# Patent

## Title
Sulfur-free propellant compositions

## Abstract

Sulfur free propellant compositions for use as a blackpowder substitute in firearms, munitions, and pyrotechnics to form combustion byproducts that are water soluble and are free of corrosive sulfur compounds. Formulations include an ignition aid of a gluconic acid salt or an alkali metal nitrobenzoate salt or a mixture of the two salts in combination with various known oxidizing and reducing agents and with various known propellant additives. The oxidizing and reducing agents may be selected from the group consisting of carbon, lactose, potassium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, sodium benzoate, and mixtures thereof. The propellant additives may be selected from the group consisting of binders, burning rate modifiers, flow agents, colorants, coating agents, moisture retardants and mixtures thereof.

## Background
This invention relates to propellants in firearms, munitions, pyrotechnics, and the like. More specifically, this invention relates to a blackpowder substitute which forms combustion byproducts that are easily cleaned with water and are free of corrosive sulfur compounds.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Blackpowder was one of the first materials that could be used as a propellant, an explosive, and in pyrotechnic devices. The Chinese are credited with its development many centuries ago. As blackpowder characteristics became known, its uses expanded. It was first used in cannons and hand cannons in Europe in the 14th century. It began to be used in civil engineering projects in the 16th century and in coal mining operations during the 17th century. The forerunner of today's muzzleloading guns, the matchlock musket, was also invented in the 16th century. Following that matchlock, further developments in firearms made the use of blackpowder more effective and convenient. In rapid succession, better ignition systems were developed with both the wheellock and the flintlock during the 16th century. The percussion cap firearm, similar to that used today, was not developed until the 19th century.
Thus, for hundreds of years, blackpowder remained unchallenged as the only material of its type. Inventors directed their efforts to making better use of blackpowder. With the advent of nitro-cellulose smokeless powder in the latter part of the 19th century, blackpowder lost its preeminence as the only gun propellant. Smokeless powder burned cleaner and produced more energy than did blackpowder, and it was safer to use and handle. However, because of blackpowder's lower gun barrel pressures, ignition characteristics, and low cost of manufacture, blackpowder retained its place in the market as the only propellant for antique firearms such as muzzleloaders and the preferred material for use in fuse manufacture, ignition devices, cannon round igniters, fireworks, and the like.
In 1978, U.S. Pat. No. 4,128,443 was issued to Pawlak and Levenson for Deflagrating Propellant Compositions. Blackpowder was soon no longer the muzzleloading propellant of choice for many sportsmen. The principal product marketed as a result of the Pawlak et. al. patent is known as Pyrodex powder. This product does not detonate and is less prone to accidental ignition than is blackpowder. In addition to being used as a propellant in muzzleloading and cartridge guns, Pyrodex powder has been formulated as a delay powder, a fuse powder, a fireworks powder, and in some military applications. However, Pyrodex it not without its own drawbacks. It does not ignite satisfactorily in flintlock guns and, like blackpowder, it contains sulfur which results in combustion residues that are hard to remove and can cause corrosion if left in the gun barrel.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,497,676 issued in 1985 to Kurtz. It was the first in a number of patents on sulfur-free compositions utilizing potassium nitrate and ascorbic or erythorbic acid. Some of these patents used slurries in the manufacture thus requiring the subsequent removal of large quantities of water. Others required cooking or heating with the attendant high production cost and hazard. Many of these products had low energy content and were very hygroscopic with the result that the product coagulated in the container, becoming a single, unusable lump.
Cioffe further expanded on the use of ascorbic or erythorbic acid in U.S. Pat. No. 5,449,423 by adding potassium perchlorate. This product had reduced hygroscopicity and higher energy, however, it requires high energy inputs during manufacture for compaction and subsequent granulation. The resulting product has been known to detonate. Other similar products are known that have the same bad characteristics.
Several factors have combined to increase the market for a clean burning, high performance propellant composition. Deer population in many states has grown substantially due to good conservation management, and these states now have separate seasons for muzzleloading guns during a so-called primitive weapons season, as well as a regular season for conventional, high powered firearms. The same is true in many western states having elk herds. Due to the growing popularity of muzzleloaders, gun manufacturers have developed the “in line” rifle which gives better ignition than the side-hammer percussion rifle, and these weapons are made to withstand higher gun barrel pressures. When Pyrodex powder was first introduced, the most popular projectile was the patched round ball. Today, modern projectiles using plastic sabots with a metal jacketed bullet are gaining ascendance and higher velocities are desirable.
The demand is growing for propellant compositions that will keep pace with expanding market of shooters and sportsmen having an interest in muzzleloading type weaponry. At the same time, the need remains for propellant compositions which solve the many disadvantages and drawbacks of corrosiveness and cleaning difficulty associated with blackpowder and conventional blackpowder substitutes such as Pyrodex powder. The primary objective of this invention is to meet these needs.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
More specifically, an object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition as a sulfur free deflagrating gas generating formulation to eliminate the presence of corrosive, sulfur-containing byproducts of combustion.
A corollary object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition as a sulfur free substitute for conventional blackpowder and which may be loaded in firearms on a volumetric basis similar to the way that blackpowder is loaded, rather than on a weight basis.
Another object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition for which the combustion byproducts may be readily removed with water to provide easy cleanup of weaponry in which such propellant composition is utilized.
Another object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition of the character described which forms water soluble combustion products free of sulfur-containing compounds.
An additional object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition of the character described with limited water formation in the combustion products to facilitate repeated use and ignition of subsequent charges in firearms.
A further object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition of the character described having reliable and consistent performance characteristics of good ignition, no detonation, good burn rate, low hygroscopic properties, reasonable time to peak pressure, adequate fouler pressure, moderate peak pressure, and reproducible velocity performance and ballistics.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition of the character described which can be manufactured from readily available chemicals, can be safely handled and stored, has an adequate shelf life, and can be manufactured in a modern gunpowder plant within industry standards for safety, handling, manufacture and storage.
In summary, an object of the invention is to provide sulfur free propellant compositions for use as a blackpowder substitute in firearms, munitions, and pyrotechnics which form combustion byproducts that are water soluble and are free of corrosive sulfur compounds. Formulations include an ignition aid of a gluconic acid salt or an alkali metal nitrobenzoate salt or a mixture of the two salts in combination with various known oxidizing and reducing agents and with various known propellant additives. The oxidizing and reducing agents may be selected from the group consisting of carbon, lactose, potassium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, sodium benzoate, and mixtures thereof. The propellant additives may be selected from the group consisting of binders, burning rate modifiers, flow agents, colorants, coating agents, moisture retardants and mixtures thereof.
Other and further objects of the invention, together with the features of novelty appurtenant thereto, will appear in the following detailed description of the invention.


DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The important benefits of sulfur in various pyrotechnic mixtures such as blackpowder and modern blackpowder substitutes, such as Pyrodex powder as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,128,443 incorporated herein by reference, have long been known. However, the significant drawbacks and disadvantages of sulfur in pyrotechnic mixtures for firearms have also long been understood. The presence of sulfur in these prior art mixtures results in sulfur compounds being present in the combustion residue. In the case of blackpowder, such compounds include hydrogen sulfide, potassium sulfate, potassium thiosulfate, and potassium sulfide. In the case of Pyrodex powder, the sulfur-containing byproducts include principally potassium sulfate and potassium thiosulfate. Such sulfur compounds are difficult to remove from gun barrels where repeated use of the firearms without intermediate cleaning is frequently practiced. Without cleaning, such sulfur compounds combine with moisture and are highly corrosive to the metal parts of the firearm.
In both blackpowder and Pyrodex, sulfur is a necessary component. The low melting point of sulfur (i.e., 244° F.) contributes to a lower autoignition temperature and promotes a faster burning rate in propellant mixtures. In the traditional formulation of blackpowder, charcoal represents 15% by weight, potassium nitrate represents 75% by weight and sulfur represents 10% by weight. The autoignition temperature of blackpowder is approximately 580° F. and the burn rate is about 2.3 seconds per inch at atmospheric pressure.
If sulfur is simply removed from blackpowder, in an effort to control production of the corrosive sulfur byproducts, the product is changed dramatically. The autoignition temperature rises from. 580 to 750 or higher, the burn rate slows down form 2.3 seconds/inch to more than 4.1 seconds/inch, and the ignition properties become very poor. In other words, the modified blackpowder becomes ineffective for use as a propellant composition.
Although the numbers themselves change, the same relationship holds true for Pyrodex powder. When sulfur is removed from Pyrodex powder, the autoignition temperature rises, the burn rate slows down, and the ignition is poor. Therefore, it has heretofore not been possible to simply eliminate sulfur from Pyrodex powder and still maintain a propellant composition useful in muzzleloading weapons.
We have discovered that sulfur can be eliminated and still maintain a propellant by using a gluconic acid salt or an alkali metal nitrobenzoate salt as an ignition aid to various mixtures of oxidizing and reducing agents known to those skilled in the art. It is also possible to combine these novel formulations with various propellant additives known to those skilled in the gunpowder arts, such as binders, burning rate modifiers, flow agents, colorants, coating agents, moisture retardants and mixtures thereof.
The gluconic acid salts tested in formulations coming within the scope of this invention include sodium gluconate and potassium gluconate. Sodium gluconate has a chemical formula of C6H11NaO7, a molecular weight of 218.13 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #8372 of The Merck Index (9th Edition), incorporated herein by reference. The form most commonly used and readily available is sodium D-gluconate. Potassium gluconate has a chemical formula of C6H11KO7, a molecular weight of 234.24 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #7413 of The Merck Index (9th Edition).
Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as an ignition aid, the gluconic acid salt may be present in the amount of 0 to 45% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 1 to 25% by weight, and is present in the amount of 2 to 15% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.
The alkali metal nitrobenzoate salt tested in formulations within the scope of this invention include sodium meta-nitrobenzoate, or sodium 3-nitrobenzoate. The compound has a chemical formula of C7H4NO4Na, a molecular weight of 189.11 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #6411 of The Merck Index (9th Edition).
Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as an ignition aid, the sodium meta-nitrobenzoate may be present in the amount of 0 to 40% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 1 to 15% by weight, and is present in the amount of 2 to 12% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.
The oxidizing and reducing or fuel agents useful in the formulations of this invention include carbon, sugars, nitrate salts, perchlorate salts, benzoate salts, and mixtures thereof. Oxidizing and reducing agents specifically tested include carbon, lactose, potassium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, sodium benzoate, and mixtures thereof.
The element carbon has a chemical formula of C, a molecular weight of 12.01 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #1814 of The Merck Index (9th Edition). The form most commonly used and readily available for use in this invention is charcoal. More specifically, the charcoal was air float charcoal derived from wood.
Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as a fuel in the propellant formulations, carbon may be present in the amount of 0 to 15% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 1 to 12% by weight, and is present in the amount of 3 to 7% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.
Numerous sugars have served as fuels for prior art compositions of propellants. Lactose has specifically been tested and found useful as a fuel in the formulations of this invention. However, other known sugars, such as dextrose, sucrose and fuels derived therefrom, are expected to be useful when combined with ignition agents of gluconate or sodium nitrobenzoate salts, or mixtures thereof. Lactose has a chemical formula of C12H22O11, a molecular weight of 360.31 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #5192 of The Merck Index (9th Edition).
Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as a fuel in the propellant formulations, lactose may be optionally present in the amount of 0 to 15% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 0 to 12% by weight, and may be optionally present in the amount of 0 to 10% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.
Nitrate salts have served as oxidizing agents in prior art propellants. Potassium nitrate, known commonly as saltpeter, has been extensively tested and found useful as an oxidizing agent in the formulations of this invention. Potassium nitrate has a chemical formula of KNO3, a molecular weight of 101.10 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #7432 of The Merck Index (9th Edition).
Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as an oxidizing agent in the propellant formulations, potassium nitrate may be present in the amount of 0 to 60% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 20 to 50% by weight, and may be present in the amount of 30 to 45% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.
Since the development of Pyrodex powder as a blackpowder substitute, perchlorate salts have also served as oxidizing agents in prior art propellants. Potassium perchlorate has been extensively tested and found useful as an oxidizing agent in the formulations of this invention. Potassium perchlorate has a chemical formula of KClO4, a molecular weight of 138.55 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #7439 of The Merck Index (9th Edition).
Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as an oxidizing agent in the propellant formulations, potassium perchlorate may be present in the amount of 0 to 70% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 15 to 50% by weight, and may be present in the amount of 20 to 40% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.
The benzoate salts sodium benzoate and potassium benzoate have been tested and found useful in the formulations of this invention. Sodium benzoate has a chemical formula of C7H5NaO2, a molecular weight of 144.11 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #8326 of The Merck Index (9th Edition). Potassium benzoate has a chemical formula of C7H5KO2, a molecular weight of 160.22 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #1100 of The Merck Index (9th Edition).
Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use in the propellant formulations, benzoate salt may be present in the amount of 0 to 30% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 2 to 20% by weight, and may be present in the amount of 3 to 10% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.
