IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 92-KA-01058-SCT

PHUC HOANG TRAN

v.

STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 07/17/92

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. JERRY OWEN TERRY SR.

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HARRISON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: F. HOLT MONTGOMERY JR.

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL

BY: DEWITT T. ALLRED III

DISTRICT ATTORNEY: WILLIAM MARTIN

NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY

DISPOSITION: REVERSED AND REMANDED - 8/22/96

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED: 9/12/96

BEFORE SULLIVAN, P.J., BANKS AND ROBERTS, JJ.

SULLIVAN, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1. Phuc Hoang Tran (Tran) killed Chi Phuong Ho (Chi) with a shotgun in the parking lot of Anh

Hong, a Vietnamese restaurant, in Biloxi Mississippi, on June 21, 1990.

¶2. On the afternoon of the shooting Tran and some friends had been picnicking. At around 6:00 p.m.

the group decided to go to the Anh Hong restaurant. Chi and a group of friends also dined at the Anh

Hong. During the evening Tran went to the restroom at the rear of the restaurant. Chi came into the

restroom later and an argument followed. Tran remained in the restroom after Chi left. Tran left the

restroom and Chi and three or four of his friends jumped on him and a fight ensued. Tran testified

that Chi had a gun on his person. The police later arrived, breaking up the fight.

¶3. After the beating, Tran's friend, Xa Van Nguyen (Xa), drove him to an apartment where Tran

washed up. Tran had suffered several cuts and a broken nose. According to Tran, he and Xa returned

to the Anh Hong restaurant to return the two-door Oldsmobile they had borrowed. Xa was driving

and Tran was in the passenger seat. Tran testified that upon entering the car, he noticed for the first

time that the owner had left a shotgun lying on the floor of the back seat.
¶4. According to Tran, when he and Xa arrived at the Anh Hong Restaurant, Chi was outside. Tran

testified that Chi said "one of you are going to die." Tran stated that when he saw Chi go for his gun,

which was in his pants, he jumped into the back seat, grabbed the gun, pointed it out the window and

fired it in the general vicinity of Chi. According to Tran, after he shot Chi, he and Xa left the

premises as soon as they could, to avoid revenge from the friends of Chi.

¶5. One state witness, Violet Nguyen, testified that while inside the restaurant she viewed the car in

which Tran and Xa were in when they arrived back at the Anh Hong. She testified that at first all she

saw was Tran in the passenger seat, but later recognized Xa as the driver. She stated that she saw the

barrel of the gun come out of the passenger side, but did not see the shooting itself.

¶6. Dr. Paul McGary's testimony, the forensic pathologist who performed the autopsy in this case,

was stipulated to by the parties. His testimony was that Chi died as a result of a shotgun wound

involving the face, neck, chest, shoulders, and upper abdomen with a total of one hundred fortyseven shot holes.

¶7. Xa, the driver of the car, was arrested in Louisiana in October of 1990, while driving the same

two-door Oldsmobile. Tran was arrested in Hattiesburg around a year after the killing in 1991. Tran

was indicted and tried along with Xa Van Nguyen in the Circuit Court of Harrison County,

Mississippi, Second Judicial District, Honorable Jerry O. Terry presiding. The trial took place July

15, 16, and 17, 1992. On July 17, 1992, the jury returned a verdict finding both defendants guilty of

the murder of Chi, and the lower court sentenced Tran on the same day to a term of life

imprisonment.

STATEMENT OF THE LAW

I.

JURY INSTRUCTION S-1

¶8. Tran objects to the use of jury instruction S-1 for many reasons, the first being that the instruction

relieved the prosecution of its burden of persuasion beyond a reasonable doubt of every essential

element of a crime, secondly that the instruction was an incorrect definition of the element of

deliberate design, third because of the facts of this case the instruction was incorrect because the

defendant gave a full accounting of his actions, and lastly, the instruction was an abstract statement of

the law and was not limited by the facts of the case. Instruction S-1, which Tran so vehemently

objects to being given states:

Deliberate design means intent to kill, without authority of law and not being legally justifiable,

legally excusable or under circumstances that would reduce the act to a lesser crime.

Deliberate design may be presumed from the unlawful and deliberate use of a deadly weapon.

¶9. At the outset we must note that counsel for Tran did not object to the first paragraph of the

instruction. In fact counsel stated, "We feel that the top paragraph of S-1 is a correct statement of the

law . . . ." Thus, Tran's argument as to the first paragraph of this instruction is procedurally barred by

his failure to object at trial. Mitchell v. State, 609 So. 2d 416, 422 (Miss. 1992); Rogers v. State, 599

So. 2d 930, 937 (Miss. 1992). Nevertheless, this Court will discuss this part of the instruction to help
facilitate the lower court in the future.

