# Patent

## Title
High-speed electrical connector

## Abstract

The present invention provides a high-speed electrical interconnection system designed to overcome the drawbacks of conventional interconnection systems. That is, the present invention provides an electrical connector capable of handling high-speed signals effectively.

## Background
The present application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/234,107, filed Sep. 26, 2005 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,101,191), which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/893,430, filed on Jul. 19, 2004 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,979,202), which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/487,580, filed on Jul. 17, 2003, and which is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/234,859, filed Sep. 5, 2002 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,910,897), which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/036,796, filed Jan. 7, 2002 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,843,657), which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/260,893, filed on Jan. 12, 2001 and U.S. Patent Application No. 60/328,396, filed on Oct. 12, 2001. Each above identified application is incorporated herein by this reference.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to electrical interconnection systems, and more specifically, to a high speed, high-density interconnection system for differential and single-ended transmission applications.
2. Discussion of the Background
Backplane systems are comprised of a complex printed circuit board that is referred to as the backplane or motherboard, and several smaller printed circuit boards that are referred to as daughtercards or daughterboards that plug into the backplane. Each daughtercard may include a chip that is referred to as a driver/receiver. The driver/receiver sends and receives signals from driver/receivers on other daughtercards. A signal path is formed between the driver/receiver on a first daughtercard and a driver/receiver on a second daughtercard. The signal path includes an electrical connector that connects the first daughtercard to the backplane, the backplane, a second electrical connector that connects the second daughtercard to the backplane, and the second daughtercard having the driver/receiver that receives the carried signal.
Various driver/receivers being used today can transmit signals at data rates between 5-10 Gb/sec and greater. The limiting factor (data transfer rate) in the signal path is the electrical connectors that connect each daughtercard to the backplane. Further, the receivers are capable of receiving signals having only 5% of the original signal strength sent by the driver. This reduction in signal strength increases the importance of minimizing cross-talk between signal paths to avoid signal degradation or errors being introduced into digital data streams. With high speed, high-density electrical connectors, it is even more important to eliminate or reduce cross-talk. Thus, a need exists in the art for a high-speed electrical connector capable of handling high-speed signals that reduces cross-talk between signal paths.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a high-speed electrical interconnection system designed to overcome the drawbacks of conventional interconnection systems. That is, the present invention provides an electrical connector capable of handling high-speed signals effectively.
In one aspect the present invention provides an interconnect system having a first circuit board, a second circuit board and a connector for connecting the first circuit board to the second circuit board.
The first circuit board includes (a) a first differential interconnect path, (b) a first signal pad on a surface of the first circuit board and (c) a second signal pad also on the surface of the first circuit board, wherein the first differential interconnect path includes a first signal path electrically connected to the first signal pad and a second signal path electrically connected to the second signal pad. The second circuit board includes a second differential interconnect path.
The connector electrically connects the first differential interconnect path with the second differential interconnect path. The connector may include the following: an interposer having a first face and a second face opposite the first face, the first face facing the surface of the first circuit board; a first conductor having an end adjacent to the second surface of the interposer; a second conductor parallel with and equal in length to the first conductor, the second conductor also having an end adjacent to the second surface of the interposer; a dielectric material disposed between the first conductor and the second conductor; a first elongated contact member having a conductor contact section, a board contact section and an interim section between the conductor contact section and the board contact section, the conductor contact section being in physical contact with the end of the first conductor, the board contact section being in physical contact with and pressing against a surface of the first signal pad, but not being secured to the first-signal pad, and the interim section being disposed in a hole extending from the first face of the interposer to the second face of the interposer, wherein the first signal pad exerts a force on the first contact member and the first contact member is free to move in the direction of the force to a limited extent.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a connector for electrically connecting a signal path on a first circuit board with a signal path on a second circuit board. The connector may include: a first, a second and a third spacer; a first circuit board disposed between the first and second spacers; and a second circuit board disposed between the second and third spacers.
The first circuit board has a first face abutting a face of the first spacer and a second face abutting a face of the second spacer. The second face has a set of signal conductors disposed thereon. Each of the signal conductors disposed on the second face has a first end adjacent a first edge of the second face, a second end adjacent a second edge of the second face, and an interim section between the first end and the second end.
The second circuit board has a first face abutting a face of the second spacer and a second face abutting a face of the third spacer. The first face of the second circuit board having a set of signal conductors disposed thereon. Each of the signal conductors disposed on the first face having a first end adjacent a first edge of the first face, a second end adjacent a second edge of the first face, and an interim section between the first end and the second end.
