If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to 

revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

-1-

S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

KELLY DOUGHERTY, Individually

and as Personal Representative of the

ESTATE OF KEVIN MCGRIFF, JR.,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

UNPUBLISHED

December 21, 2021

v No. 354624

Wayne Circuit Court

CITY OF DETROIT and DETROIT FIRE 

DEPARTMENT,

LC No. 18-012675-NO

Defendants,

and

SERGEANT ROGER HARPER,

Defendant-Appellant.

Before: K. F. KELLY, P.J., and JANSEN and RICK, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

This case arises out of a fire and subsequent tragic death of plaintiff’s son, Kevin McGriff, 

Jr. Plaintiff alleged that defendant Sergeant Roger Harper, a Detroit Fire Department (DFD)

firefighter,1negligently caused the death of McGriff and negligently inflicted emotional distress 

upon her by failing to locate him after a house fire.

2

 Defendant contended he was entitled to 

 

1 Sergeant Harper is an employee of the DFD in the city of Detroit (the City). While DFD and the 

City were defendants below, the trial court granted summary disposition in their favor and plaintiff 

did not appeal those decisions. Therefore, only Sergeant Harper is a party to this appeal.

2 On appeal, defendant disputes that plaintiff raised a claim of “negligent or intentional infliction 

of emotional distress” in the complaint. However, the third amended complaint asserts, in relevant 

part, that plaintiff suffered emotional distress as a result of defendant’s conduct.
-2-

summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) because he was entitled to governmental immunity 

under the governmental tort liability act (GTLA), MCL 691.1401 et seq. The trial court denied 

summary disposition to defendant, finding he was not entitled to governmental immunity under 

the GTLA because evidence suggested that his conduct amounted to gross negligence and was the 

proximate cause of McGriff’s death. Defendant now appeals as of right. We reverse the order 

denying summary disposition to defendant and remand for entry of an order granting summary 

disposition to defendant under MCR 2.116(C)(7).

I. BACKGROUND

This case arises out of a fire that occurred on March 5, 2018, at McGriff’s house, where 

McGriff’s deceased body was found in the kitchen five days later. At approximately 5:00 a.m. on 

the day of the fire, McGriff’s father left the house while McGriff was sleeping in bed. At 

approximately 8:25 a.m., DFD dispatched firefighters to extinguish a fire at the house. Defendant 

was one of the first firefighters to arrive at the house, arriving approximately five minutes after the 

dispatch call. Defendant ordered firefighters to begin extinguishing the fire and search the house. 

After firefighters reported to defendant that there were no bodies or fire in the basement, defendant 

entered the house and began searching it himself. Once he concluded his search of the second 

floor and found no bodies there, defendant and another firefighter began inspecting the dining 

room and kitchen on the first floor. Although defendant could not confirm whether anyone else 

searched the kitchen before him, multiple firefighters reported that they were in the kitchen 

extinguishing a fire before defendant entered. Defendant asserted that the kitchen was well lit and 

clear of smoke when defendant searched it. Defendant reported that he was able to clearly see the 

areas in front of the lower kitchen cupboards and saw no bodies in the room. Other firefighters 

also searched the kitchen after defendant and also did not find McGriff’s body. After defendant 

completed his search of the house and was satisfied that all other searches were completed, he 

informed DFD dispatch that the house was cleared of any individuals.

Later that day, DFD informed McGriff’s father that firefighters did not locate anyone inside 

the house. McGriff’s father then searched the city for his missing son for five days until McGriff’s 

body was discovered in the kitchen huddled by the stove. The medical examiner determined that 

McGriff died as a result of smoke and soot inhalation and thermal burns. Although defendant 

maintained he did not see the body in the kitchen during his search and did not know how the body 

ended up there, DFD disciplined defendant for failing to supervise a proper search of the house.

