2023 IL App (4th) 220834 

NO. 4-22-0834 

IN THE APPELLATE COURT

OF ILLINOIS

FOURTH DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, 

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v. 

JAMES SYNOWIECKI, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

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Appeal from the

Circuit Court of 

Livingston County 

No. 20CF228 

Honorable 

Jennifer H. Bauknecht, 

Judge Presiding. 

 JUSTICE DOHERTY delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 

 Justices Turner and Knecht concurred in the judgment and opinion. 

OPINION

¶ 1 Defendant James Synowiecki was convicted of theft (720 ILCS 5/16-1(a)(1), (4) 

(West 2020)) and possession of a stolen firearm (id. § 24-3.8) and sentenced to five years in prison

on each count, to be served concurrently. On appeal he argues (1) trial counsel provided ineffective 

assistance by failing to move to suppress inculpatory statements elicited by law enforcement in 

conversations initiated after counsel had been appointed, (2) the State failed to prove his theft 

conviction relating to the coin collection beyond a reasonable doubt, and (3) the trial court’s order 

of restitution should be vacated because it was based on insufficient evidence.

¶ 2 We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings on the issue 

of restitution.

¶ 3 I. BACKGROUND

FILED

December 7, 2023

Carla Bender

4th District Appellate

Court, IL
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¶ 4 On Friday, September 4, 2020, defendant was charged by information with 

possession of methamphetamine (count I) (720 ILCS 646/60(a) (West 2020)), theft of a coin 

collection belonging to Edward Carstens (count II) (720 ILCS 5/16-1(a)(4) (West 2020)), 

possession of a stolen firearm (count III) (id. § 24-3.8), and theft of a Barbie doll collection 

belonging to Marilyn Weber (count IV) (id. § 16-1(a)(4). A docket entry from the same day shows 

that, at defendant’s request, Livingston County public defender Scott Ripley was appointed to 

represent him “for [the] bond hearing only.” A separate application for appointment of the public 

defender was also granted, and a written order appointing the public defender’s office to represent 

defendant was entered later on September 4. The order states that the appointment was made 

“having heard the motion of defendant for appointment of counsel.” 

¶ 5 Defendant posted bond and was released on Tuesday, September 8, 2020. The 

following day, the public defender filed a notice that representation of defendant was assigned to 

attorney William H. Bertrand.

¶ 6 A. Police Interview

¶ 7 Defendant first spoke to the police on the day of his arrest; however, no recording 

was made of that interrogation. On Friday, September 11, 2020, after he had been released on 

bond, defendant spoke with a Pontiac police officer concerning the theft of the shotgun. The record 

is unclear as to whether the police or defendant initiated the interview. At the outset of the 

interview, Pontiac Police Officer Markus Armstrong told defendant that he was not under arrest 

and that he was free to go at any time during the interview. Armstrong then read defendant his 

Miranda rights (see Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)), stopping after each statement and 

waiting for defendant’s acknowledgement, which was given. After reading defendant his Miranda

warnings, defendant then signed what the State contends is a written release and waiver. That 
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document, however, is not included in the record. Defendant then proceeded to answer police 

questions; at no time during the interview did defendant request an attorney or exercise his right 

to remain silent. At the conclusion of the interview, defendant left the police station. 

¶ 8 B. Trial

¶ 9 Defendant’s bench trial commenced in July 2021 and continued throughout the fall

of that year. The following is a summary of the relevant testimony.

¶ 10 There had been a series of burglaries in Pontiac during the summer of 2020. Based 

on information received from witnesses, Pontiac Police Officer Markus Armstrong obtained a 

search warrant for defendant’s residence, which he executed in early September with Officer John 

Marion. Present at the residence were defendant; his girlfriend, Erin Roff; Rocky Daniels; and 

another individual. The police recovered several of the items listed in their search warrant, 

including a coin collection, various dolls, and ammunition belonging to Carstens. The coin 

collection and some ammunition were found in defendant’s basement, an area where Daniels lived. 

The dolls and other ammunition were located in a shed behind defendant’s home reportedly used 

by Daniels. 

¶ 11 Brenda Persico testified that, when she visited defendant’s house, he offered and 

she accepted some of the Barbie dolls. According to Persico, who was familiar with the contents 

of the shed behind defendant’s home, there was “more stuff in it than usual. Antiques and stuff 

like that.” She said the shed was full of items and that defendant had told her he and Daniels had 

gotten the stuff “from a dumpster and they were just sort of going through it deciding what they 

wanted and didn’t want.” Persico said she heard defendant and Daniels talking about coins but did 

not offer any details. 
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¶ 12 A shotgun was later recovered from Patrick Roff, the father of defendant’s 

girlfriend. Roff said that defendant had called him and asked him to come get the shotgun. 