The first edge of the second face of the first circuit board is parallel and spaced apart from the first edge of the first face of the second circuit board. Advantageously, to reduce cross-talk, none of the first ends of the signal conductors on the first circuit board are aligned with any of the first ends of the signal conductors on the second circuit board.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a spacer for a connector. The spacer may include a first face having a set of M grooves disposed thereon, each of the M grooves extending from a first edge of the first face to a second edge of the first face; a second face having a set of N grooves disposed thereon, each of the N grooves extending from a first edge of the second face to a second edge of the second face; and an elongate finger projecting outwardly from a side of the spacer for attaching the spacer to a part of the connector.
In another aspect, which is claimed herein, the present invention provided a connector cell comprising: a first spring; a second spring; a first contact member; a second contact member; a generally rectangular housing comprising a first aperture, a second aperture, a third aperture, and a fourth aperture, wherein the first spring is disposed in the first aperture, wherein the first aperture extends from a top side of the housing towards the bottom side of the housing, but does not reach the bottom side of the housing; the second spring is disposed in the second aperture, wherein the second aperture extends from the top side of the housing towards the bottom side of the housing, but does not reach the bottom side of the housing; the first contact member is disposed in the third aperture, wherein the third aperture extends from the top side of the housing to the bottom side of the housing, a proximal end of the first contact member projects beyond the bottom side of housing, and a distal end of the first contact member projects beyond the top side of the housing; the second contact member is disposed in the fourth aperture, wherein the fourth aperture extends from the top side of the housing to a bottom side of the housing, a proximal end of the second contact member projects beyond the bottom side of housing, and a distal end of the second contact member projects beyond the top side of the housing.
The above and other features, embodiments and advantages of the present invention, as well as the structure and operation of preferred embodiments of the present invention, are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form part of the specification, help illustrate various embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, further serve to explain the principles of the invention and to enable a person skilled in the pertinent art to make and use the invention. In the drawings, like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements. Additionally, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the drawing in which the reference number first appears.
FIG. 1 is an exploded view of a connector in accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a view of a printed circuit board according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a front side view of the printed circuit board shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a spacer in accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a top view of a first face of the spacer shown in FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 is a top view of a second face of the spacer shown in FIG. 4.
FIG. 7 is a front side view of the spacer shown in FIG. 4.
FIG. 8 is a top view of a first face of a second spacer.
FIG. 9 is a top view of a second face of the second spacer.
FIG. 10 is a perspective view of an apparatus consisting of a circuit board sandwiched between two spacers.
FIG. 11 is a front side view of the apparatus shown in FIG. 10.
FIG. 12 illustrates an arrangement of multiple circuit boards and multiple spacers according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 13 is a top view of a first face of a circuit board according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 14 illustrates how the alignment of the conductors on an A type circuit board differs from alignment of the conductors on a B type circuit board.
FIG. 15 illustrates a contact member according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIGS. 16 and 17 illustrate a cell according to one embodiment of the invention.
FIGS. 18 and 19 illustrate that cells may be configured to fit into an aperture of an interposer.
FIG. 20 illustrates a finger of a spacer inserted into a corresponding notch of an interposer.
FIG. 21 illustrates the arrangement of the interposers 180 in relation to board 120 and in relation to boards 2190 and 2180, according to one embodiment
FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the connector 100.
FIG. 23 illustrates an embodiment of backbone 150.
FIG. 24 illustrates an embodiment of an end cap 199.
FIG. 25 is an exploded view of backbone 150 and an end cap 199.
FIG. 26 is a view of a backbone 150 and an end cap 199 assembled together.
FIG. 27 is a view of a spacer connected to backbone 150.
FIG. 28 illustrates an embodiment of mounting clip 190b. 
FIG. 29 is an exploded view of clip 190b and end cap 199.
FIG. 30 is a view of clip 190b having an end cap 199 attached thereto.
FIG. 31 illustrates an embodiment of shield 160.
FIG. 32 is an exploded view of shield 160 and an interposer 180.
FIG. 33 is a view of shield 160 being connected to an interposer 180.
FIG. 34 is a view of an assembled connector with an interposer 180 and clip 190a omitted.
FIGS. 35 and 36 are different views of an almost fully assembled connector 100 according to one embodiment assembled without cells in FIG. 35 and with 2 cells in FIG. 36.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIG. 1 is an exploded view of a connector 100 in accordance with an example preferred embodiment of the present invention. Some elements have been omitted for the sake of clarity. As illustrated in FIG. 1, connector 100 may include at least one printed circuit board 120 having electrical conductors printed thereon. In the embodiment shown, connector 100 may further include a pair of spacers 110a and 110b, a pair of interposers 180a and 180b, a pair of end-caps 190a and 190b, a backbone 150, a shield 160, and a pair of endplates 190a and 190b. Although only one circuit board and only two spacers are shown in FIG. 1, one skilled in the art will appreciate that in typical configurations connector 100 will include a number of circuit boards and spacers, with each circuit board being disposed between two spacers, as will be described herein.
FIG. 2 is a view of printed circuit board 120. In the embodiment shown, circuit board 120 is generally rectangular in shape. As shown, circuit board 120 may have one or more electrical conductors disposed on a face 220 thereof. In the embodiment shown, board 120 has four conductors 201, 202, 203, and 204 disposed on face 220. Each conductor 201-204 has a first end, a second and an interim section between the first and second ends. The first end of each conductor is located at a point on or adjacent a first edge 210 of face 220 and the second end of each conductor is located at a point on or adjacent a second edge 211 of face 220. In many embodiments, second edge 211 of face 220 is perpendicular to first edge 210, as shown in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2.
