# T IN CLERKS OFFICE cuPREaE coufa.sinE OF wASMNerni DATE. 

### kjyjyf/sf . CHIEF JUSTKe This opinion was filed for record 

# aW)t(on7hAfi^^'?
Susan L. Carlson Supreme Court Clerk

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON THE ASSOCIATED PRESS,NORTHWEST NEWS NETWORK,

KING-TV ("KING 5"), KIRO 7,ALLIED DAILY NEWSPAPERS OF WASHINGTON,THE SPOKESMANREVIEW,WASHINGTON NEWSPAPER PUBLISHERS ASSOCIATION,SOUND PUBLISHING,INC.,TACOMANEWS, INC.("THE NEWS TRIBUNE"),and THE SEATTLE TIMES,

Respondents/Cross-Petitioners,

THE WASHINGTON STATE LEGISLATURE;THE WASHINGTON STATE SENATE;THE WASHINGTON STATE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, Washington state agencies; and SENATE MAJORITY LEADER MARK SCHOESLER, HOUSE SPEAKER FRANK CHOPP, SENATE MINORITY LEADER SHARON NELSON,and HOUSE MINORITY LEADER DAN KRISTIANSEN,each in their official capacity,

Petitioners/Cross-Respondents. No. 95441-1
En Banc 

### Filed DEC I 9AssociatedPress et al. v. Legislature et al,No.95441-1



### OWENS,J.— This case asks us to determine whether the state legislative 

### branch is subject to the general public records disclosure mandate ofthe Public Records Act(PRA),ch.42.56 ROW. To resolve this question,we must decide whether each ofthe two classes oflegislative entities constitute "ageneies"for 

## purposes ofthe PRA:the offices ofindividual legislators on the one hand and the institutional bodies ofthe senate,house ofrepresentatives,and legislature as a whole on the other. We hold that under the plain meaning ofthe PRA,individual legislators 

### are "agencies" subject in full to the PRA's general public records disclosure mandate because they are expressly included in the definitional chain of"agency" in a closely related statute. We further hold that the institutional legislative bodies are not 

### "agencies" because they are not included in that definitional chain,but they are instead subject to the PRA's narrower public records disclosure mandate by and 

### through each chambers'respective administrative officer. Accordingly,we affirm the trial court. FACTS 

### The parties agree that there are no material facts in dispute. Between January 25 

### and July 26,2017,members ofthe news media submitted 163 PRA requests to the state senate,the house ofrepresentatives,and the legislature as a whole,as well as the offices ofindividual state senators and representatives. Senate and house counsel responded to 

### the news media's PRA requests on behalfofthe chambers'chiefadministrative officers, the secretary ofthe senate (Secretary)and the chiefclerk ofthe house ofrepresentatives 2Associated Press et al. v. Legislature et al,No. 95441-1

(Clerk). In response to some requests,senate and house counsel stated that the legislature did notpossess responsive records in light ofthe definition of"public records" applicable to the legislature. In response to other requests,senate and house counsel and certain individual legislators voluntarily provided limited records. Some records that were provided contained redactions,though no exemptions were identified. Members ofthe news media were not satisfied with the legislative entities' responses. On July 26,members ofthe news media collectively submitted,via counsel, identical PRA requests to the senate,the house,and all individual legislators. The July 26 requests stated that ifthe recipients failed to adequately respond,the news media would "be forced to file a lawsuit addressing the PRA violations." Clerk's Papers (CP) at 43,48,54,59. House counsel again responded in a limited capacity,citing the "specific defmition of 'public records' [that] applies to the Legislature." CP at 31. On September 12,a coalition ofnews media outlets (collectively News Media Plaintiffs)filed a complaint against the institutional legislative bodies and four individual legislative leaders in their official capacities (collectively Legislative Defendants). The News Media Plaintiffs alleged that the Legislative Defendants violated the PRA by withholding public records. The Legislative Defendants refuted the allegations,arguing that the PRA sets out a narrower public records disclosure mandate specific to the legislative branch,which it argued exempts both its institutional bodies and individual legislators' offices from the PRA's general public disclosure mandate binding on "agencies." In November,the parties filed cross motions for summary 3Associated Press et al. v. Legislature et al,No. 95441-1



### judgment. The trial courtrequested thatthe state attorney general(AG) file an amicus briefoffering its analysis ofthe issue. The AG amicus briefproffered that individual 

### legislators' offices are "agencies"subject to the PRA's generalpublic records disclosure mandate,while the institutional legislative bodies are not. 

### On January 19,2018,the trial court granted in part and denied in part each party's motion for summary judgment,ruling in line with the AG's analysis. The Legislative Defendants petitioned this court for direct discretionary review and filed a motion to stay the order;the News Media Plaintiffs filed a cross motion for direct discretionary review. The trial court granted ajoint motion to certify questions oflaw to this court. Our Commissioner granted first the stay and later the motions for direct discretionary review.
ISSUES I. Are individual legislators' offices "agencies"for purposes ofthe PRA and therefore subject to the PRA's general public records disclosure mandate? II. Are institutional legislative bodies "agencies"for purposes ofthe PRA and therefore subject to the PRA's general public records disclosure mandate?
ANALYSIS We review de novo questions ofstatutory interpretation and challenges to agency actions under the PRA. RCW 42.56.550(3);Dep't of Ecology v. Campbell & Gwinn,LLC, 146 Wn.2d 1, 9,43 P.3d 4 (2002); City ofFederal Way v. Koenig, 167 Wn.2d 341, 344,217 P.3d 1172 (2009). We also review de novo summary judgment orders, undertaking the same inquiry as the trial court and viewing all facts and 4Associated Press et al. v. Legislature et a/.,No. 95441-1



### reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Hisle v. ToddPac. Shipyards Corp., 151 Wn.2d 853, 860,93 P.3d 108 (2004). Summary 

### judgment is proper where there are no genuine issues ofmaterial fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter oflaw. CR 56(c). Under rules ofstatutory interpretation, we must "ascertain and carry out the 

### Legislature's intent, and ifthe statute's meaning is plain on its face,then the court must give effect to that plain meaning as an expression oflegislative intent." 

### Campbell & Gwinn, 146 Wn.2d at 9-10. Plain "meaning is discerned from all that the Legislature has said in the statute and related statutes which disclose legislative intent about the provision in question." Id. at 11. "Statutes must be interpreted and construed so that all the language used is given effect, with no portion rendered meaningless or superfluous." Whatcom County v. City ofBellingham, 128 Wn.2d 537,546,909 P.2d 1303 (1996). Only ifthe statute remains ambiguous—that is, "susceptible to more than one reasonable meaning"—is it appropriate to resort to legislative history. Campbell & Gwinn, 146 Wn.2d at 12. "The PRA is 'a strongly worded mandate for broad disclosure ofpublic records.'" Bainbridge IslandPolice Guild v. City ofPuyallup, 172 Wn.2d 398,408, 259 P.3d 190 (2011)(plurality opinion)(quoting Hearst Corp. v. Hoppe,90 Wn.2d 123, 127, 580 P.2d 246 (1978)). The PRA's general public records disclosure mandate requires that "[ejach agency . . . shall make available for public inspection and copying all public records." RCW 42.56.070(1)(emphasis added). The PRA 5Associated Press et al. v. Legislature et a/.,No. 95441-1



### defines "agency"as including "all state agencies." RCW 42.56.010(1). The PRA defines "state agency" in turn as including "every state office,department,division, bureau,board,commission,or other state agency." Id. The PRA does not expressly define "state office" or the other terms enumerated in the definition of"state agency." 

### Neither does the PRA expressly indicate whether individual legislators or the senate, the house,and the legislature as a whole are "agencies" for purposes ofthe PRA. 

### Notably,the PRA provides an exception to the general public records disclosure mandate for the Secretary and the Clerk. While the PRA defines "public record" as "any writing containing information relating to the conduct of 

### government," a narrower definition applies to the Secretary and the Clerk: For the office ofthe secretary ofthe senate and the office ofthe chiefclerk 

### ofthe house ofrepresentatives, public records means legislative records as defined in RCW 40.14.100 and also means the following: All budget and financial records;personnel leave,travel,and payroll records;records 

### oflegislative sessions; reports submitted to the legislature; and any other record designated a public record by an official action ofthe senate or the house ofrepresentatives. 