According to Roff, defendant said “that someone had brought a shotgun to his house, and he didn’t 

want it there.” Defendant further told Roff that “[h]e did not know who brought [the shotgun] at 

the time,” and he asked Roff to “come and get it because he had [my] daughter there and a baby.”

Defendant said, “there’s people, you know, coming in and out of his house,” and he did not “want 

anybody to be playing around with the gun.” Roff went to defendant’s house the next day and 

retrieved the gun from Daniels, who brought the gun out of the house and delivered it to Roff. Roff 

took the shotgun home and eventually surrendered it to police. 

¶ 13 Armstrong said he interviewed defendant at the Livingston County Law and Justice 

Center on September 4, 2020, but this interview was not recorded. He again interviewed defendant 

on September 11 at the police department; the interview was recorded. Armstrong acknowledged 

that at no time during the interview did defendant admit that he took the shotgun or coin collection.

¶ 14 The video of defendant’s September 11 police interview was admitted into evidence 

without objection and played for the trial court. During the interview, defendant said that Daniels 

had shown up at defendant’s house with the shotgun and ammunition and that defendant did not 

know where they had come from. Defendant said that Daniels claimed he found them in an 

abandoned garage. Out of concern for his daughter and girlfriend, who lived in the house, 

defendant asked her father to come and get the shotgun. Defendant said he was suspicious when 

Daniels showed up with the coin collection; he had confronted Daniels about it because defendant 

did not believe that this type of item could be found through “dumpster diving.” He also confirmed 

that the coin collection was located in his basement where Daniels was living. The ammunition 

was found in defendant’s basement and in the shed. 
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¶ 15 Carstens confirmed that all of the items depicted in a photograph in evidence were 

items taken from his home. Carstens said he had started coin collecting after he retired in 

September 2001 and had spent somewhere around $50,000 on the collection. According to 

Carstens, he had a complete Indian Head penny collection, valued at approximately around 

$15,000; Morgan and Peace dollars; Susan B. Anthony dollars; several complete statehood quarter 

collections and Jefferson Nickel collections; and 300 Silver Eagle bullion coins. Although he did

not pay more than $750 for any of the Silver Eagle coins individually, he testified that the price of 

silver had since skyrocketed. He also described three gold coins, which he valued at about $9000. 

Carstens confirmed that the collection and other items were taken from his home without his 

permission. 

¶ 16 C. Conviction and Sentence 

¶ 17 Counts I and IV were dismissed by the State. However, defendant was convicted 

of theft (count II) and possession of a stolen firearm (count III) and was sentenced to five years’ 

imprisonment on each count, to run concurrently. He was also ordered to pay restitution to Carstens

in the amount of $33,650. His motion to reconsider his sentence was denied. 

¶ 18 This appeal followed. 

¶ 19 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 20 Defendant raises three issues following his conviction for theft: (1) ineffective 

assistance related to his counsel’s failure to move to suppress a police interview conducted without 

his counsel present, (2) insufficiency of the evidence relating to his theft conviction, and

(3) insufficiency of the evidence supporting the trial court’s restitution order. 

¶ 21 A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
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¶ 22 Defendant initially argues his counsel was ineffective because he did not move to 

suppress the police interview video. Defendant contends that the video was inadmissible because

police interrogated him without counsel present, despite counsel having previously been appointed 

by the trial court on September 4, 2020. 

¶ 23 Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are analyzed under the familiar 

framework established in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). People v. Henderson, 

2013 IL 114040, ¶ 11. To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must 

show that (1) defense counsel’s performance was deficient and (2) but for counsel’s unprofessional 

errors, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the proceedings would have been 

different. Id. “A defendant’s failure to establish either prong of the Strickland test precludes a 

finding of ineffective assistance of counsel.” Id.; People v. Chandler, 129 Ill. 2d 233, 242 (1989). 

¶ 24 To establish prejudice based on defense counsel’s failure to file a motion to 

suppress evidence, the defendant must show that (1) the motion was meritorious and (2) the 

outcome of the trial would have been different had the trial court suppressed the evidence. See

Henderson, 2013 IL 114040, ¶ 15; People v. Hayes, 2021 IL App (1st) 172417, ¶ 78. Generally, a 

court will not find that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to file a motion to suppress.

People v. Rowell, 2021 IL App (4th) 180819, ¶ 21; see People v. McIntosh, 2020 IL App (5th) 

170068, ¶ 54. “ ‘[T]he decision whether to file a motion to suppress is generally “a matter of trial 

strategy, which is entitled to great deference.” ’ ” Rowell, 2021 IL App (4th) 180819, ¶ 21 (quoting

People v. Peck, 2017 IL App (4th) 160410, ¶ 29). 