¶10. Tran's argument against the first paragraph of this instruction is based upon his reading of cases

involving the "at the moment" instruction citing Pittman v. State, 297 So. 2d 888, 892-93 (Miss.

1974) and Newell v. State, 308 So. 2d 71 (Miss. 1975).

¶11. Pittman and the cases following it, did not draw a distinction between the concepts of malice

aforethought and deliberate design, these cases were concerned with instructions that require juries to

convict defendants of murder upon the finding of the existence of "malice aforethought" or

"deliberate design" at the very instant of the fatal act, without taking into account that a killing may

be intentional and yet be manslaughter or excusable or justifiable homicide. Pittman, 297 So. 2d at

893. In the case here, Instruction S-1 said nothing about formation of deliberate design "at the very

instant" and clearly informed the jury "that there are instances in which a deliberate design to kill may

exist . . . and yet the homicide may be justifiable or excusable . . . ." Id. There is no flaw in the

instruction given as it does not state that deliberate design can be formed at the very moment of the

fatal act, thereby avoiding the pitfall of Pittman and its progeny.

¶12. In Newell the erroneous instruction did not deal with an "at the very moment" instruction, but

this Court's concern was that the instruction ignored the possibility that a killing can be deliberate or

intentional and yet be other than murder. Newell, 308 So. 2d at 73. This instruction does not cut off

Tran's contention that the shooting was in self-defense.

¶13. Tran also argues that the first paragraph of the instruction may be a correct statement of the law

as to malice aforethought, but it simply does not do as a definition of the very different element of

deliberate design. However, "[i]t has long been the case law of this state that malice aforethought,

premeditated design, and deliberate design all mean the same thing." Windham v. State, 602 So. 2d

798, 801 (Miss. 1992) (quoting Johnson v. State, 475 So. 2d 1136, 1139 (Miss. 1985)) (citing Dye

v. State, 127 Miss. 492, 90 So. 180 (1921); Hawthorne v. State, 58 Miss. 778 (1881); McDaniel v.

State, 16 Miss. (8 S. & M.) 401 (Miss. 1847))). "Definitionally, we regard 'malice aforethought' and

'deliberate design' as synonymous." Blanks v. State, 542 So. 2d 222, 227 (Miss. 1989) (citing

Fairman v. State, 513 So. 2d 910, 913 (Miss. 1987); Johnson v. State, 475 So. 2d 1136, 1139

(Miss. 1985); Lancaster v. State, 472 So. 2d 363, 367 (Miss. 1985)). Thus, Tran's arguments against

the first paragraph of Instruction S-1 are meritless.

¶14. Tran also complains that the second paragraph of the instruction is erroneous. "Instructions in

forms similar to the above have been before the Court for many years and a long line of cases have

discussed such instructions." Carter v. State, 493 So. 2d 327, 330 (Miss. 1986) (citing Allison v.

State, 274 So. 2d 678 (Miss. 1973); Blackwell v. State, 257 So. 2d 855 (Miss. 1972); Stewart v.

State, 226 So. 2d 911 (Miss. 1969); Hydrick v. State, 246 Miss. 448, 150 So. 2d 423 (1963);

Funches v. State, 246 Miss. 214, 148 So. 2d 710 (1963); Shields v. State, 244 Miss. 543, 144 So.

2d 786 (1962); Johnson v. State, 223 Miss. 167, 77 So. 2d 824 (1955); Tullos v. State, 222 Miss.

90, 75 So. 2d 257 (1954); Smith v. State, 205 Miss. 283, 38 So. 2d 725 (1949); Bridges v. State,

197 Miss. 527, 19 So. 2d 738 (1944); Busby v. State, 177 Miss. 68, 170 So. 140 (1936); Batiste v.

State, 165 Miss. 161, 147 So. 318 (1933); Winchester v. State, 163 Miss. 462, 142 So. 454 (1932);

Smith v. State, 161 Miss. 430, 137 So. 96 (1931); Walker v. State, 146 Miss. 510, 112 So. 673

(1927); Cumberland v. State, 110 Miss. 521, 70 So. 695 (1915); Brandon v. State, 75 Miss. 904, 23
So. 517 (1898); Hansford v. State, 11 So. 106 (Miss. 1891); Hawthorne v. State, 58 Miss. 778

(1881); Lamar v. State, 63 Miss. 265 (1885); McDaniel v. State, 16 Miss. (8 S. & M.) 401 (1847)).

