i 

February 2017 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

COMMISSION DECISIONS 

02-10-17 SEC. OF LABOR O/B/O AARON 

LEE ANDERSON v. A & G COAL 

CORPORATION and CHESTNUT 

LAND HOLDINGS, LLC 

VA 2017-69-D Page 315

COMMISSION ORDERS 

02-15-17 SIMS CRANE, INC. SE 2015-315 Page 323

02-21-17 PORTABLE, INC. EAJA 2015-1-M Page 325

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE DECISIONS 

02-06-17 WEVA 2016-0514 Page 327

02-13-17 CENT 2016-0377-M Page 332

02-13-17 WEVA 2016-438-D Page 341

02-14-17

ROCKWELL MINING, LLC 

BUCKLEY POWDER COMPANY 

MILTON M. PETTRY, JR. v. 

PANTHER CREEK MINING, LLC, 

DOUG BENDER, MIKE BURKE, and 

GREG DOTSON 

SEC. OF LABOR O/B/O AARON

LEE ANDERSON v. A & G COAL 

CORPORATION and CHESTNUT 

LAND HOLDINGS, LLC 

VA 2017-69-D Page 364

02-21-17 RED RIVER COAL COMPANY, INC. VA 2014-236 Page 368
ii

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE ORDERS 

02-02-17 JONES BROTHERS INC. SE 2016-246 Page 399

02-02-17 ARJ CONSTRUCTION COMPANY 

INC. 

YORK 2016-7 Page 404

02-06-17 GENE ESTELLA v. NEWMONT USA 

LIMITED 

WEST 2016-0031-

DM 

Page 407

02-16-17 VICKIE R. ARLINE v. ARCILLA 

MINING & LAND LLC 

SE 2016-0196-DM Page 410

02-17-17 CACTUS CANYON QUARRIES, 

INC. 

CENT 2016-410 Page 417

02-22-17 BING MATERIALS WEST 2017-0068 Page 419

02-22-17 CONSOLIDATION COAL 

COMPANY 

WEVA 2015-509 Page 423

02-22-17 ARJ CONSTRUCTION COMPANY 

INC. 

YORK 2016-103 Page 426

02-23-17 ARMSTRONG COAL COMPANY 

INC. 

KENT 2016-44 Page 428
iii

Review was granted in the following cases during the month of February 2017: 

Secretary of Labor v. Alcoa World Alumina, LLC, Docket Nos. CENT 2015-128-M, et al. 

(Judge Gill, January 10, 2017) 

Secretary of Labor v. Sims Crane, Docket No. SE 2016-81 (Judge McCarthy, January 13, 2017) 

Secretary of Labor v. A&G Coal Corporation and Chestnut Land Holdings, LLC., Docket No. 

VA 2017-69 (Kenneth R. Andrews, January 19, 2017) 

Review was not denied in any case during the month of February 2017. 

COMMISSION DECISIONS
39 FMSHRC Page 314
FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION 

1331 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, NW, SUITE 520N

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20004-1710

February 10, 2017 

SECRETARY OF LABOR, 

 MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH 

 ADMINISTRATION (MSHA), 

 on behalf of AARON LEE ANDERSON 

v. Docket No. VA 2017-69-D 

A & G COAL CORPORATION 

 and CHESTNUT LAND HOLDINGS, LLC 

BEFORE: Althen, Acting Chairman; Jordan, Young, and Cohen, Commissioners 

DECISION 

BY THE COMMISSION: 

This temporary reinstatement proceeding arises under the Federal Mine Safety and 

Health Act of 1977, 30 U.S.C. § 801 et seq. (2012) (“Mine Act”). On January 19, 2017, the 

Administrative Law Judge issued a decision granting an Application for Temporary 

Reinstatement filed by the Secretary of Labor on behalf of Aaron Lee Anderson against A & G 

Coal Corporation (“A & G”) pursuant to section 105(c)(2) of the Mine Act, 30 U.S.C. 

§ 815(c)(2).1 39 FMSHRC , slip op. at 14, No. VA 2017-69-D (Jan. 19, 2017) (ALJ). The

Judge further found that temporary reinstatement should not be tolled by the partial layoff which

occurred at the mine subsequent to Anderson’s termination. The operator subsequently filed a

timely petition for review of the Judge’s grant of temporary reinstatement, directed at the tolling

issue. For the reasons that follow, we grant the petition and affirm the Judge’s decision.

1

 Section 105(c)(2) of the Mine Act provides in pertinent part: 

Any miner . . . who believes that he has been discharged, interfered with, or 

otherwise discriminated against by any person in violation of this subsection may, 

within 60 days after such violation occurs, file a complaint with the Secretary 

alleging such discrimination. Upon receipt of such complaint, the Secretary shall 

forward a copy of the complaint to the respondent and shall cause such 

investigation to be made as he deems appropriate. Such investigation shall 

commence within 15 days of the Secretary’s receipt of the complaint, and if the 

Secretary finds that such complaint was not frivolously brought, the Commission, 

on an expedited basis upon application of the Secretary, shall order the immediate 

reinstatement of the miner pending final order on the complaint. 

30 U.S.C. § 815(c)(2). 

39 FMSHRC Page 315
I. 

Factual and Procedural Background 

A. Factual Background

A & G operates the Strip No. 12 Mine, a surface coal mine located in Virginia. Aaron 

Lee Anderson was employed at the mine, primarily as a truck driver hauling rock, for 

approximately three months. He was hired on August 26, 2016, and discharged from his position 

on November 21, 2016. 

On November 29, 2016, Anderson filed a discrimination complaint with the Department 

of Labor’s Mine Safety and Health Administration (“MSHA”) against A & G. App. for Temp. 

Reinstatement, Ex. B at 1-2. MSHA conducted a preliminary investigation of Anderson’s 

discrimination complaint and on January 3, 2017, the Secretary filed an Application for 

Temporary Reinstatement, requesting an order requiring A & G to temporarily reinstate 

Anderson to his former position as haul truck driver or to a comparable position. Id. at 4. The 

Secretary alleges that the discharge was motivated by the fact that Anderson raised safety 

concerns regarding dusty conditions and compromised visibility in the pit area. 

The Judge held a hearing on temporary reinstatement on January 12, 2017. At the 

hearing, Anderson testified2 that on November 18, 2016, he was working night shift at the mine. 

Anderson testified that when he arrived at the mine pit at the start of the shift, he noticed a large 

amount of dust in the air. Using his truck’s CB radio, Anderson communicated his safety 

concerns to his supervisor, Danny Orrick. He informed Orrick that the dust in the air was 

impairing his vision while he was operating his truck. Tr. 28-29. According to Anderson, Orrick 

stated that he would send a water truck to clear the air. Tr. 25, 27. After Anderson hauled his 

first load to the dump site, he saw that the water truck had not been brought in to control the dust. 

While hauling his second load of rock, Anderson repeated his concern about the dust impairing 

visibility over the CB radio. Orrick did not respond to the second complaint. Anderson heard 

two other truck drivers voice similar concerns about the dust impairing visibility. Tr. 28, 29, 31, 

37. Anderson testified that he continued working for fear of losing his job. Tr. 27.

The dust was still significantly impairing visibility when Anderson returned to the pit to 

receive a third load. Anderson saw one of the front-end loaders raise its shovel above the dust, 

and believed that the loader’s operator was signaling to him to position his truck to be loaded. 

Anderson attempted to back his truck into position, but collided with another truck which was 

2

 The Commission has noted that in temporary reinstatement proceedings, it is “not the 

[J]udge’s duty, nor is it the Commission’s, to resolve the conflict in testimony at this preliminary

stage of the proceedings.” Sec’y on behalf of Albu v. Chicopee Coal Co., 21 FMSHRC 717, 719

(July 1999) (citation omitted). A temporary reinstatement hearing is held for the purpose of

determining “whether the evidence mustered by the miners to date established that their

complaints are non-frivolous, not whether there is sufficient evidence of discrimination to justify

permanent reinstatement.” Jim Walter Res., Inc., 920 F.2d 738, 744 (11th Cir. 1990). Thus, the

Judge here correctly accepted Anderson’s testimony as accurate.

39 FMSHRC Page 316
already being loaded. Anderson testified that he could not see the other truck because of the 

dust. The collision caused more than $50,000 in damage to the other truck. Tr. 29-31, 51-55, 

120. After the accident, A & G tested Anderson for drugs and sent him home. Tr. 31-33. The

test results were negative. Tr. 33.

Prior to the November 18 accident, Anderson had raised other safety concerns. He had 

made three complaints to Orrick concerning berm heights, and how they needed to be raised. 

According to Anderson, Orrick would become agitated at these complaints, and in one instance 

Orrick responded that Anderson should do his job and Orrick would do his. Tr. 39. Anderson 

had also complained many times about the handrail on his truck being broken. Tr. 29, 55-56. A 

& G fixed the handrail, but never in a manner that prevented it being broken again. As of 

November 18, the handrail had remained unrepaired for approximately 10 days. Tr. 29, 56. 

A & G terminated Anderson on November 21, asserting that the accident three days 

earlier was the reason. Anderson filed a complaint with MSHA pursuant to section 105(c) of the 

Mine Act eight days later. The Secretary subsequently investigated, and then filed his 

Application for Temporary Reinstatement. 

While the Secretary was investigating Anderson’s complaint, A & G idled operations at 

the Strip No. 12 Mine due to economic conditions. On December 28, 2016, the mine was placed 

in “nonproducing” status with MSHA. As a result of the idling of the mine, approximately 29 

miners were laid off and approximately 19 were transferred to the Bishop Coal Mine, a mine two 

hours away which was owned by A & G’s parent company. Eight miners either refused transfer 

or resigned. Tr. 90-91; PTR, Ex. A. 

Shortly after the Secretary filed his request to have Anderson reinstated to his former 

position with A & G, the operator filed a motion with the Judge asking that any reinstatement 

order be tolled due to the layoff. A & G asserted that it would not have transferred Anderson to 

the Bishop Coal Mine because Anderson did not have enough seniority. In support of its tolling 

motion, A & G submitted a list of its employees at the Strip No. 12 Mine showing which ones 

had been offered and accepted a transfer to the Bishop Mine, which had been offered and 

declined a transfer, and which miners were laid off and not offered a transfer. PTR, Ex. A. 

According to the employee list, all employees who were offered transfers to the Bishop Mine had 

more seniority than Anderson. 

The Secretary opposed tolling of Anderson’s temporary reinstatement and challenged the 

system which A & G used to determine which employees would be laid off and which 

employees would be offered the opportunity to transfer. 

On January 19, the Judge issued an order requiring temporary reinstatement of Anderson 

and denying A & G’s tolling motion. A & G subsequently reinstated Anderson to a position that 

it created for him as a truck driver hauling rock at one of A & G’s reclamation projects. 

39 FMSHRC Page 317
B. The Judge’s Order

The Judge found that the Secretary’s section 105(c)(2) complaint was not frivolous. 

Specifically, the Judge found that the Secretary had made a non-frivolous claim that Anderson 

engaged in protected activity and suffered an adverse action. The Judge further found A & G 

had knowledge of Anderson’s safety complaints made over the CB radio, and that Anderson’s 

discharge closely followed his safety complaints. The Judge further found that A& G displayed 

animus toward Anderson’s protected activity in that its responses to the safety complaints ranged 

“from inaction to outright hostility.” Slip op. at 11. Accordingly, the Judge concluded that the 

Secretary had made a non-frivolous claim that a nexus existed between Anderson’s protected 

activity and his subsequent discharge. 

In denying the operator’s tolling motion, the Judge reasoned that the operator had failed 

to demonstrate that Anderson would not have been transferred to Bishop Coal had he not been 

discharged following the accident. The Senior Vice President of A & G’s corporate parent 

(Southern Coal Corporation), Patrick Graham, testified that three factors were used to determine 

whether a miner would be laid off or transferred to the Bishop Mine – seniority, skills, and 

willingness to travel to the Bishop Mine. However, the Judge found that each of those three 

factors was problematic with respect to Anderson: 

1) The Judge observed that, according to the operator’s own employee list, a miner who

was hired the same month as Anderson had been transferred to the Bishop Mine, and

another miner who had a decade more seniority than that miner was laid off.

2) The Judge further observed that the employee list did not list the skills or

certifications of the miners, but only listed the hourly wages. He found that hourly

wages were not a “suitable proxy” for determining skills, thus making it impossible to

determine whether Anderson’s skills would have qualified him for transfer.

3) Finally, the Judge found that because Anderson had already been terminated at the

time the transfers were offered, his willingness to travel to the Bishop Mine was not

considered.

As a result, the Judge found not frivolous Anderson’s assertion that, had he been working 

at the mine at the time of the layoff, including him in the layoff rather than providing a transfer 

would have been at least in part because of his protected activities. Accordingly, the Judge 

denied the operator’s tolling motion. 

39 FMSHRC Page 318
II. 

Disposition 

The operator does not challenge the Judge’s conclusions regarding Anderson’s 

underlying temporary reinstatement claim. Rather, the operator argues that the Judge erred in 

denying A & G’s tolling motion. The operator asserts that it presented clear evidence that 

Anderson would have been included in the layoffs that resulted from the idling of the mine.3

The Commission has recognized that the occurrence of certain events, such as a layoff for 

economic reasons, may toll an operator’s reinstatement obligation or the time for which an 

operator is required to pay back pay to a discriminatee. See Sec’y of Labor on behalf of Gatlin v. 

KenAmerican Resources, Inc., 31 FMSHRC 1050, 1054-56 (Oct. 2009); Sec’y of Labor on 

behalf of Ratliff v. Cobra Natural Res., LLC, 35 FMSHRC 394, 397-99 (Feb. 2013); Sec’y of 

Labor on behalf of Rodriguez v. C.R. Meyer & Sons Co., 35 FMSHRC 1183, 1187-88 (May 

2013); see also Simpson v. Kenta Energy, Inc., 11 FMSHRC 1638, 1639 (Sept. 1989) (holding 

that back pay is due to a discriminatee from the date of the unlawful discharge until the time of 

reinstatement or “the occurrence of an event tolling the reinstatement obligation”); Wiggins v. E. 

Assoc. Coal Corp., 7 FMSHRC 1766, 1772-73 (Nov. 1985) (concluding that the back pay award 

ended upon the date of layoff). 

Proof of a non-frivolous claim of discrimination in a discharge that precedes a subsequent 

partial layoff, standing alone, does not foreclose tolling due to the subsequent partial layoff. To 

prevail on such a tolling claim, however, the operator must prove that the layoff justifies tolling 

temporary reinstatement. Gatlin, 31 FMSHRC at 1055. If the Secretary challenges the 

objectivity of the layoff, the Commission applies the “not frivolously brought” standard 

contained in section 105(c)(2) of the Mine Act to the Secretary’s challenge. Here, the operator 

discharged the miner prior to the layoff. Therefore, the Judge must evaluate the tolling claim as 

if the miner was employed at the time of the partial layoff and was laid off rather than transferred 

to the sister mine. In such circumstances, once the complainant establishes a non-frivolous basis 

for a claim of a violative discharge, temporary reinstatement should not be tolled by a partial 

3

 We reject the Secretary’s argument that A & G’s temporary reinstatement of Anderson 

as a truck driver hauling rock forecloses its tolling claim. The Judge ordered the operator to 

reinstate Anderson immediately. The operator complied with the Judge’s order by creating a 

rock truck position for Anderson at an A & G reclamation site. We are not persuaded by the 

Secretary’s argument that the creation of Anderson’s new position somehow undermines the fact 

that the mine needed to lay off a certain number of miners for economic reasons. The 

Secretary’s approach, in effect, would penalize an operator for complying with the Judge’s order 

for temporary reinstatement. Such an outcome defies logic and runs counter to the goals of the 

Act by potentially resulting in delays of compliance with temporary reinstatement orders for 

miners. See, e.g., Sec’y of Labor on behalf of Gatlin v. KenAmerican Res., Inc., 31 FMSHRC 

1050, 1053, 1054 n.4 (Oct. 2009) (rejecting the Secretary’s argument that the operator is 

estopped from asserting a tolling claim when it had economically reinstated the miner without 

receiving job services from him). 

39 FMSHRC Page 319
layoff unless the operator shows that the transfers were determined and carried out on terms that 

expose as frivolous the miner’s claim that he would have been transferred to the sister mine, but 

for his improper discharge. 

We find unavailing the operator’s argument that, absent evidence that a miner with less 

seniority than Anderson was transferred, A & G had no burden to produce any further evidence 

in support of its tolling motion. Such a finding would eliminate the Judge’s ability to review the 

totality of the evidence in determining whether the operator carried its burden of proving that the 

employee would have been included in the layoff for reasons wholly unrelated to protected 

activity. The Judge must examine the entire record to determine if the proof of the criteria for 

the layoff, at least insofar as it would have affected the complainant, makes application of the 

discrimination claim to the layoff frivolous. 

We also reject the operator’s argument that Graham’s testimony and the employee list 

positively establish that the operator would not have transferred Anderson to the Bishop Mine. 

PTR at 3-5. The Judge carefully explained his reasons for finding that the testimony and list did 

not demonstrate that Anderson would not have been transferred to Bishop Coal had he not 

been discharged following the accident. In short, the Judge found that the operator did not 

show as frivolous the miner’s claim that his inclusion in the layoff, had he been employed, would 

have resulted at least in part from protected activities. 

The Judge found that the operator’s assertion of seniority as the “primary factor” in its 

transfer decisions was not dispositive. A miner who was hired earlier in the same month as 

Anderson was transferred to the Bishop Mine, and another miner who had a decade more 

seniority than that miner was laid off. The record supports these findings. In fact, A & G’s own 

employee list shows that 20 miners with more seniority than the miner who was hired in the 

same month as Anderson, and retained, were laid off, and one of those laid off miners had 13 

years more seniority than the retained miner. The operator failed to adduce any evidence 

explaining why seniority, a factor the operator had asserted as the primary determinant for its 

decision, carried so little weight in the decisions not to offer transfer to so many miners who had 

been employed by the company for longer than the least-senior miner offered a transfer. Without 

further explanation, the evidence supports a conclusion that A & G may have relied upon 

subjective factors in determining which of the Strip No. 12 miners would be offered the 

opportunity to transfer to the sister mine. As a result, we conclude that substantial evidence 

supports the finding that A & G did not prove that it would have included Anderson in the 

subsequent layoff for reasons entirely unrelated to any protected activity. 

39 FMSHRC Page 320
III. 

Conclusion 

For the reasons stated above, we grant the petition, and affirm the Judge’s decision.4 We 

remand the matter to the Judge to determine the rate of pay due to the complainant and whether 

the operator may continue to employ the complainant at the A & G reclamation site or must 

transfer him to the Bishop Mine.5

/s/ William I Althen 

William I. Althen, Acting Chairman 

/s/ Mary Lu Jordan 

Mary Lu Jordan, Commissioner 

/s/ Michael G. Young 

Michael G. Young, Commissioner 

/s/ Robert F. Cohen, Jr. 

Robert F. Cohen, Jr., Commissioner 

4

 Commissioner Young disagrees with the Judge’s observation in footnote 17, which 

expressed concern about the operator’s counsel noting that another, more senior miner named by 

the counsel might be laid off as a result of Anderson’s temporary reinstatement. While naming a 

specific miner should be avoided in the future, it seems obvious that counsel was attempting to 

remind the Court that there is a human cost when a miner included in an economic layoff must 

be reinstated. 

5

 While this appeal was pending, the parties submitted supplemental briefing requesting 

that the Judge clarify his Order of Temporary Reinstatement to specify whether the operator may 

continue to employ Anderson at the A & G mine or must transfer him to the Bishop Mine at a 

higher rate of pay. The Judge should address this issue on remand. 

39 FMSHRC Page 321

COMMISSION ORDERS
39 FMSHRC Page 322
FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION 

1331 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, NW, SUITE 520N

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20004-1710

February 15, 2017 

SECRETARY OF LABOR, 

 MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH 

 ADMINISTRATION (MSHA) 

v. Docket No. SE 2015-315 

SIMS CRANE, INC. 

ORDER 

The Specialized Carriers and Rigging Association, Crane Owners Association, Mobile 

Crane Operators Group, and 39 other companies and organizations have notified the 

Commission of their interest in participating as amici curiae in this proceeding in support of 

Sims Crane, Inc. (“Sims”). 

Twenty-four of the companies and organizations1 filed notices with the Commission 

indicating their intent to participate in these proceedings but did not file subsequent motions 

requesting leave to participate as amici curiae as required by Commission procedural rules. See

Commission Procedural Rule 74(a), 29 C.F.R. § 2700.74(a). While these companies and 

organizations were on notice of the requirements, they failed to comply with Commission 

procedure for participation as amicus curiae and are thus denied amicus status. 

Twelve of the companies and organizations2 filed Motions to Participate as Amici Curiae 

that met the requirements set forth in Rule 74(a). See 29 C.F.R. § 2700.74(b). Each of these 

companies and organizations also included an extremely short amicus brief simply stating that it 

1

 These companies and organizations include: AmQuip Crane Rental, LLC; Apollo 

Mechanical Contractors; Lampson International; Ray Poland and Sons, Inc.; Lampson Canada 

Ltd.; Sterett Crane and Rigging; CCC Group, Inc.; Cote Corporation; Crane Rental Service, Inc.; 

F.B. McIntire Equipment Company; Davis Motor Crane Service, Inc.; RCD Equipment LLC; 

Marco Crane and Rigging Company; Eagle Mine Safety; Russel Crane Service, Inc.; Buchanan 

Hauling and Rigging, Inc.; Houston International Insurance Group; Houston Specialty Insurance 

Company; Great Midwest Insurance Company; Oklahoma Specialty Insurance Company; 

Imperium Insurance Company; TNT Crane and Rigging, Inc.; Budrovich Contracting Company, 

Inc.; and Budrovich Marine LLC. 

2

 These companies and organizations include: the Texas Crane Owners Association; 

Barnhart Crane and Rigging Co.; Chellino Crane, Inc.; Olori Crane Service, Inc.; L.W. Connelly 

and Son, Inc.; the International Union of Operating Engineers; Nabholz Industrial Services; 

Allegiance Crane and Equipment; Fagioli, Inc.; H.K.B., Inc.; Blackhawk Mining, LLC; and 

Revelation Energy, LLC. 

39 FMSHRC Page 323
joins Sims’ petition for review and opening brief based on the arguments and legal authorities 

cited therein. These companies and organizations are granted amicus status and their briefs are 

accepted as filed. 

The Specialized Carriers and Rigging Association, Crane Owners Association, and 

Mobile Crane Operators Group filed a joint motion for leave to participate as amicus curiae and 

seeking to file an amicus brief after the closing of the briefing period. While noting that the 

aforementioned associations’ motion was untimely filed, the Secretary does not object to the 

filing of a joint amicus brief as long as the Secretary is provided a reasonable period of time to 

respond. 

Additionally, Broderson Manufacturing Corporation, Sautter Crane Rental, Inc., and 

Global Specialized Services LLC filed motions for leave to participate as amici curiae. The 

Secretary did not respond to these motions. 

Upon consideration of the joint motion and the Secretary’s response, the Specialized 

Carriers and Rigging Association, Crane Owners Association, and Mobile Crane Operators 

Group are granted amici status. In this instance, the Commission will follow the alternate 

briefing schedule in Rule 74(c). Accordingly, a single, joint amicus brief shall be filed no later 

than 20 days after the close of the regular briefing period.3

 The Secretary may file a 

supplemental brief in response to the amicus brief within 20 days after service of that brief. See

Commission Procedural Rule 74(c). 

In addition, Broderson Manufacturing Corporation, Sautter Crane Rental, Inc., and 

Global Specialized Services LLC are also granted amici status. They may file a single, joint 

amicus brief no later than 20 days after the close of the regular briefing period. The Secretary 

may file a supplemental brief in response to that separate brief within 20 days after service of 

that brief. 

For the Commission: 

/s/ William I. Althen 

William I. Althen 

Acting Chairman 

3

 The Secretary’s Response Brief was filed with the Commission on January 26, 2017. 

Pursuant to 29 C.F.R. § 2700.74(a)(2), Sims’ Reply Brief is due 20 days from that date—

February 15, 2017. For purposes of setting the filing date for the amicus brief, the normal 

briefing period shall be deemed closed on February 15, 2017. 

39 FMSHRC Page 324
FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION 

1331 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, NW, SUITE 520N

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20004-1710

February 21, 2017 

SECRETARY OF LABOR, 

 MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH 

 ADMINISTRATION (MSHA) 

Docket No. EAJA 2015-1-M 

v. 

PORTABLE, INC. 

BEFORE: Althen, Acting Chairman; Jordan, Young, and Cohen, Commissioners 

ORDER OF DISMISSAL 

BY THE COMMISSION: 

This proceeding involves an application for an award of attorney’s fees and expenses 

under the Equal Access to Justice Act (“EAJA”). 5 U.S.C. § 504. Portable, Inc., prevailed over 

the Department of Labor’s Mine Safety and Health Administration in a penalty proceeding under 

the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, 30 U.S.C. § 801 et seq. (2012). The 

Commission Administrative Law Judge vacated the citation at issue. 36 FMSHRC 3249 (Dec. 

2014) (ALJ). Portable then filed an EAJA application on the ground that the Secretary of 

Labor’s position was not substantially justified. The Judge held that the Secretary’s position was 

not substantially justified and granted the $62,217.82 award requested in the application. 37 

FMSHRC 1405 (July 2015) (ALJ). The Secretary filed a petition for discretionary review, which 

the Commission granted.

39 FMSHRC Page 325
The Secretary and Portable have filed a joint motion to dismiss notifying the Commission 

that the parties have reached a complete resolution of this matter through settlement. See 29 

C.F.R. § 2704.305. 

 Upon consideration of the settlement and joint motion filed by the parties, the motion is 

GRANTED and this proceeding is DISMISSED. 

 /s/ William I. Althen 

 William I. Althen, Acting Chairman 

/s/ Mary Lu Jordan 

 Mary Lu Jordan, Commissioner 

 /s/ Michael G. Young 

 Michael G. Young, Commissioner 

 /s/ Robert F. Cohen, Jr. 

 Robert F. Cohen, Jr., Commissioner 

39 FMSHRC Page 326
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE DECISIONS

FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION 

OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES

1331 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, NW, SUITE 520N

WASHINGTON, DC 20004-1710

PHONE: (202) 434-9933 | FAX: (202) 434-9949

February 6, 2017 

SECRETARY OF LABOR, CIVIL PENALTY PROCEEDING 

 MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH 

 ADMINISTRATION (MSHA), Docket No. WEVA 2016-0514 

Petitioner, A.C. No. 46-06618-411984

v. 

ROCKWELL MINING, LLC, Mine: Gateway Eagle Mine 

Respondent. 

DECISION APPROVING SETTLEMENT 

Before: Judge Moran 

This case is before the Court upon a petition for assessment of a civil penalty under 

section 105(d) of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977.1 The CLR has filed a motion 

to approve settlement. The originally assessed amount was $4,611.00, and the proposed 

settlement is for $3,704.00. The CLR also requests that several citations be modified, as 

indicated below. 

The Court has considered the representations submitted in this case and concludes that 

the proffered settlement is appropriate under the criteria set forth in section 110(i) of the Act. 

The settlement amounts are as follows: 

Citation No. Assessment Settlement Amount 

9066897 $392.00 $392.00 

9064821 $745.00 $521.00 

9066787 $745.00 $521.00 

9066899 $392.00 $392.00 

9064822 $585.00 $585.00 

9066900 $224.00 $224.00 

9064219 $873.00 $611.00 

9064220 $263.00 $184.00 

9066905 $392.00 $274.00 

TOTAL: $4,611.00 $3,704.00 

1

 It is DETERMINED that the Conference and Litigation Representative (CLR) is 

accepted to represent the Secretary in accordance with the notice of limited appearance he has 

filed with the penalty petition. Cyprus Emerald Res. Corp., 16 FMSHRC 2359 (Nov. 1994). 

39 FMSHRC Page 327
The Secretary presents the following bases for the proposed reductions and modifications 

in this case: 

Regarding Citation No. 9064821,2

 which alleged a violation of 30 C.F.R. § 75.370(a)(1): 

Respondent contends that the negligence of the citation was over-evaluated. 

Respondent would argue at hearing that this citation was observed half-way 

through the mining cycle. The section foreman stated that he took a proper air 

reading and adjusted the line curtain prior to the start of this particular cut. He 

states they were in compliance with all aspects of their approved ventilation plan 

at that time of his examination. Respondent contends that after the initial 

ventilation check performed by the foreman, he had not returned to the entry 

where the violation existed prior to when the inspector observed and cited the 

conditions listed in the citation. The required cfm was 9,000 and the amount 

observed was 7,917 cfm. This condition was found to be less than 13% deficient 

of the required methane and dust control plan. Foreman states the condition was 

caused by shuttle cars running through check curtains, while traveling from the 

continuous mining machine to the section dump and equipment operator error. No 

visible dust was observed during cutting cycle. Therefore, since no dust was 

observed, the operator never thought to shut down for another air reading. The 

remaining cited conditions would have occurred after the start of the cut and as 

the continuous miner had advanced into the cut. The Secretary agrees to modify 

the negligence by reducing the negligence from “moderate” to “low”, and reduce 

the original penalty from $745 to $521. 

2

 The Court would note that while the motion relates that although the foreman stated that 

the condition was caused by shuttle cars running through check curtains, while traveling from the 

continuous mining machine to the section dump, and by equipment operator error, the citation 

asserts that the line curtain had been “rolled up” to the 5th row of permanent supports. In 

connection with another ventilation plan violation issued three days later, Citation No. 9066787, 

it is noted that the miners were retrained on the ventilation plan. 

39 FMSHRC Page 328
Regarding Citation No. 9066787,3

 which alleged a violation of 30 C.F.R. § 75.370(a)(1): 

Respondent contends that the negligence of the citation was over-evaluated. 

Respondent would argue at hearing that this citation was observed half-way 

through the mining cycle. The section foreman stated that he took a proper air 

reading and adjusted the line curtain prior to the start of this particular cut. He 

states they were in compliance with all aspects of their approved ventilation plan 

at that time of his examination. Respondent contends that after the initial 

ventilation check performed by the foreman, he had not returned to the entry 

where the violation existed prior to when the inspector observed and cited the 

conditions listed in the citation. The required cfm was 9,000 and the amount 

observed was 5,100 cfm. Foreman states the condition was caused by shuttle cars 

running through check curtains, while traveling from the continuous mining 

machine to the section dump and equipment operator error. No visible dust was 

observed at the miner during the cutting cycle. Therefore, since no dust was 

observed, the operator never thought to shut down for another air reading. The 

remaining cited conditions would have occurred after the start of the cut and as 

the continuous miner had advanced into the cut. The Secretary agrees to modify 

the negligence by reducing the negligence from “moderate” to “low”, and reduce 

the original penalty from $745 to $521. 

Regarding Citation No. 9064219, which alleged a violation of 30 C.F.R. § 75.512: 

Respondent contends that the gravity of the citation is over-evaluated. Respondent 

would argue at hearing that this particular citation is considered a fire hazard for 

the continuous mining machine cable, not an electrical shock hazard. If an 

accident occurred it would more likely cause smoke inhalation, resulting in lost 

workdays. The Secretary agrees to modify the gravity by reducing the injury or 

illness from “fatal” to “lost workdays”, and reduce the original penalty from $873 

to $611. 

3

 This citation alleges that “upon approaching the continuous mining machine extracting 

coal in the crosscut, visible dust is airborne in the entry.” This conflicts with the mine operator’s 

assertion that “[n]o visible dust was observed during cutting cycle [and] . . . . since no dust was 

observed, the operator never thought to shut down for another air reading.” The motion does not 

address this conflict. It is also noted that, for this ventilation violation deficiency, there was a 

43% reduction from the minimum 9,000 cfm requirement. It was this second alleged ventilation 

violation that triggered the inspector’s requirement that the miners be retrained on the ventilation 

plan. The Court would also note its concern that, despite different facts, both citations received 

the identical reductions. For Citation Nos. 9064821, the 12% reduction from the required 9,000 

cfm resulted in a settlement from $745 to $521. Yet, for Citation No. 9066787, a 43% reduction 

from the minimum brought about the same result, from $745 to $521. This has at least the 

appearance of undifferentiated reductions, especially where the same type of violation was cited 

a few days earlier.

39 FMSHRC Page 329
Regarding Citation No. 9064220, which alleged a violation of 30 C.F.R. § 75.604(b): 

Respondent contends that the negligence of the citation was over-evaluated. 

Respondent would argue at hearing that this citation was observed when the 

inspector had the operator remove all the cable from the reel. At this time the 

opening was found in the cable, which would have been on the reel while the 

machine was in operation and would not have been seen by the operator. 

Respondent would also argue that the only examination required is a weekly 

exam, which is once per week (not every seven days). Therefore, the Secretary 

agrees that the cited condition could have occurred since the most recent 

examination and has no evidence as to when the condition occurred. The 

Secretary agrees to modify the negligence by reducing the negligence from 

“moderate” to “low”, and reduce the original penalty from $263 to $184. 

Regarding Citation No. 9066905, which alleged a violation of 30 C.F.R. § 75.604(b): 

Respondent contends that the negligence of the citation was over-evaluated. 

Respondent would argue at hearing that this citation was observed when the 

inspector had the operator remove all the cable from the reel. At this time the 

opening was found in the cable, which would have been on the reel while the 

machine was in operation and would not have been seen by the operator. 

Respondent would also argue that the only examination required is a weekly 

exam, which is once per week (not every seven days). Therefore, the Secretary 

agrees that the cited condition could have occurred since the most recent 

examination and has no evidence as to when the condition occurred. The 

Secretary agrees to modify the negligence by reducing the negligence from 

“moderate” to “low”, and reduce the original penalty from $392 to $274. 

WHEREFORE, the motion for approval of settlement is GRANTED. 

It is ORDERED that Citation Nos. 9064821, 9066787, 9064220, and 9066905 be 

MODIFIED to low negligence. 

39 FMSHRC Page 330
It is ORDERED that Citation No. 9064219 be MODIFIED to lost workdays or 

restricted duty. 

It is further ORDERED that Respondent pay a penalty of $3,704.00 within 30 days of 

this order.4 Upon receipt of payment, this case is DISMISSED. 

/s/ William B. Moran 

William B. Moran 

Administrative Law Judge 

Distribution: 

David C. Trent, Conference & Litigation Representative, U.S. Department of Labor, MSHA, 

4499 Appalachian Highway, Pineville WV 24874 

John Opperman, 3228 Summit Square Place, Suite 180, Lexington, KY 40509 

4

 Payment should be sent to: MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, PAYMENT OFFICE, P.O. BOX 790390, ST. LOUIS, MO 

63179-0390 

39 FMSHRC Page 331
FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION 

OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES

721 19TH STREET, SUITE 443

DENVER, CO 80202-2536

303-844-3577 FAX 303-844-5268

February 13, 2017

DECISION

Appearances: Maria C. Rich, U.S. Department of Labor, Dallas, TX, for the Secretary; 

Benjamin J. Ross, Esq., Jackson Kelly PLLC, Denver, CO, for Buckley 

Powder Company. 

Before: Judge Manning 

This case is before me upon a petition for assessment of civil penalty filed by the 

Secretary of Labor, acting through the Mine Safety and Health Administration (“MSHA”), 

against Buckley Powder Company (“Buckley”) pursuant to sections 105 and 110 of the Federal 

Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, 30 U.S.C. §§ 815 and 820 (the “Mine Act”). The parties 

presented testimony and documentary evidence at a hearing held in Dallas, Texas. Respondent 

presented a closing argument on the record, the Secretary filed a post-hearing brief, Respondent 

filed a reply brief, and the Secretary filed a brief in response to Buckley’s reply brief. One 

section 104(a) citation was adjudicated at the hearing. Buckley was an independent contractor 

performing blasting work at the North Troy Quarry, a surface mine in Johnston County, 

Oklahoma. For reasons set forth below, I affirm the alleged violation, but vacate the inspector’s 

significant and substantial designation and reduce the level of negligence to low. 

