2015 IL App (1st) 150508 

 FIFTH DIVISION

 May 22, 2015 

No. 1-15-0508 

KEN ZUREK, 

Petitioner-Appellant, 

 v. 

RANDALL K. PETERSEN, TOMMY THOMSON, in His 

Capacity as Village Clerk of the Village of Franklin Park, 

Illinois, and DAVID ORR, in His Capacity as County Clerk 

of Cook County, Illinois, 

 Respondents-Appellees 

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Appeal from 

the Circuit Court 

of Cook County 

15 COEL 029 

Honorable 

Margarita Kulys-Hoffman, 

Judge Presiding 

JUSTICE McBRIDE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 

Presiding Justice Palmer and Justice Gordon concurred in the judgment and opinion. 

OPINION

¶ 1 Petitioner Ken Zurek and Vicki Vanderhei and Chris Litwin filed nomination papers with 

the Village of Franklin Park, Cook County, Illinois, in order to appear as candidates for the office 

of village trustee on ballots printed for the consolidated election occurring on April 7, 2015. 

Respondent Randall K. Petersen filed an objector's petition contending that none of the voter 

petition sheets filed in support of the three candidates met the requirement in section 10-4 of the 

Election Code that each sheet include a sworn statement from the circulator of the petition 

specifying the date or dates on which the sheet was circulated. 10 ILCS 5/10-4 (West 2012). The 

candidates then tried to persuade the Franklin Park Municipal Officers Electoral Board (electoral 

board or board) that it was sufficient for each circulator to have sworn "that all of the signatures on 
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this sheet were signed within the statutory time period for petition circulation." The electoral board 

rejected this argument and ruled unanimously that the nomination papers were invalid. The 

candidates sought review in the circuit court of Cook County, which affirmed the board, and then 

candidate Zurek sought further review by this court. Due to the short period of time between his 

appeal to this court and the scheduled election on April 7, 2015, we granted Zurek's motion to 

expedite the appeal, we accelerated the usual briefing schedule, and, after considering the parties' 

briefs and the record compiled for our review, we issued a short order on April 1, 2015, affirming 

the board's decision. This opinion provides our reasons for that affirmance. 

¶ 2 Before addressing the arguments for reversal, we have considered the fact that Zurek, a pro 

se individual, seeks relief on behalf of himself and the two other candidates. We find that it is not 

appropriate for us to grant any relief to candidates Vanderhei and Litwin. The notice of appeal and 

amended notice of appeal associated with this case were submitted by "Petitioner-Appellant Ken 

Zurek, pro se" and were signed only by Zurek on his own behalf. A notice of appeal (or in this 

case, a notice and an amended notice) must contain the signature of each appellant or his or 

attorney. Ill. S. Ct. R. 303(b)(4) (eff. May 30, 2008). Candidates Vanderhei and Litwin did not sign 

Zurek's notice or amended notice of appeal and they did not file a separate notice of appeal. Zurek 

is not a licensed attorney and no attorney signed Zurek's notice or amended notice on behalf of the 

two other candidates. Accordingly, this appeal was taken by Zurek only on Zurek's behalf only. 

The board's decision as to the candidacies of Vanderhei and Litwin is not before us and will not be 

affected by our decision. Coleman v. Akpakpan, 402 Ill. App. 3d 822, 824, 932 N.E.2d 184, 186 

(2010) (when a notice of appeal named only the wife and contained only the wife's signature, then 
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it was an appeal taken by only the wife and not by the wife and husband); People v. Krueger, 146 

Ill. App. 3d 530, 533, 495 N.E.2d 993, 996 (1986) (when a notice of appeal named two appellants 

but was signed by only one of them, it was an appeal taken by only the one who signed); US Bank, 

National Ass'n v. Avdic, 2014 IL App (1st) 121759, ¶ 3, n.1, 10 N.E.3d 339 (when a notice of 

appeal named one of four defendants and was signed by an attorney only on behalf of that one 

defendant, then it was an appeal as to only that one defendant). 