¶15. "One hundred twenty-five years ago this Court condemned a similar instruction." Blackwell v.

State, 257 So. 2d 855, 856 (Miss. 1972) (citing McDaniel v. State, 16 Miss. (8 S. & M.) 401 (1847)

). "A review of the digest reveals more than twenty cases where similar instructions have been held

erroneous." Blackwell, 257 So. 2d at 856. This Court decided this case in 1972. Since then, this

Court has consistently held such an instruction erroneous.

In a long line of cases, this Court has held that an instruction on an asserted presumption of

malice from the use of a deadly weapon is proper only where the testimony has failed to

establish the circumstances of the use of the weapon. Where the facts have been set forth in the

evidence, as here on conflicting testimony, the question of malice should be left for the

consideration of the jury, and the granting of such an instruction is error.

Stewart v. State, 226 So. 2d 911, 912 (Miss. 1969) (citing Chinn v. State, 210 So. 2d 666 (Miss.

1968); Hydrick v. State, 246 Miss. 448, 150 So. 2d 423 (1963)).

¶16. This Court in Johnson v. State, 223 Miss. 167, 77 So. 2d 824 (1955), considered an instruction

essentially the same as that involved in the present case. This Court found that the instruction was

reversible error because it stated that the deliberate use of a deadly weapon "is in law, evidence of

malice," and because it was peremptory in character. Johnson, 223 Miss. at 172. "Although malice

aforethought may be presumed from the unlawful and deliberate use of a deadly weapon, this

instruction may only be used 'where the evidence has failed to establish the circumstances

surrounding the use of the weapon.'" Moawad v. State, 531 So. 2d 632, 636 (Miss. 1988) (Lee, Dan,

J., concurring) (quoting Carter v. State, 493 So. 2d 327, 330 (Miss. 1986)).

¶17. The Court in Stewart held that such an instruction can be very misleading to a jury. An

instruction of this type constitutes

an unfair reference to a nonexistent presumption, because when all of the evidence is in, there is

no presumption. Moreover, an instruction on a presumption in this posture of a case is a

manifest attempt to bolster the state's evidence. Where the testimony has shown the

circumstances of the use of the weapon, the district attorney should not request and the circuit

court should not grant an instruction on a presumption of malice from the use of a deadly

weapon.

Stewart, 226 So. 2d at 912.

¶18. Again in Chinn v. State, 210 So. 2d 666 (Miss. 1968), this Court discussed a jury instruction

that was almost identical to the one here. This Court stated that this

"presumption" is rebuttable, and is more properly classified as an inference, even if available in a

particular case. It should not be projected in an instruction which fails to disclose its

susceptibility to rebuttal, and intimates to the jury that the state has thereby made out its case.

Inferences may be drawn properly by the jury from the facts before it, without the trial court

invading the jury's province with a direction as to "presumptions" or inferences.
Id. at 669 (citing Barnette v. State, 252 Miss. 652, 173 So. 2d 904 (1965); Hydrick v. State, 246

Miss. 448, 150 So. 2d 423 (1963); Funches v. State, 246 Miss. 214, 148 So. 2d 710 (1963); Shields

v. State, 244 Miss. 543, 144 So. 2d 786 (1962)).

When all the evidence in a case has been adduced, the presumption, if any at the outset,

disappears. The jury will draw inferences from the evidence without the State bolstering its

evidence, as the appellant here claims. An instruction such as S-6, in its many forms, should be

granted only where the evidence has failed to establish the circumstances surrounding use of the

weapon. Where the facts have been set forth, even on conflicting testimony, the question of

malice should be left for the consideration of the jury.

Carter v. State, 493 So. 2d 327, 330 (Miss. 1986) (citing Stewart v. State, 226 So. 2d 911 (Miss.

1969); Chinn v. State, 210 So. 2d 666 (Miss. 1968); Hydrick v. State, 246 Miss. 448, 150 So. 2d

423 (1963)).

¶19. In Tran's case the facts of the shooting had been set forth in the trial because Tran, Xa, and a

witness by the name of Violet Nguyen testified as to the incident. Although the testimony was

conflicting, the question of malice should be left for the consideration of the jury. Because the lower

court erroneously granted this portion of the instruction, in that it relieved the prosecution of its

persuasion, Tran's two other arguments against this paragraph of the instruction need not be

discussed. It was reversible error to give the second paragraph of this instruction to the jury.

II.

JURY INSTRUCTION S-6A

¶20. Although Tran's first assignment of error is reversible, this Court will discuss his other issues to

help facilitate the lower court on remand.

