FEDERAL MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION

OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES

721 19th ST. SUITE 443

DENVER, CO 80202-2500

TELEPHONE: 303-844-5266 / FAX: 303-844-5268

August 12, 2020

DECISION ON REMAND

Before: Judge Simonton 

This case is before me upon remand from the Commission. Peabody Midwest Mining, 

LLC, 42 FMSHRC___, slip. op. at 11 (June 2, 2020). It involves a petition for assessment of a 

civil penalty filed by the Secretary of Labor through the Mine Safety and Health Administration 

(“MSHA”) against Peabody Midwest Mining, LLC (”Peabody” or “Respondent”), pursuant to 

section 104(d)(1) of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 (“Mine Act”), 30 U.S.C. § 

814(d)(1). 

I. HISTORY OF THE CASE

On July 17, 2017, MSHA issued Citation No. 9105403 to Peabody for a violation of 

section 316(b) of the Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response Act of 2006 (“MINER 

Act”), which requires every underground coal mine to develop a written plan to provide for the 

evacuation of all individuals in an emergency and provide for the maintenance of miners trapped 

underground where evacuation is not possible. 30 U.S.C. § 876(b). Peabody’s Emergency 

Response Plan (“ERP”) requires two properly positioned refuge chambers, sufficient to shelter 

all the miners present in the event of an emergency, even during a shift change when two teams 

of 15 miners would be present. Ex. S–3. It states that refuge chambers “will not be placed in the 

direct line of sight of the working face.” However, at the time of inspection, one refuge chamber 

was in the travelway in the direct line of sight of the working face and in violation of the ERP. 

Ex. R–A; Tr. 27–29. The inspector designated the citation significant and substantial (“S&S”), 

reasonably likely to be fatal, and the result of Peabody’s high negligence and unwarrantable 

failure to comply with the Mine Act. Ex. S–1. The Secretary proposed a civil penalty of 

$44,546.00.

Peabody contested the S&S, negligence, unwarrantable failure designation, and the 

penalty. Respondent’s Post-Hearing Brief at 10. A violation is S&S “if based upon the 

SECRETARY OF LABOR,

 MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH

 ADMINISTRATION (MSHA),

 Petitioner,

 v.

PEABODY MIDWEST MINING, LLC,

 Respondent.

CIVIL PENALTY PROCEEDING

Docket No. LAKE 2017-0450

A.C. No. 12-02295-447106

Mine: Francisco Underground Pit
particular facts surrounding the violation there exists a reasonable likelihood that the hazard 

contributed to will result in an injury or illness of a reasonably serious nature.” Cement Division, 

National Gypsum Co., 3 FMSHRC 822, 825 (Apr. 1981). I determined that the violation was 

S&S because the Secretary proved the four elements of the Mathies test: (1) the underlying 

violation of a mandatory safety standard; (2) a discrete safety hazard—that is, a measure of 

danger to safety—contributed to by the violation; (3) a reasonable likelihood that the hazard 

contributed to will result in an injury; and (4) a reasonable likelihood that the injury in question 

will be of a reasonably serious nature. Mathies Coal Co., 6 FMSHRC 1, 3–4 (Jan. 1984). In 

analyzing the second criterion, I acknowledged the Commission’s recognition in past cases that 

“emergency standards are different from other mine safety standards because they are intended 

to apply meaningfully only when an emergency actually occurs.” IGC Illinois, LLC, 38 

FMSHRC 2473, 2476 (Oct. 2016) citing Cumberland Coal Res., LP, 33 FMSHRC 2357, 2367 

(Oct. 2011), aff’d 717 F.3d 1020 (D.C. Cir. 2013). Because Commission precedent directs 

judges to assume the existence of a contemplated emergency when defining the hazard 

contributed to by a violation, see, e.g., ICG Illinois, LLC, 38 FMSHRC at 2476, I assumed an 

emergency in which evacuation was impossible and the refuge chamber was necessary. 

Testimony at the hearing established that the ERP prohibits positioning the refuge 

chamber in the direct line of sight of the working face because an explosion traveling out could 

damage or destroy the chamber. Tr. 29–30, 84–85. In presuming the occurrence of a fire or 

ignition significant enough to prevent miners from evacuating, I found that all four elements of 

the Mathies test were satisfied and thus the violation was S&S. I affirmed the citation as written 

and assessed a penalty of $50,000.00. 40 FMSHRC 861 (June 2018) (ALJ). 