Although not shown in FIG. 2, there are corresponding electrical conductors on the opposite face of circuit board 120. More specifically, for each conductor 201-204, there is a conductor on the opposite face that is a mirror image of the conductor. This feature is illustrated in FIG. 3, which is a front side view of board 120. As shown in FIG. 3, conductors 301-304 are disposed on face 320 of board 120, which face 320 faces in the opposite direction of face 220. As further illustrated, conductors 301-304 correspond to conductors 201-204, respectively.
When the interconnection system 100 of the present invention is used to transmit differential signals, one of the electrical conductors 201-204 and its corresponding electrical conductor on the opposite face may be utilized together to form the two wire balanced pair required for transmitting the differential signal. Since the length of the two electrical conductors is identical, there should be no skew between the two electrical conductors (skew being the difference in time that it takes for a signal to propagate the two electrical conductors).
In configurations where connector 100 includes multiple circuit boards 120, the circuit boards are preferably arranged in a row in parallel relationship. Preferably, in such a configuration, each circuit board 120 of connector 100 is positioned between two spacers 110.
FIG. 4 is a perspective side view of spacer 110a according to one embodiment of the invention. As shown, spacer 110a may have one or more grooves disposed on a face 420 thereof, which face 420 faces away from board 120. In the embodiment shown, face 420 of spacer 110a has three grooves 401, 402 and 403 disposed thereon. Each groove 401-403 extends from a point at or near a first edge 410 of face 420 to a point at or near second edge 411 of face 420. In many embodiments, second edge 411 of face 420 is perpendicular to first edge 410, as shown in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4.
As further shown, face 420 of spacer 110a may have one or more recesses disposed at an edge of face 420. In the embodiment shown, there are two sets of four recesses disposed at an edge on face 420. The first set of recesses includes recesses 421a-d, and the second set of recesses includes recesses 431a-d. Each recess 421a-d is positioned directly adjacent to the end of at least one groove and extends from a point on edge 410 of face 420 to a second point spaced inwardly from edge 410 a short distance. Similarly, each recess 431a-d is positioned directly adjacent to the end of at least one groove and extends from a point on edge 411 of face 420 to a second point spaced inwardly from edge 411 a short distance. Accordingly, in the embodiment shown, there is at least one recess between the ends of all the grooves. Each recess 421, 431 is designed to receive the end of spring element (see FIG. 16, elements 1520).
Although not shown in FIG. 4, there may be grooves and recesses on the opposite face 491 of spacer 110a. In a preferred embodiment, the number of grooves on the first face of a spacer 110 is one less (or one more) than the number of grooves on the second face of the spacer 110, but this is not a requirement. Similarly, in the preferred embodiment, the number of recesses on the first face of a spacer 110 is two less (or two more) than the number of recesses on the second face of the spacer 110. This feature is illustrated in FIGS. 5-7, where FIG. 5 is a top view of face 420, FIG. 6 is a top view of the opposite face (i.e., face 491), and FIG. 7 is a front side view of spacer 110a. 
As shown in FIG. 5, grooves 401-403, recesses 421a-d, and recesses 431a-d are disposed on face 420 of spacer 110a. Similarly, as shown in FIG. 6, grooves 601-604, recesses 621a-c, and recesses 631a-c are disposed on face 491 of spacer 110a, which face 491 faces in the opposite direction of face 420.
Grooves 601-604 are similar to grooves 401-404 in that each groove 601-604 extends from a point on a first edge 610 of face 491 to a point on a second edge 611 of face 491. Likewise, recesses 621 and 631 are similar to recesses 421 and 431. Like each recess 421, each recess 621 extends from a point on edge 610 of face 491 to a second point spaced inwardly from edge 610 a short distance. Similarly, each recess 631 extends from a point on edge 611 of face 491 to a second point spaced inwardly from edge 611 a short distance. Each recess 621, 631 is designed to receive the end of a spring element (see FIG. 16, elements 1520).
The figures illustrate that, in some embodiments, the number of grooves on one face of a spacer 110 is one less (or one more) than the number of grooves on the opposite face of the spacer. And also show that the number of recesses on one face may be two less (or two more) than the number of recesses on the opposite face.
In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 4-6, each recess on one face is positioned so that it is generally directly opposite an end of a groove on the other face. For example, recess 421a is generally directly opposite an end of groove 604 and recess 621a is generally directly opposite an end of groove 403. This feature can be more easily seen by examining FIG. 7, which is a front side view of the spacer.
Referring back to FIG. 4-6, FIG. 4 shows that spacer 110a may further include three fingers 435, 437, and 440. It also shows that that spacer 110a may also include a slot 444 and a first pair of bosses 450 disposed on and projecting outwardly from face 420 and a second pair of bosses 650 disposed on and projecting outwardly from face 491. Bosses 650 are provided to fit in the apertures 244 of circuit board 120. This feature enables board 120 to be properly aligned with respect to the adjacent spacers 110a and 110b. 
Finger 435 is located towards the top of the front side of spacer 110a and finger 437 is located towards the front of the bottom side of spacer 110a. Finger 435 projects outwardly from the front side of spacer 110a in a direction that is perpendicular to the front side of the spacer. Similarly, finger 437 projects outwardly from the bottom side of spacer 110a in a direction that is perpendicular to the bottom side of the spacer. Fingers 435, 437 function to attach spacer 110a to interposers 180b, 180a, respectively. More specifically, interposer 180a includes a recess 1810 (see FIG. 18) for receiving and retaining finger 437. Similarly interposer 180b includes a recess for receiving and retaining finger 435. Fingers 435, 437 each include a protrusion 436 and 438, respectively. The protrusions are sufficiently resilient to allow them to snap into corresponding recesses in the corresponding interposers.
