2008 D e c i sion s O p inion s of the U nit e d S t at e s C our t of Appe al s for the Thir d C ir c uit 12-17-2008 

# U SA v . M o ore P r e c e de nt i al or N on-P r e c e de nt i al : N on-P r e c e de nt i al D ocke t N o . 07-4062

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w . vi ll anova . e du . Re c omme nde d C it at ion " U SA v . M oor e " (2008). 2008 D e cisio n s . P ape r 89. http://d i git alc ommon s .l a

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N ovember20, 3008 B e f o re : F U E N T E S , H A R D IM A N a n d G A R T H , C i r cui tJudges .

( Fi l ed: D ece m ber17, 2008)

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H A R D IM A N , C i r cui tJudge . D arn ell M o o re a p p ea ls th e jud g m en t of the D istri ct C o u rtim p o sing a m an d atory t e n - y e a rs e n t e n c e u n d e r1 8 U. S . C. § 9 2 4 ( c ) ( 1 ) ( A) ( i i i ) . W e wi l l a f f i r m. I. B eca us e w e w r i t e exc l us i vel yforthe part i es , w e w i l l di s cus s the fa ct s and p r o c e d u r a l h i s t o r y o f

t h e c a s e o n l y b r i e f

l y. M oor e pl eade d gui l t yt o t he us e of a w eapon dur i ng a cr i m e of vi ol ence , an arm ed bank r obbery , w hi ch ca r r i es a fi ve- y earm andat orym i ni m um s ent ence and a maxi m um s ent ence of l i fe i m pr i s onm ent . 18 U . S. C . § 924( c) ( 1) ( A ) ( i ) . A s partof hi s gui l t ypl ea, M oor e r es erved the r i ghtt o chal l enge the G overnm ent ’ s cl ai m thathe w as s ubj ectt o a t en- y earm andat or ym i ni m um under18 U . S. C . § 924( c) ( 1) ( A ) ( i i i ) beca us e i tw as r eas onabl yfor es eea bl e thathi s co- cons pi r at orw oul d di s char ge a f i r earm dur i ng the arm ed r o b b e r y. T he D i s t r i ctC our tconduct ed an e vi dent i aryhear i ng and found a s a mat t erof fa ct t hatM oor e coul d have r eas onabl yfor es een the us e of a fi r earm byhi s co- cons pi r at or d u ri n g the ro b b ery . M o o re a rgu es th at th e D istri ct C o u rterred b ec au se h e w as u n aw are t h a th i s c o - c o n s p i r a t o rw a s a r m e d o ri n t e n d e d t o d i s c h a r g e a f i r e a r m d u r i n g th e r o b b e r y. II. It is w e ll es tab lish e d th a t a c rim in a l d e f e n d a n t is liab le f

o r th e re a so n a b ly f o re s e e a b le a c tio n s o f

h is c o -c o n s p ir a to rs . P i nker t on v. U ni t ed Stat es , 328 U . S. 640, 647-3

4 8 (1 9 4 6 ); U

ni t ed Stat es v. R am os , 147 F. 3d 281, 286 ( 3d C i r . 1998) ( appl y i ng P i nker t on l i abi l i t yi n t he cont extof 18 U . S. C . § 924( c) ) . T he Supr eme C our thas hel d t hatthe s t atut or yenhanc ement s under§ 924( c) ( 1) ar e s ent enci ng fac t or s w hi ch the G overnm ent m u s t p ro v e b ya p re p o n d e ra n c e o f th e e v id e n c e . H

ar r is v. U

ni t ed Stat es , 536 U . S. 545 ( 2002) . W e r evi ew t he D i s t r i ctC our t ’ s fac tual fi ndi ngs r el at ed t o s ent enci ng forcl ear e rr o r. U ni t ed Stat es v. G r i er , 4 7 5 F . 3 d 5 5 6 , 5 6 8 -70 (3d C ir . 2 0 0 7 ) (en b an c). H er e, t he D i s t r i ctC our tm ade thr ee f i ndi ngs of fa cti n s uppor tof i t s l egal concl us i on t hatt he us e of a fi r earm w as for es eea bl e: ( 1) M oor e knew hi s co- cons pi r at or al w ay s carr i ed a f

i r earm ; ( 2) M oor e s aw hi s co- cons pi r at orw i t h a magazi ne forthe f ir e a rm ; a n d (3 ) M o o re a c k n o w le d g e d th a t h e c o u ld n o t p h y s ic a lly h a n d le th e f ir e a rm . D is t . C t . O

