I

103D CONGRESS

1ST SESSION H. R. 1675

To provide for enhanced cooperation between the Federal Government and

the United States civil aviation manufacturing industry in aeronautical

technology research, development, design, and commercialization, and

for other purposes.

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

APRIL 2, 1993

Mr. GEJDENSON (for himself and Mr. GEPHARDT) introduced the following

bill; which was referred jointly to the Committees on Science and Technology and Public Works and Transportation

A BILL

To provide for enhanced cooperation between the Federal

Government and the United States civil aviation manufacturing industry in aeronautical technology research,

development, design, and commercialization, and for

other purposes.

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

4 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Aeronautical Tech5 nology Consortium Act of 1993’’.

6 SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND PURPOSES.

7 (a) FINDINGS.—The Congress finds the following:
2

•HR 1675 IH

1 (1) A strong civil aviation manufacturing indus2 try is critical to the health of the United States

3 economy; aircraft production in the United States

4 affects nearly 80 percent of the economy, and for

5 every additional dollar of shipments of aircraft, out6 put of the economy increases by an estimated $2.30.

7 (2) A strong civil aviation manufacturing indus8 try is critical to the national security of the United

9 States because of the synergies between civil and

10 military aeronautical technologies and the need for a

11 strong advanced technology industrial base.

12 (3) The National Critical Technologies Panel

13 (established pursuant to section 601 of the National

14 Science and Technology Policy, Organization, and

15 Priorities Act of 1976 (42 U.S.C. 6681)) has identi16 fied aeronautics as one of 22 categories of tech17 nologies critical to national economic prosperity and

18 to national security.

19 (4) While the United States has traditionally

20 dominated the world commercial aircraft market, the

21 United States civil aviation manufacturing industry

22 is facing the two critical challenges of significant

23 cutbacks in defense procurement and related mili24 tary spending, and the growing competitive strength
3

•HR 1675 IH

1 of foreign subsidized aviation industries, such as the

2 European aircraft consortium, Airbus Industrie.

3 (5) Airbus Industrie, a consortium of 4 Euro4 pean aircraft manufacturing companies that are sup5 ported by their governments, has developed a family

of competitive aircraft models and has captured 1 6 ⁄4

7 of the world market for large civil aircraft.

8 (6) In 1992, the United States signed an agree9 ment with the European Community that permits

10 the European governments to continue to subsidize

11 up to 33 percent of the development costs of new

12 large civil aircraft.

13 (7) Given current and expected reductions in

14 defense spending and increased competitive pres15 sures in the civil aircraft market, it is critical for the

16 Federal Government to coordinate its aeronautics

17 and related programs and redirect these resources to

18 assist the United States civil aviation manufacturing

19 industry to meet the competitive challenge from for20 eign suppliers such as Airbus Industrie.

21 (8) The Federal Government has played an ac22 tive role in research and development of aeronautical

23 technologies since the National Advisory Committee

24 on Aeronautics was created in 1915.
4

•HR 1675 IH

1 (9) In recent years, however, Federal Govern2 ment support for aerospace research and develop3 ment has focused overwhelmingly on military and

4 space technologies.

5 (10) Federal programs relating to aeronautics

6 research and development today are spread among a

7 number of differing Federal agencies, including the

8 Department of Defense, the Department of Trans9 portation, and the Department of Commerce, as well

10 as the National Aeronautics and Space Administra11 tion and the National Science Foundation.

12 (11) Federal financial assistance to the semi13 conductor industry consortium known as Sematech

14 has been successful in improving the competitiveness

15 of the United States semiconductor industry.

16 (12) The Federal Government should use

17 Sematech as a model in developing a program to

18 provide financial assistance to an industry-led con19 sortium of United States civil aviation manufactur20 ing companies.

21 (13) Such a government-industry consortium

22 should focus its efforts on research, development, de23 sign, and commercialization of new aeronautical

24 technologies and related manufacturing technologies,

25 as well as the transfer and conversion of aeronauti-
5

•HR 1675 IH

1 cal technologies developed for national security pur2 poses to commercial applications for large civil air3 craft.

4 (b) PURPOSE.—The purpose of this Act is to

5 strengthen and assist the United States civil aviation man6 ufacturing industry.