A broad range of various formulations of oxidizing and reducing agents with the ignitions agents of gluconic acid salts, or an alkali metal nitrobenzoate salt such as sodium nitrobenzoate or potassium nitrobenzoate, or mixtures thereof have been combined, without product degradation, with a variety of known propellant additives. Such additives include binders, burning rate modifiers, flow agents, colorants, coating agents, moisture retardants and mixtures thereof.
Propellant binders may comprise simply water, but dextrin is an agent known to serve as an effective binder in gunpowders. Dextrin has a chemical formula of C6H10O5, a molecular weight of 162.14 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #2909 of The Merck Index (9th Edition).
Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as a binder in the propellant formulations, dextrin may be present in the amount of 0 to 10% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 1 to 9% by weight, and may be present in the amount of 2 to 8% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.
Likewise, water may also serve as a burning rate modifier. Dicyanodiamide is another agent known to modify burn rate in gunpowders. Dicyanodiamide has a chemical formula of C2H4N4, a molecular weight of 84.08 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #3068 of The Merck Index (9th Edition).
Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as burn rate modifier in the propellant formulations, dicyanodiamide may be present in the amount of 0 to 10% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 1 to 8% by weight, and may be present in the amount of 2 to 7% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.
Tricalcium phosphate may serve as a flow agent in the propellant formulations. Tricalcium phosphate has a chemical formula of Ca3(PO4)2, a molecular weight of 310.20 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #1695 of The Merck Index (9th Edition).
Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as a flow agent in the propellant formulations, tricalcium phosphate may be present in the amount of 0 to 1% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 0.1 to 0.9% by weight, and may be present in the amount of 0.2 to 0.8% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.
A small amount of carbon black may serve as a colorant in the propellant formulations. Blackpowder traditionalists and muzzleloading enthusiasts expect substitute powders to have a pleasing black color. Accordingly, an appropriate color shade may be achieved by adding up 0.5% by weight carbon black to the propellant formulations of this invention.
Likewise, coating agents such as graphite may be added to the propellant formulations of this invention. This may be done to improve the pouring and consistency of the product to better match the esthetics of traditional blackpowder characteristics.
Although the propellant formulations of this invention have not been found to be excessively hygroscopic, moisture retardants may be included in the product. Acceptable moisture retardants include silicon compounds known in the art for their moisture trapping and retaining properties.
Since the gluconic acid salts and alkali metal nitrobenzoate salt disclosed for use in this invention have not been previously known to have any use in pyrotechnic compositions, extensive tests have been conducted to attempt to understand the nature and scope of these compounds in various propellant formulations. A large number of the tested formulations are included in this application in Tables 1 through 3.
In the reported formulations of Tables 1 through 3, the raw materials of each formulation are given as a weight percentage. The combustion products are theoretically calculated and are likewise given as weight percentage.
In order to characterize the research compositions, the byproducts of the combustion reaction were calculated by a mass balance and a uniform method of determining the reaction byproducts. It is of course recognized that the uniform method does not necessarily yield correct absolute values due to the changes in byproducts that can occur from the reaction environment of high temperature and pressure to atmospheric conditions. Nonetheless, such method does give a good basis for relative comparison of one formulation with another.
The uniform method selected to calculate the reaction byproducts involves certain assumptions as follows. Materials that have very high melting points and are basically inert are considered to pass through the reaction unchanged. The inert portion of trace materials such as in charcoal are assumed to pass through the reaction unchanged. All hydrogen in the raw materials is assumed to be converted to water. All nitrogen in the raw materials is produced as nitrogen gas. All sodium in the raw materials is first produced as sodium chloride and secondly as sodium carbonate. All chlorine in the raw materials is first produced as sodium chloride and secondly as potassium chloride. Any remaining potassium after the above conversions is produced as potassium carbonate. Any remaining carbon is converted to carbon monoxide. Any remaining oxygen is used to convert carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide.
The composition of combustion products given in Tables 1 through 3, therefore, were determined in accordance with the foregoing method with the exception of the combustion products for blackpowder which are well known to those skilled in the gunpowder art to have the accepted values as listed.
As reported under performance characteristics in each of Tables 1 through 3, various test procedures or observations were made for each propellant formulation. A brief description of the test procedure or observation of the reported results are given as follows.
Autoignition Temperature is given in degrees Fahrenheit. Grains of the composition were placed on a hot plate at various locations until a location was found that caused combustion. The temperature of that location on the plate was then measured and recorded.
In the Open Tube Burn test, a small quantity of the composition was placed in a 1⁄2′′ diameter plastic tube which was taped at one end. A fuse was placed in the open end and ignited. The nature of combustion of the composition was observed and the results recorded.
Burn Rate is given in seconds per inch. A quantity of the composition was compressed in a 1⁄2′′ diameter tube at consistent pressure by increments until a pressing of about 1-1⁄2′′ in length was obtained. The pressed composition was then ignited and the time of burning was measured. The walls of the tube restricted the burning to just the cross-sectional area of the tube so that the composition burned in a cigarette type manner.
The Bulk Density is given in grams per cubic centimeter (gms/cc). A known volume of the composition was weighed, and the bulk density was calculated and recorded.
Moisture content is given as a weight percentage. Moisture content was measured using an Ohaus-type scale.
Ballistic characteristics were taken for 80 grains volumetric samples which means that the same volume was used that was equal to the volume of 80 grains by weight of blackpowder. The ballistic data was recorded.
The projectile velocities of multiple tests were measured and recorded as feet per second. For each shot, the test gun was charged with a known quantity of composition and the projectile was fired through velocity screens separated by a known distance. The time for the projectile to pass through one screen to the next was measured and the velocity was then calculated and recorded. Lo velocity represents the lowest velocity in the range of tests for the particular powder formulation being studied, Hi velocity represents the highest in the range of tests, ES velocity represents the spread between Lo and Hi velocities, Av velocity represents the average velocity, and SD velocity is the standard deviation for the range of tests.
The TTP test is given in milliseconds and represents the time to peak pressure. An electronic device was used to measure the elapsed time from the onset of pressure rise until the maximum pressure occurs in the gun barrel breech.
The Pressure test is given in pounds per square inch. A piezometer was used to determine the pressure in the breech of the gun at each firing of the composition and the maximum of such readings was recorded.
The Fouler pressure test is given in pounds per square inch. The Fouler pressure is measured with the piezometer as above, but this reading represents the first shot in a group of firings and was normally done with a clean barrel.
The ability to clean any combustion residue with water alone was also observed as part of the tests. With the exception of the tests on blackpowder recorded for comparative purposes, all of the formulations of this invention formed combustion byproducts which were easily removed with gun cleaning patches dipped in plain water.
In the following Table 1 representative examples are shown of propellant formulations in which a gluconic acid salt alone serves as the ignition aid for the oxidizing and reducing agents as indicated.