¶ 25 Thus, we must determine, based on this record, whether a motion to suppress would 

have had merit. To make that assessment, we must decide whether the conduct of the police in 

relation to the September 11, 2020, video violated defendant’s sixth amendment right to counsel.
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See U.S. Const., amend. VI. We review an ineffective assistance of counsel claim under a de novo

standard of review. People v. Hale, 2013 IL 113140, ¶ 15. 

¶ 26 1. Right to Counsel Under the Sixth Amendment 

¶ 27 The sixth amendment guarantees a defendant the right to have counsel present at 

all “critical” stages of the criminal proceedings. Montejo v. Louisiana, 556 U.S. 778, 786 (2009) 

(citing United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 227-28 (1967)). It is well settled that a person’s sixth 

amendment right to counsel “attaches after adversary judicial criminal proceedings have been 

initiated against him by way of a formal charge, preliminary hearing, indictment, information, or 

arraignment.” People v. Ripplinger, 316 Ill. App. 3d 1261, 1271 (2000) (citing People v. Hunt, 

240 Ill. App. 3d 496, 502 (1992)); see People v. Garrett, 179 Ill. 2d 239, 247 (1997). Interrogation 

is likewise considered a critical stage. Montejo, 556 U.S. at 786. 

¶ 28 However, the sixth amendment right to counsel may be waived by a defendant 

where the relinquishment of the right is “voluntary, knowing, and intelligent.” Patterson v. Illinois, 

487 U.S. 285, 292 (1988); Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S. 387, 401, 404 (1977). In Patterson, the 

United States Supreme Court made it clear that a defendant “who is admonished with the warnings 

prescribed by this Court in Miranda [citation] has been sufficiently apprised of the nature of his 

Sixth Amendment rights, and of the consequences of abandoning those rights, so that his waiver 

on this basis will be considered a knowing and intelligent one.” Patterson, 487 U.S. at 296. 

¶ 29 To be voluntary, “the waiver must not be ‘the product of intimidation, coercion, or 

deception.’ ” People v. Buschauer, 2022 IL App (1st) 192472, ¶ 65 (quoting People v. Soto, 2017 

IL App (1st) 140893, ¶ 68)). To be knowing, “the waiver must be ‘made with a full awareness of 

the nature of the rights being waived and the resulting consequences of waiving those rights.’ ” Id.

A Miranda waiver’s validity depends on each case’s circumstances and depends on a consideration 
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of factors “like the defendant’s age, intelligence, background, mental capacity, education, and 

conduct.” Id. A defendant may waive his sixth amendment right regardless of whether he is already 

represented by counsel; indeed, the decision to waive the right “need not itself be counseled.” 

Montejo, 556 U.S. at 786. 

¶ 30 With these constitutional principles in mind, we review the facts surrounding the 

September 11, 2020, police interview of defendant. 

¶ 31 2. This Case

¶ 32 On appeal, defendant argues that his counsel was ineffective for failing to seek 

suppression of the interview video on the ground that it proceeded without appointed counsel’s 

presence. According to defendant, the video’s admission into evidence prejudiced him because, 

during the interview, he acknowledged he knew the coin collection was likely stolen. Defendant 

asserts that without the video, his conviction for theft of the coins could not stand and his 

conviction for possession of a stolen firearm would have been more difficult to prove. 

¶ 33 The State argues that there cannot be ineffective assistance because the decision 

whether to file such a motion is a matter of trial strategy. It further argues that the motion to 

suppress, had it been filed, would have been denied because defendant voluntarily, knowingly, and 

intelligently waived his right to counsel after receiving his Miranda warnings. Finally, the State 

contends that, even without the interview video, there was sufficient evidence of defendant’s guilt 

beyond a reasonable doubt. 

¶ 34 In light of Patterson and Montejo, our inquiry here focuses on whether, after 

counsel was appointed at defendant’s request, it was permissible for the police to speak with him 

without counsel present and, if so, whether defendant voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently 

waived his sixth amendment right to counsel by waiving his Miranda rights prior to making his 
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recorded statements. Key to our inquiry is whether defendant’s request for the appointment of 

counsel upon being charged constituted the invocation of his right to counsel such that the police

were required to cease further contact with him. 

¶ 35 a. Right to Counsel Attached on the Filing of the Information 

¶ 36 At the outset, and based on this record, defendant’s sixth amendment right to 

counsel attached on September 4, 2020, when he was arrested pursuant to the information. See

Ripplinger, 316 Ill. App. 3d at 1271. Shortly thereafter, defendant was assigned counsel at his 

request. Both parties agree with this proposition. 

¶ 37 b. Legal Effect of the Assignment of Counsel 

¶ 38 Defendant argues that once the right to counsel attached and counsel was assigned, 

the police were prohibited from further contact with him without his attorney present. Defendant’s 

argument effectively equates the assignment of counsel with an individual defendant’s invocation 

of his right to counsel during a police interrogation; in other words because he was already assigned 

counsel, he did not need to further invoke his right to counsel in the September 11, 2020, interview. 