Slot 444 is located towards but spaced apart from the backside of spacer 110a. Slot 444 extends downwardly from the top side of spacer 110 to form finger 440. Finger 440 and slot 444 function together to attach spacer 110a to backbone 150.
Referring back to spacer 110b (see FIG. 1), in the embodiment shown, spacer 110b is similar but not identical to spacer 110a. Accordingly, in some embodiments connector 100 includes two types of spacers: type A and type B. In other embodiments, more or less than two types of spacers may be used. FIGS. 8 and 9 further illustrate spacer 110b (the type B spacer) according to one embodiment. FIG. 8 is a top view of a face 820 of spacer 110b. Face 820 faces circuit board 120. As shown in FIG. 8, face 820 is similar to face 491 of spacer 110a, which also faces board 120. Like face 491, face 820 has four grooves 801-804, a first set of three recesses 821a-c, and a second set of three recesses 831a-c. 
Grooves 801-804 are similar to grooves 601-604 in that each groove 801-804 extends from a point on a first edge 810 of face 820 to a point on a second edge 811 of face 820. Likewise, recesses 821 and 831 are similar to recesses 621 and 631. Like each recess 621, each recess 821 extends from a point on edge 810 of face 820 to a second point spaced inwardly from edge 810 a short distance. Similarly, each recess 831 extends from a point on edge 811 of face 820 to a second point spaced inwardly from edge 811 a short distance.
FIG. 9 is a top view of a face 920 of spacer 110b. Face 920 faces away from circuit board 120 in the opposite direction of face 820. As shown in FIG. 9, face 920 is similar to face 420 of spacer 110a, which also faces away from board 120. Like face 420, face 920 has three grooves 901-903, a first set of four recesses 921a-d, and a second set of four recesses 931a-d. 
Grooves 901-903 are similar to grooves 401-403 in that each groove 901-903 extends from a point on a first edge 910 of face 920 to a point on a second edge 911 of face 920. Likewise, recesses 921 and 931 are similar to recesses 421 and 431. Each recess 421 extends from a point on edge 910 of face 920 to a second point spaced inwardly from edge 910 a short distance, and each recess 931 extends from a point on edge 911 of face 920 to a second point spaced inwardly from edge 911 a short distance.
Spacer 110b also includes three fingers 835, 837, and 840, a slot 844, and a pair apertures 850 extending through spacer 110b. Apertures 850 are provided to receive bosses 650. This feature enables spacer 110b to be properly aligned with respect to spacers 110a. 
Unlike finger 435, which is located towards the top of the front side of spacer 110a, finger 835 is located towards the bottom of the front side of spacer 110b. Similarly, unlike finger 437, which is located towards the front of the bottom side of spacer 110a, finger 837 is located towards the back of the bottom side of spacer 110b. Finger 835 projects outwardly from the front side of spacer 110a in a direction that is perpendicular to the front side of the spacer, and finger 437 projects outwardly from the bottom side of spacer 110a in a direction that is perpendicular to the bottom side of the spacer. Like fingers 435, 437, fingers 835, 837 function to attach spacer 110b to interposers 180b, 180a, respectively.
As discussed above, board 120 is positioned between spacers 110a and 110b. This feature is illustrated in FIG. 10. Although not shown in FIG. 10, bosses 650 of spacer 110a protrude though apertures 244 of board 120 and through apertures 850 of spacer 110b. This use of bosses 650 facilitates the proper alignment of spacers 110a,b and board 120. When board 120 is properly aligned with the spacers, conductors 201-204 and 301-304 are aligned with grooves 601-604 and 801-804, respectively. This feature is illustrated in FIG. 11.
As shown in FIG. 11, grooves 601-604, which are disposed on the side of spacer 110a facing board 120, are positioned on the spacer to mirror electrical conductors 201-204 on printed circuit board 120. Likewise, grooves 801-804, which are disposed on the side of spacer 110b facing board 120, are positioned on the spacer to mirror electrical conductors 301-304. Grooves 601-604 and 801-804, among other things, prevent electrical conductors 201-204 and 301-304 from touching spacer 110a and 110b, respectively. In this way, the electrical conductors disposed on board 120 are insulated by the air caught between board 120 and the grooves.
Spacers 110 may be fabricated either from an electrically conductive material or from a dielectric material and coated with an electrically conductive layer to electromagnetically shield the electrical conductors of the printed circuit board 120. Furthermore, the complex impedances of the electrical conductors and their associated grooves can be adjusted by varying the dimensions thereof. Still furthermore, the grooves can include a layer of a dielectric material, such as Teflon, to further adjust the complex impedances of the electrical conductors and their associated channels as well as adjusting the breakdown voltage thereof.
Referring now to FIG. 12, FIG. 12 illustrates an example arrangement of spacers 110 and circuit boards 120 when multiple circuit boards are used in connector 100. As shown, boards 120 and spacers 110 are aligned in a row in parallel relationship and each circuit board 120 is sandwiched between two spacers 110. In the example shown, there are two types of circuit boards (A) and (B), as well as the two types of spacers (A) and (B) discussed above. The A type circuit boards are identical to each other and the B type circuit boards are identical to each other. Similarly, The A type spacers are identical to each other and the B type spacers are identical to each other.
In the embodiment shown, spacers 110 and boards 120 are arranged in an alternating sequence, which means that between any two given A type spacers there is a B type spacer and vice-versa, and between any two given A type boards there is a B type board and vice-versa. Thus, an A type spacer is not adjacent to another A type spacer and an A type board is not adjacent to another A type board. Accordingly, in this example configuration, each board 120 is disposed between an A type spacer and a B type spacer.
As can be seen from FIG. 12, each face of each board 120b (the B type board) has three conductors thereon. FIG. 13 is a top view of one face 1320 of a B type board (the other face not shown is a mirror image of face 1320). As shown in FIG. 13, there are three conductors 1301, 1302, and 1303 disposed on face 1320. By comparing FIG. 13 to FIG. 2 (which is a top view of a face of an A type board), one can see that the A and B type boards are nearly identical. One difference being the number of conductors on each face and the alignment of the conductors on the face. In the embodiment shown, the B type boards have one less electrical conductor than do the A type boards.
