NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

 v. 

ANDRE BROWN, AKA Dre, AKA Gay 

Dre, AKA King Dre,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 19-50025

D.C. No. 2:13-cr-00822-ODW-2

 

MEMORANDUM*

UNITED STATES 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

 v. 

ANTHONY WILSON, AKA Ankey,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 19-50037

D.C. No. 2:13-cr-00822-ODW-3

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Central District of California

Otis D. Wright, II, United States District Judge, Presiding.

Argued and Submitted September 1, 2020

Pasadena, California

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

FILED

SEP 22 2020

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2

Before: IKUTA and BENNETT, Circuit Judges, and WOODLOCK,

** District 

Judge.

A jury convicted Andre Brown and Anthony Wilson of conspiring to 

manufacture, distribute, and possess with intent to distribute Phencyclidine (PCP), 

and illegally possessing a listed chemical, Piperidine, under 21 U.S.C. § 846. 

Brown was also convicted of distribution and possession with intent to distribute 

PCP, under 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B)(iv). The district court sentenced 

Brown to 150 months and Wilson to 204 months. They both appeal their 

convictions, and Brown also appeals his sentence. We have jurisdiction under 28 

U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742, and we affirm. 

1. The district court did not err in denying Wilson’s motion to suppress 

the evidence obtained from the search of his SUV. We review “reasonable 

suspicion determinations de novo” and “findings of historical fact for clear error,” 

while “giving ‘due weight to inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges 

and local law enforcement officers,’” United States v. Valdes-Vega, 738 F.3d 1074, 

1077 (9th Cir. 2013) (en banc) (quoting United States v. Cotterman, 709 F.3d 952, 

968 (9th Cir. 2013) (en banc)). Not every encounter with the police is a search or 

seizure. United States v. Washington, 490 F.3d 765, 770 (9th Cir. 2007). A seizure 

occurs only when a reasonable person would believe he was not free to go based 

** The Honorable Douglas P. Woodlock, United States District Judge 

for the District of Massachusetts, sitting by designation.
3

on police conduct. Id. at 769. Here, nothing in the record supports Wilson’s 

assertion that the officers made any “show of authority” during their initial 

approach. Nor does the record show that the officers turned on their sirens or 

lights, brandished their flashlights, or touched their weapons when starting the 

encounter. See id. at 770. Rather, the officers pulled up behind Wilson’s SUV, did 

not block it, and simply walked up to the SUV to speak with the occupants. There 

was no seizure for Fourth Amendment purposes. Once the conversation began, the 

officers smelled a strong odor they believed to be PCP coming from the clothes of 

Wilson and his passenger. A strong PCP smell also permeated the neighborhood, 

and someone bolted from the backyard of the house next to Wilson’s parked SUV 

as the officers approached the SUV prior to the conversation. Even if the initial 

conversation later turned into a seizure during the encounter, the officers had more 

than reasonable suspicion for an investigatory stop from smelling a PCP odor 

coming from the clothes of the SUV’s occupants.

1 See United States v. Johnson, 

913 F.3d 793, 801 (9th Cir. 2019) (officer had probable cause to search the car 

during a stop after smelling marijuana while first approaching the car), vacated on 

1 And any potential error here was harmless. The jury acquitted Wilson of the PCP 

possession charge based on the stop. Setting aside the evidence recovered from the 

SUV, the other evidence of Wilson’s involvement in the conspiracy was 

overwhelming. Thus, there is “a fair assurance that the verdict” on the conspiracy 

charge “was not substantially swayed by the error.” See United States v. Chase, 

340 F.3d 978, 993 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc) (citation omitted) (non-constitutional 

evidentiary errors are subject to harmless error analysis). 
4

other grounds, 140 S. Ct. 440 (2019). Though Brown argues the PCP smell could 

have come from the neighborhood and not the car, reasonable suspicion does not 

require the officers to “rule out the possibility of innocent conduct.” Valdes-Vega, 

738 F.3d at 1078-79 (citation omitted).

2. Wilson and Brown next contend that the district court erred in

denying their suppression motion because the government failed to show necessity 

for the wiretaps. We review “de novo whether an application for a wiretap order is 

supported by a full and complete statement of the facts,” and then for abuse of 

discretion a district court’s “conclusion that the wiretap was necessary.” United 

States v. Rivera, 527 F.3d 891, 898 (9th Cir. 2008). We find no error here.

