#### UNITED STATES of America, v. David WILSON, Defendant.

Criminal Action No. 05-100-2 (RWR).

United States District Court, District of Columbia.

July 3, 2010.

*55Glenn S. Leon, M. Jeffrey Beatrice, U.S. Attorney’s Office, Washington, DC, for Plaintiff.

Cynthia Katkish, Washington, DC, for Defendant.

*MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER*

RICHARD W. ROBERTS, District Judge.

After being found guilty of narcotics offenses, unlawful use of a communications facility, and aiding and abetting first degree murder while armed, David Wilson filed a motion for judgment of acquittal, and a motion for a new trial alleging that the government failed to disclose exculpatory *Brady*material and that the government sponsored false testimony. Because the evidence when viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict permitted a reasonable jury to find the essential elements of all the offenses of which Wilson was convicted except for Count 11, his motion for judgment of acquittal will be granted in part and denied in part. Further, because the testimony was not demonstrably false and neither that nor the undisclosed information could reasonably have affected the outcome or the fairness of the trial, Wilson’s motion for a new trial will be denied.

*BACKGROUND*

Wilson was tried along with five other defendants on a 58-count indictment alleging a narcotics conspiracy among members of the Congress Park Crew and related violations. The jury found Wilson guilty as to some of the charges of unlawful distribution of crack cocaine (Counts 4, 6, 11,16,18,19, 20, and 21), unlawful use of a communication facility (Count 55), and aiding and abetting the first-degree murders of Sabrina Bradley and Ronnie Middleton (Counts 31 and 33). During a ten and one-half-month trial, the government introduced testimony from FBI agents, experts, witnesses who had pled guilty under cooperation agreements with the government, and other witnesses; tape and video recordings; and physical evidence. Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, the government’s evidence established the following facts.

Wilson sold crack cocaine in the Congress Park neighborhood of Southeast Washington, D.C. On at least seven occasions, he sold crack cocaine to witnesses cooperating with the Federal Bureau of Investigation. One of those cooperating witnesses, Sandra White, was a crack addict who lived in the Congress Park neighborhood for a number of years. In March or May of 2000, she purchased three ten-dollar quantities (“dimes”) of crack from Wilson for $25. (Trial Tr., Mar. 12, 2007 p.m. at 2516, 2519; Mar. 13, 2007 p.m. at 2713-17.) On June 28, 2000, White purchased twenty dimes of crack from Wilson for $200. *(Id.*at 2527-28.) On October 17, 2000, though, she entered Wilson’s apartment in Congress Park, where Wilson’s co-defendant Desmond Thurston weighed crack on a scale, and she bought the crack from Thurston. *(Id.*at 2536-37; *see infra*n. 2.)

Season Wood grew up with Wilson and later sold drugs in Congress Park as well. (Trial Tr., Feb. 28, 2007 a.m. at 859-61.) In September 2000, Wood was arrested and began cooperating with the FBI. *(Id.*at 883-85.) On January 24, 2001, Wilson sold 10.9 grams of crack to Wood for $600. *56*(Id.*at 885-892; Feb. 28, 2007 p.m. at 904-OS; May 2, 2007 a.m. at 9549.) On February 14, 2001, Wood arranged with Wilson to purchase an ounce of crack from him. (Trial Tr., Feb. 28, 2007 p.m. at 920-22.) However, Wilson did not have enough crack to satisfy Wood’s request. Wilson telephoned an associate, Larry Browne, asking Browne to obtain more powder cocaine so that Wilson could satisfy Wood’s order *(id.*at 926-28; Trial Tr., Mar. 5, 2007 a.m. at 1416), and to purchase baking soda. Wood furnished both, and an unidentified person used the baking soda to cook the powder cocaine into crack. (Trial Tr., Feb. 28, 2007 p.m. at 926-933; Mar. 5, 2007 a.m. at 1431.) Wood gave Wilson $1,200 for 19.4 grams of the newly cooked crack cocaine. (Trial Tr., Feb. 28, 2007 p.m. at 920-22, 933; Mar. 22, 2007 p.m. at 3972.)

Gail Parsons moved to Congress Park in 1991, and became addicted to crack. (Trial Tr., Mar. 6, 2007 p.m. at 1809-10.) After she was arrested and charged with narcotics offenses, Parsons began cooperating with the FBI. *(Id.*at 1818-19.) On March 20, 2001, Parsons purchased a .52 gram piece of crack from Wilson for $80. (Trial Tr., Mar. 7, 2007 a.m. at 1933-34; Mar. 12, 2007 p.m. at 2362; Mar. 22, 2007 p.m. at 4008-09.) On April 5, 2001, Parsons purchased 1.9 grams of crack from Wilson for $200. (Trial Tr., Mar. 7, 2007 p.m. at 1953-54; Mar. 12, 2007 a.m. at 2364-65; Mar. 22, 2007 p.m. at 4008-09.) Additionally, on April 26, 2001, Darlene Irving, another cooperating witness, purchased 2.8 grams of crack from Wilson for $100. (Trial Tr., Mar. 28, 2007 a.m. at 4679, 4685-86; July 10, 2007 p.m. at 17107.)

Wilson was particularly close with one of his associates, Maurice Doleman, whose mother helped to care for Wilson when he was growing up. (Trial Tr., Mar. 29, 2007 p.m. at 5089.) Doleman robbed the girlfriend of a member of the 1-5 Mob, a rival gang operating in an area next to Congress Park, and robbed the girlfriend’s uncle. *(Id.*at 5088.) In 1993, as retaliation, the gang member paid Ronnie Middleton, another member of the 1-5 Mob, to kill Doleman. *(Id.*at 5081.) That same year, Doleman was shot and killed, and members of the Congress Park group, including Wilson, believed that Middleton was the person who shot Doleman. *(Id.*at 5075-81.) After the murder, Wilson committed himself to killing Middleton to avenge his friend. *(Id.*at 5095.)

In the early morning of August 17, 1998, Wilson and two other members of the Congress Park group, Antonio Roberson and Antoine Draine, spotted Middleton sitting in his car, a Ford Bronco. (Trial Tr., Apr. 2, 2007 a.m. at 5138, 5145.) Also sitting in Middleton’s car were his girlfriend, Sabrina Bradley, and a third individual nicknamed Teeny Man. (Trial Tr., June 7, 2007 a.m. at 14572-73.) After seeing Middleton in his car, Wilson drove to Roberson’s house to obtain a .9mm Glock handgun. (Trial Tr., Apr. 2, 2007 a.m. at 5138^40.) Wilson, Roberson, and Draine returned to where Middleton had parked the car, and Roberson opened fire with the gun on the Bronco. (Trial Tr., Mar. 29, 2007 p.m. at 5112-15.) Teeny Man escaped from the car by jumping out a window, but both Middleton and Bradley were wounded. *(Id.)*Middleton sped off in the car with Bradley to the Metropolitan Police Department 7th District building, where Detective Thomas Webb spoke briefly with Middleton about the shooting. (Trial Tr., June 7, 2007 p.m. at 14635-38.) Rescue workers took Middleton and Bradley to D.C. General Hospital, where they both died as a result of the gunshot wounds they sustained. *(Id.*at 14663-64.)

*57During the trial, Wilson moved for a mistrial, or in the alternative, to dismiss Counts 31-34 of the superseding indictment, arguing that the government late disclosed evidence in violation of *Brady v. Maryland,*373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963). In a separate motion, Wilson again moved for a mistrial, contending that the government failed to correct the false testimony of witness Damien Green in violation of *Napue v. Illinois,*360 U.S. 264, 79 S.Ct. 1173, 3 L.Ed.2d 1217 (1959). After the government rested, Wilson moved for a judgment of acquittal on all counts. The motion was granted with respect to a crack sale alleged in Count 7, to all other counts. Post-trial, Wilson now renews his motion for a judgment of acquittal with respect to all counts on which he was convicted, and his motion to dismiss Counts 31 and 33.1 Wilson also moves for a new trial on Counts 31 and 33 as an alternative remedy for the alleged *Brady*and *Napue*violations, and he has supplemented that motion citing additional evidence that the government failed to disclose as additional *Brady*violations.

