T.C. Memo. 2011-150

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

MINOR L. MCNEIL, Petitioner v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

MINOR LEE MCNEIL, Petitioner v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket Nos. 4176-10, 12004-10L.1 Filed June 28, 2011.

Minor Lee McNeil, pro se. 

G. Chad Barton, for respondent. 

MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION

LARO, Judge: By notices of deficiency dated February 3,

2010, respondent determined deficiencies and additions to tax in

petitioner’s 2006 and 2007 Federal income taxes as follows: 

1These cases were consolidated for purposes of trial,

briefing, and opinion.
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Additions to Tax

Year Deficiency Sec. 6651(a)(1) Sec. 6651(a)(2) Sec. 6654

2006 $16,479 $884 $648 $120

2007 15,007 1,842 860 338 

Respondent also determined that petitioner was liable for

penalties under section 6702(a)2 for filing frivolous 2006 and

2007 Federal income tax returns; penalties which petitioner has

yet to pay. By notice of determination dated May 11, 2010,

respondent’s Office of Appeals (Appeals) sustained a proposed

levy upon petitioner’s property to collect the unpaid frivolous

return penalties. Petitioner filed with the Court two separate

petitions, one in response to the notices of deficiency and the

second in response to the notice of determination. 

After concessions,3 we decide whether: (1) Petitioner had

unreported wages of $86,202 in 2006 and $59,145 in 2007; (2)

petitioner is liable for an addition to tax under section

6651(a)(1) for 2006 and 2007; (3) petitioner is liable for an

addition to tax under section 6651(a)(2) for 2006 and 2007; (4)

2Section references are to the applicable version of the

Internal Revenue Code (Code), and Rule references are to the Tax

Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. Some dollar amounts are

rounded.

3Respondent concedes that petitioner is not liable for an

addition to tax under sec. 6654 for 2006. As set forth in the

notice of deficiency at docket No. 4176-10, respondent also

determined that petitioner received $33 in dividends in 2006,

$16,829 from an individual retirement account in 2007, $25 in

interest in 2007, and $40 in qualified dividends in 2007. These

issues were not raised on brief or at trial and are deemed

conceded under Rule 34(b)(4). 
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petitioner is liable for an addition to tax under section 6654

for 2007; (5) respondent properly assessed section 6702 frivolous

return penalties against petitioner for 2006 and 2007; and (6)

Appeals abused its discretion in determining to proceed with

collection by levy of the frivolous return penalties. 

FINDINGS OF FACT

The parties did not file a written stipulation of facts. At

the time the petitions were filed, petitioner lived in Arkansas. 

During 2006 petitioner was paid wages of $86,202 for

services he performed as a nurse with Carolinas Healthcare System

(CHS). Continuing his work as a nurse during 2007, petitioner

was paid wages of $11,416 by CHS and $47,729 by the University of

Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS). Petitioner received Forms

W-2, Wage and Tax Statement, from CHS and UAMS for the wages he

received in 2006 and 2007. He does not dispute having received

these payments. 

On May 14, 2007, respondent received from petitioner a

purported income tax return for 2006. That purported return was

completed on a Form 1040EZ, Income Tax Return for Single and

Joint Filers With No Dependents, and reported zero income,

withholding of $12,553, and a $12,553 refund due to petitioner. 

On June 10, 2008, respondent received from petitioner a purported

income tax return for 2007. That purported return was completed

on a Form 1040EZ, and reported zero income, withholding of
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$6,822, and a $6,822 refund due to petitioner. Attached to the

purported 2006 and 2007 returns were Forms 4852, Substitute for

Form W-2, Wage and Tax Statement, which petitioner had prepared. 

Both Forms 4852 stated that petitioner had received no wages in

2006 and 2007 and that he made such a determination by reviewing

the Forms W-2 which he had received from CHS and UAMS. 

On October 14, 2008, respondent mailed to petitioner

separate letters which stated that respondent had determined that

petitioner’s purported 2006 and 2007 tax returns were frivolous

submissions. Respondent warned that a $5,000 penalty for each

year would be assessed against petitioner under section 6702 if

petitioner did not file corrected returns with respondent within

30 days. Petitioner did not file a corrected return for 2006 or

2007, and respondent assessed a $5,000 penalty against petitioner

for each year. 

Having not received corrected returns from petitioner for

2006 and 2007, respondent prepared a substitute for return on

petitioner’s behalf for each of those years. See sec. 6020(b). 