Following several amendments of the complaint and summary disposition proceedings 

involving the city of Detroit (the City) and DFD, plaintiff filed a complaint against the City and 

defendant, alleging that defendant negligently caused McGriff’s death and caused severe 

emotional distress to plaintiff. The City and defendant moved for summary disposition, arguing 

they were immune from liability on the basis of governmental immunity because defendant owed 

no duty to McGriff or plaintiff and defendant’s conduct was neither grossly negligent nor the 

proximate cause of McGriff’s death. Plaintiff opposed summary disposition, arguing that

defendant was not entitled to governmental immunity because his conduct was grossly negligent 
-3-

and a jury could find that he was the proximate cause of McGriff’s death.3 After a hearing on the 

matter, the trial court concluded that defendant’s failure to locate McGriff’s body was 

circumstantial evidence demonstrating that his conduct was reckless enough to constitute gross 

negligence and was a proximate cause of McGriff’s death. Consequently, the trial court found 

defendant was not entitled to governmental immunity and denied summary disposition to 

defendant.

II. DISCUSSION

Defendant argues the trial court erred by denying him summary disposition because he was 

entitled to governmental immunity under the GTLA. Specifically, defendant argues that plaintiff 

failed to establish that defendant owed any legal duty, that there existed a question of fact as to 

whether defendant’s conduct was grossly negligent, and that defendant’s conduct was the 

proximate cause of McGriff’s death. We agree.

A. STANDARD OF REVIEW AND BACKGROUND LAW

This Court reviews de novo the applicability of governmental immunity and a trial court’s 

decision regarding a motion for summary disposition. Ray v Swager, 501 Mich 52, 61-62; 903 

NW2d 366 (2017). “[W]hether a party owes an actionable legal duty is a question of law” that

this Court also reviews de novo. Downs v Saperstein Assoc Corp, 265 Mich App 696, 699; 697 

NW2d 190 (2005). When deciding whether a claim is barred under MCR 2.116(C)(7) on the basis 

of immunity granted by law, “a trial court should examine all documentary evidence submitted by 

the parties, accept all well-pleaded allegations as true, and construe all evidence and pleadings in 

the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Clay v Doe, 311 Mich App 359, 362; 876 NW2d 

248 (2015) (cleaned up). “Although questions regarding whether a governmental employee’s 

conduct constituted gross negligence are generally questions of fact for the jury, if reasonable 

minds could not differ, summary disposition may be granted.” Wood v Detroit, 323 Mich App 

416, 424; 917 NW2d 709 (2018).

Under the GTLA, governmental employees are “generally immune from tort liability when 

they are engaged in the exercise or discharge of a governmental function.” Ray, 501 Mich at 62. 

One exception under the GTLA is in MCL 691.1407(2), which provides, in pertinent part:

[E]ach . . . employee of a governmental agency . . . is immune from tort liability for 

an injury to a person or damage to property caused by the . . . employee . . . while 

in the course of employment . . . if all of the following are met:

(a) The . . . employee . . . is acting or reasonably believes he or she is acting 

within the scope of his or her authority.

 

3 Before the trial court had resolved the City’s and defendant’s motion for summary disposition, 

plaintiff filed an amended complaint that removed the City as a party.
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(b) The governmental agency is engaged in the exercise or discharge of a 

governmental function.

(c) The . . . employee’s . . . conduct does not amount to gross negligence 

that is the proximate cause of the injury or damage.

Neither party disputes that subdivisions (a) and (b) under MCL 691.1407(2) are met in this case. 

Therefore, the applicability of governmental immunity to defendant depends on whether his 

conduct was grossly negligent and the proximate cause of McGriff’s death. See 

MCL 691.1407(2)(c). The GTLA defines gross negligence as “conduct so reckless as to 

demonstrate a substantial lack of concern for whether an injury results.” MCL 691.1407(8)(a). 

The GTLA thus protects governmental employees that are not grossly negligent from “all legal 

responsibility arising from a noncontractual civil wrong for which a remedy may be obtained in 

the form of compensatory damages.” In re Bradley Estate, 494 Mich 367, 385; 835 NW2d 545 

(2013). The governmental employee bears the burden of raising and proving his or her entitlement 

to immunity as an affirmative defense. Ray, 501 Mich at 62. Under the GTLA, which both parties 

agree controls here, a governmental employee is entitled to governmental immunity against a claim 

of negligence involving a wrongful death when the employee owed no duty to the plaintiff, Downs, 

265 Mich App at 699, his or her conduct was not grossly negligent, Wood, 323 Mich App at 424, 

or his or her conduct was not the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injuries, Ray, 501 Mich at 64-

65.