### RCW 42.56.010(3). Additionally,the PRA distinguishes the Secretary and the Clerk from "agencies"by repeatedly referring to an "agency,the office ofthe secretary of the senate, or the office ofthe chiefclerk ofthe house ofrepresentatives." RCW 42.56.070(8), .100, .120;see Whatcom County, 128 Wn.2d at 546. In effect,the PRA establishes a narrower public records disclosure mandate for the Secretary and the Clerk.AssociatedPress et al. v. Legislature et a/.,No.95441-1



## Though the PRA sets out a narrower mandate for the Secretary and the Clerk,it does not expressly indicate whether that mandate encompasses records generated by individual legislators' offices and/or the institutional legislative bodies. However,the Secretary and the Clerk serve as the chiefadministrative officers for their respective chambers,responsible for classifying, arranging,maintaining,and preserving 

### legislative records. RCW 40.14.130;see also RCW 40.14.140 ("It shall be the duty of the clerk and the secretary to advise the party caucuses in each house concerning the 

### necessity to keep public records."). Because the offices ofthe Secretary and the Clerk exist to support the legislature's administrative functions,their narrower public records disclosure mandate clearly attaches to legislative entities in some capacity. The issues before us thus boil down to which legislative entities are subject 

### only to the narrower public records disclosure mandate by and through the Secretary and the Clerk,and which,ifany,legislative entities are "agencies" subject to the 

### PRA's general public records disclosure mandate. For purposes ofthis analysis,we consider each ofthe two classes oflegislative entities in turn: individual legislators' offices on the one hand and the institutional legislative bodies on the other. I. IndividualLegislators'Offices 

### Individual legislators' offices are plainly "agencies"for purposes ofthe PRA in light ofa closely related statute, former RCW 42.17A.005 (2011). Former RCW 42.17A.005 is the definitions section ofthe campaign disclosure and contribution law 

### (CDC),ch. 42.17A RCW. The laws that are today the CDC and the PRA were 7

### AssociatedPress et al. v. Legislature etal..No.95441-1



## enacted via initiative as a single law,the Public Disclosure Act. LAWS OF 1973,ch. 1 

# (Initiative 276,approvedNov.7,1972). For 35 years,these twinpillars ofopen governmentlaw were codified together within an omnibus chapter,former ch.42.17 RCW (2002). See LAWSOF 2005,ch.274,§§ 101-103. The CDC and the PRA thus exemplify "related statutes." Campbell& Gwinn, 146 Wn.2d at 11. The CDC and the PRA continue to share identical definitions of"agency"and 

## "state agency":"'Agency'includes all state agencies . . . . 'State agency'includes every state office." FormerRCW 42.17A.005(2);RCW 42.56.010(1). Significantly, the CDC goes on to expressly define "state office" as ineluding "state legislative office," and "legislative office" as including "the office ofa member ofthe state house ofrepresentatives or the office ofa member ofthe state senate.' Former RCW 42.17A.005(44),(29). Thus,the offices ofindividual legislators are unequivocally 

## "agencies"under the CDC. Given thatformer RCW 42.17A.005 is closely related and "disclose[s]legislative intent about the provision in question," Campbell & Gwinn, 146 Wn.2d at 11,we conclude that individual legislators' offices are plainly and unambiguously "agencies"for purposes ofthe PRA as well. 

### Legislative history,though unnecessary to discern the plain meaning ofthe statute,nonetheless supports our conclusion. To begin with,both the campaign 

### finance reporting provisions that became the CDC and the public records disclosure provisions that became the PRA were codified together within the orrmibus chapter when the definitions of"state office" and "state legislative office" were added to the 8

### AssociatedPress et al. v. Legislature et al.No. 95441-1



## definitional chain of"agency"in 1995. LAWS OF 1995,ch.397,§ 1. Those 

# provisionsremained codified together for 10years thereafter. SeeLAWSOF 2005,ch. 274. During thattime,the definition of"agency"as expressly including individual legislators' offices applied with equal force to allprovisions in the omnibus chapter. State V. Sullimn, 143 Wn.2d 162,175, 19P.3d 1012(2001)("Legislative definitions provided by the statute are controlling."). 

## In 2005,the legislature recodified the public records disclosure provisions into 

## a separate chapter,the PRA. LAWS OF 2005,ch. 274,§§ 101-103. Rather than establishing independent definitions for the newly minted PRA,however,the legislature incorporated by reference the definitions ofthe omnibus chapter. LAWS OF 2005,ch. 274, § 101 ("The definitions in RCW 42.17.020 apply throughout this 

## chapter."). Thus,even after the PRA was separated into its own chapter,the operative definition of"agency"expressly continued to include individual legislators' offices. Not until 2007 did the legislature amend the PRA to add a definitions section, 

### eliminating the incorporation by reference ofthe omnibus chapter's definitions. Laws of 2007,ch. 197, § 1. The 2007 amendment imported word for word into the 

### PRA the omnibus chapter's definition of"agency,"which remains unaltered;the rest ofthe definitional chain was not imported. See id.;RCW 42.56.010.'

' In 2010,the legislature amended the PRA and the CDC in the same session law,reeodifying the CDC into its own chapter,ch. 42.17A RCW,distinct from the omnibus chapter,which is now defunct. Laws of 2010,ch. 204, § 1102.

### AssociatedPress et al. v. Legislature et a/.,No.95441-1



## TheLegislativeDefendants argue thatthe 2005 and 2007 amendments divested individual legislators' offices ofthePRA's generalpublic records disclosure mandate. In their view,the amendments "signalpurposeful changes"and a "deliberate 

## exclusion"oflegislative offices from the PRA's definition of"agency." Wash.State Legislature's Opening Br.at 22. They characterize the 2005 amendmentas a "substantive step to distinguish the PRA from"the CDC and argue thatthe 2007 amendment "'cannot be viewed as accidental.'" Id.at 22,25 (quoting Jametsky v. Olsen, 179 Wn.2d 756,766,317P.3d 1003 (2014)). 

### Because the meaning of"agency"as pertains to individual legislators' offices is 

## plain,the Legislative Defendants'reliance on legislative history is premature,even if it supported their claim,which it does not. The 2005 amendmentwas not intended to effect any substantive change,much less a change as dramatic as the exemption ofall individual legislators from the PRA's general public records disclosure mandate. House bill reports were clear that the 2005 recodification ofthe PRA effected "no substantive change." H.B.Rep.ON SUBSTITUTEH.B. 1133,at 2-3, 59th Leg.,Reg. 

### Sess.(Wash.2005). "No exemptions [we]re modified,deleted,or added." FINALB. Rep.on Substitute H.B. 1133,at 2,59th Leg.,Reg. Sess.(Wash. 2005). 

### The exemption ofany government entity from the PRA's general public records disclosure mandate constitutes a major political action,one that cannot be 

### achieved through mere attrition, as the Legislative Defendants in effect posit. See Bainbridge IslandPolice Guild, 172 Wn.2d at 408;Freedom Found,v. Gregoire, 178 10

### Associated Press etal. v. Legislature et a/.,No.95441-1



## Wn.2d 686,695,310P.3d 1252(2013)("To preserve the PRA'sbroad mandate for disclosure,[we]construe[]its provisions liberally and its exemptions narrowly."). 

## ThePRA specifically included individual legislators' offices in the definitional chain of"agency"before and after thePRA was separated into its own chapter. Neither the 2005 nor 2007 amendments broke that chain. Without more—such as notice to the 

## electorate that legislators were attempting to exemptthemselves from the PRA— neither amendment was sufficient to accomplish that feat. 

## The Legislative Defendants also argue that the 2007 amendment "ended this inter-chapter 'borrowing'"ofdefinitions,which this court should not reinstate. Wash.State Legislature's Opening Br.at 25. However,this case is distinguishable 

## from past cases where we have rejected "borrowing"the definition ofa term from one statute to interpretthe same term in a different statute. In State v. Barnes, 189 Wn.2d 492,496-97,403 P.3d 72(2017),we declined to borrow the definition of"motor vehicle" from a transportation statute to interpret the same term in a criminal statute. 

### In Davis v. Department ofLicensing, 137 Wn.2d 957,964,977P.2d 554 (1999),we declined to borrow the definition of"juvenile"from ajuvenile justice statute to 

### interpret the same term in a controlled substances statute. 

### Unlike the unrelated pairs ofstatutes rejected for definitional cross-reference in Barnes and Davis,here the PRA and the CDC are profoundly related. For more than three decades,the PRA and the CDC were one law. Until 2007,they shared common 

### definitions. Today they remain housed within the same title and their definitions of 11

### AssociatedPress et al. v. Legislature et ah.No.95441-1 

## "agency"remain identical. Though the legislature ended thePRA's express incorporation ofthe omnibus chapter's definitions in 2007,rules ofstatutory 

# interpretation directusto consider related statutes forpurposes ofdiscerning theplain meaning ofaprovision. Campbell& Gwinn,146 Wn.2d at 11. This case is like WashingtonPublicPortsAss'n v. DepartmentofRevenue,148 Wn.2d 637,647-48, 62P.3d 462(2003),in which aretail sales tax statute "clariftied]the plain meaning" ofa "closely related"leasehold excise tax statute housed within the same title. Here, the CDC is closely related and clarifies the PRA's plain meaning of"agency." 