As we know, under Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477, 484-85 (1981), “once a suspect in custody 

has invoked his right to counsel, all questioning must cease until counsel is present unless the 

suspect initiates further discussion.” People v. Firestine, 2019 IL App (5th) 180264, ¶¶ 12-13. 

Defendant argues that any remarks made during the September 11 interview conducted without 

counsel should be suppressed. 

¶ 39 We disagree that the assignment of counsel at his request is equivalent to a 

defendant’s invocation of his right to counsel during interrogation. We understand defendant’s 

concern here that his right to counsel not be undercut; indeed, Edwards establishes a “bright-line 

rule” “to prevent police officers from ‘badgering’ a suspect or engaging in conduct designed to 
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‘wear down the accused and persuade him to incriminate himself notwithstanding his earlier 

request for counsel’s assistance.’ ” Id.; see Smith v. Illinois, 469 U.S. 91, 98 (1984) (per curiam). 

However, the rigid bright-line rule of Edwards is applicable only if the suspect actually invokes

his right to counsel in the interview. Firestine, 2019 IL App (5th) 180264, ¶¶ 14, 24-25, 33. 

Edwards does not support the proposition that once counsel is assigned, any further 

communication from law enforcement translates into a sixth amendment violation. 

¶ 40 Defendant’s argument may have once found support in the law, but no longer. In 

Michigan v. Jackson, 475 U.S. 625, 634-35 (1986), the United States Supreme Court held that a 

request for counsel at an arraignment should be treated as an invocation of a defendant’s sixth 

amendment right to counsel such that any subsequent waiver would be “insufficient to justify 

police-initiated interrogations.” However, Jackson was overruled in 2009 by Montejo, where the 

Court rejected the notion that “no represented defendant can ever be approached by the State and 

asked to consent to interrogation.” (Emphasis in original.) Montejo, 556 U.S. at 789. The Court 

held that neither a defendant’s request for counsel nor the appointment of counsel by a court gave 

rise to a presumption that a defendant’s subsequent consent to police-initiated interrogation was 

invalid. Id. Montejo further held that “Miranda warnings adequately inform [a defendant] ‘of his 

right to have counsel present during the questioning,’ and make him ‘aware of the consequences 

of a decision by him to waive his Sixth Amendment rights.’ ” Id. at 798-99 (quoting Patterson, 

487 U.S. at 293)). 

¶ 41 We conclude that neither the right to counsel, which attached at the filing of the 

information, nor the trial court’s assignment of counsel precluded the police from subsequently 

contacting defendant for further interview. In such a situation, a defendant may choose to speak 

with the police without counsel present, provided he knowingly waives his right to counsel after 
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having his Miranda rights explained to him. See Firestine, 2019 IL App (5th) 180264, ¶ 13. Here, 

defendant gave no indication during his interview that he wished to exercise his right to counsel. 

¶ 42 c. Waiver of the Right to Counsel 

¶ 43 Having concluded that the right to counsel must be unambiguously invoked in a 

subsequent interview even after counsel has been assigned, we next turn to the validity of the 

waiver itself. In Patterson, the Supreme Court held that the fact that a defendant’s sixth amendment 

right to counsel arose with his indictment did not bar police from questioning a suspect where the 

defendant validly waived his right to counsel. Patterson, 487 U.S. at 291. As Patterson and 

Montejo observed, any waiver of the right to counsel must be voluntary, knowing, and intelligent. 

Id. at 292; Montejo, 556 U.S. at 786. 

¶ 44 Where the prosecution shows that a Miranda warning was given and that it was 

understood by the accused, an accused’s uncoerced statement establishes an implied waiver of the 

right to remain silent. Berghuis v. Thompkins, 560 U.S. 370, 384 (2010). Because defendant

voluntarily answered questions after the Miranda warnings were given without claiming his right 

to silence or to have his lawyer present to advise him during questioning, the specific issue posed 

here is whether this waiver was a “knowing and intelligent” waiver of his sixth amendment right. 

See Patterson, 487 U.S. at 292; Williams, 430 U.S. at 401, 404. As Patterson stated, the key inquiry 

in a case such as this one must be: “Was the accused, who waived his Sixth Amendment rights 

during postindictment questioning, made sufficiently aware of his right to have counsel present 

during the questioning, and of the possible consequences of a decision to forgo the aid of counsel?” 

Patterson, 487 U.S. at 292-93. 

¶ 45 According to Patterson, 
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“an accused who is admonished with the warnings prescribed by this Court in 

Miranda [citation] has been sufficiently apprised of the nature of his Sixth 

Amendment rights, and of the consequences of abandoning those rights, so that his 

waiver on this basis will be considered a knowing and intelligent one.” Id. at 296. 