*DISCUSSION*

I. MOTION FOR JUDGMENT OF ACQUITTAL

In reviewing a post-verdict motion for judgment of acquittal, a court must look at the entire record, *United States v. Byfield,*928 F.2d 1163, 1166 (D.C.Cir.1991), and “must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict,” *United States v. Campbell,*702 F.2d 262, 264 (D.C.Cir.1983), according the verdict “the benefit of all legitimate inferences[.]” *United States v. Singleton,*702 F.2d 1159, 1163 (D.C.Cir.1983). “The evidence in question ‘need not exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence or be wholly inconsistent with every conclusion except that of guilt.’ ” *United States v. Morrow,*Criminal Action No. 04-355(CKK), 2005 WL 1389256, at *4 (D.D.C. June 13, 2005) (quoting *United States v. Maxwell,*920 F.2d 1028, 1035 (D.C.Cir.1990)). “No distinction is made between direct and circumstantial evidence in evaluating the sufficiency of evidence supporting a guilty verdict.” *Maxwell,*920 F.2d at 1035. The trial court must give “ ‘full play to the right of the jury to determine credibility, weigh the evidence and draw justifiable inferences of fact.’” *United States v. Treadwell,*760 F.2d 327, 333 (D.C.Cir.1985) (quoting *United States v. Davis,*562 F.2d 681, 683 (D.C.Cir.1977)). The jury’s determination will stand unless no reasonable trier of fact could have found all the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt when considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict. *See United States v. Alexander,*331 F.3d 116, 127 (D.C.Cir.2003); *Morrow,*2005 WL 1389256, at *3.

A. *Narcotics convictions*

The jury convicted Wilson of unlawful distribution of crack cocaine in Counts 4, 6, 11, 19, 20, and 21, and unlawful distribution of five grams or more of crack cocaine in Counts 16 and 18. To prove unlawful distribution, the government had to prove that Wilson knowingly and intentionally distributed a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of cocaine base, known as crack cocaine. *See*21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1); *Criminal Jury Instructions for the District of Columbia*§ 6.202 (5th ed. revised 2009). For Counts 16 and 18, the government also had *58to prove that the amount was five grams or more of crack cocaine. Wilson argues that the government did not prove that the substances were crack. (Def.’s Mot. for Consideration of Still Pending Mots, for a New Trial *&*for J. of Acquittal (“Def.’s Mot.”) at 4.)

The D.C. Circuit has concluded that the government “may prove that cocaine base is crack cocaine in a variety of ways.” *United States v. Pettiford,*517 F.3d 584, 593 (D.C.Cir.2008). Evidence of smokability is not required to prove that the substance is smokable crack. *Id.*at 594. For example,

> testimony that the seized substance was rock-like and off-white or yellowish in color; testimony by a chemist that it was 83% cocaine base; testimony by the seizing officer, experienced in crack cases, that the substance was crack; and testimony by an expert in the packaging and distribution of controlled substances that a photograph of the seized material showed crack and not powder cocaine

is sufficient evidence to enable a jury to conclude that a substance is crack. *Pettiford,*517 F.3d at 593 (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing *United States v. Powell,*503 F.3d 147, 148 (D.C.Cir.2007)). *United States v. Baugham,*449 F.3d 167, 183 (D.C.Cir.2006), affirmed a conviction supported by evidence that crack was a slang term for cocaine base, that the officer could distinguish between crack and powder cocaine, that the substance recovered in numerous ziploc bags had a white rock appearance, and that the defendant had a reputation as a crack dealer.

Here, the government presented testimony from cooperators who described their transactions with Wilson, FBI agents who discussed the substances retrieved from cooperators after controlled purchases, and chemists who stated the type, purity level, weight, and appearance of the substances. For Counts 16 and 18, Season Wood testified that on January 24, 2001, he purchased four 3.5-gram quantities (“eight-balls”) of crack cocaine from Wilson for $600 (Trial Tr., Feb. 28, 2007 a.m. at 874, 885-92; Feb. 28, 2007 p.m. at 904-05), and that on February 14, 2001, he purchased crack cocaine from Wilson for $1,200. (Trial Tr., Feb. 28, 2007 p.m. at 920, 933.) Wood also testified that on February 14, 2001, he purchased for Wilson baking soda, which can be used to make crack, and that the crack he purchased from Wilson was wet and appeared as if it recently had been cooked. *(Id.*at 927-32.) Larry Browne also testified that on February 14, 2001, he gave cocaine powder to Wilson, watched people cook the cocaine powder into crack, and saw Wilson sell twenty-three grams of crack for $1,200 to a person he later came to know as Season Wood. (Trial Tr., Mar. 5, 2007 a.m. at 1431^42.) Agent Robert Lockhart identified the white rock substances that were recovered from Wood after the controlled purchases on January 24, 2001 and February 14, 2001 as crack cocaine. (Trial Tr., Mar. 21, 2007 p.m. at 3656-58, 3666-68.) Lockhart also testified that he had law enforcement experience with controlled purchases involving crack. (Trial Tr., Feb. 22, 2007 p.m. at 259.) For Count 16, chemist Gwynn Reel testified that the substance weighed 10.9 grams and contained cocaine base with a purity of 73%. (Trial Tr., May 2, 2007 a.m. at 9548-49.) For Count 18, chemist Minh Dang testified that the substance weighed 19.4 grams and contained cocaine base with a purity level of 52%. (Trial Tr., Mar. 22, 2007 p.m. at 3972.) Dang also testified that crack cocaine was the “street” term for cocaine base and that the cocaine base he analyzed in this case had a rock-like form. (Trial Tr., Mar. 22, 2007 p.m. at 3962, 3964.)

*59For Counts 19 and 20, Gail Parson testified that she purchased a piece of crack cocaine from Wilson for $80 (Trial Tr., Mar. 7, 2007 a.m. at 1933-34) and that she purchased dimes of crack cocaine from Wilson for $200. (Trial Tr., Mar. 7, 2007 p.m. at 1953-54.) Agent Kyle Fulmer testified that he recognized Wilson’s voice on audio recordings of those controlled purchases and retrieved white rock substances from Parson after the purchases on March 20, 2001 and April 5, 2001. (Trial Tr., Mar. 12, 2007 a.m. at 2362-65.) For Count 19, Dang testified that the substance weighed .52 grams and contained cocaine base with a purity of 53%. (Trial Tr., Mar. 22, 2007 p.m. at 4008-09.) For Count 20, Dang also testified that the substance weighed 1.9 grams, contained cocaine base with a purity of 75%, and was packaged in thirty-two ziploc bags. *(Id.)*

For Count 4, Sandra White testified that she purchased three dimes of crack cocaine from Wilson for $25. (Trial Tr., Mar. 12, 2007 p.m. at 2519.) When asked by the government whether this transaction occurred on “March 25, 2000,” White responded “yes.” (Trial Tr., Mar. 12, 2007 p.m. at 2516). Agent Fulmer later testified that, based on police records, the transaction in Count 4 occurred on “May 25, 2000.” (Trial Tr., Mar. 13, 2007 p.m. at 2713-17.) While the government introduced conflicting evidence of the transaction date, it is the “right of the jury to determine credibility, weigh the evidence and draw justifiable inferences of fact.” *Treadwell,*760 F.2d at 333 (internal quotation marks omitted). A reasonable jury could have found that White was testifying about the transaction alleged in Count 4.

To support the conviction on Count 6, White testified that on June 28, 2000 she purchased twenty dimes of crack cocaine, packaged in twenty ziploc bags, from Wilson for $200. (Trial Tr., Mar. 12, 2007 p.m. at 2527-28.)

