears 

from the record that the trial court did not consider evidence outside the pleadings, 

we do not address Plaintiff’s contention that the Board’s motion was converted to one 

for summary judgment.

AFFIRMED.

Judges BRYANT and DILLON concur.