Moreover, 

“ ‘[o]nce it is determined that a suspect’s decision not to rely on his rights was 

uncoerced, that he at all times knew he could stand mute and request a lawyer, and 

that he was aware of the State’s intention to use his statements to secure a 

conviction, the analysis is complete and the waiver is valid as a matter of law.’ ” 

Id. at 297 (quoting Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412, 422-23 (1986)). 

¶ 46 In examining the interview video in this case, Officer Armstrong began the 

interview by stating that the door was unlocked, defendant was not under arrest, and he was free 

to leave at any time. Armstrong then read defendant his Miranda rights, pausing after each 

statement to await defendant’s acknowledgement, which was given by a nod. Following his 

reading of defendant’s Miranda rights, defendant signed what was described as a written 

acknowledgement and waiver. At no time during the interview did defendant request his attorney 

or invoke his right to counsel as contemplated in Edwards. We further find nothing in the record 

suggesting that defendant was in any way compelled or pressured to conduct the interview. 

¶ 47 We conclude that the police complied with Miranda and provided defendant with 

a proper reading of his rights prior to the interview. Defendant acknowledged Officer Armstrong’s 

reading of Miranda by nodding his head in agreement after each question and thereafter signed a 

written acknowledgement. Even though the record does not contain a copy of the written waiver, 

we note that any doubt arising from the insufficiency of the record will be resolved against the 
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appellant. People v. Sechler, 262 Ill. App. 3d 226, 227 (1994). The written waiver is, in any event, 

redundant to the conversation reflected on the video. Following the reading of his Miranda rights, 

defendant proceeded to answer questions and at no time made any request to speak with his 

attorney or terminate the interview. Defendant voluntarily and knowingly waived his right to 

counsel and chose to answer police questions. 

¶ 48 Given our conclusions above, a motion to suppress would have been meritless. 

Moreover, we agree with the State that the failure to move to suppress was part of defense 

counsel’s trial strategy to place the blame on Daniels; trial strategy is generally not subject to 

ineffective assistance claims and is entitled to great deference. Rowell, 2021 IL App (4th) 

180819, ¶ 21; Peck, 2017 IL App (4th) 160410, ¶ 29. Accordingly, defendant cannot establish any 

deficiency in counsel’s performance and cannot show prejudice as required by Strickland. 

Therefore, his ineffective assistance claim must fail.

¶ 49 B. Sufficiency of the Evidence—Theft of the Coin Collection

¶ 50 Defendant further contends that his conviction for theft should be set aside because 

the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he committed a theft. Specifically, 

defendant argues that the State failed to prove that (1) he obtained or exercised control over the 

coin collection at issue and (2) the present cash market value of the coin collection was more than 

$10,000. 

¶ 51 When the sufficiency of trial evidence is at issue, a court of review must determine 

whether, taking the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, any rational trier of fact could 

have found the elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. Eubanks, 2019 IL 

123525, ¶ 95 (citing People v. Collins, 106 Ill. 2d 237, 261 (1985), citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 

U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). A trier of fact is not required to disregard inferences that flow normally 
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from the evidence before it, nor must it search out all possible explanations consistent with 

innocence and raise those explanations to a level of reasonable doubt. Id. (citing People v. 

Campbell, 146 Ill. 2d 363, 380 (1992)). 

¶ 52 We now review defendant’s claims in light of the standards enunciated in Eubanks. 

¶ 53 1. Control Over the Coin Collection

¶ 54 Defendant first argues that the State failed to establish that he obtained or exerted 

control over the coin collection and, therefore, failed to prove theft. Under section 16-1(a)(4), a 

person commits theft when he knowingly “[o]btains control over stolen property knowing the 

property to have been stolen or under such circumstances as would reasonably induce him or her 

to believe that the property was stolen.” 720 ILCS 5/16-1(a)(4) (West 2020).

¶ 55 In relation to property, “ ‘obtain’ ” means “to bring about a transfer of interest or 

possession, whether to the offender or to another.” Id. § 15-7(a). Moreover, the phrase “ ‘obtains 

or exerts control’ ” over property “includes but is not limited to the taking, carrying away, or the 

sale, conveyance, or transfer of title to, or interest in, or possession of property.” (Emphasis added.)

Id. § 15-8. Additionally, “[k]nowledge” is defined as follows: 

“A person knows, or acts knowingly or with knowledge of: 

(a) The nature or attendant circumstances of his or her conduct, described 

by the statute defining the offense, when he or she is consciously aware that his or 

her conduct is of that nature or that those circumstances exist. Knowledge of a 

material fact includes awareness of the substantial probability that the fact exists.