## Finally,the Legislative Defendants argue that by its ordinary meaning,the term 

## "agency"cannot encompass legislators. They point out thatthe legislature is a branch ofgovernment,while an "agency"commonly refers to administrative entities created by the legislature. However,reference to ordinary meaning here is misplaced because "[o]nly where a term is undefined will it be given its plain and ordinary meaning." United States v. Hoffman, 154 Wn.2d 730,741, 116 P.3d 999 (2005). In the context ofthe PRA,the term "agency"expressly serves as a placeholder 

### for an expansive array ofstate and local political entities: "every county,city,town, 

### municipal corporation,quasi-municipal corporation,or special purpose district, or any office, department,division,bureau,board,commission," or other state or local 

### agency. RCW 42.56.010(1). Many ofthese entities fall outside the scope of administrative "agencies" as the term is commonly understood. Nonetheless,all of these and more are "agencies" for purposes ofthe PRA. 12Associated Press et al. v. Legislature etal.No.95441-1



### For example,the CDC and the former omnibus chapter define "state office"as including "the office ofgovemor,lieutenant governor,secretary ofstate,attorney 

### general,commissioner ofpublic lands,insurance commissioner,superintendent of public instruction, state auditor,or state treasurer," in addition to state legislative offices. Former RCW 42.17A.005(44);LAWS OF 1995,ch. 397, § 1. Jn Freedom Foundation,we held that the governor's office enjoys an executive communications privilege but is otherwise subject to the PRA's general public records disclosure mandate. 178 Wn.2d.at 697. If, as the Legislative Defendants argue,individual legislators' offices were not "agencies" subject to the PRA's general public records disclosure mandate,then ostensibly neither would be the governor's office or the eight other executive branch entities enumerated in the CDC's definitional chain of "agency"because,like legislative offices,they are not expressly included in the PRA's definition of"agency." Such an interpretation ofthe PRA would be untenable given long-standing practice regarding the PRA's applicability to executive branch offices. See, e.g.. State v. Fjermestad, 114 Wn.2d 828,835,791 P.2d 897 (1990) (stating that unlikely,absurd,or strained interpretations mustbe avoided). In sum,we conclude that under the plain meaning ofthe PRA,individual legislators' offices are "agencies" subject to the PRA's general public records disclosure mandate. Legislative history confirms rather than contradicts our conclusion. Accordingly,we hold that the News Media Plaintiffs are entitled to judgment as a matter oflaw on this issue. 13

### AssociatedPress et al. v. Legislature et al.No. 95441-1



### II. InstitutionalLegislative Bodies 

## Institutional legislative bodies,on the other hand,are not "agencies for 

## purposes ofthe PRA in light ofclosely related formerRCW 42.17A.005 and relevant legislative history. Instead,we conclude that institutional legislative bodies are 

## subjectto the narrower public records disclosure mandate via the Secretary and the
Clerk. 

### Unlike individual legislators' offices,the senate,the house,and the legislature
are not included in the definitional chain of"agency"memorialized in the closely related CDC. Nee former RCW 42.17A.005(2),(29),(44). This fact alone 

### distinguishes institutional legislative bodies from entities such as the offices of individual legislators and the governor,which are "agencies" subject to the PRA's 

### general public records disclosure mandate. See Wash.Nat. Gas Co. v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 ofSnohomish County,11 Wn.2d 94,98,459 P.2d 633 (1969)(defining the principle ofexpressio unius est exclusio alterius). The News Media Plaintiffs argue that institutional legislative bodies should be 

### considered "agencies"for purposes ofthe PRA in light ofthe chapter governing ethics in public service, ch. 42.52 RCW. RCW 42.52.010(1)defines "agency"as including "the state legislature." However,in contrast to the CDC,chapter 42.52 is not closely related to the PRA for purposes ofdisclosing legislative intent about the meaning of 

### "agency." Whereas the PRA and the CDC were enacted as a single initiative and codified together in an omnibus chapter for 35 years, chapter 42.52 was enacted 14AssociatedPress et al. v. Legislature et a/.,No.95441-1



## independently in 1994 and codified separately from the omnibus chapter. LAWS OF 1994,ch. 154. The factthat chapter 42.52 is housed in the same title as the PRA does not alone render it related,nor does itjustify replacing the PRA's definition of 

## "agency"with RCW 42.52.010(1). "Legislative definitions generally control in construing the statutes in which they appear,but when the same word or phrase is used elsewhere the meaning depends on common usage and the context in which it is 

### used,unaffected by the other statutory definitions." Childers v. Childers, 89 Wn.2d 592,598,575 P.2d 201 (1978). Rather,RCW 42.52.010(1)demonstrates that the 

### legislature knew how to include its institutional bodies in a statutory definition of "agency"and chose not to do so in the PRA or the CDC. We thus conclude that institutional legislative bodies are plainly not "agencies"for purposes ofthe PRA. Legislative history again supports our conclusion. Unlike individual legislators' offices,the senate,the house,and the legislature were never included in the definitional chain of"agency" set out in the omnibus chapter, indicating that the institutional bodies are not subject to the PRA's general public records disclosure mandate. See former RCW 42.17.020(1),(39)(1995);LAWS OF 1995,ch. 397, § 1. 

### Notably,though,the legislature did account for the public records disclosure duties ofits institutional bodies in the same session law that it expressly recognized 

### individual legislators' offices in the definitional chain of"agency." The 1995 amendment ofthe omnibus statute established the narrower public records disclosure mandate incumbent on the Secretary and the Clerk as well as the definitions for "state 15AssociatedPress et al. v. Legislature et al,No.95441-1



## office" and "state legislative office." LAWS OF 1995,ch. 397,§ 1(39),(38). Ifthe 

## legislature had intended to include its institutional bodies in the definitional chain of agency,it readily could have done so then. Instead,the 1995 aniendment set out a 

## narrower scope ofpublic records for each chambers'chiefadministrative officer. The senate bill report stated that the "[p]ublic disclosure statutes are amended to 

## specifically address access to and production ofpublic records in the possession ofthe Senate and the House ofRepresentatives." FINAL B.Rep.ON ENGROSSED 

### Substitute S.B. 5684,at 2,54th Leg.,Reg. Sess.(Wash. 1995). The report's use of 

### the plural "statutes" suggests that it was describing the new,narrower mandate as well
as the addition ofdefinitions delineating individual legislators' offices as "agencies."
Id. 

### Indeed,it makes sense that the legislature would delegate its institutions' public records disclosure duties to the Secretary and the Clerk because those offices are 

### charged by law with classifying, arranging,maintaining, and preserving records generated by the senate and the house,respectively. ROW 40.14.130. What's more, the "public records"that the Secretary and the Clerk must disclose upon request are 

### "legislative records"that are institutional in nature: they include "records of legislative sessions;reports submitted to the legislature; and any other record designated a public record by an official action ofthe senate or the house of representatives." RCW 42.56.010(3).

16Associated Press et al. v. Legislature et at.,No.95441-1

We therefore conclude that the narrower public records disclosure mandate incumbent on the Secretary and the Clerk inures to the institutional legislative bodies and comprises the extent oftheir PRA obligations. Though the legislative institutions
are not expressly accounted for in the PRA,the CDC,or the omnibus chapter, interpreting that statutory silence as exempting them from any public records disclosure duties whatsoever would be absurd. See Fjermestad, 114 Wn.2d at 835. Instead,we find that the senate,the house,and the legislature as a whole are subject to the PRA through the Secretary and the Clerk,who fulfill the institutions' public records disclosure duties as chiefadministrative officers for their respective chambers. Finally,the News Media Plaintiffs contend that ifany class oflegislative entities are not "agencies" subject to the PRA's general public records disclosure mandate,"the public will not have a means to obtain those records and such records will fall, in effect,into an inaccessible black hole." Opening Br. ofAssociated Press et al. at 7. That argument rests fundamentally on public policy,which is the purview ofthe legislature and should not inform interpretation ofthe statute. We "should 

### resist the temptation to rewrite an unambiguous statute to suit our notions ofwhat is good public policy,recognizing the principle that 'the drafting ofa statute is a 

### legislative,not ajudicial function.'" State v. Jackson, 137 Wn.2d 712,725,976 P.2d 1229 (1999)(quoting State v. Enloe,47 Wn.App. 165, 170,734 P.2d 520 (1987)). Even so,the specter ofa "black hole" oflegislative public records is overblown. The standard governing whether an entity must disclose a public record is 17AssociatedPress et al. v. Legislature et a/.,No.95441-1



### whether the record requested is "prepared,owned,used,or retained"by that entity, not simply whether that entity possesses the record at the time ofthe request. RCW 42.56.010(3). Furthermore,the fact that the public cannot obtain all possible records is not unique to legislative entities but is, instead, a reality inherent to the PRA. Under numerous statutes,various categories ofrecords are exempt from public 

### inspection. E.g.,RCW 42.56.210(1)(exempting records "which would violate personal privacy or vital governmental interests");RCW 70.47.150 (exempting records regarding individuals' medical treatment);RCW 41.06.160 (exempting records regarding salary and fringe benefits rates). As "agencies" subject to the PRA's general mandate,individual legislators' offices are obliged to disclose upon 

### request all public records not otherwise exempted from public inspection. Thus,all conceivable categories ofnonexempt legislative records are obtainable either from the institutional legislative bodies via the Secretary or the Clerk,or from individual legislators' offices. In sum,we conclude that under the plain meaning ofthe PRA,institutional 

### legislative bodies are not "agencies"but are instead subject to the narrower public records disclosure mandate by and through the Secretary and the Clerk. Legislative 

### history bolsters that interpretation because the senate,the house,and the legislature have never been included in the definitional chain of"agency"for purposes ofthe PRA. Accordingly,we hold that the Legislative Defendants are entitled to judgment

as a matter oflaw on this issue. 18AssociatedPress etal. v. Legislature et al,No. 95441-1

CONCLUSION 

### We hold that under the plain meaning ofthe PRA,individual legislators' 

## offices are "agencies"subject to the PRA's general public records disclosure mandate because they are included in the definitional chain of"agency, as illuminated by the closely related formerROW 42.17A.005. We further hold that the senate,the house, and the legislature are not "agencies"because the institutional legislative bodies are not included in the definitional chain of"agency,"nor were they at any point. 

### Accordingly,we affirm the trial court and remand for further proceedings.

19Associated Press, et al. v. Legislature, et al.,lAo. 95441-1

WE CONCUR: 

# CKlAiA\hA^\ (2^

20Associated Press et al. v. Wash. State Legislature, et al.

