IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 16-1695

Filed February 7, 2018

STATE OF IOWA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

HAL CHARLES RUNNER,

Defendant-Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Poweshiek County, Annette J. 

Scieszinski, Judge.

A defendant challenges his convictions and sentences for assault with intent 

to inflict serious injury and criminal mischief in the second degree as a habitual 

offender. AFFIRMED IN PART AND REMANDED.

Eric D. Tindal of Keegan Farnsworth & Tindal, Iowa City, for appellant.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Martha E. Trout, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee.

Considered by Vogel, P.J., Tabor, J., and Carr, S.J.*

*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 (2018).
2

CARR, Senior Judge.

Hal Runner appeals his convictions and sentences for assault with intent to

inflict serious injury and criminal mischief in the second degree as a habitual 

offender. On appeal, he argues the trial court failed to state sufficient reasons for 

his sentence, insufficient evidence was presented as to the valuation of the victim’s 

vehicle, his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to a jury instruction 

about valuation and for failing to present evidence at trial on valuation, and the trial 

court erred in ordering restitution concerning the vehicle.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

Runner and Michele McCurry were living together as a couple until 

separating in August 2014. When they separated, there was a no-contact order in 

place between them. Nonetheless, the two did meet in person on September 23.

What happened at that meeting is a matter of dispute. Credible evidence 

suggests that an argument turned physical. McCurry admitted to hitting Runner’s 

vehicle with her vehicle. Runner also admitted to hitting McCurry’s vehicle with his 

vehicle. He admitted to pushing her down. Both parties agreed Runner hit or 

bumped McCurry’s driver’s side door.

Runner was charged with attempted murder, in violation of Iowa Code 

section 707.11 (2013), and domestic abuse assault by impeding airway causing 

bodily injury, in violation of section 708.2A(1) and 708.2A(5). Runner pled not 

guilty.

At trial, Caleb Schaffner, the owner of an auto repair center, testified on 

valuation of McCurry’s vehicle. Schaffner estimated the cost to repair her vehicle 

was approximately $3000. He testified he found vehicles of the same make and 
3

model online for “anywhere between $1800 and $2400 depending on the condition 

and mileage.”

Following amendment of the trial information in advance of trial, four 

charges were submitted to the jury: attempted murder (count I), domestic abuse 

assault by strangulation (count II), domestic abuse assault while using a 

dangerous weapon (count III), and criminal mischief in the second degree (count 

IV). The jury found Runner guilty of the lesser included offense of assault with 

intent to inflict serious injury (count I), domestic abuse assault (count III), and

criminal mischief in the second degree (count IV). The jury found Runner not guilty 

of domestic abuse assault by strangulation (count II). McCurry later submitted a 

statement claiming pecuniary damage of $1500.

Following trial, Runner filed a motion for new trial and motion in arrest of 

judgment. His motion in arrest of judgment was granted in part after the district 

court found his right to speedy trial was violated as to count III. That conviction 

was vacated. Runner was sentenced to consecutive prison terms of two years 

(count I) and fifteen years (count IV). He was ordered to pay restitution in the 

amount of $1500.

Runner now appeals.

II. Sentencing

Runner contends the district court failed to state adequately its reasons for 

(a) sentencing him to prison and (b) imposing consecutive, rather than concurrent, 

terms of imprisonment. We review a district court’s sentence for an abuse of 

discretion. State v. Hill, 878 N.W.2d 269, 272 (Iowa 2016). A district court abuses 
4

its discretion when it “exercises its discretion on grounds clearly untenable or to an 

extent clearly unreasonable.” State v. Barnes, 791 N.W.2d 817, 827 (Iowa 2010).

A court must “state on the record its reason for selecting the particular 

sentence.” Iowa R. Crim. P. 2.23(3)(d). Runner contends the district court failed 

to do so, and the State agrees. We remand for resentencing to allow the court to 

state on the record its reasons for imposing the sentence it did.

III. Valuation

Criminal mischief in the second degree is criminal mischief where “the cost 

of replacing, repairing, or restoring the property that is damaged, defaced, altered, 

or destroyed exceeds one thousand dollars but does not exceed ten thousand 

dollars.” Iowa Code § 716.4(1). Runner contends there was insufficient evidence 

to establish the value of the damaged property here—McCurry’s vehicle. 

Moreover, he contends his counsel was ineffective in failing to object to the jury 

instruction concerning valuation and in failing to present evidence on said 

valuation.

A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

We review sufficiency-of-the-evidence claims for correction of errors at law. 