(b) The result of his or her conduct, described by the statute defining the 

offense, when he or she is consciously aware that that result is practically certain to 

be caused by his conduct.” Id. § 4-5(a), (b).
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¶ 56 Although defendant argues there is no evidence, circumstantial or otherwise, that 

he ever obtained or exerted any control over the coin collection, ammunition, or reloading supplies, 

he overlooks his statements to Officer Armstrong during the September 11, 2020, interview. There, 

defendant acknowledged that he knew Rocky Daniels was bringing items to his house and keeping 

them in the basement, where Daniels was living. Although defendant had been told by Daniels that 

the items were the product of “dumpster diving,” defendant told police he knew better. According 

to defendant, he confronted Daniels and protested that the items were too valuable to be found in 

a dumpster. Defendant said it might be normal to find a coin in a dumpster, but not an entire 

collection. These remarks by defendant certainly establish that he was aware of the coins and that 

they might well have been stolen. 

¶ 57 Even apart from defendant’s statements, it is well settled that one means of proving 

control over a premises is to show that a defendant lived at the premises. People v. Lawton, 253 

Ill. App. 3d 144, 147 (1993). Also, two or more persons may have actual possession of property

because exclusive possession may be joint. People v. Schmalz, 194 Ill. 2d 75, 82 (2000). Possession 

may also be constructive. Grames v. Illinois State Police, 254 Ill. App. 3d 191, 203 (1993). Indeed, 

evidence that a defendant knew contraband was present and that he exercised control over the 

premises where the contraband was located establishes constructive possession. People v. Adams, 

161 Ill. 2d 333, 345 (1994); People v. Jones, 295 Ill. App. 3d 444, 453 (1998). 

¶ 58 In this case, defendant owned and resided at the residence. He admitted he knew 

that the coins were on his property and that they were likely stolen. Nothing in the record shows 

that he did not have access to the basement where Daniels apparently lived. Thus, even though 

Daniels may have lived in the basement, defendant had control over the entire premises because 
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he owned it. If two or more people share immediate and exclusive control, then each has 

possession. Schmalz, 194 Ill. 2d at 82; People v. Trask, 167 Ill. App. 3d 694, 707 (1988). 

¶ 59 Here, we find instructive Lawton, a case involving unlawful possession of a 

controlled substance with intent to deliver. Lawton, 253 Ill. App. 3d at 147. There the court 

concluded that “[d]rugs found on premises controlled by the defendant give rise to an inference 

that he knowingly possessed the drugs.” Id. Control, the court stated, can be established by 

evidence showing the defendant lived there. Id. According to Lawton, this inference, standing 

alone, “may support a conviction where there are no other facts or circumstances creating a 

reasonable doubt of guilt.” Id. Although the instant case deals with stolen property, not illegal 

drugs, the concepts of possession are similar, and defendant was aware that the coins in his house 

were likely stolen. Here, as in Lawton, the stolen coins were found on premises controlled by 

defendant. Moreover, there are no facts in evidence—such as defendant being unable to access 

Daniels’s living area—diminishing the inference of control. 

¶ 60 Finally, defendant had the ability to exercise control over the property that Daniels 

had brought back to the home. Defendant testified that Daniels brought the shotgun to defendant’s 

house and that he was uncomfortable with having a gun in the house because his daughter lived 

there. Defendant contacted his girlfriend’s father, Patrick Roff, who came to defendant’s home 

and retrieved the shotgun at defendant’s request. From these facts, a trier of fact could reasonably 

conclude that defendant had demonstrated the ability to exercise control over any of the items 

Daniels brought into defendant’s home, including the coins and other items found in defendant’s 

house. 

¶ 61 Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a rational 

trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. 
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¶ 62 2. Market Value Exceeding $10,000

¶ 63 Section 16-1(b)(5) of the Criminal Code of 2012 prescribes the sentence for theft 

of property with a value exceeding $10,000 but not exceeding $100,000 as a Class 2 felony. 720 

ILCS 5/16-1(b)(5) (West 2020). Defendant argues that the State failed to satisfy its burden of 

proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the coin collection’s value exceeded $10,000, arguing that 

the valuation testimony of its owner was insufficient.

¶ 64 The value of stolen property is the fair cash market value at the time and place of 

the theft, not the cost of the property. People v. Perry, 224 Ill. 2d 312, 336 (2007). In establishing 

this value, the unrebutted testimony of a witness experienced with the stolen property may suffice 

as to its value. People v. Dell, 77 Ill. App. 2d 318, 325 (1966) (holding that testimony from an 

individual who purchased trousers for his business for a period of seven years was sufficient to 

establish the value of the stolen trousers); People v. Parker, 98 Ill. App. 2d 146, 150 (1968) 

(holding that testimony of an automotive sales manager was sufficient to establish adequate proof 

of a stolen automobile’s fair market value).