(Stephens,J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)

No. 95441-1

STEPHENS,J. (concurring in part/dissenting in part)—^In passing Initiative 276,the people ofWashington intended the mandate ofpublic disclosure to govern 

### the legislature—including the house and senate,as well as individual legislators and their respective offices. The question before us is whether the legislature has since narrowed the people's mandate through a series ofamendments to the former public disclosure act (PDA), ch. 42.17 RCW,now recodified as the Public Records Act (PRA),ch.42.56RCW. The legislature contends its amendments show aplain intent to remove itself fi

-om the general disclosure requirements applicable to "a// state agencies" under the PRA. RCW 42.56.010(1) (emphasis added). It specifically claims it no longer meets the definition of "agency." Because I would hold the legislature remains an "agency" subject to the PRA,I respectfully dissent.AssociatedPress et al. v. Wash. State Legislature et at., 95441-1

(Stephens,J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)

ANALYSIS A. Background and Principles ofInterpretation In 1972,Washingtonians enacted the PDA by initiative. Laws of 1973,ch. 1 (Initiative 276, approved Nov. 7, 1972); see also Fritz v. Gorton, 83 Wn.2d 275, 284, 517 P.2d 911 (1974) (plurality opinion) (noting "the electorate adopted Initiative 276 . . . by a substantial majority ofthe votes cast"). "An exercise ofthe initiative power is an exercise of the reserved power of the people to legislate." Amalg. Transit Union Local 587v. State, 142 Wn.2d 183,204, 11 P.3d 762,27P.3d 608 (2000). "In approving an initiative measure,the people exercise the same power of sovereignty as the Legislature does when enacting a statute." Id. And, today, "[t]he Washington public [records] act [remains] a strongly worded mandate for broad disclosure of public records." Hearst Corp. v. Hoppe, 90 Wn.2d 123, 127, 580 P.2d 246 (1978); Fortgang v. Woodland Park Zoo, 187 Wn.2d 509, 512, 387 P.3d 690 (2017). The statute states: The people of this state do not yield their sovereignty to the agencies that serve them. The people, in delegating authority, do not give their public servants the right to decide what is good for the people to know and what is not good for them to know. The people insist on remaining informed so that they may maintain control over the instruments that they have created. RCW 42.56.030. Thus, we must construe the PRA liberally—and its exemptions narrowly—^to promote this public policy and to ensure that the public interest will

-2-AssociatedPress et al. v. Wash. State Legislature et al,95441-1

(Stephens,J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)

be fully protected. Id. In reviewing the PRA,we must "take into accountthe policy

. . . that free and open examination ofpublic records is in the public interest, even though such examination may cause inconvenience or embarrassment to public officials or others." RCW 42.56.550(3). "'[I]n determining the meaning of a statute enacted through the initiative process, the court's purpose is to ascertain the collective intent of the voters who, acting in their legislative capacity,enacted the measure.'" Bellevue John Does 1-11 V. Bellevue Sch. Dist. No. 405, 164 Wn.2d 199, 210, 189 P.Sd 139 (2008)(quoting Amalg. Transit, 142 Wn.2d at 205). We read an initiative in light of its various provisions, rather than in a piecemeal approach, in relation to the surrounding statutory scheme,and we strive to give effect to all the language in the statute. Am. Legion PostNo. 149 v. Dep't of Health, 164 Wn.2d 570,585, 192 P.3d 306 (2008). "Where the voters' intent is clearly expressed in the statute,the court is not required to look further." Amalg. Transit, 142 Wn.2d at 205. Thus, "[wjhere the language ofan initiative enactment is 'plain, unambiguous,and well understood according to its natural and ordinary sense and meaning,the enactment is not subject to judicial interpretation [or construction]."' Id. at 205 (quoting State v. Thorne, 129 Wn.2d 736,762-63,921 P.2d 514 (1996)).

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(Stephens,J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)

When necessary to interpret an initiative's meaning,we read the language of the enactment '"as the average informed lay voter would read it.'" Am.Legion, 164 Wn.2d at 585 (internal quotation marks omitted)(quoting State v. Brown,139 Wn.2d 20, 28, 983 P.2d 608 (1999)). And the "[r]ules of statutory construction apply." Amalg. Transit, 142 Wn.2d at 205. So, if there is ambiguity in the enactment, we may examine the statements in the voters' pamphlet to determine the voters' intent
or we may resort to extrinsic aids, such as legislative history, later amendments,or
canons of construction, to determine the legislature's intent. See id. at 205-06. Finally, we will not substitute our judgment for that of the electorate unless the initiative violates state or federal constitutional provisions. Id. at 206. B. The Average Informed Lay Voter Intended the Legislature To Be Subject to the PDA We must first determine what the people of Washington originally intended when they passed the PDA in Initiative 276. Although policy declarations have no "operative force in and of themselves, [they] serve as an important guide in determining the intended effect ofthe operative sections." Hearst,90 Wn.2d at 128. The people described the public policy underlying the PDA with reference to all levels ofgovernment. LAWS OF 1973, ch. 1, § 1(2),(5),(6),(11). For example, the people made clear that "full access to information concerning the conduct of

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(Stephens,J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)

government on every level must be assured as a fundamental and necessary precondition to the sound governance of a free society." Id. § 1(11) (emphasis added). The people defined "agency," as it remains today, to "include[] all state agencies and all local agencies." Id. § 2(1). And they defined "state agency" to "include[] every state office, public official, department, division, bureau, board, commission or other state agency." Id. They did not otherwise define any ofthe terms in the definition of "state agency." See generally id. The Nast court aptly observed,"These are very broad definitions." Nastv. Michels, 107 Wn.2d 300,305, 306-07, 730 P.2d 54 (1986) (noting that these definitions could be reasonably interpreted to include court case files but holding that the PDA does not apply to court case files because (1)the common law provides access,(2)the PDA does not specifically include courts or court case files within its definitions, and (3)such an interpretation would undo all the developed law protecting privacy and governmental interests); see also City of Federal Way v. Koenig, 167 Wn.2d 341, 349, 217 P.3d 1172 (2009) (Korsmo, J. Pro Tem., concurring) ("The[se] broad definition[s] brook[]no exceptions."). Besides the obvious breadth ofthe definitions ofagency,the use ofthe word "include" generally "signal [s] that the list that follows is meant to be illustrative

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(Stephens,J., coneurring in part/dissenting in part)

rather than exhaustive." Samantar v. Yousuf, 560 U.S. 305, 317, 130 S. Ct. 2278, 176 L.Ed. 2d 1047 (2010)(citing 2A Norman J. Singer & J.D. Shambie Singer, Sutherland on Statutory Construction § 47.7, at 305 (7th ed. 2007)('"The word "includes" is usually a term ofenlargement, and not oflimitation.'" (quoting 

### Argosy Ltd. v. Hennigan, 404 F.2d 14, 20 (5^*^ Cir. 1968)))); see also Antonin ScALiA &BryanA.Garner, ReadingLaw:

TheInterpretation ofLegalTexts 132 (2012) ("The verb to include introduces examples, not an exhaustive list." 

### (boldface omitted)).^ Finally, the catchall phrase "or other state agency" further signals that the people intended the list to be nonexhaustive. The PDA as originally drafted plainly includes individual legislators; they are "public officials" and their respective offices are "state offices." The harder question is whether the definition of "state agency" incorporates the legislature as an institution, including the house and the senate. The statute does not expressly reference the legislature or either bicameral body. It does not list the coordinate "branches" ofgovernment,for instance. Still, on the other hand,it does not exempt the coordinate "branches"ofgovernmentfrom its nonexhaustive list. The legislative

^ "In normal English usage, if a group 'consists of or 'comprises' 300 lawyers, it contains precisely that number. Ifit 'includes' 300 lawyers,there may well be thousands of other members from all walks of life as well. That is, the word include does not ordinarily introduce an exhaustive list." SCALIA & GARNER,supra,at 132.

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### "branch" could reasonably fit into the "other state agency"category. The legislature could reasonably be interpreted to be a "division" ofgovernment,depending on the 

### particular dictionary one uses and the particular definition one selects. Absent a plain exemption ofthe legislature from the definition of"state agency," its reach is ambiguous at most. This is not alarming, as ambiguity is inherent to this type of open-ended definition, which necessarily renders it susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation. The term "state agency" may reasonably incorporate the legislature and its bicameral bodies,but it equally may not. 

### The lead opinion cites the canon expressio unius est exclusio alterius to argue that because the PDA expressly lists various types ofgovernmental entities subject to the PDA,it intends all others ofthe same class—^namely, the legislature and its bicameral bodies and other offices—^to be exempted. Lead opinion at 14. But, as stated above,the use ofthe word "includes" and the catchall phrase "or other state agency" signals that the people intended this list to be nonexhaustive. Cf State v. 

