UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

LISA MARIE MONTGOMERY,

Plaintiff ,

v. WILLIAM P. BARR , et al. ,

Defendant s . Civil Action No. 20

- 32 61 ( RDM )

MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff Lisa Montgomery was convicted of kidnapping resulting in death in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 1201(a) and sentenced to death in 2008. Her conviction and sentence were affirmed on appeal, her motion for collateral relief was denied, and she was denied a certificat e of appealability. After the Supreme Court denied her petition for a writ of certiorari and petition for reconsideration earlier this year, the Attorney General announced that the Bureau of Prison s had scheduled Plaintiff’s execution for December 8, 2020

. Plaintiff brings this action against the Attorney General, a n array of other federal officials, the Department of Justice, the Office of the Pardon Attorney, and the Federal Bureau of Prisons

. Plaintiff contends that she has a statutory and constitutional right to meaningful participation by her long

- serving , capitally qualified lawyers in the clemency process but that her
two capitally qualified lawyers “ are functionally incapacitated ” and unable to prepare her clemency petition because they both contracted “severe” cases of COVID

- 19 while traveling to meet with her

. Dkt. 13

- 1 at 4 (Davis Decl.) (Ex. 1). She further contends that her “profound mental illness” adds to this predicament in two respects: first, she “requires careful and compassionate legal representation by the lawyers who have spent many years earning her trust,”2

and, second, her mental health experts need “to visit her to ascertain her mental status,” but they are unable to do so in light of their age and vulnerability to the virus. Dkt. 2

- 1 at 3. All told, Plaintiff contends that proceeding under the current schedule for her execution and under these extraordinary circumstances would deprive her of her statutory right to counsel to assist in the clemency process, 18 U.S.C. § 3599, and her constitutional right under the D ue P r ocess C lause, U.S. Const., a m end. V , to a “minimally fair clemency process , ” Dkt. 2

- 1 at 4. Plaintiff moves for a temporary restraining order or preliminary injunction precluding Defendants from taking “adverse action on her request for reprieve and comm utation,” id. at 9, and from “carrying out Plaintiff’s scheduled execution,” Dkt. 2

- 13 at 1, pending further order of the Court. Defendants opposed Plaintiff’s motion on November 14, 2020, Dkt. 12, and Plaintiff filed her reply on November 15, 2020, Dkt. 13. The Court heard oral argument on November 16,
202 0 and again on November 18, 2020

. Following the November 18 oral argument, the parties submitted additional materials and argument responding to questions posed by the Court. Dkt. 16; Dkt. 17. For the reasons explained below, the Court will GRANT Plaintiff ’s motion in part and will DENY it in part

. I. BACKGROUND Montgomery , a prisoner “presently incarcerated at the Federal Medical Center (FMC) Carswell ” in Texas, is “ scheduled for execution by lethal injection at the United States Penitentiary in Terre Haute, Indiana on December 8, 2020 , ” Dkt. 1 at 3 (Compl. ¶ 2) , a date set by the Federal Bureau of Prisons on October 16, 2020, id. at 6 (Compl. ¶ 18). Article II of t he Constitution vests the President with the “[p]ower to grant [r]eprieves and [p]ardons for [o]ffenses against the United States.” U.S. Const. art. II, § 2, cl. 1. Federal r egulations govern3

how prisoners may invoke the President’s clemency. “A person seeking executive clemency by pardon, reprieve, commutation of sentence, or remission of fine shall exe cute a formal petition , ”
28 C.F.R. § 1.1 , after “proceedings on the petitioner’s direct appeal of the judgment of conviction and first petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 have terminated,” id. § 1.10(b) (“No petition for reprieve or commutation of a death sentences should be filed before” that time.). Although the parties disagree about when Montgomery became eligible to file a petition, compar e Dkt. 12 at 10 (claiming eligibility began on May 26, 2020) with Dk t. 13 at 3

– 4 n.3 (claiming eligibility began on August 3, 2020), all agree that she was eligible to file a clemency petition no later than August 3, 2020 , when the Supreme Court denied rehearing on her petition for a writ of certiorari, Montgomery v. Unite d States , 2020 WL 4429729 (U.S. Aug. 3, 2020)

. In the case of death

sentenced petitioners, a petition for commutation of sentence must be filed “no later than 30 days after the petitioner has received notification from the Bureau of Prisons of the scheduled date of execution , ” but a petitioner may file additional material in support of the petition for up to “15 days after the commutation petitio n has been filed.” 28 C.F.R. § 1.10(b). Accordingly, once the
Bureau of Prisons scheduled Montgomery ’s execution date, she had until November 1 5 , 2020 to file her clemency petition and until November 30, 2020 to supplement that filing. Plaintiff alleges that she was subjected to “profound trauma

. . . during her childhood,” including sexual abuse and frequent rape by her stepfather and his “friends ; ” abuse, beatings, and
sex traffic king by her mother ; and sexual torture and rape by her stepbrother, who m she was pressured to marry. Dkt. 1 at 6

– 7 (Compl. ¶ 20). She further alleges that the “ [d] ecades of rapes, beatings, and sexual torture” that she endured “have taken a devastating toll;” that she suffers from “brain damage,” “temporal lobe seizures,” “ Bipolar Disorder and Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder; ” that “[s]he dissociates regularly” and suffers from “hallucinations, psychosis ,4

mania and depression; ” that , notwithstanding treatment with “anti

- psychotic, anti

- epileptic, and anti

- depressant medications,” she “continues to experience severe, distressing, and near

- constant symptoms of her mental illness es ;” and that she is currentl y “on ‘suicide watch’ in solitary confinement.” Id. at 7 (Compl. ¶¶ 21