I. DISCUSSION WITH FINDINGS OF FACT

& CONCLUSIONS OF LAW 

Citation No. 8959025 alleges a violation of section 56.14132(a) of the Secretary’s safety 

standards and asserts that the backup alarm on a dewatering truck did not operate properly when 

tested. The citation further alleges that the truck is used in a pit area where there is both foot 

traffic and other mobile equipment operating. Section 56.14132(a) requires that “[m]anuallyoperated horns or other audible warning devices provided on self-propelled mobile equipment as 

a safety feature shall be maintained in functional condition.” 30 C.F.R. § 56.14132(a). 

SECRETARY OF LABOR 

 MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH 

 ADMINISTRATION (MSHA), 

 Petitioner 

v. 

BUCKLEY POWDER COMPANY, 

 Respondent

CIVIL PENALTY PROCEEDING 

Docket No. CENT 2016-0377-M 

A.C. No. 34-01905-408412 SB9

North Troy Quarry 

39 FMSHRC Page 332
Inspector Larry Kinsey1

 determined that an injury was reasonably likely to be sustained 

and, if an injury occurred, it could reasonably be expected to be permanently disabling. He 

determined that the violation was significant and substantial (“S&S”), that one person was 

affected, and that Buckley’s negligence was moderate. The Secretary has proposed a penalty of 

$873.00 for this alleged violation. 

Although I have not included a detailed summary of all evidence or each argument that 

was raised, I have fully considered all the evidence and argument. 

Summary of the Evidence 

 Vulcan Construction Materials operates the North Troy Quarry, a surface mine in Mill 

Creek, Oklahoma. Tr. 11. Buckley was an independent contractor at the mine and was 

responsible for loading holes and discharging shots. Tr. 11-12. 

 On February 22, 2016, MSHA Inspector Kinsey traveled to the mine to conduct a regular 

inspection. Tr. 11. While traveling with Ned Jennings, the mine manager, he observed three 

Buckley employees in the pit area.2

 Tr. 16-17, 29, 43-44. Inspector Kinsey entered the pit area 

and spoke with Jessie Scott, the blaster from Buckley. Tr. 17. Inspector Kinsey observed that 

Buckley employees were operating a dewatering truck and a powder truck3 and that a skid steer 

loader was also in the area. Tr. 17, 44. At the time Inspector Kinsey arrived, Buckley employees 

were dewatering a drill hole and were preparing to load it with explosive materials.4 Tr. 18, 21. 

 1

 Inspector Kinsey has been with MSHA for 15 years and conducts between 40 and 60 

inspections per year. Tr. 8-9. Prior to working for MSHA, he worked for 20 years in surface coal 

mines operating heavy equipment, including a drill. Tr. 9. He has drilled and loaded shot holes. 

Tr. 10. 

2

 The Secretary, in his brief, states that Scott testified there were four individuals in the 

blast site on the day in question. Sec’y Br. 3. However, it appears that the Secretary 

misunderstood Scott’s testimony. Both Inspector Kinsey and Scott testified that only three 

Buckley employees were present. Tr. 29, 43-44. In its brief, Buckley stated that only three 

Buckley employees were at the blast site. Buckley Br. 2-3. 

3

 The transcript includes references to both a “powder truck” and a “bulk truck.” These 

trucks are one and the same. Tr. 52-53. For clarity’s sake I refer to the truck as the “powder 

truck” throughout this decision. 

4

 The blasting process generally involves drilling holes to specific depths in the layout of 

the shot, testing the depth of the holes to make sure they match the drill log, determining which 

holes have water in them or are otherwise blocked, using the dewatering truck to dewater holes 

containing water, loading the holes with emulsion, caps and primers, stemming the holes, and 

then tying all of the holes together before setting off the shot. Tr. 10-11, 17-18, 44. The purpose 

of dewatering the holes is to remove the water so that the explosive materials can be inserted to 

the bottom of the hole. Tr. 18-19. 

39 FMSHRC Page 333
While inspecting the dewatering truck, Inspector Kinsey instructed the truck driver to put 

the truck into reverse. Tr. 17, 22. The backup alarm did not sound when the truck was put into 

reverse. Tr. 22, 55. As a result, the truck was removed from service and Inspector Kinsey issued 

Citation No. 8959025 for an alleged violation of section 56.14132(a) for failing to maintain the 

backup alarm in functional condition. Tr. 15, 22. 

Fact of Violation

I find that the Secretary established a violation of the cited standard. The cited standard 

requires that audible warning devices provided on self-propelled mobile equipment be 

maintained in a functional condition. Consequently, a violation will exist when an audible 

warning device, such as a backup alarm, on a piece of self-propelled mobile equipment, such as a 

truck, does not function. Wake Stone Corp., 36 FMSHRC 825 (Apr. 2014); See e.g., Northern 

Aggregate, Inc., 37 FMSHRC 562 (Mar. 2015) (ALJ), Northern Illinois Service Co., 36 

FMSHRC 2811 (Nov. 2014) (ALJ), Moltz Construction, Inc., 36 FMSHRC 1861 (July 2010) 

(ALJ). There is no dispute that when the dewatering truck was put into reverse the backup alarm 

did not function. Tr. 22, 55. While the backup alarm may have been functional at the beginning 

of the shift when the pre-operational examination of the truck was conducted, as discussed 

below, the Commission has explained that the term “maintain,” as used in the cited standard, 

requires that the alarm be “‘capable of performing on an uninterrupted basis and at all times . . . 

[and] imposes a continuing responsibility on operators to ensure that safety alarms do not fall 

into a state of disrepair.’” Wake Stone Corp. at 827 (quoting Nally & Hamilton Enter., Inc., 33 

FMSHRC 1759, 1763 (Aug. 2011). Because the alarm did not function when tested, I find that a 

violation has been established. Buckley did not seriously contest the fact of violation at the 

hearing or in its brief. 

Significant & Substantial and Gravity 

I find that the violation was serious but the Secretary did not establish that the violation 

was S&S. An S&S violation is a violation “of such nature as could significantly and substantially 

contribute to the cause and effect of a . . . mine safety or health hazard.” 30 U.S.C. § 814(d). In 

order to establish the S&S nature of a violation, the Secretary must prove “(1) the underlying 

violation of a mandatory safety standard; (2) a discrete safety hazard - that is, a measure of 

danger to safety - contributed to by the violation; (3) a reasonable likelihood that the hazard 

contributed to will result in an injury; and (4) a reasonable likelihood that the injury will be of a 

reasonably serious nature.” Mathies Coal Co., 6 FMSHRC 1, 3-4 (Jan. 1984); accord Buck Creek 

Coal Co., Inc., 52 F.3d 133, 135 (7th Cir. 1995); Austin Power Co., Inc., 861 F.2d 99, 103 (5th 

Cir. 1988) (approving Mathies criteria). An experienced MSHA inspector’s opinion that a 

violation is S&S is entitled to substantial weight. Harlan Cumberland Coal Co., 20 FMSHRC 

1275, 1278-79 (Dec. 1998). 

The Commission has explained that the focus of the Mathies analysis “centers on the 

interplay between the second and third steps.” ICG Illinois, 38 FMSHRC 2473, 2475 (Oct. 2016) 

(citing Newtown Energy Inc., 38 FMSHRC 2033 (Aug. 2016)). The second step requires the 

judge to adequately define the “particular hazard to which the violation allegedly contributes[,]” 

and then determine whether “there exists a reasonable likelihood of the occurrence of the hazard 

39 FMSHRC Page 334
against which the mandatory safety standard is directed.” Id. at 2475-2476. This determination 

must be made “based on the particular facts surrounding the violation[.]” Id. The third step then 

requires the judge to assume the existence of a hazard and assess whether the hazard “was 

reasonably likely to result in serious injury.” Newtown at 2038; ICG Illinois at 2476.5

In order to address the S&S issue it is helpful to understand the purpose of the dewatering 

truck and how it is operated. The dewatering truck is a one-ton flatbed truck with a hydraulic 

tank and dewatering pump in the bed of the truck. Tr. 21. The hydraulic tank blocks the view out 

the rear window of the truck. Tr. 21, 56. A hose connected to the tank is held by a reel that 

extends off the left side of the truck and partially obscures the view to the rear of the truck on 

that side. Tr. 21, 23. The reel, with the hose attached, must be positioned with the hose lined up 

over the hole so that the pump attached at the end of the hose can be lowered into the drill holes 

to pump out water. Tr. 21, 23, 43, 54. The truck must be in park in order for the dewatering 

process to work. Tr. 46. The purpose of dewatering the holes is to remove the water in order to 

allow the explosive materials to be loaded to the bottom of the hole. Tr. 18-19. In order to 

dewater a drill hole, a person must be on foot by the truck to align the hose and pump and insert 

them into the hole. Tr. 22, 30. The dewatering truck is equipped with a boom that can slide two 

to three feet, which allows some leeway in positioning the reel and hose over the hole. Tr. 54. 

Once a hole is dewatered, explosive materials are removed from the powder truck to load into 

the hole. Tr. 43. 

Inspector Kinsey determined that the violation was S&S because the alarm on the 

dewatering truck was not functioning, the truck would be operating in reverse at times, and there 

was foot traffic and other equipment operating in the area of the shot. Tr. 22-27. He described the 

area of the shot as a confined space. Tr. 22. He testified that he observed two persons on foot and 

one in the dewatering truck at the time he was in the area. Tr. 30-31. While he did not see anyone 

directly behind the dewatering truck, at least one of the individuals on foot was standing next to 

the truck. Tr. 31. While Inspector Kinsey opined that it was unlikely that the driver of the 

dewatering truck would be the individual who lined up the pump and hose with the hole, he 

acknowledged that it was possible for the driver to do that. Tr. 30. The only time Inspector 

Kinsey saw the truck operate in reverse was when he asked the driver to do so to test the backup 

alarm. Tr. 31. Buckley was in the process of dewatering the holes and the dewatering truck 

would have to be backed up as the work progressed. Tr. 23, 27. Further, the dewatering truck, 

which was used to haul the skid steer on a trailer to and from the mine property each day, would 

have to back up to hook up the trailer at the end of the day.6

 Tr. 25, 27. He explained that, while a 

person on foot could easily suffer a fatal injury if struck by the truck, he determined that it was 

 5

 The Secretary, in his brief, takes issue with the Commission’s S&S analysis in Newtown

and argues that I should instead defer to his interpretation of Section 104(d)(1) as requiring only 

a showing that the “violation be of such a nature that it ‘could result in[] a safety hazard.’” Sec’y 

Br. 5-6 (quoting Newtown, 38 FMSHRC at 2038 (Aug. 2016) (Commissioners Jordan and 

Cohen, dissenting) (emphasis added). With all due respect, I am bound by the majority’s decision 

in that case. 

6

 Buckley does not keep its equipment at the mine site. Tr. 25. The equipment is 

transported each day from the Buckley office in Mill Creek to the mine. Tr. 25, 36. The skid steer 

is transported from the office to the mine site on a trailer pulled by the dewatering truck. Tr. 25. 

39 FMSHRC Page 335
reasonably likely that any injury would be permanently disabling given that the truck would be 

traveling at a low rate of speed if it ran into the skid steer or powder truck. Tr. 26-27. 

Jessie Scott7

 testified that on February 22, 2016 he first went to Buckley’s office, which 

was not on mine property and prepared to go to the mine. Tr. 36. As part of his preparations he 

conducted a pre-operational examination of the dewatering truck, during which no defects were 

found.8 Tr. 37-40, 50. According to Scott, the backup alarm was working at the time of the 

examination.9 Tr. 40. After gathering the caps and boosters needed for blasting and hooking up 

the dewatering truck to the trailer with the skid steer, Scott and his crew traveled the four miles 

from the office to the mine. Tr. 36-37, 42. Scott explained that the blast site at the mine is 

surrounded by a berm with an entrance in it and a sign stating “keep out, explosives.” Tr. 42, 51. 

Scott stated that only Buckley employees and maybe a quarry manager are allowed in the area. 

Tr. 43. He further stated that if he saw someone who was not a Buckley employee enter the blast 

site he would stop work and ask them what they needed before carrying on with loading the 

holes. Tr. 52. 

Scott described Buckley’s dewatering process and why it was unlikely anyone would ever 

be behind the dewatering truck. All of the holes at this mine are normally wet and need to be 

dewatered right before being loaded. Tr. 45. The shot pattern at the time consisted of three rows 

with nineteen holes in each row. Tr. 48; Ex. R-5. Buckley’s method of working through the 

pattern involved the dewatering truck backing up to the hole so that the hose and pump could be 

positioned over the hole. Tr. 52-53. Scott explained that the blaster, in this case him, would 

follow behind the dewatering truck on foot, which, because the dewatering truck was operating 

in reverse, would place him in front of the dewatering truck. He would load the holes with 

material from the powder truck, which would follow behind him. Tr. 44-45, 52-53. 

7

 Jessie Scott has been with Buckley for ten years and is currently a branch manager, but 

was the blaster in charge of loading the shot on February 22, 2016 and was the manager of the 

other persons on the blast crew that day. Tr. 34-35. 

8

 The pre-operational examination and lack of any defects were documented in Buckley’s 

electronic logbook, PeopleNet. Tr. 37; Exs. R-3 and R-4. The records documenting the 

examination are kept in the normal course of business. Tr. 38. Scott explained that in order to 

drive the dewatering truck the driver must login to PeopleNet and go through a pre-operational 

examination before the truck can be driven. Tr. 38-39. The PeopleNet software prevents the 

vehicle from moving until the driver has logged on. Tr. 39. Scott also testified that the truck 

driver conducts a post-operational examination in order to logoff of PeopleNet and the defect 

would have been noted, at the latest, by the end of the shift on the February 22. Tr. 51; Ex. R-3 p. 

2. Moreover, the vehicle would have been examined again the next morning during the preoperational examination by the equipment operator. Tr. 51

9

 Buckley introduced into evidence an incident report form which was filled out 

following the issuance of the subject citation. Tr. 40; Ex. R-2. The form, which was filled out by 

Taylor Willis, Buckley’s branch manager at the time, indicated that Willis heard the backup 

alarm function when he assisted Scott while hooking up the trailer carrying the skid steer. Tr. 40-

42. 

39 FMSHRC Page 336
Consequently, as the equipment worked its way through the shot pattern the dewatering and 

powder trucks would be facing each other. The dewatering truck operated in reverse and the 

powder truck moved forward. Tr. 53. Scott testified that, when on foot, he was at times between 

the two trucks as they worked their way through the shot pattern. Tr. 55. He agreed that he 

moved around and there were no barricades to prevent him from going behind the dewatering 

truck and he would get close to the truck. Tr. 49, 55. He further acknowledged that there was no 

spotter assisting the truck while it operated in reverse. Tr. 56. Nevertheless, he testified that while 

on foot he would never walk behind the dewatering truck and there was no reason for him to do 

so. Tr. 49, 57. Scott would be the only person on foot in the blasting pattern as the trucks moved 

to the next hole.10 James Brown, the Buckley employee who was driving the dewatering truck, 

was responsible for parking the truck then exiting it to lower the pump and hose into the hole. Tr. 

45-46, 49. Scott stated that Brown could never be on foot while the dewatering truck was moving

because he was the truck’s operator. Tr. 46. Because the dewatering process requires that the

truck be in park, no miner would ever be exposed to the hazard presented by the inoperable

backup alarm while water is being pumped out of the holes. Id.

Scott conceded that other individuals would sometimes visit the blast site and specifically 

noted that “sometimes a quarry manager” would come into the area. Tr. 42. Further, he stated 

that although other persons do not normally “stay around the blast site,” someone “might come 

down there and check on me and ask me what time we’re going to be done.” Tr. 52. 

I credit the testimony of Scott as to the procedures Buckley followed when dewatering 

and loading the holes, as described above. I already determined that the Secretary established a 

violation of the cited standard. As stated in Newtown, the second step requires the judge to (1) 

define the particular hazard to which the violation allegedly contributes and then (2) determine 

whether there exists a reasonable likelihood of the occurrence of the hazard against which the 

mandatory safety standard is directed. The hazard in this instance is that a pedestrian will be 

struck by the backing dewatering truck. I find that the lack of an operable backup alarm certainly 

would contribute to this hazard especially since the view from the driver’s seat to the rear of the 

truck was at least partially obstructed. 

The “reasonably likely” provision does not require the Secretary to prove that an injury 

was “more probable than not.” U.S. Steel Mining Co., 18 FMSHRC 862, 865 (June 1996). In 

addition, the “Secretary need not prove a reasonable likelihood that the violation itself will cause 

injury” but, rather, that the hazard contributed to by the violation is reasonably likely to cause an 

injury. Musser Engineering, Inc. and PBS Coals Inc., 32 FMSHRC 1257, 1280-81 (Oct. 2010) 

(emphasis added); Cumberland Coal Res., 33 FMSHRC 2357, 2365 (Oct. 2011). 

The critical issue here is whether there existed a reasonable likelihood of the occurrence 

of the hazard. Was there a reasonable likelihood that a pedestrian would be struck when the truck 

10 Scott explained that Clay Whatley was the powder truck driver that day and his job can 

be performed entirely from inside the cab of the truck. Tr. 45-47. As a result, he would not have 

been on foot. 

39 FMSHRC Page 337
was backing up based on the particular facts surrounding the violation? I find that such an event 

was not reasonably likely. 11

Scott would have been the only person on the ground, because the other two employees 

would be moving the two trucks. There was no proof that any other vehicles were parked along 

the blast holes as they were being dewatered and there would be no reason for a vehicle being 

behind the dewatering truck. Although sometimes a manager from Vulcan would enter the blast 

area to check on Buckley’s progress, there was no evidence that he would exit his vehicle much 

less walk behind or near the dewatering truck as it was backing up. Scott was the blaster in 

charge and he was directing the operations, so it would be highly unlikely that he would walk 

behind the dewatering truck while it was moving because doing so would prevent him from 

performing an important part of his job, which was helping to make sure that the dewatering 

truck and the powder trucks were being correctly positioned to dewater and load the next hole. 

Although the dewatering truck backed up frequently during a shift and it would have been 

physically possible for Scott or someone else to walk behind the dewatering truck as it backed 

up, I find that under the particular facts presented here such an event was highly unlikely.12 

The third step in the S&S analysis requires the judge to assume the existence of the 

hazard and assess whether the hazard “was reasonably likely to result in serious injury.” 

Newtown, at 2038. Assuming that someone was struck by the dewatering truck while it was 

backing up, a serious injury would be reasonably likely and such an injury would be of a 

reasonably serious nature including but not limited to permanently disabling injury or a fatality. 

The violation, while not S&S, was serious. 

I base my S&S and gravity findings on the particular facts presented in this case. Scott 

would have been the only person on foot when the dewatering truck was backing up and he 

would know if anyone else entered the blast site. Because it was a tightly controlled area, I find 

that it was unlikely that Scott or another person on foot would have walked behind the 

dewatering truck. 

Negligence 

 Inspector Kinsey determined that Buckley was moderately negligent because it had 

conducted a pre-operational examination of truck, at which time the backup alarm had been 

working. Tr. 28. Inspector Kinsey believed that the alarm quit working during the shift. Tr. 28. 

 11 The lack of a back-up alarm did not contribute to a hazard for those in other vehicles or 

to the driver of the dewatering truck while he was backing up. No other vehicles would have 

been behind the dewatering truck and, assuming that another vehicle was present, an injury 

would have been unlikely in the event of a collision due to the slow speed of the dewatering 

truck as it backed up to the next hole. 

12 Backing up the dewatering truck to connect to the trailer carrying the skid steer loader 

would by necessity involve someone acting as a spotter to line up the hitch on the back of the 

truck to the hitch on the trailer. It was unlikely that anyone would be struck by the truck in this 

situation. 

39 FMSHRC Page 338
He terminated the citation after Buckley repaired the alarm and he had them test it out by placing 

the truck in reverse, at which time the backup alarm sounded. Tr. 28. 

The Commission has determined that “[e]ach mandatory standard . . . carries with it an 

accompanying duty of care to avoid violations of the standard, and an operator’s failure to satisfy 

the appropriate duty can lead to a finding of negligence if a violation of the standard occurred.” 

A.H. Smith Stone Co., 5 FMSHRC 13, 15 (Jan. 1983) (citations omitted). The Commission 

analyzes negligence by considering what actions would have been taken under the same or 

similar circumstances by a reasonably prudent person familiar with the mining industry, the 

relevant facts, and the protective purpose of the safety standard. Brody Mining LLC, 37 

FMSHRC 1687, 1702 (Aug. 2015). 

I find that Buckley’s negligence was low. When writing the citation Inspector Kinsey 

accepted that Buckley had conducted a pre-operational examination of the truck that morning 

and that the alarm had been working. Moreover, he acknowledged that the alarm must have quit 

working sometime during the shift. The PeopleNet report submitted into evidence indicates that 

the pre-operational examination was completed shortly after 7:11 a.m. on February 22. Ex. R-3 

p. 2. The citation was issued at 11:20 a.m. the same day. The violative condition could not have

existed for more than four hours and could have existed for only a matter of minutes because

Inspector Kinsey did not see the truck operate in reverse except during the test.13 A reasonably

prudent person would have understood that the condition constituted a violation of the standard.

The pre-operational examination and lack of evidence as to when the malfunction occurred

mitigate Buckley’s negligence. Consequently, I find that Buckley’s negligence was low.

II. APPROPRIATE CIVIL PENALTY

Section 110(i) of the Mine Act sets forth the criteria to be considered in determining an 

appropriate civil penalty. 30 U.S.C. § 820(i). While the Secretary’s exhibit booklet included a 

history of violations marked as S-3-1 through S-3-24, he did not introduce the history at hearing 

and the exhibit was not entered into evidence. Nevertheless, this exhibit and information at the 

MSHA website indicate that Buckley had no history of violations at this mine site. Exhibit A to 

the penalty petition indicates that Buckley had a history of 15 previous violations on a corporatewide basis. The parties did not present evidence as to Buckley’s size but Exhibit A to the penalty 

petition indicates that Buckley was assigned 16 penalty points, which correlates with a medium 

to large size contractor. 30 C.F.R. § 100.3 Table V. The violation was timely abated. No evidence 

or stipulation was made that payment of the proposed penalty would have an adverse effect upon 

Buckley’s ability to continue in business. The gravity and negligence are discussed above. Based 

on the penalty criteria, I assess a civil penalty of $250.00 for Citation 

No. 8959025. 

13 The Secretary argues that the negligence should be moderate because “the dewatering 

truck had been operating in reverse throughout the shot pattern, yet none of the Buckley Powder 

miners including Mr. Scott, the supervisor, noticed the alarm not functioning.” Sec’y Br. 12. 

However, no evidence was introduced at hearing regarding the status of the backup alarm prior 

to the test the inspector observed and I cannot assume that the backup alarm failed to operate 

during all or most of the shift. 

39 FMSHRC Page 339
III. ORDER

For the reasons set forth above, the violation alleged in Citation No. 8959025 is 

AFFIRMED, the significant and substantial designation is VACATED, and the negligence 

attributed to Buckley is MODIFIED to low. Buckley Powder Company is ORDERED TO PAY

the Secretary of Labor the sum of $250.00 within 40 days of the date of this decision. 

/s/ Richard W. Manning 

Richard W. Manning

Administrative Law Judge 

Distribution: 

Maria C. Rich, Conference & Litigation Representative, Mine Safety & Health Administration, 

1100 Commerce Street, Room 462, Dallas, TX 75242 (Certified Mail) 

Benjamin J. Ross, Esq., Jackson Kelly PLLC, 1099 18th Street, Suite 2150, Denver, CO 80202-

1958 (Certified Mail) 

39 FMSHRC Page 340
FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION

OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES

7 PARKWAY CENTER, SUITE 290

875 GREENTREE ROAD

PITTSBURGH, PA 15220

TELEPHONE: 412-920-7240 / FAX: 412-928-8689

February 13, 2017 

DECISION AND ORDER 

Appearances: Samuel B. Petsonk, Esq., Bren Pompino, Esq., Mountain State Justice, 

Inc., Charleston, WV, Representing Complainant 

Thomas S. Kleeh, Esq., Jonathan Ellis, Esq., Steptoe & Johnson, PLLC, 

Charleston, WV, Representing Respondents 

Before: Judge Steele 

This case is before me upon a complaint of discrimination and interference by Milton M. 

Pettry, Jr., a miner, against Panther Creek Mining, LLC, Doug Bender, Mike Burke, and Greg 

Dotson (“Respondents”). On May 11, 2016, Pettry filed a 30 U.S.C. § 815(c) complaint of 

discrimination and interference. He sought reinstatement for a discriminatory termination. A 

hearing was held on Tuesday, August 16, 2016, and Wednesday, August 17, 2016, in South 

Charleston, West Virginia. 

As trier of fact, this Court is free to accept or reject, in whole or in part, the testimony of 

any witness. In resolving any conflicts in testimony, this Court has taken into consideration the 

demeanor of witnesses, their interests in the case’s outcome, or lack thereof, consistencies or 

inconsistencies in each witness’s testimony, and any other corroborative or conflicting evidence 

of record. Any failure to provide detail as to each witness’s testimony is not to be deemed a 

failure on the Court’s part to have fully considered it. The fact that some evidence is not 

discussed does not indicate that it was not considered. See Craig v. Apfel, 212 F.3d 433, 436 (8th 

Cir. 2000) (administrative law judge is not required to discuss all evidence and failure to cite 

specific evidence does not mean it was not considered). 

MILTON M. PETTRY, JR., 

 Complainant, 

 v. 

PANTHER CREEK MINING, LLC, 

 DOUG BENDER, MIKE BURKE, and 

 GREG DOTSON, 

 Respondents. 

DISCRIMINATION PROCEEDING 

Docket No. WEVA 2016-438-D 

MSHA Case No.: HOPE-CD-2016-03 

Mine: American Eagle Mine 

Mine ID: 46-05437 

39 FMSHRC Page 341
I. Findings of Fact

At the time of hearing, Milton M. Pettry Jr., (“Complainant,” “Pettry,” “Mickey,”) had

been an hourly fireboss and foreman for approximately 20 years. (Tr. 19, 175). Pettry worked for 

American Eagle Mine since 2000. (Tr. 19). As a fireboss, he was required to conduct 

examinations at the mine and find and record any hazards and violations he found. (Tr. 22). If 

Pettry found any hazards, he was required to either take corrective action or danger-off the 

condition. 1 (Tr. 107-09, 216-18, 358, 374). Pettry’s firebossing duties required that he inspect 

for hazards and violations on the railway track and the electrical power systems on the main rail 

line running past panels 17, 18, 19, and 20. (Tr. 24, 25; CX 12). 

Panther Creek Mining purchased American Eagle Mine in October 2015, from Patriot 

Coal through a bankruptcy proceeding. (Tr. 194). Soon after the change in operators occurred, 

Panther Creek Mining began to lay off miners. (Tr. 31). Over 100 miners, including at least part 

of the support staff, were laid off between October 2015, and February 2016. (Tr. 31-32). Pettry 

testified that the outby crew was laid off. (Tr. 32). 

After acquiring American Eagle Mine, there was an MSHA quarterly “closeout” meeting 

in December 2015. (Tr. 320-22). At such meetings, MSHA would review the “...safety 

performance at the complex or coal mine. They talk about the violations and trends that they are 

seeing at the complex.” (Tr. 374-75). At the meeting, the operations manager Doug Bender and 

the general manager Greg Dotson testified that MSHA said there were problems with the 

examinations at the mine that needed to be addressed.3 (Tr. 251-53, 321). In response, Mike 

Burke, the general foreman, testified that management created a two pronged approach to 

addressing MSHA’s concerns: (1) offering training to the examiners and (2) holding examiners 

personally accountable for failing to conduct proper examinations, take corrective action, or 

1

 The term danger-off describes when a hazardous condition is sectioned off by some 

type of barricade, preventing miners from being exposed to the hazard. 

2

 Each of Complainant’s exhibits will be referred to as CX followed by its number, and 

Respondents’ exhibits will be RX followed by its number. 

3

 Doug Bender was the operations manager at Panther Creek since October 2015. (Tr. 

373). His job entailed overseeing all of the aspects of the mine—production, safety, shipments, 

safety programs, compliance, daily management, and operations. (Tr. 373). He reported to Greg 

Dotson at the mine. (Tr. 373). 

Greg Dotson was the general manager at Panther Creek since late October or early 

November 2015. (Tr. 319). He provided general oversight of the complex, coal preparation, 

shipping, refuse handling, the warehouse, purchasing, safety, and production at the mine. (Tr. 

320). 

39 FMSHRC Page 342
danger-off hazards found.4

 (Tr. 251). As part of this plan, the mine conducted an eight-hour 

training course for examiners and firebosses on December 30, 2015. (Tr. 252; RX-1). 

When Pettry started working at Panther Creek in October 2015, he understood he was a 

probationary employee for 90 days. (Tr.105). Pettry also testified that he knew from 

conversations with mine management that MSHA was focusing on improving examinations and 

reducing violations at American Eagle. (Tr. 138). Pettry testified that during the December 2015 

training, he did not receive additional fireboss training, only training on belt violations. (Tr. 138-

39). However, at hearing, Pettry reviewed a document he signed, entitled Training Class Report 

Form, dated December 30, 2015, which he signed. (Tr. 139; RX-1). The top of the form states 

that it was for examinations training. (RX-1). The document appears to show that multiple 

firebosses were at this training, and the safety director was present at the training. (Tr. 140-41). 

Pettry testified that this training did not concern violations or how to conduct examinations; 

instead it covered the condition of belts and how to properly clean them. (Tr. 142). 

Shawn Endicott, the former general mine foreman, testified at hearing. (Tr. 28-29). 

Endicott testified that he left his job with American Eagle Mine on December 10, 2015, because 

he no longer felt safe operating the mine after the October 2015, layoffs. (Tr. 194, 197-98, 200). 

Endicott also testified that if a hazard or violation is noted, a fireboss must record the hazard and 

take and record some type of corrective action. (Tr. 217-18). 

Alleged document alterations 

At hearing, Pettry reviewed the preshift examination reports for the 19 headgate, from 

December 8, 2015, to December 10, 2015; he testified that the airflow measurements varied 

greatly, which could have indicated a hazardous condition. (Tr. 45-55; CX-3). The minimum 

amount of airflow allowed was 20,000 CFM. (Tr. 46; CX-3). 

Pettry believed that two of the airflow measurements had been altered in the preshift 

examination reports. (Tr. 47-52). Pettry testified that a preshift examination report on December 

9, 2015, by Travis Epling recorded the airflow at 24,625 CFM.5

 Complainant’s counsel asked 

Pettry if the number could have been 29,625, to which Pettry said it was possible. (Tr. 47). Pettry 

																																																													 4

 Mike Burke was the general foreman at American Eagle Mine since December 2015. 

(Tr. 250). Starting in 2000, he worked with Massey Energy as a management trainee for 

approximately three years in various areas of the mine. (Tr. 250). In 2003, he started as the 

section foreman and moved to Elk Run until 2005 or 2006. (Tr. 250). He then worked as an 

outby mine foreman and block foreman, until 2007, when he transferred to Mammoth, where he 

was the mine foreman superintendent of the Coal Grove Mine. (Tr. 250-51). Burke then moved 

to Slab Fork Mine, then to Speed Mining in 2013, where he worked as a projects manager before 

becoming the mine foreman. (Tr. 251). 

5

 Travis Epling worked at Panther Creek Mine making examinations. (Tr. 358). He was a 

longwall setup foreman, which is a salaried position he has had for five or six years. (Tr. 362). 

He worked examining the setup face or tear down areas that he worked in. (Tr. 363). 

39 FMSHRC Page 343
believed that the first digit may have been altered from one to two. (Tr. 47-48). In Pettry’s 

preshift examination report on December 10, 2015, the recorded airflow was 28,800 CFM, but 

Pettry alleged his fireboss notes reported the airflow at 25,800 CFM.6

 (Tr. 48-49). It also 

appeared to him that the book was altered from 25,800 to 28,800, with the five being written 

over. (Tr. 48-49). Pettry called out this reading, which was recorded by another miner; Bobby 

Rader, a foreman, countersigned the report. (Tr. 52). Pettry also testified that his preshift 

examination report on December 11, 2015, was 15,500 CFM, and it did not appear to be altered 

in any way, even though it was 4,500 CFM below the minimum requirement. (Tr. 124). 

Suspension for a water pump violation 

On December 15, 2015, Pettry and another fireboss named Dwayne Hodges, met with 

operations manager Doug Bender, general manager Greg Dotson, and shift manager Bobby 

Harper, concerning an MSHA citation that American Eagle Mine received on Monday, 

December 14, 2015. (Tr. 65; CX-5). MSHA cited Panther Creek Mine for allowing water to 

accumulate in the primary escapeway in the intake of the 20 headgate, in violation of 30 C.F.R. § 

75.380(d)(1) on December 11, 2015. (Tr. 65,129, 30; CX-10). The water had been accumulating 

in the area long enough that a pump had been installed to remove the water. (Tr. 133). The pump 

had come unplugged from a power station in what Respondents claim was Pettry’s and Dwayne 

Hodge’s examination area. (Tr. 133). At the meeting, Dotson suspended Pettry for three days, for 

failing to abate the unplugged water pump hazard, and warned him that further disciplinary 

action could result in discharge. (CX-5). Hodges was also suspended for three days. (Tr. 325). 

A letter dated December 18, 2015, from Greg Dotson to Pettry, stated that during the 

December 15 meeting Pettry “openly admitted that this was part of [Pettry’s] examination and 

due to [Pettry’s] negligence, employees had to be removed from the section.” (CX-5; Tr. 326). 

Pettry signed this letter and did not make any notations. (CX-5). The letter also stated that 

Pettry’s “behavior is unacceptable and further incidents will subject you to further discipline up 

to and including discharge.” (CX-5). Pettry testified that this letter contained falsehoods, and he 

claimed he objected to being suspended for a condition that was not part of his exam. (Tr. 65-

67). Pettry testified that he understood that Dotson believed the water pump condition was the 

responsibility of Pettry and his fireboss partner. (Tr. 67). Pettry believed it was the airwalker’s 

responsibility to make note of these types of hazards and that Pettry should not have been 

penalized for the water pump hazard because it was a pump that required only weekly 

examinations. (Tr. 71, 136). Thomas Elmore, a fireboss, also testified that he believed the 

airwalker was responsible for the water pump at issue. 7 (Tr. 19-20). However, Pettry also 

testified that the power center and the plug for the water pump at issue was in an entryway that 

he was responsible for. (Tr. 132-33). Pettry testified that Dwayne Hodges or Harper, the shift 

6

 Pettry’s notes were not brought forward or admitted at hearing. 

7

 Thomas Elmore was a fireboss at American Eagle Mine. (Tr. 225). He worked at 

Massey Performance Coal until 2006. (Tr. 225). Then he worked at Speed Mining, which is also 

known as American Eagle Mine, until January 2016. (Tr. 225-26). During the last five months at 

American Eagle, he worked with Milton Pettry. (Tr. 226). He worked on the 4 south belt, 3 west 

belt, and 3 south belt. (Tr. 227). 

39 FMSHRC Page 344
manager, stated that the firebosses were not familiar with, and were not responsible for, the water 

accumulations during the suspension meeting. (Tr. 68). 

Dotson testified he was part of Pettry’s suspension meeting and that Pettry had admitted 

he should have examined the area with the water pump accumulation more thoroughly. (Tr. 323-

24). Dotson also testified that another fireboss was reprimanded for this condition and suspended 

along with Pettry. (Tr. 325-26). Dotson testified that he never disciplined someone for dangering 

an area off or taking corrective action. (Tr. 328). 