Referring to FIG. 14, FIG. 14 illustrates how the alignment of the conductors 1301-1303 on the B type boards differs from alignment of the conductors 201-204 on the A type boards. FIG. 14 shows representative boards 120a and 120b in a side by side arrangement so that a front edge 1401 on board 120a is spaced apart from and parallel with a corresponding front edge 1402 on board 120b. From FIG. 14, one can clearly see that the ends of the conductors on the B type board located at edge 1402 are not aligned with the ends of the conductors on the A type board located at edge 1401. For example, in the example shown, the end of any given conductor on the B type board is interstitially aligned with respect to the ends of two adjacent conductors on the A type board. That is, if one were to draw the shortest line from the end of each conductor on the B board to the adjacent face of the A board, each line would terminate at a point that is between the ends of two conductors on the A board. For example, the shortest line from the end of conductor 1301 to the adjacent face of board 120a ends at a point that is between the ends of conductors 204 and 203. An advantage of having the conductors be misaligned is that it may reduce cross-talk in the connector.
Referring back to FIG. 12, one can clearly see that each conductor on each board 120 is aligned with a groove on the spacer directly adjacent the conductor. That is, each groove on each spacer 110 is designed to mirror a corresponding conductor on an adjacent board 120. Because each conductor is aligned with a corresponding groove, there is a space between the conductor and the spacer.
When connector 100 is fully assembled, each conductor on a board 120 comes into physical and electrical contact with two contact members (see FIG. 15 for a representative contact member 1530a), an end of each of which fits into the space between the adjacent spacer and the conductor. More specifically, the first end of each conductor comes into physical and electrical contact with the contact portion of a first contact member and the second end of each conductor comes into physical and electrical contact with the contact portion second contact member, and the contact portions of the first and second contact members are each disposed in the space between the corresponding end of the conductor and the spacer. Each contact member functions to electrically connect the conductor to which it makes contact to a trace on a circuit board to which the connector 100 is attached.
FIG. 15 illustrates a contact member 1530a, according to one embodiment of the invention, for electrically connecting a conductor 201 on a board 120 to trace on a circuit board (not shown in FIG. 15) to which the connector 100 is attached. Only a portion of contact member 1530a is visible in FIG. 15 because a portion is disposed within a housing 122.
As shown in FIG. 15, contact member 1530a contacts an end of conductor 201 (the spacers and interposers are not shown to better illustrate this feature). In some embodiments, the ends of the conductor 201 are wider than the interim portions so as to provide more surface area for receiving the contact portion of the contact members.
Partially shown in FIG. 15 is another contact member 1530b. Contact member 1530b has a bottom portion that is also housed in housing 122. Contact member 1530b contacts an end of conductor 301, which can't be seen in FIG. 15. Housing 122 is preferably fabricated of an electrically insulative material, such as a plastic. The electrical contacts 1530 of each housing 122 can either be disposed within the housing during fabrication or subsequently fitted within the housing.
Contact members 1530 may be fabricated by commonly available techniques utilizing any material having suitable electrical and mechanical characteristics. They may be fabricated of laminated materials such as gold plated phosphor bronze. While they are illustrated as being of unitary construction, one skilled in the art will appreciate that they may be made from multiple components.
As further shown in FIG. 15, housing 122 may be configured to hold two elongate springs 1520a and 1520b. Springs 1520 extend in the same direction as contact members 1530 and 1531. The distal end of a spring 1520 is designed to be inserted into a corresponding spacer recess. For example, distal end of spring 1520a is designed to be received in recess 621c. The combination of the housing 122, contact members 1530, and springs 1520 is referred to as a connector cell 1570.
FIGS. 16 and 17 further illustrate cell 1570 according to one embodiment. FIG. 17 is an exploded view of cell 1570. As shown, the housing 122 is generally rectangular in shape and includes apertures 1710 for receiving springs 1520 and apertures 1720 for receiving contact members 1530. Apertures 1720 extend from the top side of housing to bottom side of the housing so that proximal ends 1641 of contact members 1730 can project beyond the bottom side of housing 122, as shown in FIG. 16.
Apertures 1710 extend from the top surface of housing 122 towards the bottom surface, but do not reach the bottom surface. Accordingly, when a spring 1520 is inserted into an aperture 1710 the proximal end will not project beyond the bottom surface of housing 122. While open apertures 1710 are illustrated, it is understood that closed apertures can also be used
As illustrated in FIG. 17, each contact member 1530, according to the embodiment shown, has a proximal end 1641 and a distal end 1749. Between ends 1641 and 1749 there is a base portion 1743, a transition portion 1744 and a contact portion 1745. Base portion 1743 is between proximal end 1641 and transition portion 1744, transition portion is between base portion 1743 and contact portion 1745, and contact portion 1745 is between transition portion 1744 and distal end 1749. In the embodiment shown, base portion 1743 is disposed in aperture 1720 so that generally the entire base portion is within housing 122, transition portion 1744 is angled inwardly with respect to the base portion, and distal end 1749 is angled outwardly with respect to the transition portion and therefore functions as a lead-in portion.
In a preferred embodiment, the contact portion of a contact member is not fixed to the end of the conductor with which it makes physical and electrical contact. For example, the contact portions are not soldered or otherwise fixed to the board 120 conductors, as is typical in the prior art. Instead, in a preferred embodiment, a contact member 1630 is electrically connected to its corresponding conductor with a wiping action similar to that used in card edge connectors. That is, the contact portion of the contact member merely presses against the end of the corresponding conductor. For example, referring back to FIG. 15, the contact portion of contact member 1530a merely presses or pushes against the end portion of conductor 201. Because it is not fixed to the conductor, the contact portion can move along the length of the conductor while still pressing against the conductor, creating a wiping action. This wiping action may ensure a good electrical connection between the contact members and the corresponding electrical conductors of the printed circuit boards 120.