Agent Fulmer supported White’s testimony by testifying that law enforcement collected white rock substances from White after she was sent to make controlled purchases on May 25, 2000 and June 28, 2000. (Trial Tr., Mar. 13, 2007 p.m. at 2713-17, 2723-24.) For Counts 4 and 6 respectively, Dang testified that the substances from White’s transactions were .21 grams containing cocaine base with a purity level of 86% and packaged in three ziploc bags, and 1.4 grams containing cocaine base with a 91% purity level and packaged in twenty ziploc bags. (Trial Tr., Mar. 22, 2007 p.m. at 3995, 3998.)

For Count 21, Darlene Irving testified that on April 26, 2001 she purchased “coke” from Wilson and had discussed with Wilson whether to take the substance in “one big rock” or in dimes. (Trial Tr., Mar. 28, 2007 a.m. at 4685-86.) Dang testified that the substance from the April 26, 2001 purchase was 2.8 grams containing cocaine base at 81% purity level. (Trial Tr., July 10, 2007 p.m. at 17107.) Lockhart identified a photograph of drugs recovered from Irving’s April 26, 2001 purchase and testified that the photograph depicted crack cocaine packaged in multiple ziploc bags. (Trial Tr., July 12, 2007 a.m. at 17440-41.) Viewing all of this evidence in the light most favorable to the government, a reasonable jury could have concluded that Wilson knowingly and intentionally distributed crack cocaine as alleged in Counts 4, 6, 16, and 18 through 21.

For Count 11, White testified that she gave money to Desmond Thurston in exchange for cocaine2 on October *6017, 2000. *(Id.*at 2536-37.) Although it was not Wilson who actually sold White the drugs, Count 11 charged Wilson with violating 18 U.S.C. § 2, aiding or abetting in the distribution of crack. Under an aiding and abetting theory, the government must show “ ‘(1) the specific intent to facilitate the commission of a crime by another; (2) guilty knowledge on the part of the accused; (3) that an offense was being committed by someone; and (4) that the accused assisted or participated in the commission of the offense.’ ” *United States v. Washington,*12 F.3d 1128, 1136 (D.C.Cir.1994) (quoting *United States v. Harris,*959 F.2d 246, 262 (D.C.Cir.1992), *abrogated on other grounds by United States v. Stewart,*246 F.3d 728, 732 (D.C.Cir.2001)). The government must “ ‘show some affirmative participation which at least encourages the principal offender to commit the offense[.]’ ” *United States v. Kelly,*552 F.3d 824, 831 (D.C.Cir.2009) (quoting *United States v. Monroe,*990 F.2d 1370, 1374 (D.C.Cir.1993)). White testified that the drug transaction occurred in Wilson’s apartment, that Thurston measured the cocaine on a scale in the apartment, and that Wilson was with Thurston in the apartment’s bedroom just prior to Thurston completing the drug sale. (Trial Tr., Mar. 12, 2007 p.m. at 2536-37.) This evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, merely shows Wilson’s presence at the scene but does not support any affirmative participation by Wilson in the offense or prove that his mere presence was intended to help in the commission of the offense.3 The government has not cited any additional evidence that establishes that Wilson encouraged Thurston to conduct the sale, and Wilson’s motion for judgment of acquittal will be granted with respect to Count 11.

B. *Unlawful use of a communication facility conviction*

The jury also convicted Wilson of unlawful use of a communication facility in Count 55. Wilson does not make any specific arguments in support of a judgment of acquittal. To prove unlawful use of a communication facility, the government had to prove that Wilson intentionally and knowingly used a telephone with the intent to commit, facilitate, or cause the commission of a conspiracy to distribute or possess with the intent to distribute crack cocaine. *See*3-56 *Modern Federal Jury Instructions*§ 56.03 (2008); *see also*21 U.S.C. § 843(b). “[T]he government must prove actual commission (by the defendant or another person) of the alleged underlying offense.” *United States v. Iennaco,*893 F.2d 394, 396 (D.C.Cir.1990).

The jury acquitted Wilson and his co-defendants of conspiracy to distribute or possess with the intent to distribute crack cocaine, but the acquittal does not bar a conviction on this count. In *United States v. Powell,*469 U.S. 57, 69, 105 S.Ct. 471, 83 L.Ed.2d 461 (1984), the Supreme Court noted that while the defendant’s conviction of unlawful use of a communication facility was inconsistent with her acquittal on the conspiracy to possess cocaine and the possession of cocaine charges, “there is no *61reason to vacate [defendant’s] conviction merely because the verdicts cannot rationally be reconciled.” *Powell*discussed the dangers of speculating about the jury’s reasoning, noting that the jury could have reached a conclusion of guilty on the communication facility offense, and then “through mistake, compromise, or lenity, arrived at an inconsistent conclusion” on the conspiracy offense. *Id.*at 65,105 S.Ct. 471. Thus, even though Wilson was acquitted of conspiracy, a conviction for the unlawful use of a communication facility was not foreclosed.

Evidence introduced at trial sufficed for a rational jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt the essential elements of this offense. The evidence when viewed most favorably to the jury’s guilty verdict certainly demonstrated that Wilson knowingly used a telephone with the intent to facilitate the commission of a drug offense. According to Wood, Wilson contacted “L” by telephone and asked “L” to come cook his powder cocaine into crack cocaine on February 14, 2001. (Trial Tr., Feb. 28, 2007 p.m. at 926-28.) Browne was the person known as “L”, and he testified that Wilson called and stated that he needed more cocaine. (Trial Tr., Mar. 5, 2007 a.m. at 1416.) Browne later picked up money from Wilson, purchased ninety-three grams of cocaine powder, and delivered this cocaine to Wilson. *(Id.*at 1429-34.) Browne watched an unidentified person cook the cocaine into crack, saw Wilson sell Wood twenty-three grams of crack for $1,200, and received $200 from the sale of the crack to Wood. *(Id.)*Browne also testified that on other occasions he had obtained powder cocaine for Wilson. *(Id.*at 1385-94,1429-30.)

Despite the acquittal, there was also sufficient evidence for a jury to conclude that a conspiracy to distribute or possess with intent to distribute cocaine and crack cocaine existed. The government “must show an agreement or mutual understanding between at least two people to violate narcotics laws, and knowing and intentional participation in the conspiracy.” *United States v. Davis,*402 F.Supp.2d 252, 258 (D.D.C.2005). *United States v. Simmons,*431 F.Supp.2d 38, 49-50 (D.D.C.2006), found that because sufficient evidence existed to support the jury’s guilty verdict on a charge of narcotics conspiracy, there was necessarily sufficient evidence to establish that narcotics conspiracy as the underlying offense for an unlawful use of a communications facility conviction. Here, numerous witnesses, including Browne, Wood, White, Irving, and Parson, testified that Wilson sold crack cocaine in Congress Park during the relevant period. Keith Barnett, Kairi Kelliebrew, and Bobby Capíes testified that Wilson cooperated with other conspirators to sell crack in Congress Park by participating in a method of sharing in the proceeds from sales of crack cocaine they called “doors” or “uno, dos, tres.” *(See*Trial Tr., Apr. 18, 2007 a.m. at 7555-56; Apr. 2, 2007 p.m. at 5336-37; May 7, 2007 a.m. at 10164.) Thus, there was sufficient evidence for a jury to conclude that Wilson knowingly used a telephone to facilitate the commission of the offense of conspiracy to distribute or possess with intent to distribute cocaine and crack cocaine.

C. *Aiding and abetting armed first degree murder conviction*

The jury also convicted Wilson of Counts 31 and 33 under the D.C. Code for aiding and abetting in the armed first degree murders of Ronnie Middleton and Sabrina Bradley on or about August 17, 1998. Proof of aiding and abetting under D.C.Code § 22-1805 “requires the Government to demonstrate that (1) an offense was committed by someone; (2) the accused assisted or participated in its com*62mission; and (3) the participation was with guilty knowledge.” *Simmons,*431 F.Supp.2d at 48. Armed first degree murder requires that the government prove that a person caused the death of the decedent, that he did so with the specific intent to kill the decedent, that he did so after premeditation and deliberation, and that at the time of the offense, the person was armed with a firearm. *Criminal Jury Instructions for the District of Columbia*§§ 4.201, 8.101 (5th ed. revised 2009); *see also*D.C.Code §§ 22-2101, 4502.

