### F I LE D U. S . COURT OF AP PE ALS E LEVE NTH CI RCUI T M ar c h 14, 2005 T HOM AS K. KAHN C L E RK

_________________________ *Honora ble Wilbur D. Owens, Jr., United States District Judg e for the Middle District of Georg ia, sitting by

designation. [ P UB L I S H]

I N THE UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT

________________________ N o. 04- 10030

________________________ D. C . Do c k e tNo . 9 9 - 0 0 5 2 8 - C V- J AL E L S A C A B E L L O , Z I T A C A B E L L O - B A R R U E T O , e t a l. P la in tif f s - A p p e lle e s , v ersu s

A R M A N D O F E RN Á N D E Z - L A R I O S , D e f e n d a n t- A p p e lla n t.

________________________ A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f orthe S outhe rn D i s tr i c tof F l or i da

_________________________ ( M ar c h 14, 2005) B ef ore A N D E R S O N and W IL S O N , C i rc ui tJudg es , and O W E N S *, D i stri ctJudg e.2

P E R C U R I A M: W i nst on C abel l o (C abel l o), a C hi l ea n econo m i st , w as exec ut ed by C hi l ea n m i l i t ary off

i ce rs fol l ow i ng a c oup d’ é tat , on O c t obe r17, 1973. O n F e brua ry 19, 19 99 , al m osttw enty- si x yea rs l at er , hi s s urvi vo rs fi l ed an act i on i n d i stri ctcourt a ga i ns tA r m a ndo F e rna nde z - L a r i os ( F e rna nde z ) , a C hi l e a n m i l i t a ry of f i c e rw ho w a s a l l e ge d t o ha ve pa r t i c i pa t e d i n hi s e xe c ut i on. T he l a w s ui tw a s f i l e d pur s ua nt t o the A l i en T ortC l ai m s A ct(A T C A ), 28 U . S . C . § 1 35 0 (19 91 ), and the T ort V icti m s P ro tectio n A ct (T V P A ), 2 8 U .S .C . § 1 3 5 0 n o te (1 9 9 1 ). C ab ello ’s s ur vi vor s a l l e ge d tha tF e rna nde z pa r t i c i pa t e d i n C abe l l o’ s e xtr a - j udi c i a l ki l l i ng, to r tu r e , c r im e s a g a in s t h u m a n ity , a n d c ru e l, in h u m a n o rd e g r a d in g p u n is h m e n t. T h e c a s e p r o c e e d e d to a ju ry tr ia l a n d r e s u lte d in a v e r d ic t in f a v o ro f th e C ab e llo s ur vi vor s a nd a n a w a r d of $3 m i l l i on dol l a r s i n c om pe ns a t ory da m a ge s a nd $1 m i l l i on dol l a r s i n puni t i ve da m a ge s . F e rna nde z appe a l s c ont e ndi ng: ( 1) tha tthe C abel l o survi vo rs ’ cl ai m s a re barr ed by the st atut e of l i m i t at i on s; (2) thatnei ther the T V P A , no r the A T C A prov i de pri vat e c ause s of a ct i on such as thi s one; (3) that h e d id n o t h a v e a n y c o m m a n d r e s p o n s ib ility a n d d id n o t p e r s o n a lly p a r tic ip a te in the a l l e ge d hum a n r i ght s vi ol a t i ons , a nd, a s a r e s ul t , he i s notl i abl e unde rthe T V P A orthe A T C A ; ( 4) tha tthe tr i a l c our te rr e d i n a dm i tt i ng c e r t a i n de pos i t i ons i nt o e vi de nc e a nd de ny i ng hi s pr e tr i a l m ot i on i n l i m i ne t o r e s tr i c te vi de nc e a s t o the3

tr e a tm e n t o f

C ab e llo . F in d in g n o e rr o r , w e a f f ir m . I . F a c tua l B a c kgr ound O n S ept em ber 11, 19 73 , P re si dentA l l ende w as ou st ed i n a c oup d’ é tat by C hi l e a n m i l i t a ry of

f i c e r s l e d by G e ne r a l A ugus t o P i noc he tw ho be ga n ope r a t i ng a m i l i t ary ju n ta . F ol l ow i ng the c oup , C abe l l o w a s a rr e s t e d a nd i nc a r c e r a t e d i n the C op i apó j ai l . W i thi n a fe w w ee ks, he w as tra nsfe rr ed t o the C op i apó m i l i t ary ga rr i s on. C abe l l o ha d w or ke d a s a n e c onom i s tappoi nt e d by the gove rnm e ntof P r e s i de ntS a l va dorA l l e nde t o s e r ve a s D i r e c t orof the R e gi ona l P l a nni ng O f f i c e f or the A t ac arna-C oq ui m bo re gi on i n C op i apó, C hi l e. I n e a r l y O c t obe r1973, G e ne r a l A r e l l a no S t a r k’ s uni te m ba r ke d upon the

“ C a r a va n of

D e a th. ” T he uni ttr a ve l e d t o m a ny c i t i e s i n nor the rn C hi l e w he r e the m i l i t a ry of

f i c e r s e nga ge d i n a c t s of e xtr a j udi c i a l ki l l i ng, t or tur e , a nd abus e of va r i ous i ndi vi dua l s w ho w e r e i nc a r c e r a t e d due t o the i ra l l e ge d oppos i t i on t o the m i l i t ary ju n ta . F ern án d ez trav el ed w i th th e “ C arav an o f D eath ” t o sev eral ci t i es, in c lu d in g C o p iap ó , a n d s e r v e d a s b o d y g u a r d to G e n e r a l A r e lla n o . O n O ct ob er16 , 19 73 , F ernánd ez and fi ve other m em bers of G ener al A re l l ano’ s s qu ad arri ved atthe C op i apó m i l i t ary garri son. T hey i nstruct ed l ocal m i l i t ary off

i ce rs t o p rovi de them w i th the pri soners ’ fi l es fr om w hi ch the squad s e l e c t e d thi r t e e n pr i s one r s , C abe l l o i nc l ude d, f ore xe c ut i on. I n the e a r l y m orni ng4

h o u r s o f Oc t o b e r1 7 , 1 9 7 3 , F e rn á n d e z , th e r e s to f Ge n e r a l S t a r k ’ s u n i t , a n d two a ddi t i ona l m i l i t a ry of

f i c e r s dr ove the thi r t e e n pr i s one r s t e n m i nut e s out s i de of C opi apó t ow a r d the C i ty of L a S e r e na , or de r e d the pr i s one r s outof the truc k, a nd e xe c ut e d e a c h by gunf

i r e orby s t abbi ng. C abe l l o r e f us e d t o l e a ve the truc k a nd w as st abbed t o d ea th b y F ernánd ez w ho sl as hed C abel l o w i th a corv o , a s h o r t, c ur ve d kni f

e tha ti s de s i gne d t o i nf

l i c tf a t a l w ounds w hi l e c a us i ng apr ol onge d a nd pa i nf ul de a th. O n O ct ob er18 , 19 73 , the l ocal C op i apó n ew spaperpu bl i shed a bando , an offi ci al st at em entof the C hi l ea n g ov ernm ent , fa l se l y i nd i ca t i ng thatthi rt ee n po l i t i ca l pri soners had b ee n k i l l ed w hi l e a tt em pt i ng t o esc ape duri ng a tra nsfe r f r o m d e te n tio n in C o p iap ó to th e L a S e r e n a p r is o n . S h o r tly a f te rC ab e llo ’s d e a th in 1973, hi s f