State v. Truesdell, 679 N.W.2d 611, 615 (Iowa 2004). A verdict is supported by 

substantial evidence if the record reveals evidence from which a “rational trier of 

fact could conceivably find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” State 

v. Thomas, 561 N.W.2d 37, 39 (Iowa 1997). The evidence is viewed in the light 

most favorable to the verdict, including all reasonable inferences that may be 

deduced from the record. State v. Gay, 526 N.W.2d 294, 295 (Iowa 1995).
5

The parties cite different authority on the method of computing the measure 

of damages. Each cites to civil tort law damage cases. 

Runner asserts that “[t]he general rule in Iowa for repairs or for replacement 

is the fair and reasonable cost of replacement or repair, but not to exceed the value 

of the property immediately prior to the loss or damage.” State v. Urbanek, 177 

N.W.2d 14, 16 (Iowa 1970); accord State v. Hamma, No. 11-0236, 2011 WL 

3689154, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 24, 2011) (applying same standard in criminal 

mischief context); State v. Stull, No. 04-0696, 2005 WL 724160, at *3 (Iowa Ct. 

App. Mar. 31, 2005) (same).

None of the cited cases deal with automobiles. The State contends different 

rules apply for automobiles:

(1) When the motor vehicle is totally destroyed or the 

reasonable cost of repair exceeds the difference in reasonable 

market value before and after the injury, the measure of damages is 

the lost market value plus the reasonable value of the use of the 

vehicle for the time reasonably required to obtain a replacement.

(2) When the injury to the motor vehicle can be repaired so 

that, when repaired, it will be in as good condition as it was in before 

the injury, and the cost of repair does not exceed the difference in 

market value of the vehicle before and after the injury, then the 

measure of damages is the reasonable cost of repair plus the 

reasonable value of the use of the vehicle for the time reasonably 

required to complete its repair.

(3) When the motor vehicle cannot by repair be placed in as 

good condition as it was in before the injury, then the measure of 

damages is the difference between its reasonable market value 

before and after the injury, plus the reasonable value of the use of 

the vehicle for the time reasonably required to repair or replace it.

Long v. McAllister, 319 N.W.2d 256, 261 (Iowa 1982). The State contends the first 

measure of damages under Long is appropriate here because the vehicle was 

totally destroyed and the reasonable cost of its repair exceeded its reasonable 

market value. In this case there was no trial evidence of loss of use damages nor 
6

of any salvage value. On this trial record, the parties’ proposed measures value 

for determining degree of criminal mischief seem the same. 

Testimony established that McCurry purchased the vehicle for $1500 no 

more than five months prior to the incident. She had been in an accident in the 

interim, hitting a tree. Schaffner’s testimony about repairing the vehicle was based 

on photographs of the vehicle and his online research that showed similar vehicles 

ranging in price from $1800 to $2400. He estimated the cost of repairing the 

vehicle would be $3000.

Runner offers no alternative valuation. Instead, he argues “Schaffner 

clearly established that the cost of repairs exceeded the value of the vehicle at the 

time the incident occurred.” This may be so, but the jury’s valuation of the cost of 

repairing the vehicle need not be Schaffner’s $3000 to justify the jury’s verdict—

the valuation need only exceed $1000. Sufficient evidence established this fact. 

We will not disturb the criminal mischief conviction.

B. Ineffective Assistance

We review claims of ineffective assistance of counsel de novo. State v. 

Martin, 704 N.W.2d 665, 668 (Iowa 2005). To prevail, Runner must establish trial 

counsel failed to perform an essential duty and that he was prejudiced by counsel’s 

failure. See State v. Ondayog, 722 N.W.2d 778, 784 (Iowa 2006). Counsel 

breaches an essential duty if counsel’s performance falls outside the range of 

normal competency. Millam v. State, 745 N.W.2d 719, 721 (Iowa 2008). Counsel 

is presumed to have acted competently. DeVoss v. State, 648 N.W.2d 56, 64 

(Iowa 2002). On the prejudice prong, Runner must show “there is a reasonable 

probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding
7

would have been different.” Ledezma v. State, 626 N.W.2d 134, 143 (Iowa 2001)

(quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694 (1984)). Ineffectiveassistance claims are generally preserved for postconviction-review proceedings, 

but we may address them “when the record adequately presents the issues.” State 

v. Thornton, 498 N.W.2d 670, 675 (Iowa 1993).

1. Jury Instruction

Runner contends his counsel was ineffective in failing to challenge the jury 

instruction on criminal mischief. Runner argues that “it was improper for the jury 

to consider the cost of repairing or replacing the car” because the car was totaled;

in his view, the jury “was required to determine the value of the vehicle on [the day 

of the incident] as the proper valuation for assessing the degree of criminal 

mischief.” 

The jury instruction given provided:

If you find that the State has proven that Hal Charles Runner 

committed criminal mischief, you must then determine the degree of 

criminal mischief and report your decision on the verdict form.