¶ 65 Carstens, the owner of the coin collection, testified that he had been collecting coins 

since he retired in 2001 and that he had spent considerable time and money building his collection. 

The trier of fact could conclude that Carstens had considerable expertise in coin collecting and was 

knowledgeable of the value of his own collection. Carstens estimated the cost of his collection to 

be approximately $50,000, and he offered specific examples of the value of certain parts of his 

collection: the three gold coins, valued at $9000, and the Indian Head penny collection, valued at 

approximately $15,000. Carstens’s testimony stands unrebutted and satisfies section 16-1(b)(5)’s 

$10,000 threshold. 
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¶ 66 We conclude that the record easily supports a finding that the coin collection’s 

value exceeded the $10,000 threshold. 

¶ 67 C. Restitution

¶ 68 The trial court further ordered restitution in the amount of $33,000, pursuant to

section 5-5-6 of the Unified Code of Corrections (730 ILCS 5/5-5-6 (West 2020)). Defendant 

challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the award of restitution, further contending 

that defendant’s conduct “did not proximately cause the financial injuries” to the victim.

¶ 69 We begin by addressing the State’s contention that defendant has forfeited this issue 

by failing to address it in his posttrial motion. It is well settled that, to preserve a claim of 

sentencing error, both a contemporaneous objection and a written postsentencing motion raising 

the issue are required. People v. Hillier, 237 Ill. 2d 539, 544-45 (2010) (citing People v. Bannister, 

232 Ill. 2d 52, 76 (2008)); see 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-50(d) (West 2020) (“A defendant’s challenge to 

the correctness of a sentence or to any aspect of the sentencing hearing shall be made by a written 

motion filed with the circuit court clerk within 30 days following the imposition of sentence.”). 

Here, defendant’s motion to reconsider his sentence argued only that the sentence was excessive; 

that it violated article I, section 11, of the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11); and 

that it failed to consider various factors in mitigation in accordance with section 5-5-3.1 of the 

Unified Code of Corrections (730 ILCS 5/5-5-3.1 (West 2020)). It did not challenge the award of 

restitution.

¶ 70 Consequently, we may only review this claimed error if defendant established plain 

error, which he now argues on appeal. Hillier, 237 Ill. 2d at 545; Ill. S. Ct. R. 615(a) (eff., Jan. 1, 

1967). The plain-error doctrine is a narrow and limited exception. Bannister, 232 Ill. 2d at 65. To 

obtain relief under this rule, a defendant must first show that a clear or obvious error occurred. 
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People v. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 565 (2007). “In the sentencing context, a defendant must 

then show either that (1) the evidence at the sentencing hearing was closely balanced, or (2) the 

error was so egregious as to deny the defendant a fair sentencing hearing.” Hillier, 237 Ill. 2d at 

545 (citing People v. Hall, 195 Ill. 2d 1, 18 (2000)). Under the second prong of plain-error review, 

“ ‘[p]rejudice to the defendant is presumed because of the importance of the right involved.’ ” 

Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 564-65. A defendant has the burden of persuasion under both prongs of 

the plain-error doctrine (People v. Naylor, 229 Ill. 2d 584, 593 (2008); People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 

2d 167, 187 (2005)), and if that burden is not met, the procedural default will be honored (Naylor, 

229 Ill. 2d at 593). 

¶ 71 In addressing defendant’s plain-error contention, it is appropriate to first determine 

whether error occurred at all. Hillier, 237 Ill. 2d at 545. Section 5-5-6 provides that “the [trial]

court shall order restitution” in all convictions for offenses in violation of the criminal code “in 

which the person received any injury to his or her person or damage to his or her real or personal 

property as a result of the criminal act of the defendant.” 730 ILCS 5/5-5-6 (West 2020). According 

to section 5-5-6, when restitution is ordered, the court shall determine the restitution owed at the 

sentence hearing. In doing so, the court 

“shall determine whether the property may be restored in kind to the possession of 

the owner or the person entitled to possession thereof; or whether the defendant is 

possessed of sufficient skill to repair and restore property damaged; or whether the 

defendant should be required to make restitution in cash, for out-of-pocket 

expenses, damages, losses, or injuries found to have been proximately caused by 

the conduct of the defendant or another for whom the defendant is legally 

accountable.” Id. § 5-5-6(a).
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Moreover, in fixing the amount of restitution to be paid in cash, the court shall: 

“allow credit for property returned in kind, for property damages ordered to be 

repaired by the defendant, and for property ordered to be restored by the defendant; 

and after granting the credit, the court shall assess the actual out-of-pocket 

expenses, losses, damages, and injuries suffered by the victim named in the 

charge.” Id. § 5-5-6(b).