p. at13. M oor e obj ect s t o t hes e fi ndi ngs , cl ai m i ng thathe di d nothave s peci fi c know l edge thathi s co- cons pi r at orw as carr y i ng a fi r earm on t hatpart i cul arday and thatt he fa ct s w er e uncl earas t o w hetherhe s aw the magazi ne bef or e oraft erthe r o b b e r y. O urr evi ew of the r ecor d l eads us t o concl ude thatther e i s ampl e s uppor tforthe D i s t r i ctC our t ’ s fac tual fi ndi ngs . M or eover , M oor e’ s admi s s i on thathi s co- cons pi r at or “a lw ay s ca rri ed a g u n ” is su ff ici en t t o sh o w M o o re c o u ld h av e f o rese en that a f

ir ea rm w oul d be us ed, br andi s hed ordi s char ged dur i ng the r obbery , even i f M oor e di d nothave a c tu a l k n o w le d g e th a t h is c o -c o n s p ir a to r h a d a f ir e a rm o n th a t s p e c if

ic d a y . See U

ni t ed Stat es v. D i

xon , 9 8 2 F . 2 d 1 1 6 , 1 2 0 (3d C ir . 1 9 9 2 ).4

Ad d i t i o n a l l y , M o o r e ’ s a s s e r t i o n th a tth e Di s t r i c tCo u r ti n c o r r e c t l yc r e d i t e d th e F BI offi cer ’ s t es t i m onyr egar di ng hi s vi ew i ng of the magazi ne i s unavai l i ng. D ur i ng ques t i oni ng aboutt he eve nt s s ur r oundi ng the r obbery , M oor e admi t t ed t o s eei ng the m agaz i ne. M oor e now as s er t s t hatthi s s t at ementi s an i ns uffi ci entadmi s s i on beca us e the sta tem e n t d o e s n o t sp e c if yth a t h e sa w th e m a g a z in e b e f o re th e ro b b e ry . M o o re m a d e th is s t at ementw hen he w as as ked i f he kne w hi s co- cons pi r at orhad amm uni t i on forthe gun and M oor e r epl i ed thathe had s een a l oaded magazi ne. W e fi nd thatthe cont exti n w hi ch t hi s s t at ementw as el i ci t ed w as s uffi ci entforthe D i s t r i ctC our tt o cr edi ti tas evi dence t hat M o o re sa w th e m a g a z in e b e f o re th e ro b b e ryto o k p lac e , ev e n th o u g h th a t sp e c if ic l anguage w as notus ed. Fi nal l y , M oor e’ s comm entt hathe di d notcomm i tthe bank r obberybeca us e he injured h is ha n d an d co u ld n o t carrya f ir ea rm is fu rth er e v iden ce that the u se o f a firearm byone of hi s co- cons pi r at or s w as for es eea bl e. H aving up held these factual fi nd i ng s, i tfoll ow s a fort i ori that the D istri ct C o u rt ’s leg a l co n c lu sio n re g a rd in g f o re se e a b ili tyw a s n o t cle a rlye rro n e o u s. T h e re f o re , w e h o ld th a t th e ten -y e a r m a n d a to rym in im u m o f 1 8 U .S .C . § 9 2 4 (c )(1 )(A )(iii) w a s p ro p e rly appl i ed t o M oor e. III . M oor e al s o chal l enges t he r eas onabl enes s of hi s s ent ence . T hi s ar gum enti s a nons ta rt e r i n lig h t o f

o u r h o ld in g th a t th e te n -ye a r m a n d a to ry m in im u m a p p lie s to M o o re .5

T i t l e 18, § 3553( e) gi ves t he D i s t r i ctC our tl i m i t ed author i t yt o i m pos e a s ent ence bel ow the s tatu torym inim u m if th e g o v ern m en t fi les a m o ti o n that sets o u t a de fe n d an t’ s s ubs t ant i al as s i s t ance i n t he i nves t i gat i on orpr os ecut i on of anotherper s on w ho has comm i t t ed an of

fens e. N o s uch mot i on w as fi l ed i n t he ca s e. T hus , havi ng i m pos ed the m andat or ym i ni m um r equi r ed bys t atut e, the D i s t r i ctC our thad no author i t yt o r evi ew t he s e n te n c e f

o r r e a s o n a b le n e s s . S e e , e.g ., U n itedS ta tes v . T

a n n is , 942 F. 2d 196, 198 ( 3d C ir . 1 9 9 1 ) (ho lding that the d istri ct co u rth ad n o au tho ri tyto rev iew a m an d atory m i ni m um s ent ence under18 U . S. C . § 3742) . B eca us e no mot i on w as fi l ed bythe G o v ern m en t and b ec au se th e m an d atorym inim u m w as im p o sed , w e f ind M o o re’s s ent ence r eas onabl e. F o r th e f o re g o in g re a so n s, w e w ill a f f irm th e ju d g m e n t o f

th e D istric t C o u rt.