¶ 3 We now turn to the substantive issues. Where an administrative board's decision has been 

reviewed by the circuit court, the appellate court reviews the decision of the electoral board, 

instead of the decision of the court. Pascente v. County Officers Electoral Board, 373 Ill. App. 3d 

871, 873, 869 N.E.2d 802, 804 (2007); Cinkus v. Village of Stickney Municipal Officers Electoral 

Board, 228 Ill. 2d 200, 210, 886 N.E.2d 1011, 1019 (2008). When the dispute is over the 

interpretation of a statute, as it is in this case, then the question is purely one of law and our 

standard of review is de novo. Cinkus, 228 Ill. 2d at 210, 886 N.E.2d at 1018. 

¶ 4 Shortly after receiving notice of the objector's petition, candidates Zurek, Vanderhei, and 

Litwin filed with the electoral board a motion to strike and dismiss the objector's petition. 

Although the electoral board was not persuaded by any of the arguments for dismissal, Zurek 

repeats them on appeal. Accordingly, we will set out and address each argument in turn. 

¶ 5 The candidates first argued to the electoral board that Tommy Thomson, Franklin Park's 

village clerk, filed the objector's petition without first receiving the original and two copies as 

required by section 10-8 of the Election Code. Pub. Act 98-691 (eff. July 1, 2014) (amending 10 

ILCS 5/10-8 (West 2012)). This was the full extent of the argument. The candidates did not specify 
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what occurred when the petition was presented for filing. Section 10-8 states in relevant part, "Any 

legal voter of the political subdivision or district in which the candidate or public question is to be 

voted on, *** having objections to any certificate of nomination or nomination papers or petitions 

filed, shall file an objector's petition together with 2 copies thereof ***. Objection petitions that do 

not include 2 copies thereof, shall not be accepted." Pub. Act 98-691 (eff. July 1, 2014) (amending 

10 ILS 5/10-8 (West 2012)). In their reply brief, the candidates attached an affidavit from Zurek 

which included the statement, "That based on my experience with the Village Clerk's office it has 

been their practice to issue a time stamped receipt to the person filing an objector petition 

indicating the number of copies of the objector's petition filed and to keep said copy for their 

records." 

¶ 6 The electoral board convened public hearings on January 12, 2015, January 25, 2015, 

February 2, 2015, February 9, 2015, and February 12, 2015, regarding the objector's petition and 

the candidates' motion to dismiss. In its subsequent decision, the electoral board remarked that the 

candidates failed to provide and had not even asked to introduce written proof or testimony 

supporting their allegation that Village Clerk Thomson accepted less than two copies of the 

objector's petition at the time of filing. The electoral board pointed out that the candidates were not 

taking issue with the receipt issued by "Franklin Park Clerks Office" clearly showing the timely 

filing date and time. Continuing, the board noted that it is the duty of the village clerk to accept an 

objector's petition and that section 10-8 of the Election Code does not require that a municipal 

clerk or other local election official issue a receipt which specifies the number of additional copies 

that were tendered with the original petition for filing. Section 10-8 only requires that the "local 
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election official shall note the day and hour upon which such objector's petition is filed." Pub. Act 

98-691 (eff. July 1, 2014) (amending 10 ILCS 5/10-8 (West 2012)). Thus, in this case, the objector 

was under no obligation to plead, prove, or produce a receipt identifying the number of copies that 

were filed. 

¶ 7 Zurek now contends that the objector's compliance with Section 10-8's mandatory 

language ("shall file") cannot be presumed and that because the record lacks any evidence of the 

objector's compliance, the objection was waived. Puss N Boots, Inc. v. Mayor's License Comm'n, 

232 Ill. App. 3d 984, 986-87, 597 N.E.2d 650, 652-53 (1992) (stating that the use of "shall" 

generally indicates a legislative intent to make a provision or a law mandatory). Zurek relies on

Thomas, in which the court held that an objector's "fail[ure] to object to the sufficiency of *** 

nomination papers in the manner prescribed by statute [results in waiver of the objection]."