Low airflow readings 

On January 6, 2016, Pettry also reported an airflow of 19,600 CFM. (Tr. 56). He testified 

that Mike Burke told Pettry “you can’t do that” and explained that “[Burke] was basically saying 

don’t put that kind of air reading in the book.” (Tr. 57). Immediately after, Complainant’s 

counsel asked “Okay. And had Mike Burke talked to you before about how he wanted you to 

record your hazards in the book? Had he said to you before about how he wanted you to handle 

that?” (Tr. 57-58). Pettry’s response was “Yes. He basically insinuated that whether you do 

corrective action or not, show—put it in the book.” (Tr. 58). Pettry testified that he did what 

management wanted him to do, which was to report the low air reading. (Tr. 150). Pettry did not 

take any corrective action or danger-off this section of the mine. (Tr. 144-45). He believed that 

even if the area was dangered-off, miners would have still walked through it. (Tr. 186). 

Burke, the mine’s general foreman, testified after reviewing Respondents’ exhibits 4 and 

5 that an “owl shift” examiner took corrective action during the midnight shift and hung a curtain 

in the No. 5 room to correct the airflow issue Pettry reported. (Tr. 257-58). In his opinion, it 

would take two or three minutes to rehang the curtain if it fell down or a rock fell on it. (Tr. 258). 

Burke testified that examiners cannot decide to leave hazards for another shift without 

dangering-off the condition or taking corrective action. (Tr. 259). Burke then described several 

scenarios where miners were disciplined for inadequate exams or failing to take corrective 

action. (See infra). 

Elmore, another fireboss, testified at hearing that Pettry did not work with him on 

Elmore’s assigned belts unless Elmore was unable to complete his work because Pettry was 

usually busy with a different run. (Tr. 227). However, they did work together prior to making 

their runs, maintaining and repairing hazards from prior shift reports. (Tr. 227-28). Elmore 

testified that he “remember[ed] [Pettry] talking about [a low air reading] on 19, up on the setup 

face” on one occasion. (Tr. 230). Elmore testified he believed Mike Burke was the mine foreman 

at the time. (Tr. 230). Complainant’s counsel asked Elmore “And do you remember when 

Mickey was finding that low air—and this would’ve been around the end of the year—do you 

remember Mickey talking about or do you remember witnessing what Mike Burke told Mickey 

to do in response to the situation with the low air?” (Tr. 230-31). Elmore responded “I just 

remember him telling Mickey not to put nothing in the book without consulting with him first.” 

(Tr. 230-31). Complainant’s counsel then asked, “Was that the conversation Mike Burke had had 

with you about how you were to handle your firebossing work?” (Tr. 231). Elmore testified in 

response, “He’s told me that, yes.” (Tr. 231). Elmore testified that this conversation concerned, 

initially “purposes of not shutting the belts off or for something in that order.” (Tr. 231). Elmore 

39 FMSHRC Page 345
also testified that he was not disciplined on December 3, 2015, December 15, 2015, or January 4, 

2016, for dangering-off hazards. (Tr. 237-38). 

Travis Epling, a mine examiner, also testified that he would have corrected the low air 

reading taken by Pettry on January 6, 2016, or dangered-off that area. (Tr. 359). He also testified 

that all examiners had the authority to danger-off or correct hazardous conditions and that he has 

dangered-off conditions in the past instead of fixing the hazard. (Tr. 359-60). 

Written warning and the belt shutdown incident 

On January 8, 2015, a written warning was issued to Pettry for reporting hazards in the 

fireboss books on January 6, 2016, without taking an action. (Tr. 147-49, RX-2). Pettry testified 

that action was taken because he talked to airway walker Bruce Gilmour and the preceding boss 

from the nightshifts. (Tr. 150). The only action Pettry took was to report the low air reading to 

management. (Tr. 150-51). Nothing was written on the warning in the plan for improvement 

section. (Tr. 173; RX-2). 

Pettry further testified about an incident when there were coal spillages on the 3 south 

belt which covered the belt drive at the distribution point. (Tr. 59). Pettry testified he and 

Tommy Elmore were verbally disciplined for turning the belts off. (Tr. 59). Elmore also testified 

that he and Pettry had the belt off for an “extensive time” and that “Mike Burke came and 

hollered at us for keeping the belts off that long.” (Tr. 231). When asked by counsel, “What did 

[Burke] say would happen if you did put it in the book without talking to him first,” Elmore 

replied “I don’t guess he had to say it. You just kind of knew that you was going to get in 

trouble.” (Tr. 231) 

Elmore testified that firebosses were given some discretion as to how they wanted to split 

up their duties to address what would be taken care of. (Tr. 231-32). He further testified that the 

firebosses could decide their responsibilities amongst themselves unless a supervisor told them 

otherwise. (Tr. 232). Elmore testified that a violation that is not an emergency can be recorded 

and left for oncoming examiners to correct the hazard. (Tr. 239). However, he never left an air 

reading “to worry about it later.” (Tr. 240). 

January 20, 2016, morning meeting and termination 

On January 20, 2016, Burke asked Pettry and the other firebosses to start “firebossing” 

the belts on the way in to their examination areas, at the start of the shift during a meeting from 

approximately 7:00 a.m. to 7:30 a.m. (See Tr. 79). Pettry testified that Burke wanted the 

firebosses to maintain the belts instead of the support help, who were laid off and would have 

worked on belt violations in the past. (See Tr. 81). All of the firebosses for that shift were in the 

meeting together, and one of his partners said “I’ve never heard of this, so, you know, how can 

we do it,” in reference to maintaining the belts. (Tr. 81-82). 

 Pettry and his partner, Terry Buckner, reviewed the belt book. (Tr. 82, 156). They saw a 

violation on the 20 headgate recorded by a previous fire boss for coal spillage. (Tr. 82). 

Accordingly, Pettry and his partner began to head towards the 20 headgate. (Tr. 82, 155). They 

39 FMSHRC Page 346
told Burke that they were going to the 20 headgate, because “that’s what we always do.” (Tr. 

156-57). Pettry and his partner had to wait for transportation from the nightshift. (Tr. 82). When 

the vehicle was delivered to Pettry, he noticed it was “pretty well drained of charge. You have to 

let it charge it up a little bit to proceed toward 20 headgate.” (Tr. 83). Pettry traveled with his 

partner up to the mother drive at 18 where Pettry began charging his ride. (Tr. 83). Pettry 

reached the 18 headgate at 8 or 8:30 a.m., which would have taken him ten to fifteen minutes 

from the bathhouse. (Tr. 90). 

Prior to reaching the mother drive, Pettry and his partner repaired “a couple” of fire 

valves and they cleaned the mother drive, filled the dusters up with 40lb bags of rock dust, 

applied rock dust, checked the longwall belt for splices (20-25 breaks, which are each 140 feet), 

and checked the store unit with belt equipment. (Tr. 83). Pettry’s partner then caught a ride from 

the 18 to 20 headgate to work on a violation noted in the examination books, a coal spillage. (Tr. 

83-84). 

During this time, Pettry testified that he traveled to 19 headgate as soon as his vehicle 

was charged. (Tr. 84). Once Pettry was at the 19 headgate, a dispatcher ordered him to stay in the 

mouth of 19, off the main road, because a track crew was installing a spur on the 20 headgate, 

and there was a spad crew and inspectors on their way to the 20 headgate. (Tr. 85, 87). Pettry 

testified that the dispatcher controls traffic, and miners must follow a dispatcher’s orders because 

it is a state law. (Tr. 86). He testified that a miner can be subject to discipline for disobeying a 

dispatcher’s order, and the state could issue a citation for violating state law. (Tr. 86-87). 

While waiting at the 19 headgate, Bender and “the company” (Pettry could not remember 

who else was there) passed by. (Tr. 89). Bender asked what Pettry was doing in the 19 headgate. 

(Tr. 89). Pettry said that the “motor crew was coming, the track crew, motor crew, spad crew and 

inspectors.” (Tr. 89). Pettry remained at the 19 headgate for approximately 20 minutes. (Tr. 89). 

At approximately 10:30 a.m., Bender and the other members of management came across Pettry 

at the 19 headgate. (Tr. 157). 

Bender testified that he encountered Pettry sitting in his vehicle, which “struck him [as] 

odd...[because] it was in the middle of the day.” (Tr. 382). Bender testified he knew that Burke 

and other members of management had assigned “a couple” of people to work on the violations 

at the 20 headgate. (Tr. 382). Bender testified that he asked Pettry what he was doing in the 19 

headgate, and Pettry told him the dispatcher asked him to wait until traffic passed by. (Tr. 396). 

Bender testified that Pettry would have to follow the dispatcher’s orders. (Tr. 397). Bender also 

testified that he asked Pettry why he didn’t walk up to the 20 headgate, and Pettry said he hadn’t 

thought about it. (Tr. 411). Further, Pettry believed that he was parked under a lifeline, so he 

could not leave his vehicle and walk up to the 20 headgate, without the vehicle obstructing the 

travel path in violation of safety laws. (Tr. 421-24). After exiting the mine, Bender testified that 

he asked Burke if Pettry was supposed to be working on something when Pettry and Bender 

encountered each other underground. (Tr. 383). 

Pettry testified that when the dispatcher cleared him to travel, Pettry went up to the 20 

headgate where his partner had already abated the recorded hazard. (Tr. 88). Pettry testified that 

39 FMSHRC Page 347
his partner was “pretty upset” because the hazard should not have been entered into the 

examination books. (Tr. 88). 

Later that day, there was a meeting with Bender and management, and Pettry testified 

that management “felt that [he] was just sitting there doing nothing and had been doing nothing 

since 7:00, which was totally wrong, till 10:30.” (Tr. 161). Burke testified that he, Doug Bender, 

possibly Carl Lucas, the superintendent, and Tony Osbourne, the Human Resources Director, 

were at this meeting where Pettry was terminated. (Tr. 273-74). Burke testified that the meeting 

was a “Return-to-work” meeting after Pettry’s suspension, but they didn’t believe Pettry was 

remorseful for his past poor work performance, and Pettry became agitated, so they terminated 

him that day. (Tr. 274). Bender testified that he was not disciplining Pettry for obeying the 

dispatcher, but that it was halfway through Pettry’s shift and Pettry should have been where he 

was “supposed to be.” (Tr. 411-12). Bender was also concerned about Pettry’s disciplinary 

events within a short time period. (412). Bender did not write up any record of Pettry’s 

discharge. (Tr. 394). He testified that either him or the human resources manager told Pettry he 

was terminated. (Tr. 395). 

Bender also testified that the mine does have last chance agreements, which are 

sometimes used to give miners a final chance after discipline before there is a termination. (Tr. 

399-400). Bender testified that management did not consider entering into a last chance

agreement with Pettry. (Tr. 402).

Discipline of other miners 

Pettry testified that he was unaware that on January 8, 2016, a fireboss was issued a 

verbal warning for recording hazards without recording an action; a section foreman was issued a 

written warning for failing to take corrective action on January 20, 2016; on January 21, 2016, a 

foreman was issued a verbal warning for failing to take corrective action; and a miner was issued 

a written warning for recording violations without taking corrective action on February 3, 2016. 

(Tr. 165-167). 

Burke, the mine foreman, testified that he expected firebosses at American Eagle to look 

for violations and hazards, record the hazards, and take corrective action or danger-off the hazard 

and record the action. (Tr. 253). He testified that a preshift examiner was terminated for an 

inadequate exam; another miner was terminated for an inadequate exam, allowing water to 

accumulate in a primary escapeway, in addition to previous poor job performance. (Tr. 258-61; 

RX-6, 7). Burke also testified that two examiners were given warnings because they failed to 

take corrective action for hazards they found; one examiner failed to record a hazard and 

corrective action for a pre-shift area that later received a violation; another salaried fireboss was 

terminated for failing to take any action when there was a “gobbed out” tailpiece with coal 

spilling around it.8

 (Tr. 262-67; RX-8-11). Burke further testified that another examiner was 

terminated for failing to take corrective action, after reviewing Respondents’ exhibit 12. (Tr. 

8

 The fireboss who was terminated was initially suspended according to Burke. (Tr. 267). 

Additionally, it is noted by this Court that Pettry, an hourly paid fireboss, testified that a salaried 

fireboss would have been his superior. (Tr. 175). 

39 FMSHRC Page 348
267-68; RX-12). Burke testified that he did not ever instruct anyone to alter examination books 

and that there would be “severe consequences” if he found out examination books were altered. 

(Tr. 272). 

Doug Bender, the operations manager testified that he knew of several miners who were 

terminated for failing to satisfy their job requirements. (Tr. 383). Respondents’ exhibits 21, 22 

and 23 described miners being terminated for an improper preoperational exam and a miner 

failing to wear protective gear. (Tr. 384-86). 

III. Contentions of the Parties 

 Complainant contends that he engaged in protected activity when he reported hazards to 

mine management after Panther Creek Mining took over the mine in 2015. (Tr. 201-02; Compl.

Br. at 7-8). Complainant also contends that he engaged in protected activity by documenting 

hazards during his preshift examinations and refusing to work in conditions that violate safety 

laws. (Compl. Br. at 8-10). Additionally, Complainant contends that the Respondents took an 

adverse action when they suspended and terminated Complainant, which was motivated in part 

by Complainant’s protected activity. (Compl. Br. at 11-13). Further, Complainant argues 

Respondents interfered with his rights when Doug Bender tried to get Complainant to abandon 

his vehicle under the life line, interfering with the Mine Act’s standards. (Compl. Br. at 14-15). 

 Respondents contend that Complainant was repeatedly disciplined for failing to detect, 

report, and correct or danger-off hazards. (Resp’t. Br. at 5-17). Respondents contend that the 

Complainant was not engaged in any protected activity because he did not make safety 

complaints. (Resp’t. Br. at 19-21). Respondents further argue that Pettry’s termination was not 

motivated by any protected activity, but rather his repeated poor work performance. (Resp’t. Br. 

at 22-25). Respondents contend that other miners were disciplined or terminated for the same 

actions or lack of action taken by Complainant. (Resp’t. Br. 26-29). Furthermore, Respondents 

contend an affirmative defense of termination for Complainant’s poor job performance, even if 

there was a prima facie case of discrimination. (Resp’t. Br. at 30-31). 

IV. Discussion 

This case has been brought based on allegations that the Respondents discriminated 

against and interfered with the rights of the Complainant under section 105(c) of the Act, which 

states: 

No person shall...in any manner discriminate against or otherwise interfere with the 

exercise of the statutory right of any miner...because such miner...has instituted or 

caused to be instituted any proceeding under or related to this Act...or because of the 

exercise by such miner...of any statutory right afforded by this Act. 

30 U.S.C. § 815(c)(1). 

39 FMSHRC Page 349
 The Mine Act is remedial legislation that should be construed liberally to allow miner 

participation in its enforcement. Sec’y of Labor on behalf of Pasula v. Consolidation Coal Co., 2 

FMSHRC 2786, 2789 (1980). The Senate Report accompanying the Act states: 

If our national mine safety and health program is to be truly effective, miners will have to 

play an active part in the enforcement of the Act. The Committee is cognizant that if 

miners are to be encouraged to be active in matters of safety and health, they must be 

protected against any possible discrimination which they might suffer as a result of their 

participation. 

S. Rep. No. 95-181, at 35 (1977), reprinted in Senate Subcomm. on Labor, Comm. on Human 

Res., Legislative History of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 (1978). 

A. Complainant Has Successfully Proven a Prima Facie Case of Discrimination 

To establish a prima facie case of discrimination, the Complainant must show that he (1) 

engaged in protected activity, and (2) suffered an adverse action that was motivated at least in 

part by the protected activity. Sec’y of Labor on behalf of Miller v. Savage Svcs. Corp., 37 

FMSHRC 936 (2015). The burden of persuasion is on the Complainant. Sec’y of Labor on behalf 

of Pasula v. Consolidation Coal Co., 2 FMSHRC 2786, 2799-2800 (Oct. 1980). An operator can 

rebut a prima facie case by showing that there was no protected activity or that the adverse 

action was not motivated by the protected activity. Glover v. Consolidation Coal Co., 19 

FMSHRC 1529, 1535-36 (Sept. 1997). The Commission has held that an operator may also 

affirmatively defend against a prima facie discrimination case by demonstrating it would have 

taken the adverse action for a miner’s unprotected activity alone. See Sec’y of Labor on behalf of 

Leonard Bernadyn v. Reading Anthracite Co., 22 FMSHRC 298, 301 (March 2000). 

1. Complainant Engaged in Protected Activity When He Refused to 

Perform Work 

The Commission has held that a work refusal is a protected activity. See e.g. Bryce Dolan 

v. F& E Erection Co., 22 FMSHRC 171, 175 (Feb. 2000). Although the Mine Act grants miners 

the right to complain of a safety hazard or violation, it does not expressly state that miners have 

the right to refuse to work under such circumstances. 30 U.S.C. § 815 (c)(1). Nevertheless, the 

Commission and this Court have recognized the right to refuse work in the face of such 

perceived danger. See Bryce Dolan, 22 FMSHRC at 176; Price v. Monterey Coal Co., 12 

FMSHRC 1505, 1514 (Aug. 1990); Estrada v. Runyan Construction Inc., 36 FMSHRC 3156, 

3166 (2014)(ALJ). A protected work refusal “...is an extremely important legal construct, 

particularly in the mining industry, where hazards often appear instantaneously and a miner’s 

decision to remove him or herself from a dangerous situation could be the difference between 

life and death.” Bryce Dolan, 22 FMSHRC at 179-80. The legislative history supports protected 

work refusals: 

The Committee intends that the scope of the protected activities be broadly 

interpreted by the Secretary, and intends it to include...the refusal to work in 

conditions which are believed to be unsafe or unhealthful and the refusal to 

39 FMSHRC Page 350
comply with orders which are violative of the Act or any standard promulgated 

thereunder, or the participation by a miner or his representative in any 

administrative and judicial proceeding under the Act. 

S. Rep. No. 95-181, at 35.

a. Complainant’s Work Refusal Was Made in Good Faith

because it was Honest and Reasonable

A miner only needs to have a good faith belief that there was a safety hazard for a 

protected work refusal. Estrada, 36 FMSHRC at 3166. A good faith belief is required to prevent 

fraudulent work refusals. Sec’y of Labor on behalf of Robinette v. United Castle Coal Co., 3 

FMSHRC 803, 810 (April 1981); 

The Commission held in Robinette, that a miner’s good faith belief must be honest and 

reasonable. Id. at 812. Reasonableness is determined by the perception of the miner at the time 

the alleged protected activity took place. Sec’y of Labor on behalf of Pratt v. River Hurricane 

Coal Co., 5 FMSHRC 152, 15349 (1983); Haro v. Magma Copper Co., 4 FMSHRC 1935 

(1982). In Bryce Dolan, the Commission held that “the standard under which work refusals are 

analyzed includes the subjective element of a miner’s ‘honest belief that a hazard exists’ as well 

as the objective requirement that the miner’s belief be reasonable.” Bryce Dolan, 22 FMSHRC at 

177, n. 7 (citing Robinette, 3 FMSHRC at 810). 

However, a miner's continuing work refusal “may be deemed unreasonable after an 

operator has taken reasonable steps to dissipate fears or ensure the safety of the challenged task 

or condition.” See Bryce Dolan, 22 FMSHRC at 177 (citing Bush, 5 FMSHRC at 998-99). 

On January 20, 2016, Pettry was working as a fireboss at American Eagle Mine. (Tr. 78). 

Pettry was delayed that morning at the 19 headgate while his firebossing partner went ahead to 

headgate 20. (Tr. 82-85). Pettry testified that after he had charged his vehicle and had begun to 

travel to the 20 headgate, he was stopped by the dispatcher under the 19 headgate lifeline. (Tr. 

85). Pettry testified that he was told by the dispatcher to wait on his vehicle until other traffic 

could proceed. (Tr. 85). At approximately 10:30 a.m., Doug Bender, the operations manager, 

came across Pettry on his vehicle in the 19 headgate. (See Tr. 414). Bender testified that he 

engaged in a conversation with Pettry, where Bender asked Pettry why he was sitting in his 

vehicle. (Tr. 396). Bender was irritated that Pettry had wasted time getting “tie[d] up...all day 

sitting on a ride.” (Tr. 414-15). Further, Bender testified that he asked Pettry why he did not 

leave his vehicle and walk up to headgate 20. (Tr. 414-15). 

At hearing and in their post hearing brief, Respondents conceded that a miner disobeying 

a dispatcher’s order would violate state law and that ultimately violating the dispatcher’s orders 

would result in a disciplinary action. (Tr. 397-99). Pettry testified that he could not leave his 

vehicle or move his vehicle under the lifeline until the dispatcher cleared him to move. (Tr. 87). 

Pettry said this was because he could not violate the safety requirement to obey a dispatcher’s 

orders. (Tr. 86-87). Because Respondents admit the danger of violating a dispatcher’s order, 

Pettry’s refusal to move his vehicle was made in good faith because it is honest and reasonable to 

refuse to violate state law and put himself or others in a potentially dangerous situation. A 

39 FMSHRC Page 351
dispatcher controls underground mine traffic to prevent vehicle collisions and any hazardous 

blockages from occurring. As Respondents admit in their post hearing brief, “Respondents do 

not deny that in the abstract, when a dispatcher directs a rail car to stay put, it is illegal for the 

driver to proceed on in the vehicle.” (Resp’t. Br. at 17 (citing to W. Va. Code § 22A-2-37(t)(2)). 

 Respondents argue that Pettry should have already caught a ride up to the 20 headgate 

with his partner or walked instead of waiting per the dispatcher’s instructions. (Respt. Br. at 17). 

However, this does not effectively persuade this Court that the work refusal is not protected. 

Once Pettry was under the lifeline, whether he should have been there or not (an issue to be 

determined in the affirmative defense analysis), it only matters how he believes he could have 

safely acted. 

 As a result, this Court finds Pettry’s refusal to proceed on foot to be made in good faith, 

because it is both honest and reasonable for him to want to keep from abandoning his vehicle in 

such a manner that could violate a federal safety regulation. While Respondents may imply that 

there was no direct order to proceed up to headgate 20, Bender had a problem with Pettry waiting 

under the lifeline in his vehicle and Bender asked Pettry why he was there and why Pettry did not 

proceed ahead on foot or catch a ride. (Tr. 396, 411). A question delivered in the format of “Why 

are you not engaged in a certain activity?” by a disapproving superior is enough to make a miner 

reasonably believe that they have received a work order. 

 Perhaps Pettry should have proceeded up with his fireboss partner earlier, before he was 

stopped by a dispatcher in the lifeline. But once Pettry was in the lifeline, he was required by 

state law to remain there until released by the dispatcher. Pettry could also not abandon his 

vehicle and walk or catch a ride once in his vehicle, because it would violate federal law. Thus, 

Pettry’s choice to remain on his vehicle satisfies an honest subjective belief of a hazard that is 

objectively reasonable because Pettry provided safety standards that would have been violated if 

he left the lifeline at the time that Bender approached him. 

Respondents contend, via the testimony of Bender and in their post hearing brief, that 

“Pettry does not explain...why he did not catch a ride with another driver...or why he could not 

simply have walked. It was, after all, just three quarters of a mile, which would have taken him 

only ten or fifteen minutes.” (Resp’t. Br. at 17.) This offer by the Respondents of a reasonably 

safe alternative could violate a federal regulation. 30 C.F.R. §75.380(d)(7)(iv) states that a 

lifeline must be “located in such a manner for miners to use effectively to escape.” A reasonable 

step to dissipate Pettry’s fear of remaining in his vehicle to comply with a dispatcher’s order 

cannot be to abandon his vehicle and potentially violate a different safety standard. (Tr. 422). 

Thus, this Court also finds Pettry’s refusal to abandon his vehicle and walk up to the 20 

headgate, where Bender and management wanted Pettry to be, is not a reasonably safe 

alternative. Consequently, Pettry’s refusal to move or abandon his vehicle in headgate 19 

constituted a protected work refusal under section 105(c) of the Mine Act. 

39 FMSHRC Page 352
2. There Was a Nexus between the Protected Work Refusal and 

Termination 

There were two adverse actions in this case. Pettry was suspended for three days on 

December 15, 2015, and he was terminated on January 20, 2016. 9 Both the suspension and 

termination were not disputed by either party. 

 

Once an adverse action has been established, the Complainant must prove that the 

adverse action was motivated at least in part by his protected activity. Driessen v. Goldfields, 

Inc., 20 FMSHRC 324, 328 (Apr. 1998). In the instant case, Pettry must demonstrate that either 

his suspension or termination was related to his work refusal. 

 Direct evidence of a discriminatory motive is not required; instead a Complainant may 

use circumstantial evidence to demonstrate a connection. Sec’y on behalf of Chacon v. Phelps 

dodge Corp., 3 FMSHRC 2508, 2510 (Nov. 1981). The time between the adverse action and 

protected activity, the operator’s knowledge of the protected activity, the operator’s hostility or 

animus towards the protected activity, and disparate treatment are considered in a circumstantial 

case. Id. at 2510-13. 

 Only the termination will be analyzed in relation to the work refusal because this 

protected activity did not occur until after the suspension. The adverse action and protected 

activity occurred on the same day. Pettry refused to leave his vehicle under the lifeline and was 

called into a meeting with management where he was terminated on January 20, 2016. This 

shows a very close time period between the protected work refusal and termination. 

 The operator had knowledge that Pettry made a work refusal. On January 20, 2016, 

Bender and other members of mine management found Pettry waiting under a lifeline on his 

vehicle. (Tr. 382). Bender was dissatisfied that Pettry was sitting on his vehicle, rather than up at 

headgate 19 abating a violation. (Tr. 414). Bender testified that he asked Pettry why he was not 

up at headgate 19 and why Pettry would not merely walk up to the next headgate. (Tr. 411). 

Pettry subsequently refused to move up to headgate 19, where his partner fire boss was working, 

because the dispatcher told him to wait there for traffic to pass through. Since Bender, the 

operations manager, testified that he was aware Pettry refused to leave headgate 19, this 

demonstrates the operator’s knowledge of Pettry’s work refusal. As Bender was the operations 

manager, he qualifies as management for the purpose of demonstrating the operator’s 

knowledge. 

 The operator demonstrated hostility to Pettry when Bender revealed his displeasure at 

finding Pettry sitting beneath the lifeline in his vehicle. Bender asked Pettry why he was there 

and why Pettry could not just walk up to headgate 20. This suggestion of action and questioning 

by management confirms Respondents’ hostility toward Pettry’s choice to remain in headgate 

19. 

																																																													 9

 In his brief, Complainant appears to allege the suspension meeting was on December 

11, 2015, which is not the date testified to by Complainant at hearing, December 15, 2015. 

(Compare Compl. Br. at 11-12 with Tr. 65). 

39 FMSHRC Page 353
Complainant failed to establish that he was treated differently than other miners or 

firebosses. Respondents brought forth evidence of several examiners who were suspended and 

terminated for not performing examinations properly. (See supra). In fact, one of the instances 

leading up to Complainant’s termination involved a failure to work on a water pump hazard, for 

which Pettry and his partner were both suspended for three days. 

Consequently, there was a protected work refusal the same day as the termination 

meeting; management was aware at the work refusal; and there was a least a measure of hostility 

shown to Complainant. However, there was no evidence of disparate treatment. In totality, 

Complainant has demonstrated a prima facie discrimination claim. 

3. Complainant Engaged in Protected Activity When He Made Safety

Complaints and Documented Safety Hazards

The Mine Act states that a miner cannot be discharged because he “has filed or made a 

complaint under or related to this chapter, including a complaint notifying the operator...of an 

alleged danger or safety or health violation.” 30 U.S.C. §815(c)(1). The Mine Act’s legislative 

history indicates that the scope of protected activities should be broadly interpreted. S. Rep. No. 

950181 at 35 (1977). 

This Court acknowledges as a fireboss, Pettry’s job required constant reporting and 

recording of safety hazards as well as abatement of safety violations on a daily basis. Thus, there 

is too large of a number of safety complaints, and documentation, to analyze all protected 

activities Pettry engaged in. Therefore, this Court will limit its analysis of safety complaints to 

solely relevant complaints and/or those raised in the Complainants’ briefs. 10

10 In an attempt to impeach Pettry with his deposition, Respondents’ counsel, without 

entering the deposition into the record, thus questioned the Complainant: 

Q. We asked you in your deposition, Mr. Pettry, to explain to us the

factual basis for why you believe you were terminated because you

were calling MSHA, which you didn’t do, but you just told us that

was your firm belief, right?

A. Part of it.

Q. And that if you had any facts or evidence to show that, you

would’ve presented it to us by now, correct?

A. On the contact with MSHA?

Q. Yes, sir.

A. No.

Q. You told us you thought you were fired because you were trying to

do the right thing, correct? (Tr. 163-64).

There is insufficient other evidence in the testimony and filings to demonstrate that Pettry had 

any belief that he was being discriminated against because the operator believed Pettry made a 

complaint to MSHA. Therefore, an MSHA complaint or the belief of an MSHA complaint made 

by Pettry will not be considered as a protected activity. 

39 FMSHRC Page 354
Complainant testified that he reported an air reversal to superintendent Dale Smith and 

general mine manager Endicott after Panther Creek took over the mine in November 2015. (Tr. 

201-02, 213). Pettry made this complaint to management around the time that MSHA cited the 

mine for air reversals during the fall of 2015. (Tr. 201-04). This Court agrees with Pettry: any 

complaint or report of a safety hazard, which in this case was an air reversal, qualifies as a 

protected activity. 

Next, Pettry testified that during a meeting with Burke, on January 20, 2016, Pettry 

complained to Burke that the decreased staff at the mine impacted examiners’ abilities to correct 

all of the hazards they encountered and conduct pre-shift examinations. (Tr. 81, 419; Resp’t. Br. 

at 7-8). This complaint made to management would also be a protected activity because it 

involved Pettry’s perceived ability to keep the mine safe as a fireboss and belt examiner. 

During the January 20 meeting, Pettry testified that Burke told the firebosses that they 

were going to have to start “taking care” of the belts because there was no support help anymore 

due to layoffs. (Tr. 81). Pettry’s counsel then asked “Okay. So you voiced your opposition. Did 

you say you—what did you say or what did you and the other firebosses say in response to 

Mike’s order that morning to begin firebossing the belts on the way into the mines?” (Tr. 81). 

Pettry responded “We voiced the question, my partner, one of my partners—there’s three fire 

bosses on a team—he’s a senior, senior fire boss and he’s been doing it 34 years and he 

questioned, he said I’ve never heard of this, so you know, how can we do it. But he said, you 

know, because he’s been doing it for a long time.” (Tr. 82). His counsel again asked “Right. But 

did you also voice your personal concern about it?” (Tr. 82). And Pettry responded “Yeah, we 

were all in there—we were in there together.” (Tr. 82). This Court finds that there is sufficient 

evidence that a group of firebosses including Pettry could have been reasonably perceived by 

management to be making a complaint together, at the meeting. Thus, I find this complaint 

concerning belt maintenance to be a protected activity. 

Pettry also alleges that the inadequate airflow on the 19 setup panel he documented 

constitutes a protected activity. He appears to have documented inadequate airflow on several 

occasions. (CX-3) Pettry’s documentation of inadequate airflow on the 19 setup panel would also 

qualify as a protected activity because it involved a safety concern of the lack of airflow to 

miners. 

4. Complainant Failed To Demonstrate a Nexus between Protected 

Safety Complaints or Documentation and Adverse Actions 

Mr. Pettry was suspended on December 15, 2015, and he was terminated on January 20, 

2015. After reviewing the safety complaints and documentation in conjunction with the 

suspension and termination, there is no direct evidence of a nexus between these protected 

activities and adverse actions. Therefore, I will turn to the indicia of discriminatory motive: the 

time between protected activity and adverse action, management’s knowledge of the protected 

activity, animus or hostility towards the protected activity, and disparate treatment. Chacon, 3 

FMSHRC at 2510. 

39 FMSHRC Page 355
The suspension occurred on December 15, 2015, and the termination occurred on January 

20, 2016, while the safety complaints occurred in November 2015, December 10, 2015, and 

January 20, 2016. All of these safety complaints occurred within three months of the suspension 

and termination. This is a close enough time period to show a coincidence in time between 

protected activities and the adverse actions. 

Management also had knowledge of all three safety complaints. The November 2015 

airflow complaint was made to Dale Smith, who was the superintendent at the mine. (Tr. 213). 

The documented air reversal called out by Pettry on December 10, 2015, was recorded in the 

preshift examination report, which was signed by foreman Bobby Radar and another member of 

management. (CX-3). The third complaint made by a group of firebosses was delivered directly 

to Burke, a mine foreman. (Tr. 81, 419). Thus, management had knowledge of all of the 

protected safety complaints. 

However, this Court does not find there to be any animus or hostility towards Pettry 

before the work refusal above. First, Complainant alleges Respondents showed hostility by 

management’s “rationalizations” as to why Pettry was discharged. (Compl. Br. at 12). This is a 

vague and circular argument that need not be addressed. Nonetheless, this Court does not find 

the termination justification to demonstrate hostility as Respondents provided a legitimate nondiscriminatory reason for his termination: Pettry’s recurring poor job performance.11 (Tr. 83-84). 

The second act of hostility alleged by Complainant is that Pettry was given a written 

warning on January 8, 2016, for failing to record an action after reporting a low air reading on 

January 6, 2016. 12 The written warning states that Complainant failed to take an action in 

violation of safety policy. Pettry alleges that Burke did not want him to even record low air 

readings, but also testifies that management did want firebosses to record hazards in the book; 

thus, I don’t find Pettry credible in his testimony that management insinuated to not record low 

airflow. (See Tr. 58). Pettry admitted he did not take a corrective action, which is a safety hazard 

in itself and would have allowed for managerial intervention. (Tr. 144-45). Moreover, I do not 

find a warning by management for Pettry not taking a corrective action or dangering-off the 

condition to be animus, especially when another miner was able to abate this condition by 

rehanging a curtain. (Tr. 157-58). 

Additionally, Pettry testified that on December 10, 2015, Pettry recorded the airflow at 

25,800 CFM, which he wrote in his notes and called out for another miner to record. (Tr. 48-49). 

After reviewing his preshift examination report at hearing, he testified that the airflow was 

recorded by someone at 28,800 CFM. (Tr. 48-49). It appeared to him that the airflow report was 

altered from 25,800 to 28,800 CFM. (Tr. 48-49). Pettry testified that he called out this reading 

and that Bobby Rader countersigned the report. (Tr. 52). Pettry testified that the minimum 

11 This argument is more fully addressed in the affirmative defense analysis. 

12 Complainant appeared to describe the written warning on January 8, 2016 as the 

“hostile” disciplinary action. (Compl. Br. at 13-14). It is not completely clear, but from the 

testimony by the parties and the reference to the January 6, 2016, airflow report made by Pettry it 

appears the Complainant is referring to the written warning on January 8, 2016. 

39 FMSHRC Page 356
amount of air allowed is 20,000 CFM. (Tr. 46; CX-3). Since the airflow was well above the 

minimum requirement, and there is no evidence to demonstrate that this alteration in numbers 

had an effect on examiners or mine safety, this Court does not find this unexplained alteration to 

demonstrate animus. 

 Therefore, this Court does not find there to be any hostility towards the safety complaints 

made by Complainant. Rather, this Court finds it concerning that Complainant admits to not 

taking corrective action and dangering-off conditions when that is what his job required. The Act 

promotes safe conditions in mines, and a miner failing to take safety action, when required to, is 

dangerous. Warning such a miner does not constitute hostility. 

There was also no disparate treatment of Pettry. Complainant does not allege disparate 

treatment and several of Respondents’ witnesses point to a variety of occasions where firebosses 

and examiners were warned, suspended, and terminated for failing to record, correct, or dangeroff safety hazards. 