a m i l y r e c e i ve d a de a th c e r t i f i c a t e i ndi c a t i ng tha the w a s e xe c ut e d by the C h ile a n m ilita ry . I n 1 9 8 5 , C ab e llo ’s f a m ily r e c e iv e d a r e v is e d d e a th c e r tif ic a te in d ic a tin g th a t th e c a u s e o f d e a th w a s a g u n s h o t w o u n d . O n c e th e c iv ilia n g o v e rn m e n t u n d e rth e le a d e r s h ip o f P r e s id e n t P a tr ic io A yl w i n repl ac ed G ener al P i no chet ’ s m i l i t ary r egi m e i n 1 99 0, the C hi l ea n go vernm entbegan g ra nt i ng re qu es t s t o exh um e the bo di es of the thi rt ee n p ol i t i ca l pr i s one r s ki l l e d on O c t obe r17, 1973. T he s e e xhum a t i ons r e ve a l e d tha tm a ny of the vi c t i m s w e r e s l a s he d w i th c or v os , butdi d noti ndi c a t e w he the rthi s w a s doneFernánde z currently lives in Miami. The terms of his plea agreement for the 1 assassination attempt prevent him from re turningto Chil e. As a result, he is the only

member of the Chilean military

subject to personal jurisdiction in the United States. Thedistrict court e xclude d this evide nc ea s p re judic ial and

no t prob ativ eof

any materi al f

a c t at is su esin c ehedid 5 du ri ng an att em pt ed es cape. In 19 91 , C abel l o’ s f am i l y r ec ei ved a thi rd and fi nal de a th c e r t i f

i c a t e l a c ki ng r e f

e r e nc e t o the c a us e of

de a th. B etw ee n 1 97 3 and 19 90 , C hi l ea n m i l i t ary off i ci al s del i bera t el y c on ce al ed C abel l o’ s buri al l ocat i on fr om hi s f am i l y. In 19 78 , the C hi l ea n m i l i t ary g o v e rn m e n t e x te n d e d a m n e s ty to th e p e rp e tr a to r s a n d a c c o m p lic e s o f c r im in a l a c ts c om m i tt e d be tw e e n S e pt e m be r11, 1973 a nd M a r c h 10, 1978. O n A ugus t24, 1 9 9 0 , th e C h ile a n S u p r e m e C o u r t e x te n d e d th a t d e c r e e o f a m n e s ty to h u m a n r ig h ts v io la tio n s c o m m itte d b y th e m ilita ry d u r in g th e p r e v io u s y e a r s . C ab e llo ’s e s ta te br oughtthi s a c t i on i n di s tr i c tc our ton F e brua ry 19, 1999. F ernánd ez re si gn ed fr om the C hi l ea n m i l i t ary i n January 19 87 , by w hi ch t i m e he had rec ei ved the ra nk of M aj or. A tthe t i m e of hi s r es i gn at i on , F ernánd ez p u b lic ly a d m itte d th a t h e w a s a m e m b e ro f G e n e r a l A r e lla n o ’s s q u a d w h e n C ab e llo w as exec ut ed. H e s ec re t l y e nt er ed the U ni t ed S t at es and l i ved i n an u nd i sc l osed l oc a t i on unde rthe pr ot e c t i on of the U ni t e d S t a t e s G ove rnm e nt . I n F e brua ry 1987, F ernánd ez pl ed gu i l ty t o b ei ng an “ ac ce ss ory a ft erthe fa ct ” t o the 19 76 ca r bom bi ng i n W a s hi ngt on, D . C . , tha tki l l e d the f or m e rC hi l e a n a m ba s s a dort o the U n ite d S ta te s a n d h is a s s is ta n t. 1no t jo in t

hegroup re sp on sib lefo r t heamba ssado r’ s attempt e d a ssa ssinatio n unti l a ft e r C a be llo was killed in Copiapó. 6 I I . D i s c us s i on A . E qui t abl e T ol l i ng W e f i r s tde c i de w he the rthe C abe l l o s ur vi vor s ’ c l a i m s w e r e t i m e - ba rr e d or w he the rthe appl i c abl e s t a tut e of l i m i t a t i ons w a s e qui t abl y t ol l e d. T he que s t i on of w he the re qui t abl e t ol l i ng appl i e s i s a l e ga l one s ubj e c tt o de nov o r e v ie w . See Mi r anda v . B & B C as h G r oc e r y Stor e , I nc . , 97 5 F . 2d 15 18 , 15 31 (11th C i r. 19 92 ). W e a r e , h o w e v e r , b o u n d b y th e tr ia l c o u r t’s f in d in g s o f

f a c t u n le s s th e y a r e c le a r ly e rr o n e o u s . Id . F e rná nde z i ni t i a l l y a r gue s tha tthe T V P A ’ s t e n- y e a rs t a tut e of l i m i t a t i ons ca nn otbe ext ended t o the A T C A . W e r ea di l y di spense w i th thati ss ue. Iti s c l ea r that“ [t ] he A T C A and the T V P A shar e the sa m e t en-y ea r s t atut e of l i m i t at i on s. ” A r c e , e t a l. v . G a r c ia , 11 th C i r. 20 05 , ___F . 3d . ___, ___ (N o. 02 -144 27 , F ebruary 2 8 , 2 0 0 5 ) . T h is te n - y e a rs ta tu te o f lim ita tio n s is ap p lic ab le to th e C ab e llo su rv i v o r’ s cl ai m s.

1 . R e tr o a c tiv ity F e rná nde z a ddi t i ona l l y a r gue s tha te ve n i f the T V P A ’ s s t a tut e of

l i m i t a t i ons appl i es t o the A T C A , i t s app l i ca t i on i s i napp ropri at e i n thi s c as e bec ause such re troac t i ve appl i ca t i on w i l l re vi ve a c ause of ac t i on thatw ou l d h ave been barr ed at7

the t i m e the T V P A w a s e na c t e d. T he C abe l l o s ur vi vor s a r gue tha tbe c a us e the T V P A do es no ti ncre as e l i abi l i ty f or pastcond uct , i tshou l d b e app l i ed retro act i v el y. T he S upr e m e C our tha s “ f r e que nt l y not e d . . . tha tthe r e i s a pr e s um pt i on ag ain st re tro ac ti v e leg islati o n [th at] i s d ee p ly ro o ted in o u r ju risp ru d en ce [a n d ] [t ] he pri nci pl e thatthe l egal ef fe ctof cond uctshou l d o rdi nari l y be a ss es se d u nd er the l aw thatexi st ed w hen the cond uctt oo k p l ac e has t i m el es s a nd un i vers al appeal . ” H

ug hes A i rc raf

t C o. v. U ni t ed Stat es ex re l . Schu m er , 520 U . S . 939, 946 11 7 S . C t . 18 71 , 18 76 (199 7) (a l t er at i on s i n o ri gi nal ) ( ci t at i on s om i tt ed). H ow ever , the T V P A coul d app l y r etroac t i vel y i f w e f i nd thatC on gres s has cl ea rl y i nd i ca t ed its in te n t to d o s o . Id . T h e S u p r e m e C o u r t h a s c r e a te d a th r e e - p a r t a n a ly s is to d e te r m in e r e tr o a c tiv ity . Id . F i rs t , w e m ustexam i ne “ w hether C on gres s has expres sl y pre sc ri bed the st atut e’ s proper r ea ch. ” L a n d g ra f v. U S I F i lm P ro d

s. , 511 U .S . 2 4 4 , 2 8 0 , 1 1 4 S . C t. 1 4 8 3 , 1 5 0 5 ( 1 9 9 4 ) . W h e n C o n g r e s s d o e s n o t e x p r e s s ly a ddr e s s the i s s ue of

r e tr oa c t i vi ty i n the s t a tut e , a s w i th the T V P A , the n w e e m pl oy n o r m a l ru le s o f

s ta tu to ry c o n s tru c tio n to a s c e r ta in th e te m p o r a l s c o p e o f th e s ta tu te . C r a igv . E b e r ly , 1 6 4 F .3 d 4 9 0 , 4 9 4 ( 1 0 th C ir . 1 9 9 8 ) ( in te rn a l c ita tio n s o m itte d ) . T hi rd, i f the st atut e’ s t em po ra l sc op e c anno tbe det erm i ned b y m ea ns of no rm al st atu t o ry i n t erp ret at i o n m eth o d s, th en w e m u stco n si d er w h eth er th e st atu t e h as a8