– 22 ). Plaintiff further maintains that “[m]ental illness and trauma lie at the core of [her] case.”
Id . at 15 (Compl. ¶ 61). Because the courts have found the claims that she has raised on post

conviction review unavailing, “[c]lemency represents the only viable means at this late hour to consider how her mental illness affects her moral culpability,” and, in Plaintiff’s view, her mental illness “weigh [s] in favor of mercy.” Id. But, according to Plaintiff , the ongoing pandemic has prevented her from preparing and submitting a clemency petition that adequately conveys her claim.
M ost significantly, Plaintiff contends that her ability to make a meaningful request for clemency is stymied by the illness of her two, capitally qualified lawyers, both of whom contracted COVID

- 19 after traveling to visit her in late October and early November 2020 , and both of whom remain very ill today

. Following the announcement on October 16, 2020 of Plaintiff ’s execution date, the Federal Public Defender for the Middle District of Ten nessee granted Plaintiff’s two capitally qualified defense attorneys , Amy Harwell and Kelley Henry, permission to travel from their office in Tennessee to meet with Montgomery in Texas , which they did multiple times between October 19, 2020 and November 2, 2020

. Dkt. 1 at 10

– 11 (Compl. ¶¶ 36

– 40) ; Dkt. 2

- 2 at 3 (Harwell Decl. ¶¶ 9

– 13) (Ex. 1) ; Dkt. 2

- 3 at 4

– 5 (Henry Decl. ¶¶ 18

– 20 ) (Ex. 2)

. According to Harwell and Henry , they found during these visits that Plaintiff ’s mental health was deteriorating and that she “exhibit[ed] symptoms of terror and5

dissociation

. ” Dkt. 2

- 2 at 3 (Harwell Decl. ¶¶ 9

– 11) (Ex. 1); see also Dkt . 2

- 3 at 5

– 6 (Henry Decl. ¶¶ 20, 23) (Ex. 2 )

. O n November 5 and November 7, respectively, Harwell and Henry began to experience
COVID

- 19 symptoms. Dkt. 1 at 11 (Compl. ¶¶ 41

– 42, 45). On November 10 and 11, they tested positive for the virus. Id. ( Compl. ¶¶ 42, 45). Both have quarantined themselves and cannot travel to meet with Plaintiff . Dkt. 2

- 2 at 4 ( Harwell Decl

. ¶¶ 14, 17) (Ex. 1) ; Dkt. 2

- 3 at 7 ( Henry Decl

. ¶¶ 30

– 32) (Ex. 2)

. B oth are also experiencing “extreme fatigue” and “impaired
think ing and judgment,” in addition to a range of other symptoms, including cough, severe headaches, and gastrointestinal distress. Dkt. 2

- 2 at 4 (Harwell Decl. ¶ 16) (Ex. 1) ; see also Dkt.
2

- 3 at 6 (Henry Decl. ¶ 25) (Ex. 2)

. Both attest that t hese symptoms make it “impossible” for them to effectively advocat e on Plaintiff ’s behalf, including working on her clemency petition.
Dkt. 2

- 2 at 4 (Harwell Decl. ¶ 16) (Ex. 1); see also Dkt. 2

- 3 at 6 , 8 (Henry Decl. ¶¶ 25 , 36 ) (Ex. 2)

. A physician for the California Department of Corrections

— who reviewed Harwell’s and Henry’s medical histories and conducted tele phone interviews with each

— moreover, attests that both “exhibit . . . more severe symptoms of CO I VD

- 19;” that these symptoms “are very serious and concerning from a medical perspective;” and that , given their “precarious physical health conditions,” he “would recommend a minimum of [four] weeks of recovery at home, without the demands and stresses of professional obligations, before considering return to work.” Dkt. 13

- 1
at 1, 3 (Davis Decl .) (Ex. 1)

. He attests, for example, that Harwell has “serious concentration and memory problems” and that Henry’s blood oxygenation has been “persistently . . . low” and “[h]er heart rate[] [has] been elevated during the day.” Id. at 2. Harwell and Henry have re presented Plaintiff since November 2012 as post

- conviction counsel . Plaintiff credibly alleges that “ they possess [an] unparalleled understanding of [ the ]6

case and have built an attorney

- client relationship with” Plaintiff that could not be replicated by substitute counsel in a short time

- period. Dkt. 1 at 14

– 15 (Compl. ¶¶ 58

– 59) ; see also Dkt. 2

- 2 at 2 (Harwell Decl. ¶ 7) (Ex. 1); Dkt. 2

- 3 at 3

– 4, 7

– 8 (Henry Decl. ¶¶ 7

– 17, 33 ) (Ex. 2). Plaintiff has another attorney, Lisa Nouri, who was also appointed in 2012 pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3599. Dkt. 13

- 2 at 1 (Nouri Decl. ¶ 1) (Ex. 2)

. Nouri has “been in private practice as a solo practitioner since 1991.” Id. Her role in Plaintiff ’s case , however, “has been predominantly dealing with local counsel and local rules, along with occasional visits to and phone calls with” Plaintif f

. Id. (Nouri Decl. ¶ 5) (Ex. 2)

. Nouri attests that, when she was appoint ed to serve as post

- conviction counsel , she lacked the necessary experience and expertise and thus secured “the assistance of qualified habeas counsel ”

— Harwell and Henry

— “[a]s required by the [American Bar Association] guidelines in representation of capital clients

. ” Id. (Nouri Decl. ¶¶ 3

– 4, 6) (Ex. 2)

. Consequently, Nouri “was always accompanied by [] Henry or [] Harwell” whenever she had a
substantive discussion with Plaintiff. Id. (Nouri Decl. ¶ 6) (Ex. 2)

. Plaintiff also contends that the decision to schedule her execution in the midst of the
COVID

- 19 pandemic has interfered with access to the mental health experts that her counsel will need to prepare her clemency petition. Dkt. 1 at 14