 As a result, in reference to safety complaints and documentation, Pettry is only able to 

show a close proximity in time between complaints and the adverse action, and management’s 

knowledge of said complaints. No hostility or disparate treatment has been demonstrated. 

Therefore, I do not find a nexus between the safety complaints and adverse action, and the 

Complainant has failed to demonstrate by a preponderance of evidence a prima facie case of 

discrimination here. 

B. Respondents Successfully Proved an Affirmative Defense for Complainant’s 

Poor Work Performance 

While Complainant has not established a prima facie discrimination case involving safety 

complaints or documentation, a prima facie case has been demonstrated involving his work 

refusal under the 19 headgate. Accordingly, this Court will address Respondents’ affirmative 

defense. 

 An operator may defend against a prima facie case by showing that its action was also 

motivated by unprotected activity and that it would have taken the action for an unprotected 

activity alone. See Robinette, 3 FMSHRC at 817-18; Pero v. Cyprus Plateau Mining Corp., 22 

FMSJRC 1361, 1365 (Dec. 2000). Since the Respondents conceded that the conversation 

between Pettry and Bender under the 19 headgate triggered Pettry’s termination meeting, this 

Court finds a prima facie case of discrimination. 

 To demonstrate a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for termination, the Commission 

considers “evidence of the miner’s unsatisfactory past work record, prior warnings to the miner, 

past discipline consistent with that meted out to the complainant, and personnel rules or practice 

forbidding the conduct in question.” Pero v. Cyprus Plateau Mining Corp., 22 FMSHC 1361, 

1365 (Dec. 2000). An affirmative defense should not be “examined superficially or be approved 

automatically once offered.” Haro v. Magma Copper Co., 4 FMSHRC 1935, 1938 (Nov. 1982). 

An operator’s defense can be pretextual if it is “weak, implausible, or out of line with the 

operator’s normal business practices.” Sec’y on behalf of Price v. Jim Walter Res., 12 FMSHRC 

39 FMSHRC Page 357
1521, 1534 (Aug. 1990). Additionally, an affirmative defense may fail if the Complainant was 

terminated for conduct that was provoked by the operator. U.S. Steel, 23 FMSHRC 981, 992 

(Sept. 2001). 

This Court finds that Respondents had a legitimate reason to terminate Pettry’s 

employment due to repeated disciplinary action for poor work performance. Pettry was a fire 

boss responsible for examining the mine and dangering-off or abating hazardous conditions. 

Respondents cite to three different instances involving Pettry’s failure to follow instructions and 

complete his daily job tasks. (Resp’t. Br. at 7-17). 

First, Pettry and his partner were suspended for three days for allowing a water pump 

accumulation in an area that they were responsible for examining. (CX-5). Pettry signed his 

suspension letter without adding any denial, and he admitted that the plug for the water pump 

was in his examination area. (Tr.132-33). Therefore, I do not find Pettry’s protestations at 

hearing that the water pump condition was not part of his examination area to be credible. 

Second, Pettry received a written warning for failing to take and record an action to 

correct or danger-off an airflow hazard. (RX-2). Pettry admitted he only reported the low air 

reading to management. (Tr. 150-51). Pettry did not testify that he took corrective action or 

dangered-off the condition, which was a fireboss job requirement, as testified to by all the 

witnesses at hearing. Any accusations by Pettry that management encouraged miners to ignore 

hazards are not credible due to Pettry’s vague and contradictory testimony concerning this claim. 

(Tr. 56, 58, 145-51, 186). 

Third, Pettry was terminated due to his failure to follow work orders on January 20, 2016. 

Pettry received examination books that recorded a hazard on headgate 20 at the morning 

meeting. Pettry and his partner then admittedly chose to go address that hazard and reported their 

plan to management because Pettry said “that’s what we always do.” (Tr. 156-57). He entered 

the mine after the 7:00 a.m. meeting, which lasted approximately 30 minutes, where they waited 

for a vehicle to travel to the 18 headgate mother drive where Pettry began to charge his vehicle. 

Pettry testified that they reached the 18 headgate at approximately 8 or 8:30 a.m.—although it 

took only 10-15 minutes to get there from the bathhouse. While at the 18 headgate, he and his 

partner cleared the belt, rock dusted, and checked for splices. Then Pettry’s partner caught a ride 

up to the 20 headgate where the violation they had to abate existed. Pettry chose not to take a 

ride up with his partner, but instead stayed back and charged his vehicle, while his partner 

traveled up to and resolved the hazard before Pettry joined him. Pettry’s choice to remain at the 

18 headgate and charge his vehicle was a work refusal to join his partner. No reason was 

provided as to why Pettry could not have left his vehicle in the 18 headgate—there is no 

allegation there was also a lifeline here—or why Pettry found it necessary to charge his vehicle 

when his partner did not. 

At approximately 10:30 a.m., Doug Bender, the operations manager, came across Pettry 

on his vehicle in the 19 headgate. (See Tr. 414). Bender felt that Pettry should have already been 

working at the 20 headgate instead of sitting in the 19 headgate. This Court agrees with 

Complainant that Pettry could not have left the 19 headgate once the dispatcher told him to wait. 

However, this Court does question why Pettry refused to travel with his partner earlier. His 

39 FMSHRC Page 358
partner evidently believed the hazard at the 20 headgate was important enough to not wait while 

their vehicle charged. Pettry could have easily made the same decision. It is unclear whether the 

time from the meeting at 7 a.m. to Pettry’s 10:30 a.m. encounter with Bender was spent by Pettry 

attempting to fulfill his work responsibilities in good faith. However, it is clear that Pettry gave 

no compelling explanation for why he had to remain to charge his vehicle. This Court finds that 

the Respondents credibly believed Pettry to have refused a reasonable work request at the 20 

headgate by refusing to travel there with his partner—when it was safe. The decision to terminate 

Pettry for poor work performance is consistent with the previous suspension and warning he 

received for failing to conduct examinations safely and properly. 

Additionally, Respondents brought forward enough evidence demonstrating that other 

firebosses and examiners were similarly being held responsible for unsafe work practices. 

Respondents’ witnesses credibly testified that once Panther Creek Mining took over American 

Eagle Mine, there was a MSHA closeout meeting. At the meeting, one of the primary complaints 

made by MSHA was that the examiners were not making satisfactory examinations, which 

needed to be remedied in the upcoming year. As a result of this meeting, Respondents decided to 

take two steps to ensure better examinations. Panther Creek first retrained the miners, and then 

management began to hold examiners responsible for inadequate examinations. (RX-1). Pettry 

along with several other firebosses were thus disciplined for failing to adequately perform 

examinations. 

 A fireboss is responsible for examining and reporting the hazardous conditions in a 

mine. When he fails to do so, the mine becomes unsafe for him and other miners. Therefore, I 

find Respondents had a legitimate non-discriminatory reason for discharging Pettry due to poor 

work performance evidenced by his previous warnings and suspension. 

C. Complainant Failed to Prove Respondents Interfered with Complainant’s 

Protected Rights 

 Complainant also alleges an interference claim against the Respondents. This claim is 

made in Complainant’s filings and his post hearing brief. However, in the post hearing brief, 

Complainant appears to use the same occasion that he alleged for discrimination (the work 

refusal supra) to allege interference. 

 Section 105(c) of the Mine Act states that no person shall interfere with the rights of any 

miner. 30 U.S.C. 815(c)(1). In UMWA on behalf of Franks and Hoy v. Emerald Coal Resources, 

LP, 36 FMSHRC 2088, 2104-19 (Aug. 2014), the Commission approved a test for interference 

suggested by the Secretary. The test established interference occurs when: 

(1) A person’s action can be reasonably viewed, from the perspective of 

members of the protected class and under the totality of the circumstances, as 

tending to interfere with the exercise of protected rights, and 

39 FMSHRC Page 359
(2) The person fails to justify the action with a legitimate and substantial reason 

whose importance outweighs the harm caused to the exercise of protected 

rights. 

See Sec’y of Labor on behalf of McGary v. Marshall County Coal Co., 38 FMSHRC 2006, 2011 

(Aug. 26, 2016); UMWA on behalf of Franks and Hoy v. Emerald Coal Res. LP, 36 FMSHRC 

2088, 2108 (Aug. 2014) (Jordan & Nakamura, Comm’rs). 

 Complainant argues that Bender interfered with Pettry’s statutory rights to refuse unsafe 

work orders because Bender pressured Pettry to leave the lifeline, and work elsewhere. (Compl.

Br. at 14, 15). Complainant argues that “Mr. Bender intended to cause Mr. Pettry to abandon his 

ride under the lifeline and to interfere with Mr. Pettry’s decision to do what was both safe and 

mandatory under the Mine Act,” which was to wait until the dispatcher cleared Pettry to move. 

(Compl. Br. at 15). 

While the work refusal demonstrated a protected activity for a prima facie case of 

discrimination, Bender asking Pettry why he was sitting on his vehicle under the lifeline does not 

rise to the level of interference. (See Tr. 396, 412). The protected class here is miners, 

specifically firebosses. Bender asking Pettry why he was waiting under the 19 headgate, and why 

he did not walk up to the 20 headgate, is not enough to be reasonably viewed by a fireboss, who 

has to interact with management regularly, as tending to interfere with his right to refuse to 

disobey a dispatcher’s order or block a lifeline by abandoning his vehicle there. Therefore, the 

first step of the test for interference has not been satisfied because Bender’s questioning of Pettry 

and Pettry’s ultimate work refusal is not enough to be considered as reasonably tending to 

interfere with a fireboss’s protected work refusal. 

Complainant fails to also satisfy the second element of interference. Bender and 

management demonstrated, through Pettry’s documented poor job performance, that their 

termination was not due to any attempt to prevent miners from exercising protected activities. 

Instead it was due to Pettry repeatedly failing to perform his job adequately. Bender testified that 

Pettry’s work refusal triggered a disciplinary action because he was not performing the work 

required from him on January 21, 2016, which was to abate a hazard at the 20 headgate. (Tr. 382, 

387-89, 369). Pettry’s fireboss partner was able to obtain a ride up the headgate, while Pettry 

effectively refused, instead choosing to spend excess time charging a vehicle that was not shown 

to be necessary to any miner’s safety. Pettry continuing to perform his job poorly and ignore a 

hazard arguably created the greater threat to the safety of miners. 

This Court will also address any perceived, but not specifically alleged, interference by 

Pettry. Pettry testified that he believed a preshift examination report on December 9, 2015, by 

Travis Epling appeared to him to be 24,625 CFM. Pettry then conceded the number might have 

been 29,625 CFM. (Tr. 47-48). Pettry testified that he believed the airflow reading should have 

been either 14,625 CFM or 19,625 CFM without the alteration he perceived.13 (Tr. 47-48). 

																																																													 13 It is unclear whether Pettry believed the original report should have stated 14,625 CFM 

or 19,625 CFM, as he changed his testimony as to what he observed in the report at hearing. (Tr. 

47-48). 

39 FMSHRC Page 360
Additionally, in Pettry’s preshift examination report on December 10, 2015, Pettry testified that 

air recorded was 28,800, but he wrote in his fire boss notes 25,800. (Tr. 48-49). It appeared to 

him that the book was altered from 25,800 to 28,800. (Tr. 48-49). Pettry testified that he called 

out this reading and that Bobby Rader countersigned the report. (Tr. 52). Pettry also testified that 

the minimum amount of acceptable airflow is 20,000 CFM. (Tr. 46; CX-3). 

This Court now addresses both of these alleged document alterations. The alleged 

number change on Epling’s preexamination report is not apparent to this Court when reviewing 

the report in CX-3. (See CX-3). Additionally, Complainant had the opportunity to question 

Epling about whether or not the numbers he reported in that preshift examination report were 

altered, but Complainant failed to do so. As a result, this Court does not find that there was an 

alteration to Epling’s pre-examination report. However, it does appear to this Court that Pettry’s 

airflow recording was altered by someone writing over the 5, from Pettry’s alleged finding of 

25,800. (See CX-3). Because this report was written by someone else—Pettry called out the 

airflow reading—it is unclear who altered it or why this number was changed. Both 25,800 and 

28,800 CFM are well above the minimum airflow requirements of 20,000 CFM, and there has 

been no sufficient evidence or testimony to show that these airflow measurement reports could 

reasonably be viewed as interfering with a fireboss’s protected rights. It is also not clear to this 

Court that the change was not made due to an error in first recordation or how it would 

significantly benefit the operator. 

Further, this Court will address Pettry’s testimony that Burke insinuated that Pettry 

should not record low airflow measurements without first reporting them to management. (Tr. 

57). However, Pettry contrarily testified that Burke told him to record whatever action he took in 

the examination books. (Tr. 58). I find that Pettry’s inconsistent testimony on this allegation 

lacks credibility. Complainant attempts to bolster this allegation with Elmore’s testimony. I also 

find Elmore not credible concerning these alleged insinuations by management. Elmore 

inconsistently testified that he witnessed this interaction and that he merely heard about it from 

Pettry. (Tr. 230-31). Thus, these allegations are not credible as the witnesses are unable to 

convincingly articulate why and what Burke warned them specifically not to do. 

The final allegation this Court addresses is that Elmore and Pettry were scolded by 

management for keeping a belt shut down for too long. Pettry and Elmore testified that they were 

working to clear the belt after a large amount of accumulations created a hazard. (Tr. 59, 231). 

This Court finds it equally possible that a fireboss who has continuously been disciplined for 

failing to adequately do his job could be criticized by management for keeping a belt shutdown 

for an excessive amount of time. Firebosses have the responsibility to regularly report 

uncomfortable truths, such as hazards and violations, to management. Firebosses should be able 

to work with management and be aware that management will sometimes be irritated with the 

existence of hazards, and therefore cannot credibly claim to be afraid of reprisal in these alleged 

circumstances. 

 When examining all of the facts presented at hearing and in the filings, this Court does 

not find there to be sufficient evidence of interference. This Court finds that the protected class 

of firebosses would not reasonably view the actions of Respondents as tending to interfere with 

the exercise of protected rights. Management disciplining firebosses for failing to find and take 

39 FMSHRC Page 361
action on safety hazards does not interfere with a fireboss’s protected rights. Nor does an 

unexplained alteration to an acceptable airflow reading, or a supervisor being upset that a belt 

has been shut off (without more) for an excessive period of time constitute reasonable 

interference. This Court does not find the other allegations above credible; accordingly, in 

totality, there is not enough to demonstrate a fireboss, who is trained to report and take action on 

safety hazards, would reasonably believe his protected rights were being interfered with by 

Respondents. Therefore, the first element of interference has not been satisfied. 

Even though the first element has not been satisfied, and so an interference claim fails, 

this Court will still address the second element. Respondents have been able to demonstrate that 

MSHA had a problem with the quality of examinations at American Eagle. Thus, management 

retrained examiners, including firebosses, and started to hold them accountable to ensure greater 

compliance with MSHA regulations. Respondents were protecting mine safety by disciplining 

and holding firebosses, like Pettry, accountable for poor work performance. Multiple examples 

of firebosses being disciplined for failing to conduct safe examinations and take corrective action 

were presented at hearing. Consequently, Respondents have demonstrated a legitimate and 

substantial reason of improving mine examinations that outweighs any perceived harm to the 

exercise of protected rights. As a result, Complainant fails to satisfy the second element of 

interference. 

In conclusion, Complainant has shown a prima facie case of discrimination, which 

Respondents were able to defeat by successfully asserting an affirmative defense, and 

Complainant has failed to prove interference. 

D. Doug Bender, Mike Burke, and Greg Dotson Are Not Liable for 

Discrimination or Interference 

 There is no evidence that Bender, Burke, or Dotson acted independently or engaged in 

discrimination or interference that is not rebutted by Respondents affirmative defense. 

Accordingly, the complaint against each is dismissed. 

V. ORDER 

Therefore, complaints against Panther Creek Mining, LLC, Doug Bender, Mike Burke, 

and Greg Dotson are DISMISSED. Each party shall pay its own costs and expenses. 

 /s/ William S. Steele 

William S. Steele 

 Administrative Law Judge 

39 FMSHRC Page 362
Distribution: 

Samuel B. Petsonk, Esq., Bren Pompino, Esq., Mountain State Justice,1031 Quarrier Street, 

Suite 200, Charleston, WV 25301 

Thomas S. Kleeh, Esq., Jonathan Ellis, Esq., Steptoe & Johnson, PLLC, P.O. Box 1588, 

Charleston, WV 25326-1588 

39 FMSHRC Page 363
FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION

OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES

7 PARKWAY CENTER, SUITE 290

875 GREENTREE ROAD

PITTSBURGH, PA 15220

TELEPHONE: 412-920-7240 / FAX: 412-928-8689

February 14, 2017 

DECISION AND ORDER ON REMAND 

Before: Judge Andrews 

Background 

A Discrimination Complaint was filed by Aaron Lee Anderson (“Anderson” or 

“Complainant”) on November 29, 2016. On January 3, 2017, the Secretary of Labor 

(“Secretary”) filed an Application for Temporary Reinstatement of miner Anderson. Respondent 

timely requested a hearing, which was held on January 12, 2017, in Pikeville, Kentucky. By 

Order of January 19, 2017, the application was granted and the issue of tolling was denied. 

SECRETARY OF LABOR 

 MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH 

 ADMINISTRATION (MSHA), 

 on behalf of AARON LEE ANDERSON, 

 Complainant, 

v. 

A&G COAL CORPORATION and 

CHESTNUT LAND HOLDINGS, LLC, 

 Respondents. 

TEMPORARY REINSTATEMENT 

PROCEEDING 

Docket No. VA 2017-69-D 

MSHA Case No.: NORT-CD-2017-02 

Mine: Strip #12 

Mine ID: 44-06992 

39 FMSHRC Page 364
On January 24, 2017, Respondent filed a Petition for Review of Temporary 

Reinstatement Order.1 The Secretary and counsel for Anderson filed responses on January 31, 

2017. Also on January 24, 2017, Complainant’s counsel filed: 

Brief In Support Of Aaron Anderson’s Request To Receive The Same 

Rate Of Pay, Hours Worked, And All Other Benefits As The Miners 

Previously Transferred From The Strip #12 Mine. 

On the same date Respondent filed a Supplemental Brief in opposition to the request and the 

Secretary filed a Position Statement requesting clarification of the reinstatement order. 

Thereafter, the Commission affirmed the Temporary Reinstatement Order and remanded the 

matter to address the parties’ supplemental briefs on February 10, 2017. 

Contentions 

Complainant, by counsel, contends that he should receive the same rate of pay, hours 

worked, and all other benefits that are currently received by the miners who were transferred 

from the A&G Strip #12 mine to the Bishop mine. If Anderson had not been terminated his nondiscriminatory status would be the same as the miners at the Bishop mine, and he should be 

treated no differently than the miners transferred there. Complainant argues refusing a 

temporarily reinstated miner pay increases and other benefits would violate Section 105(c) of the 

Mine Act because it would be in response to the miner’s protected activities. 

Respondents, by counsel, contend the A&G Strip #12 Mine was idled and placed in nonproducing status on December 28, 2016 and approximately 35 miners were laid off and 

approximately 15 miners were transferred to a Bishop Coal mine. A&G reinstated Anderson to a 

rock truck position it created at an A&G reclamation job where he is receiving the same rate of 

pay and other benefits as at the time of his discharge. Anderson was not transferred to the Bishop 

mine but his reinstatement is in complete compliance with the Order and also complies with the 

spirit of the temporary reinstatement provisions of the Mine Act. Respondents argue there is no 

known Commission precedent requiring A&G to pay Anderson a higher rate of pay when he was 

reinstated by A&G to a job at an A&G reclamation site. 

The Secretary, in his Position Statement, requests that the Order of reinstatement be 

clarified since it could be argued the complainant need only be reinstated to the position he held 

prior to the discriminatory action, or that it is not frivolous to assume that he would have been 

transferred to the Bishop mine along with his co-workers. 

1

 Rule 45(e)(4) provides: 

A Judge’s order temporarily reinstating a miner is not a final decision within the meaning 

of § 2700.69, and except during appellate review of such order by the Commission or 

courts, the Judge shall retain jurisdiction over the temporary reinstatement proceeding. 

29 C.F.R. § 2700.45(e)(4). 

39 FMSHRC Page 365
Discussion 

 Claims of discrimination under the Mine Act are not finally adjudicated until there is a 

hearing and decision on the merits, and where the claimant prevails, a decision on the 

appropriate remedies. If the issue of tolling is raised it is a part of the decision on the merits, and 

where Respondent prevails on this issue, the period of tolling is considered in deciding the 

appropriate remedies. These decisions are only entered after the parties have had an opportunity 

for discovery and time to develop their positions, and present evidence at the hearing. 

 An Application for Temporary Reinstatement of a miner must be considered and decided 

within a very short time frame, and under limited evidentiary standards. 29 C.F.R. § 2700.45. An 

order temporarily reinstating a miner is not a final decision. Id. Where, as here, a period of 

tolling is not granted at this early stage of the proceeding, this determination is also not final. 

 A temporarily reinstated miner is restored to the status he would have occupied but for 

the discrimination claimed. Any remedial relief due to him must be determined on the basis of 

the non-discriminatory status he held following any protected activity, had there not been an 

adverse action. Bjes v. Consolidation Coal Co., 6 FMSHRC 1411, 1420 (June 1984); Secretary 

of Labor on behalf of Cooley v. Ottawa Silica Company, 6 FMSHRC 516, 522-525 (March 

1984). 

In the instant case, one of the protected activities alleged was on the evening of 

November 18, 2016. At that time, Anderson was operating a 100-ton 777D rock truck and was 

being paid the hourly rate of $16.50. His employment was terminated on November 21, 2016. 

Based on information of record provided by the parties, Anderson was reinstated to a job driving 

a 777 rock truck at the same rate of pay, number of hours worked and benefits he was receiving 

at the time of his termination. He began work on January 23, 2017, at an A&G reclamation site, 

the Virginia Fuels Corporation Darby Road Mine #1. This is a different work site than the 

Bishop mine to which the other A&G miners were transferred. 

 The Complainant’s request is for a modification of the Temporary Reinstatement Order 

of January 19, 2017, to require that Respondents provide to Anderson the same rate of pay, hours 

worked, and all of the benefits currently received by the miners transferred from the A&G Strip 

#12 mine to the Bishop mine. The hourly rate at the Bishop mine was reported to be higher. 

 Complainant’s argument is essentially one of fairness; that temporarily reinstated miners 

should receive the same increases or decreases in benefits as other miners in equivalent 

positions, and Anderson should be treated no differently than the miners transferred from the 

idled A&G mine to the Bishop mine. However, Anderson was not transferred to Bishop with the 

other miners considered in the evaluation process because he had already been fired. Rather, a 

position similar to his job at A&G was found for him. Further, no precedent or persuasive 

authority has been offered as would support an order to a mine operator to either require the 

temporarily reinstated miner to work at a specific location or increase that miner’s pay and 

benefits based on what other miners receive at the work site. 

39 FMSHRC Page 366
Complainant argues that an operator’s refusal to grant a temporarily reinstated miner pay 

increases, additional overtime, or increased employee benefits would “violate Section 105(c) of 

the Mine Act because it would clearly be in response to the miner’s protected activities”. 

However, at this preliminary stage of the proceedings, a final decision on the merits of all 

elements of a claim of discrimination, including protected activity, has yet to be determined. 

Further, in the opinion of the undersigned, to order even a partial remedy pending a hearing on 

the merits would be inappropriate. At this time, the parties have not had the opportunity to fully 

complete discovery and develop their positions, which in this case would include the issue of 

tolling due to the idling of the Strip #12 mine.2

 

ORDER 

The request for modification of the Temporary Reinstatement Order to compel 

Respondents to increase the pay and benefits of Complainant Anderson is DENIED. 

/s/ Kenneth R. Andrews 

Kenneth R. Andrews 

Administrative Law Judge 

Distribution (Via E-mail and Certified Mail): 

Ali Beydoun, Esq., U.S. Department of Labor, 201 12th Street South, Suite 401, Arlington, VA 

22202-5450, Beydoun.Ali@dol.gov 

Tony Oppegard, Esq., P.O. Box 22446, Lexington, KY 40522, tonyoppegard@gmail.com 

Wes Addington, Esq., Appalachian Citizens’ Law Center, 317 Main Street, Whitesburg, KY 

41858, wes@appalachianlawcenter.org 

Billy R. Shelton, Esq., Shelton, Branham & Halbert PLLC, 2452 Sir Barton Way, Suite 101, 

Lexington, KY 40509, bshelton@sbhlegal.net 

Aaron Lee Anderson, Kellypotter54@yahoo.com 

2

 This Decision and Order in no way forecloses the possibility that, should complainant 

be successful in the merits case, he may be entitled to the difference between his current rate of 

pay and the higher rate of pay suggested by the Secretary. 

39 FMSHRC Page 367
FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION 

OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES

1331 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, NW, SUITE 520N

WASHINGTON, DC 20004

February 21, 2017 

DECISION 

Appearances: C. Renita Hollins, Esq., U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor, 

Nashville, Tennessee, on behalf of the Petitioner; 

William J. Sturgill, Esq., Sturgill Law Office, P.C., Wise, Virginia, 

on behalf of the Respondent. 

Before: Judge Feldman 

 These consolidated civil penalty proceedings are before me based on petitions for 

assessment of civil penalties filed by the Secretary of Labor (“Secretary”) under section 105(d) 

of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, as amended (“the Mine Act”), 30 U.S.C. 

§ 815(d), against the Respondent, Red River Coal Company, Inc. (“Red River”). A hearing was 

held on June 16 through June 17, 2016, in Pikeville, Kentucky. 

These consolidated dockets concern, in part, three orders in Docket No. VA 2014-237, all 

of which have now settled. The parties’ settlement terms with respect to Docket No. VA 2014-

237 that impose a total civil penalty of $5,000.00 shall be approved herein. Adjudicated in this 

matter are the citations and orders at issue in Docket Nos. VA 2014-236 and VA 2014-239. In 

disposing of these matters, the parties’ post-hearing briefs, filed on September 30 and October 3, 

2016, have been considered. 

I. Violations at Issue 

The single 104(d)(2) order at issue in Docket No. VA 2014-236, and the six 104(d)(2) 

orders and one 104(a) citation at issue in Docket No. VA 2014-239, have been adjudicated in this 

proceeding. The seven contested orders that are attributable to unwarrantable failures consist of 

four orders alleging impermissible coal dust accumulations in Red River’s loadout facilities, one 

order concerning an allegedly inadequate on-shift examination, one order alleging the failure 

SECRETARY OF LABOR 

 MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH 

 ADMINISTRATION (MSHA), 

 Petitioner 

 v. 

RED RIVER COAL COMPANY, INC., 

 Respondent 

CIVIL PENALTY PROCEEDINGS 

Docket No. VA 2014-236 

A.C. No. 44-06199-345299-01 

Docket No. VA 2014-237 

A.C. No. 44-06199-345299-02 

Docket No. VA 2014-239 

A.C. No. 44-06199-346250 

Mine: No. 1 Prep Plant 

39 FMSHRC Page 368
to provide a safe means of access along an elevated walkway, and one order alleging Red River’s 

failure to report the occurrence of an accident. The remaining 104(a) citation concerns Red 

River’s alleged alteration of an accident scene. 

In satisfaction of these eight contested orders and citations, the Secretary proposes a total 

civil penalty of $63,200.00. As a result of this adjudication, two orders and one citation shall be 

affirmed, and five orders shall be modified from section 104(d)(2) orders to section 104(a) 

citations, thus removing the unwarrantable failure charges. Given these modifications, a total 

civil penalty of $21,600.00 shall be assessed for the eight orders and citations adjudicated in this 

proceeding. 

II. Evidentiary Framework

The issues to be resolved are whether the cited violations in fact occurred, whether or not 

the cited conditions were properly designated as significant and substantial (“S&S”) and/or 

attributable to unwarrantable failures, and the appropriate civil penalties to be assessed. The 

criteria for resolving these issues are as follows: 

a. Fact of the Violation

To find a violation of a mandatory standard, the Secretary has the burden of proving each 

element of a citation by the preponderance of the evidence, based on direct evidence or adequate 

circumstantial evidence. See Garden Creek Pocahontas Co., 11 FMSHRC 2148, 2152-53 (Nov. 

1989) (citations omitted). The Commission has noted that the burden of showing something by a 

preponderance of the evidence standard requires the trier of fact to believe that the existence of a 

fact is more probable than its nonexistence. Rag Cumberland Res. Corp., 22 FMSHRC 1066, 

1070 (Sept. 2000) (citations omitted). 

b. S&S

The Mine Act describes an S&S violation as one “of such nature as could significantly 

and substantially contribute to the cause and effect of a coal or other mine safety or health 

hazard.” 30 U.S.C. § 814(d)(1). A violation is properly designated as S&S in nature if, based on 

the particular facts surrounding that violation, there exists a reasonable likelihood that the hazard 

contributed to by the violation will result in an injury or an illness of a reasonably serious nature. 

Cement Div., Nat’l Gypsum, 3 FMSHRC 822, 825 (April 1981). In Mathies Coal Co., 

6 FMSHRC 1 (Jan. 1984), the Commission explained: 

In order to establish that a violation of a mandatory safety standard is [S&S] 

under National Gypsum, the Secretary of Labor must prove: 

(1) the underlying violation of a mandatory safety standard; (2) a

discrete safety hazard—that is, a measure of danger to safety—

contributed to by the violation; (3) a reasonable likelihood that the

hazard contributed to [by the violation] will result in an injury; and

39 FMSHRC Page 369
(4) a reasonable likelihood that the injury in question will be of a 

reasonably serious nature. 

Id. at 3-4; see also Austin Powder Inc. v. Sec’y of Labor, 861 F.2d 99, 103-04 (5th Cir. 1988), 

aff’g 9 FMSHRC 2015, 2021 (Dec. 1987) (approving Mathies criteria). 

Once the fact of a violation has been established under step one of Mathies, the second 

Mathies step addresses the extent to which the violation contributes to a particular hazard. In a 

change to the Commission’s long-standing interpretation of the Mathies criteria, the Commission 

has recently opined that the second step analysis is “primarily concerned with likelihood of the 

occurrence of the hazard against which a mandatory safety standard is directed.” Newtown 

Energy, Inc., 38 FMSHRC 2033, 2037 (Aug.2016) (citing Knox Creek Coal Corp. v. Sec’y of 

Labor, 811 F.3d 148, 163 (4th Cir. 2016)). Thus, step two of the Mathies test now involves a 

two-part analysis: first, identification of the hazard created by the subject violation of the safety 

standard; and second, “a determination of whether, based on the particular facts surrounding the 

violation, there exists a reasonable likelihood of occurrence of the hazard against which the 

mandatory safety standard is directed.” Newtown Energy, 38 FMSHRC at 2038. Consideration 

must be given to both the time frame that a violative condition existed prior to the issuance of a 

citation, and the time that it would have existed if normal mining operations had continued. 

Bellefonte Lime Co., 20 FMSHRC 1250 (Nov. 1998); Halfway, Inc., 8 FMSHRC 8, 12 (Jan. 

1986). 

Under the Commission’s analysis in Newtown Energy, when evaluating the 

third Mathies criterion, the analysis assumes that the hazard identified in step two has been 

realized, and then considers whether the hazard would be reasonably likely to result in injury, 

again in the context of “continued normal mining operations.” Newtown Energy, 38 FMSHRC at 

2038 (citing Knox Creek Coal Corp., 811 F.3d at 161-62); Peabody Midwest Mining, LLC, 762 

F.3d 611, 616 (7th Cir. 2014); Buck Creek Coal, 52 F.3d 133 at 135; U.S. Steel Mining Co., 6 

FMSHRC 1573, 1574 (July 1984)). In sum, while the methodology for analyzing S&S under the 

long-standing Mathies criteria has been modified by Newtown Energy, the Commission 

acknowledged that “the ultimate inquiry has not changed.” Id. at 2038, n.8. 

c. Unwarrantable Failure 

As a general proposition, an unwarrantable failure is aggravated conduct constituting 

more than ordinary negligence. Emery Mining Corp., 9 FMSHRC 1997, 2001 (1987). An 

unwarrantable failure is characterized by “indifference,” a “serious lack of reasonable care,” 

“reckless disregard,” or “intentional misconduct.” Id. at 2003-04; see also Buck Creek Coal, 52 

F.3d 133, 136 (7th Cir. 1995) (approving the Commission’s unwarrantable failure test). Whether 

conduct is “aggravated” in the context of an unwarrantable failure is determined by looking at all 

the facts and circumstances of a case to see if aggravating or mitigating factors exist. See IO 

Coal Co., 31 FMSHRC 1346, 1350-51 (Dec. 2009). The Commission has identified several such 

factors, including: the length of time a violation has existed, the extent of the violative condition, 

whether the operator has been placed on notice that greater efforts are necessary for compliance, 

the operator’s efforts in abating the violative condition, whether the violation was obvious, 

whether the violation posed a high degree of danger, and whether the operator knew or should 

39 FMSHRC Page 370
have known of the existence of the violation. Id. These factors are viewed in the context of the 

factual circumstances of each case. Consolidation Coal Co., 22 FMSHRC 340, 353 (Mar. 2000). 

All relevant facts and circumstances of each case must be examined to determine whether a mine 

operator’s conduct is aggravated or if mitigating circumstances exist. Id.

d. Civil Penalty Criteria

The Commission outlined the parameters of its responsibility for assessing civil penalties 

in Douglas R. Rushford Trucking, 22 FMSHRC 598 (May 2000). The Commission stated: 

The principles governing the Commission’s authority to assess civil penalties de 

novo for violations of the Mine Act are well established. Section 110(i) of the 

Mine Act delegates to the Commission “authority to assess all civil penalties 

provided in [the] Act.” 30 U.S.C. § 820(i). The Act delegates the duty of 

proposing penalties to the Secretary. 30 U.S.C. §§ 815(a) and 820(a). Thus, when 

an operator notifies the Secretary that it intends to challenge a penalty, the 

Secretary petitions the Commission to assess the penalty. 29 C.F.R. §§ 

2700.28 and 2700.44. The Act requires that, “[i]n assessing civil monetary 

penalties, the Commission [ALJ] shall consider” six statutory penalty criteria: 

[1] the operator’s history of previous violations, [2] the appropriateness of

such penalty to the size of the business of the operator charged, [3]

whether the operator was negligent, [4] the effect of the operator’s ability

to continue in business, [5] the gravity of the violations, and [6] the

demonstrated good faith of the person charged in attempting to achieve

rapid compliance after notification of a violation.

22 FMSHRC at 600 (citing 30 U.S.C. § 820(i)). The Commission has noted that the de novo

consideration of the appropriate civil penalties to be assessed does not require “that equal weight 

must be assigned to each of the penalty assessment criteria.” Thunder Basin Coal Co., 19 

FMSHRC 1495, 1503 (Sept. 1997). 

In keeping with this statutory requirement, the Commission has held that “findings of fact 

on the statutory penalty criteria must be made” by its judges. Sellersburg Stone Co., 5 FMSHRC 

287, 292 (Mar. 1983). Once findings on the statutory criteria have been made, a judge’s penalty 

assessment for a particular violation is an exercise of discretion, which is bounded by proper 

consideration for the statutory criteria and the deterrent purposes of the Mine Act. Id. at 

294; Cantera Green, 22 FMSHRC 616, 620 (May 2000). 

III. Description of Loadout Facilities

The No. 1 Prep Plant is a coal preparation and distribution facility in Wise County, 

Virginia, owned and operated by Red River. The No. 1 Prep Plant is subject to the provisions of 

30 C.F.R. Part 77 of the Secretary’s mandatory safety standards, which govern surface coal 

mines. As a general matter, the coal that is processed at the No. 1 Prep Plant is extracted from 

39 FMSHRC Page 371
local surface mines and hauled to the plant via haulage trucks. Tr. at 67.1

 After the coal is 

processed, it is discharged via chutes from the prep plant into freight trains passing below the 

facility. Tr. at 68-69, 74-75. 