Thomas v. Powell, 289 Ill. App. 3d 143, 147, 681 N.E.2d 145, 147 (1997). Zurek contends this 

means that when the objector to Zurek's candidacy did not affirmatively show the objector's 

compliance with section 10-8, then the objection should have been dismissed. Zurek cites other 

authority, but Thomas is the only case he cites for the proposition that it was the objector's burden 

at the hearing to produce evidence of compliance and that the board incorrectly placed the burden 

of proof on the candidates to prove their contention that the objector submitted less than two copies 

of his petition to the village clerk. 

¶ 8 We do not find Zurek's argument persuasive. According to section 10-8, an objection 

petition cannot be filed unless a sufficient number of copies accompany the original petition. Pub. 

Act 98-691 (eff. July 1, 2014) (amending 10 ILCS 5/10-8 (West 2012)) ("Objection petitions that 
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do not include 2 copies thereof, shall not be accepted."). Therefore, the only reasonable inference 

created by the filing of this petition is that the objector tendered a sufficient number of copies at the 

time. 

¶ 9 This reasonable inference is bolstered by the fact that after accepting and filing the 

documents, the election official is required to take certain actions. The election official is required 

by section 10-8 to send the original objection petition to the electoral board and one of the copies to 

the candidate. Pub. Act 98-691 (eff. July 1, 2014) (amending 10 ILCS 5/10-8 (West 2012)). Thus, 

pursuant to statute, the original and one copy are distributed straight away. Pub. Act 98-691 (eff. 

July 1, 2014) (amending 10 ILCS 5/10-8 (West 2012) ("not later than 12:00 noon on the second 

business day after receipt of the petition, [the election official shall] transmit *** the original 

objector's petition to the chairman of the proper electoral board *** and shall transmit a copy *** 

to the candidate whose certificate of nomination or nomination papers are objected to")). The 

election official is required by section 10-15 to subsequently certify either the names of candidates 

entitled to appear on the election ballot or to certify that an objection is or objections are pending. 

10 ILCS 5/10-15 (West 2012) ("each local election official *** shall *** direct the election 

authority to place upon the official ballot for such election the names of such candidates"; 

however, "candidates whose petitions have been held invalid by the appropriate electoral board 

*** shall not be so certified"). Thus, the election official does more than simply file stamp and 

distribute objection papers. The third set of documents filed by the objector is presumably for the 

election official's own record keeping and files, so that the official can keep track of the status of 

any objection proceedings and certify the appropriate information for the ballot. 10 ILCS 
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5/10-15(7) (West 2012) ("Where a candidate's nominating papers or petitions have been objected 

to and the decision of the electoral board *** is either unknown or known to be in judicial review, 

the words 'OBJECTION PENDING' shall be placed under the title of the office being sought by 

the candidate and next to the name of the candidate."). 

¶ 10 The reasonable inference that three sets were tendered and accepted in this instance was 

not overcome by any authority cited by Zurek. He fails to cite any statute or case law that requires

the municipal election official to issue or the objector to obtain a receipt which specifies the 

number of copies that were accepted by the official for filing. Instead, Zurek's self-serving 

affidavit vaguely refers to his "experience" on an unspecified date in an unspecified type of 

proceeding with some sort of objection petition. Zurek's affidavit was not legal authority and it 

added nothing to these proceedings. 

¶ 11 Another defect in Zurek's argument is that he failed to set out any facts in his motion to 

dismiss or his affidavit which would overcome the reasonable inference here of statutory 

compliance and, therefore, shift the burden of proof of statutory compliance to the objector. Zurek 

did not, for instance, present the sworn statement of someone who observed the filing. Zurek did 

not specify the number of copies that were presented for filing. Zurek did not identify the specific 

village employee who accepted the documents and instead assumed Village Clerk Thomson 

himself accepted the papers. Factual statements regarding the presentation, acceptance, and filing 

of the objector's petition are what could overcome or at least call into doubt the reasonable 

inference that was created by the acceptance and filing of this petition.