– 15 (Compl. ¶¶ 57 , 6 2). The mental health experts who have knowledge of Plaintiff’s condition and who have built a rapport with her all
attest that they cannot adequately assess her mental health condition remotely and cannot visit her during the pandemic because they are older and “at high risk of COVI D

- 19 infection and at heightened risk of complication from infection,” Dkt. 2

- 7 at 2 (Gur Decl. ¶ 4 ) (Ex. 6) ; see also Dkt. 2

- 9 at 2 (Woods Decl. ¶ 3 ) (Ex. 8) , or because their employer does not permit business

related tr avel during the pandemic, Dkt. 2

- 8 at 2 (Porterfield Decl. ¶ 3 ) (Ex. 7)

.7

On November 9, 2020, the Federal Public Defender for the Middle District of Tennessee, where Harwell and Henry are employed, wrote to President Trump to request a reprieve from the scheduled execution date in light of the difficulties miring Plaintiff ’s clemency petition. Dkt. 1 at 18 (Compl. ¶ 74); Dkt. 2

- 5 (Ex. 4). The Department of Justice Office of the Pardon Attorney responded and declined to process the request because it was not a formal petition

. Dkt. 2

- 6 at 2 (Ex. 5). The Office of the Pardon Attorney did, however, offer “[t]o accommodate the obvious difficulties of [ Plaintiff ’s] attorneys , . . . [by] accept[ing ] a ‘placeholder’ petition for either commutation or reprieve” on or before November 16, 2020, “to be supplemented within the 15

- day window outlined in 28 C.F.R. § 1.10(b) . . . [with] any additional materials ” that could bolster her case. Id. at 2

– 3 (Ex. 5). On the evening of November 16, 2020, Harwell, Henry, and Nouri submitted a placeholder petition for a reprieve and/or commutation of sentence on Plaintiff’s behalf. Dkt.
14

- 1 at 1 (Ex. 1) . In that petition, they further explain that Harwell and Henry “are unable to provide [the President] with the informat ion

. . . [he] would want to have before deciding whether or not to spare this incredibly mentally ill woman’s life because [they] contracted
COVID

- 19.” Id. (Ex. 1). The placeholder petition also notes that Harwell and Henry were appointed because Nouri “had no experience with capital cases ” and because the appointing judge “understood how important it is to have lawyers with capital experience to work on [Plaintiff’s] case.” Id. at 1

– 2 (Ex. 1)

. Along with the placeholder petition, counsel submitted Plaintiff’s signed authorization for Harwell and Henry “to request clemency or a reprieve on [her] behalf.” Id. at 10 (Ex. 1)

.8 I I. LEGAL STANDARD “A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remed y never awarded as of right,” Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc. , 555 U.S. 7, 24 (2008), but “only when the party seeking the relief, by a clear showing, carries the burden of persuasion,” Cobell v. Norton , 391 F.3d 251, 258 (D.C. Cir. 2004). To preva il on a motion for a preliminary injunction, the moving party must show [1] “‘that [she] is likely to succeed on the merits, [2] that [she] is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief, [3] that the balance of equities tips in [her] favor, and [4] that an injunction is in the public interest.’” Glossip v. Gross , 576 U.S. 863, 876 (2015) (quoting
Winter , 555 U.S. at 20 ) ; see also Nken v. Holder , 556 U.S. 418, 434 (2009) (adopting an analogous four

- part test for stay applications ). “The last two factors merge when the government is the opposing party.” Guedes v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives , 920 F.3d 1, 10 (D.C. Cir. 2019) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). For many years, the D.C. Circuit eva luated these factors on a “sliding scale.” See, e.g ., Davenport v. Int’l Brotherhood of Teamsters, AFL

– CIO , 166 F.3d 356, 360

– 61 (D.C. Cir. 1999). It has read the Supreme Court’s decision in Winter , however, “at least to suggest if not to hold,” that plai ntiffs face “a more demanding burden” under which “a likelihood of success is an independent, freestanding requirement for a preliminary injunction,” Sherley v. Sebelius , 644 F.3d 388, 392

– 93 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (quotation marks omitted). This issue remains the subject of some uncertainty in this Circuit. See Archdiocese of Wash. v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth. , 897 F.3d 314, 334 (D.C. Cir. 2018) (“This court has not yet decided whether Winter . . . is properly read to suggest a ‘sliding scale’ approach t o weighing the four factors is abandoned[.]”);
Am. Meat Inst. v. USDA , 746 F.3d 1065, 1074 (D.C. Cir. 2014), reinstated in relevant part by 760 F.3d 18 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (en banc) (“This circuit has repeatedly declined to take sides . . . on9

the question of whether likelihood of success on the merits is a freestanding threshold requirement to issuance of a preliminary injunction.”). Under either approach, however, a likelihood of success on the merits is “a key issue [and] often the dispositive one” at the
p reliminary injunction stage

. Greater New Orleans Fair Hous. Action Ctr. v. U.S. Dep’t of Hous. & Urban Dev ., 639 F.3d 1078, 1083 (D.C. Cir. 2011). It is well

- settled , however, that demonstrating a likelihood of irreparable injury is a prerequisite for obta ining injunctive relief. “[A] showing that irreparable injury is ‘likely’ is the sine qua non for obtaining a preliminary injunction

— it is what justifies the extraordinary remedy of granting relief before the parties have had the opportunity fully to deve lop the evidence and fully to present their respective cases.” Achagzai v. Broad. Bd. of Governors , No. 14

- cv - 768, 2016 WL 471274, at *3 (D.D.C. Feb. 8, 2016); see also Chaplaincy of Full Gospel Churches v. England , 454 F.3d 290, 297 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (“A movant ’ s failure to show any irreparable harm is therefore grounds for refusing to issue a preliminary injunction, even if the other three factors entering the calculus merit such relief.”); Tex. Children’s Hosp. v. Burwell , 76 F. Supp. 3d 224,
241