Central to this proceeding is a train that was loaded on September 16, 2013, one day prior 

to the issuance of the subject violations. The next train was scheduled to be loaded on 

September 20. Tr. 314; Resp. Br. at 2, 15-16. Processed coal is loaded onto freight trains 

through a distribution building that is fed by two underground conveyor belt tunnels. Tr. at 68-

69, 74-75. Three of the four alleged accumulation violations occurred in these two conveyor belt 

tunnels and a narrow vent pipe, and the fourth allegedly occurred in the distribution building. 

Specifically, various grades of processed coal are stockpiled on the surface and fed 

through a series of chutes onto two underground loadout conveyor belts. These underground 

conveyor belts are located in a “top loadout tunnel” and a “bottom loadout tunnel.” Tr. at 74-75. 

These tunnels are designed to convey and transfer coal through an L-shaped system of belts. 

See, e.g., Gov. Ex. 18; Tr. at 74-75. Coal deposited onto the top loadout tunnel belt is transferred 

onto the perpendicular bottom loadout tunnel belt. Id. Coal can also be fed directly onto the 

bottom loadout belt. Id. The bottom loadout tunnel belt conveys the coal uphill, from 

underground onto the surface, above a state highway, and into the loadout distribution building. 

Id.; Tr. at 84. 

The loadout distribution building is an eight story facility located above the train tracks 

from which freight trains are loaded with processed coal. Tr. 119. The loadout distribution 

building is comprised primarily of a surge bin, a weigh bin, and associated equipment. Tr. 303-

04. Coal is fed into the distribution building’s surge bin from the bottom loadout tunnel belt, 

then into the weigh bin where it is measured and distributed via chutes as trains pass slowly on 

the tracks situated below. Id. In the interim period between the arrival of trains, the loadout 

facilities are idle; no miners, with the exception of the miner tasked with cleaning and 

maintenance, are assigned to work there. Tr. at 314-15, 320; Tr.2 at 69-70. 

Miners enter and exit the loadout tunnels at the mouth of the bottom loadout tunnel where 

the belt exits from underground to the surface. Tr. at 70, 96. If the mouth of the bottom loadout 

tunnel became inaccessible in an emergency, pursuant to 30 C.F.R § 77.213, an exhaust vent 

pipe located at the far end of the top loadout tunnel can serve as an escapeway.2

 Id. This vent 

pipe is 36 inches in diameter. Id. Air courses through the two loadout tunnels and vent pipe 

from the mouth of the bottom loadout tunnel by means of a ventilation fan located at the mouth 

of the vent pipe. Tr. at 80. Thus, during loadout operations, the ventilation system causes coal 

dust to be blown from the mouth of the bottom loadout tunnel, through the bottom belt tunnel 

into the top belt tunnel, ultimately exiting through the exhaust vent pipe. 

 1

 As used herein, citation “Tr.” refers to the June 16, 2016, hearing transcript. Citation 

“Tr.2” refers to the June 17, 2016, hearing transcript. 

2

 Section 77.213 provides, in pertinent part, that an escapeway of not less than 30 inches 

in diameter must be provided when a tunnel is closed at one end. 30 C.F.R. § 77.213. 

39 FMSHRC Page 372
IV. Disposition of Violations at Issue 

a. Order No. 8202324 (Ventilation Pipe Accumulations) 

i. Findings of Fact

On September 17, 2013, Mine Safety and Health Administration (“MSHA”) Inspectors 

Stonewall Eldridge and Scott Beverly conducted an E16 spot inspection of the No. 1 Prep Plant 

loadout facilities. Tr. at 62. Eldridge and Beverly began their inspection by crawling down the 

36 inch diameter exhaust vent pipe (in the opposite direction of airflow design) for the purpose 

of accessing the top loadout tunnel. Tr. at 70, 173-74. Eldridge and Beverly testified that they 

observed a coating of dry black coal dust accumulated on the vent pipe’s inner surface. Tr. at 89, 

96, 105, 173-74. Eldridge described these accumulations as “a thick coating” such that “when 

you run your finger through it, you can see where it pulls the coal away, and you can see the coal 

on each side of it, on the side of the mark that you make with your finger.” Id. The act of 

crawling through the tunnel caused the black coating of coal dust to become suspended in the air. 

Tr. at 93. Eldridge also observed similar accumulations in an adjacent 24 inch diameter vent 

pipe that is used solely for ventilation purposes. Tr. at 96-97. 

Based on the inspectors’ observations, Eldridge issued 104(d)(2) Order No. 8202324, 

which alleges impermissible coal dust accumulations in surface installations in violation of 

section 77.202.3

 Specifically, Order No. 8202324 provides: 

The 36 inch diameter loadout tunnel escapeway has accumulations of coal dust in 

dangerous amounts inside. A thick coating of coal dust has accumulated all 

around the inside of the escapeway. A separate 24 inch diameter ventilation pipe, 

which connects to the 36 inch escapeway on one end and to the loadout tunnel 

also has a heavy coating of coal dust inside. The ventilation fan for the draw off 

tunnel pulls air through the escapeway so a coal dust explosion inside the tunnel 

would suspend the coal dust inside the escapeway intensifying the explosion. 

The foreman is required to travel this area at least once each working shift and the 

condition was obvious. The foreman engaged in aggravated conduct constituting 

more than ordinary negligence by allowing the condition to exist. This is a [sic] 

violation is an unwarrantable failure to comply with a mandatory standard. 

Gov. Ex. 1. Eldridge was concerned that the cited coal dust created an explosion and fire hazard. 

Tr. at 100. Consequently, Eldridge characterized the cited violation as S&S and attributable to 

“high” negligence constituting an unwarrantable failure. The Secretary has proposed a 

$9,100.00 civil penalty for Order No. 8202324. The record reflects that the accumulations were 

reported as abated on September 19, 2013, by washing the cited accumulations in the pipe with a 

hose. Gov. Ex. 1; Tr. at 187. 

 3

 30 C.F.R. § 77.202 provides: “Coal dust in the air of, or in, or on the surfaces of, 

structures, enclosures, or other facilities shall not be allowed to exist or accumulate in dangerous 

amounts.” 

39 FMSHRC Page 373
ii. Fact of the Violation

Section 77.202, the cited mandatory standard, requires that an operator of a surface 

facility should not allow the existence or accumulation of coal dust in dangerous amounts. 

30 C.F.R. § 77.202. Unlike the primary escapeway requirements in 30 C.F.R. § 75.380 that 

require intake air to be used in escapeways in underground mines, the vent pipe escapeway at the 

surface loadout facility is ventilated with what, in essence, is return air. See Tr. at 70. In this 

regard, the loadout facility is designed to direct the suspended coal dust, which is generated by 

the dumping of as much as 100,000 tons of coal through chutes and onto beltlines in the loadout 

tunnels, into the escapeway vent pipe. Id.; Tr. at 41, 74-75. Yes, indeed, there is gambling in the 

casino. Yet the Secretary seeks to hold Red River liable for vent pipe accumulations that the 

loadout facility is designed to create. 

Nevertheless, while I have reservations about the propriety of citing Red River for such 

accumulations, Red River has acknowledged that section 77.202, the cited mandatory safety 

standard, obligates it to clean these unavoidable accumulations following each train loading 

activity. See Tr. at 319. Here, it is undisputed that Red River failed to timely clean the cited 

accumulations following the train loading on September 16, 2013, as the coal dust that 

accumulated during that load was still present during the September 17 inspection. In this 

regard, although the next train was due to arrive on September 20, the cited accumulations must 

be viewed in the context of their continued existence during the course of future loading 

operations. When Red River failed to expeditiously clean the subject accumulations, it did so at 

its own risk. Having concluded that section 77.202 is applicable to the cited accumulations, the 

Secretary has demonstrated the fact that Red River “allowed” coal dust accumulations in the 

exhaust vent pipe in violation of the cited mandatory standard. 

iii. S&S

In view of the above, the requirement of the first step of Mathies to identify an 

underlying violation of section 77.202 has been satisfied. Under the Commission’s Newtown 

Energy modification of step two of the Mathies criteria, the focus shifts to analyzing the 

“likelihood of the occurrence of the hazard” against which section 77.202 is directed. 

Newtown Energy, 38 FMSHRC at 2038. Here, as there are no ignition sources in the cited vent 

pipe, the relevant hazard is the propagation of a fire or explosion that begins in the loadout 

tunnels. Based on the design of the airflow, any explosion that occurs in one of tunnels will be 

funneled toward the vent pipe where the cited accumulations were located. Should such an 

explosion occur, the cited coal dust accumulations are reasonably likely to further propagate the 

explosion. 

Turning to Mathies steps three and four, however, the focus shifts to whether such 

propagation is reasonably likely to result in a reasonably serious injury. Id. It is highly unlikely, 

if not impossible, that the cited condition will contribute to injury to miners working in the 

tunnels for, given the direction of airflow and the lack of ignition sources in the vent pipe, the 

accumulations in the vent pipe cannot propagate an explosion that will be directed into the 

loadout tunnels. Thus, the cited condition cannot properly be designated as S&S with respect to 

the propagation hazard as it relates to the loadout tunnels. 

39 FMSHRC Page 374
However, regarding the issue of the propagation hazard posed to miners using the vent 

pipe as an escapeway, it is readily apparent that any propagation hazard in the escapeway is 

illusory, as the full force of any explosion in the loadout tunnels, where there are potential 

sources of ignition, would be directed into, and magnified by, the 36 inch vent pipe. In this 

regard, Order No. 8202324 states: “The ventilation fan for the draw off tunnel pulls air through 

the escapeway so a coal dust explosion inside the tunnel would suspend the coal dust inside the 

escapeway intensifying the explosion.” Gov. Ex. 1 (emphasis added). Thus, propagation 

confined within the exhaust vent pipe does not create a discrete hazard to miners, as this hazard 

cannot be disassociated from the hazardous effects created by the force of an explosion 

originating in the loadout tunnels. Simply put, the risk of injury to miners in the vent pipe from 

an explosion exists regardless of the presence of the cited accumulations. Thus, the cited 

condition cannot be properly designated as S&S with respect to the propagation hazard as it 

relates to the accumulations in the vent pipe. 

iv. Unwarrantable Failure 

As previously noted, the classic hallmark of an unwarrantable failure is conduct 

characterized by “indifference,” a “serious lack of reasonable care,” “reckless disregard,” or 

“intentional misconduct.” Emery Mining, 9 FMSHRC at 2001. As the loadout tunnel system is 

designed to deposit accumulations in the vent pipe, it is significant that MSHA does not assert 

that the loadout tunnel design is impermissible. Consequently, there is no basis for concluding 

that the occurrence of the cited accumulations is attributable to more than ordinary negligence. 

With respect to the issue of duration, the fact that the accumulations, cited on September 17, 

2013, were located in a loadout facility that would remain idle until September 20, during which 

time the accumulations could have been cleaned, is a mitigating factor. Thus, the unwarrantable 

failure designation shall be deleted and Order No. 8202324 shall be modified to a 104(a) citation, 

as the evidence reflects that the cited condition was attributable to no more than a “low” degree 

of negligence. 

v. Civil Penalty 

The Secretary proposes a $9,100.00 civil penalty for Order No. 8202324, which has been 

modified to a 104(a) citation in this proceeding. I view the reduction in negligence and gravity, 

the problematical ventilation design that made the cited accumulations unavoidable, and the idle 

nature of the loadout facility, as overriding mitigating circumstances. Consequently, applying 

the penalty criteria in section 110(i), a civil penalty of $100.00 shall be assessed for Citation 

No. 8202324. 

b. Order Nos. 8202325, 8202326 and 8202327 (Loadout Tunnels and 

Distribution Building Accumulations) 

i. Findings of Fact 

These orders allege that Red River violated 30 C.F.R. § 77.202, for allowing dangerous 

amounts of coal dust to accumulate in the top loadout tunnel, bottom loadout tunnel, and the 

loadout distribution building, following the loading of a freight train on September 16, 2013. 

39 FMSHRC Page 375
The cited accumulations were observed by MSHA Inspectors Eldridge and Beverly the following 

day, on September 17. Red River asserts that the loadout facilities were scheduled to remain idle 

until September 20, when the next freight train was anticipated to arrive. Tr. 314; Resp. Br. at 2, 

15-16.

After exiting the vent pipe on September 17, 2013, Inspectors Eldridge and Beverly 

inspected the top loadout tunnel beltline. Tr. at 123. Eldridge observed accumulations of black 

coal dust on the backside of the belt structure and on the floor beneath the belt. Tr. at 123-24. 

Eldridge testified that these accumulations measured three inches in depth along the beltline, and 

one inch deep around the guards at the tail drive roller. Tr. at 124. Eldridge further testified that 

there was evidence that the tail roller shaft had been turning in the loose coal during the 

September 16 loading operation, creating frictional heat and a potential ignition source. Tr. at 

125-29, 131. Red River Prep Plant Foreman Randy Morgan, who observed the subject

conditions shortly after the issuance of the orders, conceded that the accumulations along the top

and bottom loadout tunnel beltlines were the result of spillage from the belt. Tr.2 at 58. As a

result of the inspectors’ observations, Eldridge issued 104(d)(2) Order No. 8202325, alleging

impermissible coal dust accumulations in surface installations in violation of section 77.202.

Specifically, Order No. 8202325 provides:

The top clean coal loadout reclaim tunnel has accumulations of coal dust, in 

dangerous amounts, on the backside of the belt structure and on the floor 

underneath the belt. The coal underneath the belt and on the backside measures 

up to 3 inches deep. The coal dust measures up to 1 inch deep around the guards 

at the tail drive roller and on the belt structure. The tail drive roller shaft is 

turning in the loose coal, which creates an ignition source. This area is required 

to be traveled during the required on shift examination at least once during each 

working shift. The belt and tunnel are idle at this time but were used on 9-16-

2013 and are available for use at any time. The foreman has engaged in 

aggravated conduct constituting more than ordinary negligence by allowing the 

coal accumulations to exist. This violation is an unwarrantable failure to comply 

with a mandatory standard. Standard 77.202 was cited 1 time in two years at 

mine 4406199 (1 to the operator, 0 to the contractor). This violation is an 

unwarrantable failure to comply with a mandatory standard. 

Gov. Ex. 2 (emphasis added). Eldridge characterized the cited violation as S&S. Despite the 

fact that the loadout tunnels would remain idle for several shifts, and a lack of a significant 

history of relevant violations, Eldridge characterized the cited condition as attributable to “high” 

negligence constituting an unwarrantable failure. The Secretary has proposed a $9,100.00 civil 

penalty for Order No. 8202325. The violation was abated on September 19, 2013, after the 

accumulations were washed down the tunnel into a sump pump that is located at the junction 

between the top and bottom loadout tunnels. Gov. Ex. 2; Tr. at 187. 

Continuing their inspection along the bottom loadout tunnel, Eldridge observed 14 inches 

of coal accumulations around the tail roller, near the transfer point between the top and 

bottom loadout tunnel beltlines. Tr. at 133. Morgan (Prep Plant Foreman) and Red River 

Maintenance Supervisor Allen Wingler testified that coal accumulations near the transfer point 

39 FMSHRC Page 376
and adjacent sump pump are generally wet from accumulations of groundwater and water from 

recently-washed coal. Tr. at 309-11. Eldridge further observed two inches of coal dust 

accumulations on the roller guards and belt structure along the beltline. Tr. at 133. At the tail 

roller, Eldridge testified that there was evidence that the belt itself was running in the 

accumulations, presenting a risk of frictional heat and an ignition source. Tr. at 133-35. Based 

on these observations, Eldridge issued 104(d)(2) Order No. 8202326, alleging impermissible coal 

dust accumulations in surface installations in violation of section 77.202. Specifically, Order 

No. 8202326 provides: 

The bottom clean coal loadout reclaim tunnel has accumulations of coal dust, in 

dangerous amounts, present. Coal dust measuring up to 14 inches deep is all 

around the tail roller of the tunnel belt. The belt has been running in the loose 

coal, which creates an ignition source. The guards and belt structure have a thick 

coating of dust measuring up to two inches deep. This area is required to be 

traveled at least once each working shift by a certified foreman doing the required 

on shift examination. The foreman engaged in aggravated conduct constituting 

more than ordinary negligence by allowing this obvious condition to exist. This is 

an unwarrantable failure to comply with a mandatory standard. Standard 77.202 

was cited two times in two years at mine 4406199 (2 to the operator, 0 to a 

contractor). This violation is an unwarrantable failure to comply with a 

mandatory standard. 

Gov. Ex. 3. Eldridge characterized the violation as S&S. Once again, despite the mitigating 

circumstances noted above, Eldridge characterized the cited condition as attributable to “high” 

negligence constituting an unwarrantable failure. The Secretary has proposed a $9,100.00 civil 

penalty for Order No. 8202326. The violation was abated on September 19, 2013, after the 

accumulations were washed down the tunnel into the sump pump located at the junction between 

the top and bottom loadout tunnels. Gov. Ex. 2; Tr. at 187. 

After inspecting the loadout tunnels, Eldridge and Beverly proceeded to the loadout 

distribution building. Tr. at 147. As previously noted, the loadout distribution building is an 

eight story facility situated above the railroad track where freight cars are loaded with processed 

coal. Tr. at 119. Eldridge and Beverly inspected the distribution building from the roof down, 

first identifying “a thick coating of coal dust” on the belts, wall structures, floors, and all 

equipment throughout the building. Tr. at 147-55. Eldridge testified to dry coal dust 

accumulations, as much as four inches deep, on electrical equipment such as conduits and 

connections, wiring, control boxes, motors, hydraulics, heaters, air compressors, and welders, 

including accumulations within the motor control center. Id. 

Thus, Eldridge issued 104(d)(2) Order No. 8202327, alleging impermissible coal dust 

accumulations in surface installations in violation of section 77.202. Specifically, Order No. 

8202327 provides: 

The loadout building has accumulations of coal dust, in dangerous amounts, 

present. The walls, floors, electrical conduit and all the equipment on all floors, 

including the 2nd floor MCC room, have a thick coating of coal dust present, 

39 FMSHRC Page 377
measuring up to 4 1⁄2 inches deep in areas. The loadout building is idle at this time 

but was used on 9-16-2013 and is available for use if needed. The foreman is 

required to do an on shift examination of this building at least once each working 

shift. The foreman has engaged in aggravated conduct constituting more than 

ordinary negligence by allowing the accumulations to exist. This violation is an 

unwarrantable failure to comply with a mandatory standard. Standard 77.202 was 

cited 3 times in two years at mine 4406199 (3 to the operator, 0 to a contractor). 

Gov. Ex. 4. Eldridge characterized the violation as S&S. Despite mitigating circumstances 

previously discussed, Eldridge characterized the cited condition as attributable to “high” 

negligence constituting an unwarrantable failure. The Secretary has proposed a $9,100.00 civil 

penalty for Order No. 8202327. On September 19, 2013, the accumulations were abated by 

pressure washing, vacuuming, and hand wiping away the coal dust. Gov. Ex. 4. 

ii. Fact of the Violations 

Inspectors Eldridge and Beverly speculate that all of the cited accumulations likely built 

up over “several train loads.” Tr. at 104, 112, 162, 182. In contrast, Red River employees 

Wingler, Morgan, and Boyd testified that the cited accumulations in the escapeway exhaust vent 

pipe, the two loadout tunnels, and the distribution building, were solely the by-product of the 

September 16 train loading. Tr.2 at 47, 55-57, 60, 84-85. To support this assertion, Red River 

estimates that the total tonnage of coal loaded on September 16 was between 60,000 and 100,000 

tons. Tr. at 41. Moreover, Morgan testified that he had been in the loadout facilities prior to the 

September 16 train loading and that the facilities were clean. Tr.2 at 63. 

Thus, Red River asserts that the cited accumulations in the vent pipe, the loadout tunnels, 

and the distribution building, occurred as a result of normal loadout operations when the 

facilities were last utilized on September 16, one day before the subject inspection. Tr.2 at 44, 

47, 55-57, 84-85. The next loading operation was scheduled to occur four days later, on 

September 20. Tr. 314; Resp. Br. at 2, 15-16. When trains are not being loaded, the loadout 

facilities are idle and unstaffed, with the exception of the miner who is assigned to clean and 

maintain the facilities in between train loads. Tr. at 314-15, 320; Tr.2 at 69-70. While idle, the 

only energized equipment in the loadout facilities is a permissible sump pump at the junction of 

the top and bottom loadout tunnels, the ventilation fan, and lights illuminating the distribution 

building. Tr. at 335-337. Contrary to the Secretary’s assertion, Red River argues that this 

energized equipment does not present a likely source of ignition. Tr. at 194, 335-337. 

Consequently, Red River asserts that the cited coal accumulations were not hazardous when the 

facilities were idle. Tr. at 320, 335-337. 

Notwithstanding the question of whether the cited accumulations were hazardous while 

the loadout facilities were idle, Red River maintains that the residual accumulations that occurred 

during the September 16 train loading would have been cleaned during the morning shift 

immediately following the loading operations (in this case, the morning of September 17). Tr. at 

319; Tr.2 at 51, 61, 90. Thus, Red River contends that the cited accumulations would normally 

have been cleaned prior to the late afternoon inspection by Eldridge and Beverly. Tr. at 319; 

Tr.2 at 61, 90. However, cleaning was reportedly delayed as Dwayne Caroll, the miner in charge 

39 FMSHRC Page 378
of cleaning the loadout facilities, called in sick on September 17. Tr. at 318-19; Tr.2 at 61. Red 

River argues that a miner would have been assigned to clean the loadout facilities in place of 

Caroll had the facilities been scheduled to operate sooner than September 20, the date of the next 

scheduled loading operation. Tr. at 315, 320, 342; Tr.2 at 69-70. 

In addressing the issue of liability, the question is whether the Secretary is alleging that 

Red River allowed the accumulations to occur, or alleging that Red River failed to timely clean 

the subject accumulations. The record, when viewed in its entirety, clearly reflects that 

significant accumulations in the loadout tunnels and distribution building are a normal byproduct of loading trains with as much as 60,000 to 100,000 tons of coal. Consequently, it is 

unreasonable to expect that significant coal can be prevented from accumulating during the train 

loading process. See Tr. at 153. One must question the propriety of requiring miners to be 

present in the loadout tunnels for the purpose of monitoring conditions during loading, exposing 

them to dust inhalation and explosion or propagation hazards. 

Significantly, Inspector Beverly testified: 

. . . [T]here was a lot of float coal dust. There was just too much float coal dust. 

It was just everywhere, and it hadn’t been cleaned. It hadn’t been — it hadn’t 

been addressed, so — and it shouldn’t have been allowed to accumulate like that. 

It should’ve been taken care of. And it was black, most of it. 

Tr. 181 (emphasis added). Thus, it is obvious that the Secretary premises Red River’s liability 

on its alleged failure to timely clean the cited accumulations, as the cited conditions are an 

inevitable by-product of the loading process. 

With regard to timeliness, Red River relies on the alleged absence to due illness of 

Caroll, the miner regularly tasked with cleaning the loadout facilities on the morning shift of 

September 17. The purported absence of Caroll is not a mitigating, or otherwise relevant, 

circumstance. Mine operators are responsible for providing substitute personnel to ensure the 

safety of ongoing mining operations. 

We now turn to whether the cited accumulations can be properly characterized as 

“dangerous” accumulations prohibited by section 77.202. The Commission has recognized that 

the degree of hazard posed by a cited condition must be evaluated as if the condition were 

permitted to exist unabated. See S&H Mining, 15 FMSHRC 956, 957 (June 1993); Knox Creek 

Coal Corp., 36 FMSHRC 1128, 1140-41 (May 2014) (holding that consideration of 

accumulations violations cannot take into consideration future planned abatement efforts). Thus, 

while the fact that cited accumulations were observed during a period when the loadout facilities 

were idle may mitigate the degree of negligence, it does not obviate the fact of the cited 

violations. As previously stated, when Red River failed to immediately clean the subject 

accumulations during the morning shift on September 17, it did so at its own risk. Red River’s 

self-serving assertion that these accumulations would have been cleaned prior to the next train 

loading on September 20 is insufficient to shelter it from liability. 

39 FMSHRC Page 379
Having assumed the cited accumulations would continue to exist until the next train was 

loaded on September 20, heat generated by defects in running conveyor belt systems at that time, 

and the potential arcing of energized electrical systems, were ever-present sources of ignition. 

The presence of the cited accumulations in proximity of these potential ignition sources created a 

fire or explosion hazard. Consequently, the Secretary has satisfied his burden of demonstrating 

the fact that the cited accumulations in the loadout tunnels and distribution building constituted 

“dangerous” conditions in violation of section 77.202. 

1. Duplicity of Violations 

Having determined that the violations cited in Order Nos. 8202325, 8202326 and 

8202327 occurred, we now address Red River’s assertion that these orders are duplicative and 

should be combined into a single violation. Resp. Br. at 19-20. Section 110(a) of the Mine Act 

provides that “[e]ach occurrence of a violation of a mandatory health or safety standard may 

constitute a separate offense.” 30 U.S.C. § 820(a). In asserting that these orders are duplicative, 

Red River relies on the fact that the loadout tunnels “are [both] interconnected and the 

ventilation system for the tunnels all have one fan that pulls air throughout the whole system and 

blows air toward the transfer point.” Resp. Br. at 19. 

At hearing, Inspector Eldridge explained that he issued separate orders for the two 

tunnels as the conveyor belts therein “can be run independently of each other.” Tr. at 

114-15, 120. Eldridge testified that he did not issue eight different citations for each of 

the eight floors of the loadout distribution building where he found accumulations of coal 

dust, as the entire building “runs in unison” and “functions like one piece of equipment.” 

Tr. at 119. 

The Commission has held that “citations or orders are not duplicative as long as the 

standards allegedly violated impose separate and distinct duties.” Kentucky Fuel Corp., 38 

FMSHRC 1614 (July 2016), citing Western Fuels-Utah, Inc., 19 FMSHRC 994, 1003 (June 

1997). Separate citations for similar conditions are justified as such citations serve the purpose 

of guiding and motivating discrete abatement efforts needed to eliminate discrete hazards. 

Port Costa Materials, Inc., 15 FMSHRC 1516, 1519-20 (July 1994) (ALJ). Each conveyor belt, 

from head pulley to tail pulley, presents discrete safety hazards with regard accumulations in 

proximity to potential sources of ignition created by misaligned belts or defective rollers. 

Operators are obliged to ensure that each “separate and distinct” conveyor belt is operating 

safely. As discussed below, while similarity of violations may be a relevant consideration 

regarding a multiplier effect relevant to the civil penalty to be imposed, such similarity is not a 

bar to the issuance of multiple citations. Consequently, the fact of the accumulation violations in 

the loadout tunnels and distribution building shall be affirmed. 

iii. S&S 

On first blush, the idle nature of the loadout facilities would appear to be a mitigating 

circumstance with regard to the issue of S&S. However, Red River’s self-serving assurances 

that the cited accumulations would have been cleaned prior to the scheduled September 20 train 

loading operation are not dispositive, as violative conditions must be presumed to have remained 

39 FMSHRC Page 380
unabated during the course of continued mining operations. See Knox Creek, 36 FMSHRC at 

1140-41. 

Applying the Commission’s S&S criteria, step one of Mathies is satisfied as the Secretary 

has demonstrated violations of section 77.202. Turning to Mathies step two, as modified by the 

Commission’s recent holding in Newtown Energy, the record reflects that the hazard 

contemplated by section 77.202 is a potential fire or explosion. The record further reflects that it 

is reasonably likely that the cited accumulations will be a fuel or propagation source that will 

reasonably likely cause or contribute to a fire or explosion. Regarding Mathies steps three and 

four, in the event of a fire or explosion in the loadout tunnels or distribution building, it is 

reasonably likely to result in reasonably serious, if not fatal, injuries to miners who may be 

working in the loadout facilities. Consequently, the cited accumulation conditions in the loadout 

tunnels and distribution building are properly designated as S&S. 

iv. Unwarrantable Failures 

In determining whether violations are attributable to more than ordinary negligence 

justifying unwarrantable failure designations, the Commission looks to such factors as whether 

the violation posed a high degree of danger, the length of time a violation has existed, and the 

operator’s knowledge of the existence of a violation. IO Coal Co., 31 FMSHRC at 1350-51. 

Significantly, the Commission has expressed that all relevant facts and circumstances of each 

case must be considered to determine if a mine operator’s conduct is aggravated, or if mitigating 

circumstances are present. Consolidation Coal Co., 22 FMSHRC at 353. 

With respect to mitigating circumstances, the orders acknowledge that the top and bottom 

loadout tunnel conveyor belts, as well as the loadout building, were idle at the time the cited 

accumulations were observed by the MSHA inspectors. Regarding the hazard posed to mine 

examiners, despite the fact that the orders specified that the loadout tunnels and distribution 

building require an examiner to travel these areas at least once during each working shift, the 

operative daily inspection provisions of section 77.1713(a) only require inspections in each 

active working area. Compare Gov. Exs. 2, 3, 4, with 30 C.F.R. § 77.1713(a). 

Thus, examiners were not required to be in the loadout facilities each shift during the 

interim period between September 16 and September 20, when the facilities were scheduled to 

be idle. Upon entering the loadout area to conduct an inspection, the cited accumulations do not 

pose a fire or propagation hazard to mine examiners during the interim idle period. As such, the 

Secretary has failed to demonstrate that the cited accumulations posed a high degree of danger.4

 

 4

 With respect to the distribution building, Inspector Beverly’s testimony that 

accumulations on non-sealed electrical equipment are dangerous, is belied by the fact that 

ordinary electrical equipment is not required to be sealed and dust proof even though 

combustible coal dust routinely accumulates in the loadout distribution building during regular 

loading operations. Tr. at 197-98. The electrical equipment in the distribution building that was 

required to be sealed to prevent the entry of coal dust was properly sealed. Tr. at 334. Thus, the 

degree of danger posed by the cited accumulations in the distribution building during a period 

when trains are being loaded is not an aggravating factor. 

39 FMSHRC Page 381
Moreover, Red River’s failure to identify the cited accumulations during a period when the 

loadout facilities were idle and examinations were not required is not an aggravating factor. 

Although the cited accumulations were obvious, the specific facts of this case reflect that, 

as noted, the accumulations were not in an active area when observed on September 17, 2013. 

Thus, the obviousness of the conditions is likewise not an aggravating factor. Nor is the 

continued existence of the accumulations in an idle area of the mine an aggravating consideration 

with respect to duration. Finally, the cited orders reflect that there is no history of relevant 

violations. 

In apparent recognition that the unusual circumstances in this case present significant 

mitigating factors, the Secretary seeks to elevate the seriousness of the violations by asserting 

that the cited accumulations were the result of “several train loads,” in addition to the 

accumulations that occurred on September 16. Tr. 24-25, 104, 112-13, 162, 182-84. It is 

axiomatic that the Secretary bears the burden of proving every element of a violation. Garden 

Creek Pocahontas Co., 11 FMSHRC at 2152-53. Given the fact that chutes were repeatedly 

utilized to load the train with as much as 100,000 tons of coal on September 16, the Secretary’s 

assertion is based on speculation that falls far short of satisfying the Secretary’s burden of proof. 

See Tr. at 41. Thus, the Secretary has failed to adequately demonstrate that the cited 

accumulations had been present for more than one day. 

Consequently, the Secretary has failed to establish that the cited accumulations are 

attributable to more than ordinary negligence. Accordingly, Order Nos. 8202325, 8202326 and 

8202327 shall be modified to section 104(a) citations to reflect that the cited conditions were not 

attributable to unwarrantable failures. 

v. Civil Penalties

While it has not been contended that the proposed penalties are inappropriate to the size 

of Red River’s business, or that they would otherwise interfere with its ability to continue in 

business, there are significant mitigating factors. For example, the absence of any significant 

history of relevant recent violations is a mitigating consideration. Moreover, the negligence 

attributable to Red River’s conduct has been reduced from aggravated to no more than 

“moderate” negligence given the idle status of the loadout facilities. This idle condition is an 

additional mitigating factor with respect to the gravity of the violations. Red River demonstrated 

good faith in rapidly achieving compliance after the orders were issued. Finally, the interrelated 

nature of the violations results in a multiplier effect that is an additional factor warranting a 

reduction in each civil penalty. 

In view of these considerable mitigating circumstances brought about by the rather 

unusual circumstances of this case, a civil penalty of $1,400.00 each shall be issued for 

Citation Nos. 8202325, 8202326 and 8202327, resulting in a total civil penalty of $4,200.00 

for these three citations.

39 FMSHRC Page 382
c. Order No. 8207981 (Walkway) 

i. Findings of Fact 

On September 17, 2013, MSHA Inspector Larkin Clevinger inspected the area 

surrounding the strip coal sampler building at the prep plant. Tr.2 at 99. Along the backside of 

the sampler building, Clevinger inspected a walkway that was constructed with a combination of 

metal grating, concrete, and dirt. Tr.2 at 100; Gov. Ex. 8, p. 29-34. The walkway was elevated 

above a steep loose coal slope that culminated in an approximately 40 foot drop to the ground 

below. Tr.2 at 115. To prevent injuries from a fall, a handrail was installed extending the full 

length of the walkway. Gov. Ex. 8, p. 29-34. The walkway provides exterior access for cleaning 

and maintenance of a ring gate chute. Tr.2 at 100. This chute is used to discharge extraneous 

coal from the sample building. Id. As an alternative to using the walkway, personnel could 

access the ring gate chute area from inside the sampler building via a door located at the end of 

the walkway. Id. 

Clevinger observed two areas of significant erosion along this elevated walkway that 

were located at junctions of metal grating and dirt. Id. The first hole was triangular, measuring 

approximately 13 inches, by 20 inches, by 28 inches. Id. The second hole was also triangular, 

measuring approximately 12 inches, by 48 inches, by 30 inches. Tr.2 at 100. At the hearing, the 

Secretary proffered photographic evidence of the conditions observed by Clevinger. See Gov. 

Ex. 8, p. 29-34. 

Based on his observations, Clevinger issued 104(d)(2) Order No. 8207981, alleging a 

violation of 30 C.F.R. § 77.205(a). This mandatory standard provides that a “[s]afe means of 

access shall be provided and maintained to all working places.” Order No. 8207981 provides: 

A safe means of access was not provided for the walkway behind the L2 Strip 

Coal Sampler Building. Two areas had eroded on each end of the metal walkway 

creating holes where workers could easily fall. The first area was triangular in 

shape and 13 inches by 20 inches by 28 inches. The second area was triangular in 

shape and measured 12 inches by 48 inches by 30 inches. These areas have 

occurred over time due to rain/runoff. These areas were obvious and easily seen. 

Workers are required to travel this area for cleaning and maintenance. The 

highwall at this walkway consisted of an approximate slope of 30 percent for 15 

feet then a vertical drop of approximately 40 feet to the stockpile below. A 

handrail was provided for this walkway. The mine operator has engaged in 

aggravated conduct constituting more than ordinary negligence. This violation is 

an unwarrantable failure to comply with a mandatory standard. Standard 

77.205(a) was cited 9 times in two years at mine 4406199 (6 to the operator, 3 to 

a contractor). 

Gov. Ex. 7. 

Clevinger testified that he was not concerned about the structural integrity of the 

walkway, but rather the possibility that a miner utilizing the walkway could fall through one of 

39 FMSHRC Page 383
the eroded holes. Tr.2 at 104. In such event, the miner could suffer serious injuries to his 

extremities, or fatal injuries by sliding down the slope and falling 40 feet to the ground below. 

Tr.2 at 111. In support of the high negligence and unwarrantable failure designations, Clevinger 

believed that the holes resulted from erosion over a significant period of time, and that previous 

on-shift examinations clearly had repeatedly overlooked the conditions despite their obviousness. 