B. DEFENDANT OWED NO LEGAL DUTY

Under the GTLA, a governmental employee is entitled to governmental immunity, and, 

thus, summary disposition, if the plaintiff fails to establish that the employee owed a duty in tort. 

Downs, 265 Mich App at 699. Generally, “[a] duty may be created expressly by statute, or it may 

arise under the common law.” Id. Firefighters are not held to the public-duty doctrine imposed 

upon police officers. Beaudrie v Henderson, 465 Mich 124, 134; 631 NW2d 308 (2001).4

Additionally, the GTLA does not create any duty. See id. at 139 n 12. Therefore, a plaintiff must 

establish that the governmental employee owed him or her a common-law duty “without regard to 

the defendant’s status as a government employee.” Id. at 134.

Whether a common law duty exists is dependent on “the relationship of the parties, the 

foreseeability of the harm, the burden on the defendant, and the nature of the risk presented.” 

Murdock v Higgins, 454 Mich 46, 53; 559 NW2d 639 (1997). There is no general duty obligating 

one person to aid or protect another unless there exists some sufficiently strong “special 

relationship” between the parties that requires a defendant to protect an injured party. Id. at 54. A 

special relationship exists only where one party “entrust[ed] himself [or herself] to the protection 

 

4 Under the public-duty doctrine, a police officer owes a duty to protect the public as a whole—

not any one particular individual. Beaudrie, 465 Mich at 131. Accordingly, police officers cannot 

be held liable for personal injuries unless they breach some other duty owed to a specific 

individual. See id. at 131, 141. Our Supreme Court expressly limited the public-duty doctrine to 

governmental employees who allegedly failed to provide police protection. Id. at 134.
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and control of another and, in doing so, that party loses the ability to protect himself [or herself].” 

Downs, 265 Mich App at 701.

Plaintiff did not allege that defendant owed any statutory duty and the relevant portion of 

the GTLA does not create a duty. Therefore, defendant only owed a duty to plaintiff if one existed 

under the common law. See Murdock v Higgins, 454 Mich at 53. First, it is undisputed that 

defendant did not know McGriff or plaintiff at the time of the incident. See id. (stating that the 

relationship of the parties is a relevant factor in determining the existence of a common-law duty). 

Moreover, there is no evidence to suggest that defendant knew McGriff was in the house at the 

time of the fire or that there existed some special relationship between the parties. Indeed, the 

facts reveal that defendant and his fellow firefighters searched the house during the fire and after 

it was extinguished, looking for any occupants. This Court has held that no “special relationship”

exists where no evidence suggests that individuals injured in a fire “completely turned themselves 

over to” a firefighter for their fire protection or that the injured individuals were “completely 

incapable of protecting themselves” from the fire. Downs, 265 Mich App at 701. In the instant 

case, there is no evidence or suggestion that plaintiff turned herself over to protection by defendant. 

Similarly, no evidence suggests that McGriff turned himself over to protection by defendant. 

Moreover, no evidence suggests that McGriff, a 26-year-old, was “completely incapable” of 

protecting himself from the fire. Consequently, there existed no special relationship between the 

parties that imposed a duty on defendant to protect McGriff or plaintiff.

Second, while defendant certainly would be able to foresee that someone in a house could 

be harmed or killed by a fire, there is no evidence indicating that defendant knew that anyone was 

in the house at the time of the fire. See Murdock, 454 Mich at 53 (stating the foreseeability of the 

harm is a relevant factor in determining the existence of a common-law duty). This fact, coupled 

with the fact that defendant and other firefighters searched the house and found no one inside, 

makes it less foreseeable that someone could have been injured or killed by the specific fire at the 

house. Additionally, defendant likely could not have foreseen that his conduct—searching the 

entire house and ordering others to search the entire house—would result in McGriff’s death, or, 

following the search, that his failure to locate McGriff’s body would cause plaintiff’s emotional 

injuries.

Third, we think it is too heavy a burden to impose an affirmative duty on firefighters to 

ensure the survival of individuals that are unobservable at the scene of a fire. See id. (stating the 

burden on the defendant is a relevant factor in determining the existence of a common-law duty). 