### Delgado, 148 Wn.2d 723, 726-29, 63 P.3d 792 (2003) (concluding a particular statutory list with limiting language was exclusive). Moreover, based on the definition's syntax, the use of the coordinating conjunction "or" suggests the 

### nonexhaustive list ofgovernmental entities is disjunctive. See, e.g., Tesoro Ref. & Mktg. Co. V. Dep't of Revenue, 164 Wn.2d 310, 319-20, 190 P.3d 28 (2008)

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(Stephens,J., eoncurring in part/dissenting in part) 

### (plurality opinion)(concluding the use of"or"in aparticular statutory definition was disjunctive). Thus, a particular state agency could be one of the types of governmental entities listed,butit could also be some "other state agency"not listed. The lead opinion's reliance on the expressio unius canon is misplaced. See, e.g..In
re Det. ofLewis, 163 Wn.2d 188, 196-97, 177 P.3d 708 (2008)(holding that the defendant's reliance on the expressio unius canon was misplaced). More helpful is the voters' pamphlet for Initiative 276,explaining the PDA's expansive disclosure requirements: "The initiative would require all. . . 'public record[s]' ofboth state and local agencies to be made available for public inspection and copying by any person asking to see or copy a particular record . . ." Further, the statement expressly provided that the law "makes all public records and documents in state and local agencies available for public inspection and copying" except those exempted to protect individual privacy and to safeguard essential governmental functions. Hearst,90 Wn.2d at 128 (alterations in original)(quoting State a/Washington Voters Pamphlet, General Election 10, 108 (Nov. 7, 1972). But even this statement does not directly answer whether the people intended the legislature, and its bicameral bodies and other offices,to be included in the definition of"state agency." We should therefore consider the policy pronouncements provided in the initiative to help clarify the voters' intent. The people described the public policy underlying the PDA several times as intending to reach all levels of government.

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Laws of 1973, ch. 1, § 1(2), (5), (6), (11). "If the people intended to exempt an entire branch ofgovernment from the reach ofthe PRA,it would seem that a clear statement ofsuch intent would be in order." Koenig, 167 Wn.2d at 349 (Korsmo,J. Pro Tem.,concurring). But the people made no such statement. It appears the people thought it wiser to proceed with care:to be general rather than specific, universal rather than particular. Specificity and particularity would cut the heart from their broad mandate of assuring "full access to information concerning the conduct ofgovernment on every level.'' LAWS OF 1973,ch. 1,§ 1(11) (emphasis added). Given the people's instruction that the PDA "shall be liberally construed,"there is only one tenable conclusion we mayreach:the PDA as originally enacted intended to apply to the legislature, including the house and the senate, as well as to individual legislators and their respective offices. C. Relevant Legislative Amendments Starting with the original intent of the PDA,we must evaluate whether the legislature subsequently narrowed the people's broad mandate for open government through a series ofamendments. In 1977, the legislature amended the definition of "agency" to remove the words "public official." Laws of 1977, ch. 313, § 1(1). This amendment plainly removed individual legislators from the definition of "state agency," and thus,

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(Stephens,J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)

individual legislators were no longer "agencies" subject to the general requirements ofthe PDA. In 1995,the legislature amended other relevant parts ofthe PDA. Laws OF 1995, ch. 397. The legislature did not amend the definition of "state agency," but did create a definition for the term "state office," a term in that broader definition. '"State office' means state legislative office or the office of governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, attorney general, commissioner of public lands, insurance commissioner,superintendent ofpublic instruction, state auditor, or state treasurer." Laws OF 1995,ch. 397, § 1(39)(emphasis added). The legislature also created a definition for the term "state legislative office" in the definition of "state office." '"State legislative office'" means the office of a member ofthe state house of representatives or the office of a member of the state senate." Id. § 1(38) (emphasis added). The amendment thus resolved any ambiguity about the people's intent for individual legislators' offices,i.e., offices ofmembers ofthe house and the senate,to be subject to the requirements ofthe PDA. The legislature also added a sentence to the definition of"public record": "Public record" includes any writing containing information relating to the conduct of government or the performance of any governmental or proprietary function prepared, owned,used, or retained by any state or local agency regardless of physical form or characteristics. For the office ofthe secretary of the senate and the office of the chief clerk of the house of representatives,public records means legislative records as defined in RCW

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(Stephens,J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)

40.14.100 and also means thefollowing: All budget andfi nancial records; personnel leave, travel, andpayroll records; records of legislative sessions; reports submitted to the legislature; and any other record designated a public record by any official action of the senate or the house of representatives. Id. § 1(36)(emphasis added). Here, the legislature incorporated by reference the definition oflegislative records in RCW 40.14.1GO,which differs from the definition of public records in the general provisions of the PDA. And the legislature 

### determined that the secretary and the chiefclerk^ were responsible for preservation ofonly seven classes oflegislative records. Id.\ RCW 40.14.100. All other classes of public records in the legislature's possession are still plainly subject to the general definition. Adding the sentence delegating responsibility to the secretary and the chiefclerk for preservation of certain classes of legislative records in no way worked to narrow the general responsibility of agencies subject to the general public records requirements of the PDA. The amendment begins with the phrase "For the office of the secretary and the chief clerk;this functions only to specify the duties ofthose state offices,not the duties of other legislative "agencies." It must be understood in connection with RCW 

### 40.14.100,which provides that the secretary and the chiefclerk are not obligated to

^ The secretary and the chiefclerk are positions authorized by the Washington State Constitution. Const,art. II, § 10.

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### preserve "reports or correspondence made or received by or in any way under the personal control ofthe individual members ofthe legislature." But such "reports or correspondence" "containing information relating to the conduct ofgovernment or 

### the performance ofany governmental or proprietary function prepared,ovmed,used,
or retained by any state . , . agency" are nonetheless clearly "writings" and thus "public records." RCW 40.14.100; Laws of 1995, ch. 397, § 1(36), (42). As a result, imder the amendment,the responsibility for those types of "public records" 

### falls to the "agency" in control of the records—^that is, the particular office of a member of the house or senate, or the particular body or other office of the 

### legislature. Ifthe legislature, including its bicameral bodies and other offices, had intended to exempt itselfin its institutional capacity from responsibility for all other classes ofpublic records except for legislative records, it did not say so. All it said
was that the secretary and the chief clerk were now responsible for the preservation ofcertain classes oflegislative records. In 2005,the legislature observed "that chapter 42.17RCW [thePDA]contains laws relating to several discrete subjects." LAWS OF 2005,ch. 274, § 1. It therefore 

### amended the PDA and recodified part ofit as the PRA,ch. 42.56 RCW. Id. §§ 102, 103. Importantly, all the definitions in former RCW 42.17.020 (2005) still apply

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(Stephens,J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)
throughoutthe freshly recastPRA. Id.§ 101. Accordingly,the PRA'srecodification in its own chapter did not affect the definitions at issue. In 2007,the legislature amended the PRA to make minor adjustments and add
a discrete definitions section. Laws of 2007, ch. 197, § l(l)-(3). The new definitions sections comprised only three definitions and contained no crossreference to its former definitions section. Id. It defined the terms "agency," "public record," and "writing." Id. The language of the definitions remained unchanged from their prior form in former RCW 42.17.020. See id.', of. former RCW 42.17.020(2),(41),(48) (2005). Yetalthough the term "state office"remained in the definition of "state agency," it was no longer defined. And therefore the new definitions section in the PRA no longer contained a definition for "state office"and, consequently,for "state legislative office." In 2010,the legislature again amended chapter 42.17RCW. The amendment specifically addressed campaign contribution and disclosure laws. It added a new chapter, ch. 42.17A RCW;created new sections; and repealed and recodified many statutes. Laws of 2010,ch. 204. It also added a definition for the term "person in interest" to the PRA. Id. § 1005. It is with this backdrop in mind that we now turn to the current version ofthe
PRA at issue.

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(Stephens,J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)

D. Current Statute The PRA requires each "agency" to make all "public records" available for public inspection and copying unless the record falls within a specific exemption. RCW 42.56.070(1). The PRA defines the terms "agency" and "public records." RCW 42.56.010(1), (3). "The definitions of 'agency' and 'public record' are each comprehensive on their own and, when taken together, mean the PRA subjects 'virtually any record related to the conduct of government' to public disclosure." Nissen v. Pierce County, 183 Wn.2d 863,874,357 P.3d 45 (2015)(quoting O'Neill V. City of

Shoreline, 170 Wn.2d 138, 146-47, 240 P.3d 1149 (2010)). "This broad construction is deliberate and meant to give the public access to information about every aspect ofstate and local government." Id.at 874. Thus,"[i]fthese definitions
are satisfied, then the act applies absent a specific exemption." Nast, 107 Wn.2d at 311 (Durham, J., dissenting); see also Resident Action Council v. Seattle Hous. Auth, 111 Wn.2d 417, 438, 327 P.3d 600 (2013) (figure illustrating whether disclosure under the PRA is required). As discussed above, the term "agency" remains unchanged since 1972 and "includes all state agencies and all local agencies." RCW 42.56.010(1)(emphasis

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### added). And '"[sjtate agency' includes every state office, department, division, bureau,board, commission,or other state agency." Id. 

### I agree with the lead opinion's analysis about individual legislators' offices. The 2007 legislative amendments did not work to break the definitional chain, and individual legislators' offices are "agencies" subject to the PRA's broad public records disclosure mandate. Lead opinion at 13. But I disagree that the legislature, including its bicameral bodies and other offices, are not "agencies" subject to the

PRA. The lead opinion places heavy emphasis on the fact that the legislature and its bicameral bodies are not specifically listed in the PRA's broad definition of "state agency." Id. at 14. The lead opinion argues thatthe "legislature knew how to include its institutional bodies in a statutory definition of 'agency' and chose not to do so in the PRA or the CDC [campaign disclosure and contribution law]." Id. at 15. Yet 

### the lead opinion loses sight ofthe fact that this was an initiative originally drafted by the people. And we mustinterpret the PRA as the '"average informed lay voter'" would. Am. Legion, 164 Wn.2d at 585 (quoting Brown, 139 Wn.2d at 28). The failure ofthe electorate to name the legislature explicitly in its broad,nonexhaustive 

### list of governmental entities is not dispositive. The failure of the legislature to 

### subsequently exempt itself from the broad, nonexhaustive list is more telling. In

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(Stephens,J., concurring in part/dissenting in part) 

### point of fact, the legislature has tried to exempt itself, but failed.^ The two definitions at issue,"agency"and "state agency,"remain almost entirely unchanged except for the deletion of the term "public official." Thus, in keeping with the original intent ofthe electorate, I would hold that the legislature and its bicameral bodies and other offices are "agencies" subject to the PRA. 