Referring now to FIGS. 18 and 19, FIGS. 18 and 19 illustrate that each cell 1570 is designed to fit into an aperture 1811 of an interposer 180. In the embodiment shown, each interposer 180 includes a first set of apertures 1811a (see FIG. 19) arranged in a first set of aligned rows to create a first row and column configuration and a second set of apertures 1811b arranged in a second set of aligned rows to create second row and column configuration. In the embodiment shown, each row in the second set is disposed between two rows from the first set. For example, row 1931, which is a row of apertures 1811b, is disposed between rows 1930 and 1932, each of which is a row of apertures 1811a. 
As shown in the figures, the second row and column configuration is offset from the first row and column configuration so that the apertures of the second set are aligned with each other but not aligned with the apertures of the first set, and vice-versa
An interposer 180 may electromagnetically shield the electrical conductors of the printed circuit boards 120 by being fabricated either of a conductive material or of a non-conductive material coated with a conductive material.
As also shown in FIGS. 18 and 19, interposers 180 include notches 1810 along a top and bottom side. Each notch 1810 is designed to receive the end of a finger of a spacer 110. Preferably, the finger snaps into a corresponding notch to firmly attach the spacer 110 to the interposer 180. This feature is illustrated in FIG. 20.
When connector 100 is fully constructed, each aperture in the first and second set receives a cell 1570. The housing 122 of each cell 1570 has a tab 1633 arranged to fit within a slot 1888 disposed within a corresponding aperture of the interposer 180, which slot 1888 does not extend the entire length of the aperture. The tab 1633, therefore, prevents the cell 1570 from falling through the aperture. It is to be understood that the specific shape of the cells and corresponding apertures are merely for exemplary purposes. The present invention is not limited to these shapes.
Additionally, when connector is fully constructed, the interposers are arranged so that the contact portion 1745 of each contact member 1530 contacts a corresponding conductor. FIG. 21 illustrates this concept.
FIG. 21 illustrates the arrangement of the interposers 180 in relation to board 120 and in relation to boards 2190 and 2180. The spacers 110 are not shown in the figure to illustrate that board 120 and interposers 180 are arranged so that the front side 2102 of board 120 is aligned with the center line of a column of apertures on spacer 180b and so that the bottom side 2104 of board 120 is aligned with the center line of a column of apertures on spacer 180a. FIG. 21 also shows two cells 1570, each disposed in an aperture of an interposer 180. As shown in FIG. 21, a contact member 1530 of each cell 1570 makes physical contact with a corresponding conductor.
Although not shown in FIG. 21, when connector 100 is in use, the proximal end 1641 of each contact member 1530a,b contacts a conducting element on a circuit board connected to connector 100. For example, end 1641 of contact member 1530b contacts a conducting element on circuit board 2190 and end 1641 of contact member 1530a contacts a conducting element on circuit board 2180. Accordingly, FIG. 21 illustrates that there is at least one electrical signal path from board 2190 to board 2180 through connector 100. This electrical signal path includes conductor 214, contact member 1530b and contact member 1530a. As is appreciated by one skilled in the art, connector 100 provides multiple electrical signal paths from board 2190 and 2180, wherein each signal path includes two contact members 1530 and a conductor on a board 120.
According to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 21, each interposer is arranged in parallel relationship with one circuit board connected to connector 100. More specifically, interposer 180a is in parallel relationship with circuit board 2180 and interposer 180b is in parallel relationship with circuit board 2190. Accordingly, one face of interposer 180a faces board 2180 and one face of interposer 180b faces board 2190.
Referring now to FIG. 22, FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view of the connector 100 and shows that when connector 100 is in use, as described above, each proximal end 1641 of each contact member 1530 contacts a conducting element 2194 on circuit board 2190. In a preferred embodiment, each conducting element 2194 is a signal pad, and not a via. Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, connector 100 is a compression mount connector because each proximal end 1641 merely presses against the circuit board and is not inserted into a via in the circuit board. However, in other embodiments, each element 2194 may be a via or other electrically conducting element.
In a preferred embodiment, the board 2190 includes a differential signal path that includes a first signal path 2196a (e.g., a first trace) and a second signal path 2196b (e.g., a second trace). As shown, the first pad 2194 is connected to the first signal path 2196a and the second conducting element 2194b is is connected to the first signal path 2196b. It should be noted that the second circuit board 2180 may also have a pair of conducting elements, like elements 2194, electrically connected to a pair of signal paths, like paths 2196.
As shown in FIG. 22, a cell 1570 is inserted into an aperture of interposer 180. As further shown, the distal end of each contact member 1530 of cell 1570 extends beyond the upper face 2250 of the interposer and the proximal end 1641 of each contact member 1530 extends beyond the bottom face 2251 of the interposer, which faces board 2190 and is generally parallel thereto. Each proximal end 1641 presses against a conducting element 2194 on board 2190. Likewise, each contact portion 1745 of contact member 1530 presses against a conductor on board 120. Thus, a contact member 1530 electrically connects a conductor on board 120 with a conducting element 2194 on board 2190. As illustrated in FIG. 22, the ends of the conductors on board 120 are near the upper face 2250 of interposer.
When end 1641 of a contact member 1530 presses against a corresponding element 2194 a normal force caused by the element is exerted on the contact member. Because the contact member 1530 is held firmly within housing 1570, the normal force will cause housing 122 to move in the direction of the normal force (i.e., away from the circuit board 2190). However, springs 1520 limit how far housing 122 will move away from board 2190 because when the housing 122 moves away from board 2190, springs 1520 will compress and exert a force on the housing in a direction that is opposite of the direction of the normal force caused by board 2190. This is so because the distal ends of the springs abut a surface of a spacer 110 and the spacer is firmly attached to the interposer 180, which itself does not move relative to the board 2190. Thus, springs 1502 will compress and exert a force on housing in a direction opposite the normal force.