Following the issuance of my June 28, 2018 decision after hearing, Peabody appealed the 

decision to the Commission. It did not contest the fact of violation or the unwarrantable failure 

designation, but challenged the citation’s Significant and Substantial (“S&S”) designation. Upon 

review, the Commission reversed the S&S designation. 42 FMSHRC___, slip op. at 10–11. In 

doing so, it reviewed S&S precedent and restated the proper test for an S&S violation: 

In order to establish that a violation of a mandatory safety standard is significant

and substantial, the Secretary of Labor under National Gypsum must prove: (1)

the underlying violation of a mandatory safety standard; (2) the violation was

reasonably likely to cause the occurrence of the discrete safety hazard against

which the standard is directed; (3) the occurrence of that hazard would be

reasonably likely to cause an injury; and (4) there would be a reasonable

likelihood that the injury in question would be of a reasonably serious nature.

Id. at 5. Because more than 15 miners were only present during shift changes when no mining 

activities were occurring, the Commission determined that the one properly-placed refuge 

chamber was sufficient for the contemplated emergency because an explosion was only ever 

likely during mining activities. Id. at 8–10. The Commission remanded the case for 

reassessment of the civil penalty in accordance with its decision.

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II. PENALTY

It is well established that Commission administrative law judges have the authority to 

assess civil penalties de novo for violations of the Mine Act. Sellersburg Stone Company, 5 

FMSHRC 287, 291 (Mar. 1983). Commission Judges are not bound by the Secretary’s penalty 

regulations. Am. Coal Co., 38 FMSHRC 1987, 1990 (Aug. 2016). Rather, the Act requires that 

in assessing civil monetary penalties, the Commission ALJ shall consider the six statutory 

penalty criteria:

(1) the operator’s history of previous violations, (2) the appropriateness of such 

penalty to the size of the business of the operator charged, (3) whether the 

operator was negligent, (4) the effect on the operator’s ability to continue in 

business, (5) the gravity of the violation, and (6) the demonstrated good faith of 

the person charged in attempting to achieve rapid compliance after notification of 

a violation.

30 U.S.C. § 820(i).

I have considered and applied the six penalty criteria. In the fifteen months preceding the 

issuance of this citation, Peabody averaged 0.59 violations per inspection day and had only one 

previous violation of section 316(b). The mine is a large operator and the parties stipulated that 

the Secretary’s proposed penalty of $44,546.00 would not affect Peabody’s ability to remain in 

business. The high negligence designation was not challenged on appeal and remains unaffected 

by the Commission’s decision. The Commission has determined that this violation is not S&S, 

so the gravity involved is less severe than originally designated in the citation and affirmed in my 

initial decision. Relatedly, as a result of the S&S designation being vacated, the violation must 

be reclassified as a section 104(a) citation, which effectively removes the unwarrantable failure 

determination. Peabody immediately worked to abate the condition following the issuance of the 

citation. Tr. 62-63, 150, 172. However, it also admitted that the refuge chamber would have 

remained in the direct line of sight of the working face for a couple of days if not for the citation. 

Tr. 150.

I remain convinced that Peabody’s failure to follow its own ERP by placing a refuge 

chamber in direct line of sight of the working face constitutes an extremely serious violation. 

After considering the penalty criteria in light of the Commission’s decision, I find that a penalty 

of $35,000 is appropriate. 

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III. ORDER

Because the citation’s S&S designation has been eliminated, it is hereby ORDERED that 

Citation No. 9105403 be changed from a section 104(d)(1) citation to a section 104(a) citation. 

Peabody Midwest Mining, LLC is ORDERED to pay the Secretary of Labor the sum of $35,000

within 30 days of this decision. 1

David P. Simonton

Administrative Law Judge

Distribution: (Email2

) 

R. Henry Moore, Fisher & Phillips, LLP, hmoore@fisherphillips.com

Arthur M. Wolfson, Fisher & Phillips, LLP, awolfson@fisherphillips.com

Andrew R. Tardiff, Office of the Solicitor, U.S. Department of Labor, tardiff.andrew.r@dol.gov

1 Please pay penalties electronically at Pay.Gov, a service of the U.S. Department of the 

Treasury, at https://www.pay.gov/public/form/start/67564508. Alternatively, send payment 

(check or money order) to: U.S. Department of Treasury, Mine Safety and Health Administration

P.O. Box 790390, St. Louis, MO 63179-0390. Please include Docket and A.C. Numbers.

2 For the foreseeable future, Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission (FMSHRC) 

notices, decisions, and orders will be sent only through electronic mail. Because FMSHRC will 

not be monitoring incoming physical mail or faxes, parties are encouraged to submit all filings 

through the agency’s electronic filing system. If you are not able to file through our electronic 

filing system, please send an email copy and we will file it for you.

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