### Our case law supports that the definition of"state agency" is not cabined by the classes of entities listed in its definition. For example, we have held a 

### nongovernmental,private entity may be subject to the PRA if it is found to be the "functional equivalent" of a public "agency." Fortgang, 187 Wn.2d at 512-13 

### (adopting the four-factor Telforct balancing test).^

^ Most recently,the legislature passed Engrossed Senate Bill 6617,65th Leg.,Reg. Sess. (Wash. 2018), which explicitly exempted itself from the PRA. At the subsequent urging ofmany legislators, the govemor vetoed the bill, and the veto was not overcome. While I am aware that "legislative intent cannot be gleaned from the failure to enact a measure," e.g.,State v. Conte, 159 Wn.2d 797, 813, 154 P.3d 194 (2007),this most recent experience serves only to highlight that the legislature has not explicitly exempted itself from the PRA. See RCW 42.56.070, .230-.470, .600-.610. Telfordv. Thurston County Bd. ofComm'rs,95 Wn.App. 149, 161-63,974 P.2d 886 (1999). ^ "The Telford test—^which derives from ease law interpreting the federal Freedom ofInformation Act(FOIA)—furthersthePRA'spurposes by preventing governments from evading public oversight through creative contracting." Fortgang, 187 Wn.2d at 513 (footnote omitted) (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552). The PRA "closely parallels" FOIA, and sometimes judicial interpretations ofFOIA help us construe the PRA. Hearst, 90 Wn.2d at 128. But Congress is not an "agency" under FOIA and is specifically exempted. 5 U.S.C. §§ 551(1)(A), 552(f). Congressional records thus are not subject to FOIA's disclosure requirements. See id. Our legislature, conversely,has not explicitly exempted itselffrom the PRA like its federal counterpart.

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### "Under the Telford test,the factors relevant to deciding when a private entity is treated as the functional equivalent of an agency are (1) whether the entity 

### performs a government function,(2)the extent to which the government funds the entity's activities,(3)

the extentofgovernmentinvolvementin the entity's activities, and (4)whether the entity was created by the government." M at 517-18. Generally,a nongovernmental,private entity would not fit in one ofthe listed categories of "state agency," such as "state office, department, division, bureau, board, [or] commission." RCW 42.56.010(1). But such entities could fit in the "other state agency"category. See, e.g., Clarke v. Tri-Cities Animal Care & Control Shelter, 144 Wn.App. 185, 191, 195, 181 P.3d881 (2008)(concluding that the TriCities Animal Care and Control Shelter—^a privately run corporation that contracted with the regional animal control authority to provide animal control services—^was the functional equivalent of a public "agency" subject to the PDA). Still, it would be absurd to conclude that a nongovernmental, private entity can be subject to the PRA but the legislature cannot simply because it is not listed in the open-ended definition of"state agency." Our constitution vests the legislature, consisting ofthe house and the senate, with the authority to make laws and fund the government; to hold the legislature is not, at least, the functional equivalent of a "state agency"

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(Stephens,J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)

would be absurd. See Resident Action Council, 111 Wn.2d at 431 (noting we interpret the PRA to avoid absurd results). 

### The lead opinion concludes that by adding one sentence to the definition of public records, which specifies only that the secretary and the chief clerk are 

### responsible for certain classes of legislative records, the legislature dramatically narrowed the scope of general public records requirements and relieved itself of further obligations under the PRA. Lead opinion at 16. I disagree. To begin with, the secretary and the chief clerk do not possess all of the legislature's public records. Instead, they possess only the legislative records members ofthe legislature's various committees and subcommittees provide: The legislative eommittee chair, subcommittee chair, committee member,or employed personnel ofthe state legislature having possession oflegislative records that are not required for the regular performance of official duties shall, within ten days after the adjoumment sine die of a regular or special session, deliver all such legislative records to the clerk of the house or the secretary ofthe senate. RCW 40.14.130. In addition, the secretary and the chief clerk depend on the legislature to "deliver" those legislative records to their respective offices:

The chair, member, or employee of a legislative interim eommittee responsible for maintaining the legislative reeords of that committee shall, on a scheduled basis agreed upon by the ehair, member,or employee ofthe legislative interim eommittee, deliver to the clerk or secretary all legislative records in his or her possession.

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(Stephens,J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)

Id. The statute governing the preservation and destruction ofpublic records defines legislative records: "[L]egislative records" shall be defined as correspondence, amendments, reports, and minutes of meetings made by or submitted to legislative committees or subcommittees and transcripts or other records ofhearings or supplementary written testimony or data thereof filed with committees or subcommittees in connection with the exercise oflegislative or investigatory functions,butdoes not include the records ofan official act ofthe legislature kept by the secretary of state, bills and their copies, published materials, digests, or multi-copied matter which are routinely retained and otherwise available at the state library or in a public repository, or reports or correspondence made or received by or in any way under the personal control ofthe individual members ofthe legislature. RCW 40.14.100 (emphasis added). Thus, the secretary and the chief clerk are currently responsible for compiling and preserving a much narrower subset of public records—legislative records—^than the PRA's broad disclosure requirements encompass. Presumably, the legislature could possess public records related to matters ofsubstantial public interest,butthose records will never be delivered to the secretary and the chief clerk. If we accept the lead opinion's conclusion that the legislature is not subject to the PRA and, instead, the PRA's requirements pertain only to the secretary and the chief clerk, then we must accept that the people may not obtain a host of public records not otherwise specified in the limited class of legislative records for which the secretary and the chiefclerk are responsible. Such

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### a reading would defeat the clear purpose and intent of the people in enacting the

PRA. 

### The PRA specifically addresses the secretary and the chief clerk in its definition of"public records" and states that, when it comes to these specific state offices, "public records" are "legislative records." RCW 42.56.010(3). However, there are other legislatively created records, like the ones requested by the Associated Press in response to incidents of alleged sexual harassment and misconduct,that fall outside the definition of"legislative records" but must still be recognized as "public records." Cf. RCW 40.14.100; RCW 42.56.010(3). Under the lead opinion's holding that the secretary and the chief clerk are the only 

### "agencies" of the legislature subject to the PRA,the documents requested by the Associated Press concerning allegations of sexual harassment and misconduct will be consumed by the very "black hole" the PRA meant to avoid. Cf. Fortgang, 187 

### Wn.2d at 520 (observing that the Telford test was designed to prevent the government from contracting with a private entity to evade PRA accountability). The lead opinion says "the specter ofa 'black hole' oflegislative public records is overblown," lead opinion at 17,yet it looms large. 

### The lead opinion also argues "the factthatthe public cannot obtain allpossible records is not unique to legislative entities but is, instead, a reality inherent to the

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### PRA,"and cites several categories ofrecords that are exemptfrom production under 

### the PRA. Id. at 17-18. But the legislature has not exempted itselffrom the PRA.^ All it has done is assign the secretary and the chiefclerk duties related to a narrower 

### subset ofpublic records:legislative records. There is nothing in the PRA supporting the notion that the legislature intended to exempt itself. Q/] 5 U.S.C. § 551(1)(A) 

### (Congress explicitly exempting itselffrom FOIA's definition of"agency"). Absent

^ There is no exemption that specifically applies to public records in the possession of the legislature or its bicameral bodies or other offices. "The PRA contains numerous exemptions that protect certain information or records from disclosure, and the PRA also incorporates any 'other statute' that prohibits disclosure of information or records." ResidentAction Council, 111 Wn.2d at 432. "The PRA's exemptions are provided solely to protect relevant privacy rights or vital govemmental interests that sometimes outweigh the PRA's broad policy in favor of disclosing public records." Id. See generally RCW 42.56.230 (personal information exemptions), .235 (religious affiliation exemptions), .240 (investigative, law enforcement, and crime victim information exemptions), .250 (employment and licensing information exemptions), .270 (financial, commercial, and proprietary information exemptions), .280 (preliminary drafts, notes, recommendations, and intra-agency memorandum exemptions), .290 (agency party to controversy exemptions), .300 (areheological site exemptions), .310 (library records exemptions), .320 (education information exemptions), .330 (public utilities and transportation exemptions), .335 (public utility districts and municipality owned electrical utilities exemptions), .350 (health professional exemptions), .355 (interstate medical licensure compact exemptions), .360 (health care exemptions), .370 (client records of domestic violence programs, or community sexual assault programs or services for underserved populations exemptions), .380 (agricultural and livestock exemptions), .390 (emergency or transitional housing exemptions), .403 (property and casualty insurance statement of actuarial opinion exemptions), .410 (employment security department records exemptions), .420 (security exemptions), .430 (fish and wildlife exemptions), .450 (check cashers and sellers licensing applications exemptions), .460 (fireworks exemptions), .470 (correctional workers exemptions), .600 (privileged mediation communications exemptions), .610 (certain information from dairies and feedlots limited).