As defendant pointed out, imposing such a broad duty that places personal liability on firefighters 

not only contradicts established law, but could also have a chilling effect on recruitment of 

firefighters. Similarly, this enhanced burden would alter how long a firefighter must remain in a 

fire-compromised building, thereby jeopardizing his or her own safety and the safety of his or her 

crew. See id. (stating the nature of the risk presented is a relevant factor in determining the 

existence of a common-law duty). We see no reason to impose an affirmative duty on firefighters 

requiring them to ensure the survival of individuals, who firefighters are unaware that exist, and 

cannot be located despite numerous searches of an area.

Because defendant had no special relationship with plaintiff or McGriff, defendant owed 

no duty to them and was, therefore, entitled to governmental immunity.
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C. DEFENDANT WAS NOT GROSSLY NEGLIGENT

Even if defendant owed a legal duty to plaintiff or McGriff, he still would have been 

entitled to governmental immunity because the evidence did not establish a question of fact as to 

whether his conduct was grossly negligent.

As noted earlier, the GTLA defines gross negligence as “conduct so reckless as to 

demonstrate a substantial lack of concern for whether an injury results.” MCL 691.1407(8)(a). 

Gross negligence “suggests almost a willful disregard of precautions or measures to attend to 

safety and a singular disregard for substantial risks.” Wood, 323 Mich App at 424 (cleaned up). 

“Evidence of ordinary negligence” or “simply alleging that an actor could have done more” is 

insufficient to meet the standard for gross negligence under the GTLA. Id. at 423-424 (cleaned 

up).

Viewing all evidence and pleadings in the light most favorable to plaintiff, the evidence 

established: (1) defendant conducted numerous searches of the inside and outside of the house 

during and after the fire; (2) even if defendant did not order other firefighters to search the kitchen, 

he searched the kitchen at least once and found no bodies; (3) both before and after defendant 

searched the kitchen, other firefighters searched the kitchen and found no body; (4) McGriff’s 

body was found in the kitchen five days after the fire; (5) McGriff died as a result of fire-related 

injuries, specifically smoke and soot inhalation and thermal burns, suggesting he was in the house 

at the time of the fire; and (6) as a result of believing McGriff did not die in the fire, plaintiff 

asserted that she suffered emotional injuries after McGriff’s deceased body was later found in the 

house. Plaintiff alleges it is more likely that defendant undertook no search of the kitchen than it 

is he failed to locate the body during his search. The trial court also concluded that defendant’s 

failure to locate the body, despite searching the kitchen, constituted circumstantial evidence that 

defendant was reckless. As defendant asserted, however, any suggestion that defendant did not 

conduct a thorough enough search was speculation that contradicted the direct evidence 

demonstrating he and numerous firefighters searched the entire house.

The circumstances surrounding McGriff’s death are peculiar, especially considering that 

his 6-foot-2-inch body was subsequently found in a “cubby” between the cabinets and the stove in

the kitchen. Nonetheless, given the reports indicating that multiple firefighters searched the 

kitchen without finding McGriff’s body, we conclude that plaintiff failed to establish a genuine 

issue of material fact as to whether defendant’s conduct amounted to gross negligence. The fact 

that other firefighters did not find McGriff’s body despite multiple searches indicates that 

McGriff’s body was not readily observable while the firefighters were at the house, regardless of 

how readily observable it was five days later. Plaintiff alleged that defendant was grossly negligent 

because he did not search the kitchen twice or failed to conduct a search entirely. As indicated, 

the evidence suggests that several searches of the kitchen were completed. Moreover, although a 

more thorough search may have uncovered McGriff’s body, plaintiff’s contention is no more than 

a simple allegation that defendant could have done more. However, failing to conduct a more 

thorough search is insufficient to defeat governmental immunity. See Wood, 323 Mich App at 424. 

Further, while defendant’s failure to find McGriff’s body may circumstantially suggest that he 

could have conducted a more thorough search, no evidence suggests that a more thorough search 

would have prevented McGriff’s unfortunate death.
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The severity of defendant’s conduct is similar to that of the defendant in Wood. In Wood

a bus driver failed to ensure that the lug nuts on the tires of a van he drove were properly secured. 