TABLE 1





Gluconate Formulations






















Chemical
Mole
Black
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
Weight
Powder
#657
#171
#75





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C
12.01

0.45
0.5
0.5


Charcoal
C
12.01
15.00
3.15
3


Dextrin
C6H10O5
162.14

6.00
6
6


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4
84.08


Graphite
C
12.01


Lactose
C12H22O11
360.31


6.1


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na
189.11


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
101.10
75.00
16.63
38
53.1


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
138.55

48.83
32.5
21.2


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
144.11

21.00
9.8
14.8


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2
160.22


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
218.13

3.55
3.7
4


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7
234.24


Sulfur
S
32.06
10.00


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
310.20

0.40
0.4
0.4


TOTAL


100.00
100.00
100.0
100


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3
96.11
0.97


Carbon Dioxide
CO2
44.01
24.93

16.2
19


Carbon Monoxide
CO
28.01
3.97
38.20
17.4
9.3


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S
34.08
0.69


Methane
CH4
16.04
0.49


Nitrogen
N2
28.02
9.92
2.30
5.3
7.4


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
138.20
26.56
22.40
32.2
44.7


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS
97.18
1.97


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4
174.25
12.34


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3
190.32
15.40


Potassium Sulfide
K2S
110.26
2.23


Potassium Chloride
KCl
74.56

14.30
10.9
2.3


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3
105.99


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
58.45

9.40
5.1
7.1


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
310.20

0.40
0.4
0.4


Water
H2O
18.02

11.60
11.6
9.8


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
12.01
0.53
1.40
0.9



TOTAL


100.00
100.00
100.0
100


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.


580
800
760
860


Open tube burn


just burn 
fast
just burn
just burn


Burn rate, secs/in.


2.3
5.3
7.9
9.1


Bulk Density


1
0.84
0.87
0.81


Moisture, wt. %


<0.5
0.9
0.7
0.8


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps


1624
1586
1764
1393


Hi velocity, fps


1690
only
1863
1426


ES velocity, fps


66
one
99
33


Av velocity, fps


1664
shot
1825
1407


SD velocity, fps


26

48
15


TTP, ms.


0.8
0.2
1
1


Pressure, psi max.


11000
29500
6800
3600


Fouler pressure, psi




4100
1600






Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#85
#165
#175
#663
#664





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C
0.5
0.5
0.5


Charcoal
C

3
3
5
5


Dextrin
C6H10O5

6
4
4
4


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4


Graphite
C


Lactose
C12H22O11

6.8
7
5.5
7


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
55.5
37
37.8
37.8
37.8


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
22.2
31.5
32.2
32.2
32.2


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
17.4
10.8
11
11
9.5


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
4
4
4.1
4.1
4.1


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


TOTAL

100
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2
25.5
10.2
13.7
12.9
13.5


Carbon Monoxide
CO
2.2
23.9
20
21
20.2


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2
7.7
5.1
5.2
5.2
5.2


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
47.3
31.4
32.5
32.5
31.5


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl
1.7
10.3
10.1
10.1
11.2


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
8.1
5.3
5.6
5.6
4.8


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


Water
H2O
7.1
12.5
11.6
10.7
11.6


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C

0.9
0.9
1.6
1.6


TOTAL

100
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.

930
740
770
770
740


Open tube burn

just burn fast
burn fast
burn fast


Burn rate, secs/in.

7.1
6.9
6.7
7.2
7.8


Bulk Density

0.64
0.84
0.81
0.84
0.84


Moisture, wt. %

0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1545
1864
1937
1930
1839


Hi velocity, fps

1592
1941
1976
1960
1884


ES velocity, fps

138
77
39
30
45


Av velocity, fps

1537
1923
1958
1946
1865


SD velocity, fps

70
33
17
11
18


TTP, ms.

0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7


Pressure, psi max.

11100
7700
8800
10400
8900


Fouler pressure, psi

6000
5400
8000
7000
6300






Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#665
#158
#680
#685
#677





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C

0.5


Charcoal
C
7
3
7
7
7


Dextrin
C6H10O5
4
6
3.5
3.5
3


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4


Graphite
C


Lactose
C12H22O11
3.5
7.4
4
4
4


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
37.8
35.9
39.4
39.4
37.8


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
32.2
30.6
30.7
33.2
32.2


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
11
11.8
10.5
8
11


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
4.1
4.4
4.5
4.5
4.6


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


TOTAL

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2
10.4
3.6
11.3
21.4
10.6


Carbon Monoxide
CO
23.8
30.3
22.5
12.9
23.6


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2
5.2
5
5.5
5.5
5.2


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
32.5
31.6
33.2
32
32.5


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl
10.1
8.8
9.8
12.4
10.1


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
5.6
5.9
5.4
4.3
5.6


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


Water
H2O
9.8
13.4
9.8
8.9
9.8


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
2.2
0.9
2.2
2.2
2.2


TOTAL

100.0
99.9
100.1
100.0
100.0


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.

770
720
720
740
720


Open tube burn

fast
just burn
fast

fast


Burn rate, secs/in.

6.3
7.3
6.7
8.1
6.6


Bulk Density

0.82
0.83
0.8
0.86
0.81


Moisture, wt. %

0.8
0.7
0.9
0.8
0.7


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1939
1762
1908
1905
1930


Hi velocity, fps

1955
1890
1995
1966
2024


ES velocity, fps

16
128
87
61
94


Av velocity, fps

1948
1845
1951
1936
1980


SD velocity, fps

7
52
26
27
44


TTP, ms.