– 42 (D.D .C. 2014); Trudeau v. FTC , 384 F. Supp. 2d 281, 296 (D.D.C. 2005), aff’d , 456 F.3d 178 (D.C. Cir. 2006). III. ANALYSIS The facts recounted above, many of which are uncontroverted at this poin t in the litigation, show that the ongoing pandemic and the illn ess of Plaintiff’s long

- serving, experienced counsel pose significant hurdles to Plaintiff’s effort to present a meaningful petition for a reprieve or commutation of sentence to the President. Against that factual background, the
Court must determine whether 18 U.S.C. § 3599 creates a statutory right to the assistance of previously appointed counsel through the clemency process; whether that right has been or is10

likely to be abridged under the present circumstances; and, if so , whether the Co urt can remedy any such violation without interfering with the President’s constitutional authority “to grant [r] eprieves and [p] ardons for [o] ffenses against the United States,” U.S, Const., a rt. II, § 2, cl. 1. If Plaintiff’s argument fails any step in that chain of reasoning, the Court must then reach the constitutional question of whether the D ue P rocess C lause of the Fifth Amendment applies to the federal clemency process and, if so, whether the inability of Harwell and H en ry to assist in the preparat ion of Plaintiff’s request for commutation of sentence violates due process.
A . Right to Counsel Under 18 U.S.C. § 3599 Before reaching Plaintiff’s constitutional argument, the Court must consider whether
18 U.S.C. § 359 9 creates a statutory entitlement to continuous representation by post

- conviction counsel, qualified under the statute, through the executive clemency process. Section 3599 provides, in relevant part: (a)(1) Notwithstanding any other provision of law to t he contrary, in every criminal action in which a defendant is charged with a crime which may be punishable by death , a defendant who is or becomes financially unable to obtain adequate representation or investigative, expert, or other reasonably necessary services at any time either . . . before judgment; or . . . after the entry of a judgment imposing a sentence of death but before the execution of that judgment

. . . shall be entitled to the appointment of one or more attorneys and the furnishing of such other services in accordance with [other subsections of this section].

. . . (e) Unless replaced by similarly qualified counsel upon the attorney’s own motion or upon motion of the defendant, each attorney so appointed shall represent the defendant throughout every subsequent stage of available judicial proceedings , including pretrial proceedings, trial, sentencing, motions for new trial, appeals, applications for writ of certiorari to the Supreme Court of the United States, and all available post

- conviction process, together with applications for stays of execution and other appropriate motions and procedures, and sh all also represent the defendant in such competency proceedings and proceedings for executive or other clemency as may be available to the defendant

.11

18 U.S.C. § 3599(a)(1) , (e) (emphasis added)

. Acco rding to Plaintiff , § 3599 creates an entitlement to meaningful representation by qualified counsel through the clemency process. In support of this contention, Plaintiff first points to the Supreme Court’s decision in Harbison v. Bell , 556 U.S. 180 (2009)

. That case addressed the question whether § 3599 “authorizes counsel appointed to represent a state petitioner in 28 U.S.C. § 2254 proceedings to represent him in subsequent s tate clemency proceedings.” Id. at 182

– 83 . In answering that question in the affirmative, the Court did not directly confront the question presented here. It did observe , however, that “‘[c]lemency is deeply rooted in our Anglo

- American tradition of law [] and is the historic remedy for preventing miscarriages of justice where judicial process has been exhausted.’” Id. at 192 (quoting Herrara v. Collins , 506 U.S. 390, 411

– 12 (199 3 ) (footnote omitted )). The Court added: “Far from regarding clemency as a matter of mercy alone, we have called it ‘the “fail safe” in our criminal justice system.’” Id. (quoting same). As relevant here, the Court then concluded that “Congress’ decision to furnish counsel for clemency proceedings demonstrates that it, too, recognized the importance of such process to death

- sentenced prisoners;” that Congress understood that “clemency proceedings are not [] divorced from judicial proceedings;” and that Congress placed a pre mium on the “continuity of counsel.” Id. at 193. Two decisions from the Fifth Circuit are more directly on point

. In Ramirez v. Davis , 675 Fed. App ’ x 478 (5th Cir. 2017) (mem. op.) , the Fifth Circuit upheld a stay of execution granted by the district court pursuant to § 3599 in order to permit appointment of counsel to assist in state clemency proceedings. As the district court explained, the lawyer in that case counsel , Michael Gross, was appointed pursuant to § 3599 to repres ent a capital defendant in federal habeas proceedings , but Gross “abandoned him by not filing a clemency petition.” Order12

at 1, 4 , Ramirez v. Davis , No. 2:12

- CV

- 410 ( S.D. Tex. Jan. 31, 2017). Although the defendant had directed that Gross refrain from filing a clemency petition, the district court concluded that a question nonetheless remained because, “[o]nce a court appoints an attorney under § 3599, that attorney ‘shall represent the defenda nt throughout every subsequent stage of available judicial proceedings’ unless that attorney is ‘replaced by similarly qualified counsel,’” and thus Gross remained the defendant’s attorney. Id. at 7 (emphasis omitted) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3599 (e) ). And because Gross failed either to seek the appointment of substitut e counsel or to ensure that a clemency petition was filed on the defendant’s behalf, “Gross . . . created circumstance s that left Ramirez effectively without counsel for state clemency p roceedings.” Id. at 8. The district court then concluded that Gross’s inaction violated the defendant’s right to counsel for the clemency proceeding under § 3599 and that the only remedy for that violation was to stay the execution to permit time to iden tify and to appoint counsel with “the necessary qualifications to represent” the
defendant. Id. at 9

. The other case, Battaglia v. Stephens , 824 F.3d 470 (5th Cir. 2016), dealt with a similar circumstance, also featuring Michael Gross. In that ca se, the capital defendant filed a motion seeking appointment of counsel under § 3599 to raise a claim under Ford v. Wainwright , 477 U.S. 399 (1986)