r e tr o a c tiv e e f

f e c t. L i ndh v . Mur

phy , 521 U . S . 320, 325- 26, 117 S . C t . 2059, 2062- 6 3 ( 1 9 9 7 ) . W he n C ongr e s s e na c t s a ne w s t a tut e w i thoute xpr e s s l y pr e s c r i bi ng the st atut es ’ prop erre ac h, the court s m ustdet erm i ne w hether the new st atut e has r e tr o a c tiv e e f

f e c t to e v e n ts th a t to o k p la c e p r io rto th e e n a c tm e n t o f th e s ta tu te . T h e S u p r e m e C o u r t h a s s a id th a t r e tr o a c tiv e e f f e c t is im p e r m is s ib le if

th e s ta tu te w o u ld im p a irth e r ig h ts a p a r ty p o s s e s s e d w h e n h e a c te d , in c r e a s e a p a r ty ’s liab ility f orpa s tc onduc t , ori m pos e ne w dut i e s w i th r e s pe c tt o tr a ns a c t i ons a l r e a dy c o m p le te d . L a n d

g r a f, 511 U . S . a t280, 114 S . C t . a t1505 ( i nt e rna l c i t a t i ons om i tt ed). T he T V P A c r e a t e s no ne w l i abi l i t i e s nordoe s i ti m pa i rr i ght s . R a the r , the T V P A e xt e nde d the A T C A , w hi c h ha d be e n l i m i t e d t o a l i e ns , t o a l l ow c i t i z e ns of the U ni t ed S t at es t o b ri ng sui t s f or t orture a nd extra

j ud i ci al ki l l i ng s i n U ni t ed S ta te s c o u r ts . See H .R . R e p . N o . 1 0 2 - 3 6 7 , a t 3 ( 1 9 9 1 ) , r e pr i nt e d i n 1992 U . S . C . C . A . N . 84 , 86 . A dd i t i on al l y, other i nt ernat i on al agre em ent s i m po se d l i abi l i ty f or t orture, ki l l i ng , and m i stre atm entatthe t i m e of F ernánd ez ’ s a l l eged a c tio n s . See e . g. , U n iv e r s a l D e c la r a tio n o f H u m a n R ig h ts , U .N . G e n e r a l A s s e m b ly R es. 2 1 7 (III)(A ) (1 9 4 8 ); In t ern at i o n al C o v en an to n C i v i l an d P o l i t i cal R i g h t s, U . N . G ener al A ss em bl y R es . 22 00 (X X I) A , U . N . D oc. A / 63 16 (196 6); E urop ea n9

C o n v e n tio n f

o rth e P r o te c tio n o f

H u m a n R ig h ts a n d F u n d a m e n ta l F r e e d o m s , A r t. 3, C ounc i l of

E ur ope , E ur ope a n T r e a ty S e r i e s N o. 5 ( 1968) . T he r e f or e , pr i ort o the T V P A , thi s C ou rtcoul d h ave e xerc i se d extra t erri t ori al j uri sdi ct i on t o rea ch w r ongf ul de a th a c t i ons i nvol vi ng de f e nda nt s a nd l oc a t i ons out s i de the f orum ju r is d ic tio n . See, e. g. , A lvarez-M acha i n v. U

ni t ed Stat es , 1 0 7 F .3 d 6 9 6 , 7 0 3 ( 9 th C i r. 1 9 9 6 ). F u rth er, as th e d i stri ctco u rtco rrect l y n o t ed , t o rtu re, cri m es ag ai n st hum a ni ty , a nd c rue l , i nhum a ne , orde gr a di ng puni s hm e ntha ve be e n a pa r tof the U n ite d S ta te s a n d in te rn a tio n a l la w lo n g b e f o r e F e rn á n d e z ’s a lle g e d a c tio n s . C abe l lo B ar r ue to v . Fe r nándezL ar i os , 20 5 F . S up p. 2d 13 25 , 13 31 (S . D . F l a. 2002) . B e c a us e the T V P A doe s noti nc r e a s e F e rná nde z ’ s l i abi l i ty ori m pa i ra ny of h is r ig h ts , th e A c t d o e s n o t c r e a te a n im p e r m is s ib le r e tr o a c tiv e e f f e c t if ap p lie d to h is p r e - T V P A a c tio n s .

2. T he A ppr opr i a t e ne s s of E qui t abl e T ol l i ng F ern án d ez arg u es th atth e C ab el l o su rv i v o rs’ cl ai m s are t i m e-b arred b ecau se th e p r is o n e r s w e r e k ille d in 1 9 7 3 a n d th e C ab e llo s u r v iv o r s f ir s t f ile d th e ir c o m p la in t in 1 9 9 9 . T h e d is tr ic t c o u r t r e c o g n iz e d th a t th e s ta tu te o f lim ita tio n s d id no tbegi n t o run un t i l 19 90 w hen the bo di es of the thi rt ee n p ri soners ki l l ed at C op i apó w er e l ocat ed and exh um ed, w hi ch occurre d o nl y a ft erG ener al P i no chet l e f to f f i c e . Th u s , th e d i s tr i c tc o u r tr e a s o n e d th a tth e Cab e l l o s u r v i v o r s ’ c l a i ms10

w e r e nott i m e - ba rr e d be c a us e the T V P A ’ s t e n- y e a rs t a tut e w a s e qui t abl y t ol l e d. O urpr e c e de ntha s e s t abl i s he d tha tthe T V P A ’ s a nd A T C A ’ s s t a tut e of lim ita tio n s c a n b e e q u itab ly to lle d . See A rc e a t*11. W e m us tthe r e f or e de t e r m i ne w he the rthe f

a c t s of thi s c a s e de m ons tr a t e “ e xtr a or di na ry c i r c um s t a nc e s ” s uf f i c i e nt f o re q u itab le to llin g . Sa ndvi k v . U ni t ed Stat es , 17 7 F . 3d 12 69 , 12 71 (11th C i r. 19 99 ). T hi s i s afa ct -s peci fi c det erm i nat i on because afi nd i ng of “ extra ordi nary ci rc um st ance s [ nece ss ary f or equi t abl e t ol l i ng ] i s r es erved for extra ordi nary fa ct s. ” See A rc e at*2 3 (i nt ernal qu ot at i on s om i tt ed). A s w e he l d i n Just i ce , e qui t abl e t ol l i ng i s appr opr i a t e i n s i tua t i ons w he r e the de f e nda ntm i s l e a ds the pl a i nt i f f , a l l ow i ng the s t a tut ory pe r i od t o l aps e ; orw he n the pl ai nt i ff has no rea sonabl e w ay of di sc ov er i ng the w rong perpetra t ed agai nsther, a s is th e c a s e h e r e . 6 F .3 d a t 1 4 7 9 . A d d itio n a lly , in o r d e rto ap p ly e q u itab le to llin g , “c o u r ts u s u a lly r e q u ir e s o m e a f f ir m a tiv e m is c o n d u c t, s u c h a s d e lib e r a te conceal m ent . ” A rc e a t * 1 6 . A rc e , o u ro n l y c a s e a d d r e s s i n g th e ap p l i c a t i o n o f e q u i t ab l e t o l l i n g t o c l a i ms brou gh tun der the A T C A and the T V P A , i l l ustra t es the prop eranal ys i s. In that c a s e , “ Sa l v a d o r a n r e f

u g e e s . . . c l a i m[ e d ] th a tth e y we r e t o r tu r e d b y s o l d i e r s i n El S a l va dordur i ng the c our s e of a c a m pa i gn of

hum a n- r i ght s vi ol a t i ons by the S al vado ra n m i l i t ary f

rom 19 79 t o 1 98 3. ” Se e id . at*2 . T he pl ai nt i ff s c l ai m ed that11

a n o n - g o in g c iv il w a rin E l S a lv a d o ra n d d e f e n d a n ts ’ p a tte rn o f

