#### Dr. Ahmed BAHGAT, Global One Limited, Dina A. Bahgat, Omar Bahgat, Shahd A. Bahgat, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT, National Bank of Egypt, Defendants-Appellees.

No. 15-1492-cv.

United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

Jan. 22, 2016.

David B. Bergman (R. Stanton Jones, William C. Perdue, on the brief), Arnold *&*Porter LLP, Washington, DC, for Plaintiffs-Appellants.

Jonathan Gimblett (Allan B. Moore, Robert A. Long, Jr., Kevin King, Ramy Ramadan, on the brief), Covington & Bur-ling LLP, Washington, DC for Defendant-Appellee Arab Republic of Egypt.

Amber Wessels-Yen (Karl Geercken, Alexander S. Lorenzo, on the brief), Alston *&*Bird LLP, New York, NY, for For Defendant-Appellee National Bank of Egypt.

Present: ROBERT A. KATZMANN, Chief Judge, AMALYA L. KEARSE, Circuit Judge, GREGORY H. WOODS, District Judge.*

*

 The Honorable Gregory H. Woods, of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.

*SUMMARY ORDER*

Plaintiffs-Appellants Dr. Ahmed Bah-gat, his three children, and the family’s holding company, Global One Limited, appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Torres, *J.)*dismissing their complaint against Defendants-Appellees Arab Republic of Egypt and the National Bank of Egypt on the grounds that the defendants are immune from suit under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976, 28 U.S.C. §§ 1602-1611. In the alternative, the district court concluded that the suit should be dismissed under the *70doctrine of *forum non conveniens.*On appeal, the plaintiffs contend that the district court erred in finding that none of the exceptions to the Act applies, and in concluding that this case should be heard in, an Egyptian forum.

We affirm on the basis of the district court’s alternative holding that this case should be dismissed under the doctrine of *forum non conveniens. See Sinochem Int’l Co. v. Malay. Int'l Shipping Corp.,*549 U.S. 422, 425, 127 S.Ct. 1184, 167 L.Ed.2d 15 (2007) (holding that a court can dismiss a case under *forum non conveniens*before resolving any other jurisdictional issues). In order to determine whether to dismiss a case under forum non conveniens, district courts conduct a three-step analysis:

> At step one, a court determines the degree of deference properly accorded the plaintiffs choice of forum. At step two, it considers whether the alternative forum proposed by the defendants is adequate to adjudicate the parties’ dispute. Finally, at step three, a court balances the private and public interests implicated in the choice of forum.

*Norex Petroleum Ltd. v. Access Indus., Inc.,*416 F.3d 146, 153 (2d Cir.2005) (citations omitted).

On appeal, we give “substantial deference” to a district court’s decision to dismiss a case for *forum non conveniens,*and we will only reverse if the trial court has “clearly abused its discretion.” *Pollux Holding Ltd. v. Chase Manhattan Bank,*329 F.3d 64, 70 (2d Cir.2003), *cert. denied,*540 U.S. 1149, 124 S.Ct. 1145, 157 L.Ed.2d 1041 (2004). “Discretion is abused in the context of *forum non conveniens*when a decision (1) rests either on an error of law or on a clearly erroneous finding of fact, or (2) cannot be located within the range of permissible decisions, or (3) fails to consider all the relevant factors or unreasonably balances those factors.” *Id.*(citation omitted). We do not find any clear abuse of discretion in the district court’s determination that this suit should be heard by an Egyptian court.

First, we find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s determination that the plaintiffs’ preference is entitled to diminished deference. Three of the plaintiffs currently reside in Egypt, and the selection of a U.S. forum by such plaintiffs is entitled to less deference. *See id.*at 73. Moreover, the district court determined that the plaintiffs’ selection of forum was motivated, at least in part, by forum shopping. *See Iragorri v. United Techs. Corp.,*274 F.3d 65, 72 (2d Cir.2001). Second, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that Egypt is an adequate alternative forum. Although Egypt’s ongoing political unrest is concerning, the district court was within its discretion to rely on the defendants’ evidence that the unrest has not had an adverse effect upon the judiciary’s adjudication of commercial disputes. *Cf. Transunion Corp. v. PepsiCo, Inc.,*811 F.2d 127, 129 (2d Cir.1987). Finally, the district court properly weighed the relevant private and public interest factors. As the district court found, almost all of the parties, witnesses, and relevant documents are located in Egypt. All but one of the key events that form the basis of the complaint took place in Egypt, and any court considering this case will need to understand Egyptian law to evaluate at least some of the plaintiffs’ claims.

We have considered all of the plaintiffs’ remaining arguments and have found no basis for reversal. Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.