The parties have not briefed the issue of Ace’s standing to object, but we presume that 1

Ace has standing under Texas Insurance Code article 21.28, section 3(h) (West 2004) (see

footnote 2 infra for an explanation of why article 21.28 governs this dispute).

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-06-00236-CV

Ace Property & Casualty Insurance Company, Appellant

v.

Prime Tempus, Inc., Special Deputy Receiver Under Contract to the Permanent Receiver of

Highlands Insurance Company; and Eagle Star Insurance Company, Ltd., Appellees

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 53RD JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. D-1-GN-05-004407, HONORABLE STEPHEN YELENOSKY, JUDGE PRESIDING

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

Ace Property & Casualty Insurance Company (“Ace”) appeals a district court order

granting the Application for Authority to Settle a Claim filed by Prime Tempus, Inc. (“SDR”),

special deputy receiver for Highlands Insurance Company (“Highlands”). Eagle Star Insurance

Company (“Eagle Star”) sued Highlands for money allegedly owing under an insurance agreement.

While that suit was pending, Highlands entered receivership, and SDR was appointed its special

deputy receiver. SDR subsequently negotiated a settlement agreement with Eagle Star and asked the

court supervising the receivership to approve it. Ace, which had its own insurance relationship with

Highlands, objected, arguing that the Eagle Star settlement was not in the Highlands estate’s best

interest and would violate various provisions of the Texas Insurance Code. The court issued an 1

order approving the Eagle Star settlement, and Ace appealed. We will affirm the order.
 Article 21.28 of the Texas Insurance Code was repealed effective September 1, 2005, but 2

it nevertheless governs here because this dispute commenced before September 1, 2005. See

Act of 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 995, § 10(b) (“A proceeding or cause of action brought under

Article 21.28, Insurance Code, as it existed before its repeal by this Act . . . that was filed or

commenced before the effective date of this Act is governed by the law in effect at the time the

proceeding or cause of action was filed or commenced, and that law is continued in effect for

that purpose.”).

2

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Beginning in the 1960s, Eagle Star and Highlands participated in

insurance/reinsurance pools. Under these arrangements, insurers like Eagle Star got reinsurance

from companies like Highlands, which meant that Highlands covered a percentage of

Eagle Star’s insurance payouts. As pool members, Eagle Star and Highlands also both received

excess-of-loss reinsurance, which meant that yet other insurance companies would reimburse them

once their payouts exceeded certain amounts. Ace joined Eagle Star’s and Highlands’s insurance

pools in 1970.

In 2002, Eagle Star sued Highlands in California. Eagle Star claimed that Highlands

owed it between six and eight million dollars in reimbursements for insurance payouts Eagle Star

had made. Highlands joined Ace as a third-party defendant, claiming that as a reinsurer Ace had to

indemnify Highlands for any amounts Highlands owed Eagle Star.

While the California suit proceeded, Highlands entered receivership in Travis County.

See Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 21.28, § 2(i) (West 2004). SDR was appointed special deputy receiver 2

to administer the receivership. See id. § 2(a). SDR subsequently negotiated a settlement with

Eagle Star under which Eagle Star would: (1) pay the Highlands estate $200,000; (2) release

Highlands from any and all claims related to their reinsurance relationship (including the
3

California lawsuit); and (3) obtain the rights to all of Highlands’s excess-of-loss and reinsurance

entitlements (including any amounts owing from Ace).

SDR asked the special master supervising Highlands’s receivership to approve the

Eagle Star settlement. Ace objected and tried to reach a settlement of its own with Highlands. It

ultimately offered to pay Highlands $450,000 in exchange for release from any and all reinsurance

liability (including third-party-defendant liability in the California lawsuit).

SDR concluded that the Highlands estate would be better served by settling with

Eagle Star than with Ace. The special master agreed, and he wrote a memorandum recommendation

to the district court relaying his conclusion. Ace objected to the recommendation, but the district

court adopted it and approved the Eagle Star settlement. Ace appealed.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review for abuse of discretion a district court’s approval of a receiver’s

application for authority to settle a claim. See Salaymeh v. Plaza Centro, LLC, 258 S.W.3d 236, 240

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, no pet.); Cornelison v. First Nat’l Bank, 218 S.W. 2d 888,

890 (Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1949, writ ref’d n.r.e.). We can only overrule a district

court’s decision to approve such an application if the court acted unreasonably or in an arbitrary

manner, without reference to guiding rules or principles. See Gibson v. Smith, 511 S.W.2d 327, 329

(Tex. Civ. App.—Tyler 1974, no writ). We cannot substitute our judgment for the trial court’s

reasonable judgment even if we would have reached a contrary conclusion. Id. Put another way, an

“abuse of discretion does not occur where the trial court bases its decisions on conflicting evidence.”

Hisaw & Assocs. Gen. Contractors, Inc. v. Cornerstone Concrete Sys., 115 S.W.3d 16, 20
4

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet. denied) (citing Davis v. Huey, 571 S.W.2d 859, 862

(Tex. 1978)). 