0.7
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.6


Pressure, psi max.

10900
7300
12600
11000
15400


Fouler pressure, psi

6700
4600
8500
6200
11900






Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#147
#151
#679
#164
#58





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C
0.5
0.5

0.5


Charcoal
C
3
3
7

5


Dextrin
C6H10O5
6
6
3
6
6


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4




4.9


Graphite
C


Lactose
C12H22O11
9.5
8
4.2
9.6


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
37.9
34.8
39.4
34.2
48.6


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
26.5
29.7
30.7
32.9
19.4


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
11.4
12.8
10.5
11.5
10.7


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.9
5


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


TOTAL

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2


11.3
8.8
2.2


Carbon Monoxide
CO
33.1
33.4
22.4
24.5
26.3


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2
5.3
4.8
5.5
4.7
10


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
32.9
31.3
33.4
30.4
39.8


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl
6.7
7.8
9.4
10.1
3.4


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
5.9
6.4
5.6
5.9
5.6


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


Water
H2O
14.3
14.3
9.8
15.2
10.7


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
1.3
1.6
2.2

1.6


TOTAL

99.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.

740
750
710
770
840


Open tube burn

just burn
just burn
fast

just burn


Burn rate, secs/in.

8.3
8.5
6.3
9.5
8.8


Bulk Density

0.82
0.84
0.8
0.84
0.78


Moisture, wt. %

0.7
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1571
1655
1917
1713
1346


Hi velocity, fps

1616
1698
1970
1811
1442


ES velocity, fps

45
43
53
98
96


Av velocity, fps

1592
1676
1942
1765
1384


SD velocity, fps

19
19
20
44
39


TTP, ms.

1
1
0.6
0.8
1


Pressure, psi max.

4300
5700
12200
6300
3800


Fouler pressure, psi

2900
4600
10000
4500
2100






Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#675
#159
#176
#177
#115





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C

0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5


Charcoal
C
7

1
1


Dextrin
C6H10O5
2
6
6
4
6


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4


Graphite
C


Lactose
C12H22O11
4.5
10.4
8.9
9.1
11.1


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
37.8
33.2
30.6
31.3
32.2


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
32.2
31.9
33.1
33.8
30.9


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
11
12.4
14.2
14.5
13.3


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.6


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


TOTAL

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2
11
2.7

2.2


Carbon Monoxide
CO
22.9
30.7
34.3
32.2
32.4


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2
5.2
4.6
4.2
4.3
4.5


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
32.9
30
29.3
30.2
30.2


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl
9.7
9.1
8.8
8.6
7.8


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
5.9
6.4
7.1
7.4
6.9


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


Water
H2O
9.8
16.1
15.2
14.3
17


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
2.2

0.6
0.3
0.9


TOTAL

100.0
100.0
99.9
99.9
100.1


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.

740
740
760
760
720


Open tube burn

fast
just burn
just burn
just burn
just burn


Burn rate, secs/in.

7
9.4
8.7
8.2
12


Bulk Density

0.8
0.83
0.85
0.83
0.81


Moisture, wt. %

0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.9


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1828
1776
1920
1970
1675


Hi velocity, fps

1963
1845
1973
2066
1729


ES velocity, fps

135
69
53
96
54


Av velocity, fps

1922
1825
1945
2019
1700


SD velocity, fps

53
28
20
36
20


TTP, ms.

0.6
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.9


Pressure, psi max.

13000
7100
9100
11800
6100


Fouler pressure, psi


6000
9200
14500
2300






Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#673
#117
#676
#674
#660





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C

0.5


0.38


Charcoal
C
7

7
7
3.15


Dextrin
C6H10O5

6
2

6.00


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4


Graphite
C


Lactose
C12H22O11
5.5
9.6
7.1
8


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
37.8
31.9
32.5
32.8
25.34


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
32.2
30.9
32.2
32.2
39.06


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
11
13.3
11
11
16.80


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
6.1
7.4
7.8
8.6
8.88


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.40


TOTAL

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.00


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2
11.5


Carbon Monoxide
CO
22.3
32
34.8
34.4
36.00


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2
5.2
4.4
4.5
4.5
3.50


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
33
30.6
30.1
30.7
28.10


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl
9.5
7.2
8.9
8.4
9.30


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
6.1
7.4
6.6
6.9
9.20


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.40


Water
H2O
9.8
17
12.5
12.5
12.50


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
2.2
1
2.2
2.2
1.00


TOTAL

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.00


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.

720
740
740
720
800


Open tube burn

fast
just burn
fast
just burn


Burn rate, secs/in.

6.6
12.2
6.6
6.8
6.4


Bulk Density

0.78
0.85
0.77
0.77
0.81


Moisture, wt. %

0.7
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.8


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1152
1726
1846
1654
1660


Hi velocity, fps

1727
1760
1951
1852
1907


ES velocity, fps

575
34
105
198
four


Av velocity, fps

1530
1748
1896
1800
shots


SD velocity, fps

327
14
38
82


TTP, ms.

0.4
0.9
0.6
0.5
0.3


Pressure, psi max.

24200
5800
13500
18400
24100


Fouler pressure, psi

14100
5000
11500
13900






Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#662
#162
#83
#157
#170





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C
0.38
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5


Charcoal
C
5.25
3

3
3


Dextrin
C6H10O5
6.00
6

6
3


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4


Graphite
C


Lactose
C12H22O11


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
32.55
37.4
53.1
36.3
37.5


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
32.55
30.8
21.2
29.9
30.9


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
14.00
12.4
14.8
13.6
14.1


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
8.88
9.5
10
10.3
10.6


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.40
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


TOTAL

100.00
100
100
100
100


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2

9.3
22.5
3
9.6


Carbon Monoxide
CO
35.00
23.5
5.2
29.8
23


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2
4.50
5.2
7.4
5
5.2


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
31.60
34.6
46.6
34.6
35.9


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl
7.20
6.9
0.2
5.5
5.5


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
8.10
7.6
8.7
8.4
8.7


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.40
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


Water
H2O
11.60
11.6
8.9
12.5
10.7


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
1.60
0.9

0.9
0.9


TOTAL

100.00
100
99.9
100.1
99.9


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.