¶21. Tran concedes that the prosecution properly put on proof of his flight from the Mississippi Gulf

Coast and his subsequent arrest in Hattiesburg approximately one year after the events in question.

However, he argues that the prosecution improperly submitted and the court erroneously approved,

over defense objections, instruction S-6A, which instructed the jury:

"Flight" is a circumstance from which guilty knowledge and/or fear of arrest may be inferred. If

you believe from the evidence in this case beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendants did

flee or go into hiding, such flight or hiding is to be considered in connection with all other

evidence in this case. You will determine from all the facts whether such flight or hiding was

from a conscious sense of guilt or whether it was caused by other things and give it such weight

as you think it is entitled to in determining the guilt or innocence of the defendants.

¶22. We have said before that caution should be invoked by a court before giving such a flight

instruction. "[A]n instruction that flight may be considered as a circumstance of guilt or guilty

knowledge is appropriate only where that flight is unexplained and somehow probative of guilt or

guilty knowledge." Reynolds v. State, 658 So. 2d 852, 856 (Miss. 1995) (quoting Fuselier v. State,

468 So. 2d 45, 57 (Miss. 1985)). To decide whether a flight instruction is appropriate, this Court has

set out a two-prong test. These prongs are: "(1) Only unexplained flight merits a flight instruction;
and (2) Flight instructions are to be given only in cases where that circumstance has considerable

probative value." Reynolds, 658 So. 2d at 856 (citing Fuselier, 468 So. 2d at 57).

¶23. The present case does not fall within either of the circumstances where a flight instruction would

be appropriate or warranted. Tran's flight was explained by both himself and his co-defendant - they

were fleeing to avoid retribution from the friends of Chi. This Court has stated that:

[w]here the defendant is arguing self-defense, a flight instruction should be automatically ruled

out and found to be of no probative value. A flight instruction will have particular prejudicial

effect in a case where self-defense is argued. Where the person against whom self defense has

been exercised . . . flight seems logical and necessary. . . . To suggest and highlight, through the

sanction of a court granted instruction, that the defendant's flight was possibly an indication of

guilt suggests that the court does not accept the self-defense argument.

Banks v. State, 631 So. 2d 748, 751 (Miss. 1994).

¶24. Because Tran was arguing self-defense and the jury heard the testimony on Tran's flight, it was

free to draw its own conclusions as to the flight significance. Since it was clearly reversible error to

grant such an instruction and call undue attention to Tran's flight, on remand the lower court should

not give the flight instruction.

III.

JURY INSTRUCTION S-2

¶25. Next Tran argues that it was error for the trial court to give the State's instruction S-2. A review

of the record below reveals that Tran's counsel did not make an objection to State's instruction S-2.

In fact Tran's counsel stated that the instruction was a correct statement of the law. This Court has

held that when counsel fails to object to a proposed jury instruction it acts as a procedural bar and

such issues are not properly before this Court. See Moawad v. State, 531 So. 2d 632, 635 (Miss.

1988) (citations omitted).

¶26. Again however, this Court will discuss this jury instruction on its merits to assist the lower court

on remand. Instruction S-2 reads:

The defendant, Phuc Hoang Tran, has been charged by an indictment with the crime of Murder

for having caused the death of Chi Phuong Ho, with the deliberate design to kill Chi Phuong

Ho.

If you find from the evidence in this case, beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about June 21,

1990 in the Second Judicial District of Harrison County, Mississippi, that:

A. The deceased, Chi Phuong Ho, was a living person, and

B. The defendant, Phuc Hoang Tran, while acting alone or in concert with another, did willfully

and of his deliberate design kill Chi Phuong Ho by shooting him with a shotgun; and

C. That said shooting was not in necessary self defense, then you shall find the defendant guilty

of Murder.
If the State has failed to prove any one or more of these elements beyond a reasonable doubt,

then you shall find the defendant, Phuc Hoang Tran, not guilty of murder.

¶27. Tran argues that the above instruction is prejudicially deficient since it peremptorily excluded the

jury from the consideration of homicide less than murder. To support his argument Tran cites the

case of Smith v. State, 463 So. 2d 1028 (Miss. 1985), in which this Court held that an almost

identical instruction was reversible error. However, there is one very important distinction between

the instruction in Smith and the one here. In Smith the instruction directed the jury to find the

defendant guilty of murder if Smith willfully and deliberately killed the deceased without authority of

law. The instruction did not contain any language which allowed the jury to find for the defendant if

they deemed the killing manslaughter. The difference between the instruction in Smith and the one

here is the instruction in this case has the extra language in section C. This allows the jury to decide if

the shooting was not in self-defense, then the jury could find Tran guilty of murder. The above

instruction is not peremptory because it does allow the jury to consider homicide less then murder,

thus the instruction as given was not erroneous.