Both the 51-page affidavit for Brown’s phone, and the 77-page affidavit for 

Wilson’s phone, “adequately describe[d] the DEA’s use of various investigative 

techniques” during the investigation, “explain[ed] why those techniques did not 

achieve the purposes of the investigation and explain[ed] why the DEA did not use 

other investigative techniques because they were deemed unlikely to achieve those 

purposes,” id. For example, Agent Zapata adequately explained why a search of 

Brown’s residence was not effective, and why the confidential informant could not 

be used, before obtaining a wiretap on Wilson’s phone. See id. at 898-99. The 

affidavits contained a full and complete statement of the facts.
5

The district court did not abuse its discretion in its necessity findings. Like 

in Rivera, “the DEA conducted far more than a cursory investigation before 

applying for [each] wiretap,” id. at 903, including the use of confidential 

informants, undercover agents, physical surveillance, pole cameras, pen registers, 

search warrants, trash searches, and financial investigations. While the government 

generally cannot use a wiretap as “the initial step in the investigation,” it “need not 

exhaust every conceivable alternative before obtaining” one. Id. at 902 (quotation 

marks and citation omitted).

3. Wilson also asserts the government violated his Sixth Amendment 

and statutory rights to a speedy trial. We review both claims de novo, but review 

“the court’s underlying factual findings for clear error.” United States v. Sutcliffe, 

505 F.3d 944, 956 (9th Cir. 2007).

The district court did not err in finding the trial delay did not violate 

Wilson’s Sixth Amendment right. In reaching this conclusion we consider four

factors: “[1] whether delay before trial was uncommonly long, [2] whether the 

government or the criminal defendant is more to blame for that delay, [3] whether, 

in due course, the defendant asserted his right to a speedy trial, and [4] whether he 

suffered prejudice as the delay’s result.” Doggett v. United States, 505 U.S. 647, 

651 (1992) (citing Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530 (1972)). 
6

The length of delay is a threshold factor⎯Wilson must show the delay is 

“presumptively prejudicial” for the court to then consider and weigh the other three 

factors. See United States v. Myers, 930 F.3d 1113, 1119 (9th Cir. 2019). Because 

Wilson fashioned his Sixth Amendment claim before the district court and in his 

opening brief by focusing only on the 14-month delay between his arrest and trial, 

we do not consider the nearly four years between the indictment and his arrest.

2

We find this factor slightly favors Wilson, because, even for complex cases like 

this one, a 14-month delay has been found to be sufficient to meet the threshold. 

See, e.g., United States v. Tanh Huu Lam, 251 F.3d 852, 856-57 (9th Cir. 2001).

The second factor is linked to the first and focuses on “the reason the 

government assigns to justify the delay.” Myers, 930 F.3d at 1119 (citation 

omitted). Here, the district court twice delayed the trial date because an

overwhelming majority of Wilson’s co-defendants sought continuances to prepare 

for trial. Cf. id. at 1119-20 (“[G]ood-faith, reasonable justification for the delay 

such as a missing witness, or a meritorious interlocutory appeal will weigh less

2 When the defendant is indicted before arrest, “[t]he delay is measured from the 

time of indictment to the time of trial.” Myers, 930 F.3d at 1119; see also United 

States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307, 313 (1971) (Sixth Amendment right attaches from 

the time “the putative defendant in some way becomes an ‘accused’” such as when 

an indictment is filed). But we will not consider arguments not raised in the 

opening brief or issues not raised before the district court. See Smith v. Marsh, 194 

F.3d 1045, 1052 (9th Cir. 1999) (“arguments not raised by a party in its opening 

brief are deemed waived”). 
7

heavily against the government or not weigh against the government at all.”). And 

during this time Wilson himself contributed to the delay by seeking pretrial rulings, 

including Faretta hearings, which led to the appointment of new counsel. Thus, we 

find this factor is neutral. 