¶ 12 Zurek's reliance on Thomas is misplaced. Thomas, 289 Ill. App. 3d 143, 681 N.E.2d 145. 
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That case indicates that facts established by the record shall not be overcome by mere assertions of 

a party or an assumption by the court—which is a principle that is not helpful to Zurek's appeal. In 

Thomas, the date that was file stamped by the county clerk's office on an objector's petition showed 

that the objection was late. Thomas, 289 Ill. App. 3d at 146-47, 681 N.E.2d at 147. The objector 

contended that his petition was not late and had been timely filed in a different office which did not 

make note of the filing before the petition was transmitted to the county clerk's office, where it was 

file stamped after the deadline. Thomas, 289 Ill. App. 3d at 147, 681 N.E.2d at 147. However, the 

court determined that it had to limit its analysis to the evidence of record rather than rely on a 

contrary argument. Thomas, 289 Ill. App. 3d at 147, 681 N.E.2d at 147. That holding does not 

suggest that Zurek's bare assertion that the objector filed less than two copies, unsupported by any 

facts regarding the filing of the objector's petition, warranted the dismissal of that petition.

¶ 13 Since Zurek has failed to provide any authority or facts in his favor, we reject his primary 

argument for reversal of the electoral board's decision. 

¶ 14 The candidates also argued to the board that the objector's petition was defective and 

should be dismissed because it did not name as a party the new political party, "Progress Through 

Lower Taxes Party." The nomination petition sheets at issue here included the following title and 

introduction: 

"PETITION FOR NOMINATION

VILLAGE TRUSTEES – NEW POLITICAL PARTY

 We, the undersigned, being duly qualified electors and registered voters in 

the Village of Franklin Park in the County of Cook and the State of Illinois do 
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declare that it is our intention to form a new political party in the political division 

aforesaid, to be known and designated as the PROGRESS THROUGH LOWER 

TAXES PARTY, and do hereby petition that the following named persons shall be 

candidates for the offices hereinafter specified, to be voted upon at the 

Consolidated Election to be held on April 7, 2015. 

A COMPLETE SLATE IS HEREBY PRESENTED

[Chris Litwin, village trustee, four-year term, *** Sunset Lane, Franklin Park; 

Vicki Vanderhei, village trustee, four-year term,*** Herrick Avenue, Franklin 

Park; 

Ken Zurek, village trustee, four-year term, *** George Street, Franklin Park]." 

¶ 15 The candidates argued to the electoral board that the political party was a necessary and 

indispensible party to the objection proceedings and that its omission from the petition warranted 

its dismissal. The electoral board did not find this argument persuasive and neither do we. 

¶ 16 We reject this argument because the political party does not exist and has never existed as a 

legal entity such that it could be made a party to an action either as a respondent or petitioner or 

assert any rights in this election proceeding. New political parties are created by a nomination 

petition as set out in section 10-2 of the Election Code. 10 ILCS 5/10-2 (West 2012); People ex rel.

Voters for Progress Party v. Wilk, 118 Ill. App. 2d 386, 390, 254 N.E.2d 834, 836 (1969) ("A 

group of persons who desire to form a new political party and to have their candidates placed upon 

the ballot proceed by petition under section 10-2 of the Election Code ***"). Section 10-8 of the 

Election Code states that "nomination papers, *** being filed as required by this Code, and being 
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in apparent conformity with the provisions of this Act, shall be deemed to be valid unless objection 

thereto is duly made in writing within 5 business days after the last day for filing the *** 

nomination papers." (Emphasis added.) Pub. Act 98-691 (eff. July 1, 2014) (amending 10 ILCS

5/10-8 (West 2012)). Timely objection was made in this instance; thus, the validity of the 

nomination petitions was put into question and the electoral board subsequently sustained the 

objection in its entirety. Therefore, the nomination petitions were not valid and they did not create 

a new political party. People ex rel. The Vigilant Party v. Village of Dolton, 118 Ill. App. 2d 392, 

396, 254 N.E.2d 832, 834 (1969) (where nominating petitions for full slate of candidates under the 

name of a new political party were stricken, this political party did not exist). Zurich cites two 

cases in which new political parties were named as parties, Green Party v. Henrichs, 355 Ill. App. 

3d 445, 822 N.E.2d 910 (2005), and Lyons MVP Party v. Lyons, Illinois, Municipal Officers 

Electoral Board, 407 Ill. App. 3d 1004, 945 N.E.2d 1175 (2011). However, neither opinion 

addresses the appropriateness of naming a political party and neither court held that a political 

party is an indispensible party in an election proceeding. 