730
710
780
720
740


Open tube burn

fast
just burn
just burn
just burn
just burn


Burn rate, secs/in.

7.1
6.9
8.3
6.9
6.9


Bulk Density

0.81
0.84
0.71
0.83
0.77


Moisture, wt. %

0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1923
1909
1561
1799
1741


Hi velocity, fps

1953
1958
1691
1888
1856


ES velocity, fps

30
49
130
89
115


Av velocity, fps

1937
1931
1638
1855
1817


SD velocity, fps

11
19
48
34
47


TTP, ms.

0.7
0.7
1
0.9
0.5


Pressure, psi max.

12400
7400
11900
8200
16900


Fouler pressure, psi

10400
5200
5800
5400
13000






Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#136
#148
#152
#155
#140





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5


Charcoal
C
3
3
3
3
3


Dextrin
C6H10O5
6
6
6
6
6


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4


Graphite
C


Lactose
C12H22O11


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
27.1
37.2
31.2
35.2
28.2


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
36.2
27.2
32.6
29
35


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
15.6
14.5
15.1
14.7
15


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
11.2
11.2
11.2
11.2
11.9


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


TOTAL

100
100
100
100
100


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2


Carbon Monoxide
CO
34.3
31.1
32.9
31.9
34.3


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2
3.8
5.2
4.3
4.9
3.9


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
29.5
35.9
32.3
34.6
30


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl
7.6
3.4
5.7
4.2
7.2


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
9.4
8.9
9.2
8.9
9.2


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


Water
H2O
13.4
13.4
13.4
13.4
13.4


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
1.6
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.5


TOTAL

100
100.1
99.9
100
99.9


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.

680
730
710
730
700


Open tube burn

burn fast
just burn
burn fast
just burn
burn fast


Burn rate, secs/in.

6.7
7.7
7
6.8
6.3


Bulk Density

0.83
0.81
0.83
0.84
0.84


Moisture, wt. %

0.8
0.9
0.7
0.8
0.8


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1918
1762
1931
1794
1983


Hi velocity, fps

2123
1795
2026
1808
2010


ES velocity, fps

205
33
95
14
27


Av velocity, fps

2030
1781
1994
1800
1999


SD velocity, fps

86
14
39
5
10


TTP, ms.

0.6
0.9
0.7
0.7
0.7


Pressure, psi max.

17000
6300
11800
6700
15800


Fouler pressure, psi

15100
4300
13000
5400
14900






Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#661
#143
#88
#87
#678





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C
0.33
0.5
0.5
0.5


Charcoal
C
3.15
3


5.70


Dextrin
C6H10O5
6.00
6
6
4


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4


Graphite
C


Lactose
C12H22O11


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
31.15
29.3
19.6
20
34.00


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
32.55
33.6
42.4
43.3
32.60


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
14.00
14.5
18.1
18.5
11.00


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
12.43
12.7
13
13.3
16.30


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.40
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.40


TOTAL

100.00
100
100
100
100.00


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2



0.8
10.30


Carbon Monoxide
CO
33.90
34.2
34.9
34.9
23.40


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2
4.30
4.1
2.7
2.8
4.70


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
32.00
30.9
26.3
26.5
33.70


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl
6.10
6.3
8.8
9.5
6.10


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
8.90
9.2
10.9
10.9
8.90


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.40
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.40


Water
H2O
13.40
13.4
15.2
14.3
10.70


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
1.00
1.5


1.80


TOTAL

100.00
100
99.2
100.1
100.00


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.

750
720
700
690
670


Open tube burn

just burn
just burn
just burn fast
just burn fast
just burn


Burn rate, secs/in.

8.3
6.8
6.7
6.5
7.6


Bulk Density

0.84
0.84
0.83
0.79
0.72


Moisture, wt. %

0.8
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1908
1990
1547
1753
1653


Hi velocity, fps

1933
2072
1951
2025
1700


ES velocity, fps

25
82
289
272
47


Av velocity, fps

1919
2020
1786
1854
1673


SD velocity, fps

11
31
120
148
18


TTP, ms.

0.7
0.7
0.3
0.3
0.5


Pressure, psi max.

11100
12800
23600
21200
19100


Fouler pressure, psi

10200
12000
23800
19700
19100






Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#98
#103
#105
#116
#99





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5


Charcoal
C


Dextrin
C6H10O5
6
6
6
6
6


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4


Graphite
C


Lactose
C12H22O11


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
25.1
28
29.4

30.7


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
35.8
32.5
30.9
60.3
29.3


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
15.4
14
13.3
13.3
12.6


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
16.8
18.6
19.5
19.5
20.5


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


TOTAL

100
100
100
100
100


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2



9.3


Carbon Monoxide
CO
32.9
32.6
32.2
32.1
31


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2
3.5
3.9
4.1

4.3


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
29.7
31.8
32.9
12.7
33.6


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl
5.7
3.8
2.9
18.7
2.1


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
10.7
10.7
10.7
10.7
10.7


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


Water
H2O
16.1
16.1
16.1
16.1
17


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C

0.8
0.7




TOTAL

99
100.1
100
100
99.1


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.

700
660
670
740
700


Open tube burn

just burn
just burn
just burn
burn fast
just burn


Burn rate, secs/in.

9.2
10.1
10.8
6.7
11


Bulk Density

0.84
0.85
0.84
0.88
0.83


Moisture, wt. %

0.8
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.8


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1998
1909
1638
only
1475


Hi velocity, fps

2044
1942
1697
one
1603


ES velocity, fps

46
33
59
shot
128


Av velocity, fps

2021
1922
1667
2151
1537


SD velocity, fps

20
15
25

45


TTP, ms.

0.7
0.8
0.9
0.3
1


Pressure, psi max.

13000
9000
6200
34900
4900


Fouler pressure, psi


9000
4800
34900
3400

















Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref




Formula
#89
#580
#670







RAW MATERIALS, wt. %



Carbon Black
C
0.5



Charcoal
C



Dextrin
C6H10O5
6
6.00



Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4



Graphite
C



Lactose
C12H22O11



Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na



Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
36.3

55.50



Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
22.8
62.00



Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
9.8



Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2



Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
24.2
31.60
44.10



Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7



Sulfur
S



Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.40
0.40



TOTAL

100
100.00
100.00



COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %



Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3



Carbon Dioxide
CO2

33.80
23.60



Carbon Monoxide
CO
29.1
6.90



Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S



Methane
CH4



Nitrogen
N2
5

7.70



Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
36.2
9.90
38.00



Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS



Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4



Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3



Potassium Sulfide
K2S



Potassium Chloride
KCl

22.70



Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3
0.7

10.70



Sodium Chloride
NaCl
9.6
8.40



Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.40
0.40



Water
H2O
17.9
17.90
19.60



Ash or Unburned Carbon
C






TOTAL

98.9
100.00
100.0



PERFORMANCE FACTORS



Autoignition Temp, ° F.