d e n ia l ab o u t th e ir pers on al re spon si bi l i ty f or hu m an ri gh t s abu se s i n E l S al vado r pre vent ed them f r o m tim e ly f

ilin g th e irc la im s . Id . a t * 1 4 - * 1 6 . W e f o u n d th e s e a r g u m e n ts in s u f f ic ie n t to e q u itab ly to ll th e s ta tu te o f lim ita tio n s , s ta tin g th a t “[ e ]q u itab le t ol l i ng i s app ropri at e onl y i n “ extra ordi nary ci rc um st ance s [ such as tho se ] thatar e b o th b e y o n d th e p la in tif f’s c o n tr o l a n d u n a v o id ab le e v e n w ith d ilig e n c e . Id . at *11. Th e i n s t a n tc a s e i s d i s t i n g u i s h ab l e f r o m A rc e o n its f

a c ts . T he di stri ctcourt det erm i ned thatthe C abel l o survi vo rs kn ew thatC abel l o w as ki l l ed i n O ct ob er 1 9 7 3 a n d th a t u n k n o w n m ilita ry o f f ic e r s w e r e in v o lv e d . H o w e v e r , it w a s n o t u n til 1990 tha tthe y obt a i ne d know l e dge of C abe l l o’ s m a nne rof

de a th a nd i nf

or m a t i on aboutthe ha r m s uf

f e r e d by hi m be f

or e hi s de a th. U nt i l C abe l l o’ s unm a r ke d gr a ve w as l ocat ed, hi s f

am i l y di d n otkn ow thathe and t he other pri soners had b ee n t ortured before bei ng m as sa cr ed. A l tho ug h V i ct or B ra vo , a l ocal offi ci al ca l l ed upon by the m i l i t a ry a uthor i t i e s t o i de nt i f y the bodi e s of

the de a d, ha d s e e n the pr i s one r s ’ bodi e s s hor t l y a f t e rthe y w e r e ki l l e d, he ne ve rs poke of the i rc ondi t i ons t o th e fam i l i es. T h e C h ile a n g o v e rn m e n t, w ith w h o m F e rn á n d e z c o n s p ir e d , c o n c e a le d b o th the m a nne ri n w hi c h C abe l l o di e d a nd hi s pl a c e of bur i a l . T he C hi l e a n gove rnm e nt12

a l s o c r e a t e d gr e a tc onf

us i on by s e ndi ng thr e e c onf l i c t i ng de a th c e r t i f

i c a t e s t o the C ab e llo f a m ily . U n til th e f

ir s t p o s t- ju n ta c i vi l i a n pr e s i de ntw a s e l e c t e d i n 1990, the C hi l e a n pol i t i c a l c l i m a t e pr e ve nt e d the C abe l l o f a m i l y f r om pur s ui ng a ny ef fort s t o l ea rn of the i nci dent s s urroun di ng C abel l o’ s m urder. T he di stri ctcourt d e c id e d th a t C ab e llo ’s f a m ily c o u ld n o t p o s s ib ly h a v e p u r s u e d th e irc la im s u n til C abe l l o’ s body w a s e xhum e d. W e a g r e e w ith th e d is tr ic t c o u r t’s c o n c lu s io n th a t th e c o v e r - u p o f th e e v e n ts s u rr o u n d in g C ab e llo ’s d e a th m a d e it n e a r ly im p o s s ib le f o rth e C ab e llo s u r v iv o r s to d is c o v e rth e w r o n g s p e rp e tr a te d a g a in s t C ab e llo . A s a r e s u lt o f th is d e lib e r a te c o n c e a lm e n t b y C h ile a n a u th o r itie s , e q u itab le to llin g is ap p r o p r ia te in th is c a s e .

3. D a t e S t a tut e of

L i m i t a t i ons B e ga n t o R un T ho ug h w e have det erm i ned thatthe T V P A w as equi t abl y t ol l ed, the i nq ui ry doe s note nd the r e . W e m us te s t abl i s h w he n e xa c t l y the t e n- y e a rs t a tut e of l i m i t a t i ons be ga n t o run. T he S e ve nth C i r c ui ta ddr e s s e d thi s i s s ue a nd i n s o doi ng, d isti n g u ish ed eq u it ab le to ll in g an d eq u it ab le es to p p el. T h e c o u rt o p in ed th at “a p l ai n t i ff w h o i n v o k es eq u i t ab l e t o l l i n g t o su sp en d th e st atu t e o f l i m i t at i o n s m u st b r in g s u it w ith in a r e a s o n ab le tim e a f te rh e h a s o b ta in e d , o rb y d u e d ilig e n c e c o u ld have ob t ai ned, the neces sa ry i nform at i on . ” C a da v. B a xt er H ea l th ca re C o rp . , 920 F .2 d 4 4 6 , 4 5 3 ( 7 th C ir . 1 9 9 0 ) . B y c o n tr a s t, w h e n a p la in tif f is e n title d to e q u itab le13

e s to p p e l, th e c lo c k s to p s u p o n th e to llin g o f th e lim ita tio n s p e r io d a n d b e g in s a g a in w h e n th e im p e d im e n t to b r in g in g s u it is r e m o v e d . A s w e s t a t e d i n Just i ce , th e p la in tif f s h o u ld a c t w ith d u e d ilig e n c e a n d f ile hi s orhe ra c t i on i n a t i m e l y f a s hi on i n or de rf

ore qui t abl e t ol l i ng t o appl y . 6 F . 3d at 1 4 7 9 . T h e in fo rm atio n re g ar d in g th e c ircu m stan ce s a n d m an n ero f C ab ello ’s de a th w a s notdi s c ove r abl e orknow abl e unt i l 1990; the r e f or e , the 1999 f

i l i ng of th i s cl ai m w as t i m el y. O u rC ir c u it’s p r e c e d e n t in d ic a te s th a t th e s ta tu to ry c lo c k is s to p p e d w h ile t ol l i ng i s i n e f

f e c t . I n Kn ig h t v . Sc h o

fie ld w e a ddr e s s e d the s t a tut e of l i m i t a t i ons q u est i o n i n th e h ab eas co n t ex t . T h ere w e h el d th at“ t o l l i n g m ean s j u stw h ati tsays

– th e c lo c k is s to p p e d w h ile to llin g is in e f f e c t.” 2 9 2 F .3 d 7 0 9 , 7 1 2 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2002) . A l though thi s hol di ng a ddr e s s e d e qui t abl e t ol l i ng of the A nt i t e rr or i s m a nd E f f e c t i ve D e a th P e na l ty A c t , w e f i nd tha ti ti s e qua l l y appl i c abl e i n the c ont e xtof othe rs t a tut e s . W he n a s t a tut e i s e qui t abl y t ol l e d, the s t a tut ory pe r i od doe s not b e g in to ru n u n til th e im p e d im e n t to f ilin g a c a u s e o f

a c tio n is r e m o v e d . T h u s , in thi s c a s e , the c l oc k w a s s t oppe d unt i l 1990 w he n the i nf or m a t i on s urr oundi ng C abe l l o’ s de a th be c a m e a va i l abl e . S i nc e the s t a tut ory pe r i od be ga n t o run i n 1990, th e C ab e llo s u r v iv o r s ’ c la im f ile d in 1 9 9 9 is tim e ly . A c c or di ngl y , w e a f

f i r m the rul i ng of

the di s tr i c tc our ta nd hol d tha ttheFernánde z also argues that he is not liable bec ause hewas merely present at the scene of 2 the crime. Be causethe evidenc e shows that F erná ndez was eng ag ed in af

firmative acts that contributed to Cabello’s de ath, Fernánde z’s “merepresence”argument lacks merit. See J acobs v. Singletary, 952 F.2d 1282, 1290- 91 (11th Cir. 1992) (De fenda nt was indicted for

beingone of several pe op leinv olv e d in a sh oo tingbut it

wa s n ot k

no wn wh o f ire d s ho ts. Jury

wa s p roperly g iven aidingand abetting instruction, not instruction reg ardingmerepresence.) 14 C ab e llo s u r v iv o r s ’ c la im s w e r e n o t tim e - b a rr e d b e c a u s e th e y w e r e e n title d to e q u itab le to llin g o f