There was sufficient evidence for a jury to find that Wilson aided and abetted in the armed first degree murder of Bradley and Middleton. Bobby Capíes testified that he and others in Congress Park believed that Middleton, a member of the 1-5 Mob and an associate of a man named Tommy Edelin, killed Doleman (Trial Tr., Mar. 29, 2007 p.m. at 5081, 5084), and that Wilson had expressed a desire to retaliate against Middleton for Doleman’s death. *(Id.*at 5095.) Capíes also testified about a conversation he had with Wilson regarding Wilson’s involvement in the Middleton and Bradley murders. According to Capíes, Wilson said that on the night of the murders, he was driving a car with Roberson and Draine as passengers when they saw Middleton sitting in his Ford Bronco. (Trial Tr., Apr. 2, 2007 a.m. at 5138, 5145.) Wilson then drove to Roberson’s house to get a .9mm dock and then returned to where Middleton had parked. *(Id.*at 5138^40.) Roberson got out of the car and shot at Middleton’s Bronco. During the shooting, Teeny Man jumped out of one of the Bronco’s windows and ran. Wilson claimed that he was unaware that Bradley was in Middleton’s vehicle before Roberson started shooting and that Bradley was not supposed to be with Middleton. (Trial Tr., Mar. 29, 2007 p.m. 5112-17.)

Kairi Kelliebrew testified that Antwaun Ball and Joseph Jones were associates of Wilson’s, that they were angry at Tommy Edelin because “Tommy had [Doleman] killed,” and that Wilson was close friends with Doleman’s brother, Truck. (Trial Tr., May 8, 2007 p.m. at 10457-58.) Kelliebrew also testified about a conversation he had with Wilson about the Middleton and Bradley murders. *(Id.*at 10459-61.) According to Kelliebrew, Wilson received a telephone call informing him of Middleton’s location. Wilson drove Roberson and Draine to where Middleton was located. Roberson and Draine “jumped out” of the car, “wore them out, [and] jumped back in” the car. *(Id.)*Kelliebrew also testified that Wilson said he did not know at the time of the shooting that Bradley was in the vehicle with Middleton. *(Id.)*

Torran Scott also testified about Wilson’s involvement in the Bradley and Middleton murders. Scott testified that Bradley was in a relationship with Middleton, and that he, Scott, had seen Bradley in Middleton’s Bronco on previous occasions. (Trial Tr., June 12, 2007 p.m. at 15102-03.) Soon after the murders, Wilson and Roberson went to Scott’s home and Wilson appeared to be surprised upon learning that Bradley had been in Middleton’s Ford Bronco. (Trial Tr., June 13, 2007 p.m. at 15354-55.) Wilson and Roberson later visited Scott again at his home and both stated that they did not know that Bradley had been in Middleton’s Bronco. (Trial Tr., June 12, 2007 p.m. at 15121; June 13, 2007 a.m. at 15161.) A few days after the murders, Wilson told Scott that the police had questioned him about the murders. Wilson needed Scott’s help because Wilson had told the police that he was with Scott at the time of the shooting. (Trial Tr., June 13, 2007 a.m. at 15169.)

Moreover, Renne Cottingham’s gripping testimony bore on Wilson’s conviction on *63Counts 31 and 33. Wilson dated Cottingham’s daughter from the time her daughter was fourteen until she was seventeen. (Trial Tr., June 13, 2007 p.m. at 15367-68.) Cottingham described Wilson as “like a son to me[,]” and that he would sometimes address her as “Mom.” *(Id.*at 15369.) After Wilson and her daughter stopped dating, Cottingham maintained a relationship with him, cooking for him, caring for his dog, and even grooming his hair. *(Id.*at 15370.) She testified that the day after the murder of Bradley and Middleton, Wilson appeared upset and stated to her that “she shouldn’t have been there. I killed her.” (Trial Tr., June 13, 2007 p.m. at 15378.) Cottingham testified that Wilson described what had happened on the night of the murders, stating that he was with other people when the shooting occurred and that the female victim was with two men at the time of the shooting, one of whom died and one of whom “jumped out the window and ran.” *(Id.*at 15379, 15382-83.)

Finally, Patrice Johnson testified that on the night of the murders, she saw Teeny Man running away from her home, and that a few minutes later Teeny Man knocked on her door in a nervous state, asked Johnson if she had talked to Bradley, and told Johnson to call Bradley’s home. (Trial Tr., June 7, 2007 a.m. at 14554-60, 14579-80.) After Johnson was unable to reach Bradley by telephone, Teeny Man told Johnson that he was in a vehicle with Middleton and Bradley, that two masked men started shooting at the vehicle, and that he had jumped out. *(Id.*at 14580-83.)

While Wilson challenged the credibility of these witnesses and presented a different theory for the Bradley and Middleton murders, the evidence presented allowed a reasonable jury to conclude that Roberson killed Middleton and Bradley, and that Wilson knowingly assisted and participated in the armed first degree murders by knowingly driving Roberson to retrieve a murder weapon and driving him back to the victims to carry out the murder. Wilson’s motion for judgment of acquittal will be denied as to all counts on which the jury convicted him except Count 11.

II. MOTION FOR A NEW TRIAL ON COUNTS 31 AND 33

Wilson also moves for a new trial on Counts 31 and 33.4 Under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 33, a court may “ ‘vacate any judgment and grant a new trial if the interest of justice so requires.’ ” *United States v. Howard,*267 F.Supp.2d 1, 3 (D.D.C.2003) (quoting Fed.R.Crim.P. 33(a)). A “[c]ourt evaluates a Rule 33 motion from a different vantage point than [the one from which] it evaluates a Rule 29 Motion for Judgment of Acquittal.” *United States v. Edmonds,*765 F.Supp. 1112, 1118 (D.D.C.1991). “In [assessing] a Rule 33 motion for a new trial ... [a] [c]ourt need not accept the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, and the [c]ourt may weigh the testimony and may consider the credibility of the witnesses.” *Id.*“Even where errors occur, a new trial should be granted *64only if the moving party has shown that the error was substantial, not harmless, and that the error affected the defendant’s substantial rights.” *United States v. Walker,*899 F.Supp. 14, 15 (D.D.C.1995) (internal quotation marks omitted).

A. *Brady violations*

Under *Brady,*the government is required to disclose all evidence in its possession that is favorable to a defendant and “material either to guilt or to punishment.” 373 U.S. at 87, 83 S.Ct. 1194. There are three components of a true *Brady*violation: “[t]he evidence at issue must be favorable to the accused, either because it is exculpatory, or because it is impeaching; that evidence must have been suppressed by the State, either willfully or inadvertently; and prejudice must have ensued.” *Strickler v. Greene,*527 U.S. 263, 281-82, 119 S.Ct. 1936, 144 L.Ed.2d 286 (1999).

“A defendant asserting a *Brady*violation as grounds for a new trial under Rule 33 must establish the materiality of the evidence to show that its suppression was prejudicial.” *United States v. Cook,*526 F.Supp.2d 10, 14 (D.D.C.2007) (internal quotation marks omitted). Not all evidence helpful to a defendant is material. *Kyles v. Whitley,*514 U.S. 419, 436-37, 115 S.Ct. 1555, 131 L.Ed.2d 490 (1995). “[Evidence is material only if there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A ‘reasonable probability’ is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”5*United States v. Morrow,*412 F.Supp.2d 146, 158 (D.D.C.2006) (quoting *United States v. Bagley,*473 U.S. 667, 682, 105 S.Ct. 3375, 87 L.Ed.2d 481 (1985)). In order to be material under *Brady,*the evidence must have been admissible at trial. *United States v. Derr,*990 F.2d 1330, 1335-36 (D.C.Cir.1993).