The State must prove the cost of repair or replacement of 

Michele McCurry’s car that was damaged. The following are the 

different degrees of criminal mischief for your consideration.

. . . .

4. Criminal mischief in the second degree occurs when the 

cost of repairing or replacing the property is more than $1000 but not 

more than $10,000.

Runner asserts the Urbanek language should have been included to clarify the 

meaning of the phrase “cost of repair or replacement.” 177 N.W.2d at 18.

As noted above, the parties suggest cite different civil property damage 

authorities for calculating the degree of criminal mischief. Here, the jury was 

given an instruction on the issue that tracked the statutory language. We do not 
8

think either Urbanek or Long rules for civil-damage setting provide a proper method 

under section 716.4 to determine degree of guilt. The argument to import civil 

property damage law into this criminal statute would be more persuasive if the 

statute set the degree of guilt based on “the amount of damages caused.” Here, 

the statute authorizes a finding of guilt for criminal mischief, second degree, if “the 

cost of replacing . . . the property . . . ” or “the cost of repairing . . . the property” 

exceeds $1000 but not $10,000. The evidence supports the instruction given. 

There was evidence from which the jury could find the value of the car exceeded 

$1000, and that the cost to repair did as well. Trial counsel was not ineffective for 

failing to seek an instruction grounded in Urbanek.

Runner cites decisions of this court in which we have relied on Urbanek for 

the measure of restitution in criminal mischief cases. See Hamma, 2011 WL 

3689154, at *1; Stull, 2005 WL 724160, at *3. In setting criminal restitution for 

“pecuniary damages,” the phrase is defined to mean “all damages . . . which a 

victim could recover against the offender in a civil action arising out of the same 

facts or event.” Iowa Code § 910.1(3). As such, Urbanek applies in setting 

restitution but not in defining the degree of guilt.
9

2. Evidence

Runner asserts his counsel was ineffective for failing to present evidence at 

trial on valuation. Without delving into the various procedural twists and turns of 

this case that resulted in Runner’s sparse evidentiary presentation, we conclude 

the record is inadequate for us to address this issue, and we preserve it for possible 

postconviction-relief proceedings. See Thornton, 498 N.W.2d at 675.

IV. Restitution

Runner argues the district court erred in ordering restitution concerning 

McCurry’s vehicle. Our review is for correction of errors at law. State v. Watts, 

587 N.W.2d 750, 751 (Iowa 1998).

In reviewing a restitution order, we determine whether the district court’s 

findings lack support from substantial evidence or whether the court has failed to 

properly apply the law. See State v. Bonstetter, 637 N.W.2d 161, 166 (Iowa 2001). 

“[W]e will affirm a damage award if it is within a reasonable range of the evidence.” 

Watts, 587 N.W.2d at 752. A restitution order must have a reasonable basis in the 

evidence and cannot be speculative. Id.

“Restitution is ‘a creature of statute.’” State v. Hagen, 840 N.W.2d 140, 149 

(Iowa 2013) (quoting State v. Akers, 435 N.W.2d 332, 335 (Iowa 1989)). It is 

limited to “pecuniary damages to a victim.” Iowa Code § 910.1(4). “‘Pecuniary 

damages’ means all damages to the extent not paid by an insurer, which a victim 

could recover against the offender in a civil action arising out of the same facts or 

event, except punitive damages and damages for pain, suffering, mental anguish, 

and loss of consortium.” Iowa Code § 910.1(3). Imposition of restitution is 

mandatory in criminal cases in which there is a guilty verdict. See Iowa Code 
10

§ 910.2(1). Proving appropriate restitution is the State’s burden. See State v. 

Holmberg, 449 N.W.2d 376, 377 (Iowa 1989). 

Runner contends that the amount of restitution ordered is mere speculation. 

He is correct that scant evidence was provided to the court. Runner testified at 

trial that McCurry had told him the vehicle was purchased by her for $1500. At the 

restitution hearing, the State noted the vehicle was uninsured. It was totaled. It 

had no salvage value. Runner testified the vehicle was “junk” and explained it had 

been damaged before the incident in question. From this limited evidence, the 

court ordered $1500 in restitution.

However, we cannot say the court erred in its determination. No evidence 

of the vehicle’s value was suggested other than $1500, less an unknown amount 

for possible damage from a prior accident. The vehicle was uninsured. Given that 

evidence and that loss to McCurry, a restitution award of $1500 is within the 

reasonable range of evidence. We cannot say the court erred as a matter of law.

V. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we remand for resentencing. Trial counsel was 

not ineffective for failing to object to the jury instruction. We preserve for possible 

postconviction-relief proceedings the issue of ineffective investigation of the value 

of the car. We affirm the conviction for criminal mischief and the restitution award.

AFFIRMED IN PART AND REMANDED.