th e te n - y e a rs ta tu te o f

lim ita tio n s . B . F e rn a n d e z ’s L iab ility f o rC ab e llo ’s D e a th In addi t i on t o F ernánd ez ’ s a rgum entthatthe C abel l o survi vo rs ’ cl ai m s a re t i me - b a rr e d , h e c l a i ms th a tth e r e i s n o v a l i d c a u s e o f a c t i o n u n d e re i th e rth e A TCA o rth e TV PA . Fu r th e r , Fe rn á n d e z c o n t e n d s th a t , e v e n i f w e f i n d th a tth e A TCA a nd the T V P A c r e a t e pr i va t e c a us e s of a c t i on, he c a nnotbe he l d l i abl e f or C abe l l o’ s de a th be c a us e he w a s notpr e s e nta nd ha d no di r e c ti nvol ve m e nti n the ki l l i ng. 2 R e ne w e d m ot i ons f

orj udgm e nta s a m a tt e rof l a w t e s tthe s uf

f i c i e nc y of

the ev i d en ce su p p o rt i n g a j u ry’ s v erd i ct ; w e rev i ew su ch m o t i o n s de no vo a nd us e the s a m e s ta n d a r d a s th e d is tr ic t c o u r t. Se e H e s s e n v . J

aguarC ars , I

nc . , 915 F . 2d 641, 6 4 4 ( 1 1 th C ir . 1 9 9 0 ) .

1 . Ca u s e o f

A c t i o n u n d e rth e A TCA a n d TV PA F e rná nde z , c i t i ng Fo r d

ex r e l. v . G a r c ia , in itia lly a r g u e s th a t th e C ab e llo s ur vi vor s c a nnotbr i ng a T V P A c a us e of a c t i on be c a us e he ha d no c om m a nd15

r e s p o n s ib ility . 2 8 9 F .3 d 1 2 8 3 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 2 ) , ce rt. deni ed , 5 3 7 U . S. 1 1 4 7 , 1 2 3 S. C t . 86 8 (20 03 ). T hi s i s nota c orre ctre adi ng of Fo rd . I n Fo rd , s ur vi vor s of churchw om en w ho had b ee n t ortured and m urdered i n E l S al vado r broug htan act i o n u n d er th e T V P A , p u rsu an tt o th e co m m an d resp o n si b i l i ty d o ctri n e, ag ai n st f o r m e rS a lv a d o r a n o f

f ic ia ls . Id . W e h e ld th a t th e d is tr ic t c o u r t d id n o t e rrw h e n it i nstruct ed a j ury thatpl ai nt i ff s w er e r equi re d t o sho w thatgu ar dsm en w er e und er th e e f f e c tiv e c o n tr o l o f

d e f e n d a n t o f

f ic ia ls . See I

d . a t1290. T hi s hol di ng c o n t e mp l a t e s th a tth e Cab e l l o s u r v i v o r s ma y b r i n g a n a c t i o n u n d e rth e TV PA pur s ua ntt o the c om m a nd r e s pons i bi l i ty doc tr i ne , how e ve r , i tdoe s notl i m i ta c t i ons brou gh tun der the T V P A t o thi s c om m and res po nsi bi l i ty theory a s F ernánd ez cl ai m s. T hu s, al tho ug h F ernánd ez had n o com m and res po nsi bi l i ty of a ct i on s that l e d t o C abe l l o’ s de a th, the T V P A s t i l l pr ovi de s a c a us e of a c t i on. F e rn á n d e z f

u r th e rs ta te s th a t th e A T C A c r e a te s n o p r iv a te c a u s e o f a c tio n to e nf or c e i nt e rna t i ona l l a w nor m s . H e a r gue s tha tthe A T C A doe s notpr ovi de the C abel l o survi vo rs w i th a forum because they f ai l t o i dent i fy any i nt ernat i on al a u th o r ity im p o s in g liab ility u p o n a s o ld ie rw h o la c k e d a n y c o m m a n d a u th o r ity . A c c or di ngl y , F e rná nde z a r gue s tha tthe A T C A doe s notc r e a t e a pr i va t e c a us e of a c tio n th a t e x te n d s liab ility d o w n th e c h a in o f c o m m a n d to a s u b o r d in a te o f f ic e r . A d d itio n a lly , h e s ta te s , th a t th e r e w a s n o v iab le c la im b e c a u s e th e C ab e lloAlthough F e rn ánd e z argue s th at hec ann ot b ese c on da ri ly lia blebe c a us ehewa s a 3 milit ary subordinate actingunder thecommand of his superiors, milit ary law provide s that he can still be found liable. See, e .g. , United States v. J aks , 28 M.J . 908 (1989) (where the evidence indicates that a

junior officer wa s more than merely present and instead acted to fur ther the c on sp irator ’sob

je c tiv e s, hemay

belia blee ven if

hisc o- c on sp irator s w e rehismil ita ry su peri or s) 16 survi vo rs fa i l ed t o sho w thatF ernánd ez (1) e i ther pers on al l y ki l l ed or t ortured C abel l o o r order ed hi s ki l l i ng ; (2) thatas a j un i or m i l i t ary off i ce r i n the C hi l ea n m i l i t a ry , he w a s m e r e l y a c t i ng a s i ns truc t e d by hi s s upe r i or s ; a nd ( 3) tha tthe k illin g w a s c a rr ie d o u t b y h is s u p e r io r s a n d th u s , th a t h e is n o t liab le . 3 W e have notaddres se d w hether c l ai m s bas ed on i nd i re ctl i abi l i ty a re a c t i o n ab l e u n d e rth e A TCA a n d th e TV PA . H o w e v e r , b y th e i rt e r ms , th e A TCA a nd the T V P A a r e notl i m i t e d t o c l a i m s of di r e c tl i abi l i ty . T he c our t s tha tha ve addres se d the i ss ue have hel d thatthe A T C A re ac hes c on spi ra ci es and accom pl i ce liab ility . Se e e . g. , Hi lao v . Es tat e of M ar c os , 1 0 3 F .3 d 7 6 7 , 7 7 6 - 7 7 ( 9 th C ir . 1 9 9 6 ) ; C a rm i ch a el

v. U n i t ed T ech C o rp ., 8 3 5 F .2 d 1 0 9 , 1 1 3 - 1 4 ( 5 th C ir . 1 9 8 8 ) . A n exam i nat i on of l egi sl at i ve hi st ory i nd i ca t es thatthe T V P A w as i nt ended t o r e a c h be y ond the pe r s on w ho a c tua l l y c om m i tt e d the a c t s , t o thos e or de r i ng, abe tt i ng, ora s s i s t i ng i n the vi ol a t i on. See S . R e p. N o. 102- 249, a t8- 9 ( 1991) . T he S e n a te R e p o r t r e lie s o n s e v e r a l in te rn a tio n a l a g r e e m e n ts th a t c o n te m p la te liab ility unde ri nt e rna t i ona l nor m s f ori ndi r e c tr e s pons i bi l i ty . F ori ns t a nc e , “ A r t i c l e 4( 1) of the U ni t e d N a t i ons C onve nt i on A ga i ns tT or tur e a nd O the rC rue l , I nhum a n or D egra di ng T re atm entor P un i shm entprov i des: ‘ E ac h S t at e P arty s hal l ensure that17

al l ac t s of t orture a re offe nses un der i t s c ri m i nal l aw . T he sa m e s hal l appl y t o an a tte m p t to c o m m it to r tu r e a n d to a n a c t b y a n y p e r s o n w h ic h c o n s titu te s c o m p lic ity or part i ci pat i on i n the t orture. ’ ” Id at9 n . 16 . A l so, “ A rt i cl e 3 of the Int er A m e r i c a n C onve nt i on t o P r e ve nta nd P uni s h T or tur e s i m i l a r l y pr ovi de s : ‘ T he f ol l ow i ng s ha l l be he l d gui l ty of the c r i m e of