1. Police reports from the Doleman murder investigation

Wilson asserts that the government failed to disclose police reports from the investigation into Maurice Doleman’s death. The four reports at issue summarize police interviews with different witnesses who named Asay, Middleton, Cooler, and Shawn as various individuals who might have killed Doleman. (Def.’s Mot., Ex. 3 at 002928-32.) At trial, the government argued that Wilson believed that the members of the 1-5 Mob were responsible for the death of Doleman, that there was a feud between the 1-5 Mob and the Congress Park group, and that Wilson sought revenge by killing Middleton. Wilson contends that the undisclosed evidence provides “multiple alternative theories for the death of Maurice Doleman” and that these “factual scenarios rebut[] the motive evidence for the shooting of Ronnie Middleton aka Squid (and his girlfriend Sabrina Bradley) [which was premised on the theory] that David Wilson was looking for and trying to kill Ronnie Middleton for years because [Middleton] had killed Maurice [Doleman], Mr. Wilson’s alleged play brother.” (Def.’s Mot. at 2-3.)

While the government asserts that these reports cannot be *Brady*information be*65cause they refer to “nothing more than street rumor” (Gov’t Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. for a New Trial & J. of Acquittal at 4), police reports identifying other possible leads or suspects could constitute *Brady*material. *See United States v. Andrews,*532 F.3d 900, 906 (D.C.Cir.2008) (stating that the notes underlying an interview report might be *Brady*material because the notes could provide a defendant with information and leads). Withheld information that weakens the government’s motive theory is potentially exculpatory under *Brady. See Mendez v. Artuz,*303 F.3d 411, 414 (2d Cir.2002). Evidence that another individual had a motive to commit the crime at issue may weaken the inference that the defendant was involved in the offense. *United States v. Zuno-Arce,*44 F.3d 1420, 1426 (9th Cir.1995). In *Zuno-Arce,*the defendant argued that evidence showing that another drug cartel member had a motive to kill a federal agent because the agent was romantically involved with that cartel member’s girlfriend and that the death was unrelated to the agent’s investigation of the cartel’s narcotics operations would weaken the inference that the defendant was involved in the murder even though he was a cartel member. *Id.*However, the court concluded that the alternative evidence of motive did not create a reasonable probability that the jury would have reached a different result because there was substantial evidence showing that the victim was tortured over a two-day period only to uncover his knowledge of the cartel’s drug operations. *Id.*at 1430. In *Mendez,*the government withheld evidence documenting that another suspect had been questioned by the police and had admitted to taking out a contract on the victim’s life because the suspect believed that the victim had stolen money from him. 303 F:3d at 412-13. *Mendez*found that this evidence was material under *Brady*and was wrongfully withheld, noting that it “supplie[d] a possible alternative perpetrator *and*motive” while the government’s theory of motive was “weak and unlikely.” *Id.*at 413.

Here, three of the police reports raise theories that someone other than Middleton killed Doleman, while one report directly supports the government’s theory that Middleton murdered Doleman. *(See*Def.’s Mot., Ex. 3 at 002928-32.) Wilson could have sought admission of evidence that someone other than Middleton murdered Doleman in an attempt to argue that Wilson could not have had a motive to murder Middleton. Thus, these police reports could constitute favorable *Brady*evidence, although their character as exculpatory is not obvious. Wilson was not charged with or convicted of Doleman’s death in this case. The police reports do not directly exonerate Wilson or lessen the force of the corroborated and credible testimony regarding admissions Wilson made about his involvement in these murders to others like Kelliebrew, Scott, and Cottingham.6 Unlike in *Zuno-Arce*or *Mendez,*which involved withheld evidence of others’ motives to commit the crimes in question, the police reports at issue in this case are directly connected to Doleman’s death, not the Bradley and Middleton murders. Evidence of other suspects who might have killed Doleman is collateral to whether Wilson believed that Middleton killed Doleman, had his own motive to kill Middleton, or participated in the homicides. Because the evidence does not make it less likely that Wilson participated in the murders, there is no reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would *66have been different had that evidence been disclosed to the defense. *See United States v. Fields,*Criminal Action No. 98-0071(TFH), 2006 WL 148739, at *3 (D.D.C. Jan. 18, 2006) (rejecting *Brady*claim in part because the evidence, which implicated a third person in the conspiracy only and did not “exonerate or minimize” the defendant’s role, was not exculpatory).7

Wilson also contends that the police reports pertaining to the Doleman homicide could have been used to “impeach[ ] what the government witnesses testified to as historical facts in this case[.]” (Def.’s Reply to Gov’t Opp’n to Mot. for a New Trial at 3.) Evidence that impeaches a government witness is often favorable to a defendant, as “making the government’s case less credible ... enhances the defendant’s chances of acquittal.” *In re Sealed Case No. 99-3096,*185 F.3d 887, 893 (D.C.Cir.1999). For example, in *United States v. Smith,*77 F.3d 511, 516 (D.C.Cir.1996), the court found the government’s failure to disclose an agreement to dismiss charges against a cooperator as part of a plea agreement to be a *Brady*violation that warranted a new trial. *Smith*concluded that the confidence in the jury’s verdict was undermined because “[a]rmed with full disclosure, defense counsel could have pursued devastating cross-examination, challenging [the witness’] assertion that he was testifying only to ‘get a fresh start’ and suggesting that the witness might have deliberately concealed the other favors from the Government that were not in the written plea agreement.” *Id.*Likewise, *United States v. Cuffie,*80 F.3d 514, 518 (D.C.Cir.1996), found that evidence that a witness had lied under oath in a previous court proceeding involving the same drug conspiracy was material because such evidence was “almost unique in its detrimental effect on a witness’ credibility.”

However, unlike in *Smith*and *Cuffie,*here it is unclear whom Wilson would have sought to impeach with the undisclosed evidence. Under the Federal Rules of Evidence, a party may attempt to impeach a witness through evidence of character or conduct, of conviction of a crime, or of prior inconsistent statements. *See*Fed.R.Evid. 608, 609, 613. “[W]itnesses are not impeached by prior inconsistent statements of *other*witnesses, but by their *own*prior inconsistent statements.” *United States v. Tarantino,*846 F.2d 1384, 1416 (D.C.Cir.1988). Several witnesses testified about the Doleman murder and the feud between the 1-5 Mob and the Congress Park group including James Faison, Kelliebrew, Capíes, and Damien Green. With the undisclosed reports, Wilson may have been able to cross-examine these witnesses about feud details the reports revealed that varied from those offered by the witnesses. However, Wilson could not have impeached the witnesses since the suppressed reports do not contain prior statements of these witnesses. They contain only summaries of interviews of other witnesses by police investigators.

2. Giannakoulias’ report from the Middleton and Bradley murders

Wilson argues that the government’s failure to turn over Detective Konstantinos Giannakoulias’ report until after the trial began violated *Brady.*(Def.’s Mot. for a Mistrial or Dismissal of Counts 31, 32, 33, 34 at 3-4.) Giannakoulias’ report summarized a conversation with *67Bradley Carter. According to Carter, Michael Smith stated that Aman Ball and Joseph Jones killed Middleton and Bradley. (I*d.,*Ex. 1 at 1.) Evidence that Ball and Jones were the actual shooters contradicts the government’s theory that Roberson shot Middleton and Bradley. The report should have been disclosed before trial. The report, though, does not necessarily exculpate Wilson. The government’s theory was not that Wilson was a shooter, but that Wilson aided and abetted the shooter by driving the shooter to and from the murder scene.8 Giannakoulias’ report may directly discredit.the government’s theory as to who shot Middleton and Bradley, but it less directly undercuts the government’s theory that Wilson participated in the shootings.