. The district court declined to appoint new § 3599 counsel on the ground that Gross was already serving as § 3599 counsel. Id. at 472. In response to an inquiry from the

c ourt, Gross express ed concerns about the defendant’s competency but stated that “competency proceedings [were] ‘wholly outside the scope’ of his representation under § 3599.” Id. The district court (correctly) disagreed, noting that § 3599 requires that , unless replaced, appointed counsel continue to represent the capital defendant through all “subsequent stage[s] of available judicial proceedings.” Id. at 474. The district court then declined the defendant’s request for a13

new lawyer, principally on the ground that fewer than twenty days remained before the scheduled execution date , and denied the defendant’s request for a stay of execution. Id. at 472

– 73.
On a ppeal, the Fifth Circuit agreed with the defendant th at Gross had “effectively abandoned him” with respect to any competency proceedings. Id. at 473. Noting that the Supreme Court held in Harbison that the right to § 3599 counsel extends through clemency proceedings, the court extended the same logic to Gross’s abandonment of his client

— that is, the court read Harbison to recognize a right to have counsel appointed pursuant to § 3599 to continue that representation through the clemency process and concluded that the same logic applied to the continuation of representation through “competency proceedings.” Id. at 474. Finally, the Fifth Circuit held that “it would be improper to approve [the defendant’s] execution before his newly appointed counsel ha[d] time to develop his Ford claim” and granted the defendant’s motion for a stay of execution. Id. at 475. As the court put it, “[a] stay [was] needed to make [the defendant’s] rig ht to counsel meaningful.” 1 Id. The Supreme Court has also interpreted this language to “‘entitle[] indigent defendants to the appointment of counsel in capital cases, including habeas corpus proceedings.’” Christeson

1 Justice Sotomayor’s statement respecting the application for stay of execution and denial of certiorari in Holiday v. Stephens , 577 U.S. 999 (2015) , is to similar effect. Like the Fifth Circuit, she read the statute and Harbison to recognize a statutory r ight to the meaningful participation of § 3599 counsel through the clemency process. Id . In that case, the capital defendant’s § 3599 counsel declined to file a state

- law clemency petition on the ground that “there was ‘no chan c e at all that a clemency p etition would be granted.’” Id . That was problematic in Justice Sotomayor’s view, but she joined the Court’s decision denying Holiday’s petition for a writ of certiorari because, “[a]fter the court rejected Holiday’s request for new counsel, his original attorneys eventually submitted a clemency application on his behalf.” Id. Although that application “likely would have benefited from additional preparation by more zealous advocates,” Justice Sotomayor concluded that the Supreme Court was “likely” with out power to order the state “to reconsider its clemency decision with new attorneys representing Holiday.”14

v. Roper , 574 U.S. 373, 377 (2015) (per curiam) (quoting Martel v. Cl air , 565 U.S. 648, 652 (2012)). Nothing in the plain language of the statute, moreover, differentiates between the entitlement to the assistance of § 3599 counsel in “habeas corpus proceedings” and in clemency proceedings. As the Fifth Circuit recognized in Battaglia , the same logic applies to each of the statutorily enumerated steps in the process leading from trial through clemency. 824 F.3d at 474. If the right to counsel is impinged at any point in the process, moreover, courts can stay executions. In Christeson , for example, the Supreme Court stayed an execution because counsel for the capital prisoner had missed the filing date for his first habeas petition , and the district court erred in declining to appoint conflict

- free, substitute counsel und er § 3599. 574 U.S. at
374

– 75. This Court shares the reading of § 3599 suggested in Harbison and embraced in Ramirez and Battaglia : § 3599 creates an entitlement to the continuity of representation by qualified counsel through post

- conviction review, co mpetency proceedings, and whatever clemency proceedings that are “available to the defendant.” 18 U.S.C. § 3599(e). Here, Plaintiff claims to fall within this line of authority; while conceding that she “ ‘ technically ’ has counsel, ” she asserts that without Harwell and Henry, her “‘right to counsel [is not] meaningful,’” in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 3599. Dkt. 13 at 8 (quoting Battaglia , 824 F.3d at 474)). The Court agrees and finds that, as in Ramirez and Battaglia , Plaintiff ’s cou nsel

— albeit through no fault of their own

—ha ve “effectively abandoned” her , Battaglia , 824 F.3d at 47 3, at the critical “ fail safe” stage in the death penalty system, Harbison , 556 U.S. at 192

. Plaintiff’s two experienced death penalty lawyers, Harwell and Henry, are both suffering from “more severe symptoms of COVID

- 19,” Dkt. 13

- 1 at 3 (Davis Decl.) (Ex. 1) ; see also id. at 4 (Ex. 1) (concluding that “severe illness” has rendered both counsel “functiona lly15

incapacitated”) , which they acquired while striving to represent their client. The Court credits both of their declarations, submitted under the penalty of perjury, attesting that they are currently unable to assist Plaintiff. According to Harwell: [ Her] symptoms have been increasing daily, so far including: extreme fatigue, impaired thinking and judgment, cough, sweats, chills, feeling feverish, moderate

- to

- severe body aches and headaches, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and sore throat. [She is ] unable to focus for prolonged periods, and [she] need[s] to lie down throughout the day. Despite [her] best efforts, [she has] found it impossible to do the work necessary to prepare Mrs. Montgomery’s clemency application.