Referring back to FIG. 1, each spacer 110 may be configured to attach to an elongate backbone 150. Additionally, connector 100 may include two end caps 100a and 100b, each of which is designed to attach to a respective end of backbone 150. The backbone 150 and end caps 100 are discussed below.
Referring to FIG. 23, FIG. 23 illustrates an embodiment of backbone 150. Backbone 150, according to the embodiment shown, includes bosses 2300 arranged to mate with the end caps 100 as well as slots 2320, each arranged to receive finger 440 of a spacer 110, as shown in FIG. 27. Backbone 150 may further include tines 2330 arranged to mate with the spacers 110.
Referring to FIG. 24, FIG. 24 illustrates an embodiment of an end cap 199. End cap 199, according to the embodiment shown, includes apertures 2402 arranged to mate with bosses disposed on adjacent spacers as well as bosses 2300 disposed on the backbone 150. The end cap 199 further includes both a screw 2420 and a pin 2410 arranged to mechanically interface connector 100 with a circuit board, which may have a large number of layers, for example, more than 30 layers, as well as a tongue 2430 arranged to mate with an end plate 190b (see FIGS. 1 and 25).
While the end cap 199 is illustrated as being symmetrical, that is, can be used on either end of connector 100, separate left and right-handed end caps may also be used. The screw 2420 and pin 2410 of the end cap 199 may be integrally formed with the end cap 199 or may be attached thereto after fabrication of the end cap 199. It has been found that it is often necessary to utilize a metal rather than a plastic screw 2420 in view of the mechanical stresses involved. It is understood that the present invention is not limited to the use of a screw 2420 and pin 2410 but rather other fastening means may also be used.
As noted previously, both the end caps 100 and spacers 110 can be fabricated of an insulative material, such as a plastic, covered with a conductive material to provide electromagnetic shielding or can be fabricated entirely of a conductive material, such as a metal.
FIG. 25 is an exploded view of backbone 150 and an end cap 199 and FIG. 26 is a view of a backbone 150 and an end cap 199 assembled together.
Referring to FIGS. 25 and 26, the bosses 2300 of the backbone 150 are disposed within corresponding apertures 2402 in the end caps 100 forming a rigid structure. The use of bosses 2300 and apertures 2402 is for exemplary purposes and the present invention is not limited thereto. That is, other fastening means can be used to mechanically connect the backbone 150 to the end caps 100.
Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 27, a combination of fingers 440 and mating slots are used to mechanically connect the spacers 110 to the backbone 150. The illustrated combination is for exemplary purposes and the present invention is not limited thereto. In a similar fashion, as discussed above, the fingers 435, 437, 835, 837 of the spacers 110 are arranged to mate with corresponding slots in the interposer 180. The illustrated combination of fingers and slots is for exemplary purposes and the present invention is not limited thereto.
Referring back to FIG. 1, FIG. 1 shows that connector 100 may also include a two mounting clips 190a and 190b and a shield 160. Mounting clips 190 and shield 160 are combined with the above described parts of the connector 100 to form a composite arrangement. The mounting clip 190 and shield 160 may be electrically conductive so as to electromagnetically shield the signal carrying elements of connector 100. The mounting clip 190 and shield 160 will be discussed in detail below.
FIG. 28 illustrates an embodiment of mounting clip 190b. Mounting clip 190b, according to the embodiment shown, includes: (a) pins 2860 arranged to mate with a hole in a circuit board (e.g., board 2190 or 2180) and (b) slots 2870 arranged to receive the tongues and 2430 of the end caps 100. Pins 2860 function to connect clip 190b to a circuit board by mating with the circuit board holes mentioned above. Pins 2860 may be electrically conducting and may electrically and physically connect to a ground plane of the circuit board to which it is connected.
FIG. 29 is an exploded view of clip 190b and end cap 199 and FIG. 30 is a view of clip 190b having an end cap 199 attached thereto. As shown in FIG. 30, tongue 2430 of end cap 199 is arranged to mate with a corresponding slot 2870 in clip 190b. As with the other illustrated fastening means, the present invention is not limited to the use of a tongue and corresponding slot.
Referring now to FIG. 31, FIG. 31 illustrates an embodiment of shield 160. Shield 160, according to the embodiment shown, includes hooks 3100 arranged to fit in slots in an interposer 180. FIG. 32 is an exploded view of shield 160 and an interposer 180. FIG. 33 is a view of shield 160 being connected to an interposer 180. FIG. 33 illustrates how the hooks 3100 of shield 160 snap into slots in interposer 180, thereby mechanically connecting the two.
FIG. 34 is a view of an assembled connector with an interposer 180 and clip 190a omitted. FIGS. 35 and 36 are different views of an almost fully assembled connector 100 according to one embodiment. When fully assembled, each aperture in each interposer holds a cell 1570. Referring to FIG. 35, FIG. 35 shows end caps 199a and 199b, shield 160, interposer 180a and clip 190b. 
Referring to FIG. 36, FIG. 36 shows end caps 199a and 199b, interposers 180a and 180b, and clips 190a and 190b. The clip 190a may be attached to the overall assembly by any usual fastening means and can include pins or other fastening means to attach the assembled connector 100 to a daughtercard, for example.
The additional interposer 180b and additional clip 190a may be identical to the interposer 180a and end plate 190b or can be different (or not present at all), depending upon the application of the interconnection system assembly.
While the two interposers 180 have been illustrated as being perpendicular to each other, the present invention is not limited thereto. That is, for some applications, the planes of the two interposers 180 can be at a 45-degree angle or other angle, for example. Thus, connector 100 need not be a “right-angle” connector.
As can be seen from FIGS. 34-36, the entire interconnection system assembly attaches together to form a rigid structure in which the electrical conductors on the printed circuit boards 120 may be entirely electromagnetically shielded.
While various embodiments/variations of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.