660
740
620



Open tube burn

burn slow
just burned
slow burn



Burn rate, secs/in.

12.7
8.3
13



Bulk Density

0.79
0.8
0.63



Moisture, wt. %

0.6
0.8
0.1



Ballistics 80 gr. vol.



Lo velocity, fps

1100
1647
low



Hi velocity, fps

1140
1847



ES velocity, fps

40
200



Av velocity, fps

1121
1783



SD velocity, fps

140
80



TTP, ms.

1.1
0.7–1.3



Pressure, psi max.

1600
8300
500



Fouler pressure, psi

900
3600










In the following Table 2 representative examples are shown of propellant formulations in which the sodium nitrobenzoate salt sodium meta-nitrobenzoate alone serves as the ignition aid for the oxidizing and reducing agents as indicated.







TABLE 2





Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate Formulations






















Chemical
Mole
Black
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
Weight
Powder
#795
#791
#792





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C
12.01


Charcoal
C
12.01
15.00
5.6
5.7
5.7


Dextrin
C6H10O5
162.14

8
5.8
6.8


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4
84.08

4.9
6
5


Graphite
C
12.01


Lactose
C12H22O11
360.31


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na
189.11

7.3
7.4
7.4


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
101.10
75.00
38.7
39.2
39.2


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
138.55

29
29.4
29.4


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
144.11

6.1
6.1
6.1


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2
160.22


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
218.13


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7
234.24


Sulfur
S
32.06
10.00


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
310.20

0.4
0.4
0.4


TOTAL


100.00
100
100
100


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3
96.11
0.97


Carbon Dioxide
CO2
44.01
24.93
7.1
9.1
9.3


Carbon Monoxide
CO
28.01
3.97
25.4
22.7
23


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S
34.08
0.69


Methane
CH4
16.04
0.49


Nitrogen
N2
28.02
9.92
9.2
10
9.3


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
138.20
26.56
32
32.5
32.5


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS
97.18
1.97


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4
174.25
12.34


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3
190.32
15.40


Potassium Sulfide
K2S
110.26
2.23


Potassium Chloride
KCl
74.56

9.5
9.7
9.7


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3
105.99

0


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
58.45

4.8
4.8
4.8


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
310.20

0.4
0.4
0.4


Water
H2O
18.02

9.9
9.1
9.3


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
12.01
0.53
1.7
1.7
1.7


TOTAL


100.00
100
100
100


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.


580
800
840
800


Open tube burn


just burn


Burn rate, secs/in.


2.3
6.3
6.1
6.2


Bulk Density


1
0.76
0.75
0.72


Moisture, wt. %


<0.5
0.7
1
0.8


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps


1624
1869
1737
1739


Hi velocity, fps


1690
1948
1977
1857


ES velocity, fps


66
79
240
118


Av velocity, fps


1664
1911
1881
1792


SD velocity, fps


26
37
99
59


TTP, ms.


0.8
0.6
0.6
0.5


Pressure, psi max.


11000
11300
15800
17000


Fouler pressure, psi



7500
11200
9300
















Chemial
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#783
#694
#825
#824





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C


Charcoal
C
5.7
4


Dextrin
C6H10O5
5.9
3.5


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4
5


Graphite
C


Lactose
C12H22O11

8.5


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na
7.5
8
30.00
40.00


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
39.6
39.4

59.60


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
29.7
30.7
69.60


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
6.2
5.5


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.40
0.40


TOTAL

100
100.0
100.00
100.00


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2
11.2
18.6
45.40


Carbon Monoxide
CO
21
15.7

28.00


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2
9.4
6.1
2.20
11.20


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
32.7
32.5
11.00
40.60


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl
9.9
10.5
25.50


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3
0


11.30


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
4.8
4.8
9.40


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.40
0.40


Water
H2O
8.8
10.2
5.60
7.50


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
1.8
1.2




TOTAL

100
100.0
99.5
99.0


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.

860
750
780
740


Open tube burn


fast (693-)
bvf. prop. 9′
just burn


Burn rate, secs/in.

6.9
6
4.2
4.4


Bulk Density

0.77
0.83
0.72
0.5


Moisture, wt. %

0.8
0.8
0.5
0.9


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1867
1907
1211
794


Hi velocity, fps

1955
1924
1461
853


ES velocity, fps

88
17
250
59


Av velocity, fps

1931
1914
1320
825


SD velocity, fps

36
7
127
29


TTP, ms.

0.6
0.7
0.1
0.2


Pressure, psi max.

14000
10200
22900
2000


Fouler pressure, psi

7600
8600
21000









In the following Table 3 representative examples are shown of propellant formulations in which a mixture of a gluconic acid salt and a sodium nitrobenzoate salt serves as the ignition aid for the oxidizing and reducing agents as indicated.







TABLE 3





Gluconate with Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate Formulations






















Chemical
Mole
Black
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
Weight
Powder
#781
#692
#784





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C
12.01


Charcoal
C
12.01
15.00
6.7
7
5.7


Dextrin
C6H10O5
162.14

5.4
3.5
4.4


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4
84.08

5

5


Graphite
C
12.01


Lactose
C12H22O11
360.31


4


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na
189.11

8.5
8
7.5


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
101.10
75.00
38
39.4
39.6


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
138.55

29.6
30.7
29.6


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
144.11

5.2
5.5
6.2


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2
160.22


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
218.13

1.2
1.5
1.6


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7
234.24


Sulfur
S
32.06
10.00


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
310.20

0.4
0.4
0.4


TOTAL


100.00
100
100.0
100


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3
96.11
0.97


Carbon Dioxide
CO2
44.01
24.93
8
16.8
11.4


Carbon Monoxide
CO
28.01
3.97
25
18.2
20.4


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S
34.08
0.69


Methane
CH4
16.04
0.49


Nitrogen
N2
28.02
9.92
9.2
6.1
9.4


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
138.20
26.56
31.8
32.9
33.2


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS
97.18
1.97


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4
174.25
12.34


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3
190.32
15.40


Potassium Sulfide
K2S
110.26
2.23


Potassium Chloride
KCl
74.56

9.5
10.1
9.3


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3
105.99


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
58.45

5.1
5.1
5.3


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
310.20

0.4
0.4
0.4


Water
H2O
18.02

8.9
8.2
8.8


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
12.01
0.53
2.1
2.2
1.8


TOTAL


100.00
100
100.0
100


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.