Dkt. 2

- 2 at 4 (Harwell Decl. ¶ 16) (Ex. 1) . Henry’s declaration is to similar effect. She attests
that [Her] symptoms, which continue to increase daily, now include gastrointestinal distress, severe headache [ s ] , loss of taste, loss of appetite, cough, sore throat, and head congestion. [Her] overarching symptom is fatigue and impaired concentration. [She ha s ] been instructed to rest and not work. [She further notes] that in preparing [her] declaration [she] had to take frequent breaks because looking at th e computer worsen s [her] headaches. [She] also had difficulty finding the correct words [and] used [her] computer’s grammar software to assist [her]. [Her] declaration took [her] three to four times as long to write as would normally be the case for [her ]. Dkt. 2

- 3 at 6 (Henry Decl. ¶ 25) (Ex. 2)

. Henry further attests that her doctor has informed her that she is “at risk for stress cardiomyopathy” and that this condition has caused her and her “physician concern about the impact” of the virus “on [ her ] heart.” Id . (Henry Decl. ¶ 2 6 ) (Ex. 2) . Finally, she observe s that she and Harwell “are in an untenable position”

— if they work on behalf of Plaintiff, they put their health “as serious risk,” and, “[e]ven if [they] could engage in meaningful legal work at [their] home computers, [the y ] are unable to access [Plaintif f’s] physical file ”

— which, Henry attests, contains the types of exhibits frequently included in clemency petitions

— “ because [they] are not permitted to leave [their] homes or enter [their] office building .” Id . at 7 (Henry Decl. ¶¶ 30

– 31) (Ex. 2)

.16

The Court has no reason to doubt the veracity of this testimony or to believe that either Harwell or Henry are malingering in the hope of delaying their client’s execution date. They undoubtedly have serious cases of CO V I D

- 19, and, although Dr. Davis was unable to examin e them in person, he confirms their account, and, indeed, adds worrisome details

— such as Henry’s low blood oxygenation level. Dkt. 13

- 1 at 2 (Davis Decl.) (Ex. 1)

. Dr. Davis opines, “with a reasonable degree of medical certainty,” that Harwell and Henry are both suffering from “severe
illness ; ” “that they are now functionally incapacitated from performance of any professional obligations ; ” and that they need time for “their brains and bodies [to] recover from the disease.”
Id. at 4 (Davis Decl.) (Ex. 1). Nor do Defendants dispute that Harwell and Henry are suffering from serious cases of COVID

- 19. Counsel for Defendants merely suggests that either or both might nonetheless be able to communicate with another lawyer, Lisa Nour i, to guide her through the clemency process. Nov. 18, 2020 Hrg. Tr. (Rough at 34). Counsel might be right that, at some time in the next several days, Harwell and/or Henry will feel well enough to do so. But Dr. Davis advises against any such efforts, Dkt. 13

- 1 at 3 (Davis Decl.) (Ex. 1) , and both counsel for Defendants and the Court can only speculate today abo u t the future course of a disease that is, by all accounts, unpredictable and, at times, gravely debilitating. The Court, accordingly, finds th at Harwell and Henry are currently unable meaningfully to assist in the preparation of Plaintiff’s clemency petition. Defendants respond that Harwell and Henry are not “effectively abandoning” their responsibility under § 3599 to represent Plaintiff throu gh the completion of the clemency process because neither was, in fact, appointed as “qualified counsel” under the statute. Rather, according to Defendants, “U.S. District Judge Gary A. Fenner appointed the Office of the
Federal Public Defender for the Mi ddle District of Tennessee” to represent Plaintiff, Dkt. 16 at 7,17

and that office remains available to file a clemency petition on her behalf , id. at 9 . That contention, however, ignores three important considerations

. First, although Defendants are correct that Judge Fenner appointed the Office of the Federal Public Defender pursuant to § 3599, he also ordered “the assistant federal public
defenders f

rom the Middle District of Tennessee planning to work on this case [to ] enter their appearances on behalf of petitioner,” Dkt. 17

- 3 at 2, and Harwell and Henry are the only two lawyers from their office to have entered an appearance pursuant to that order. Second, as Harbison notes, § 3599(e) “emphasize s continuity of coun sel” and recognizes that “federal habeas counsel are well positioned to represent their clients in [] state clemency proceedings.” 556 U.S. at 193

. T here is no reason to believe that Congress was less solicitous of the need for continuity of death

- penalt y counsel in federal clemency proceedings. Third, Defendants mistakenly equate the “ minimal procedural safeguards” that the due process clause confers on capital inmates seeking clemency, see Oh. Adult Parole Auth. v. Woodard , 523 U.S. 272, 289 (O’Connor, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment);
id. at 290

– 91 (Stevens, J., concurr ing in part and dissenting in part), with the more robust entitlement created by § 3599. Early on , the district court recognized , as did Nouri, that this was a complicated case and that additional counsel w ere needed. Thus, the Federal Public Defenders Of fice

— and Harwell and Henry in particular

— were appointed pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 35 9 9(d). Section 3599(d) permits the appointment of counsel with “background, knowledge, or experience . . . to properly represent the defendant, with due consideration to the seriousness of the possible penalty and to the unique and complex nature of the litigatio n.” Harwell and Henry were brought into the case to fill a void in the type of “background, knowledge, or experience”18

necessary “to properly represent” Plaintiff. 2 Plaintiff ’ s need for such “ qualified counsel ” continues to exist today, 18 U.S.C. § 3599(e ), and § 3599(e) protects her interest in the “continuity of [that] counsel” through the succeeding stages of the proceedings, including proceedings for executive clemency , Harbison , 556 U.S. at 193 ; see also 18 U.S.C. § 3599(e) (noting that “ each attorney so appointed shall represent the defendant throughout every subsequent stage of” the proceedings) (emphasis added ). Other attorneys in the Office of the Federal Public Defender cannot fill the shoes of Harwell and Henry at this late date. Plaint iff offers the declaration of Henry A. Martin, the Federal Public Defender for the Middle District of Tennessee, who attests that the only lawyer other than Harwell and Henry who has played a role in Plaintiff’s case is Richard Tennent, who “appeared brief

ly for [Plaintiff] in method of execution litigation , ” while working under the supervision of Henry. Dkt. 17

- 1 at 2 (Martin Decl. ¶ 6) (Ex. 1) . As Martin explains, Tennent “was involved in the case for only [two] week s and has no information about the substance of any matter that would be relevant to [Plaintiff’s] clemency application.” Id. Although the Court does not doubt that, with adequate time, another lawyer could come up to speed and could replace Harwell and/or Henry as “qualified counsel,” that is neit her possible in the next 11 or 1 2 days nor consistent with § 3599(e)’s emphasis on continuity of counsel.