7 SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS.

8 For purposes of this Act:

9 (1) The term ‘‘Advisory Committee’’ means the

10 Aeronautical Technical Advisory Committee estab11 lished in section 6.

12 (2) The term ‘‘Consortium’’ means the Aero13 nautical Technology Consortium referred to in sec14 tion 5.

15 (3) The term ‘‘Coordinating Committee’’ means

16 the Aeronautical Technology Coordinating Commit17 tee referred to in section 4(c).

18 (4) The term ‘‘Director’’ means the Director of

19 the Office of Science and Technology Policy.

20 (5) The term ‘‘Federal laboratory’’ has the

21 meaning given such term in section 4(6) of the Ste22 venson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980

23 (15 U.S.C. 3703(6)).

24 (6) The term ‘‘joint venture’’ has the meaning

25 given such term in section 28(j)(1) of the National
6

•HR 1675 IH

1 Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15

2 U.S.C. 278n(j)(1)).

3 (7) The term ‘‘large civil aircraft’’ means all

4 aircraft that are designed for passenger or cargo

5 transportation and have 100 or more passenger

6 seats or its equivalent in cargo configuration.

7 (8) The term ‘‘manufacturing technology’’

8 means techniques and processes designed to improve

9 manufacturing quality, productivity, and practices,

10 including engineering design, quality assurance, con11 current engineering, continuous process production

12 technology, energy efficiency, waste minimization,

13 design for recyclability or parts reuse, shop floor

14 management, inventory management, worker train15 ing, and communications with customers and suppli16 ers, as well as manufacturing equipment and soft17 ware.

18 (9) The term ‘‘Program’’ means the Aeronauti19 cal Technology Program established pursuant to sec20 tion 4(a).

21 (10) The term ‘‘Strategy’’ means the National

22 Aeronautics Strategy developed pursuant to section

23 4(b)(1).

24 (11) The term ‘‘United States-owned company’’

25 means a company or other business entity the ma-
7

•HR 1675 IH

1 jority ownership or control of which is by United

2 States citizens.

3 SEC. 4. AERONAUTICAL TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM.

4 (a) ESTABLISHMENT.—The President shall establish

5 an Aeronautical Technology Program which shall—

6 (1) provide for interagency coordination of Fed7 eral research and development programs relating to

8 aeronautical technologies and related manufacturing

9 technologies;

10 (2) provide a mechanism for private industry

11 comment and guidance regarding the cost-effective12 ness and commercial practicability of existing and

13 proposed Federal research and development pro14 grams relating to aeronautical technologies and re15 lated manufacturing technologies;

16 (3) promote, to the maximum extent prac17 ticable, the transfer and conversion to commercial

18 applications of aeronautical technologies developed

19 for national security purposes;

20 (4) coordinate and expand existing Federal re21 search and development programs relating to sub22 sonic and supersonic aeronautics, with particular

23 focus on government-industry cooperative programs

24 to develop large civil aircraft beyond the financial

25 means of any single company;
8

•HR 1675 IH

1 (5) assist the United States civil aviation manu2 facturing industry in developing an Aeronautical

3 Technology Consortium for the purpose of providing

4 Federal assistance to industry-led joint ventures es5 tablished for research, development, design, and

6 commercialization of aeronautical technologies and

7 related manufacturing technologies applicable to

8 large civil aircraft; and

9 (6) establish other goals and priorities for Fed10 eral research and development programs relating to

11 aeronautical technologies and related manufacturing

12 technologies.

13 (b) NATIONAL AERONAUTICS STRATEGY.—

14 (1) IN GENERAL.—The President, acting

15 through the Coordinating Committee, shall develop a

16 National Aeronautics Strategy to implement the

17 Program. The Strategy shall contain specific rec18 ommendations for a 5-year national effort, to be

19 submitted to the Congress within 6 months after the

20 date of enactment of this Act.