t or tur e : ( a ) A publ i c s e r va ntor e m pl oy e e w ho, a c t i ng i n tha tc apa c i ty , or de r s , i ns t i ga t e s ori nduc e s the us e of to r tu r e , o rd ir e c tly c o m m its it o rw h o , b e in g ab le to p r e v e n t it, f a ils to d o s o ’.” Id at9 n . 16 . A dd i t i on al l y, other c ou rt s have hel d thatw here a def endanthas bee n f ound di r e c t l y ors e c onda r i l y r e s pons i bl e f ora c t s of t or tur e ore xtr a

j udi c i a l ki l l i ng, the a c t s a r e i n vi ol a t i on of the l a w of

na t i ons w i thi n the m e a ni ng of the T V P A a nd A T C A . Se e , e . g. , B u rn et t v. A l B a ra ka In v. & D ev. C o rp . , 274 F . S upp. 2d 86, 99- 1 0 0 ( D .D .C . 2 0 0 3 ) ; Me h in o v ic v . V u c ko v ic , 1 9 8 F . S u p p . 2 d 1 3 2 2 , 1 3 5 5 - 5 6 ( N. D. G a . 2002) . B e c a us e the T V P A a nd the A T C A pe r m i tc l a i m s ba s e d on di r e c ta nd i ndi r e c tthe or i e s of

l i abi l i ty , the j ury ’ s ge ne r a l ve r di c tm a y be uphe l d i f s uf f i c i e nt e v id e n c e s u p p o r ts e ith e rth e o ry .

2. S uffi ci ency of the E vi dence T he j ury w a s i ns truc t e d tha ti tc oul d f i nd F e rná nde z l i abl e onl y i f he

“ a c t i ve l y pa r t i c i pa t e d” i n the of f e ns e s . T he j ury w a s t ol d t o c ons i de rw he the rhe di r e c t l y pa r t i c i pa t e d i n the of f e ns e s orw he the rhe pa r t i c i pa t e d a s a c ons pi r a t oror18

as an ai der or abett or. F ernánd ez ar gu es thatthe j ury ver di ctshou l d b e r ever se d because thei r dec i si on w as un supp ort ed by the evi dence.

a . D ir e c t L iab ility W e turn t o the e vi de nc e t o c ons i de rw he the ri ti s s uf f i c i e ntt o s uppor tthe j ury’ s gener al verdi ct . T he tri al t es t i m on y i ncl ud es evi dence thatw hi l e F ernánd ez w as i n C op i apó, P atri ci o B arruet , on e of C abel l o’ s f el l ow pri soners , w as aw akened b y a n u n id e n tif

ie d p e r s o n w h o w o k e C ab e llo a n d e s c o r te d h im f r o m h is r o o m . C abe l l o w a s ki l l e d tha tni ght . A c c or di ng t o V i c t orB r a vo C abe l l o w a s a m ong the de a d. B r a vo’ s t e s t i m ony i ndi c a t e s tha tC abe l l o ha d c ut s on hi s e a ra nd a gapi ng w o u n d ru n n in g f

r o m h is e a rto th r o a t. F e rn á n d e z a d m itte d th a t h e h a d th e o n ly c or v o i n C opi apó a nd ha d notl oa ne d i tt o a ny one . D r . E l vi r a M i r a nda , w ho e xa m i ne d C abe l l o’ s body a f t e rthe e xhum a t i on, f

ound t e a r s i n hi s c l othi ng a nd bl oo d st ai ns consi st entw i th k ni fe w ou nd s thatcoul d h ave been caused by a corv o . A l though the e vi de nc e s uppor t i ng di r e c tl i abi l i ty i s nota s s tr ong a s tha ts uppor t i ng i ndi r e c tl i abi l i ty , a s di s c us s e d be l ow , w e f i nd tha ta j ury c oul d r e a s onabl y ha ve c onc l ude d f

r om thi s c i r c um s t a nt i a l e vi de nc e tha tF e rná nde z w a s di r e c t l y l i abl e f or C ab el l o ’ s t o rtu re o r d eath . W e n eed n o tfo cu s o n d i rectl i ab i l i ty, h o w ev er, b ecau se o v erw h el m i n g su b st an t i al ev i d en ce su p p o rt s a fi n d i n g o f i n d i rectl i ab i l i ty.

b . I n d ir e c t L iab ility19

F e rná nde z c a n be f

ound i ndi r e c t l y l i abl e f

orC abe l l o’ s de a th on tw o di f f e r e nt the or i e s : ( 1) a i di ng a nd abe tt i ng or( 2) c ons pi r a c y . T he di s tr i c tc our ti ns truc t e d the ju ry th a t to f

in d F e rn á n d e z in d ir e c tly liab le f o ra id in g a n d ab e ttin g , th e C ab e llo s u r v iv o r s n e e d e d to p r o v e “a c tiv e p a r tic ip a tio n ” b y p r e p o n d e r a n c e o f th e e v id e n c e . I n a s s e s s i ng “ a c t i ve pa r t i c i pa t i on, ” the j ury w a s i ns truc t e d t o c ons i de ri f ( 1) one or m ore of the w rong ful ac t s thatcom pri se the cl ai m w er e c om m i tt ed, (2) F ernánd ez subst ant i al l y a ss i st ed som e per son o r per sons w ho pers on al l y c om m i tt ed or caus ed on e or m ore of the w rong ful ac t s thatcom pri se the cl ai m , and (3) F ernánd ez kn ew tha thi s a c t i ons w oul d a s s i s ti n the i l l e ga l orw r ongf ul a c t i vi ty a tthe t i m e he prov i ded the as si st ance . F r om the phy s i c a l e vi de nc e de s c r i be d above a nd f r om hi s t or i c a l c ont e xt , the j ury r ea sonabl y c ou l d h ave c on cl ud ed thata w rong ful ac tof the type a l l eged ac tual l y occ urre d. C abel l o’ s w ou nd s c om po rtw i th o ther pol i t i ca l l y m ot i vat ed k i l l i n g s d u ri n g P i n o ch et ’ s c oup , such thata j ury c ou l d rea sonabl y c on cl ud e that C abe l l o w a s the vi c t i m of a c r i m e a ga i ns thum a ni ty , m i s tr e a tm e nt , t or tur e , or e xtr a j udi c i a l ki l l i ng. F e rná nde z ’ s s ubs t a nt i a l a s s i s t a nc e i n C abe l l o’ s ki l l i ng, t or tur e , or m is tr e a tm e n t is a d e q u a te ly s u p p o r te d b y th e e v id e n c e . T h e ju ry c o u ld r e a s o n ab ly concl ud e thatF ernánd ez w as i nd i re ct l y l i abl e bas ed on F ernánd ez ’ s a dm i ss i on that20

he se rved as A re l l ano’ s bod yguard. A cc ordi ng t o the depo si t i on of E nri qu e V i dal A l l e r( “ V i da l ” ) , a n a i de t o the ga rr i s on’ s c om m a nde r , F e rná nde z br a gge d tha the w a s A r e lla n o ’s r ig h t h a n d m a n a n d th a t h is s p ik e d w e ap o n w o u ld b e u s e d to “c a r e s s th e little p ig e o n s ,” w h ic h V id a l u n d e r s to o d a s a th r e a t to th e p r is o n e r s . V i dal al so sa w F ernánd ez ent erthe offi ce i n w hi ch pri soner’ s f i l es w er e kept . D r. Ivan M urua C hevesi ch (“ M urua”), a pri soner w ho w as bei ng i nt errogat ed i n that offi ce , t es t i fi ed thathe sa w F ernánd ez w i th A re l l ano w hen A re l l ano sel ec t ed fi l es of pri soners and sai d thatthey w ou l d b e “ el i m i nat ed. ” M urua al so t es t i fi ed that th o s e f ile s w e r e m a r k e d w ith r e d c ir c le s . A n o th e rw itn e s s s a w F e rn á n d e z h im s e lf sel ect i n g an d rev i ew i n g p ri so n ers’ fi l es. M oreover, the st at em ent s a ttri bu t ed t o F ernánd ez re fl ec thi s kno w l edge that he w as as si st i ng i n w rong ful ac t i vi ty. A si de fr om tho se st at em ent s des cr i bed above , V i da l t e s t i f