DISCUSSION

Ace argues that the district court abused its discretion in approving the Eagle Star

settlement for four reasons: (1) the settlement was not in the best interest of the Highlands estate;

(2) the settlement violates the Insurance Code by transferring certain rights before the closing of the

Highlands estate, thereby creating a subclass of creditors; (3) the settlement violates the Insurance

Code by failing to acknowledge Ace’s setoff rights; and (4) the settlement violates the Insurance

Code by depriving Ace of the right to interpose defenses to Eagle Star’s claims against Highlands

and recover the costs incurred in doing so. We will address each issue in turn.

Whether the Settlement Was in the Best Interest of the Highlands Estate

Under the now-repealed Insurance Code provisions that still govern this case,

receivers must conserve the assets of estates in their charge. See Tex. Ins. Code art. 21.28, § 2(e).

Ace argues that SDR would violate this duty by settling with Eagle Star instead of Ace because Ace

offered greater value to the Highlands estate. Eagle Star offered to pay the estate $200,000 and

release it from all claims (including the California suit) in exchange for the rights to Highlands’s

excess-of-loss and reinsurance entitlements. Ace, in contrast, offered to pay the estate $450,000 in

exchange for release from all claims made by Highlands against it. If any evidence in the record

supports the conclusion that SDR would conserve Highlands’s assets by settling with Eagle Star,

then the trial court did not abuse its discretion by approving the Eagle Star settlement.

We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion. First, the Highlands

estate may incur significant legal expenses if it has to continue defending the California lawsuit,
 Both sides submitted documentary evidence on this matter that was not before the district 3

court. We generally cannot consider such evidence. See Langley v. Commission for Lawyer

Discipline, 191 S.W.3d 913, 915 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.) (appellate courts cannot consider

documents that are not part of appellate record). Ace argues, however, that its evidence is exempt

from this rule because it consists of public records capable of judicial notice. See Besing v. Smith,

843 S.W.2d 20, 21 (Tex. 1992). Without deciding whether Ace is correct, we decline to take judicial

notice of the submitted documents because they will not affect the outcome of this appeal. Cf. In re

J.L., 163 S.W.3d 79, 84 (Tex. 2005). This is so because other evidence supports the district court’s

approval of the Eagle Star-Highlands settlement. See Butnaru v. Ford Motor Co., 84 S.W.3d 198,

211 (Tex. 2002) (district court does not abuse discretion if some evidence reasonably supports its

decision). 

5

which it will if it settles with Ace instead of Eagle Star, and significant liability may result if it loses

the suit. Ace argues that because Eagle Star, a low-priority creditor, will likely never recover

anything it wins in the California suit, Eagle Star will likely abandon the suit. See id. § 8(a)

(creditors paid in order of priority). But even if Eagle Star does not abandon the suit, Ace argues,

Highlands can simply concede liability or default, knowing that it will likely never have to pay Eagle

Star because higher-priority creditors will deplete its assets.

We find this argument unpersuasive. First, Eagle Star has repeatedly represented to

this Court and the district court that it will continue the California lawsuit if it does not settle with

Highlands. Second, the evidence in the record does not conclusively establish that Eagle Star will

never recover on a judgment in the California action. In light of the expense, uncertainty, and 3

opportunity cost of continuing to litigate in California, as well as the possibility that Eagle Star may

obtain a sizeable recovery there, the district court did not abuse its discretion in determining that

SDR would conserve Highlands’s assets by accepting Eagle Star’s settlement offer. 

We note, as an additional factor, that accepting Eagle Star’s settlement offer would

benefit Highlands in ways unrelated to the California action. For example, SDR invested several

months’ worth of time and effort in negotiating the settlement agreement with Eagle Star. Reneging
6

on that agreement could tarnish SDR’s reputation in the eyes of Highlands creditors with whom SDR

has to negotiate in the future. In addition, Ace’s settlement offer to Highlands consisted of a terse

letter largely devoid of significant details; thus, were SDR to pursue settlement with Ace, it would

likely have to devote significant additional time and resources to negotiating a comprehensive

agreement. If the parties could not ultimately reach mutually satisfactory terms, Highlands would

be back to square one with no settlement to show for its efforts. Compared to this potential

uncertainty, having the Eagle Star settlement in hand clearly has great value to Highlands.

Ace complains that the trial court did not consider “evidence” on all these matters,

but rather took SDR’s and the special master’s word for them. We disagree. At a minimum, the

court had before it the Eagle Star-Highlands settlement agreement and Ace’s competing settlement

offer. These two documents were sufficient evidence to provide a basis upon which a rational

decision could be made. See Hisaw & Assocs. Gen. Contractors, 115 S.W.3d at 20 (trial court does

not abuse discretion if it bases decision on conflicting evidence). Deciding the relative values of

competing settlement offers is a perfectly appropriate exercise of discretion. See Landon

v. Jean-Paul Budinger, Inc., 742 S.W.2d 931, 935 (Tex. App.—Austin 1987, no writ) (“discretion”

signifies power to choose among alternatives). Furthermore, the record of the hearing on Ace’s

objection shows that the district court did not simply rubber-stamp the special master’s and SDR’s

recommendation to approve the Eagle Star settlement, but rather itself weighed the merits of the

settlement. We will not overrule such trial-court valuations absent a result that shocks the

conscience. See Salaymeh, 258 S.W.3d at 240. 
7

In sum, evidence in the record supports the conclusion that SDR would not fail to

conserve Highlands’s assets by settling with Eagle Star rather than Ace. We overrule Ace’s first

point of error.

