NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

In re: STERLING G. HIGASHI, 

Debtor, 

______________________________ 

HALE TAKAZAWA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

 v. 

STERLING G. HIGASHI, 

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 17-16844 

D.C. No. 1:16-cv-00368-LEK 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Hawaii

Leslie E. Kobayashi, District Judge, Presiding

Submitted February 14, 2019**

Honolulu, Hawaii

Before: TALLMAN, BYBEE, and N. RANDY SMITH, Circuit Judges.

 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision 

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

FILED

FEB 19 2019

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
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Chapter 7 debtor Sterling Higashi appeals the bankruptcy court’s 

determination after trial in an adversary proceeding that Hale Takazawa’s claim 

against Higashi arising out of a promissory note (and the eventual state court 

judgment) was not dischargeable under section 523(a)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code. 

The district court affirmed the judgment. We also affirm.

We review de novo the bankruptcy court’s conclusions of law and for clear 

error its findings of fact. Jones v. U.S. Trustee, 736 F.3d 897, 899 (9th Cir. 2013). 

Whether a claim is not dischargeable under section 523(a) is a mixed question of 

law and fact reviewed de novo. In re Hamada, 291 F.3d 645, 649 (9th Cir. 2002). 

But an individual “finding of whether a requisite element of [a section]

523(a)(2)(A) claim is present is a factual determination reviewed for clear 

error.” In re Anastas, 94 F.3d 1280, 1283, 1286–87 (9th Cir. 1996). We review 

the bankruptcy court’s decision independently, without deference to the district 

court. Jones, 736 F.3d at 899. 

The bankruptcy court did not err in finding that Takazawa and his 

predecessor-in-interest, Active Sportswear, Inc., justifiably relied on Higashi’s 

misrepresentation that his wife signed the promissory note. The evidence clearly 

supports that conclusion. Nothing in the promissory note revealed any 

misrepresentation—there was no duty to investigate the veracity of the signature 

here. See Field v. Mans, 516 U.S. 59, 70–71, 77 (1995) (holding a creditor had no 
3 

duty to investigate under the justifiable reliance standard). The promissory note 

did not need to be recorded or secured to be enforceable. See IndyMac Bank v. 

Miguel, 184 P.3d 821, 835 (Haw. Ct. App. 2008), as corrected (July 17, 2008)

(citing Bank of Honolulu, N.A. v. Anderson, 654 P.2d 1370, 1375 (Haw. Ct. App. 

1982)) (providing the elements to enforce commercial paper).

The bankruptcy court also did not err in finding that the misrepresentation

proximately caused damages. The damages caused by the forgery stem from what 

would have happened if Higashi’s wife had signed the promissory note as Higashi

represented. Had she signed it, Takazawa could have sued her, received a 

judgment, and collected on any assets she has. Because she did not sign it, 

Takazawa was unable to enforce the judgment against her and was thereby

damaged. The parties’ state-court settlement agreement neither (1) created issue or 

claim preclusion in any relevant way in the adversary proceeding, nor (2) somehow 

precludes a hypothetical lawsuit against Higashi’s wife to eliminate damages here. 

See Archer v. Warner, 538 U.S. 314, 323 (2003) (settlement agreement does not 

bar a creditor from a non-dischargeability finding under section 523(a)(2) where 

the settlement debt was incurred by false representation). 

To the extent Higashi argues anything else on either issue, we reject those 

arguments as meritless. 

AFFIRMED.