i e d tha tF e rná nde z t ol d hi m tha t“ y ou w i l l s oon f i nd out ” w hy hi s s qu ad w as i n C op i apó. F ernánd ez w as al so pres entw hen A re l l ano st at ed that c e r t a i n pr i s one r s w oul d be e l i m i na t e d. F rom these fa ct s, the j ury c ou l d h ave r ea sonabl y c on cl ud ed thatF ernánd ez a id e d a n d ab e tte d in C ab e llo ’s k illin g . B e c a u s e th e r e is s u f f ic ie n t e v id e n c e to s uppor ta f

i ndi ng of a i di ng a nd abe tt i ng, the j ury ’ s ge ne r a l ve r di c ts houl d s t a nd. T h e s e c o n d th e o ry o n w h ic h F e rn á n d e z c o u ld b e f o u n d in d ir e c tly liab le is21

tha tof c ons pi r a c y . F orthe j ury t o f i nd F e rná nde z i ndi r e c t l y l i abl e by m e a ns of c ons pi r a c y , the C abe l l o s ur vi vor s ne e de d t o pr ove by a pr e ponde r a nc e of the e vi de nc e tha t( 1) tw o orm or e pe r s ons a gr e e d t o c om m i ta w r ongf ul a c t , ( 2) F e rná nde z j oi ne d the c ons pi r a c y know i ng of a tl e a s tone of

the goa l s of

the c ons pi r a c y a nd i nt e ndi ng t o he l p a c c om pl i s h i t , a nd ( 3) one orm or e of the vi ol a t i ons w a s c om m i tt e d by s om e one w ho w a s a m e m be rof the c ons pi r a c y a nd a c te d in f u r th e r a n c e o f

th e c o n s p ir a c y . See H

al bers tam v. W

elch , 705 F . 2d 472, 48 1, 48 7 (11 th C i r. 19 83 ). F or proo f of the fi rs tre qu i re d cri t er i on , agre em ent , the j ury w as pres ent ed w i th evi dence of a c om m on pl an – thatthe offi ce rs atC op i apó w er e i n acc ord that th e irg o a l w a s to k ill p r is o n e r s th e r e . C o n s id e r in g th e e v id e n c e o f a p la n , in a ddi t i on t o F e rna nde z ’ s c om m e nt s ( s uc h a s s a y i ng tha the w a s A r e l l a no’ s r i ght hand m an and t hathi s s pi ked w eapo n w ou l d b e use d t o “ care ss the l i tt l e pi geon s” ), A r e l l a no’ s c om m e nt s ( s uc h a s s a y i ng tha tpr i s one r s w oul d be “ e l i m i na t e d” ) , a nd F ernánd ez ’ s i nv ol vem entw i th k i l l i ng s bef ore a nd af

t erC op i apó, the evi dence of an a g r e e m e n t to c o m m it w r o n g f u l a c ts w a s s u f

f ic ie n t. E v id e n c e a t tr ia l a ls o in d ic a te d th a t b e f o r e F e rn á n d e z r e a c h e d C o p iap ó , h is squad h ad ki l l ed fi ft ee n p ri soners i n L a S er ena. A s des cr i bed abo ve, the j ury hea rd ev i d en ce th ato n e o f th e sq u ad ’ s o b j ect i v es w as t o k i l l th e ci v i l i an p ri so n ers w h o se22

fi l es w ere sel ect ed b y A rel l an o , l i k el y w i th th e ai d o f F ern án d ez. E v i d en ce al so show ed thatfol l ow i ng the event s a l l eged i n thi s a ct i on , F ernánd ez ’ s s qu ad part i ci pat ed i n the ki l l i ng of m ore c i vi l i ans i n A nt ofagas t a a nd C al am a. A j ury coul d rea sonabl y c on cl ud e that , atthe very l ea st , i tw as fore se eabl e t o F ernánd ez th a t C ab e llo w o u ld b e to r tu r e d a n d k ille d b y h is c o - c o n s p ir a to r s a t C o p iap ó . A no ther r ea sonabl e i nfer ence fr om the evi dence i s thatF ernánd ez had actual know l e dge tha tm e m be r s of the c ons pi r a c y w e r e goi ng t o ki l l C abe l l o. T hus , the evi dence pres ent ed w as suff i ci entt o sho w thatF ernánd ez j oi ned the conspi ra cy w ith k n o w le d g e o f

th e c o n s p ir a c y ’s p la n a n d w ith th e in te n t o f h e lp in g to a c c o m p lis h th o s e g o a ls . F ur the r , i ti s undi s put e d tha tF e rná nde z ’ s m i l i t a ry c ol l e a gue s , i f not F e rná nde z hi m s e l f

, w e r e r e s pons i bl e f

orC abe l l o’ s de a th. B e c a us e ki l l i ng c i vi l i a ns pres um abl y opp osed t o the j unta i s a n acti n furthera nce of the conspi ra cy , the j ury r e a s onabl y c oul d ha ve f ound the thi r d a nd f

i na l e l e m e ntha d be e n s a t i s f i e d. T he tr i a l e vi de nc e i s s uf f i c i e ntt o s uppor tthe ge ne r a l j ury ve r di c tba s e d on any of the po ss i bl e theori es of l i abi l i ty. S i nce w e a re bo un d t o u ph ol d the general verdi cti f w e f

i nd any of the theori es of l i abi l i ty s up po rt ed by suff i ci entevi dence, the j ury ’ s ge ne r a l ve r di c tm us ts t a nd. C . A dm i s s i bi l i ty of

D e pos i t i ons23

F e rná nde z a l s o appe a l s the di s tr i c tc our t ’ s a l l ow a nc e of s e ve r a l de pos i t i ons i nt o e vi de nc e . W e r e vi e w e vi de nt i a ry rul i ngs of the di s tr i c tc our tf

orabus e of d is c r e tio n . Se e P a lm e rv . B d . o f R eg e n ts , 2 0 8 F .3 d 9 6 9 , 9 7 3 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 0 ) . A ttr i a l , both pa r t i e s pr e s e nt e d vi de ot ape d e xc e rpt s of the s w orn a nd tra nscr i bed d eposi t i on t es t i m on y of s i x C hi l ea n w i tness es . T hese w i tness es w er e C hi l e a n na t i ona l s r e s i di ng i n C hi l e a nd w e r e de pos e d i n C hi l e . E a c h w i tne s s ga ve p e r s o n a l a c c o u n ts o f

th e a tr o c itie s in w h ic h F e rn á n d e z p a r tic ip a te d . F ernánd ez ar gu es thatthese depo si t i on s c on si dere d b y the j ury w er e i m pr ope r l y a dm i tt e d be c a us e the y di d notc om pl y w i th the oa th pr ovi s i on of F e d e r a l R u le o f

P r o c e d u r e 2 8 ( b ) . S u b s e c tio n ( b ) ( 3 ) o f th e ru le p r o v id e s th a t a de pos i t i on m a y be t a ke n “ on not i c e be f or e a pe r s on a uthor i z e d t o a dm i ni s t e roa ths i n the pl ac e w here the exam i nat i on i s hel d, ei ther by the l aw there of or by the l aw of the U ni t ed S t at es . ” F ed. R . C i v. P . 28 (b)( 3). T h e C ab el l o su rv i v o rs resp o n d th atF ern án d ez w ai v ed h i s o b j ect i o n s, s t a r t i ng w i th the f

our th de pos i t i on. A tthe c om m e nc e m e ntof the f our th de pos i t i on, th e C ab e llo s u r v iv o r s r e s p o n d e d to F e rn á n d e z ’s p r e v io u s o b je c tio n s b y o f

f e r in g to p r o c u r e a C h ile a n n o ta ry a u th o r iz e d to a d m in is te ro a th s u n d e rC h ile a n la w . B ec ause F ernánd ez ’ s c ou nsel decl i ned thi s off er , the C abel l o survi vo rs ar gu e that F ernánd ez construct i vel y w ai ved h i s obj ec t i on t o t ec hn i ca l error, ci t i ng F eder al24