Petitioner has yet to pay the taxes reported as due on those

substitutes for returns. On February 3, 2010, respondent issued

to petitioner separate notices of deficiency for 2006 and 2007. 

Attached to the notices of deficiency were Forms 4549, Income Tax

Examination Changes, on which respondent calculated petitioner’s
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2006 and 2007 Federal taxable income using a filing status of

married filing separately. 

Following assessment of petitioner’s frivolous return

penalties for 2006 and 2007, respondent demanded payment from

petitioner to satisfy those liabilities by a separate letter for

each year on August 17, 2009. Respondent subsequently issued to

petitioner a Notice of Intent to Levy and Notice of Your Right to

a Hearing, with regard to those frivolous return penalties. 

Petitioner requested a collection due process (CDP) hearing with

Appeals by filing Form 12153, Request for a Collection Due

Process or Equivalent Hearing, in December 2009. On that Form

12153 petitioner stated that he disagreed with the proposed levy

because he “had no income”. He did not propose a collection

alternative to the proposed levy. 

On April 28, 2010, a settlement officer in Appeals held a

telephone hearing with petitioner. The settlement officer

confirmed with petitioner that the sole issue to be resolved in

the CDP hearing was whether petitioner had earned income in 2006

and 2007. The settlement officer noted that petitioner’s

purported 2006 and 2007 returns contained all zeros with the

exception of the section on which withholding was reported. The

settlement officer also determined that the purported 2006 and

2007 returns were frivolous. Petitioner continued to raise

frivolous arguments despite a warning from the settlement officer
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not to do so, and the settlement officer ended the CDP hearing. 

On May 11, 2010, respondent issued to petitioner a notice of

determination sustaining respondent’s proposed levy to collect

from petitioner the penalties under section 6702. 

Petitioner petitioned the Court separately in response to

the notices of deficiency and notice of determination. A trial

was held on January 11, 2011, during which petitioner was the

only witness to testify. 

OPINION

I. Petitioner’s Arguments

Petitioner advanced a number of frivolous claims in his

petition, at trial, and on brief. Similar arguments have been

considered and rejected by this Court and the U.S. Court of

Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, the court to which an appeal in

this case would normally lie. See, e.g., United States v.

Gerads, 999 F.2d 1255, 1256 (8th Cir. 1993); Funk v.

Commissioner, 687 F.2d 264, 265 (8th Cir. 1982), affg. per curiam

T.C. Memo. 1981-506; see also Avery v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.

2007-60, affd. 399 Fed. Appx. 195 (9th Cir. 2010). First,

petitioner argues that he is exempt from Federal income tax under

section 7806(b).4 He reads section 7806(b) to mean that tax laws

4Sec. 7806(b) provides that “No inference, implication, or

presumption of legislative construction shall be drawn or made by

reason of the location or grouping of any particular section or

provision or portion of * * * [the Code]”. 
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have no legal effect. We find this to be a patently incorrect

interpretation of section 7806 which garners no legal or logical

support. We hold without further comment that section 7806 does

not exempt petitioner from Federal income tax. 

Second, petitioner argues the notices of deficiency which

respondent issued to him are invalid because subtitle A of the

Code, which prescribes rules regarding the imposition of income

taxes, ended in 1954. Petitioner reads section 7851(a)(1) to

mean that subtitle A of the Code ended on the date it was

enacted.5 In so doing, petitioner misinterprets the law. 

Section 7851(a)(1)(C) provides that any provision of subtitle A

which is stated in terms of a specific date occurring after

December 31, 1953, “shall apply” to taxable years ending after

such date. See Holliday v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2005-240. 

Thus, we disagree with petitioner that the individual income tax

was repealed in 1954. 

Third, petitioner argues that he did not receive “wages” as

defined by applicable law. Courts have considered and repeatedly

rejected similar arguments as frivolous. See, e.g., United

States v. Gerads, supra at 1256; Funk v. Commissioner, supra at

265; Robert v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2010-40. As discussed

more fully below, we find that wages petitioner earned in 2006

5Sec. 7851(a)(1)(A) provides that subtit. A of the Code

applies only to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1953, and

ending after Aug. 16, 1954. 
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and 2007 are compensation for services contemplated by section 61

and taxable to him as income. 