Tr.2 at 117, 128. Clevinger estimated that approximately three to six people traversed this 

walkway daily. Tr.2 at 129. 

Clevinger characterized the cited violation as S&S and attributable to “high” negligence 

constituting an unwarrantable failure. Red River does not dispute the fact of the violation or the 

S&S designation. Resp. Br. at 21. However, as discussed below, Red River disputes that the 

cited condition was attributable to an unwarrantable failure. The Secretary has proposed a 

$9,100.00 penalty for Order No. 8207981. Order No. 8207981 was timely abated on September 

19, 2013, by taking the necessary remedial actions to alleviate the hazard. Gov. Ex. 7; Resp. Ex. 

10-14.

ii. Unwarrantable Failure

In support of the unwarrantable failure designation, Clevinger attributed this violation to 

a “high” degree of negligence based on the obviousness and hazardous nature of the cited 

conditions. Tr.2 at 117, 128. In disputing this negligence designation, Red River argues that the 

walkway was not an active working area since it is only used periodically for maintenance 

purposes, and that the ring gate chute was accessible by miners without using the subject 

walkway. Resp. Br. at 23. 

As previously noted, an unwarrantable failure is aggravated conduct constituting more 

than ordinary negligence. Emery Mining Corp., 9 FMSHRC at 2001. The Commission has 

identified the indicia of an unwarrantable failure: the length of time a violation has existed, the 

extent of the violative condition, whether the operator has been placed on notice that greater 

efforts are necessary for compliance, the operator’s efforts in abating the violative condition, 

whether the violation was obvious, whether the violation posed a high degree of danger, and 

whether the operator knew or should have known of the existence of the violation. See IO Coal 

Co., 31 FMSHRC at 1350-51. Significantly, it is not necessary to find that all factors are 

relevant or deserving of equal weight in order to determine that a violation is unwarrantable. Id.; 

Eastern Assoc. Coal Corp., 32 FMSHRC 1189 (Oct. 2010). 

The photographic evidence depicts a handrail that delineates the perimeter of the 

walkway. Gov. Ex. 8, p. 29-34. The fall hazard posed to miners is evidenced by Red River’s 

installation of this handrail, as required by 30 C.F.R. § 77.205(e). Significantly, the two large 

holes that concerned Clevinger were located at the base of the handrail that defines the area 

where miners would likely work or travel. Id. These two holes were obvious, in that they were 

large and posed a significant drop-off hazard. With respect to duration, the photographs reflect 

that the erosion undoubtedly occurred over a significant period of time. Id. Additionally, Red 

River’s argument that the cited walkway was not frequently utilized does not diminish the risk 

39 FMSHRC Page 384
posed to miners who periodically used the walkway during the course of continued mining 

operations. 

As noted, the propriety of an unwarrantable failure designation must be viewed in the 

context of the circumstances surrounding the violation. The indicia applied in unwarrantable 

failure determinations are not necessarily given equal weight. Here, the obviousness and 

extended duration of the cited condition, given its hazardous nature, adequately supports that the 

cited walkway defects were attributable to a “high” degree of negligence. Consequently, the 

unwarrantable failure designation in Order No. 8207981 shall be affirmed. 

iii. Civil Penalty 

Applying the criteria in section 110(i) of the Mine Act, I view the history of violations to 

be neither an aggravating nor mitigating circumstance. Given the high degree of negligence and 

gravity associated with the cited condition, the Secretary’s proposed civil penalty of $9,100.00 

shall be assessed for Order No. 8207981.

d. Order No. 8189011 (On-Shift Examination) 

i. Fact of the Violation 

MSHA’s September 17, 2013, inspection of Red River’s No. 1 Prep Plant resulted in the 

issuance of a total of approximately 22 citations and orders, none of which were noted in the 

relevant on-shift examination books. Consequently, MSHA Inspector Herbert Skeens issued 

Order No. 8189011, which alleges a violation of the on-shift examination provisions of 

30 C.F.R. § 77.1713(a). This mandatory standard provides: 

At least once during each working shift, or more often if necessary for safety, 

each active working area and each active surface installation shall be examined 

by a certified person designated by the operator to conduct such examinations for 

hazardous conditions and any hazardous conditions noted during such 

examinations shall be reported to the operator and shall be corrected by the 

operator. 

30 C.F.R. § 77.1713(a) (emphasis added). Skeens characterized the cited failure to conduct 

adequate on-shift examinations as S&S and attributable to “high” negligence constituting an 

unwarrantable failure. The Secretary has proposed a $10,700.00 civil penalty for Order No. 

8189011. 

 Of the 22 citations and orders relied on by Skeens to support the allegedly inadequate onshift examination violation, only five have been adjudicated in this proceeding. Namely: the four 

accumulation violations in the loadout facilities (Citation Nos. 8202324, 8202325, 8202326 and 

8202327) and the defective walkway violation (Order No. 8207981). 

With respect to the Secretary’s assertion that the failure to note the loadout accumulations 

in the September 17 on-shift examination book evidences a violation of section 77.1713(a), we 

39 FMSHRC Page 385
must focus on the operative terms in the cited provision. By its terms, section 77.1713(a) only

requires an on-shift examination in active workings or active surface installations. Black Castle 

Mining Co., 36 FMSHRC 323, 325 (Feb. 2014). It is undisputed that the loadout facilities were 

idle on September 17. Tr. at 95. Further, the Secretary does not dispute that loadout operations 

were not scheduled to resume until September 20. Tr. at 314; Resp. Br. at 2, 15-16. 

Consequently, consistent with the provisions of section 77.1713(a), Red River was not required 

to perform an on-shift examination of the loadout facilities as alleged by the Secretary. Thus, 

Red River’s failure to note the conditions in the on-shift examination book during a shift in 

which the loadout facilities were scheduled to remain idle is not a proper consideration in 

determining whether an on-shift examination was adequate.5 

Turning to the defective walkway violation cited in Order No. 8207981 and adjudicated 

in this matter, as previously discussed, it is apparent that the cited erosion in the walkway posed 

a significant hazard, and was both obvious and significant in duration. However, the issue is 

whether the on-shift examination was adequate. For not every failure to note a violative 

condition in an on-shift examination book evidences, in and of itself, an inadequate on-shift 

examination. In this regard, the unnoted hazardous walkway, located in an area not heavily 

travelled, alone, does not evidence sufficient malfeasance to support a finding that the on-shift 

examination was inadequate. 

In addition to the defective walkway, the Secretary relies on an additional 17 citations 

and orders issued during the course of the September 17 inspection that were not adjudicated in 

this proceeding. All 17 of these citations or orders have either been settled or vacated by the 

Secretary. (The disposition and agreed upon civil penalties are noted below.) Specifically, 

Order No. 8189011 identifies: 

- Citation No. 8199079: Spillage on the 2nd floor of the refuse bin. (Settled; $162)

- Citation No. 8199080: Exposed drive shafts on unit 15 transfer conveyor belt.

(Settled; $243)

- Citation No. 8199081: Exposed slip switch drive shaft and roller on unit 32 conveyor

belt. (Settled; $243)

5

 The Secretary asserts that an on-shift examination of the loadout facilities was 

performed by miner Steve Gillam on September 17, which transformed the area into a working 

place. Tr. at 138-40. At that time, Gillam made a note of his loadout examination in the prep 

plant book, but did not identify the accumulation conditions in the loadout facilities. Id. The 

Secretary did not proffer this examination book as evidence. Red River asserts that Gillam’s 

examination concerned the strip dump above the loadout tunnels, rather than the loadout 

facilities themselves. Tr.2 at 71-73; Resp. Br. at 16. Section 77.1713(a) only required Red River 

to conduct an on-shift examination prior to the anticipated activation of the loadout facilities on 

September 20. Thus, an examiner’s unnecessary on-shift examination in an idle area of the mine 

that is not anticipated to be activated for several days does not transform this area, otherwise idle, 

to an active working place. Significantly, accumulations that are permitted to remain in the idle 

areas of the self-contained loadout facilities do not pose a propagation hazard to other active 

areas of this surface mine site. 

39 FMSHRC Page 386
- Citation No. 8199082: Dry grass within 11 inches of the top lube and diesel storage 

tanks. (Settled; $100) 

- Citation No. 8199084: No illumination in the refuse bin headhouse. (Settled; $100) 

- Citation No. 8199085: Oil accumulations on the refuse bin gate hydraulic pump. 

(Settled; $100) 

- 104(d)(2) Order No. 8189007: Shrubs against electrical equipment in the raw coal 

dump area. (Settled; $2,900) 

- 104(d)(2) Order No. 8189008: Weeds, leaves, and other combustible material against 

or around the bulk diesel storage tank in the raw coal dump area. (Settlement 

approved in this proceeding; $1,200) 

- 104(d)(2) Order No. 8189009: Portable fire extinguisher in the raw coal area not 

examined within 6 months. (Settled; $2,400) 

- 104(d)(2) Order No. 8189010: Portable fire extinguisher in the raw coal area not 

examined within 6 months. (Vacated) 

- Citation No. 8207976: The catch screen under the #17 clean coal conveyor does not 

extend over the roadway below. (Settled; $100) 

- Citation No. 8207977: The catch screen under the #32 refuse conveyor does not 

extend over the roadway below. (Settled; $162) 

- Citation No. 8207978: A ladder located on the top floor of the refuse bin adjacent to 

the prep plant was not maintained in good condition. (Settled; $162) 

- Citation No. 8207979: A Rhino 375 step ladder on the 3rd floor of the prep plant was 

not maintained in good condition. (Settled; $162) 

- 104(d)(2) Order No. 8207980: Two guards on the L2 sample feed conveyor were not 

secured in place. (Settled; $2,800) 

- Citation No. 8207982: The guard for the drive shaft/barrel shaft on the #342 pump 

located on the bottom floor of the prep plant is not adequate. (Settled; $162) 

- 104(d)(2) Order No. 8202323: The 36 inch diameter escapeway for the clean coal 

tunnel is not maintained in good repair. (Settlement approved in this proceeding; 

$2,000) 

Gov. Ex. 9. 

By way of summary of the above, of these 17 cited conditions, one citation was vacated 

and eight of the remaining 16 citations were designated as non-S&S. Resp. Br. at 25-26. The 

agreed-upon civil penalty for eleven of the 16 citations ranged from $100.00 to $243.00. Id. 

The civil penalty for the remaining five citations ranged from $1,200.00 to $2,900.00. Id. 

 Thus, while not the subject of this proceeding, it is apparent that twelve of the 17 

additional citations relied upon by the Secretary were either vacated or assessed a nominal 

penalty. Consequently, the failure to note these twelve conditions in the relevant on-shift 

examination books, in addition to the unnoted defective walkway condition, is not sufficient to 

warrant the conclusion that Red River’s September 17 on-shift examinations were inadequate. 

Having addressed the immaterial loadout accumulation violations and the citations that 

were vacated or settled with nominal penalties, the operative question is whether the remaining 

five conditions, three of which are designated as non-S&S, for which the Secretary agreed to 

39 FMSHRC Page 387
penalties ranging from $1,200.00 to $2,900.00, in addition to the unnoted obvious defective 

walkway violation, constitute an inadequate examination under section 77.1713(a). Although I 

have misgivings regarding the lack of evidence presented concerning the circumstances 

surrounding these five conditions, Red River has agreed to pay the moderate civil penalties 

agreed upon by the parties. Consequently, although the evidence does not reflect that the 

relevant on-shift examinations were perfunctory, I will give the Secretary the benefit of the doubt 

that these five unnoted violative conditions, in conjunction with the unnoted defective walkway 

condition, constitute an inadequate examination. As such, the Secretary has demonstrated a 

violation of section 77.1713(a).6

ii. S&S

Turning to the issue of S&S, the Secretary has established a violation of section 

77.1713(a). The second element of the Commission’s recent Newtown Energy modification to 

the Mathies criteria requires, first, identification of the hazard contemplated by section 

77.1713(a), and second, an analysis of whether, based on the particular facts of the case, it is 

reasonably likely that this hazard will occur. In the context of an inadequate examination 

violation, these considerations are synonymous; for by definition, the hazard contemplated by 

section 77.1713(a) that hazardous conditions will continue to go unaddressed, cannot be 

disassociated from the likelihood of the hazard occurring. In other words, if there is a failure to 

note hazardous conditions in violation of section 77.1713(a), the hazard has occurred. In this 

regard, the Commission has recognized the indispensable role of pre-shift and on-shift 

examinations, describing them as “fundamental in assuring a safe work environment for the 

miners.” Enlow Fork Mining Co., 19 FMSHRC 5, 15 (Jan. 1997); Buck Creek Coal Co., 17 

FMSHRC 8, 15 (Jan. 1995).7 Given the unsafe working environment created by inadequate 

on-shift examinations, it is reasonably likely that the hazard posed to miners will result in a 

reasonably serious injury. Consequently, the evidence adequately reflects that the cited violation 

of section 77.1713(a) is properly designated at S&S. 

iii. Unwarrantable Failure

An unwarrantable failure is characterized by more than ordinary negligence, evidenced 

by a serious lack of reasonable care. Here, the Secretary has relied, in significant part, on the 

fact that Red River failed to note in the on-shift examination book the four accumulation 

conditions in the loadout facilities. However, the Secretary was not required to note these 

conditions in the on-shift examination book, as the loadout facilities were not active working 

areas or active surface installations. 

6

 While I have given the Secretary the benefit of the doubt with respect to the fact of the 

violation, I am not unmindful that the Secretary has failed to proffer the relevant on-shift 

examination books to demonstrate the sufficiency, or lack thereof, of the subject examinations. 

7

 Although Enlow Fork and Buck Creek concerned pre-shift examinations, the same 

considerations with regard to ensuring a safe working environment also apply to on-shift 

examinations. 

39 FMSHRC Page 388
Notwithstanding the accumulation conditions in the loadout facilities, the unwarrantable 

failure designations originally in Citation Nos. 8189008 and 8202323, also relied upon by the 

Secretary as evidence of an inadequate examination, were deleted pursuant to the parties’ 

settlement terms, which have been approved of in this proceeding. The only remaining condition 

attributable to an unwarrantable failure is the unsafe walkway condition cited in Order No. 

8207981. 

The defective walkway, in addition to the other non-loadout facility citations relied upon 

by the Secretary, are insufficient to demonstrate that the on-shift examinations were attributable 

to more than moderate negligence. In this regard, the majority of the remaining unaddressed 

conditions were either vacated or attributable to low degrees of negligence and gravity by virtue 

of the imposition of nominal civil penalties. Consequently, the Secretary has failed to 

demonstrate that Red River engaged in more than ordinary negligence, thus requiring 

modification of 104(d)(2) Order No. 8189011 to a 104(a) citation, reflecting that the cited 

violation was not attributable to an unwarrantable failure. 

iv. Civil Penalty

The Secretary has proposed a civil penalty of $10,700.00. However, in support of the 

inadequate on-shift examination violation, the Secretary’s civil penalty proposal was based, 

inter alia, on one citation that was vacated, two citations wherein the Secretary has agreed to 

delete the unwarrantable failure designations, and four cited loadout facility conditions for which 

an on-shift examination was not required by section 77.1713(a). In the final analysis, the onshift examination violation it is attributable to no more than a “moderate” degree of negligence. 

As such, the subject violation is significantly less egregious than alleged by the Secretary. 

Consequently, a civil penalty of $1,200.00 shall be assessed for Citation No. 8189011.

e. Order No. 8199116 (Accident Reporting Violation)

i. Findings of Fact

During the evening shift on November 1, 2013, miners Wayne Powers and Rick Boyd 

were performing repairs to a magnetic separator machine at the Red River No. 1 Prep Plant. Tr.2 

at 211. As part of these repairs, Boyd removed the bolts from the drive shaft end cap in 

preparation for cutting the bearing off the magnetic separator drive shaft with an acetylene torch 

in an effort to access the inside of the separator drum. Tr.2 at 211-13. As Boyd cut through the 

bearing, the pressurized end cap became a projectile that ricocheted off a water pipe and struck 

Powers in the head. Tr. at 213. The end cap was described as an approximately 50 pound metal 

disc that is 30 inches in diameter. Tr.2 at 214-15; Gov. Ex. 14, p. 31. When Powers was struck, 

he was standing about six to eight feet from the magnetic separator machine. Tr.2 at 217. 

Immediately following the incident, Red River maintenance shop foreman Billy Mays, a 

certified EMT, was called to the scene. Tr.2 at 239. Mays performed an assessment of Powers’ 

condition by checking his vital signs and evaluating the extent of his injuries. Tr.2 at 241. Mays 

applied a dressing to a laceration on Powers’ forehead. Id. The laceration resulted in a “minor 

blood loss.” Tr.2 at 248. However, Mays concluded that the injuries to Powers’ face required 

39 FMSHRC Page 389
immediate surgery. Id. Mays further concluded that there was no evidence of internal bleeding. 

Tr.2 at 242. While Mays testified that Powers never lost consciousness, hospital records do 

report “an apparent loss of consciousness.” Compare Tr.2 at 240, with Gov. Ex. 16, p. 2. 

Following Mays’ evaluation of Powers’ condition, Mays telephoned Red River Safety 

Director Eddie Clapp, who was not present at the mine site, to convey that he did not believe 

Powers’ injuries were “immediately reportable” under 30 C.F.R. § 50.10(b),8

 as Powers’ vital 

signs were stable. Tr.2 at 255-56. Nevertheless, as a result of Mays’ concern about potential 

facial fractures, Powers was transported via Medivac helicopter to a trauma center in Kingsport, 

Tennessee. Tr.2 at 249. Mays opined that facial fractures can often lead to a permanent loss of 

sight if not immediately addressed. Id. 

Powers was hospitalized for five days. Gov. Ex. 16, p. 2. He was diagnosed as having 

suffered “subtle” subarachnoid hemorrhaging and multiple facial fractures. Id. Following 

surgery to repair his nasal cavity, Powers was discharged on November 6, 2013. Id. Powers 

subsequently missed approximately three months of work and returned to work under six months 

of restricted activity due to ongoing vertigo. Tr.2 at 259. 

On November 8, 2013, the Norton, Virginia, MSHA field office was notified that an 

accident had occurred at the Red River facility the previous week. Tr.2 at 210. Shortly 

thereafter, MSHA Inspector Thomas Bower was immediately dispatched to the Red River No. 1 

Prep Plant to investigate the circumstances of Powers’ accident. Id. Bower determined that Red 

River had failed to report the November 1 accident to MSHA. After interviewing Mays and 

Clapp, Bower issued 104(d)(2) Order No. 8199116, which alleges a failure to report an accident 

to MSHA within 15 minutes, in violation of 30 C.F.R.§ 50.10. 

Specifically, Order No. 8199116 provides: 

The Operator shall immediately contact MSHA at once without delay and within 

15 minutes at the toll free number 1-800-746-1553 once the operator knows or 

should know that an accident has occurred involving an injury of an individual at 

the mine which has a reasonable potential to cause death. The miner received 

blunt force injuries to the face and forehead at this Preparation Plant on 

11/01/2013 at approximately 10:45 p.m. The miner was struck in the face and 

forehead by an end cap off of a magnetic separator. The miner was standing in 

the area of the Magnetic Separator while a bearing was being cut off in order to 

remove the End Cap in order to make repairs. The miner was Med-Flighted via 

 8

 30 C.F.R. § 50.10 provides, in pertinent part: 

The operator shall immediately contact MSHA at once without delay and within 

15 minutes at the toll-free number, 1-800-746-1553, once the operator knows or 

should know that an accident has occurred involving: (a) A death of an individual 

at the mine; (b) An injury of an individual at the mine which has a reasonable 

potential to cause death .... 

39 FMSHRC Page 390
helicopter to Holson Valley Medical Center in Kingsport, TN for treatment. The 

Mine Operator has engaged in aggravated conduct constituting more than 

ordinary negligence by not reporting this accident which had a reasonable 

potential to cause death. This violation is an unwarrantable failure to comply with 

a mandatory standard. 

Gov. Ex. 12. Bower characterized the cited violation as non-S&S and attributable to “high” 

negligence constituting an unwarrantable failure. The Secretary has proposed a $5,000.00 civil 

penalty Order No. 8199116, the statutory minimum for violations of section 50.10. See 30 

U.S.C. § 110(a)(2). Red River reported the accident following the issuance of the order, thus 

abating the violation. 

ii. Fact of the Violation

Section 50.10 requires an operator to “immediately contact MSHA at once without delay 

and within 15 minutes ... once the operator knows or should know that an accident has occurred 

involving ... an injury ... which has a reasonable potential to cause death.” 30 C.F.R. § 

50.10(b). Prompt reporting is essential to the purpose of the reporting requirement in section 

50.10, and requires a prompt determination as to whether an accident has occurred. 

Consolidation Coal Co., 11 FMSHRC 1935, 1938 (Oct. 1989). Given the demands in section 

50.10 for a prompt determination that an injury has “the reasonable potential to cause death,” the 

Commission has held that “readily available information, such as the nature of the accident, is 

highly relevant in determining whether an injury is reportable, while permitting operators to wait 

for a medical or clinical opinion would ‘frustrate the immediate reporting of near fatal 

accidents.’” Signal Peak Energy, 37 FMSHRC 470, 476 (Mar. 2015) (quoting Cougar Coal Co., 

25 FMSHRC 513, 520-21 (Sept. 2003)). The Commission declined to further define the 

operative term “reasonable potential to cause death” in Signal Peak, apparently concluding that a 

common sense approach was adequate. 

As discussed below, in situations as in the current case where rescue efforts are not a 

concern, the timely reporting requirement in section 50.10 acts as a condition precedent to 

preservation of an accident scene. Preservation of an accident scene “facilitate[s] MSHA’s 

ability to investigate and remedy the cause of the accident” to ensure that similar accidents to not 

occur. Id. at 480. Thus, the Commission has unequivocally held that operators “must resolve 

any reasonable doubt in favor of notification.” Id. at 477. 

During the operative 15 minutes, Powers’ condition was evaluated by Red River’s on-site 

EMT, Mays, who reported the victim’s vital signs as stable. Tr.2 at 241. Red River nevertheless 

acknowledged the potential severity of the blunt force trauma Powers sustained to the head and 

face by arranging for Powers to be transported to a local trauma center by helicopter. Tr.2 at 

249. While Mays expressed concern that Powers’ facial fractures potentially jeopardized his

eyesight if not immediately treated, Mays did not believe that his injuries were potentially fatal.

Tr.2 at 241, 249.

It is undisputed that Powers sustained a severe blow to the head when he was struck by 

the bearing cap — essentially a 50 pound projectile. Blunt force trauma to the head, even in 

39 FMSHRC Page 391
circumstances where a miner demonstrates stable vital signs and minimal blood loss, must be 

considered potentially fatal. For it is common knowledge that potential swelling or bleeding in 

the cranial cavity poses a significant risk of death. Notably, the preamble to the final rule 

for section 50.10 includes concussions and major upper body blunt force trauma as types of 

injuries that must be immediately reported. 71 Fed. Reg. 71,430, 71,434 (Dec. 8, 2006). 

Accordingly, Red River’s failure to timely report the November 1, 2013, accident within 

15 minutes, constitutes a violation of section 50.10. 

iii. S&S 

The Secretary has designated the failure to timely report Powers’ accident cited in Order 

No. 8199116 as non-S&S. As an initial matter, the Commission, consistent with a remand from 

the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals, had determined that, unlike violations of mandatory safety 

standards, Part 50 reporting requirements were regulations not subject to S&S designations. 

Cyprus Emerald Res. Corp., 22 FMSHRC 285 (Mar. 2000), on remand from, Cyprus Emerald 

Res. Corp., 195 F.3d 42, 44 (D.C. Cir. 1999). The requirements in section 50.10 were 

subsequently modified by rulemaking in 2006, elevating the status of reporting requirements to 

mandatory standards. Signal Peak, 37 FMSHRC at 479 (citations omitted). Consequently, the 

Commission has determined that S&S designations for violations of section 50.10 are now 

applicable. Id. 

It is clear, absent extraordinary circumstances not present here, that the failure to report 

potentially fatal accidents constitutes an S&S violation, as it precludes MSHA’s investigatory 

role. Id. at 479-81. Thus, I would ordinarily be inclined to modify Order No. 8199116 to reflect 

that Red River’s failure to report Powers’ accident was S&S in nature. However, I am precluded 

from doing so. See Mechanicsville Concrete Inc. t/a Materials Delivery, 18 FMSHRC 877 (June 

1996) (holding that an ALJ lacks the authority to charge an operator with violations and is thus 

precluded from raising a designation from non-S&S to S&S on his own initiative). 

Consequently, the Secretary’s non-S&S designation of the reporting violation shall be affirmed. 

iv. Unwarrantable Failure 

Inspector Bower concluded that Red River’s failure to timely report the accident to 

MSHA was an unwarrantable failure to comply with section 50.10. As a general proposition, an 

unwarrantable failure is aggravated conduct constituting more than ordinary negligence. Emery 

Mining Corp., 9 FMSHRC 1997, 2001 (1987). The focus of this analysis is on whether a 

reasonably prudent person familiar with the purpose of the reporting requirements of section 

50.10 should have concluded that immediate notification was necessary. 

Section 50.10 requires a mine operator to notify MSHA within 15 minutes of an accident 

that has a reasonable potential to cause death. While it is true that Mays was an EMT, the 

decision whether or not to immediately notify MSHA cannot be made within a matter of minutes 

after a serious accident “upon the basis of clinical or hyper-technical opinions as to a miner’s 

chance of survival.” Cougar Coal Co., 25 FMSHRC 513, 521 (Sept. 2003). This is particularly 

true in this instance where Red River knew that Powers had sustained blunt force trauma to the 

head, resulting in serious facial injuries. I do not doubt the sincerity of Mays’ initial conclusions 

39 FMSHRC Page 392
that Powers’ injuries were survivable. However, hasty conclusions that minimize the degree of 

severity of head injuries, without the benefit of an MRI, x-ray, or other diagnostic studies, 

constitute an abuse of discretion. 

Clapp credibly testified that given the benefit of hindsight, he regretted his reliance on the 

information provided to him via telephone by Mays regarding Powers’ condition and the 

circumstances of the accident. Tr.2 at 260-61. However, in the final analysis, Clapp’s misplaced 

reliance on this information interfered with any meaningful MSHA investigation aimed at 

preventing the reoccurrence of a similar accident. Thus, Clapp’s misplaced reliance cannot be 

considered a mitigating factor. Consequently, the reporting violation is attributable to “high” 

negligence, which supports the unwarrantable failure designation. 

v. Civil Penalty 

The Secretary proposes the statutory minimum of $5,000.00, provided in 30 U.S.C. 

§ 110(a)(2) for violations of section 50.10. Clapp’s reliance on Mays’ medical opinion as a 

certified EMT is understandable and is a mitigating factor that precludes increasing the civil 

penalty in excess of the statutory minimum. Consequently, a civil penalty of $5,000.00 shall be 

imposed for Order No. 8199116. 

f. Citation No. 8199117 (Preservation of Accident Scene) 

i. Findings of Fact 

During his November 6, 2013, inspection, it was clear to Bower that Red River had 

resumed mining activities following Powers’ November 1, 2013, accident, which prevented 

MSHA from exercising its investigative authority. Tr.2 at 231. Consequently, Bower issued 

104(a) Citation No. 8199117, alleging a violation of 30 C.F.R. § 50.12.9

 Specifically, Citation 

No. 8199117 provides: 

The mine operator failed to report the accident that occurred at this Facility on 

11/01/2013 at approximately 10:45 p.m. A miner received blunt force injuries to 

the face and forehead. The Mine Operator repaired the Magnetic Separator that 

was involved with the accident and put it back into service. This action altered 

the accident site and prevented an accident investigation to begin promptly. 

Gov. Ex. 13. Bower characterized the cited violation as non-S&S. Although Bower 

characterized Red River’s degree of negligence as “high,” he did not attribute the violation to an 

 9

 30 C.F.R. § 50.12 provides: 

Unless granted permission by a MSHA District Manager, no operator may alter 

an accident site or an accident related area until completion of all investigations 

pertaining to the accident except to the extent necessary to rescue or recover an 

individual, prevent or eliminate an imminent danger, or prevent destruction of 

mining equipment. 

39 FMSHRC Page 393
unwarrantable failure. The Secretary has proposed a $2,000.00 civil penalty for Citation No. 

8199117. This violation was abated by Red River on November 11, 2013, by providing relevant 

personnel with refresher training on sections 50.10 and 50.12 

ii. Fact of Violation and Negligence

As discussed above, the November 1 incident at issue is properly characterized as an 

“accident” under Part 50. See 30 C.F.R. § 50.2(h)(2). Section 50.12 prohibits operators from 

altering an accident site until all investigations pertaining to the accident are completed by 

MSHA. 30 C.F.R. § 50.12. 

Red River’s failure to timely report the subject accident precluded MSHA’s investigation. 

In its defense, Red River argues that section 50.12 is inapplicable because it presupposes that a 

report has been made and that MSHA has designated the area as an accident scene. Resp. Br. at 

28. Thus, in an attempt to place the proverbial cart before the horse, Red River posits that no

violation of section 50.12 occurred as no “accident scene” was established by MSHA. Id.

However, the Commission has held that “it is the occurrence of an accident that is the 

condition precedent to the application of section 50.12, not the reporting of one.” Black Beauty 

Coal Co., 37 FMSHRC 687, 690 (Apr. 2015) (emphasis in original). As such, despite Red 

River’s failure to report the accident, it is the accident that prohibited Red River from resuming 

normal mining operations at the scene prior to the initiation of MSHA’s relevant investigation. 

Consequently, it is clear that Red River’s disturbance of the accident scene constituted a 

violation of section 50.12, as well as an interference with MSHA’s investigative responsibility. 

Such conduct is reflective of a “high” degree of negligence, as asserted by the Secretary. 

iii. S&S

As previously noted, I lack the authority to disturb the Secretary’s non-S&S designation. 

See Mechanicsville Concrete, 18 FMSHRC 877. 

iv. Civil Penalty.

The Secretary proposes a $2,000.00 civil penalty. Although I have affirmed the 

Secretary’s characterization of Red River’s conduct as “high” negligence, it is significant that the 

Secretary has not attributed the violation to an unwarrantable failure. As discussed above, 

although not exculpatory, Clapp’s failure to ensure the integrity of the accident scene was based 

on his reliance, albeit misplaced, on a certified EMT. I view this as a mitigating circumstance. 

However, this mitigation does not provide an adequate basis for reducing the Secretary’s 

proposed $2,000.00 civil penalty. Consequently, a civil penalty of $2,000.00 shall be imposed 

for Citation No. 8199117. 

39 FMSHRC Page 394
V. Settlement of Docket No. VA 2014-237 

Prior to the hearing, the parties advised that the three orders at issue in Docket No. VA 

2014-237 had settled. The record at the hearing was left open for the parties to submit their 

written settlement terms, which were filed on October 13, 2016. 

Regarding the three settled orders in Docket No. VA 2014-237, the parties’ settlement 

terms include reducing the total civil penalty from $12,000.00 to $5,000.00. Specifically, the 

settlement terms provide for modifying Order No. 8199078, which cites an alleged failure to 

perform an adequate on-shift examination in violation of 30 C.F.R. § 77.1713(c), from a 

104(d)(2) order to a 104(a) citation, thus removing the unwarrantable failure designation, with a 

corresponding penalty reduction from $4,000.00 to $1,800.00. In support of this modification 

and penalty reduction, the Respondent represents that while the day-shift foreman failed to 

record the results of the subject on-shift examination, the examination did occur and the results 

of the examination were verbally presented to the shift foreman. 

Regarding Order No. 8202323, which cites a violation of 30 C.F.R. § 77.200 that requires 

all mine structures to be maintained in good repair to prevent injuries to miners, the parties agree 

to modify the violation from a 104(d)(2) order to a 104(d)(1) citation, with a corresponding 

penalty reduction from $4,000.00 to $2,000.00. In support of this modification and penalty 

reduction, the Respondent represents that the cited rusted and sharp edges on an escapeway 

tunnel were not severe enough to have caused lacerations or bruises to someone crawling 

through the tunnel. Furthermore, the Secretary represents that the underlying 104(d)(1) order 

that supported this 104(d)(2) order was modified to a 104(a) citation in a separate proceeding. 

Additionally, regarding Order No. 8189008, which cites dry weeds, leaves, and 

underbrush in close proximity to a fuel storage tank in violation of 30 C.F.R. § 77.1103(d), the 

parties agree to modify the violation from a 104(d)(2) order to a 104(a) citation, thus removing 

the unwarrantable failure designation, and to reduce the degree of negligence attributable to the 

cited condition from “high” to “moderate,” with a corresponding penalty reduction from 

$4,000.00 to $1,200.00. In support of these modifications and penalty reduction, the Respondent 

represents that the cited fuel tank was storing diesel fuel, rather than gasoline, and thus presented 

less of a combustion hazard. 

I have considered the representations submitted in this matter and I conclude that the 

proffered settlement agreement is appropriate under the criteria set forth in section 110(i) of the 

Mine Act. The settlement terms reduce the total civil penalty from $12,000.00 to $5,000.00 for 

the three settled orders in Docket No. VA 2014-237, two of which have been modified to section 

104(a) citations. 

ORDER 

In view of the above, with respect to Docket No. VA 2014-236, IT IS ORDERED that 

Order No. 8199116 (accident report) IS AFFIRMED. Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED that Red 

River Coal Co., Inc. SHALL PAY a penalty of $5,000.00 in satisfaction of Order No. 8199116, 

the single order at issue in Docket No. VA 2014-236. 

39 FMSHRC Page 395
With respect to Docket No. VA 2014-239, IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Order No. 

8207981 (walkway) and Citation No. 8199117 (accident scene) ARE AFFIRMED. 

Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED that Red River Coal Co., Inc. SHALL PAY a penalty of 

$9,100.00 in satisfaction of Order No. 8207981 and $2,000.00 in satisfaction of Citation No. 

8199117. 

With respect to Docket No. VA 2014-239, IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Order 

Nos. 8189011 (on-shift examination), 8202324 (vent pipe), 8202325 (top loadout tunnel), 

8202326 (bottom loadout tunnel), and 8202327 (distribution building) ARE MODIFIED from 

section 104(d)(2) orders to section 104(a) citations, thus deleting the unwarrantable failure 

designations. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Citation No. 8202324 IS MODIFIED to nonS&S. Accordingly, IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Red River Coal Co., Inc. SHALL PAY 

a penalty of $1,400.00 each in satisfaction of Citation Nos. 8202325, 8202326, and 8202327, 

$1,200.00 in satisfaction of Citation No. 8189011, and $100.00 in satisfaction of Citation No. 

8202324. In sum, IT IS ORDERED that Red River Coal Co., Inc. SHALL PAY a total civil 

penalty of $16,600.00 in satisfaction of the seven citations and orders in Docket No. VA 2014-

239. 

With respect to Docket No. VA 2014-237, IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that consistent 

with the parties’ settlement terms approved of in this Decision, Red River Coal Co., Inc. SHALL 

PAY a total civil penalty of $5,000.00 in satisfaction of Order Nos. 8199078, 8202323, and 

8189008. 

In view of the above, IT IS ORDERED that Red River Coal Co., Inc., pay, within 40 

days of the date of this Decision, a total civil penalty of $26,600.00, consisting of a total civil 

penalty of $21,600.00 for the eight citations and orders adjudicated in this proceeding, in 

addition to $5,000.00 for the three settled orders.10

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that upon timely receipt of the total $26,600.00 payment, 

the civil penalty proceedings in Docket Nos. VA 2014-236, VA 2014-237, and VA 2014-239 

ARE DISMISSED. 

/s/ Jerold Feldman 

Jerold Feldman 

Administrative Law Judge 

10 Payment should be sent to the Mine Safety and Health Administration, U.S. 

Department of Labor, Payment Office, P.O. Box 790390, St. Louis, MO 63179-0390. Please 

include the Docket No. and A.C. No. noted in the above caption on the check. 