R ul e of C i vi l P roce du re 32 (d)( 3)(B ). R ul e 32(d)(3)(B) prov i des i n rel evantpart : “ [e ] rr ors a nd i rr egul ar i t i es oc c urr i ng a tthe or a l e xa m i na t i on . . . i n the oa th ora f f i r m a t i on . . . a nd e rr or s of any ki nd w hi ch m i gh tbe ob vi at ed, re m ov ed, or cure d i f prom pt l y pre se nt ed, ar e w ai ved u nl es s s ea sonabl e obj ec t i on there t o i s m ade at the taki ng of the de pos i t i on .” ( e m pha s i s a dde d) . T he rul e s di s t i ngui s h obj e c t i ons t o the m a nne rof t a ki ng the depo si t i on fr om obj ec t i on s a s t o the subst ance of the t es t i m on y ( such as re l evancy orc om pe t e nc y ) be c a us e a l l ow i ng c ouns e l t o w a i tunt i l tr i a l t o obj e c tm i ght e n c o u r a g e s a n d b a g g in g . Se e , e . g. , Ki rs c hne rv . B r oadhe ad , 671 F . 2d 1034, 1037- 3 8 ( 7 th C ir . 1 9 8 2 ) ; B a h a m a s A g ri c. In du s. , L td . v. R i l ey S to ker C o rp . , 526 F . 2d 11 74 , 11 80 -81 (6t h C i r. 19 75 ). B e c a us e the de f

e c ti n the oa th c oul d ha ve be e n c ur e d a tthe t a ki ng of the de pos i t i on, F e rná nde z ’ s c ouns e l ’ s r e f us a l t o a c c e ptthe c ur e c ons t i tut e d a c o n s tru c tiv e w a iv e r . T h e f a c ts o f th is c a s e f

a ll w ith in th e p u r v ie w o f R u le 32 (d)( 3)(B ). T hu s, even tho ug h F ernánd ez obj ec t ed attri al , hi s f ai l ure t o o bj ec tat the t aki ng of the depo si t i on w as corr ec t l y dee m ed a w ai ver. T he di stri ctcourtw as w e ll w ith in its d is c r e tio n in a d m ittin g th e c o n te s te d d e p o s itio n s in to e v id e n c e . W e a c c o r d in g ly a f

f ir m th e d is tr ic t c o u r t’s ru lin g o n th is is s u e . D . A d m is s ib ility o f

A c ts C o m m itte d A g a in s t C ab e llo25

B e f o r e tr ia l, F e rn á n d e z m o v e d to e x c lu d e a ll e v id e n c e e x c e p t th e “p r o o f . . . abou tw hati nt er ac t i on he had w i th W i nst on C abel l o i n C op i apó” cont endi ng that

“ [n] on e of the evi dence about event s out si de C op i apó i s r el evant . ” F ernánd ez c la im e d th a t th e e v id e n c e o f m is tr e a tm e n t o f

o th e rp r is o n e r s w a s u n f a ir ly p rej u d i ci al t o h i m . W e rev i ew th e d i stri ctco u rt ’ s d eci si o n t o g ran to r t o d en y a m o tio n in lim in e f

o rab u s e o f

d is c r e tio n . Se e H

e ndr i x v . R ay be s tos - M

anhat tan, I nc . , 776 F . 2d 1492, 1503 ( 11th C i r . 1985) . T he di s tr i c tc our tha s w i de di s c r e t i on in d e te r m in in g th e r e le v a n c e o f e v id e n c e p r o d u c e d a t tr ia l. See U ni t ed Stat es v. Kopi tuk , 69 0 F . 2d 12 89 , 13 19 (11th C i r. 19 82 ). T h e d is tr ic t c o u r t f

o u n d th a t e v id e n c e c o n c e rn in g th e o th e rtw e lv e v ic tim s in C opi apó a nd the ki l l i ngs a tthe c i t i e s vi s i t e d be f or e a nd a f

t e rC opi apó w a s r e l e va nt to w h e th e rF e rn á n d e z k n o w in g ly p a r tic ip a te d in c r im e s a g a in s t h u m a n ity a n d to w hether he conspi re d t o com m i tor ai ded and abett ed the com m i ss i on of other o f f e n s e s . W e a g r e e . A s the C abe l l o s ur vi vor s c orr e c t l y a r gue , the e vi de nc e e s t abl i s he d a c ons pi r a c y i n w hi c h F e rná nde z ’ s s qua d pa r t i c i pa t e d i n the ki l l i ng of a tl e a s t72 ci vi l i ans, i ncl ud i ng tho se i n C op i apó. T he adm i tt ed evi dence s ho w ed that F e rná nde z w a s pe r s ona l l y r e s pons i bl e f orki l l i ngs i n L a S e r e na , j us tpr i ort o the i nci dent s i n C op i apó and al so for a ct s i n A nt ofagas t a a nd C al am a. F urther,26

C abe l l o w a s one of

thi r t e e n m e n ki l l e d a nd bur i e d t oge the ri n C opi apó. W e f i nd no abus e of di s c r e t i on i n the tr i a l j udge ’ s rul i ng tha tthe e vi de nc e r e l a t i ng t o the de a ths ’ of

the othe rpr i s one r s i s m a t e r i a l l y r e l e va nti n e s t abl i s hi ng the the ory of co n sp i racy. T o p r o v e th e c la im o f

c r im e s a g a in s t h u m a n ity , th e C ab e llo s u r v iv o r s h a d to p r o v e a w id e s p r e a d o rs y s te m a tic a tta c k d ir e c te d a g a in s t a n y c iv ilia n p o p u la tio n . A d d itio n a lly , to p r o v e c o n s p ir a c y o ra id in g a n d ab e ttin g , a t tr ia l, th e C ab e llo s u r v iv o r s w e r e r e q u ir e d to p r o v e th a t F e rn á n d e z h a d k n o w le d g e o f th e d e a th s q u a d ’s illic it p u rp o s e . F e rn á n d e z ’s tr e a tm e n t o f o th e rp r is o n e r s a n d h is p a r tic ip a tio n in th e s q u a d ’s a c tiv itie s e ls e w h e r e a r e d ir e c tly r e le v a n t to th is que s t i on of

l i abi l i ty f

orboth the c l a i m s of

c ons pi r a c y a nd tha tof

a i di ng a nd ab e ttin g . T he e vi de nc e r e l a t i ng t o the m i s tr e a tm e ntorki l l i ng of othe rpr i s one r s i s not o n l y rel ev an t , b u tessen t i al fo r th e C ab el l o su rv i v o rs’ cl ai m s o f cri m es ag ai n st hu m ani ty a nd thatof conspi ra cy . B ec ause thi s e vi dence w as re l evantand ess ent i al a nd the di s tr i c tc our tha d no r e a s on t o be l i e ve tha ti tw oul d unf a i r l y pr e j udi c e the de f e nda nt , a dm i tt i ng the e vi de nc e w a s w i thi n i t s di s c r e t i on. I I I . C onc l us i on U p o n co n si d erat i o n o f th e reco rd an d th e p art i es’ b ri efs an d o ral arg u m en t s,27

w e a gree w i th the rul i ng s of the di stri ctcourt . W e there fore af fi rm the di stri ct c o u r t’s ru lin g s a s to a ll f o u ris s u e s b e f

o r e u s . A FFI R M ED .28

A N D E R S O N , C i rc ui tJudg e: I c o n c u rin th e r e s u lt.