21 (2) CONTENTS OF STRATEGY.—The Strategy

22 shall—

23 (A) establish the specific goals and prior24 ities for the Program for the fiscal year in
9

•HR 1675 IH

1 which the Strategy is submitted and the suc2 ceeding 4 fiscal years;

3 (B) set forth the role of each Federal

4 agency and department in implementing the

5 Program;

6 (C) describe the levels of Federal funding

7 for each agency and specific research, develop8 ment, and commercialization activities required

9 to achieve such goals and priorities;

10 (D) take into account the recommenda11 tions of the Advisory Committee established in

12 section 6; and

13 (E) consider and use, as appropriate, re14 ports and studies conducted by Federal agen15 cies and departments, the National Research

16 Council, or other entities.

17 (3) FEDERAL AGENCIES AND DEPARTMENTS TO

18 BE ADDRESSED.—The Secretary shall address,

19 where appropriate, the relevant programs and activi20 ties of—

21 (A) the Department of Defense, particu22 larly the Department of the Air Force, the De23 partment of the Navy, and the Defense Ad24 vanced Research Projects Agency;
10

•HR 1675 IH

1 (B) the Departments of Commerce, par2 ticularly the National Institute of Standards

3 and Technology;

4 (C) the Department of Transportation,

5 particularly the Federal Aviation Administra6 tion;

7 (D) the National Aeronautics and Space

8 Administration;

9 (E) the National Science Foundation;

10 (F) the Federal laboratories; and

11 (G) such other agencies and departments

12 as the President or the Coordinating Committee

13 considers appropriate.

14 (c) COORDINATING COMMITTEE.—

15 (1) AUTHORITY; COMPOSITION.—The Program

16 shall be administered by an Aeronautical Technology

17 Coordinating Committee composed of the following

18 officials:

19 (A) The Director, who shall be chair20 person.

21 (B) The Secretary of Defense.

22 (C) The Secretary of Commerce.

23 (D) The Secretary of Transportation.

24 (E) The Administrator of the National

25 Aeronautics and Space Administration.
11

•HR 1675 IH

1 (F) The Director of the National Science

2 Foundation.

3 (2) FUNCTIONS.—The Coordinating Committee

4 shall—

5 (A) serve as the lead entity responsible for

6 implementation of the Program;

7 (B) coordinate all Federal research and de8 velopment programs relating to aeronautical

9 technologies and related manufacturing tech10 nologies;

11 (C) consult regularly with and seek rec12 ommendations from the Advisory Committee es13 tablished by section 6;

14 (D) consult with academic, State, industry,

15 and other appropriate groups conducting re16 search on and using aeronautical technologies;

17 and

18 (E) submit to the Congress an annual re19 port, along with the President’s annual budget

20 request, describing the implementation of the

21 Program.

22 SEC. 5. AERONAUTICAL TECHNOLOGY CONSORTIUM.

23 (a) IN GENERAL.—Under the Program, the Coordi24 nating Committee shall provide assistance to an Aero-
12

•HR 1675 IH

1 nautical Technology Consortium, which shall consist of all

2 eligible firms that—

3 (1) are engaged in research, development, test4 ing, design, demonstration, or production of aero5 nautical technology applicable to the production of

6 large civil aircraft;

7 (2) are selected by the Coordinating Committee,

8 through the Director, on the basis of the criteria

9 specified under subsection (e); and

10 (3) are necessary to enable the Consortium to

11 achieve its purpose as described under subsection

12 (c).

13 (b) ELIGIBLE FIRMS.—For purposes of this section,

14 the term ‘‘eligible firm’’ means a company or other busi15 ness entity (including a consortium of such companies or

16 other business entities, as determined by the Secretary of

17 Commerce) that, as determined by such Secretary—

18 (1) conducts a significant level of its research,

19 development, engineering, design, and manufactur20 ing activities in the United States; and

21 (2) either—

22 (A) is a United States-owned company; or

23 (B) is a company incorporated in the

24 United States and has a parent company which
13

•HR 1675 IH

1 is incorporated in a country the government of

2 which—

3 (i) affords United States-owned com4 panies opportunities, comparable to those

5 afforded any other company, to participate

6 in research and development consortia to

7 which the government of that country pro8 vides funding directly or provides finding

9 indirectly through international organiza10 tions or agreements; and

11 (ii) affords adequate and effective pro12 tection for the intellectual property rights

13 of United States-owned companies.