39 FMSHRC Page 396
Distribution: (Electronic and Certified Mail) 

C. Renita Hollins, Esq., U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor, 211 7th Avenue North, 

Suite 420, Nashville, TN 37219 

William J. Sturgill, Esq., Sturgill Law Office, P.C., 944 Norton Road, P.O. Box 3458, Wise, VA 

24293 

/acp 

39 FMSHRC Page 397

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE ORDERS
39 FMSHRC Page 398
FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION

OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES

721 19th STREET, SUITE 443

DENVER, CO 80202-2536

TELEPHONE: 303-844-5266 / FAX: 303-844-5268

February 2, 2017 

ORDER DENYING MOTION FOR SUMMARY DECISION

Before: Judge Miller 

This case is before me upon notices of contest and a petition for assessment of a civil 

penalty under Section 105(d) of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, 30 U.S.C. § 

815(d). At issue is a rock pit used by Jones Brothers, Inc., to provide fill material for an adjacent 

roadway. Jones Brothers has filed a Motion for Summary Decision on the basis of a lack of 

jurisdiction under the Mine Act. For the reasons that follow, I deny the motion. 

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

In early 2015, Jones Brothers contracted with the Tennessee Department of 

Transportation (“TDOT”) to repair a portion of roadway in DeKalb County, Tennessee. A. 

Williams Dep. 13-14. In August 2015, the company began preparing a pit adjacent to the road 

repair site to supply rock for use as fill material for the road. A. Williams Dep. 13-14, 20-21. 

TDOT agreed to pay the company $14.25 per ton for 68,615 tons of rock. Hinson Dep. 22-24. 

The company first removed overburden from the site, then excavated rock from the pit through 

drilling and blasting. A. Williams Dep. 21-22; Hinson Dep. 32, 34-35. The rock was then 

JONES BROS., INC., 

Contestant, 

v. 

SECRETARY OF LABOR, 

 MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH 

 ADMINISTRATION, (MSHA), 

Respondent. 

SECRETARY OF LABOR 

 MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH 

 ADMINISTRATION, (MSHA), 

 Petitioner, 

v. 

JONES BROTHERS INC., 

 Respondent. 

CONTEST PROCEEDINGS 

Docket No. SE 2016-218 

Citation No. 8817595; 04/06/2016 

Docket No. SE 2016-219 

Citation No. 8817596; 04/06/2016 

Mine: S.R. 141 Project, DeKalb Co. 

Mine ID: 40-03454 

CIVIL PENALTY PROCEEDING 

Docket No. SE 2016-246 

A.C. No. 40-03454-410595

Mine: Jones Brothers Mine 

39 FMSHRC Page 399
loaded onto trucks using a slotted bucket to remove any dirt and transported to the road site. A. 

Williams Dep. 33. A hoe ram was used to break up rock that was too large to fit into the bucket, 

but the rock was otherwise transported to the road site in the form in which it was excavated. 

Hinson Dep. 50-51; D. Williams Dep. 77-78. There was no rock crusher on site. D. Williams 

Dep. 69. Workers were on site up to six days a week. Hinson Dep. 44. 

TDOT required that the excavated material meet the standard of “graded solid rock” in 

order to be used as fill for the roadway. Hinson Dep. 21. The material was required to be of 

sufficient hardness and not “thin [and] slabby.” Hinson Dep. 33; McCullough Dep. 20; Sec’y 

Ex. B (TDOT Specifications for Graded Solid Rock). There were also size requirements: at least 

50 percent of the rock had to be between one and three feet in diameter, and no more than 10 

percent could be less than two inches in diameter. Sec’y Ex. B (TDOT Specifications for Graded 

Solid Rock). Prior to beginning excavation, the company provided a core sample to TDOT to 

ensure that the rock would meet its standards. A. Williams Dep. 14-16; Hinson Dep. 42. Once 

production began, TDOT personnel visited the site to conduct visual inspections of the material. 

A. Williams Dep. 16-17; Hinson Dep. 32-33; McCullough Dep. 23. 

On April 5, 2016, MSHA Inspector Danny Williams visited the pit after noticing it near 

his home. D. Williams Dep. 92. He discussed the operation with employees on site, then 

returned to the MSHA office to discuss MSHA’s jurisdiction over the pit with his field office 

supervisor. D. Williams Dep. 54-55. The issue was also referred to the MSHA district office in 

Birmingham, and MSHA decided that it had jurisdiction over the pit. Id. Williams conducted an 

inspection of the pit on April 6, 2016, and issued the nine citations and orders at issue in this 

docket. Jones Brothers obtained a mine identification number from MSHA as part of its 

abatement of the citations and orders. The company completed work at the pit in the summer of 

2016. A. Williams Dep. 37-38. 

II. SUMMARY DECISION STANDARD 

 Commission Rule 67 provides: 

A motion for summary decision shall be granted only if the entire 

record, including the pleadings, depositions, answers to 

interrogatories, admissions, and affidavits, shows: 

(1) That there is no genuine issue as to any material facts; and 

(2) That the moving party is entitled to summary decision as a 

matter of law. 

29 C.F.R. § 2700.67(b). 

 In reviewing the record on summary decision, the judge must consider the record “in the 

light most favorable to ... the party opposing the motion.” Hanson Aggregates N.Y., Inc., 29 

FMSHRC 4, 9 (Jan. 2007) (citing Poller v. Columbia Broad. Sys., Inc., 368 U.S. 464, 473 

(1962)). The judge should not rely solely on the parties’ claims, but must conduct an 

independent review of the record. KenAmerican Res., Inc., 38 FMSHRC 1943, 1946 (Aug. 

2016). Inferences drawn from the facts in the record must also be viewed in the light most 

39 FMSHRC Page 400
favorable to the party opposing the motion. Id. (citing United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 

654, 655 (1962)). 

III. DISCUSSION

Jones Brothers argues that MSHA had no jurisdiction to issue citations to the Jones 

Brothers operation because the operation was a “borrow pit” as defined in the MSHA/OSHA 

Interagency Agreement of 1979, and therefore subject to OSHA rather than MSHA jurisdiction. 

The Secretary argues that MSHA had jurisdiction. I find that there is no dispute as to the 

material facts and the issue is a question of law. 

The Mine Act provides that “Each coal or other mine, the products of which enter 

commerce ... shall be subject to the provisions of this Act.” 30 U.S.C. § 803. The definition of 

“coal or other mine” includes “an area of land from which minerals are extracted in nonliquid 

form.” 30 U.S.C. § 802(h)(1)(A). However, an Interagency Agreement allocating responsibility 

between MSHA and OSHA accords OSHA jurisdiction over “borrow pits.” MSHA & OSHA 

Interagency Agreement, 44 Fed. Reg. 22,827, 22,828 (Apr. 17, 1979). A borrow pit is defined 

as: 

an area of land where the overburden, consisting of unconsolidated 

rock, glacial debris, or other earth material overlying bedrock is 

extracted from the surface. Extraction occurs on a one-time only 

basis or only intermittently as need occurs, for use as fill materials 

by the extracting party in the form in which it is extracted. No 

milling is involved, except for the use of a scalping screen to 

remove large rocks, wood and trash. The material is used by the 

extracting party more for its bulk than its intrinsic qualities on land 

which is relatively near the borrow pit. 

Id. 

The legislative history of the Act makes clear that Congress wished that “what is 

considered to be a mine and to be regulated under this Act be given the broadest possible 

interpretation, and it is the intent of this Committee that doubts be resolved in favor of inclusion 

of a facility within the coverage of the Act.” S. Rep. No. 95-181, at 14 (1977). Consistent with 

this, past decisions from the Commission and its ALJs have applied a strict interpretation of the 

term “borrow pit.” See, e.g., Drillex, Inc., 16 FMSHRC 2391, 2396 (Dec. 1994); Kerr 

Enterprises., Inc, 26 FMSHRC 953, 957 (Dec. 2004) (ALJ); N.Y. State Dep’t of Transp., 2 

FMSHRC 1749, 1761 (July 1980) (ALJ). For instance, in New York State Department of 

Transportation, the New York Department of Transportation owned and operated a shaker 

screen that only allowed material one quarter inch or less to pass through. 2 FMSHRC at 1755. 

The department stockpiled the sand at a gravel quarry for highway ice control during the winter. 

Id. The judge determined that the sand was not being used as “fill” merely for its bulk, but rather 

that the department used the shaker screen to select sand of a particular size for its “intrinsic 

qualities.” Id. at 1759. Thus, the judge found that the department did not operate a “borrow pit” 

within the meaning of the MSHA-OSHA Interagency Agreement. Id. at 1758-59. 

39 FMSHRC Page 401
The Commission has clarified that any processing other than the removal of large rocks, 

wood, and trash, disqualifies an operation as a borrow pit. See Alaska, Dep’t of Transp., 36 

FMSHRC 2642, 2649 (Oct. 2014) (finding that operation was not a borrow pit where a screening 

process was used to sort materials by size and type); Drillex, Inc., 16 FMSHRC 2391, 2396 

(Dec. 1994) (finding that operation was not a borrow pit where stone was crushed into smaller 

particles). The timing of the operation is also a factor: in Drillex, Inc., the Commission 

excluded an operation from the borrow pit exception in part because it engaged in extraction 

three times a week, which did not qualify as “intermittently.” 16 FMSRHC at 2396. 

Further, locations where drilling and blasting are used to extract materials do not meet the 

definition of borrow pits. See Drillex, Inc., 16 FMSHRC at 2396 (finding that location where 

blasting occurred was not a borrow pit). The Interagency Agreement states that the materials 

that may be removed from a borrow pit are “unconsolidated rock, glacial debris, [and] other 

earth material overlying bedrock.” 44 Fed. Reg. at 22,828. Unconsolidated rock and glacial 

debris are both materials that can be removed without blasting, and “other earth material” should 

thus be interpreted to refer to materials sharing that characteristic. This interpretation is 

consistent with the example used to illustrate a borrow pit in MSHA’s program policy manual, 

an operation using a loader to move bank run material to fill potholes. I MSHA, U.S. Dep’t of 

Labor, Program Policy Manual, Sect. 4, at 4 (2013) (“PPM”). 

 The Jones Brothers operation involved drilling and blasting rock, then breaking the large 

pieces up with a hoe ram. Next, the material was removed with a bucket and trucks to a nearby 

roadwork site where the rock was used as fill. The company emphasizes that it did not crush or 

size the rock before using it, but rather transported it to the road site where it was used in the 

form in which it was excavated. However, the drilling and blasting, along with the use of the 

hoe ram, did break up the material. While the company insists that any sizing was only done to 

fit the rocks into the bucket, the TDOT regulations also contained minimum and maximum size 

restrictions for the fill material. 

Further, the Interagency Agreement limits borrow pits to those where work is done “on a 

one-time only basis or only intermittently as need occurs.” 44 Fed. Reg. at 22,828. Work was 

done at the Jones Brothers operation up to six days a week for approximately a year and 

therefore the work does not qualify as intermittent or one-time-only work. Cf. Drillex, Inc., 16 

FMSRHC at 2396 (finding that work done three days a week was not “intermittent”). 

The company also insists that it used the rock “more for its bulk than its intrinsic 

qualities,” as described in the Interagency Agreement. 44 Fed. Reg. at 22,828. However, Jones 

Brothers admits that TDOT required rock, not dirt, as fill material. The company submitted a 

sample of the material to the department for testing because TDOT required rock of a certain 

hardness. It is thus clear from the record that the intrinsic properties of the material were 

important to the company. See also Drillex, Inc., 16 FMSHRC at 2396 (finding that operation 

was not a borrow pit where “the stone was not used for its bulk alone but was sized for its 

intended use as fill”). The company’s reliance in its motion on the case State of Alaska, 

Department of Transportation involving a similar material test is misplaced because that ALJ 

decision was reversed by the Commission. Alaska, Dept. of Transp, 34 FMSHRC 179 (Jan. 

2012) (ALJ), rev’d, 36 FMSHRC 2642 (Oct. 2014). The Commission’s decision in that case 

39 FMSHRC Page 402
emphasized that where an operation “did more than ‘scalp’ away large rocks, wood, and trash 

from the material it was extracting,” it was not a borrow pit. Alaska, Dept. of Transp., 36 

FMSHRC at 2649. Here, like the Alaska case, a certain kind of rock was better suited for the job 

and the material was tested to be certain it met the requirements for that particular construction. 

Finally, the company argues that its operation was limited to the removal of overburden. 

The Interagency Agreement defines borrow pits as operations where “overburden, consisting of 

unconsolidated rock, glacial debris, or other earth material overlying bedrock is extracted from 

the surface.” 44 Fed. Reg. at 22,828. However, the record indicates that the company had to 

remove trees and dirt and then blast in order to remove the desired material. The language of the 

Interagency Agreement suggests that a borrow pit is limited to an area where material can be 

easily removed by a loader or similar machinery. See 44 Fed. Reg. at 22,828; I PPM, Sect. 4 at 

4. In contrast, the Jones Brothers operation involved removing a layer of materials, the

overburden, then extracting a separate layer through blasting and drilling. The drilling and

blasting of a layer of material is not consistent with the definition of a borrow pit.

Based on these considerations, I find that the pit was not a borrow pit for purposes of the 

Interagency Agreement. Because the pit was “an area of land from which minerals are extracted 

in nonliquid form,” it qualifies as a mine and thus is subject to MSHA jurisdiction. 

IV. ORDER

Based on my review of the relevant law and facts, I find that MSHA properly asserted 

jurisdiction over the Jones Brothers pit. While there is no question of material fact on the issue, 

the company is not entitled to summary decision as a matter of law. Respondent’s Motion for 

Summary Decision is DENIED. The case will proceed to hearing on February 15, 2017, as 

previously scheduled. 

/s/ Margaret A. Miller 

Margaret A. Miller 

Administrative Law Judge 

Distribution: (U.S. First Class Mail and Electronic Mail) 

Willow Fort, Office of the Solicitor, U.S. Department of Labor, 618 Church St, Suite 230, 

Nashville, TN 37219 Fort.Willow@dol.gov 

Noelle Holladay True, Rajkovich, Williams, Kilpatrick & True, PLLC, 3151 Beaumont Centre 

Circle, Suite 375, Lexington, KY 40513 true@rwktlaw.com 

39 FMSHRC Page 403
FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION

OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES

1331 PENNSYLVANIA AVE., N.W., SUITE 520N

WASHINGTON, DC 20004-1710

TELEPHONE: 202-434-9956 / FAX: 202-434-9949

February 2, 2017 

ORDER OF DEFAULT AND ORDER TO PAY 

This case is before me upon a petition for assessment of civil penalties under section 

110(c) of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, 30 U.S.C. § 820(c). 

This docket involves two alleged violations and total proposed penalties of $32,100.00. 

The Petition was filed on November 10, 2015. Counsel for Respondent filed an Answer on his 

client’s behalf December 16, 2015. When this docket was assigned to me on December 29, 2015, 

I issued a prehearing order directing the parties to engage in settlement discussions to determine 

whether a hearing would be necessary. The parties were further advised that failure to comply 

with the terms of the order could result in an order to show cause and a finding of default. 

On September 2, 2016, after the case had been outstanding for nine months without 

apparent progress toward settlement, my law clerk requested the parties’ availability for a 

conference call with me to discuss scheduling a hearing. In response, Respondent’s counsel 

requested additional time to look into the case and discuss his client’s position with the Solicitor. 

However, after several months, the Solicitor advised that Respondent’s counsel still had not been 

in contact with him. 

I held a conference call on December 6, 2016 to discuss scheduling a hearing for this 

case. Respondent’s counsel failed to appear despite having received two emails stating the date 

and time for the call, including one that was sent to him the day before the call in response to an 

email from his office asking what time the call would be held. Shortly after missing the call, 

Respondent’s counsel phoned my law clerk, explained that his office had confused the time for 

the call, and requested copies of the citations. My clerk told him that a hearing needed to be 

scheduled and emailed him a copy of the Petition. 

The conference call was rescheduled for the afternoon of December 9, 2016. My office 

sent an email to both parties ordering them to appear. Counsel for Respondent again failed to 

appear. He did not contact my office afterward to explain his failure to appear.

SECRETARY OF LABOR, 

 MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH 

 ADMINISTRATION (MSHA), 

 Petitioner, 

v. 

ARJ CONSTRUCTION COMPANY INC., 

 Respondent. 

CIVIL PENALTY PROCEEDING 

Docket No. YORK 2016-7 

A.C. No. 18-00748-391227

Mine: Taylor # 1 

39 FMSHRC Page 404
On December 13, 2016, I issued an Order to Show Cause summarizing the procedural 

history of the case and directing Respondent to explain why an order of default should not be 

issued against it given its failure to comply with my order to engage in settlement discussions 

and failure to appear on conference calls. My office did not receive any response. 

On January 9, 2017, I issued a Final Order to Show Cause again directing Respondent to 

explain why an order of default should not be entered. Respondent was warned that if an 

explanation was not filed within ten days of its receipt of the order, no further notices would be 

issued, Respondent would be in default, its notice of contest and request for hearing would be 

dismissed, and it would be ordered to pay the full amount of the proposed penalties. The certified 

mail receipt shows that Respondent received the Final Order to Show Cause on January 17, 

2017. My office has not received any response. 

Respondent has failed to defend its case and to comply with my orders and instructions, 

including my two Orders to Show Cause and my instructions to engage in settlement discussions 

with the Secretary, to provide its availability for hearing, and to attend conference calls. The 

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure require entry of default against a defendant who fails to plead 

or otherwise defend his case. Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 55. The Commission’s procedural rules also 

permit a finding of default and summary disposition of a case after issuance of a show cause 

order when a party has failed to comply with a judge’s orders. 29 C.F.R. § 2700.66. 

WHEREFORE, I find Respondent to be IN DEFAULT. 

Respondent’s notice of contest and request for hearing are DISMISSED. Respondent is 

hereby ORDERED to pay a total penalty of $32,100.00 within thirty (30) days of the date of this 

Order.1

 

/s/ Priscilla M. Rae 

Priscilla M. Rae 

Administrative Law Judge 

 1

 Checks or money orders should be sent to: Mine Safety & Health Administration, U.S. 

Department of Labor, P.O. Box 790390, St. Louis, MO 63179-0390. 

39 FMSHRC Page 405
Distribution: 

Anthony M. Fassano, Esq., U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor, 170 South 

Independence Mall West, Suite 630E, Philadelphia, PA 19106-3306 

John F. Leaberry, Esq., Law Office of John Leaberry, 106 Patrick Street, Lewisburg, WV 24901 

ARJ Construction Company Inc., 201 South Jefferson Street, Lewisburg, WV 24901 

39 FMSHRC Page 406
FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION

OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES

1331 PENNSYLVANIA AVE., N.W., SUITE 520N

WASHINGTON, DC 20004-1710

TELEPHONE: 202-434-9933 / FAX: 202-434-9949

February 6, 2017 

 

 

FINAL ORDER 

Before: Judge Moran 

This case is before the Court upon a complaint of discrimination under Section 105(c)(3) 

of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, 30 U.S.C. § 815(c)(2) (“the Act”). The 

Court issued a decision after hearing in this matter on December 22, 2016, and retained 

jurisdiction until such time as specific relief and any monetary damages could be awarded. In 

the decision, the Court ordered that the Respondent permanently reinstate the Complainant, 

award any back pay, overtime, interest, and benefits due, and remove all references to Mr. 

Estella’s termination and the reasons asserted therein from his personnel file. The Court further 

ordered the Respondent to post the decision at Phoenix Mine along with a notice to employees, 

and ordered that a copy of the decision be sent to the relevant Regional Solicitor’s office 

pursuant to Commission Rule 44(b). 

 Finally, the Court instructed the parties to submit either an agreement on specific and 

monetary damages or, if an agreement could not be reached, their positions on specific issues 

(back pay, overtime, interest, attorney’s fees, non-covered medical expenses, and other 

applicable damages) within 30 days of its decision. Newmont filed a Petition for Discretionary 

Review with the Commission on January 23, 2017, which was rejected on January 26, 2017 

because this Court had not yet awarded all relief due to the Complainant, and the decision was 

therefore not yet final and appealable. Sec’y of Labor obo Shemwell v. Armstrong Coal Co., 35 

FMSHRC 2056, 2057 (July 2013). 

Both parties submitted their respective positions around this time as well, and the Court 

held a conference call on January 27, 2017 to discuss the position statements. Following this, 

on January 31, 2017 the parties submitted a joint, final position statement signed by both 

Counsel and addressing all topics relevant to Mr. Estella’s full compensation. 

GENE ESTELLA, 

 Complainant, 

 v. 

NEWMONT USA LIMITED, 

 Respondent. 

DISCRIMINATION PROCEEDING 

Docket No. WEST 2016-0031-DM 

WE-MD-15-17 

Mine: Phoenix Mine 

Mine ID: 26-00550 

39 FMSHRC Page 407
Pursuant to the parties’ submission, the Court hereby ORDERS the following: 

1. Complainant Gene Estella is entitled to back pay (including interest) in the amount of

$81,076.51 for the period between June 29, 2015 and January 30, 2017.

2. Estella is entitled to 401(k) plan contributions in the amount of $36,474.01 for the same

period.

3. Estella is entitled to compensation for medical expenses in the amount of $1,281.50.

4. Estella is entitled to attorney’s fees and costs in the amount of $56,458.27.

This brings the total award amount to $175,290.29. Although Estella was entitled to

reinstatement pursuant to 30 C.F.R. § 805(c), he has waived this option: he confirmed through 

his attorney’s e-mail to the Court, dated January 29, 2017, that he is “not interested in 

reinstatement with Newmont.” The parties also agreed that neither will appeal the Court’s final 

decision in this matter. 

The Court reminds the Respondent that it was ordered to expunge all reference to Mr. 

Estella’s discharge and the circumstances surrounding it from his personnel file and from 

company records. Upon inquiry from any prospective employer, there is to be no reference 

whatsoever to Mr. Estella’s discharge, its circumstances, nor to his filing a discrimination 

complaint against the Respondent. 

Counsel for Respondent has informed the Court that a copy of the Court’s December 22, 

2016 Decision and Order has been posted, along with a visible notice, on a bulletin board at the 

mine that is accessible to each and every employee, explaining that Newmont has been found to 

have discriminated against an employee, that such discrimination will be remedied, and that it 

will not reoccur in the future. The notice shall also inform all employees of their rights in the 

event they believe they have been discriminated against. That information is to remain posted 

for a period of 60 (sixty) consecutive days from the issuance of this Final Order. 

A copy of this Final Decision and Order shall be sent to the Regional Solicitor having 

responsibility for the area in which Newmont’s Phoenix Mine is located so that the Secretary 

may take the actions required by Commission Rule 44(b). 29 C.F.R. §2700.44(b). 

The Respondent is ORDERED to pay the sums as listed above and to comply with all 

aforementioned requirements within 30 days of the issuance of this Final Order. Upon timely 

compliance, this matter is DISMISSED. 

/s/ William B. Moran 

William B. Moran 

Administrative Law Judge 

39 FMSHRC Page 408
Distribution: 

Debra M. Amens, Esq., Amens Law, Ltd., P.O. Box 488, Battle Mountain, NV 89420 

Laura Beverage, Esq., Jackson Kelly PLLC, 1099 18th St., Suite 2150, Denver, CO 80202 

39 FMSHRC Page 409
FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION

OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES

721 19th STREET, SUITE 443

DENVER, CO 80202-2536

TELEPHONE: 303-844-5266 / FAX: 303-844-5268

February 16, 2017 

ORDER OF DISMISSAL

Before: Judge Miller 

This case is before me upon a complaint of discrimination under Section 105(c)(3) of the 

Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, 30 U.S.C. § 815(c)(3), filed by Vickie R. Arline 

against Arcilla Mining and Land, LLC. Arline’s complaint concerns an accident involving a 

truck at the mine in which Arline was injured in June 2014. She alleges that she contacted an 

attorney regarding her injuries after the accident and was laid off as a result. Arline was offered 

her job back after several months on light duty, but she refused because of her lingering injuries. 

Both parties are unrepresented in this case. Because Arline’s complaint had a number of 

substantive and procedural defects, several conference calls were held with the parties and Arline 

was given the opportunity to supplement her complaint. An Order to Show Cause was issued on 

January 9, 2017, and while Arline responded to the order, I do not find that the defects have been 

resolved. As explained below, I find that Arline’s complaint fails to state a cause of action, and I 

therefore dismiss this case. 

I. BACKGROUND

On January 5, 2016, complainant Vickie Arline submitted a complaint to the Mine Safety 

and Health Administration (“MSHA”) regarding her discharge from her position with Arcilla 

Mining and Land, LLC (“Arcilla”) in August 2014. MSHA notified Arline on February 26, 2016, 

that it would not be pursuing her case, noting the 30-day deadline for filing with the 

Commission. Arline filed a complaint with the Commission on April 19, 2016, but failed to 

provide proof of service to Respondent. Accordingly, Chief Judge Lesnick sent a letter to Arline 

on April 21, 2016, notifying her of the proof of service requirement and giving her 30 days to 

provide such proof. Arline failed to provide proof of service within that time period. The Chief 

Judge then issued an Order to Show Cause on July 22, 2016, giving Arline 30 more days to 

provide proof of service. 

VICKIE R. ARLINE, 

 Complainant 

v. 

ARCILLA MINING & LAND LLC, 

 Respondent 

DISCRIMINATION PROCEEDING 

Docket No. SE 2016-0196-DM 

SE-MD-16-07 

Mine ID: 09-1077 

Sheppard Mine 

39 FMSHRC Page 410
 The case was assigned to this office on November 15, 2016. As of that date, Arline had 

not yet provided proof of service. This office contacted Arline to explain the proof of service 

requirement. Arline submitted a second copy of her complaint, but still failed to provide proof of 

service. Because the Commission has directed its judges to exercise leniency in handling cases 

with pro se parties, her case was not dismissed at that point, but instead this office provided 

Arcilla with a copy of the complaint. A conference call with the parties was held on December 7, 

2016. Arcilla admitted that it had received Arline’s complaint, and the company was directed to 

file an answer, which it did shortly after the conference call. 

Arline’s initial complaint alleges that she was laid off after being injured in an accident 

with another truck driver on the job. Compl. to MHSA (Jan. 4, 2016); Compl. to Comm’n (Apr. 

19, 2016). She believes she was laid off because she contacted an attorney after the accident 

about her workers’ compensation claim, and seeks compensation for her time off work and 

retraining for another job. Compl. to MSHA; Compl. to Comm’n. In the company’s answer, it 

asserts that it twice offered Arline to return to work, but she refused. Ans. (Dec. 7, 2017). The 

company also states that Arline received workers’ compensation for the time she was off work 

due to her injury. Id. 

Arline’s complaints failed to address several issues, including her delay in filing with 

MSHA and what protected activity she alleges. In a December 7, 2016 conference call with the 

parties, the necessary elements of a discrimination claim were explained to Arline, including 

what constitutes protected activity. She was granted leave to amend her complaint to explain in 

writing why she had not timely filed her complaint and provide further information about a 

protected activity. 

Arline filed an amendment on December 9, 2016, but still failed to adequately address the 

issues of protected activity and delayed filing. An Order to Show Cause was issued on January 9, 

2017, explaining these issues and giving her an opportunity to respond. Arline filed a response 

on January 30, 2017. In her response Arline alleges that the truck driver who hit her was not 

adequately trained, but she made no complaint about it until she contacted MSHA in January 

2016, long after she was terminated. She presented no other allegation of protected activity. A 

final call was held with the parties on February 6, 2017, to clarify Arline’s allegations. Arline 

again described the truck accident that caused her injuries, emphasizing that she was hit from 

behind by a new truck driver who had not been adequately trained. Compl. Amdt. (Jan. 30, 

2017); Tr. at 4-5. Arline’s brother reported the accident to mine management. Tr. at 18. Arline 

worked the rest of the day after the accident, but began to feel bad when she returned home. Tr. 

at 5. She went to the emergency room the next day, and was then sent to a workers’ 

compensation doctor, Dr. Smith. Tr. at 6. The doctor informed her that she had a bad case of 

whiplash and gave her some medication. Tr. at 6. She returned to work the next day doing light 

duty, which was mostly paperwork. Tr. at 6. 

After the accident, Arline spoke with Heath Claxton, a mine manager, and told him that 

the truck driver who hit her had not been properly trained. Tr. at 18. Claxton agreed and said the 

accident was not her fault. Id. Prior to the accident, Arline had never had any problems at the 

mine or made any safety complaints. Tr. at 12. 

39 FMSHRC Page 411
Arline continued to work light duty for the mine in June and July 2014. Tr. at 9. She 

continued to receive medical treatment from Dr. Smith as well as from an orthopedic doctor, Dr. 

Richardson. Tr. at 7. Dr. Richardson cleared her to return to full duty on July 24, 2014, and her 

medical benefits from workers’ compensation ended around that time. Tr. at 7, 14. However, she 

refused to return to full duty because she was still in pain and felt she had not recovered from her 

knee injury that was related to the accident, which Dr. Smith but not Dr. Richardson had been 

treating. Tr. at 9, 14. When her medical benefits were no longer paid, she contacted an attorney 

for help with her claim. She was laid off shortly thereafter. Tr. at 10. 

Arline believes she was laid off because she hired an attorney to assist her when she 

stopped receiving assistance from workers’ compensation for her medical expenses. Tr. at 19. 

She states that someone at the company told her that they would have been able to help her if she 

hadn’t hired an attorney. Tr. at 9. Arcilla insists that Arline was only laid off because there was 

no work for her if she could not drive a truck, and that it allowed her to draw unemployment 

when she left. Tr. at 14. The company reports that it received notice of Arline’s injury rating for 

workers’ compensation in November 2014, and that it paid her the required amount for 

temporary disability, $2,766.00. Tr. at 14. The parties resolved Arline’s remaining workers’ 

compensation claims through mediation in July 2016 and as a result Arline received a lump sum 

settlement from the company. Tr. at 17. 

Arline’s contact with MSHA began in January 2016, when she first called to report that 

she had been injured in an accident. Tr. at 11. She states that she is still unable to drive a truck at 

this time. Tr. at 12. She asks that the company assist her in being retrained for another job and 

compensate her for the time she has not been working, from August 2014 to the present. Tr. at 

21. 

II. DISCUSSION

A. Late Filing

Section 105(c)(2) of the Act provides that a miner may make a complaint of

discrimination to MSHA “within 60 days after such violation occurs.” 30 U.S.C. § 815(c)(2). If 

MSHA determines that there was no violation, the miner “shall have the right, within 30 days of 

notice of the Secretary's determination, to file an action in his own behalf before the 

Commission.” 30 U.S.C. § 815(c)(3). 

The Commission has clarified that the Mine Act’s 60-day time limit should not be 

construed strictly in cases where late filing is due to “justifiable circumstances, including 

ignorance, mistake, inadvertence and excusable neglect.” Perry v. Phelps Dodge Morenci, Inc., 

18 FMSHRC 1918, 1921-22 (1996). Similarly, the legislative history of the Act states that late 

filing should be excused “where the miner within the 60-day period brings the complaint to the 

attention of another agency or to his employer, or the miner fails to meet the time limit because 

he is misled as to or misunderstands his rights under the Act.” S. Rep. No. 95-181, at 36 (1977). 

Nevertheless, “[e]ven if there is an adequate excuse for late filing, a serious delay causing legal 

prejudice to the respondent may require dismissal.” Perry, 18 FMSHRC at 1922. Underlying the 

60-day time limit is a concern for the accuracy of the proceedings. In a decision dismissing a

39 FMSHRC Page 412
discrimination complaint filed three years after the employee’s termination, a Commission ALJ 

observed that “it is highly questionable whether the other employees who might have had some 

knowledge of the events surrounding the termination would have a present recollection of those 

events.” Sinnott v. Jim Walter Res., Inc., 16 FMSHRC 2445, 2448 (Dec. 1994) (ALJ); see also 

Hacking v. Staker & Parson Cos., 38 FMSHRC 851, 857-58 (Apr. 2016) (ALJ) (dismissing 

discrimination complaint filed two years and nine months after termination). 

Arline began working for Arcilla mining in October 2013, after working as a truck driver 

for other mining companies for approximately fifteen years. Tr. at 2, 15. She was discharged 

from Arcilla in July or August 2014. Tr. at 10, 15. She filed her complaint with MSHA on 

January 5, 2016, a year and a half after her discharge. She received her notice of determination 

from MSHA on February 26, 2016, and filed her complaint with the Commission on April 19, 

2016, several weeks after the 30-day deadline. In this court’s Order to Show Cause on January 9, 

2017, Arline was given the opportunity to explain her delay in filing her initial complaint with 

MSHA. She stated in her response that she was not aware of her rights under the Mine Act at the 

time of her discharge. Compl. Amdt. (Jan. 30, 2017). At some undisclosed time, Arline asked her 

attorney about filing with MSHA, but he was not familiar with MSHA and said it did not apply 

to her case. Id. Arline did not follow up until her complaint in January 2016. In addition, Arline 

failed to meet the deadline for filing a complaint with the Commission after receiving her denial 

from MHSA, and failed to provide proof of service to the mine after being given multiple 

chances. Finally, Arline worked in the mining industry about fifteen years prior to working with 

Arcilla. Tr. at 15. When she started her employment with Arcilla, she was shown an MSHA 

video that described her rights under that Act. Tr. at 15. According to Arcilla, her personnel file 

contains a signed acknowledgement concerning her training and the MSHA video. Tr. at 16. 

Arline retained an attorney before she was laid off from the mine, and contends that it 

was the hiring of the workers’ compensation attorney that led the mine to terminate her 

employment. She worked as a truck driver in the mining industry for many years, and when she 

began her employment with Arcilla in October 2013, she was again advised of her rights under 

the Mine Act. She agrees that she had some information about MSHA but did not follow 

through, nor did her attorney. Instead, Arline chose to pursue other remedies in a workers’ 

compensation proceeding. She reached a settlement of those claims with Arcilla in July 2016. I 

find that Arline has provided no persuasive reason why her late filings should be excused. 

Nevertheless, because both parties are pro se, and there are a number of deficiencies in this case, 

this dismissal is based primarily on the failure to state a claim as outlined below. 

B. Sufficiency of the Complaint 

 

Arline’s original complaint did not clearly allege any protected activity or adverse motive 

by the mine. These subjects were raised with Arline in several conference calls and in the 

January 9, 2017, Order to Show Cause. I accept Arline’s allegations as true for the purpose of 

this order, but find that she has failed to allege any protected activity giving rise to a claim under 

the Mine Act. 

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) permits a court to dismiss an action when the 

complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. To survive a motion to dismiss 

39 FMSHRC Page 413
under Rule 12(b)(6), “a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 

‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) 

(quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). A court may order dismissal sua 

sponte “when it is patently obvious the plaintiff could not prevail based on the facts alleged in 

the complaint.” Smith v. Boyd, 945 F.2d 1041, 1043 (8th Cir. 1991); see also McKinney v. Okl., 

Dep’t of Human Servs., 925 F.2d 363, 365 (10th Cir. 1991); Baker v. Dir., U.S. Parole Comm’n, 

916 F.2d 725, 726 (D.C. Cir. 1990). 

The Mine Act’s discrimination provision provides for relief when a miner is discharged 

or otherwise discriminated against because he has filed or made a complaint under the Mine Act, 

instituted a proceeding under the Act, or exercised any other statutory right under the Act. 30 

U.S.C. § 815(c)(1). In Arline’s MSHA Complaint and first Complaint to the Commission, it was 

unclear what protected activity she was alleging. She was notified of the protected activity 

requirement in a conference call between the parties and the Judge on December 7, 2016. She 

was given the opportunity to amend her complaint, which she did on December 9, 2016. In her 

submission, Arline states that she contacted MSHA to notify them of the tractor trailer accident 

and that she provided information to an inspector in his investigation of the accident. Compl. 