When the government makes a disclosure that is late but is still during trial, “ ‘the defendant must show a reasonable probability that an earlier disclosure would have changed the trial’s result’ and not just that the evidence was material.” *Andrews,*532 F.3d at 907 (quoting *United States v. Dean,*55 F.3d 640, 663 (D.C.Cir.1995)). “‘[A] new trial is rarely warranted based on a *Brady*claim where the defendant ] obtained the information in time to make use of it.’ ” *Id.*(second alteration in original) (quoting *United States v. Wilson,*160 F.3d 732, 742 (D.C.Cir.1998)). To determine whether a defendant received a late disclosure in time to make use of it at trial, the court can consider the volume of the undisclosed evidence, whether counsel had the opportunity to request a continuance, and whether there were opportunities for a defendant to use this evidence effectively later at trial. *Andrews,*532 F.3d at 907-08. In *Andrews,*the court rejected the defendant’s argument that he did not have “enough time to use the material properly, to build a responsive defense theory, or effectively impeach” a witness where the new evidence was “hardly voluminous” at six pages long, defense counsel had two opportunities to request a continuance, and defense counsel received the evidence before the defense case began. *Id.*at 907. Likewise, in *Wilson,*the court denied the defendant’s motion for a new trial to remedy late disclosed statements of a witness because the defendant used the statements effectively on cross-examination instead of requesting additional time “to determine whether there was a viable alternative defense” based on the new evidence. 160 F.3d at 742. The court concluded that the defendant had “fail[ed] to show, beyond vague generalities, how the trial would have been different with earlier knowledge of [the witness’] statements.” *Id.*

Wilson asserts that he did not have time to investigate the facts contained in the FBI report once trial started, that witnesses had already testified who would have been confronted with the police report, and that he was unprepared to cross-examine witnesses about Jones’ and Aman Ball’s involvement in the shooting. (Def.’s Mot. for a Mistrial or Dismissal of Counts 31, 32, 33, and 34 at 6-7.) Wilson also asserts that he was unable to “weave Mr. Carter’s statement into his theory of the defense for presentation to the jury during *68opening statements and during the cross-examination[s] of ... Mr. Capies[ ] and Mr. Kelliebrew.” (Def.’s May 28, 2007 Reply in Supp. of Mot. for a Mistrial at 2.)

The government, although untimely, disclosed Giannakoulias’ report approximately two months before the close of the government’s case-in-chief, and Wilson had opportunities to use the evidence and call witnesses. Giannakoulias’ report was two pages long and the trial continued for several more months after disclosure. Wilson’s counsel met with Carter to discuss Giannakoulias’ report, cross-examined Carter at trial about whether he had previously provided information to the police about Middleton’s death, attempted to refresh Carter’s recollection with Giannakoulias’ report, and reserved the right to recall Carter later in the trial. (Trial Tr., May 31, 2007 a.m. at 1364044.) Wilson sought also to cross-examine Carter on the contents of Giannakoulias’ report, but the government’s objection that such testimony was outside the scope of the direct examination was sustained.9*(Id.*at 13640-41.) Wilson asserts that he would have used the report during Kelliebrew’s and Capíes’ cross-examinations. While Wilson could have incorporated information from Giannakoulias’ report into his cross-examination of Kelliebrew and Capíes, Wilson did not seek to recall Kelliebrew or Capíes to testify, and the report summarizing statements by Carter could not impeach testimony by Kelliebrew or Capíes. Detective Giannakoulias also testified at trial as a witness for Antwuan Ball, but Wilson did not question Giannakoulias. (Trial Tr., Aug. 22, 2007 p.m. at 19209.) Despite the government’s late disclosure of Giannakoulias’ report, Wilson did use it to investigate facts and question witnesses, and had a sufficient opportunity to seek to recall other witnesses for further questioning. Wilson has not shown that this late disclosure undermined confidence in the fairness of the trial, or that an earlier disclosure would have changed the trial’s result with respect to Counts 31 and 33.

3. Bobby Capíes impeachment evidence

Wilson also contends that the government failed to disclose material that he could have used to impeach witness Bobby Capíes at trial. Capíes testified that in 1998, he had a conversation with Wilson in which Wilson admitted involvement in the Middleton and Bradley murders. (Trial Tr., Mar. 29, 2007 p.m. at 5112-17.) Capíes also testified that although he was cooperating with Detective Mike Will of the Metropolitan Police Department beginning in 1999, Capíes did not trust Will and ultimately cut off communication with him. (Trial Tr., Apr. 3, 2007 a.m. at 5429-30, 5444-46.) Wilson argues that the government should have disclosed a summary of a 1999 police interview with Capíes which makes no mention of Capíes speaking directly to Wilson when discussing the mur*69ders of Middleton and Bradley, police notes that Wilson claims were written during an interview of Capíes that make no mention of Capíes discussing the murders with Wilson, and sealed Superior Court records purportedly about Capíes’ cooperation with law enforcement in regard to felony charges in Superior Court. (Def.’s Suppl. to Mot. for Consideration of Still Pending Mots, for a New Trial and for a J. of Acquittal (“Def.’s Suppl.”) at 2.)

The interview summary is favorable to Wilson and is *Brady*material. The summary makes no mention of Wilson’s involvement in the Middleton and Bradley murders. However, Capíes testified that he learned of Wilson’s involvement in 1998, before he went to the police to tell what he knew about the murders. Since the summary suggests that Capíes did not mention in the interview the 1998 conversation with Wilson, Wilson could have impeached Capíes with this omission. Even if Capíes had been successfully impeached, the admissions Wilson made about his involvement in these murders to Kelliebrew, Scott, and Cottingham — virtually identical in material respects to what Capíes revealed — defeat any reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have changed.

Nor does the other evidence Wilson cites warrant the relief he seeks. The interview notes that Wilson speculates reflected a police interview of Capíes *(see*Def.’s Suppl. at 2 (citing notes from interviews “which at least *appear*to be notes of interviews of Bobby Capíes”) (emphasis added)) in fact relate to an interview of another witness who did not testify in the trial. (Gov’t Suppl. Opp’n at 4-5.) Moreover, the sealed Superior Court records Wilson claims the government blocked access to were Capíes’ juvenile records. Wilson moved in the Superior Court to obtain access to them, and the Superior Court denied the motion. (Trial Tr., Apr. 4, 2007 a.m. at 5763-64.) The government, therefore, did not suppress this information.

4. Thomas Webb impeachment evidence

Wilson argues that the government failed to disclose two statements by Metropolitan Police Department officers that he could have used to impeach the testimony of Detective Thomas Webb at trial. (Def.’s Suppl. at 3.) Webb testified that he spoke with a wounded Middleton the night of his murder after Middleton drove to Webb’s precinct to escape his attackers, where Middleton stated that the shooting took place at 1527 Congress Place. (Trial Tr., June 7, 2007 p.m. at 14649, 14681.) Wilson contends that the government should have disclosed the statements of Officers James Craig and L. West. Craig’s states that Craig ran out to the Bronco where the driver was fading in and out of consciousness, Craig ran back inside to retrieve a flashlight, and he returned by the time the Fire Department had arrived. It also contained the following question and answer: “Q: Was the driver of this vehicle able to say anything to you at all, or did you see or hear him saying anything to anyone else? A: No.” West’s says Webb questioned the driver who stated that the attack took place at 1523 Congress Street. (Def.’s Suppl., Ex. 8; Ex. 9.)

The information in the two statements was in theory favorable to Wilson. Wilson might have been able to elicit testimony from Craig that he did not observe Middleton speaking to any officer on the scene, potentially impeaching Webb’s testimony that he spoke with Middleton. That is no certainty since the question Craig answered was compound, and it is unclear to which of the three parts of the question his answer was directed. Nor is it clear that his statement necessarily would be impeaching since Craig admitted being absent from the driver for some period of *70time. Wilson also could have called West to testify that he heard Middleton tell Webb that the attack took place at 1523 Congress Street, not 1527 Congress Place as Webb testified. Eliciting this minor discrepancy in an insignificant detail would be a dubious tactic since it would also eviscerate any impeachment of Webb’s testimony that he interviewed Middleton. In any event, these non-disclosures do not require the remedy of a new trial that Wilson seeks. Because Webb testified that Middleton stated that he did not know “who did this” (Trial Tr., June 7, 2007 p.m. at 14662), his testimony did not connect Wilson to the shooting. The jury would not have concluded on the basis of Webb’s testimony that Wilson aided and abetted the murders. Wilson’s inability to undermine Webb’s credibility by impeaching him with information gleaned from the two undisclosed reports would not have had any effect on the verdict with respect to Counts 31 and 33 or undermined confidence in the fairness of the trial. Accordingly, Wilson has not shown that he suffered prejudice from this non-disclosure.