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a specific exemption, the PRA applies if the definitions of "agency" and "public record" are met. Nast, 107 Wn.2d at 311 (Durham,J., dissenting). The lead opinion misinterprets the statute delegating responsibility to the secretary and the chief clerk in administering the preservation ofcertain classes of legislative records. The secretary and the chief clerk's statutory responsibilities related to legislative records do not affect the legislature's other responsibilities under the PRA. And the statutory scheme leaves the secretary and the chief clerk powerless to address the people's mandate for open government on issues outside their archival duties specifically related to the legislative process—for example, potential public records related to reported incidents of alleged sexual harassment and misconduct. I would hold the secretary and the chief clerk's responsibilities under the PRA are currently limited to the administration oflegislative records,and the legislature, as an "agency," is still obliged to provide all other documents that 

### meet the definition of"public records"under the PRA.^

^ That said, the legislature may delegate its record keeping duties to the secretary and the chiefclerk or some other agency: "A state or local agency's public records officer may appoint an employee or official ofanother agency as its public records officer." RCW 42.56.580(1).

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CONCLUSION 

### '"A popular Government, without popular information, or the means of acquiring it, is but a Prologue to a Farce or a Tragedy; or, perhaps both.'" Progressive Animal Welfare Sac'y v. Univ. ofWash, 125 Wn.2d 243,251,884P.2d 592 (1994) (quoting Letter to W.T. Barry (Aug. 4, 1822), in 9 The Writings of James Madison: 1819-1836, at 103 (Gaillard Hunt ed., 1910)). Because I believe 

### the legislature is a state agency subject to the PRA, and the statute delegating responsibility to the secretary and the chief clerk in administering the preservation ofcertain classes oflegislative records is narrow,I carmot accept the lead opinion's conclusion that the legislature, including its bicameral bodies and other offices, are not subject to the broad mandate for open government. Instead, I would hold that 

### the legislature as an institution, just like individual legislative offices, is subject to the PRA and must comply with its provisions requiring disclosure of nonexempt public records.

-23-Associated Press, etal. v. Wash. State Legislature, et al, 95441-1



### (Stephens, J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)

-24-Associated Press et al. v. Wash. State Legislature et al., No. 95441-1

(Gordon McCloud,J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)

No. 95441-1 

### GORDON McCLOUD,J. (concurring in part/dissenting in part)—Did the legislature subject itselfto the broad disclosure requirements that the Public 

### Records Act (PRA),ch. 42.56 ROW,imposes on "agencies," or did the legislature
narrow those disclosure requirements for itself? The clear language ofthe law that the people passed, but that the legislature later amended,shows that the legislature chose narrower disclosure requirements for itselfthan for PRA-defmed "agencies." The lead opinion agrees that the legislature chose narrow disclosure requirements for itselfas a body but holds that it chose broader disclosure requirements for its individual members. I therefore respectfully concur in part and dissent in part. 1. The Text ofthe Applicable Statutory Definition Makes Clear That an Individual Legislator Is Not an "Agency " 

### The PRA requires every "agency" to "make available for public inspection 

### and copying all public records." RCW 42.56.070(1). I agree with the lead opinion that the legislature is not such an "agency." It is the legislative branch ofAssociated Press et al. v. Wash. State Legislature et al.No. 95441-1

(Gordon McCloud,J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)

government,and it is subject to the more limited disclosure requirements that the PRA places on that branch. But I disagree with the lead opinion's conclusion that individual legislators 

### constitute "agencies"that are subject to the broader disclosure requirements of other parts ofthe PRA. The lead opinion's conclusion on that point is based on a definition of"agency" in a separate statute in a different chapter ofthe code. As 

### discussed in Part 2,below,that definition didn't get into that separate statute and separate chapter by accident; the legislature intentionally severed that definition from the PRA,then voted down an amendment that would have maintained a 

### cross-reference to the once-conjoined and now-severed statute that the lead opinion claims is still context for the PRA. I would start with the plain language ofthe PRA instead. Under the PRA 

### definition, '"[ajgeney' includes all state agencies" and "'[sjtate agency' includes every state office, department,division,bureau,board, commission,or other state 

### agency."^ RCW 42,56.010(1)(emphasis added). The lead opinion interprets "state office," the broadest ofthese terms,to include individual legislators. In fact,the



### '"Agency also includes "all local agencies." RCW 42.56.010(1). There is no contention in this case that individual legislators are "local agencies."Associated Press et al. v. Wash. State Legislature et al. No. 95441-1

(Gordon McCloud,J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)

lead opinion assumes that individual legislators are "government entit[ies]" that 

### could be subject to the PRA because they have offices. Lead opinion at 10. But an 

### individual legislator does not become a "state office" simply because the legislator has an office as a work space or because the legislator has a legislative aide. That 

### logic would make countless individual state employees their own "agencies" separate and apart from the state agencies that employ them. Instead,to determine the meaning of"state office"—and whether it includes
an individual legislator—we should stick to the statute's text and consider the term 

### in relation to its neighboring terms: "department,division, bureau,board, 

### commission," and "other state agency."^ RCW 42.56.010(1). These terms all refer to entities that have the power to act on behalfofthe state—or a local government entity—by setting policy or transacting business. This context shows that an 

### "agency" is a public entity (or a private entity acting in a public role,see Fortgang V. Woodland Park Zoo, 187 Wn.2d 509, 512-13, 387 P.3d 690 (2017))that has the power to transact business or take action on behalfofthe government. An



### ^ See State v. Gonzales Flares, 164 Wn.2d 1, 12, 186 P.3d 1038 (2008)("[A] single word in a statute should not be read in isolation. Rather,the meaning ofa word may be indicated or controlled by reference to associated words." (citing State v. Roggenkamp, 153 Wn.2d 614, 623, 106 P.3d 196 (2005);State v. Van Woerden, 93 Wn. App. 110, 117, 967 P.2d 14 (1998))).Associated Press et al. v. Wash. State Legislature et al.. No. 95441-1



### (Gordon McCloud,J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)


### individual legislator has no such power.^ Thus,under the PRA's definition of 

## "agency," an individual legislator is not a "state office" and,by extension,not an "agency." 

### This reading is bolstered by the fact that the PRA clearly differentiates 

### between "agencies," on the one hand,and the legislature, or legislators, on the other,by imposing specific,more limited disclosure obligations on the legislature's records custodians,the secretary ofthe senate and the chiefclerk ofthe house of representatives.'^
^ "The legislative authority ofthe state ofWashington shall be vested in the 

### legislature, consisting ofa senate and house ofrepresentatives." WASH.CONST,art. II, § 1 (emphasis added). To the extent that individual or smaller groups oflegislators are 

### permitted to act on behalfofeither chamber,it is only because that chamber,as a body, has delegated its legislative authority to the individual or smaller group. See PERMANENT Rules of the Senate,r.5, 66th Leg.(Wash. 2019-20), 

### http://leg.wa.gOv/senate/Administration/Pages/senate_rules.aspx#rule5 (S.R. 8601) (delegating the senate's legislative authority);PERMANENTRULES OF THE HOUSE OF Representatives,r.6, 66th Leg.(Wash. 2019-20), 

### http://lawfiles.ext.leg.wa.gOv/biennium/2019-20/Pdf/Bills/House%20Resolutions/4607- Permanent%20rules%20of%20House.pdf(H.R.4607)(delegating the house's legislative 

### authority). Indeed,individual legislators do not employ staff—their administrative officers employ the staffunder an express delegation ofauthority by each chamber. See S.R. 8601,r.3; H.R.4607,r.5 (delegating authority over employees ofeach chamber to the secretary ofthe senate and the chiefclerk ofthe house ofrepresentatives, respectively). 

### "Specifically,the PRA repeatedly differentiates between the duties ofthe secretary and the chiefclerk, on the one hand,and the duties of"agencies," on the other. See, e.g.,RCW 42.56.010, .090, .100, .520, .550, .560. The PRA's imposition ofunique, more limited duties on the secretary and the chiefclerk shows that the legislative bodies, 

### although not agencies,are subject to the PRA in some fashion. But it is a limited fashion. 4Associated Press et al. v. Wash. State Legislature et al.No. 95441-1

(Gordon McCloud,J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)

2. The Lead Opinion's Conclusion ThatLegislators Are "Agencies " Is Based on a Different Unconnected Statute, Whose Definitions Are Not 

### Part ofthe PRA—In Fact, They Were Explicitly Deletedfrom the PRA The lead opinion concludes that legislators are "agencies," largely by relying


### on a historically "closely related" statute that the legislature has since taken steps to divorce from the PRA. There is no rule ofstatutory interpretation that supports this result. 

### Specifically,rather than look to other provisions ofthe PRA for context,the 

### lead opinion relies on the definitions section ofthe Fair Campaign Practices Act 

### (FCPA),ch. 42.17A RCW.^ But nothing in the text ofthe PRA suggests that its provisions should be read in light ofthe FCPA. In fact, the legislature suggested just the opposite when it found that the PRA and FCPA cover "discrete subjects" and created the PRA as its own freestanding enactment. RCW 42.56.001. 

### To be sure,the lead opinion is correct that the FCPA and PRA were joined at the hip for 35 years. Lead opinion at 7. But not anymore. This means there are

The lead opinion is therefore correct that "exempting [the senate and the house of representatives] from any public records disclosure duties whatsoever would be [an] absurd" way to read the PRA,lead opinion at 16, and with its further conclusion that those disclosure duties are limited. ^ The lead opinion refers to this statute as the "campaign disclosure and contribution law." Lead opinion at 7.Associated Press et al. v. Wash. State Legislature et al., No. 95441-1

(Gordon McCloud,J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)



### two problems with the lead opinion's decision to rely on that history to justify using the FCPA to interpret the PRA now. 