Amdt. (Dec. 9, 2016). However, in follow-up calls, it became clear that her only contact with 

MSHA occurred after she was laid off. A conference call was held on February 6, 2017, to 

clarify the allegations, and the protected activity requirement was explained to her again. Tr. at 

17. While she was given multiple opportunities to name a protected activity, none of the events

or activities she described would qualify as a protected activity under the Mine Act.

Arline’s December 9, 2016, filing alleges that she contacted MSHA at some point to 

provide information about the truck accident. Compl. Amdt. However, Arline explained in the 

February 6, 2017, conference call that she did not contact MSHA until January 2016, well after 

her termination. Tr. at 11. Arline also indicated that she learned from MSHA that the truck driver 

who injured her was not properly trained and that the truck had mechanical issues. Compl. Amdt. 

(Dec. 9, 2016). However, she admits that she did not make any complaints to MSHA or 

management prior to her termination. Tr. at 12. It is therefore impossible to conclude that 

communications with MSHA were the cause of her termination. 

Arline further alleges that she complained to her employer about her injuries after the 

accident and refused to operate a truck when asked because she was still injured and unable to 

operate the truck safely. Compl. Amdt. (Jan. 26, 2017); Tr. at 9, 19. The Commission has 

recognized that a miner’s refusal to work in unsafe conditions is protected activity under the Act. 

Sec’y of Labor on behalf of Robinette v. United Castle Coal Co., 3 FMSHRC 803 (Apr. 1981); 

Sec’y of Labor on behalf of Pasula v. Consol. Coal Co., 2 FMSHRC 2786 (Oct. 1980). However, 

the Commission has limited the right to refuse to work to situations in which the miner has a 

“good faith, reasonable belief in a hazardous condition.” Robinette, 3 FMSHRC at 813; see also

S. Rep. No. 95-181, at 35 (1977) (stating that protected activity includes “the refusal to work in

conditions which are believed to be unsafe or unhealthful”). The Commission’s language

requires that the basis for a protected work refusal must be a “condition” in the work

39 FMSHRC Page 414
environment, and not the miner’s own physical impairment. See Collette v. Boart Longyear Co., 

17 FMSHRC 1121, 1125-26 (July 1995) (ALJ). As one Commission ALJ has observed, 

[I]t is clear that [Congress’s] intent was to protect against 

“conditions” inherent in the work process and not to provide 

continuing compensation or disability benefits for individuals who, 

because of certain physical impairments or injuries would find 

working most jobs in the mining industry impossible. While it is 

truly unfortunate that persons such as [the complainant] may not, 

because of such injuries, be able to perform work in the industry[,] 

it is not the purpose of the Act to remedy such problems. To hold a 

mine operator responsible under such circumstances would 

effectively make him a guarantor of compensation. It is clearly not 

the purpose of the Act, but rather worker’s compensation, social 

security disability and other similar laws to provide loss of income 

protection under these circumstances. 

Id. at 1126; see also Sheperd v. Black Hills Bentonite, 25 FMSHRC 129, 133 (Mar. 2003) (ALJ) 

(finding that miner’s refusal to lift heavy bags because it would aggravate a back injury he 

sustained at work was not protected activity); Collier v. Great W. Coal, Inc., 12 FMSHRC 35 

(Jan. 1990) (ALJ) (dismissing case where complainant was discharged for inability to perform 

his job duties, even though his injuries were due in part to defective equipment at work). 

 Finally, Arline’s allegations that she was laid off for contacting an attorney do not fall 

within the scope of protected activity. See Compl. to MSHA (Jan. 4, 2016). Arline states that she 

contacted an attorney for assistance in obtaining compensation for her medical expenses in 

dealing with her injuries after being released to return to work in August, 2015. Tr. at 20. She 

believes that the call to the attorney resulted in her lay off. However, the Act protects only those 

miners who make a complaint “under or related to the Act.” 30 U.S.C. § 815(c)(1). Arline has 

not alleged that her contact with the attorney related to any safety issues at the mine or to any 

right guaranteed under the Act. Cf. Brannon v. Panther Mining, LLC, 31 FMSHRC 1533, 1536 

(Nov. 2009) (ALJ) (finding that filing a civil lawsuit in state court could constitute protected 

activity if it furthered rights guaranteed by the Act). In fact, when questioned about her contact 

with an attorney, Arline repeatedly asserted that she contacted him (later she refers to her 

attorney as “her”) because she needed help collecting medical payments under her worker’s 

compensation claim. She does mention in one pleading asking an attorney about filing a 

complaint with MSHA but it is unclear when that occurred. Given that it went no farther than 

questioning her attorney, it cannot be said that the mine knew of the contact or in any way acted 

upon it. 

 Both parties in this case were given ample opportunity to present evidence and 

documents, both in writing and in conferences.1

 On a number of occasions the parties were 

instructed as to procedure and as to the elements of a discrimination case. Arline was given a 

number of opportunities to explain what protected activity she alleges in her complaint and why 

 1

 Following the final conference call, Arline faxed medical records to this office, which 

added nothing to the record, and were returned to her for privacy reasons. 

39 FMSHRC Page 415
she believes she was unfairly terminated. Each time, her responses related to her injury, to the 

mine taking care of her as a result of the injury, and to thinking that she would get a more 

favorable worker’s compensation award from them. The mine asserts that Arline was twice 

offered to return to work as a truck driver and they had no other positions for her to fill. She is 

eligible for re-hire as a truck driver if she chooses to return to work at any time. Tr. at 22. The 

mine indicated that they believed that all of the issues related to Arline were workers’ 

compensation issues, that she never made a complaint during her employment and that she was a 

good employee and driver. They learned nothing about MSHA until an inspector brought the 

accident to their attention a year and a half after the accident, long after Arline had been laid off. 

Given the evidence in the file presented by both parties, and the fact that both parties 

have nothing further to present, I find that Arline has failed to state a claim pursuant to Section 

105(c) of the Mine Act. 

III. ORDER 

Based on the above findings and conclusions of law, I find that Complainant has failed to 

state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Accordingly, the case is hereby DISMISSED. 

/s/ Margaret A. Miller 

 Margaret A. Miller 

 Administrative Law Judge 

Distribution: (U.S. First Class Certified Mail) 

Vickie Arline, 2819 Idylwild Drive, Wrightsville, GA 31096 

Heath Claxton, Arcilla Mining & Land LLC, 9474 Hwy 57, McIntyre, GA 31054 

39 FMSHRC Page 416
FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION 

OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES

1331 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, NW, SUITE 520N

WASHINGTON, DC 20004

February 17, 2017 

ORDER OF CONTINUANCE 

Before: Judge Feldman 

This single citation proceeding is before me based on a petition for assessment of civil 

penalties filed by the Secretary of Labor (“Secretary”) under section 105(d) of the Federal Mine 

Safety and Health Act of 1977, as amended (“the Mine Act”), 30 U.S.C. § 815(d), against the 

Respondent, Cactus Canyon Quarries, Inc. (“Cactus Canyon”). The subject mandatory safety 

standard in 30 C.F.R. § 56.14207 requires that unattended mobile equipment must be placed in 

the parked position with the parking brake set, and when parked on a grade, the wheels must 

either be chocked or turned into a bank. Citation No. 8864556 alleges that Cactus Canyon 

committed a non-significant and substantial violation of section 56.14207 when it failed to 

engage the parking brake and chock the wheels of a pickup truck parked on an incline. The 

Secretary seeks to impose a penalty of $100.00 for Citation No. 8864556. An evidentiary 

hearing is currently scheduled for March 7, 2017. 

Commission Rule 67 provides that a party may move for summary decision, at least 

25 days before a scheduled hearing, accompanied by an affidavit supporting the grounds upon 

which the party seeks summary decision. 29 C.F.R. § 2700.67(a), (c). On February 16, 2017, 

19 days before the scheduled hearing, the Secretary filed a Motion for Summary Decision 

supported by the issuing inspector’s affidavit, which provides in pertinent part, that the cited 

vehicle was observed parked on an incline without the parking brake set or wheels chocked. 

Sec’y Mot. for Sum. Dec., Ex.1 at 2 (Feb. 16, 2017). 

Immediately thereafter, on February 16, 2017, counsel for Cactus Canyon, via email, 

objected to the Secretary’s motion as untimely, and expressed a desire to proceed with the 

scheduled hearing. 

The 25 day deadline provided in Rule 67(a) for filing motions for summary decision in 

advance of a scheduled hearing is not jurisdictional. Rather, Commission Rule 55 authorizes its 

judges to render decisions that are required to regulate the course of proceedings. 29 C.F.R. § 

SECRETARY OF LABOR 

 MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH 

 ADMINISTRATION (MSHA), 

 Petitioner 

v. 

CACTUS CANYON QUARRIES, INC., 

 Respondent 

CIVIL PENALTY PROCEEDING 

Docket No. CENT 2016-410 

A.C. No. 41-00009-410862

Mine: Fairland Plant & QYS 

39 FMSHRC Page 417
2700.55. Disposition by summary decision, if appropriate, will promote judicial efficiency and 

preserve the limited resources of this Commission. 

In order to determine if summary decision is appropriate, Cactus Canyon may avail itself 

of the provisions of Rule 67(d), which provide that oppositions to motions for summary decision 

must be supported by affidavits identifying genuine issues of disputed material facts that 

necessitate a hearing. If an opposition is filed, the undersigned will consider the affidavits relied 

upon in support of the parties’ positions and take actions in furtherance of these proceedings. 

29 C.F.R. § 2700.67(f). 

ORDER 

 In view of the above, IT IS ORDERED that the scheduled March 7, 2017, hearing 

IS CONTINUED without date to allow for consideration of the Secretary’s Motion for 

Summary Decision. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that any opposition to the Secretary’s 

motion should be filed by Cactus Canyon on or before March 10, 2017. 

 /s/ Jerold Feldman 

Jerold Feldman 

 Administrative Law Judge 

Distribution: 

Timothy J. Turner, Esq., U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor, 1244 Speer Blvd., 

Suite 216, Denver, CO 80204 

Andy Carson, Esq., 7232 Co. Rd. 120, Marble Falls, TX 78654 

/acp 

39 FMSHRC Page 418
FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION 

OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES

1331 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, NW, SUITE 520N

WASHINGTON, DC 20004-1710

PHONE: (202) 434-9933 | FAX: (202) 434-9949

February 22, 2017 

BING MATERIALS CONTEST PROCEEDINGS 

Contestant, 

Docket No. WEST 2016-514-RM 

Order No. 8989250; 05/11/16 

v. 

Docket No. WEST 2016-515-RM 

SECRETARY OF LABOR, Order No. 8989249; 05/11/16 

 MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH 

 ADMINISTRATION (MSHA), Docket No. WEST 2016-516-RM 

Respondent. Order No. 8989248; 05/10/16 

Docket No. WEST 2016-517-RM 

Citation No. 8989247; 05/10/16 

Mine: Bing Materials 

Mine ID: 26-00430 

SECRETARY OF LABOR, CIVIL PENALTY PROCEEDING 

 MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH 

 ADMINISTRATION (MSHA), Docket No. WEST 2017-0068 

Petitioner, A.C. No. 26-00430-422508

v. 

BING MATERIALS, 

Respondent. Mine: Bing Materials 

ORDER DENYING MOTION TO COMPEL 

Before: Judge Moran 

On January 30, 2017, Respondent Bing Materials (hereinafter “Bing” or “Respondent”)

filed a Motion to Compel the Secretary to answer the Respondent’s First Set of Interrogatories 

(“First Interrogatories’) in this matter. On February 6, 2017 the Secretary filed a response in 

opposition. For the reasons that follow, as Respondent’s First Interrogatories makes 42 inquiries, 

not the presumptive 25, the Respondent’s motion is DENIED. 

39 FMSHRC Page 419
Background 

For context, the Court briefly summarizes the four matters at issue in this litigation. Each 

matter involved the same mine, “Bing Materials,” and each was issued by the same MSHA 

Inspector, Kimberly Hakala. In sequence, they began with a section 104(d)(1) citation issued on 

May 10,2016, Citation No. 8989247, involving numerous alleged safety defects on a crane, in 

violation of 30 C.F.R. §56.14100(b). Next was a section (d)(1) order, No. 8989248 issued the 

same day, shortly after the aforementioned citation. That Order alleged a failure to provide new 

task training for the operator of the same crane identified in the (d)(1) citation, in violation of 30 

C.F.R. §46.7(a). The following day, May 11, 2016, Bing was issued another (d)(1) order, No.

8989249, alleging a violation of the standard prohibiting intoxicating beverages in or around the

mine’s office, in violation of 30 C.F.R. §56.20001. Later that same day, a third (d)(1) order was

issued to the mine, Order No. 8989250, alleging that the mine owner had not received required

new miner training, per 30 C.F.R. §46.5(a).

Respondent served the Secretary with its First Interrogatories regarding Penalty Docket 

No. WEST 2017-0068 on December 5, 2016.1

 The First Interrogatories presents 42 questions.2 

The Secretary indicated that it did not intend to answer more than 25 interrogatories on the 

1

 This Order only addresses the “First Interrogatories,” which were filed in connection 

with WEST 2017-0068. On January 7, 2017, the Respondent then separately served the 

Secretary with its First Set of Interrogatories for each of the associated contest proceedings; 18 

interrogatories for Contest Docket No. WEST 2016-0514-RM; 19 interrogatories for Contest 

Docket No. WEST 2016-0515-RM; 12 interrogatories for Contest Docket No. WEST 2016-

0516-RM; and 19 interrogatories WEST 2016-0517-RM. The four contests involve the same 

citation and orders set forth in the civil penalty proceeding and the contest interrogatories appear 

to be essentially redundant to those presented in the “First Interrogatories” for the civil penalty 

proceeding addressed in this Order, WEST 2017-0068. On January 18, 2017, the Secretary filed 

a Motion to Consolidate the four contest proceedings and the civil penalty proceeding, as set 

forth in the caption. An Order, granting consolidation, was issued by the Court on February 3, 

2017. 

2

 A few of the 42 interrogatories have subparts. In calculating the limit of 25 written 

interrogatories, discrete subparts are counted as separate questions. The term “discrete subparts” 

has been interpreted “as meaning that ‘interrogatory subparts are to be counted as one 

interrogatory ... if they are logically or factually subsumed within and necessarily related to the 

primary question.’” Safeco of America, 181 F.R.D. 441 (1998) quoting Kendall v. GES 

Exposition Services, Inc., 174 F.R.D. 684, at 685 (D.Nev.1997) (“Kendall”), in turn quoting 

Ginn v. Gemini, Inc. 137 F.R.D. 320, 322 (D.Nev.1991). Another expression of the test is “to 

examine whether the first question is primary and subsequent questions are secondary to the 

primary question. Or, can the subsequent question stand alone? Is it independent of the first 

question?” Kendall at 685. 

39 FMSHRC Page 420
grounds that parties before the Commission are presumptively limited to serving 25 

interrogatories upon an opposing party by Rule 33(a)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.3 

Although the parties attempted to resolve their discovery dispute through a discussion on January 

6, 2017, they have not been able to reach an agreement on this matter. The Secretary has 

objected to each of Bing’s interrogatories, employing identical language in summarizing its 

dispute – that parties are limited to 25 interrogatories, absent the opposing party’s agreement to 

answer more than that number or upon leave of the Court allowing additional interrogatories, 

neither of which has occurred in this litigation. 

 As noted by both parties, the Commission’s Procedural Rules do not directly address the 

issue of if and when a party may serve its opponent with more than 25 interrogatories. Absent 

clear direction from the Procedural Rules, the Court is “guided so far as practicable by the 

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.” 29 C.F.R. § 2700.1(b). As the Respondent acknowledges, 

Procedural Rule 1(b) affords the Commission discretion to decide the extent to which it will be 

guided by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Respondent’s Motion at 4, citing Rushton 

Mining Co., 11 FMSHRC 759, 765 (May 1989). In its Order in Kirk Fenoff, this Court 

addressed a similar motion from a party seeking to compel a response to more than 25 

interrogatories. Kirk Fenoff & Son Excavating, 36 FMSHRC 3339 (Dec. 2014) (ALJ Moran). In 

that instance, the Court found that the moving party must present “a particularized need for each 

additional interrogatory beyond the permitted maximum of 25.” Id. at 3343. This showing is 

required to balance the moving party’s interest in broad disclosure against the countervailing 

considerations of undue burden, expense, or delay. 

Bing alleges that all 42 interrogatories are “warranted” on the basis that the citations and 

orders at issue were designated by MSHA as S&S, high negligence, and reasonably likely to lead 

to a fatal injury, making these “not run-of-the-mill enforcement actions.” Respondent’s Motion 

to Compel at 5-6. The Court is not persuaded by Bing’s attempt to differentiate the 

circumstances in Kirk Fenoff from those at issue here.4

 The designations it refers to are not 

unusual in citations or orders issued under the Mine Act. The Respondent may not gain a 

“blanket” approval of some 17 additional interrogatory questions with vague and generalized 

assertions of necessity. 

 

 3

 F.R.C.P. Rule 33, “Interrogatories to Parties,” provides in relevant part, “Unless 

otherwise stipulated or ordered by the court, a party may serve on any other party no more than 

25 written interrogatories, including all discrete subparts. Leave to serve additional 

interrogatories may be granted to the extent consistent with Rule 26(b)(1) and (2).” 

4

 As the Secretary correctly points out and, as the summary above notes, the four alleged 

violations at issue in these consolidated cases are not all factually independent from one another. 

Although they do allege violations of different standards under the Mine Act, the Secretary has 

asserted that there will likely be common issues of fact because the alleged violations concern 

the same mine, the same management, and a single inspection that took place during two 

consecutive days in May 2016. There is no basis, if Respondent is suggesting it, that 25 

interrogatories may be propounded for each citation or order. 

39 FMSHRC Page 421
On the topic of burden, Bing alleged that the Secretary will not face an undue burden if 

required to respond to its interrogatories — because the Secretary has had notice of Bing’s 

intention to contest the four citations and orders at issue for several months. The Secretary 

replied that answering all of the interrogatories will require a duplicative effort on the part of 

MSHA Investigator Hakala, who will soon be deposed on the same subject matter at issue in the 

interrogatories. Secretary’s Response to Bing Materials’ Motion to Compel at 9. Further, the 

extent of time that has elapsed since the Secretary had notice of the Respondent’s intention to 

contest the enforcement actions at issue is not a recognized basis for an exception to the 

presumptive 25 interrogatory limit. 

 The procedure to be employed is for the Respondent to identify its 25 questions by 

interrogatory and then await the responses to those. Thereafter, upon evaluating the responses, if 

the Respondent believes it is warranted, it may seek leave to propound additional interrogatories. 

In that event the Secretary will then have an opportunity to respond to such requests and the 

Court will then rule upon those issues. 

 Accordingly, for the reasons stated, the Respondent’s Motion is DENIED. 

So ORDERED. 

/s/ William B. Moran 

William B. Moran 

Administrative Law Judge 

Distribution: 

Jason Nutzman, Counsel for the Respondent, 707 Virginia Street East, Suite 1300, Charleston, 

WV 25301, Jason.Nutzman@dinsmore.com 

Isabella Finneman, Senior Trial Attorney, Office of the Solicitor, U.S. Department of Labor, 90 

Seventh Street, Suite 3-700, San Francisco, CA 94103, Finneman.Isabella@DOL.gov 

39 FMSHRC Page 422
FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION 

OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES

1331 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, NW, SUITE 520N

WASHINGTON, DC 20004

February 22, 2017 

ORDER 

Before: Judge Feldman 

The captioned matters are before me upon petitions for assessment of civil penalties filed 

by the Secretary of Labor (“Secretary”), pursuant to section 105(d) of the Federal Mine Safety 

and Health Act of 1977 (“the Mine Act”), 30 U.S.C. § 815(d). A hearing is scheduled for March 

7, 2017, in the vicinity of Morgantown, West Virginia. 

These matters concern two 104(d)(2) orders. Order No. 8059209 in Docket No. WEVA 

2015-632 alleges extensive accumulations of loose coal and coal fines, many of which were in 

contact with turning rollers, in violation of the mandatory standard in 30 C.F.R. § 75.400. The 

Secretary has designated Order No. 8059209 as a repeated flagrant violation under section 

110(b)(2) of the Mine Act.1 Additionally, Order No. 8059212, which has not been designated as 

flagrant, alleges that the Respondent failed to conduct an adequate pre-shift examination relevant 

to the accumulations cited in Order No. 8059209.

 1

 Section 110(b)(2) provides: 

Violations under this section that are deemed to be flagrant may be assessed a 

civil penalty of not more than $220,000 [adjusted for inflation]. For purposes of 

the preceding sentence, the term “flagrant” with respect to a violation means a 

reckless or repeated failure to make reasonable efforts to eliminate a known 

violation of a mandatory health or safety standard that substantially and 

proximately caused, or reasonably could have been expected to cause, death or 

serious bodily injury. 

30 U.S.C. § 820(b)(2) (emphasis added). 

SECRETARY OF LABOR 

 MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH 

 ADMINISTRATION (MSHA), 

 Petitioner 

 v. 

CONSOLIDATION COAL COMPANY, 

 Respondent 

CIVIL PENALTY PROCEEDINGS 

Docket No. WEVA 2015-509 

A.C. No. 46-01968-374332 

Docket No. WEVA 2015-632 

A.C. No. 46-01968-377533 

Mine: Blacksville No. 2 

39 FMSHRC Page 423
The Secretary relies on three alleged predicate 104(d) orders contained in Docket Nos. 

WEVA 2015-74, WEVA 2015-425, and WEVA 2015-473, in support of his repeated flagrant 

designation in Order No. 8059209. However, the Secretary does not assert that these alleged 

predicate violations are themselves flagrant in nature. 

On May 3, 2016, I issued a decision in Oak Grove Resources, LLC, 38 FMSHRC 957 

(May 2016) (ALJ), which held, given the Secretary’s acknowledgment that a violation cannot be 

elevated to a flagrant designation based solely on a history of violations, that alleged predicate 

violations, alone, are not dispositive of the question of whether a cited condition is properly 

designated as flagrant. Id. at 960-64. Consequently, on June 14, 2016, Docket Nos. WEVA 

2015-74, WEVA 2015-425, and WEVA 2015-473, were severed from the captioned proceedings 

in order to focus on whether Order No. 8059209 satisfies the statutory requirements for a flagrant 

designation.2 

 The Commission subsequently identified separate “narrow” and “broad” analyses for 

evaluating repeated flagrant designations. The American Coal Co., 38 FMSHRC 2062 (Aug. 

2016). Although the Commission addressed the criteria for establishing a repeated flagrant 

designation under its “narrow” approach, the Commission declined to specify the criteria 

relevant to its “broad” approach with respect to a history of violations. Id. at 2066, 2082. 

 During a February 21, 2017, conference call, the parties were advised that the scheduled 

March 7 hearing would continue to be limited to the “narrow” analysis outlined by the 

Commission in American Coal. In response, the Secretary’s counsel expressed concern that this 

limitation would preclude her from introducing evidence regarding the Commission’s alternative 

“broad” approach analysis. 

 2

 Docket Nos. WEVA 2015-74, WEVA 2015-425, and WEVA 2015-473 are currently 

stayed pending disposition of the captioned proceedings. 

39 FMSHRC Page 424
ORDER 

IT IS ORDERED that the scheduled March 7, 2017, hearing will be limited to evidence 

relevant to the “narrow” analysis. However, IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the parties will 

be provided the opportunity to address in their post-hearing briefs whether Consolidation Coal 

Company’s relevant history of section 75.400 violations supports the alleged repeated flagrant 

designation under the “broad” approach.3

 

/s/ Jerold Feldman 

Jerold Feldman 

 Administrative Law Judge 

Distribution: 

Helga P. Spencer, Esq., U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor, 170 South 

Independence Mall West, The Curtis Center, Suite 630E, Philadelphia, PA 19106-3306 

Jordana L. Greenwald, Esq., U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor, 170 South 

Independence Mall West, The Curtis Center, Suite 630E, Philadelphia, PA 19106-3306 

Jason W. Hardin, Esq., Artemis D. Vamianakis, Esq., Fabian Vancott, 215 South State Street, 

Suite 1200, Salt Lake City, UT 84111-2323 

/acp 

 3

 Specifically, the parties will be requested to address whether the 147 citations and 

orders issued for violations of section 75.400 at the Blacksville No. 2 Mine in the two years 

preceding the July 30, 2014, issuance of Order No. 8059209, including 15 citations and orders 

issued within 90 days prior to July 30, 2014, satisfy the Secretary’s repeated flagrant designation 

under the “broad” approach. 

39 FMSHRC Page 425
FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION

OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES

1331 PENNSYLVANIA AVE., N.W., SUITE 520N

WASHINGTON, DC 20004-1710

TELEPHONE: 202-434-9956 / FAX: 202-434-9949

February 22, 2017 

 

ORDER OF DEFAULT AND ORDER TO PAY 

This case is before me upon a petition for assessment of civil penalties under section 

105(d) of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, 30 U.S.C. § 815(d). 

At issue in this docket is one citation with a total proposed penalty of $154.00. The 

Petition was filed on July 27, 2016. On August 10, 2016, the docket was assigned to me and 

designated for simplified proceedings under the Commission’s procedural rules at 29 C.F.R. Part 

2700, Subpart J. Pursuant to the procedural rules, within 45 days after a case has been designated 

for simplified proceedings, the parties must exchange any information and materials which may 

be used to support their claims or defenses and must “engage in a discussion to explore the 

possibility of settlement” before a prehearing conference is held by the judge. 29 C.F.R. § 

2700.105, § 2700.106(a). Between October and December 2016, the Solicitor provided several 

status updates stating that she had duly provided disclosures to Respondent’s counsel but had 

never heard back from him. 

I held a prescheduled conference call on December 6, 2016 in an attempt to discuss the 

status of this case and schedule a hearing, if necessary. Counsel for the Respondent failed to 

appear despite having received two emails stating the date and time for the call and directing him 

to appear. After missing the call, counsel for the Respondent phoned my law clerk and stated that 

his client was willing to pay the $154.00 penalty for the one citation at issue in this docket. My 

clerk told Respondent’s counsel that he needed to contact opposing counsel to confirm the 

settlement. However, he never contacted opposing counsel. 

A last attempt was provided to Respondent’s counsel to comply with my previous orders 

by scheduling a conference call on February 3, 2017, at which time he again failed to appear. 

On February 6, 2017, I issued an Order to Show Cause ordering Respondent to explain in 

writing within ten days why an order of default should not be issued against it due to its failure to 

comply with the procedural rules and with my previous orders to appear on conference calls. 

Respondent’s counsel signed for receipt of the show cause order on February 9, 2017. However, 

he has failed to submit a written response. 

SECRETARY OF LABOR, 

 MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH 

 ADMINISTRATION (MSHA), 

 Petitioner, 

 v. 

ARJ CONSTRUCTION COMPANY INC., 

 Respondent. 

CIVIL PENALTY PROCEEDING 

Docket No. YORK 2016-103 

A.C. No. 18-00748-409912 

Mine: Taylor # 1 

39 FMSHRC Page 426
The Commission’s procedural rules permit a finding of default and summary disposition 

of a case after issuance of a show cause order when a party has failed to comply with a judge’s 

orders. 29 C.F.R. § 2700.66. 

WHEREFORE, I find Respondent to be IN DEFAULT. 

Respondent’s notice of contest and request for hearing are DISMISSED. Respondent is 

hereby ORDERED to pay a total penalty of $154.00 within thirty (30) days of the date of this 

Order.1

 

/s/ Priscilla M. Rae 

Priscilla M. Rae 

Administrative Law Judge 

Distribution: 

Helga P. Spencer, Esq., U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor, 170 South 

Independence Mall West, Suite 630E, Philadelphia, PA 19106-3306 

John F. Leaberry, Esq., Law Office of John Leaberry, 106 Patrick Street, Lewisburg, WV 24901 

ARJ Construction Company Inc., 201 South Jefferson Street, Lewisburg, WV 24901 

 1

 Checks or money orders should be sent to: Mine Safety & Health Administration, U.S. 

Department of Labor, P.O. Box 790390, St. Louis, MO 63179-0390. 

39 FMSHRC Page 427
FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION 

OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES

1331 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, NW, SUITE 520N

WASHINGTON, DC 20004

February 23, 2017 

ORDER CONTINUING STAY 

Before: Judge Feldman 

The captioned civil penalty proceeding is before me upon a petition for assessment of 

civil penalty filed pursuant to section 105(d) of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 

(“Mine Act”). 30 U.S.C. § 815(d). The Secretary of Labor seeks to impose a civil penalty of 

$8,893.00 for 104(d)(1) Citation No. 9042468, the single citation at issue, which alleges that 

Armstrong Coal Company Inc. (“Armstrong”) violated the mandatory standard in 30 C.F.R. § 

77.405(b). This mandatory standard prohibits the performance of work under raised equipment 

that has not been securely blocked into position. Citation No. 9042468 was issued on February 

20, 2015, after the Mine Safety and Health Administration (“MSHA”) determined that a hoisted 

dragline walking shoe bull gear was not secured during repairs. 

In the interest of judicial economy and the Commission’s limited resources, the captioned 

matters were stayed on March 9, 2016, based on the parties’ representation that the Secretary had 

initiated an investigation to determine whether to initiate a personal liability case pursuant to the 

provisions of section 110(c) of the Mine Act. The stay was to be lifted upon completion of the 

Secretary’s investigation. 

Given the Secretary’s failure to complete his section 110(c) investigation during the six 

months following the issuance of the stay, on September 14, 2016, an order was issued requiring 

the Secretary to advise, on or before November 10, 2016, whether he had initiated a 110(c) 

proceeding for consolidation with the captioned civil penalty matter, or alternatively, whether he 

had declined to bring any relevant 110(c) actions. 

SECRETARY OF LABOR 

 MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH 

 ADMINISTRATION (MSHA), 

 Petitioner 

 v. 

ARMSTRONG COAL COMPANY INC., 

 Respondent 

CIVIL PENALTY PROCEEDING 

Docket No. KENT 2016-44 

A.C. No. 15-19217-390945 

Mine: Midway 

39 FMSHRC Page 428
In response to the September 14 order, on November 7, 2016, the Secretary reported that 

he had yet to decide whether to initiate a relevant section 110(c) proceeding. The Secretary’s 

response was construed as a request to schedule the captioned civil penalty case for hearing 

without regard to whether a relevant 110(c) case would ultimately be filed.1

 

On January 30, 2017, Armstrong, citing judicial economy, sought continuation of the 

stay, arguing that “the same issues will be required to be tried multiple times” if a 110(c) action 

is brought subsequent to the scheduled hearing. Mot. to Stay, at 1 (Jan. 30, 2017). 

The reasonable time period for filing a section 110(c) action has been previously 

addressed in a Commission proceeding: 

Section 105(a) of the Act provides that “[i]f, after an inspection or investigation, 

the Secretary issues a citation or order under section 104, he shall, within a 

reasonable time after the termination of such inspection or investigation, notify 

the operator ... of the civil penalty proposed to be assessed ... for the violation 

cited ....” Section 110(c) is silent regarding when an individual respondent must 

be notified of a proposed penalty assessment. However, since penalty assessments 

against individuals brought under § 110(c) arise from the same inspections as 

penalty assessments against operators, it would logically follow that the 

reasonable time requirement [referred to in] § 105(a) should apply to penalty 

assessments brought under § 110(c). 

Brinson, et al., employed by Kentucky-Tennessee Clay Co., 35 FMSHRC 1463, 1465 (May 2013) 

(ALJ Tureck) (citations omitted). Thus, it has been held that the provisions of section 105(a), and 

its apparent applicability to section 110(c) cases, require the Secretary to file a petition for 

assessment of civil penalty within a “reasonable time” after termination of an investigation. 

However, the Secretary has identified 18 months as the operative reasonable time period for 

filing civil penalty petitions in 110(c) cases, computed from the date of the subject citation or 

order, rather than the date of the completion of the 110(c) investigation. See I MSHA, U.S. Dep’t 

of Labor, Program Policy Manual, § 110(c) (2012). 

 Specifically, MSHA’s Program Policy Manual provides: 

Investigative timeframes have been established to help ensure the timely 

assessment of civil penalties against corporate directors, officers, and agents. 

Normally, such assessments will be issued within 18 months from the date of 

issuance of the subject citation or order. However, if the 18 month timeframe is 

exceeded, TCIO will review the case and decide whether to refer it to the Office 

of Special Assessments for penalty proposal. In such cases, the referral 

 1

 This Order supersedes the November 14, 2016, Order Lifting Stay and Notice of 

Hearing. 

39 FMSHRC Page 429
memorandum to the Office of Special Assessments will be signed by the 

Administrator. 

Id. (emphasis added). Clearly, the Secretary cannot escape the adverse effects of laches if he 

unreasonably delays completion of an investigation for an exceptionally inordinate period of 

time. 

Two years have now elapsed since the underlying citation was issued. I await the 

Secretary’s determination as to whether an agent(s) of the corporate mine operator “knowingly 

authorized, ordered, or carried out” a violation of section 77.405(b) by permitting maintenance to 

be performed on raised equipment without it being properly secured. See 30 U.S.C. § 820(c). The 

Secretary has had ample time to arrive at this rather straightforward determination. Any 

significant further delay compromises the due process rights of potential 110(c) respondents 

given the potential unavailability and fading memories of witnesses. 

The D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals addressed the consequences of the Secretary’s delay 

in filing civil penalty petitions in Sec’y of Labor v. Twentymile Coal Co., 411 F.3d 256 (D.C. Cir. 

2005). The court determined that the “reasonable time” provision for filing petitions for civil 

penalty in the Mine Act is intended to “spur the Secretary to action,” rather than to routinely 

confer rights on litigants that will limit the scope of the Secretary’s authority. Id. at 261. 

“Spur the Secretary to action.” That is what I am seeking to accomplish. The Secretary’s 

discretion in timely completing his investigation is not unfettered. The Commission long ago 

recognized that its “limited resources should [not] be squandered on separate proceedings 

involving common parties and to a great extent common facts and issues.” Energy Fuels Corp., 1 

FMSRHC 299, 319 (May 1979) (dissenting opinion).2

 Consequently, during a February 16, 

2017, conference call with the parties, I ordered that the Secretary must advise on or before 

May 24, 2017 (27 months after the issuance of the underlying citation) whether he has initiated a 

relevant 110(c) proceeding, or that he has declined to do so. To ensure the efficient expenditure 

of the Commission’s resources, during the telephone conference, I advised the parties that, 

 2 Energy Fuels concerned a mine operator’s right to contest a violation prior to issuance 

of a petition for civil penalty. In such instance, the doctrine of res judicata would apply to a 

subsequent civil penalty proceeding, thus eliminating any duplication of efforts. Here, the 

principle of collateral estoppel would not preclude a 110(c) litigant’s right to a de novo 110(c) 

hearing despite a prior adjudication of the civil penalty proceeding brought against the mine 

operator. 

39 FMSHRC Page 430
should the Secretary fail to meet this deadline, I will reluctantly entertain a motion to dismiss the 

captioned proceeding against Armstrong for failure to prosecute. 

In view of the above, IT IS ORDERED that Armstrong’s motion to stay IS GRANTED 

and that the hearing in the captioned proceeding IS CONTINUED without date. 

/s/ Jerold Feldman 

Jerold Feldman 

 Administrative Law Judge 

Distribution: (Regular and Certified Mail) 

Schean Belton, Esq., U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor, 618 Church Street, Suite 

230, Nashville, TN 37219 

Marco M. Rajkovich, Esq., Noelle Holladay True, Esq., Rajkovich, Williams, Kilpatrick & True, 

PLLC, 3151 Beaumont Centre Circle, Suite 375, Lexington, KY 40513 

/acp 

39 FMSHRC Page 431