¶ 72 According to the statute’s plain language, “the trial court must evaluate the actual 

costs incurred by the victim and cannot rely on conjecture or speculation as to the amount to be 

awarded.” People v. Birge, 2021 IL 125644, ¶ 48 (citing People v. Dickey, 2011 IL App (3d) 

100397, ¶ 25). Thus, under Birge, “[t]o satisfy the requirement, then, the trial court must receive 

sufficient information to evaluate the accuracy of the victim’s restitution claim.” Id.

¶ 73 Here, defendant argues against restitution, asserting that (1) the State failed to 

establish proximate cause or that defendant committed the crime and (2) if restitution was 

appropriate, the amount was wrongly valued due to evidentiary deficiencies. Since we have already 

upheld defendant’s conviction for theft, we need only address his second assertion that the State 

failed to establish the restitution amount. 

¶ 74 As defendant points out, the estimated value of the various coin items did not match 

the total sum ordered paid in restitution and cannot be reconstructed from the testimony. At most, 

the State proved a value of $24,000: the gold coins were valued at $9000 and the Indian Head 

penny collection was valued at $15,000. Additionally, while we know that some of the items were 

returned, the State did not sufficiently establish which ones; it also failed to establish the value of 

any of the returned items. Carstens testified that his entire coin collection cost approximately 
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$50,000 and offered testimony concerning the current fair market value of certain items taken. But 

there is no itemization comparing this value against what was taken, returned, and/or still missing.

¶ 75 The record gives rise to a concern that defendant was ordered to make restitution 

to Carstens for the value of items that may have been returned. In general, a trial court’s 

determination on restitution, like other sentencing issues, will not be reversed on appeal absent an 

abuse of discretion. In re M.Z., 296 Ill. App. 3d 669, 673 (1998); People v. Cameron, 2012 IL App 

(3d) 110020, ¶ 35. “An abuse of discretion occurs only when the trial court’s decision is arbitrary, 

fanciful, or unreasonable or where no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the trial 

court.” Seymour v. Collins, 2015 IL 118432, ¶ 41. We conclude that the amount of ordered 

restitution is arbitrary and unreasonable and is not supported by the evidence. It would be 

fundamentally unfair if defendant were ordered to compensate the victim for property that was 

ultimately returned.

¶ 76 Having found that error occurred, we now move on to the rest of the plain-error 

analysis. We note that in People v. Lewis, 234 Ill. 2d 32, 47-49 (2009), the court held that an 

unpreserved challenge to the assessment of a street-value fine was a plain error that affected the 

integrity of the judicial process and the fairness of the proceeding. More recently, in Birge, 2021 

IL 125644, ¶ 53, the court, relying on Lewis, held that the second prong of the plain-error analysis

permitted review of an unpreserved issue relating to restitution where there was no numerical 

evidence presented of the victim’s loss. There, the victim testified about the various damages to 

the properties, “[b]ut his testimony merely described the general damage that occurred. It did not 

ultimately assist in calculating the cost of his actual losses.” (Emphasis omitted.) Id. ¶ 49. Because 

the restitution amount awarded had no actual basis in the trial or sentencing evidence, the court 

found that the restitution order was clear error. Id. Accordingly, the court vacated the restitution 
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order and remanded for a new hearing and determination as to the appropriate amount of restitution 

owed. 

¶ 77 We find Lewis and Birge persuasive and, in reliance thereon, conclude that the trial 

court’s error denied defendant a fair sentencing hearing concerning the award of restitution. 

According to the restitution statute’s plain language, a trial court must evaluate the actual costs 

incurred by the victim and cannot rely on conjecture or speculation as to the amount to be awarded. 

See Dickey, 2011 IL App (3d) 100397, ¶ 25. To satisfy the requirement, then, the trial court must 

receive sufficient information to evaluate the accuracy of the victim’s restitution claim. Although 

we affirm the trial court’s determination to order defendant to make restitution to the victim, we 

remand this case to the trial court for further consideration of the proper amount. In doing so, the 

trial court must account for the fair market value of the items taken but not returned; the value of 

items returned to the victim should not be included in the order of restitution. 

¶ 78 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 79 For the reasons stated, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for a 

determination and explanation of the amount of restitution owed by defendant. 

¶ 80 Affirmed in part and reversed in part; cause remanded.
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People v. Synowiecki, 2023 IL App (4th) 220834 

Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Livingston County, No. 20-

CF-228; the Hon. Jennifer H. Bauknecht, Judge, presiding. 

Attorneys

for

Appellant:

James E. Chadd, Santiago A. Durango, and Anne R. Brenner, of 

State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Ottawa, for appellant. 

Attorneys

for

Appellee:

Michael P. Regnier, State’s Attorney, of Pontiac (Patrick 

Delfino, Thomas D. Arado, and Nicholas A. Atwood, of State’s 

Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the 

People.