2 Consistent with this understanding , the lawyers for Plaintiff explained in a filing with the Eighth Circuit that “the Office of the Federal Pub lic Defender for the Middle District of Tennessee was appointed to assist with the mitigation investigation in this case” and that Harwell and Henry “have become actively involved in this case, particularly with respect to the mitigation investigation and coordinating expert services in support of Mrs. Montgomery’s” claims. Dkt. 16

- 4 at 69. Of course, presenting mitigation evidence and coordinating expert services, which is an area in which Harwell and Henry specialize, is at the very heart of presenting a clemency petition.19

Defendants also fault Harwell and Henry for not preparing a clemency petition sooner. This case, however, is unlike Hall v. Barr , where this Court noted that the capital inmate had 13 years to prepare a petition. Mem. Op. at 8, No. 20

- cv - 3184, (D.D.C. No v. 16, 2020) , aff ’ d , No. 20

- 5340 (D.C. Cir. Nov. 19, 2020)

. Here, t he Supreme Court did not deny Plaintiff’s petition for

re hearing until August 3 , 2020, leaving her with only a few months’ time. Plaintiff has offered

co nvincin g evidence that Harwell and Henry have not dragged their feet and have no t engaged in any gamesmanship. As explained in the Martin declaration, Harwell and Henry did not have reason to believe that an execution date would be set for some time; in his words, “[t]he execution date came as a complete surprise.” Dkt. 17

- 1 at 2 (M artin Decl. ¶ 7) (Ex. 1)

. And, meanwhile, Harwell and Henry were working extremely hard

— 70 to 80 hours per week

— on an overwhelming array of other matters, as recounted in the Martin declaration. Id. (Martin Decl. ¶ 8) (Ex. 1)

. The Court has no reason to believe that either Harwell or Henry was less than diligent in this matter. Defendants further contend that the unavailability of Harwell and Henry is of no moment because Plaintiff is still represented by Lisa Nouri, who was also appointed pursuant to § 3599. The Court is, once again, unpersuade d. To start, Nouri candidly explains that she sought the assistance of experienced capital counsel in Plaintiff’s case because she lacked the necessary experience. She “had never had a capital trial, federal or state, and had never done a capital habeas case.” Dkt. 13

- 2 at 1 (Nouri Decl. ¶ 3) (Ex. 2)

. Similarly, she has “never been involved in a clemency proceeding.” Id. (Nouri Decl. ¶ 8) (Ex. 2)

. Nouri also describes her role in Plaintiff’s case as limited. She attests, under the penalty of perjury, that her “role has been predominantly dealing with local counsel and local rules, along with occasional visits to and phone calls with” Plaintiff. Id. (Nouri Decl. ¶ 5) (Ex. 2)

. She does acknowledge that she20

occasionally visited Plaintiff on her own but qualifies that assertion by stressing that she “was always accompanied by Ms. Henry and Ms. Harwell” when “any substantive discussions”
occurred. Id. (Nouri Decl. ¶ 6) (Ex. 2)

. Nouri further explains that Plaintiff “is severely mentally ill” and that she lacks “the training or expertise to recognize and understand her illness” or “to deal with medical and mental health experts as required by the AB A and CJA guidelines for capital cases.” Id.
M ore significantly for present purposes, Nouri attests that, “ [ b ] ecause of [ her ] inexperience,” it was agreed that Harwell and Henry “would take responsibility for preparing and presenting [Plaintiff’s] clemency application.” Id. (Nouri Decl. ¶ 8) (Ex. 2). And perhaps most significantly, Nouri represented to the Court that as of Nov ember 15, 2020

— the day she executed her declaration

— she had “taken no steps to prepare a clemency application for”
Plaintiff. Id. (emphasis added). At the Court’s request, Nouri appeared by teleconference on November 18, 2020, and the Court was convinced that she is unable to take the lead in preparing a clemency petition compliant with the dictates of § 3599. 3 Harwell and Henry were appointed pursuant to § 3599(d) because Nouri was ill

- equipped to handle this complicated case without the assistance of attorneys with the necessary “background, knowledge, or experience , ” and that remains true today. But, even if Nouri could, under normal circumstances, assemb le an appropriate clemency petition, she has done little to nothing to date , and, given the impending deadline and her lack of experience, she has “effectively abandoned” Plaintiff in her pursuit of clemency.

3 When asked by the Court whether she could prepare a clemency petition without Harwell and Henry in the remaining time, Nouri responded, “I don’t feel like I could do that. It’s a daunting task. I’ve never [prepared] a clemency petition before.” Nov. 18, 2020 Hrg. Tr. (Rough at 10).21

Finally, Defendants argue that granting Plai ntiff the relief that she seeks would interfere with the President ’s sole power to grant reprieves and pardons. U.S. Const., a rt. II, § 2, cl. 1. The Court agrees that it must proceed cautiously in light of the constitutional commitment of that authority to the President. “Where a power has been committed to a particular [b]ranch of the [g]overnment in the text of the Constitution,