Fourth, petitioner argues that documents which we declined

to admit into evidence were required to be admitted under the

Apostille Treaty.6 We understand petitioner to refer to the

Hague Convention Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for

Foreign Public Documents, art. 1, Oct. 5, 1961, 33 U.S.T. 883,

colloquially referred to as the Apostille Treaty (treaty). 

Article 1 of the treaty applies to public documents that were

executed in the territory of one contracting state and which must

be produced in the territory of another contracting state. Each

signatory country to a treaty is referred to as a contracting

state. See, e.g., Natl. Westminster Bank, PLC v. United States,

44 Fed. Cl. 120, 122 (1999). Contrary to petitioner’s assertion,

the United States is a contracting state to the treaty, but

Arkansas is not. Arkansas is a part of the United States and has

been since June 15, 1836, when it became the 25th State to join

the Union. Other than a brief secession during the Civil War,

Arkansas is and has remained a part of the United States. See

Little Rock, Ark., Arkansas Ordinance of Secession (May 6, 1861). 

Petitioner’s documents are outside the scope of the treaty. 

6Among the documents petitioner attempted to have admitted

were his pretrial memorandum, a press release dated Nov. 7, 2002,

a sworn statement by him dated Dec. 10, 2010, and notices of

intervention filed by an individual in the U.S. Court of Appeals

for the Tenth Circuit unrelated to these cases. 
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The balance of petitioner’s arguments are unintelligible

shopworn tax-protester rhetoric which we have considered and now

reject as baseless. We need not address these assertions with

somber reasoning and copious citation of precedent because to do

so might suggest that they have some colorable merit. Crain v.

Commissioner, 737 F.2d 1417, 1417-1418 (5th Cir. 1984); Williams

v. Commissioner, 114 T.C. 136, 139 (2000). 

II. Unreported Wage Income

The Commissioner’s determinations in a notice of deficiency

are generally presumed correct. Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S.

111, 115 (1933); Jones v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1994-230,

affd. without published opinion 68 F.3d 430 (4th Cir. 1995). 

Where, as here, the Commissioner determines that a taxpayer has

received unreported income, section 6201(d) requires the

Commissioner to supplement the information return with additional

reasonable and probative information in certain circumstances. 

Section 6201(d) applies if the taxpayer (1) asserts a reasonable

dispute with regard to income reported on an information return,

and (2) has fully cooperated with the Commissioner. Petitioner

has not alleged that section 6201(d) applies to this case, nor do

we find that he has fully cooperated with respondent.7

Accordingly, petitioner bears the burden of proof. 

7Petitioner does not assert, nor would we conclude, that the

burden of proof as to factual matters should shift to respondent

under sec. 7491(a). 
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Section 61(a) defines gross income as “all income from

whatever source derived, including (but not limited to) * * *

Compensation for services, including fees, commissions, fringe

benefits, and similar items”. Sec. 61(a)(1). Respondent relied

on third-party information returns to determine that petitioner

received wages of $86,202 and $59,415 in 2006 and 2007,

respectively. Respondent introduced at trial Forms W-2 provided

by CHS and UAMS and used by respondent to prepare the substitutes

for returns. Petitioner has not produced any credible evidence

to dispute his receipt of wages in 2006 or 2007. We therefore

sustain respondent’s determination that in 2006 and 2007

petitioner received wages of $86,202 and $59,415, respectively. 

III. Section 6651(a)(1) Addition to Tax

Section 6011 generally requires any person liable for tax to

make a return when required, and to set forth fully and clearly

the information required to be included on the return. See sec.

301.6011-1(b), Proced. & Admin. Regs. Among other requirements,

a valid return must contain sufficient information to enable the

Commissioner to calculate the taxpayer’s tax liability. See

Beard v. Commissioner, 82 T.C. 766, 777 (1984), affd. 793 F.2d

139 (6th Cir. 1986). It is well settled that a return comprising

mostly zeros does not provide, or evince an honest and reasonable

intent to provide, the Commissioner with adequate information to

calculate a taxpayer’s tax liability. See Holmes v.
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Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2011-31; see also United States v.

Grabinski, 727 F.2d 681, 687 (8th Cir. 1984). We thus treat the

filing of an invalid return as the equivalent of not filing a

return for purposes of section 6651(a)(1). See Cabirac v.

Commissioner, 120 T.C. 163, 169 (2003); Oman v. Commissioner,

T.C. Memo. 2010-276. 