Third, Wilson did assert his right to a speedy trial by moving to dismiss the 

indictment. But we weigh his timely assertion against his conduct, which included 

multiple Faretta hearing requests, including on the first morning of trial. See 

Sutcliffe, 505 F.3d at 957. These requests, one of which led to new trial counsel, 

contributed to the delay. Thus, the factor only weighs slightly in Wilson’s favor.

Finally, we find Wilson suffered minimal prejudice, and this factor weighs 

heavily against him. Wilson must show actual prejudice. Myers, 930 F.3d at 1120 

(noting the three ways to show actual prejudice are (1) “oppressive pretrial 

incarceration”; (2) “anxiety and concern of the accused” and (3) “the possibility 

that the defense will be impaired” (citation omitted)). Wilson primarily argued 

before the district court and on appeal that he was prejudiced because he was 

unable to locate two eyewitnesses that were willing to testify about his midnight 

encounter with the police in his SUV. He also briefly argues he was prejudiced 

because he was incarcerated for 14 months and the incarceration increased his 

anxiety and preexisting back pain.
8

The district court did not clearly err in finding that he was not prejudiced 

from being unable to locate the witnesses. See United States v. Guerrero, 756 F.2d 

1342, 1350 (9th Cir. 1984) (defendant did not “sufficiently show[] any causal 

relationship between the delay and the unavailability of two witnesses” that were 

allegedly with him “on the day of the robbery” because he “did not have these 

witnesses under subpoena” and “made no attempt to keep in touch with them”). 

Nor has Wilson shown that the 14-month incarceration or associated anxiety and 

back pain was more than minimally prejudicial. See Barker, 407 U.S. at 534 

(finding defendant suffered minimal prejudice when he spent 10 months in jail 

before trial and spent four years on bond “under a cloud of suspicion and anxiety”). 

This was a complex conspiracy case that at first involved almost 40 co-defendants,

and Wilson has not shown that he suffered more than minimal prejudice from the 

14-month incarceration during the trial delay. The government thus did not violate 

Wilson’s Sixth Amendment speedy trial right.

The government also did not violate Wilson’s statutory speedy trial right 

under 18 U.S.C. § 3161, the Speedy Trial Act. The Act requires that trial 

commence within 70 days of Wilson’s first appearance but permits the trial court 

to exclude time. See United States v. Butz, 982 F.2d 1378, 1381 (9th Cir. 1993).

The trial court did not clearly err in excluding time while twice continuing the trial. 

See id. (reasonable to grant continuance for large scale conspiracy involving nine 
9

defendants, 29-count indictment and “hundreds of hours of tape time”). Nor was 

this delay unreasonable given the number of defendants and the complexity of the 

case. See United States v. Lewis, 611 F.3d 1172, 1176 (9th Cir. 2010) (noting that 

the district court’s reasons must satisfy 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(7) and also be 

reasonable under § 3161(h)(6)). Here, applying a totality of the circumstances 

approach, see Lewis, 611 F.3d at 1177, the time allowed for the two continuances 

was reasonable. The first continuance was about 8 months, and granted after 11 of 

15 remaining co-defendants sought the continuance because of the complex nature 

of the case. See id. (addition of two codefendants made a one and a half month 

delay reasonable). The second continuance was for less than four months, and was 

granted after 4 of the remaining 6 co-defendants sought the continuance to prepare 

for trial given the complexity of the conspiracy case.3 And Wilson cannot show 

that he suffered actual prejudice during this delay. 

Thus, the district court did not err in denying Wilson’s motion to dismiss the 

indictment.

4. The district court did not abuse its discretion in allowing Agent 

Zapata to provide lay opinion testimony. See United States v. Barragan, 871 F.3d 

689, 704 (9th Cir. 2017). Many of the instances that Brown identifies in the briefs 

3 Brown also objected to the continuance, but his new trial counsel told the court he 

could not be ready for the trial in time. 
10

and at oral argument of alleged expert testimony fall comfortably within the types 

of lay opinions law enforcement officers can offer by drawing on their “wealth of 

personal information, experience, and education.” United States v. Gadson, 763 

F.3d 1189, 1208 (9th Cir. 2014). Our precedents firmly allow an agent to interpret 

coded language and phone calls based on his experience with the investigation and 

familiarity with the calls. See Barragan, 871 F.3d at 704. And Brown does not 

explain how he was prejudiced by the specific instances of supposed expert or 

unhelpful testimony he identifies in his briefs. The overwhelming evidence linking 

Brown to the conspiracy makes any error in allowing stray expert statements 

harmless.