When the bus driver drove the van, a tire came off and struck and injured a pedestrian. Wood, 

323 Mich App at 418, 424. Although it was the bus driver’s responsibility to inspect the tires and 

lug nuts of any bus he drove, he testified that it was the responsibility of maintenance workers to 

ensure proper working conditions of vans such as the one he drove at the time of the incident. Id. 

at 424-425. Further, no evidence suggested the bus driver had knowledge that one of the van’s 

tires was missing lug nuts before he drove it. Id. at 425. This Court concluded that, even though 

it was not the bus driver’s responsibility to inspect the van’s tires before driving, his failure to do 

so could still amount to negligence, but not gross negligence. Id.

Similarly, in the instant case, no evidence suggests that defendant knew anyone was in the 

house at the time of the fire. Therefore, defendant was not on notice to conduct a more thorough 

search. Further, even if he was responsible for conducting additional searches of the kitchen, 

defendant searched the kitchen at least once with another firefighter for five minutes and other 

firefighters searched the kitchen before and after defendant. Just as in Wood, the evidence suggests 

that defendant’s conduct—searching the house but failing to locate McGriff’s body—could 

constitute ordinary negligence, but not gross negligence. Defendant’s thorough search of the house 

and his orders to others to search various parts of the house do not constitute a reckless and 

substantial lack of concern for possible injury or a willful disregard for safety. 

MCL 691.1407(8)(a); Wood, 323 Mich App at 424.

Based on the evidence presented, reasonable minds might differ as to whether defendant 

was ordinarily negligent in the way he searched the house, but reasonable minds could not differ 

as to whether his conduct was grossly negligent. Nothing in the evidence suggests that defendant 

acted recklessly or willfully disregarded the safety of anyone he knew or suspected was in the 

house. Therefore, defendant was entitled to governmental immunity.

D. DEFENDANT DID NOT PROXIMATELY CAUSE MCGRIFF’S DEATH

Even if defendant owed a legal duty to plaintiff or McGriff and his conduct was grossly 

negligent, he still would have been entitled to governmental immunity because he did not 

proximately cause McGriff’s death.

A governmental employee’s grossly negligent conduct does not except him or her from 

governmental immunity unless it was the factual and proximate cause, or “legal causation,” of the 

plaintiff’s injuries. Ray, 501 Mich at 65. “[S]o long as the defendant is a factual cause of the 

plaintiff’s injuries, then the court should address legal causation by assessing foreseeability and 

whether the defendant’s conduct was the proximate cause.” Id. at 74. To establish factual cause, 

the plaintiff must establish that “the defendant’s conduct in fact caused harm to the plaintiff” or

was a “but-for cause.” Id. at 64, 66 (cleaned up). To establish proximate cause, the plaintiff must 

establish that “it was foreseeable that the defendant’s conduct could result in harm” to the plaintiff. 

Id. at 65. In other words, “the harm caused to the plaintiff was the general kind of harm the 

defendant negligently risked.” Id. at 64 (cleaned up). Although there generally may be more than 

one proximate cause to an injury, a governmental employee’s conduct cannot be the proximate 

cause under the GTLA unless it was “the one most immediate, efficient, and direct cause of the 

[plaintiff’s] injuries.” Id. at 76 (cleaned up).
-8-

In Ray, 501 Mich at 70-76, our Supreme Court clarified the analysis of factual cause and 

proximate cause under the GTLA and discussed Beals v Michigan, 497 Mich 363; 871 NW2d 5 

(2015), overruled in part by Ray, 501 Mich at 72 n 49, and Dean v Childs, 474 Mich 914, 914; 705 

NW2d 344 (2005) (Dean II), rev’g 262 Mich App 48; 684 NW2d 894 (2004) (Dean I), overruled 

by Ray, 501 Mich at 72-73 n 49.5

In Beals, our Supreme Court held that a lifeguard’s failure to intervene in a swimmer’s 

drowning was insufficient to establish that the lifeguard’s inaction was the proximate cause of the 

swimmer’s death under the GTLA . Beals, 497 Mich at 366, 373-374. Beals involved a 19-yearold swimmer with a developmental disability who waded to the shallow end of a pool in a state 

residential facility, swam underwater to the deep end, and never resurfaced. Id. at 366-367. There 

was no evidence indicating that the swimmer visibly struggled in the water or that the lifeguard or 

any of the 24 other students witnessed the swimmer in distress. Id. at 367. The swimmer was not 

discovered until he had been underwater for approximately eight minutes, at which point the 

lifeguard attempted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to no avail. Id. The cause of the 

swimmers death was “drowning” and the underlying reason for the accidental downing was 

unknown. Id. Evidence suggested that the lifeguard was distracted at the time the swimmer 

drowned and that he did not sit in the lifeguard observation stand or notice the swimmer had 

slipped underwater until the body was discovered. Id. at 368.