¶28. Next, Tran argues that S-2 was fatally defective in that it recites only the self-defense exception

and fails to mention all the other circumstances under which the jury could have found the homicide

to have been justifiable, excusable, or manslaughter. This argument is particularly unpersuasive in

that no theory of manslaughter or accident was urged by the defense in this case, and the only issue

was whether Tran's killing of Chi was justified on the grounds of self-defense. Where the only theory

of defense was self-defense and the jury was properly instructed thereon, there was no requirement

that the court instruct as to other possible theories. Smith v. State, 572 So. 2d 847, 849 (Miss. 1990)

. Accordingly, Tran's argument against Instruction S-2 has no merit.

IV.

WERE JURY INSTRUCTIONS S-1, S-2, S-7, AND D-12 IN HOPELESS CONFLICT WITH

ONE ANOTHER?

¶29. Tran next argues that jury instructions S-1, S-2, S-6A, S-7, and D-12 were in hopeless conflict

with one another. He complains that instruction S-1 was improper as to the use of a deadly weapon

and instruction S-6A on the flight inference, suggesting to the jury that the burden of persuasion

shifted to the defendant upon the proof of the predicate fact of the use of a deadly weapon or flight.

So, Tran argues that the improper instructions were in hopeless conflict with the proper instructions,

S-7 and D-12, a situation which compelled the jury to resolve the conflict and select the proper law

applicable to the facts of the instant case. Since this Court is suggesting that jury instruction S-1, the

second paragraph as to the use of a deadly weapon, and S-6A as to Tran's flight, were erroneously

given in this case, we resolve this issue in Tran's favor.

V.

DID THE LOWER COURT ERR IN FAILING TO FOLLOW THE WEATHERSBY RULE

AND DIRECT A VERDICT FOR DEFENDANT?

¶30. Tran asserts that since he and his co-defendant were the only eye witnesses to the homicide in

question the lower court erred in not directing the verdict based on the Weathersby rule. Tran argues
that under the facts of his case, since the State's witness did not materially contradict the defendant's

version of self-defense, it was mandatory upon the trial court to grant the motion, and failure to do so

constituted reversible error. Pritchett v. State, 560 So. 2d 1017 (Miss. 1990); Weathersby v. State,

165 Miss. 207, 147 So. 2d 481 (1933).

[I]f the defendant and his witnesses are the only eyewitnesses to the homicide and if their

version of what happened is both reasonable and consistent with innocence and if, further, there

is no contradiction of that version in the physical facts, facts of common knowledge or other

credible evidence, then surely it follows that no reasonable juror could find the defendant guilty

beyond a reasonable doubt. Under such circumstances we have always mandated that

peremptory instructions be granted whether under the label Weathersby or otherwise.

Green v. State, 614 So. 2d 926, 932 (Miss. 1992) (quoting Harveston v. State, 493 So. 2d 365, 371

(Miss. 1986)).

¶31. In this case, Tran's version of the shooting as self-defense was contradicted by the testimony of

his co-defendant whether the deceased, Chi, was drawing a gun or merely had his hand on the gun

while in his pants, there was contradictory testimony from the State's witness, whether Tran was in

the front seat or the back seat when he fired the gun, and there was contradictory testimony from the

State's witness and the defense witness Tien Nguyen, whether Chi was alone or with another person

in the parking lot. The Weathersby rule does not to apply to situations where the defendant's version

has been contradicted, Ruffin v. State, 481 So. 2d 312, 316 (Miss. 1985), or when the defendants

were not the only eyewitnesses. Strong v. State, 600 So. 2d 199, 202 (Miss. 1992).

¶32. Thus the Weathersby rule, which requires that the defendant be the only eyewitness, and if his

version is reasonable must be accepted as true, unless substantially contradicted by material

particulars by a credible witness or witnesses, or by physical facts or facts of common knowledge, is

not applicable to this case. Based on the evidence contradicting Tran's version, the Weathersby rule

does not apply to this case.

CONCLUSION

¶33. Because the lower court erroneously instructed the jury as to the use of a deadly weapon by the

defendant and as to his flight, the judgment is accordingly reversed and the cause remanded to the

lower court for a new trial.

¶34. REVERSED AND REMANDED.

LEE, C.J., PRATHER, P.J., BANKS, McRAE AND ROBERTS, JJ., CONCUR. PITTMAN,

SMITH AND MILLS, JJ., NOT PARTICIPATING.