5. The district court did not err, much less plainly err, in not giving a sua 

sponte dual role instruction for Agent Zapata’s testimony. Agent Zapata only 

testified as a lay witness, not an expert, and Brown has cited no case that requires a 

dual role instruction in such a circumstance. 

6. The district court also did not err by not giving a multiple conspiracies 

instruction. While we have not been consistent as to the proper standard in

“reviewing the district court’s refusal to give a multiple conspiracies instruction 

when the parties dispute whether there was sufficient evidence to support such an 

instruction,” United States v. Job, 871 F.3d 852, 867 (9th Cir. 2017) (collecting 
11

cases applying both abuse of discretion and de novo review), we need not resolve 

the inconsistency because the claim fails on de novo review. 

A multiple conspiracies instruction is required only if there is sufficient 

evidence to support the instruction. Id. Here there was insufficient evidence that

Wilson and Brown were participating in a conspiracy separate from the one 

charged in the indictment. See id. (evidence is sufficient “to support a multiple 

conspiracies instruction . . . whe[n] a jury could reasonably conclude that some of 

the defendants were only involved in separate conspiracies unrelated to the overall 

conspiracy charged in the indictment” (citation omitted)). 

7. Finally, Wilson argues that the district court erred in not giving a 

buyer-seller jury instruction.

4 See United States v. Moe, 781 F.3d 1120, 1123 (9th 

Cir. 2015). To reverse we must, at a minimum, find that the jury instructions 

“considered in their entirety, fail[ed] to cover the defense theory.” Id. at 1127-28. 

But here the jury instructions were identical to those found sufficient in Moe. Id. at 

1128. And like in Moe, the only other crime with which Wilson was charged did 

not relate to his sale of PCP to a co-conspirator. Id. Wilson was also acquitted of 

this non-conspiracy charge (possession with intent to distribute), further reducing 

the possibility that the jury was confused between the two charges. We presume 

4 We assume that Wilson’s claim was sufficiently preserved based on Mangram’s

objection to the lack of a buyer-seller instruction. See United States v. Brown, 562 

F.2d 1144, 1147 n.1 (9th Cir. 1977).
12

the jury followed the instructions and find that “[t]he instructions as a whole 

accurately informed the jury that a conspiracy could not be found based only on 

the sales.” Id. 

8. Brown challenges the sufficiency of the evidence for his conviction of 

possession with intent to distribute under 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). Reviewing de 

novo, we apply “the well-known standard developed by the Supreme Court in 

Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979).” United States v. Garrison, 888 F.3d 

1057, 1063-64 (9th Cir. 2018). 

Viewing the phone calls and Agent Zapata’s testimony in the light most 

favorable to the prosecution, there is sufficient evidence for “a rational trier of 

fact” to conclude that Brown knowingly distributed PCP to the confidential 

informant. See United States v. Lemus, 847 F.3d 1016, 1021-22 (9th Cir. 2016). 

9. Brown also challenges the reasonableness of his sentence. Reviewing 

for abuse of discretion, we will “reverse only if the [district] court applied an 

incorrect legal rule or if the sentence was illogical, implausible, or without support 

in inferences that may be drawn from the facts in the record.” United States v. 

Martinez-Lopez, 864 F.3d 1034, 1043-44 (9th Cir. 2017) (en banc) (citation and 

quotation marks omitted). The district court properly considered the 18 U.S.C. § 

3553(a) factors, and adequately explained the sentence it selected, after 

considering potential sentencing disparities. 
13

Brown’s recommended sentencing guidelines range was 324 to 405 months.

Nothing in the record suggests that the actual 150-month sentence was “illogical, 

implausible, or” unsupported by the record. Id. at 1043 (citation omitted). 

AFFIRMED.