Section 6651(a)(1) imposes an addition to tax for failure to

file a return by its due date, unless the taxpayer demonstrates

that the failure to file was due to reasonable cause and not due

to willful neglect. Reasonable cause may exist if a taxpayer

exercised ordinary business care and prudence and was nonetheless

unable to file the return within the time prescribed by law. 

Sec. 301.6651-1(c)(1), Proced. & Admin. Regs. Willful neglect

connotes a taxpayer’s “conscious, intentional failure or reckless

indifference” to timely file a return. United States v. Boyle,

469 U.S. 241, 245 (1985). The addition to tax equals 5 percent

for each month that the return is late, but may not exceed 25

percent in total. Sec. 6651(a)(1). 

Respondent bears the burden of production with respect to

the addition to tax under section 6651(a)(1). See sec. 7491(c);

Higbee v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. 438, 446-447 (2001). To meet

this burden, respondent must produce sufficient evidence that it

is appropriate to impose this addition to tax. Once respondent

has met his burden, the burden of proof as to reasonable cause or
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other mitigating factors shifts to petitioner. See Higbee v.

Commissioner, supra at 447. 

Respondent introduced evidence at trial that petitioner

submitted purported returns for 2006 and 2007 comprising mostly

zeros. The Forms 4852 which petitioner attached to those

purported returns similarly lacked sufficient information which

would allow respondent to compute petitioner’s tax liabilities. 

We find that petitioner’s purported returns were not valid for

purposes of section 6651(a)(1) because they did not include the

necessary information to calculate petitioner’s Federal income

tax liabilities. Respondent has therefore met his burden of

production as to the section 6651(a)(1) addition to tax. 

Petitioner has not offered any credible reason for his failure to

file valid returns for 2006 and 2007, and he has not produced any

evidence to establish the existence of reasonable cause that

would otherwise excuse his failure to file valid returns for

those years. To the con6+trary, petitioner’s tax-protester

rhetoric leads us to conclude that his failure to file valid 2006

and 2007 returns was conscious, intentional, and recklessly

indifferent. We therefore hold petitioner liable for additions

to tax under section 6651(a)(1) for 2006 and 2007. 

IV. Section 6651(a)(2) Addition to Tax

Section 6651(a)(2) generally imposes an addition to tax for

a failure to pay timely the amount of tax shown on a Federal
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income tax return. Because petitioner did not file a valid

Federal income tax return for 2006 or 2007, respondent prepared

substitutes for returns for those years. A return prepared by

the Commissioner in compliance with section 6020(b) is treated as

a return filed by the taxpayer for purposes of section

6651(a)(2). See sec. 6651(g)(2); Wheeler v. Commissioner, 127

T.C. 200, 208-209 (2006), affd. 521 F.3d 1289 (10th Cir. 2008);

see also Smith v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2000-290. 

At trial respondent introduced copies of the substitutes for

returns which were prepared on petitioner’s behalf and certified

that those substitutes for returns were valid under section

6020(b). Respondent also included copies of the Forms 4549 on

which petitioner’s income tax liabilities were calculated and

account transcripts which proved that petitioner had made no

payments against his 2006 or 2007 tax liability other than

amounts withheld by CHS and UAMS. Accordingly, we find that

respondent produced sufficient evidence that petitioner is liable

for an addition to tax under section 6651(a)(2). 

Petitioner does not allege that his failure to pay was due

to reasonable cause and not willful neglect. See sec.

6651(a)(2). Nor did he establish that he exercised ordinary

business care or that he would have suffered undue hardship if

made to pay his tax liability. See sec. 301.6651-1(c)(1),

Proced. & Admin. Regs. Moreover, we find that petitioner acted
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with reckless indifference by declining to pay his 2006 and 2007

taxes even though he earned more than $145,000 during those

years. Therefore, we hold that petitioner is liable for an

addition to tax under section 6651(a)(2) for 2006 and 2007. 

V. Section 6654(a) Addition to Tax

Section 6654(a) imposes an addition to tax on an individual

taxpayer who underpays a required installment of estimated tax. 

That addition to tax is determined by reference to four required

installment payments of the taxpayer’s estimated tax liability. 

Sec. 6654(c)(1). For a taxpayer to avoid an addition to tax

under section 6654, each required installment of estimated tax

must equal 25 percent of the “required annual payment.” Sec.

6654(d)(1)(A). Where no return is filed in the preceding year,

the required annual payment is equal to 90 percent of the tax

shown on the taxpayer’s return for the current year (or, if no

return is filed, 90 percent of the tax due for such year). Sec.