5. Cumulative effect of alleged *Brady*violations

When there are multiple *Brady*violations alleged, a court should examine “the cumulative effect of all such evidence suppressed by the government” and not make “independent materiality evaluations” only. *Kyles,*514 U.S. at 421, 441, 115 S.Ct. 1555; *see also United States v. Lloyd,*71 F.3d 408, 412 (D.C.Cir.1995). Materiality of the suppressed evidence is to be considered in light of the entire trial record. *United States v. Bowie,*198 F.3d 905, 912 (D.C.Cir.1999).

Even considering the cumulative effect of the alleged *Brady*violations, there is no reasonable probability that the result would have been different. The police reports from the Doleman investigation— and any other evidence that there were suspects other than Middleton for the Doleman murder — while helpful, do not directly contradict the evidence about whom Wilson held responsible for Doleman’s death. Nor does Wilson show that suppression of the police reports “substantially affected the efforts of defense counsel to impeach” the witnesses who testified that Wilson was involved in Bradley and Middleton’s murders, “thereby calling into question the fairness of the ultimate verdict.” *United States v. Emor,*573 F.3d 778, 782 (D.C.Cir.2009) (quoting *Cuffie,*80 F.3d at 517). Giannakoulias’ report was disclosed approximately two months before the close of the government’s case-in-chief, and Wilson had ample opportunity to use this evidence at trial. The evidence that might have corroborated Carter’s account as described in Giannakoulias’ report would not have been admissible even if it had been disclosed. Impeaching Capies based on his omission of Wilson in his police interview could have lessened the impact of Capies’ testimony but not the three other credible witness accounts of Wilson admitting his involvement in the murders. Although Wilson might have been able to impeach Webb based on the undisclosed police reports, he would have been able to impeach him only as to minor collateral details of his testimony, testimony that could not have provided a basis for the jury’s verdict on Wilson’s aiding and abetting first degree murder counts in any event.

In *Orache,*the court found no material violation in part because the suppressed evidence had a negligible effect and there was “very strong” evidence implicating the defendant. 484 F.3d at 599-600. As in *Orache,*there was compelling evidence here showing that Wilson had a motive to kill Middleton, and that he drove the actual shooter who killed Middleton and Brad*71ley to and from the scene. There is not a reasonable probability that, in totality, the suppression of the favorable evidence cited by Wilson would have affected the outcome of the trial in light of the substantial evidence that he played a role in the shootings. Wilson’s motion for a new trial based on *Brady*violations therefore will be denied.

B. *False testimony*

Wilson also moves for a new trial on the ground that the government sponsored and failed to correct Damien Green’s false testimony. The government may not knowingly use false testimony to obtain a conviction. *Napue,*360 U.S. at 269, 79 S.Ct. 1173. “ ‘[A] conviction obtained by the knowing use of perjured testimony is fundamentally unfair, and must be set aside if there is any reasonable likelihood that the false testimony could have affected the judgment of the jury.’ ” *United States v. Gale,*314 F.3d 1, 3 (D.C.Cir.2003) (quoting *United States v. Agurs,*427 U.S. 97, 103, 96 S.Ct. 2392, 49 L.Ed.2d 342 (1976)); *see also United States v. Quinn,*537 F.Supp.2d 99, 120 (D.D.C.2008) (“Because the integrity of our justice system relies on the presentation of truthful evidence for a jury to evaluate, ‘the prosecution’s knowing use of false testimony entails a veritable hair trigger for setting aside the conviction.’” (quoting *Gale,*314 F.3d at 4)). To demonstrate that the court should set aside a conviction on these grounds, a “defendant must show that (1) the evidence was actually false; (2) the prosecution knew or should have known that the testimony was false; and (3) the false testimony was material.” *Fields,*2006 WL 148739, at *2. In determining materiality, a court must assess whether “ ‘the false testimony could in any reasonable likelihood have affected the judgment of the jury.’ ” *United States v. Burch,*156 F.3d 1315, 1329 (D.C.Cir.1998) (quoting *Giglio v. United States,*405 U.S. 150, 154, 92 S.Ct. 763, 31 L.Ed.2d 104 (1972)). While one court has required the allegedly false statement to be the result of a “willful intent to provide false testimony, rather than as a result of confusion, mistake or faulty memory,” *United States v. Edmonds,*870 F.Supp. 1140, 1146 (D.D.C.1994), other courts have required only that the evidence be false, regardless of whether such evidence resulted from confusion or mistake. *See, e.g., Drake v. Portuondo,*553 F.3d 230, 242 n. 7 (2d Cir.2009); *United States v. Cargill,*17 Fed.Appx. 214, 224 (4th Cir.2001).

Wilson argues that Green’s testimony at trial was inconsistent with his prior testimony about two events. First, Green testified here that he was with Mussy, his cousin Anthony, and Brad by Monkey Mark’s house when Anthony started shooting at Tweety, Wilson, and Joonie. (Trial Tr. June 5, 2007 p.m. at 14186-87.) By comparison, in a trial captioned *United States v. Edelin,*Green testified that Anthony and Muncee told him about a time when Anthony shot at Pete, Tweety, and Joonie. (Def.’s Mot. for a Mistrial, Ex. 1 at 13974-76.) Wilson asserts that Green changed his testimony in this case by substituting Wilson for Pete and stating that he personally witnessed the incident. (Def.’s Mot. for a Mistrial at 2.)

Next, Green testified at trial about seeing Middleton shoot at Tweety and seeing Wilson run away while holding a gun. (Trial Tr., May 31, 2007 p.m. at 13820). On December 5, 1997, Green testified before a grand jury about an incident where he saw Middleton shoot at Tweety and saw Cootie running away. (Def.’s Suppl. to Mot. for a Mistrial, Ex. 3 at 32.) Wilson argues that Green is referring to the same incident on both occasions, but described the event differently each time. In particular, Green mentioned the involvement of *72Cootie and Spook before the grand jury, while in this case he mentioned Wilson. (Def.’s Suppl. to Mot. for a Mistrial at 1.) Wilson was not allowed to re-cross Green, and Wilson now contends that the government failed to correct Green’s erroneous testimony and that the “the jury [was] left thinking that Mr. Green testified consistently at the Edelin trial[,] while the truth is that he did not.” (Def.’s Mot. for a Mistrial at 2.)

Wilson has not established conclusively that Green testified falsely. He has not shown that the incident Green testified about in *Edelin*involving Pete, Tweety, and Joonie is the same incident described at'trial involving Wilson, Tweety, and Joonie. Although there are factual similarities between the incidents, Wilson offers no basis for adopting an assumption that Green was describing the same event, and factual differences suggest these may have been different events. For example, Green testified at trial that he witnessed Middleton shooting at Wilson while “standing in the cut by Monkey Mark[’s] house.” (Trial Tr., June 5, 2007 p.m. at 14186.) By comparison, Green testified in *Edelin*that he was at Mush’s house when he heard Anthony shooting at Pete and ran down the block toward Anthony. (Def.’s Mot., Ex. 1 at 13976.) When asked at this trial whether he had testified in *Edelin*about the Wilson, Tweety, and Joonie incident, Green initially answered yes (Trial Tr., June 5, 2007. p.m. at 14142-43), but later asserted twice that he had not discussed the Wilson, Tweety, and Joonie shooting in *Edelin. (Id.*at 14144,14188.)

Furthermore, Green may have described the event where Middleton fired at Tweety differently at trial than he did before the grand jury, but Wilson does not assert exactly which statements were false. Contrary to Wilson’s argument that Green “never referred to Mr. Wilson as Cootie” in this trial (Def.’s Suppl. to Mot. for a Mistrial at 1), Green stated at trial that he knew of a person named “Wop,” who had a nickname of “Cootie,” and identified Wilson as Cootie. (Trial Tr., May 31, 2007 p.m. at 13782-83.)