14 (c) PURPOSE.—The purpose of the Consortium is to

15 conduct industry-led joint ventures, including studies, re16 lating to—

17 (1) manufacturing technologies applicable to

18 the production of large civil aircraft;

19 (2) the aeronautical infrastructure, including

20 next-generation wind tunnels and associated tech21 nology, and test beds for aeronautical systems and

22 subsystems;

23 (3) the transfer and conversion of aeronautical

24 technologies developed for national security purposes

25 to commercial applications for large civil aircraft;
14

•HR 1675 IH

1 (4) subsonic aeronautical technologies applica2 ble to the development and production of large civil

3 aircraft;

4 (5) supersonic aeronautical technologies appli5 cable to the development and production of large

6 civil aircraft; and

7 (6) environmental technologies necessary for

8 aeronautical competitiveness, including technologies

9 that limit or reduce noise and air pollution.

10 (d) ASSISTANCE TO BE PROVIDED.—In providing as11 sistance to the Consortium, the Coordinating Committee,

12 acting through the Director, shall—

13 (1) provide financial and other assistance to the

14 United States civil aviation manufacturing industry

15 in the formation of the Consortium;

16 (2) support the Consortium, and such subordi17 nate joint ventures as the Consortium may establish,

18 by making available equipment, facilities, and per19 sonnel;

20 (3) aid the Consortium, and such subordinate

21 joint ventures as the Consortium may establish, by

22 means of grants, cooperative agreements, contracts,

23 and provision of organizational and technical advice;

24 (4) enter into contracts and cooperative agree25 ments in support of the Consortium with independ-
15

•HR 1675 IH

1 ent research organizations, institutions of higher

2 education, and agencies of State and local govern3 ments;

4 (5) involve the Federal laboratories in the Con5 sortium, where appropriate, using among other au6 thorities the cooperative research and development

7 agreements provided for under section 12 of the

8 Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of

9 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3710a); and

10 (6) carry out, in a manner consistent with this

11 section, such other cooperative research activities

12 with the Consortium and joint ventures as may be

13 authorized by law or assigned to the Coordinating

14 Committee by the President.

15 (e) SELECTION OF CONSORTIUM PARTICIPANTS.—

16 The criteria for selection of industry participants in the

17 Consortium, as referred to in subsection (a)(2), are as

18 follows:

19 (1) The extent of present participation of the

20 eligible firm in Federal research and development

21 programs relating to aeronautical technologies and

22 related manufacturing technologies.

23 (2) The extent of present manufacturing activ24 ity of the eligible firm relating to the development

25 and production of large civil aircraft, engines, ad-
16

•HR 1675 IH

1 vanced materials, avionics, and other related compo2 nents.

3 (3) The extent of present manufacturing activ4 ity of the eligible firm relating to aeronautical tech5 nologies developed for national security purposes

6 that may have commercial applications for large civil

7 aircraft.

8 (4) The technical excellence of the eligible firm.

9 (5) The extent of financial commitment of the

10 eligible firm to the Consortium.

11 (6) Such other criteria that the Director pre12 scribes.

13 (f) CHARTER; OPERATING PLAN.—The Consortium

14 shall have—

15 (1) a charter, agreed to by all industry partici16 pants in the Consortium, that meets requirements

17 established by the Coordinating Committee; and

18 (2) an annual operating plan that is developed

19 in consultation with the Coordinating Committee

20 and the Advisory Committee established in section 6.

21 (g) FINANCIAL COMMITMENT OF INDUSTRY PARTICI22 PANTS.—

23 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall ensure

24 that, to the maximum extent the Director deter25 mines to be practicable, the total amount of the
17

•HR 1675 IH

1 funds provided by the Federal Government to the

2 Consortium does not exceed the total amount pro3 vided by the industry participants in the Consor4 tium.

5 (2) AUTHORITY TO EXCEED 50 PERCENT FED6 ERAL FUNDING.—Nothing in this subsection shall be

7 construed to prohibit the Federal Government from

8 providing greater than 50 percent of the funds for

9 any individual joint venture, project, or program

10 where the Director determines such funding to be

11 consistent with the goals of the Program.