Our Supreme Court concluded that the lifeguard’s failure to intervene was not the “most 

immediate, efficient, and direct cause” of the swimmer’s drowning because the lifeguard did not 

cause the swimmer to swim underwater or remain submerged. Id. at 373. The Court noted that 

the swimmer voluntarily entered the pool and dove under the surface of the water and that it was 

“unknown” what caused the swimmer to remain underwater. Id. The Court concluded that this 

“unidentified reason” as to why the swimmer remained underwater was the “most immediate, 

efficient, and direct cause” of the drowning. Id. at 373-374. The Court also noted that the 

lifeguard’s failure to intervene in the drowning could have been one of numerous reasons the 

swimmer drowned, but it was not the proximate cause of his death. Id. at 374. The Court also 

explained that any evidence indicating that proper intervention could have prevented the 

swimmer’s death was speculation that did not establish a proximate relationship between the 

lifeguard’s conduct and the swimmer’s death. Id.

The Beals Court also analogized the case to Dean, which involved a claim that a 

governmental employee’s failure to intervene to prevent the death of the plaintiff’s children during 

a house fire was the proximate cause of the children’s deaths. Beals, 497 Mich at 375-377; Dean

I, 262 Mich App at 51-52. In Dean II, 474 Mich at 914, our Supreme Court reversed this Court’s 

opinion in Dean I affirming the denial of summary disposition on the basis of governmental 

immunity, and adopted the reasoning of Judge GRIFFIN’s dissent, which concluded that the 

defendant was immune from tort liability under the GTLA because “the most immediate, efficient 

 

5 Dean II, 474 Mich at 914, was a preemptory order by our Supreme Court that reversed this 

Court’s ruling in Dean I, 262 Mich App at 48. Subsequently in Ray, 501 Mich at 72-73 n 49, our 

Supreme Court overruled Dean II and concluded that the reasoning adopted by the preemptory 

order was erroneous.
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and direct cause” of the children’s deaths “was the fire itself, not defendant’s alleged gross 

negligence in fighting it.” Dean I, 262 Mich App at 61 (GRIFFIN, J., dissenting in part) (cleaned 

up). Our Supreme Court subsequently held that the adoption of such analysis and conclusion was 

erroneous and overruled Dean II. Ray, 501 Mich at 71. The Court reasoned:

Determining proximate cause under the GTLA, or elsewhere, does not entail the 

weighing of factual causes but instead assesses the legal responsibility of the actors 

involved. Moreover, because proximate cause is concerned with the foreseeability 

of consequences, only a human actor’s breach of a duty can be a proximate cause. 

Consequently, nonhuman and natural forces, such as a fire, cannot be considered 

“the proximate cause” of a plaintiff’s injuries for the purposes of the GTLA. 

Instead, these forces bear on the question of foreseeability, in that they may 

constitute superseding causes[6]that relieve the actor of liability if the intervening 

force was not reasonably foreseeable. [Id. at 71-72 (cleaned up).]

The Beals Court concluded that, similar to Dean I, the lifeguard’s failure to intervene in 

the “already initiated drowning [did] not transform [the lifeguard’s] inaction into the proximate 

cause of the [swimmer’s] death.” Beals, 497 Mich at 376. As indicated, Dean II, which adopted 

the conclusion and reasoning of Judge GRIFFIN’S dissent in Dean I, was overruled by Ray, 501 

Mich at 72 n 49. Although our Supreme Court rejected the analogy to Dean I in Beals, the Court 

upheld the portion of the Beals analysis that was “consistent with the principle that a government 

actor’s conduct cannot be ‘the proximate cause’ of one’s injuries without being a factual cause 

thereof.” Id. Additionally, the Ray Court noted that the brief discussion of Dean in Beals “was 

not necessary to [the Court’s] ultimate conclusion that the lifeguard was not ‘the proximate cause’ 

because factual causation could not be established.” Id. In interpreting Beals in Ray, our Supreme 