6654(d)(1)(B). Respondent must prove that imposition of the

section 6654 addition to tax is appropriate. See sec. 7491(c). 

Respondent introduced evidence at trial which proved that

petitioner was required to file a Federal income tax return for

2007, that he did not file a valid 2007 return, and that he did

not make any estimated tax payments for 2007. Included among

that evidence was a Form 4549 and an explanation of the estimated

tax penalty. Petitioner does not assert, and we do not find,
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that any of the statutory exceptions in section 6654(e) applies

to eliminate petitioner’s liability for an addition to tax under

section 6654(a). Accordingly, we hold that petitioner is liable

for an addition to tax under section 6654 for 2007. 

VI. Section 6702 Penalties

Respondent determined that petitioner was liable for

penalties under section 6702 for filing frivolous Federal income

tax returns for 2006 and 2007. An Appeals settlement officer

later upheld respondent’s proposed levy to collect that

liability. We review the determination de novo where a taxpayer

did not receive a notice of deficiency or did not otherwise have

an opportunity to dispute the underlying liability. See Lunsford

v. Commissioner, 117 T.C. 183, 185 (2001). Where the underlying

tax liability is not at issue, we review the determination for

abuse of discretion. See Sego v. Commissioner, 114 T.C. 604, 610

(2000). Because petitioner did not receive a notice of

deficiency with regard to the section 6702 penalties or otherwise

have an opportunity to dispute that liability, we review

petitioner’s liability for those penalties de novo. See Callahan

v. Commissioner, 130 T.C. 44, 49 (2008); Blaga v. Commissioner,

T.C. Memo. 2010-170. 

Section 6702 authorizes the Commissioner to impose a $5,000

penalty against a taxpayer where: (i) The taxpayer files a

purported income tax return; (ii) the purported return lacks the
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information needed for the Commissioner to judge the substantial

correctness of the self-assessment; and (iii) the taxpayer’s

position is frivolous or demonstrates a desire to delay or impede

the administration of Federal income tax laws. See sec.

6702(a)(1) and (2). The Commissioner, pursuant to his authority

under section 6702(c), has identified the following positions as

frivolous: Compliance with the internal revenue laws is

voluntary or optional and not required by law, and wages and

other compensation received for the performance of personal

services are not taxable income. See Notice 2007-30, 2007-14

I.R.B. 883; see also Thornberry v. Commissioner, 136 T.C. __, __

(2011) (slip op. at 20-21). Respondent bears the burden of

proving petitioner’s liability for a penalty imposed under

section 6702. See sec. 6703(a). 

At trial respondent introduced evidence which showed that

petitioner’s submissions purport to be returns, do not contain

information on which the substantial correctness of the selfassessments may be determined, and contain information that on

its face indicates that the self-assessments are substantially

incorrect. See sec. 6702(a). Petitioner’s purported returns

were based on positions which the Secretary has previously

identified as frivolous under section 6702(c). Respondent also

warned petitioner in letters that his returns were frivolous, but

petitioner ignored those warnings and declined to file corrected
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returns. Instead, petitioner continued to advance frivolous taxprotester rhetoric. Therefore, we sustain respondent’s findings

set forth in the notice of determination that petitioner is

liable for frivolous return penalties under section 6702.

We now decide whether respondent abused his discretion in

determining to proceed with collection by levy of the frivolous

return penalties. Petitioner bears the burden of proving that

Appeals’ determination to sustain the proposed levy was

arbitrary, capricious, or without sound basis in fact or law. 

See Rule 142(a); Blaga v. Commissioner, supra. Petitioner did

not meet his burden of proof because he merely recited the

frivolous arguments which he asserted at the CDP hearing. We

find that Appeals’ settlement officer fully complied with his

obligations to petitioner under section 6330. He verified that

all of the requirements of any applicable law or administrative

procedure were met and that the proposed levy action

appropriately balanced the need for efficient collection of taxes

with petitioner’s concerns that the levy be no more intrusive

than necessary. We therefore conclude that respondent did not

abuse his discretion in determining to collect frivolous return

penalties for 2006 and 2007 by levy upon petitioner’s property. 

We have considered all arguments made by petitioner in

reaching our decision, and to the extent not discussed we

conclude they are irrelevant, moot, or without merit. 
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To reflect the foregoing, 

Appropriate decisions

will be entered.