12 (3) CONSIDERATION OF IN-KIND CONTRIBU13 TIONS.—The Director shall prescribe regulations to

14 provide for consideration of in-kind contributions by

15 industry participants in the Consortium and joint

16 ventures for the purpose of determining the share of

17 the funds that have been or are being provided by

18 such participants.

19 (h) MERIT REVIEW.—No contract or other award for

20 a research project may be made under this section until

21 the research project in question has been subject to a

22 merit review, and, in the opinion of the reviewers ap23 pointed by the Director, has been shown to have scientific

24 and technical merit.
18

•HR 1675 IH

1 (i) OVERSIGHT OF CONSORTIUM ACTIVITIES.—The

2 Coordinating Committee, acting through the Director,

3 shall take such actions as are necessary and appropriate

4 to ensure that the Consortium’s activities help to achieve

5 the purposes of this Act, including—

6 (1) prescribing regulations for the purposes of

7 this section;

8 (2) establishing procedures for the use by the

9 Coordinating Committee of funds authorized to a

10 particular Federal agency or department that is par11 ticipating in the Consortium;

12 (3) establishing procedures regarding financial

13 reporting and auditing to ensure that contracts and

14 other awards are used for the purposes specified in

15 this section and are in accordance with sound ac16 counting practices;

17 (4) monitoring how technologies developed

18 through the Consortium are used, and reporting to

19 the Congress on the extent of any overseas transfer

20 of those technologies;

21 (5) assuring that the recommendations of the

22 Advisory Committee established in section 6 are con23 sidered routinely in carrying out the responsibilities

24 of the Coordinating Committee under this Act; and
19

•HR 1675 IH

1 (6) providing for the expeditious and timely

2 transfer of technology developed and owned by the

3 Consortium to the participants in the Consortium.

4 (j) EXPORT OF AERONAUTICAL TECHNOLOGY.—Any

5 export of materials, equipment, and technology developed

6 by the Consortium in whole or in part with financial as7 sistance provided under this section shall be subject to the

8 Export Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2401

9 et seq.) and shall not be subject to the Arms Export

10 Control Act.

11 (k) FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT.—Section 552

12 of title 5, United States Code, shall not apply to the fol13 lowing information obtained by the Federal Government

14 on a confidential basis in connection with the activities of

15 any industry participant in the Consortium:

16 (1) Information on the business operation of

17 any industry participant in the Consortium.

18 (2) Intellectual property, trade secrets, and

19 technical data possessed or developed by any indus20 try participant in the Consortium.

21 (l) INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY.—

22 (1) DISCLOSURE LIMITATIONS.—Notwithstand23 ing any other provision of law, intellectual property,

24 trade secrets, and technical data owned and devel25 oped by the Consortium or any industry participant
20

•HR 1675 IH

1 in the Consortium may not be disclosed by any offi2 cer or employee of the Federal Government except in

3 accordance with a written agreement between the

4 owner or developer and the Director.

5 (2) TITLE TO AND LICENSING OF INVENTIONS

6 AND PATENTS.—Title to any invention or patent

7 arising from assistance provided under this section

8 shall vest in a company or companies incorporated

9 in the United States. The Federal Government may

10 reserve a nonexclusive, nontransferable, irrevocable

11 paid-up license, to have practiced for or on behalf of

12 the Federal Government, in connection with any

13 such invention or patent, but shall not, in the exer14 cise of such license publicly disclose proprietary in15 formation related to the license. Title to any such in16 vention or patent shall not be transferred or passed,

17 except to any company incorporated in the United

18 States, until the expiration of the first patent ob19 tained in connection with such invention. For pur20 poses of this paragraph, the term ‘‘invention or pat21 ent’’ means an invention patentable under title 35,

22 United States Code, or any patent on such an inven23 tion.

24 (3) LICENSING TO COMPANIES.—Nothing in

25 this subsection shall be construed to prohibit the li-
21

•HR 1675 IH

1 censing, to any company, of intellectual property

2 rights arising from assistance provided under this

3 section.