### The first problem is that the lead opinion is resorting to legislative history to augment the plain language ofthe PRA,when the PRA is not ambiguous about its
own definition of"agency." That is not how we interpret statutes—ifthe statute's 

### text is not ambiguous,we do not resort to legislative history. Spokane County v. Dep'tofFish & Wildlife, 192 Wn.2d453,458,430 P.3d 655 (2018). The second problem is that, although the lead opinion accurately 

### summarizes the intertwined history ofthe PRA and the FCPA and their previously shared definition of"state office," it draws the wrong conclusion from that history; actually,the legislature's decision to separate those statutes must be interpreted as a legislative intention to separate those statutes. Here's how it happened. In 2005,the legislature separated the FCPA and the PRA into their own chapters. LAWS OF 2005,ch. 274, §§ 101-103. The definitions section ofthe newly minted PRA still cross-referenced the FCPA's 

### definitions, including the FCPA's definitions of"agency" and "state office." Ifwe
were interpreting the 2005 PRA today, with its cross-reference to FCPA definitions, I would join the lead opinion.Associated Press et al. v. Wash. State Legislature et al.No. 95441-1

(Gordon McCloud,J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)

But in 2007,the legislature supplied the PRA with its own definitions section and removed the cross-reference to the FCPA entirely. Laws of 2007,ch. 197, § 1. Those 2007 amendments had an effect. They imported the FCPA's definition of"agency" into the PRA word for word. But they left behind other 

### definitions, including the definition of"state office." We have to presume that the legislature intended to change the law by passing this amendment. Jane Roe v. TeleTech Customer Care Mgmt. (Colo.)LLC, 171 Wn.2d 736, 751,257 P.3d 586 

### (2011)("A new legislative enactment is presumed to be an amendment that 

### changes a law rather than a clarification ofthe existing law."). The lead opinion adopts the opposite presumption. It presumes that the legislature intended for its enactment to have no practical effect and for the PRA to 

### continue looking to the FCPA to define its terms.^ But that is not the interpretive principle the court uses. Id. And the legislature knows that. Since the time that it severed the PRA from 

### the FCPA,it has added new,express cross-references between them. For example.
® The lead opinion concludes that "[wjithout more—^such as notice to the electorate that legislators were attempting to exempt themselves from the PRA—neither amendment was sufficient to accomplish that feat." Lead opinion at 11. The lead opinion does not suggest what additional notice would be required beyond the ordinary, publicly accessible legislative process. The legislature's amendment ofa statute changes the statute—^whether it makes headlines or not.
7Associated Press et al. v. Wash. State Legislature et al., No. 95441-1

(Gordon McCloud,J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)

in 2010,the FCPA defined "public record" to have "the definition in RCW 42.56.010." RCW42.17A.005(43);Lawsof2010,ch. 204, § 101. So the legislature obviously knows how to cross-reference when it means to. But it did
not enact such a similar cross-reference from the PRA to the FCPA for "state office." The lead opinion's decision to read such a cross-reference into the PRA 

### anyway flouts basic rules ofstatutory interpretation. 

### 3. The Proper Context—Other Portions ofthe PRA—Supports the Conclusion That an Individual Legislator Does Not Constitute an "Agency " 

### The FCPA definition of"state office" is not context for the PRA. Instead, the context for a portion ofthe PRA is the rest ofthe PRA. 

### That context shows that the PRA distinguishes an "official"—like a 

### legislator—from an "agency." For example,RCW 42.56.060 protects every "public agency,public official,public employee,[and] custodian" from liability if that individual "acted in good faith in attempting to comply with the provisions of the PRA. Legislators are certainly "public officials]," one ofthe categories listed, which suggests that they are not also "agencies," a separate category listed. See State V. Roggenkamp, 153 Wn.2d 614,625, 106 P.3d 196 (2005)("Another fundamental rule ofstatutory construction is that the legislature is deemed to 

### intend a different meaning when it uses different terms." (citing State v. Beaver,
8Associated Press et al. v. Wash. State Legislature et al.No. 95441-1

(Gordon McCloud,J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)

148 Wn.2d 338, 343,60 P.3d 586 (2002);Simpson Inv. Co. v. Dep 't ofRevenue, 141 Wn.2d 139, 160, 3 P.3d 741 (2000)). In addition,the PRA limits the legislature's disclosure obligations by repeatedly distinguishing legislative records custodians from "agencies." For example,RCW 42.56.100 requires "agencies" to "adopt and enforce reasonable 

### rules and regulations . . . consonant with the intent of[the PRA]to provide full
access to public records,to protect public records from damage or disorganization, 

### and to prevent excessive interference with other essential functions ofthe agency." The legislature has a lighter burden,however. The legislative records custodians must "adopt reasonable procedures" to effectuate the same aims ofaccess, preservation, and efficiency, but they may do so "allowing for the time,resource, and personnel constraints associated with legislative sessions." Id. Ifindividual 

### legislators were "agencies," this accommodation would impose full PRA obligations on individual legislators, while simultaneously relaxing obligations on those same legislators' appointed records custodians,despite the expressed intent to accommodate those legislators' "time,resource[s], and personnel constraints." Id. Such a contradictory interpretation would be absurd, and hence, it is 

### disfavored. See Tingeyv. Haisch, 159 Wn.2d 652,664, 152 P.3d 1020 (2007)("A reading that produces absurd results must be avoided.").Associated Press et al. v. Wash. State Legislature et at., No. 95441-1

(Gordon McCloud,J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)

Further,the PRA as a whole limits outside scrutiny ofthe legislative branch. For example,the PRA permits records requesters to haul the secretary and the chief clerk into court under some PRA provisions, but not others. RCW 42.56.550 permits records requesters to sue an "agency" when it (1)"denie[s] an opportunity to inspect or copy a public record" or (2)"has not made a reasonable estimate of 

### the time that the agency requires to respond to a public record request or a reasonable estimate ofthe charges to produce copies ofpublic records." And RCW 42.56.560 applies the first ofthese claims to the secretary and the chief clerk. But not the second one. It lacks any provision for suits relating to unreasonable estimates. Accordingly,under the usual rules ofstatutory interpretation, the secretary and the chiefclerk carmot be called into court, as 

### "agencies" can be,for providing unreasonable estimates.^ This intentional differentiation would be undermined by subjecting individual legislators, as "agencies," to the entirety ofRCW 42.56.550. Finally, the PRA narrows the definition of"public record" for the legislature. For "agencies," a "public record" is ''any writing containing
^ See State v. Delgado, 148 Wn.2d 723,729,63 P.3d 792 (2003)("'Under expressio unius est exclusio alterius, a canon ofstatutory construction, to express one thing in a statute implies the exclusion ofthe other.'" (quoting In re Det. ofWilliams, 147 Wn.2d 476,491, 55 P.3d 597 (2002))).
10Associated Press et al. v. Wash. State Legislature et al., No. 95441-1

(Gordon McCloud,J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)



### information relating to the conduct ofgovernment or the performance ofany governmental or proprietary function prepared, owned,used, or retained by any state or local agency regardless ofphysical form or characteristics." 

### RCW 42.56.010(3)(emphasis added). But for the secretary and the chief clerk, a 

### "public record" is limited to certain administrative records, official reports, and the records identified under cross-referenced RCW 40.14.100. Id. RCW 40.14.100 basically covers the records ofthe legislature's committees and subcommittees. It 

### explicitly excludes,however,"reports or correspondence made or received by or in any way under the personal control ofthe individual members ofthe legislature." 

### RCW 40.14.100. Neighboring statute RCW 40.14.110 reinforces that exclusion by giving individual legislators the option to donate their personal papers or, conversely,keep them to themselves. Turning individual legislators into "agencies" would frustrate this narrow definition that applies to the legislature, making the entirety oflegislators' writings "public records" subject to the PRA. Conclusion Text is "[t]he surest indication oflegislative intent." State v. Ervin, 169 

### Wn.2d 815, 820,239 P.3d 354 (2010). And when we say "text," we mean the text ofthe statutory provision at issue in context ofthe statute in which it resides. See 

### Dep't of Ecology v. Campbell & Gwinn, LLC, 146 Wn.2d 1, 10,43 P.3d 4 (2002)
11Associated Press et al. v. Wash. State Legislature et al,No. 95441-1

(Gordon McCloud,J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)


### (reading a statute '"in the context ofthe entire act' in which it appeared." (quoting In re Estate ofLyons, 83 Wn.2d 105, 108, 515 P.2d 1293 (1973))), 

### The lead opinion departs from these rules and reaches its conclusion by relying on a definition of"state office" from a separate statute, whose definitions
were intentionally excised from the PRA,and whose cross-reference was then also 

### deleted. We have never before approved ofsuch an approach to statutory interpretation. I would interpret the PRA's text and context in the usual manner, 

### recognize that legislators are not "agencies," and,accordingly, conclude that they
are subject to the PRA to the same extent as the legislature ofwhich they form a part. The lead opinion and I agree that the text ofthe PRA plainly limits the ways in which the legislature is subject to the PRA. I respectfully concur in part and dissent in part.

12Associated Press et al. v. Wash. State Legislature et al.No. 95441-1

(Gordon McCloud,J., concurring in part/dissenting in part)

13