For the second prong, Wilson contends that the government knew or should have known that Green’s testimony was false. While the government may have possessed Green’s testimony before the grand jury and from *Edelin,*Wilson does not offer evidence that the government knowingly sponsored false testimony. At best, he has established that the testimony may have been inconsistent. Mere inconsistency is insufficient to warrant the relief he seeks. *See United States v. Harrison,*103 F.3d 986, 989 (D.C.Cir.1997) (rejecting the defendant’s argument that the government relied on perjured testimony because “even if the testimony is inconsistent, an inconsistency between the grand jury and trial statements of a witness does not by itself support an inference that the Government knowingly sponsored false testimony”); *United States v. Martin,*59 F.3d 767, 770 (8th Cir.1995) (noting that “[a] challenge to evidence through ... prior inconsistent statements [is] insufficient to establish prosecutorial use of false testimony” (internal quotation marks omitted) (second alteration in original)); *Simental v. Matrisciano,*363 F.3d 607, 615 (7th Cir.2004) (“[M]ere inconsistencies in testimony by government witnesses do not establish the government’s knowing use of false testimony.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

Even if Green testified falsely, and the government knew about the false statements, there must also be a reasonable probability that the false statements could have affected the judgment of the jury to warrant a new trial. *United States v. Diggs,*161 Fed.Appx. 7, 8 (D.C.Cir.2005). *73When there is inconsistent testimony, a court considers the importance of the testimony to the convictions, *United States v. Anderson,*509 F.2d 312, 328 (D.C.Cir.1974), and the other evidence presented at trial. For example, in *Burch,*156 F.3d at 1328, the defendant, who was convicted of crack possession, argued that the government had a duty to alert the court about a discrepancy between his accomplice’s trial testimony for the government elicited under a cooperation agreement and the investigator’s debriefing notes concerning whether the witness received sixty-two grams of crack from a certain supplier. *Burch*concluded that “[e]ven if the jury had been made aware that [the witness] told the DEA agent that she had received 62 grams from [a supplier] at some point[,]” the jury’s final verdict was unlikely to have been influenced because the defendant had already admitted ownership of this crack, the witness’ credibility had already been “thoroughly compromised by her own admissions of prior drug use and dealing[,]” and “solid evidence established] [the defendant’s] guilt.” *Id.*at 1329. Likewise, in *United States v. Price,*357 F.Supp.2d 63, 69 (D.D.C.2004), the court concluded that a witness’ false testimony about his credentials did not affect “the judgment of the jury, in light of the other evidence introduced in the case against the defendant.” Wilson extensively cross-examined Green about his prior testimony in *Edelin*and raised several issues affecting his credibility, including his cooperation with the government and the benefits he received, his prior drug use, and his prior involvement in acts of violence and drug distribution. (Trial Tr., June 5, 2007 a.m. at 14092-97; June 5, 2007 p.m. at 14108-16, 14160-66.) Even if Wilson had shown that Green testified falsely, these inconsistencies would not reasonably have affected the jury’s verdict, especially given the substantial evidence that Wilson had a motive to harm Middleton and was involved in his death. Wilson’s motion for a new trial based on Green’s allegedly false testimony will be denied.

*CONCLUSION AND ORDER*

The evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, permitted a reasonable jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt the essential elements of all the offenses of which Wilson was convicted except Count 11. No new trial is warranted by the government’s failure to disclose potentially favorable evidence since its disclosure would not likely have affected the outcome or fairness of the trial, or by Green’s testimony since the testimony was not demonstrably false or material. Accordingly, it is hereby

ORDERED that the defendant’s motion [1233] for consideration of still pending motions, for a new trial, and for a judgment of acquittal be, and hereby is, GRANTED with respect to a judgment of acquittal on Count 11, and DENIED in all other respects. The jury’s verdict of guilty on Count 11 as to David Wilson is hereby SET ASIDE, and a verdict of not guilty on Count 11 hereby is ENTERED.

1

. Wilson also renews his motion for a mistrial. Because a verdict has already been rendered and accepted, and the jury has been dismissed, a new trial — not a mistrial — would be the proper remedy for the alleged violations.

2

. White did not describe the cocaine further as powder or crack cocaine. However, Agent *60Fulmer testified that he collected a white rock substance from White after the October 17, 2000 controlled purchase (Trial Tr., Mar. 13, 2007 p.m. at 2734), and Dang testified that the substance collected from that transaction weighed 1.5 grams and contained cocaine base at a 77% purity level. (Trial Tr., Mar. 22, 2007 p.m. at 4004.)

3

. The government’s theory was that White had purchased from Wilson and Thurston before then. (See Superseding Indictment, Count One, Overt Act 35, and Count 3.) Thus, Wilson’s mere presence would not have served to vouch for a seller unknown to White, nor do the government’s briefs argue such a theory.

4

. Wilson argues in the alternative that he is entitled to dismissal of Counts 31 and 33. However, a dismissal is not the proper remedy for a *Brady*violation. *United States v. Evans,*888 F.2d 891, 897 n. 5 (D.C.Cir.1989). Similarly, while a court's supervisory powers might allow it to dismiss an indictment as a sanction for the government's misbehavior with respect to a *Napue*violation, the more appropriate remedy for such a violation is a new trial. *United States v. Darui,*614 F.Supp.2d 25, 37-38 (D.D.C.2009). Thus, the alleged *Brady*and *Napue*violations will be analyzed under only the Rule 33 standard for a new trial.

5

. An inquiry based on materiality is different from one based on sufficiency of the evidence. *See United States v. Smith,*77 F.3d 511, 512-13 (D.C.Cir.1996) (noting that materiality is not "gauged by a sufficiency-of-the-evidence test”). The " 'focus is on the potential impact that the undisclosed evidence might have had on the fairness of the proceedings rather than on the overall strength of the government’s case.’ ” *United States v. Oruche,*484 F.3d 590, 597 (D.C.Cir.2007) (quoting *United States v. Cuffie,*80 F.3d 514, 517 (D.C.Cir.1996)).

6

. Testimony from Cottingham was particularly compelling given her relationship with Wilson and the fact that she, unlike the other three witnesses, was not testifying under any deal she had cut with the government. (Trial Tr., June 13, 2007 p.m. at 15385-87.)

7

. Wilson cites additional evidence that the government failed to disclose that named additional suspects in the Doleman murder other than Middleton. *(See*Def.'s Suppl. to Mot. for Consideration of Still Pending Mots., for a New Trial and for J. of Acquittal at 3; Ex. 10.) This evidence similarly is not plainly exculpatory.

8

. Wilson also argues that the government should have disclosed Detective Mike Will’s June 14, 1999 running resume reflecting his interview of a confidential source regarding a recorded conversation the source had with one of the perpetrators of the Middleton and Bradley murders. (Def.'s Suppl. at 2-3.) The report summarizes a conversation the informant had with Roberson, in which Roberson admitted to being the trigger-man in the murder. (Gov’t Suppl. Opp'n, Ex. B.) This evidence is not exculpatory in any respect, as it is entirely consistent with the government’s theory that Wilson was the driver and Roberson fired the gun.

9

. Wilson also argues that the government failed to disclose evidence that would have corroborated Carter’s statements to Giannakoulias, namely an investigative supplemental police report that memorialized Patrice Johnson as having identified Teeny Man’s presence at the murder scene. (Def.’s Suppl. to Mot. for Consideration of Still Pending Mots, for a New Trial and for a J. of Acquittal at 1.) It is unclear how this evidence would have corroborated what Wilson has identified as the crucial disclosure in tire Giannakoulias report- — ■ that Carter believed that Aman Ball and Jones killed Middleton. Even if evidence corroborating one part of Carter’s account could also be considered to corroborate separate and independent parts of his account, however, the evidence likewise would have been inadmissible as outside the scope of the direct examination. The government’s failure to disclose the investigative supplemental police report does not warrant a new trial for Wilson as a remedy, since evidence must have been admissible to be material under *Brady. See Derr,*990 F.2d at 1335-36.