Court explained:

Beals is best understood as holding that the lifeguard could not have been ‘the 

proximate cause’ of the decedent’s drowning because the plaintiff failed to show 

even a genuine issue of factual causation. When a plaintiff attempts to establish 

factual causation circumstantially, that circumstantial proof must go beyond mere 

speculation. The plaintiff in Beals failed to make this showing. We emphasized 

that any connection between the lifeguard’s breach of a duty and the drowning was 

only speculative. We also noted that it was unclear that even a prudent lifeguard 

would have been able to observe and prevent the deceased’s drowning, which 

further illustrated that the causal connection was simply too tenuous. In other 

words, the plaintiff failed to show that the lifeguard was a but-for cause of the 

deceased’s death. Accordingly, we held that the defendant lifeguard was not “the 

 

6 Our Supreme Court has recognized “intervening cause” or “superseding cause” to mean “one 

which actively operates in producing harm to another after the actor’s negligent act or omission 

has been committed.” McMillian v Vliet, 422 Mich 570, 576; 374 NW2d 679 (1985) (cleaned up); 

see Ray, 501 Mich at 72 n 48. Such a cause “breaks the chain of causation and constitutes a 

superseding cause which relieves the original actor of liability, unless it is found that the 

intervening act was ‘reasonably foreseeable.’ ” McMillian 422 Mich at 576 (cleaned up).
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proximate cause” of the deceased’s death for the purposes of the GTLA. The 

holding, if not all of the reasoning, of Beals is consistent with our understanding of 

the GTLA's use of “the proximate cause.” [Ray, 501 Mich at 70-71 (cleaned up).]

Similar to Beals, as recognized in Ray, plaintiff in the instant case has failed to establish 

that defendant’s conduct or inaction was the proximate cause of McGriff’s death. Plaintiff 

postulates, as any grieving parent would, that McGriff would not have died had defendant 

conducted a more thorough search of the kitchen. However, plaintiff has not provided any

evidence suggesting that McGriff was still alive when defendant arrived at the house, searched the 

house, or left the house, or that defendant could have rescued McGriff from the fire. Just as in 

Beals, speculation that defendant could have saved McGriff is insufficient to establish that 

defendant was the factual and, therefore, proximate cause of McGriff’s death, especially 

considering that defendant did not search the kitchen until after the fire was extinguished. See 

Ray, 501 Mich at 70; Beals, 497 Mich at 374. Further, defendant cannot be considered the “most 

immediate, efficient, and direct cause” of McGriff’s death because he did not cause McGriff to be 

in the house during the fire or initiate the fire. Beals, 497 Mich at 373. As recognized in Ray, 

plaintiff in the instant case has failed to show that defendant was a “but-for cause of the deceased’s 

death.” Ray, 501 Mich at 71. The record contains no evidence indicating why McGriff remained 

in the house at the time of the fire. Whatever may have been that “unidentified reason,” however, 

was a much more immediate and direct cause of his death than defendant’s failure to locate him 

after the fire was extinguished. Beals, 497 Mich at 373.

Given defendant’s extensive search of the house and that numerous other firefighters also 

failed to locate McGriff’s body during their own searches, it was not foreseeable that defendant’s 

conduct could have resulted in McGriff’s death. Ray, 501 Mich at 64-65. Therefore, defendant’s 

conduct could not have been the proximate cause of McGriff’s death because it was not a “but-for 

cause” or “the one most immediate, efficient and direct cause” of his death, even if it was a 

contributing factor. Id. at 65. For that reason, defendant was entitled to governmental immunity.

III. CONCLUSION

Defendant owed no duty to plaintiff or McGriff, there was no question of fact as to whether 

his conduct was grossly negligent, and his conduct was not the proximate cause of McGriff’s death. 

For these reasons, he was entitled to governmental immunity under the GTLA. Consequently, the 

trial court erred in denying summary disposition to defendant.

Reversed and remanded for entry of an order granting summary disposition in favor of

defendant. Defendant, being the prevailing party, may tax costs pursuant to MCR 7.219. We do 

not retain jurisdiction.

/s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly 

/s/ Kathleen Jansen 

/s/ Michelle M. Rick