## Claims

1. An electrical connector, comprising:
a connector cell, the connector cell comprising:
a first spring;
a second spring;
a first contact member;
a second contact member;
a generally rectangular housing comprising a first aperture, a second aperture, a third aperture, a fourth aperture, and a tab projecting outwardly from a major side of the housing, wherein
the first spring is disposed in the first aperture, wherein the first aperture extends from a top side of the housing towards the bottom side of the housing, but does not reach the bottom side of the housing;
the second spring is disposed in the second aperture, wherein the second aperture extends from the top side of the housing towards the bottom side of the housing, but does not reach the bottom side of the housing;
the first contact member is disposed in the third aperture, wherein the third aperture extends from the top side of the housing to the bottom side of the housing, a proximal end of the first contact member projects beyond the bottom side of the housing, and a distal end of the first contact member projects beyond the top side of the housing;
the second contact member is disposed in the fourth aperture, wherein the fourth aperture extends from the top side of the housing to a bottom side of the housing, a proximal end of the second contact member projects beyond the bottom side of the housing, and a distal end of the second contact member projects beyond the top side of the housing; and

an interposer, the interposer comprising:
a top side,
a bottom side,
an aperture extending from the top side of the interposer to the bottom side of the interposer,
a slot formed in the aperture, wherein the slot extends downwardly from the top side of the interposer towards the bottom side of the interpose but does not extend all the way down to the bottom side of the interposer, and
a plurality of notches formed in a third side of the interposer, the third side being perpendicular to the top side and the bottom side, and each notch being configured to receive the end of a finger of a spacer, wherein

the connector cell is positioned in the aperture of the interposer such that:
the tab of the housing is positioned in the slot of the aperture,
the proximal end of the first contact member extends beyond the bottom side of the interposer,
the proximal end of the second contact member extends beyond the bottom side of the interposer,
the distal end of the first contact member extends beyond the top side of the interposer, and
the distal end of the second contact member extends beyond the top side of the interposer.

2. The electrical connector of claim 1, wherein each said contact member comprises a base portion, a transition portion, and a contact portion, wherein the base portion is between the proximal end and the transition portion, the transition portion is between the base portion and the contact portion, and the contact portion is between the transition portion and the distal end.

3. The electrical connector of claim 2, wherein the base portion of the first contact member is disposed in the third aperture so that generally the entire base portion is within the housing, the transition portion of the first contact member is angled inwardly with respect to the base portion of the first contact member, and the distal end of the first contact member is angled outwardly with respect to the transition portion of the first contact member, thereby being able to function as a lead-in portion.

4. The electrical connector of claim 1, further comprising a tab projecting outwardly from an outer surface of the housing.

5. An electrical contact assembly, comprising:
a member comprising a plurality of apertures; and
a plurality of connector cells, each one of said plurality of connector cells being disposed in one of said apertures of said member, wherein each said connector cell comprises:
a first spring;
a second spring;
a first contact member;
a second contact member;
a generally rectangular housing comprising a first aperture, a second aperture, a third aperture, and a fourth aperture, wherein the third and fourth apertures are in between the first and second apertures, wherein
the first spring is disposed in the first aperture, wherein the first aperture extends from a top side of the housing towards a bottom side of the housing, but does not reach the bottom side of the housing;
the second spring is disposed in the second aperture, wherein the second aperture extends from the top side of the housing towards the bottom side of the housing, but does not reach the bottom side of the housing;
the first contact member is disposed in the third aperture, wherein the third aperture extends from the top side of the housing to the bottom side of the housing, a proximal end of the first contact member projects beyond the bottom side of the housing, and a distal end of the first contact member projects beyond the top side of the housing;
the second contact member is disposed in the fourth aperture, wherein the fourth aperture extends from the top side of the housing to a bottom side of the housing, a proximal end of the second contact member projects beyond the bottom side of the housing, and a distal end of the second contact member projects beyond the top side of the housing.

6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein each said connector cell comprises a tab projecting outwardly from an outer surface of the housing of the cell.

7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein each said aperture of said member comprises a slot configured to receive a tab of a connector cell.

8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein, for each said member aperture, the slot of said aperture does not extend the entire length of the aperture.

9. The electrical contact assembly of claim 5, further comprising a circuit board having a first signal conductor disposed on a first face of the circuit board and having a second signal conductor disposed on a second face of the circuit board, wherein the circuit board is disposed such that a contact portion of the first contact member of one of said connector cells presses against the first signal conductor and a contact portion of the second contact member of said connector cell presses against the second signal conductor.

10. The electrical contact assembly of claim 9, wherein the first signal conductor mirrors the second signal conductor.

11. The electrical contact assembly of claim 9, wherein the first circuit board further comprises a third signal conductor disposed on the first face of the circuit board and a fourth signal conductor disposed on the second face of the circuit board, and a contact portion of the first contact member of one of said connector cells presses against the third signal conductor and a contact portion of the second contact member of said connector cell presses against the second signal conductor.

12. The electrical contact assembly of claim 9, further comprising:
a second member comprising a plurality of apertures; and
a second plurality of connector cells, each one of said second plurality of connector cells being disposed in one of said apertures of said second member.

13. The electrical contact assembly of claim 12, wherein each of said second plurality of connector cells comprises a contact member, and said first signal conductor electrically connects one of said contact members with said contact member that presses against said signal conductor.