Whether the Settlement Impermissibly Transfers Rights Before the Closing of an Estate

Ace next argues that Eagle Star cannot legally obtain Highlands’s excess-of-loss and

reinsurance rights while the Highlands estate is still open. Ace cites Insurance Code article 21.28,

section 3(d), which states that claims “based on unliquidated or undetermined demands . . . shall not

share in any distribution to claimants until those claims are definitely liquidated, determined, and

allowed.” Ace asserts that the rights Highlands would transfer to Eagle Star are unliquidated and

undetermined, and thus their transfer would violate the statute. It also asserts that transferring those

rights would render Eagle Star an impermissible subclass of creditor. See id. § 8(a).

Ace appears to recognize the tenuousness of these arguments, as it actually objects

to the Eagle Star settlement only “to the extent that” it violates section 3(d). By its plain terms,

section 3(d) governs the distribution of assets to creditors. At issue here, however, is a settlement,

not a distribution. Section 2(g) of article 21.28, entitled “Disposal of Property; Settling Claims,”

instead controls. It states: “The receiver may, subject to the approval of the court, (1) sell or

otherwise dispose of the real and personal property, or any part thereof, of an insurer against whom

a proceeding has been brought under this Article, and (2) sell or compound all doubtful or

uncollectible debts, or claims owed by or owing to such insurer.” Under this statute,

Highlands’s transfer of unliquidated assets to Eagle Star is clearly permitted. Furthermore, because

Highlands’s transfer of assets to Eagle Star does not violate section 3(d) of article 21.28, the transfer

cannot create an impermissible subclass of creditors. We overrule Ace’s second point of error. 
8

Whether the Settlement Must Acknowledge Ace’s Setoff Rights

Section 3(f) of Insurance Code article 21.28 provides that “in all cases of mutual debts

or mutual credits . . . , such credits shall be set off and the balances only shall be allowed or paid.”

Ace correctly asserts that anything it owes Highlands, including any reinsurance claims that

Highlands transfers to Eagle Star, is subject to this provision. See Burns v. Bishop, 48 S.W.3d 459,

466 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, no pet.). Highlands and Eagle Star do not dispute this

proposition. Ace nevertheless contends that the Highlands-Eagle Star settlement agreement is

impermissible because it does not expressly address Ace’s setoff rights. We disagree.

It is axiomatic that contracting parties cannot limit the rights of non-parties. SeeBML

Stage Lighting, Inc. v. Mayflower Transit, Inc., 14 S.W.3d 395, 400 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 2000, pet. denied) (“A contract . . . generally binds no one except the parties to it.”).

Thus, Ace’s setoff rights exist independent of whatever settlement Highlands and Eagle Star reach.

It would make no sense, as Ace seems to advocate, to require a contract to address third-party rights

that the contract cannot even affect. The district court did not err in rejecting such a requirement and

approving the Highlands-Eagle Star settlement despite its silence on Ace’s setoff rights. We

overrule Ace’s third point of error. 

Whether the Settlement Vitiates Ace’s Right to Interpose Defenses and Recoup Costs

Section 10(b) of Insurance Code article 21.28 gives reinsurers the rights to interpose

defenses when claims are brought against the companies they reinsure and, if successful in doing so,

to recoup the involved costs. Ace argues that the settlement between Eagle Star and Highlands

would deprive it of these rights. Under the terms of that settlement, Eagle Star would obtain the
9

rights to Highlands’s reinsurance proceeds. Thus, Ace speculates, if Eagle Star ever determines that

it has additional claims against Highlands, it will “presumably” pursue Highlands’s reinsurers

(including Ace) directly because it may no longer look to Highlands. If Eagle Star does so, Ace

argues, Ace will be deprived of the right to interpose defenses under section 10(b).

As noted above, at issue here is a settlement that includes a conveyance of

receivables—not a “claim” filed during a “delinquency proceeding.” Tex. Ins. Code art. 21.28,

§ 10(b). Eagle Star has not yet threatened to file such a claim directly against Ace, much less

actually filed one. Thus, Ace’s argument is not ripe. See Patterson v. Planned Parenthood of

Houston & Se. Tex., Inc., 971 S.W.2d 439, 443 (Tex. 1998) (“A case is not ripe when its resolution

depends on contingent or hypothetical facts, or upon events that have not yet come to pass.”). We

cannot adjudicate unripe claims. Id. We therefore overrule Ace’s fourth point of error.

CONCLUSION

Evidence in the record supports the notion that settlement between Eagle Star and

Highlands is in the best interest of the Highlands estate and does not violate any provision of the

Insurance Code. Thus, the district court did not abuse its discretion by granting SDR’s Application

for Authority to Settle a Claim. We affirm.

__________________________________________

David Puryear, Justice

Before Chief Justice Jones, Justices Patterson and Puryear

Affirmed

Filed: August 26, 2009