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14-1151

In re Shahara Khan

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY 

ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF 

APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER 

IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN 

ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ASUMMARY ORDER@). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY 

ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. 

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 

held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of 

New York, on the 5

th day of February, two thousand fifteen.

PRESENT:

PIERRE N. LEVAL,

ROSEMARY S. POOLER,

Circuit Judges,

J. GARVAN MURTHA,

1

District Judge.

_____________________________________

In Re: Shahara Khan,

Debtor,

_____________________________________

Karamvir Dahiya & Dahiya Law Offices

LLC, Karamvir Dahiya,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v. 14-1151

Debra Kramer, as Trustee of the Estate of

Shahara Khan,

 

1 The Honorable J. Garvan Murtha, of the United States District Court for the 

District of Vermont, sitting by designation.
2

Trustee-Appellee.

_____________________________________

FOR PLAINTIFFS -APPELLANTS: Alexandra A.E. Shapiro, Shapiro Arato LLP,

(Karamvir Dahiya, Dahiya Law Offices LLC, on the 

brief), New York, N.Y.

FOR TRUSTEE-APPELLEE: Avrum J. Rosen, Law Offices of Avrum J. Rosen, 

PLLC, Huntington, N.Y.

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New 

York (Irizarry, J.).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. 

Appellants Karamvir Dahiya and Dahiya Law Offices, LLC2appeal from the district 

court‟s judgment affirming the imposition of sanctions against Dahiya by the United States 

Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of New York (Stong, J.). In addition, Trustee-Appellee 

Debra Kramer moves in this Court to sanction Dahiya pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1927 and Rule 38 of 

the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure for filing a frivolous appeal. We assume the parties‟

familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.

“A district court‟s order in a bankruptcy case is subject to plenary review, meaning that this 

Court undertakes an independent examination of the factual findings and legal conclusions of the 

bankruptcy court.” D.A.N. Joint Venture v. Cacioli (In re Cacioli), 463 F.3d 229, 234 (2d Cir. 

2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). We review the district court‟s conclusions of law de 

 

 

2

For the sake of simplicity, we refer to appellants collectively as “Dahiya.”
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novo and its findings of fact for clear error. Superintendent of Ins. v. Ochs (In re First Cent. Fin.

Corp.), 377 F.3d 209, 212 (2d Cir. 2004).

Dahiya argues as a threshold matter that the bankruptcy court lacked the authority to 

sanction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1927 and its inherent authority to sanction. We need not reach the 

issue of whether bankruptcy courts possess the inherent authority to sanction attorneys. But see 

Law v. Siegel, 134 S. Ct. 1188, 1194 (2014) (noting that a bankruptcy court “may . . . possess 

inherent power to sanction abusive litigation practices”) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

Section 1927, standing alone, plainly endows the bankruptcy court with authority to impose the 

sanctions at issue. See Baker v. Latham Sparrowbush Assoc. (In re Cohoes Indus. Terminal, Inc.), 

931 F.2d 222, 230 (2d Cir. 1991) (“A bankruptcy court may impose sanctions pursuant to 28 

U.S.C. § 1927 if it finds that „[a]n attorney‟s actions are so completely without merit as to require 

the conclusion that they must have been undertaken for some improper purpose such as delay.‟”) 

(quoting Oliveri v. Thompson, 803 F.2d 1265, 1273 (2d Cir. 1986)).

We similarly reject Dahiya‟s sweeping argument that the very existence of bankruptcy 

courts violates the Appointments Clause of the Constitution. See U.S. Const. art. II, § 2, cl. 2; 

Edmond v. United States, 520 U.S. 651, 663 (1997) (stating it is “evident that „inferior officers‟ are 

officers whose work is directed and supervised at some level by others who were appointed by 

Presidential nomination with the advice and consent of the Senate”).

We next address the appropriateness of the sanctions imposed in this case. In order to 

impose sanctions under Section 1927, “a court must find clear evidence that (1) the offending 

party‟s claims were entirely without color, and (2) the claims were brought in bad faith – that is, 

„motivated by improper purposes such as harassment or delay.‟” Eisemann v. Greene, 204 F.3d 
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393, 395−96 (2d Cir. 2000) (quoting Schlaifer Nance & Co. v. Estate of Warhol, 194 F.3d 323, 336 

(2d Cir. 1999)). We review a bankruptcy court‟s imposition of sanctions for abuse of discretion.

Klein v. Wilson, Elser, Moskowitz, Edelman & Dicker (In re Highgate Equities, Ltd.), 279 F.3d 

148, 151−52 (2d Cir. 2002) (explaining that “[w]e review de novo the District Court‟s review of 

the Bankruptcy Court‟s decision to impose sanctions”). A bankruptcy court abuses its discretion 

when its ruling is based on an erroneous view of the law or a clearly erroneous assessment of the 

evidence. Id. at 152.

Upon an independent review of the record and relevant case law, we find no abuse of 

discretion in the bankruptcy court‟s imposition of sanctions here. We agree with the district and 

bankruptcy courts that Dahiya‟s counterclaims for abuse of process and an unspecified 

“constitutional tort” were not colorable claims. As to Dahiya‟s abuse of process claim, the record 

does not show that Kramer sought to obtain a collateral objective outside the legitimate ends of any 

regularly issued process, regardless of what constitutes the relevant “process” here. See Savino v. 

City of New York, 331 F.3d 63, 76 (2d Cir. 2003) (setting forth abuse of process elements).

Similarly, the bankruptcy court did not err in concluding that Dahiya‟s “confused, ambiguous, 

vague, and otherwise unintelligible,” claim for a “constitutional tort” was lacking in merit. 

Simmons v. Abruzzo, 49 F.3d 83, 86 (2d Cir. 1995) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

We likewise find no abuse of discretion in the bankruptcy court‟s finding of bad faith. The 

bankruptcy court noted Dahiya‟s general pattern of groundless litigation in the bankruptcy courts, 

premised not on actual disputes with the actions of trustees but rather on frivolous, obstructive

objections to the bankruptcy system. Cf. Gollomp v. Spitzer, 568 F.3d 355, 369 (2d Cir. 2009) 

(noting, in the context of a finding of bad faith, that “the record demonstrates that several courts 
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had already instructed plaintiff‟s counsel that similar claims against New York State were barred 

by the Eleventh Amendment”). In addition, the bankruptcy court noted the significant delay in the 

resolution of the underlying bankruptcy proceeding occasioned by Dahiya‟s filing of the 

counterclaims. See Oliveri, 803 F.2d at 1272 (“Bad faith may be found, not only in the actions that 

led to the lawsuit, but also in the conduct of the litigation.”) (internal quotation marks and brackets

omitted). In light of these conclusions, we find no abuse of discretion in the bankruptcy court‟s

finding of bad faith.

Finally, we deny Kramer‟s motion for sanctions. Although Dahiya‟s arguments on appeal 

lack merit, some at least are not frivolous, and they have not “multiplie[d] the proceedings . . .

unreasonably and vexatiously.” See 28 U.S.C. § 1927; Star Mark Mgmt., Inc. v. Koon Chun Hing 

Kee Soy & Sauce Factory Ltd., 682 F.3d 170, 180 (2d Cir. 2012).

We have considered Dahiya‟s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit. 

Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

FOR THE COURT: 

Catherine O=Hagan Wolfe, Clerk