. . . [it] is improper for this Court to arrogate to itself the power to adjust a balance settled by the explicit terms of the Constitution.” Pub. Citizen v. Dep’t of Justice , 491 U.S. 440, 486 (Kennedy, J., concurring in the judgment ). In the words of Alexan der Hamilton, “the benign prerogative of pardoning should be as little as possible fettered or embarrassed.” The Federalist No. 74 ; see also Ex P arte Garland , 71 U.S. 333 , 334 (1866) ; Conn. Bd. o

f Pardons v. Dumschat , 452 U.S. 458, 464 (1981). To be sure, courts may play a very limited role in ensuring that the pardon process is consistent with “some minimal procedural safeguard s ,” as five Justices held in Woodard , 523 U.S. at 289 (O’Connor, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment); id. at 290

– 9 5 (Stevens, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part), but the Court need not cross that bridge at this time. 4 For present purposes, it is sufficient for the Co urt to stay Plaintiff’s execution

— briefly

— to permit Harwell and Henry to recover from their illness and to have a short time to finish their work in supplementing Plaintiff’s placeholder petition for a reprieve or commutation of sentence. To start, it is unclear whether the Court has authority to enjoin the Pardon Attorney from taking any “adverse action,” Dkt. 2

- 1 at 9, and, in any event, nothing the Pardon Attorney does can limit the President’s constitutional authority to consider a clemency petition at any time he deems

4 Woodard dealt with a state clemency proceeding in a state with a constitution that reserved a role for the state legislature in regulating the clemency process , rather than giving the governor sole authority over the par don process. For the reasons discussed above, the Court need not, and does not, express a view on whether Woodard ’s holding extends to the federal pardon power.22

appropriate. See 28 C.F.R. § 1.11 (“The regulations contained in this part are advisory only and for the internal guidance of Department of Justice personnel. They create no enforceable rights in persons applying for executive clemency, nor do they restrict the authority granted to the President under Article II, section 2 of the Constitution.”). In addition , t he Court has not been asked to address the merits of Plaintiff’s petition, nor would it be appropriate for the Court to do so. And, as for procedural due process, i f the President acts on Plaintiff’s petition before Harwell and Henry have had even a minimal period of time to finalize it, Plaintiff can return to this Court and argue that such an action violates the “ minimal procedural safeguards” recognized
in Woodar

d . For now, however, the Court expresses no view on that issue, which may or may
not arise . Finally, given the Court’s finding that Plaintiff’s counsel “effectively abandoned” her in her pursuit of clemency, thereby depriving Plaintiff of her enti tle ment to “qualified counsel,” the Court need not, and does not, reach Plaintiff’s separate constitutional challenge. 5
B. Other Preliminary Injunction Factors The Court is also convinced that Plaintiff “is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief , ” Winter , 555 U.S. at 20 , in the absence of preliminary relief. There is insufficient time between now and her scheduled execution for Harwell and Henry to recover and to prepare a clemency petition consistent with the dictat es of § 3599(e), nor is there time to appoint substitute counsel to act in their stead. If the execution proceeds as scheduled on December 8, 2020, Plaintiff will lose her statutory right to meaningful representation by counsel in the clemency process and would be deprived of meaningful access to the “fail safe” of the

5 As suggested above, however, the Court notes that the “ minimal procedural safeguards” recognized in Woodard are, in all likelihood, less demanding than § 3599’s requirement that “qualified counsel” provide continuity of representation through the clemency process. It is thus far from clear that the circumstances present here would violate due process, as opposed to § 3599.23

criminal justice system

. Harbison , 556 U.S. at 19 2

. That loss would be irremediable. Given the finality of death, “ ‘ [i]n a capital case, the possibility of irreparable injury weighs heavily in the
movant ’ s favor. ’ ” Battaglia , 824 F.3d at 475 (quoting O’Bryan v. Estelle , 691 F.2d 706, 708 (5th Cir. 1982))

. Plaintiff has thus demonstrated a strong likelihood of irreparable injury in the absence of an injuncti on. Finally, the Court concludes “that the balance of equities tips in [ Plaintiff’s ] favor, and that an injunction is in the public interest , ” Winter , 555 U.S. at 20. “The[se] last two factors ‘merge when the Government is the opposing party.’” Guedes , 920 F.3d at 10 (quoting Nken , 556 U.S. at 435). Although Plaintiff argues that she “cannot identify any harm that would be suffered by Defendants by an injunction,” Dk t. 2

- 1 at 8, the Court recognizes weighty interests on both sides in the case

. Plaintiff committed a brutal crime, and there is a strong public interest in carrying out a sentence that was imposed twelve years ago. See Dkt. 12 at 26. At the same time, P laintiff has a right to meaningful access to the clemency process, and the public has an interest in ensuring that this “‘fail safe’ of our criminal justice system,” Herrara , 506 U.S. at 415, operates in a fair and considered manner. Most notably, t he public’s interest in seeing justice done lies not only in carr ying out the sentence imposed years ago but also in the lawful process leading to possible execution. Given the gravity of the circumstances and the extraordinary circumstances of the p andemic, the Court concludes that the balance of equities and the public interest weigh in Plaintiff’s favor. But the Court will also fashion its injunction to give due respect to the interest of Defendants and the public in avoiding unjustified delays in capitals cases.24 CONCLUSION The Court, accordingly, will GRANT in part and will DENY in part Plaintiff ’s motion for a preliminary injunction and temporary restraining order

. The Court will enter an order briefly staying Plaintiff’s execution date to permit Harwell and Henry to finalize her clemency petition but will not enjoin any government official, including the President, from taking “adverse action on her request for re prieve and commutation,” Dkt. 2

- 1 at 9. T h e Court will further ORDER that, i f both Harwell and Henry believe that they wi ll be unable to timely file a petition without further assistance by December 2 4 , 2020, they shall immediately apply to the
U.S. District Court for the Distr ict of Missouri to appoint qualified, additional counsel or shall enlist the assistanc e of other attorneys working in the Office of the Federal Public Def ender for the Middle District of Tennessee

. A separate order will issue.
/s/ Randolph D. Moss RANDOLPH D. MOSS United States District Judge Date: November 19, 2020