4 (m) APPLICATION OF NATIONAL COOPERATIVE RE5 SEARCH ACT.—The National Cooperative Research Act of

6 1984 (P.L. 98–462; 15 U.S.C. 4301 note) shall apply to

7 the Consortium in the conduct of the activities of the

8 Consortium under this Act.

9 SEC. 6. AERONAUTICAL TECHNOLOGY ADVISORY COMMIT10 TEE.

11 (a) ESTABLISHMENT.—There is established an Aero12 nautical Technology Advisory Committee (hereafter in this

13 Act referred to as the ‘‘Advisory Committee’’).

14 (b) FUNCTIONS.—The Advisory Committee shall ad15 vise the Coordinating Committee and the Consortium

16 on—

17 (1) the strategy and other appropriate goals

18 and priorities for the Program, and how best to

19 achieve those goals;

20 (2) the operating plan of the Consortium;

21 (3) the annual progress of the Program and the

22 Consortium in meeting the requirements of section

23 4(a) and, in the first 5 years, the strategy;

24 (4) organizational and programmatic reforms

25 which would improve the effectiveness of Federal re-
22

•HR 1675 IH

1 search and development programs relating to aero2 nautical technologies and related manufacturing

3 technologies in promoting the competitiveness of the

4 United States civil aviation manufacturing industry;

5 (5) mechanisms for private industry comment

6 and guidance regarding the cost-effectiveness and

7 commercial practicability of existing and proposed

8 Federal research and development programs relating

9 to aeronautical technologies and related manufactur10 ing technologies;

11 (6) policies and mechanisms to promote the

12 transfer and conversion to commercial applications

13 of aeronautical technologies developed for national

14 security purposes; and

15 (7) other goals and priorities for Federal re16 search and development programs relating to aero17 nautical technologies and related manufacturing

18 technologies.

19 (c) MEMBERSHIP.—The Advisory Committee shall be

20 composed of 12 members, who shall be appointed by the

21 President from among individuals who, because of their

22 experience and accomplishments in the field of aeronautics

23 and related technological and scientific fields, are excep24 tionally qualified to analyze and recommend policy relating

25 to aeronautical technology research and development.
23

•HR 1675 IH

1 Membership of the Advisory Committee shall be composed

2 of representatives of—

3 (1) large civil aircraft manufacturing compa4 nies;

5 (2) aircraft engine manufacturing companies;

6 (3) advanced materials companies;

7 (4) avionics and other systems and subsystems

8 companies;

9 (5) other subcontractor firms engaged in aero10 nautical technology research, design, development,

11 and production; and

12 (6) Federal laboratories, universities, and inde13 pendent research institutes.

14 (d) TERMS OF MEMBERSHIP.—Each member of the

15 Advisory Committee shall be appointed for a term of 3

16 years, except that of members first appointed, 4 shall be

17 appointed for a term of 1 year, 4 shall be appointed for

18 a term of 2 years, and 4 shall be appointed for a term

19 of 3 years, as designated by the President at the time of

20 the appointment. A member of the Advisory Committee

21 may serve after the expiration of the member’s term until

22 a successor has taken office.

23 (e) CHAIRPERSON.—The President shall appoint 1

24 member of the Advisory Committee to serve as chair25 person.
24

•HR 1675 IH

1 (f) QUORUM.—7 members of the Advisory Committee

2 shall constitute a quorum.

3 (g) MEETINGS.—The Advisory Committee shall meet

4 at least quarterly at the call of the chairperson or one5 third of its members, and at the call of the Coordinating

6 Committee.

7 (h) COMPENSATION AND EXPENSES.—

8 (1) NO COMPENSATION FOR MEMBERS.—Each

9 member of the Advisory Committee shall serve with10 out compensation.

11 (2) TRAVEL EXPENSES AUTHORIZED.—While

12 away from their homes or regular places of business

13 in performance of the duties of the Advisory Com14 mittee, members of the Advisory Committee shall be

15 allowed travel expenses in accordance with sub16 chapter I of chapter 57 of title 5, United States

17 Code.

18 (i) FEDERAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE ACT.—Section

19 14 of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C.

20 App.) shall not apply to the Advisory Committee.

21 SEC. 7. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.

22 There are authorized to be appropriated to the Office

23 of Science and Technology Policy, to carry out the provi24 sions of this Act, such sums as may be necessary for the

25 fiscal years 1994 and 1995.
25

•HR 1675 IH

Æ

HR 1675 IH——2