¶ 17 Our next consideration is whether the wording of the petition circulators' affidavits 

complied with the Election Code. The objector's petition to the nomination papers centered on 

allegations that the petition circulators' affidavits were entirely ineffective because it was 

impossible to determine from the face of the petition sheets when each individual sheet was 

circulated. The objector contended the statement that was provided could not be properly tested or 

relied upon to uphold the integrity of the electoral process. 
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¶ 18 The parties' arguments require us to apply section 10-4 of the Election Code. 10 ILCS 

5/10-4 (West 2012). When applying a statute, a court's primary objective is to ascertain and give 

effect to the intent of the legislature. Barragan v. Casco Design Corp., 216 Ill. 2d 435, 441, 837 

N.E.2d 16, 21 (2005). The best indication of legislative intent is the language used in the statute, 

which must be given its plain and ordinary meaning. Gillespie Community Unit School District 

No. 7 v. Wight & Co., 2014 IL 115330, ¶ 31, 4 N.E.3d 37. Statutory language that is clear and 

unambiguous will be applied as it was written, without resort to other principles of statutory 

construction. Kunkel v. Walton, 179 Ill. 2d 519, 534, 689 N.E.2d 1047, 1054 (1997). A court will 

not depart from plain statutory language by reading in exceptions, limitations, or conditions that 

were not expressed by the legislature. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Hamer, 2013 IL 114234, 

¶ 18, 990 N.E.2d 1144. Words and phrases will not be considered in isolation, but will be viewed 

in context with other relevant provisions of the statute. Midstate Siding & Window Co. v. Rogers, 

204 Ill. 2d 314, 320, 789 N.E.2d 1248, 1252 (2003). Furthermore, each word, clause and sentence 

of a statute will be given a reasonable construction, if possible, and will not be rendered 

superfluous. Prazen v. Shoop, 2013 IL 115035, ¶ 21, 998 N.E.2d 1. 

¶ 19 Section 10-4 of the Election Code states in relevant part:

"No signature shall be valid or be counted in considering the validity or sufficiency 

of such petition [for nomination] unless the requirements of this Section are 

complied with. At the bottom of each sheet of such petition shall be added a 

circulator's statement, *** certifying that the signatures on that sheet of the petition 

were signed in his or her presence; certifying that the signatures are genuine; and 
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either (1) indicating the dates on which that sheet was circulated, or (2) indicating 

the first and last dates on which the sheet was circulated, or (3) certifying that none 

of the signatures on the sheet were signed more than 90 days preceding the last day 

for the filing of the petition; and certifying that to the best of his knowledge and 

belief the persons so signing were at the time of signing the petition duly registered 

voters *** and certifying that their respective residences are correctly stated 

therein. Such statement shall be sworn to before some officer authorized to 

administer oaths in this State. No petition sheet shall be circulated more than 90 

days preceding the last day provided in Section 10-6 for the filing of such petition." 

10 ILCS 5/10-4 (West 2012).

¶ 20 Thus, in short, section 10-4 of the Election Code requires each circulator to provide a 

factual statement under oath attesting to the timing of the circulation of each petition. 10 ILCS 

5/10-4 (West 2012). However, instead of setting out one of the three factual statements mandated 

by section 10-4, the nomination papers at issue include the legal conclusion "that all of the 

signatures on this sheet were signed within the statutory time period for petition circulation." The 

only date that appears on each of the 45 petition sheets that was submitted is the date on which the 

sheet was notarized. 

¶ 21 We do not consider the circulators' statement "that all of the signatures on this sheet were 

signed within the statutory time period for petition circulation" to be what was required by the 

plainly worded statute. Stating a legal conclusion instead of certain facts does not accomplish the 

purpose of including an affidavit. The obvious purpose of all election laws is to ensure honest and 
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fair elections. Pullen v. Mulligan, 138 Ill. 2d 21, 66, 561 N.E.2d 585 (1990). The purpose of 

requiring the circulator's sworn statement is to subject that person to a possible perjury 

prosecution. Sakonyi v. Lindsey, 261 Ill. App. 3d 821, 826,634 N.E.2d 444, 447 (1994). Thus, the 

requirement of a circulator's affidavit is considered "a meaningful and realistic method of 

eliminating fraudulent signatures and protecting the integrity of the political process." Sakonyi,

261 Ill. App. 3d at 826, 634 N.E.2d at 447; Shipley v. Stephenson County Electoral Board, 130 Ill.

App. 3d 900, 906-07, 474 N.E.2d 905, 910 (1985). However, if the circulator's statement is a legal 

conclusion rather than a factual statement identifying a specific date, a range of two specific dates, 

or a window of no more than 90 days before the filing of the petition, then it would be impossible 

to effectively question the circulator about when he or she obtained the voters' signatures. The 

purpose of the affidavit is defeated by the conclusory statement. 

¶ 22 Zurek contends that all that was intended by section 10-4 was only the possibility of 

prosecution for perjury, not a conviction for perjury. This is effectively a concession that the 

conclusory statement shields the circulator from questioning. Since the questioning cannot lead to 

a conviction, it is unlikely that criminal charges would even be filed. Zurek's interpretation

undermines the purpose of the statute. 

¶ 23 Zurek points to his more recent affidavit, written on January 10, 2015, and filed in response 

to the objector's petition, in which Zurek swore that he personally printed all the circulator's 

petition sheets, and that 42 of them were printed on November 28, 2014, while the other 3 were 

printed on December 8, 2014. Even this after-prepared affidavit fails to track the statutory 

language regarding the specific date or range of dates. Furthermore, there is no provision in the 
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statute for one campaign organizer to file a single, blanket affidavit in lieu of the plainly worded 

requirement that certain factual statements appear at the bottom of each petition sheet and be 

attested to by the individual who circulated that sheet. 

¶ 24 Zurek proposes that compliance with section 10-4 can be less than exact, that substantial 

and not strict compliance will suffice, and that the content of the affidavit at issue met that lesser 

standard. He provides little reasoning to support this position, other than to protest that excluding 

his name from the ballot has "undoubtedly result[ed] in absurdity, inconvenience, and injustice 

and allow[ed] the objector to hijack the consolidated election for Franklin Park Village Trustee 

and disenfranchise the candidates' voters." 

¶ 25 Statutes are deemed mandatory if the intent of the legislature directs a certain consequence 

from noncompliance with the statute. Pullen, 138 Ill. 2d 21, 561 N.E.2d 585. In this instance, the 

legislature dictated a certain consequence for noncompliance with section 10-4: "No signature 

shall be valid or be counted in considering the validity or sufficiency of such petition [for 

nomination] unless the requirements of this Section are complied with." 10 ILCS 5/10-4 (West 

2012). We find this to be a clear statement from the legislature that literal, strict compliance is 

required.

¶ 26 Zurek next argues that section 10-4 is unconstitutionally vague. 10 ILCS 5/10-4 (West 

2012). Zurek did not present this argument to the electoral board and it is not appropriate for him to 

raise new arguments during review of the board's decision. Cook County Board of Review v. 

Property Tax Appeal Board, 395 Ill. App. 3d 776, 786, 918 N.E.2d 1174, 1182 (2009) (arguments 

or objections that are not made during the course of the administrative hearing process but instead 
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are raised for the first time on review are deemed waived). We find the new argument has been 

waived. 

¶ 27 We conclude that because the wording of the circulators' affidavits was defective, section 

10-4 of the Code mandated that all of the voter signatures and all of the petition sheets be deemed 

invalid. The objection to the petition sheets was correct and the board acted properly when it 

sustained the objection in its entirety and held that Zurek's name would not appear on the ballot. 

¶ 28 Zurek 's final argument is that if we conclude his name was erroneously left off the ballot, 

we should void the results of the election that occurred on April 7, 2015, and order that a special 

election take place which includes Zurek as a candidate for village trustee. We have rejected all of 

Zurek's arguments for reversal and we do not find the April ballot to have been in error without the 

inclusion of Zurek's name. No special election is warranted.

¶ 29 Given that none of Zurek's arguments have been convincing, we affirm the decisions of the 

board and the circuit court. 

¶ 30 Affirmed.