580
780
750
820


Open tube burn


just burn

fast


Burn rate, secs/in.


2.3
6.3
5.1
7.2


Bulk Density


1
0.77
0.81
0.74


Moisture, wt. %


<0.5
0.8
0.9
0.8


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps


1624
1851
1914
1779


Hi velocity, fps


1690
1896
1968
1894


ES velocity, fps


66
45
54
115


Av velocity, fps


1664
1873
1935
1840


SD velocity, fps


26
19
20
43


TTP, ms.


0.8
0.6
0.6
0.6


Pressure, psi max.


11000
10400
11800
16800


Fouler pressure, psi



8100
9000
7800






Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#810A
#806
#804
#807
#808





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C


Charcoal
C
5.58
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6


Dextrin
C6H10O5
5.78
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4
4.88
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9


Graphite
C
0.35


Lactose
C12H22O11


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na
3.29
2.3
3.3
3.3
3.3


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
39.57
38.7
38.7
39.7
39.7


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
27.90
29
29
29
28


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
10.06
11.1
10.1
9.1
10.1


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
2.19
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.40
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


TOTAL

100.00
100
100
100
100


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2

2.2
3.6
7.1
3


Carbon Monoxide
CO

29.4
28.1
24.4
28.5


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2

8.8
8.9
9
9


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3

33.2
33.1
33.5
33.5


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl

8.2
8.3
8.7
8.2


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3


Sodium Chloride
NaCl

5.8
5.7
5.4
5.5


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2

0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


Water
H2O

10.3
10.2
9.8
10.2


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C

1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7


TOTAL


100
100
100
100


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.


800
810
820
800


Open tube burn


Burn rate, secs/in.


7.1
7.6
7.1
7.2


Bulk Density


0.84
0.81
0.8
0.82


Moisture, wt. %


0.9
0.8
0.8
0.9


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1870
1868
1891
1907
1849


Hi velocity, fps

1930
1902
1929
1972
1909


ES velocity, fps

60
34
38
65
60


Av velocity, fps

1908
1883
1913
1952
1885


SD velocity, fps

24
15
20
26
22


TTP, ms.

0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7


Pressure, psi max.

10300
10000
11200
12000
9900


Fouler pressure, psi

6400
7100
8000
7400
6600






Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#803
#799
#802
#801
#789





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C


Charcoal
C
5.6
3
5.6
5.6
5.5


Dextrin
C6H10O5
5.8
6
5.8
5.8
6.8


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9


Graphite
C


Lactose
C12H22O11


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na
4.3
5
5.3
6.3
7.2


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
38.7
38.7
38.7
38.7
38.3


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
29
29
29
29
28.7


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
9.1
10.8
8.1
7.1
6


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


TOTAL

100
100
100
100
100


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2
4.7
5.2
6
6.9
6.6


Carbon Monoxide
CO
27.2
25.8
25.9
25.3
25.6


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2
8.9
9
9
9.1
9.1


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
33.1
34.1
33.1
32.7
32.5


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl
8.3
7.2
8.3
8.8
8.6


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
5.7
6.6
5.7
5.3
5.3


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


Water
H2O
10
10.8
9.9
9.8
10.2


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
1.7
0.9
1.7
1.7
1.7


TOTAL

100
100
100
100
100


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.

780
780
780
770
770


Open tube burn


Burn rate, secs/in.

6.8
7.6
7.2
6.8
7.7


Bulk Density

0.79
0.78
0.78
0.77
0.8


Moisture, wt. %

0.9
0.7
0.9
0.8
0.8


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1901
1896
1891
1859
1823


Hi velocity, fps

1988
1968
1912
1945
1866


ES velocity, fps

87
72
21
86
43


Av velocity, fps

1944
1942
1898
1902
1839


SD velocity, fps

37
30
8
24
15


TTP, ms.

0.6
0.6
0.7
0.6


Pressure, psi max.

13300
13100
10400
11600
8800


Fouler pressure, psi

8500
9800
7000
5800
7300






Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#782
#788
#812
#786
#776





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C


Charcoal
C
5.6
5.6
5.6
6.1
6.7


Dextrin
C6H10O5
5.8
6.3
5.8
3.8
5.3


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4
4.9
4.9
4.9
5.3
5


Graphite
C


Lactose
C12H22O11


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.9
8.4


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
38.7
38.4
38.7
38.7
37.5


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
29
28.8
29
29
29.3


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
6.1
6.1

6.6
5.2


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


6.1


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


TOTAL

100
100
100
100
100


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2
8
6.9
9.9
7.5
5.9


Carbon Monoxide
CO
24.3
25.4
22.2
24.7
26.8


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2
9.2
9.1
9.2
9.5
9.2


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
32.7
32.5
32.4
33
31.8


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl
8.8
8.8
12
8.4
9.1


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
5.3
5.3
2.8
5.6
5.3


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


Water
H2O
9.6
9.9
9.4
9
9.4


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.9
2.1


TOTAL

100
100
100
100
100


PERFORMANCE FACTORS

40




grvol.


Autoignition Temp, ° F.

800
780
780
810
780


Open tube burn

fast,




blk.




fstr.


Burn rate, secs/in.

4.9
7.3
6.7
7.1
7


Bulk Density

0.98
0.79
0.82
0.74
0.77


Moisture, wt. %

0.7
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.9


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1676
1892
1975
1800
1871


Hi velocity, fps

1706
1931
2012
1868
1901


ES velocity, fps

30
39
37
68
30


Av velocity, fps

1695
1908
1986
1842
1890


SD velocity, fps

12
14
14
27
12


TTP, ms.

0.2
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.65


Pressure, psi max.

13100
10400
11800
12100
10500


Fouler pressure, psi

12600
8500
10000
8100
8400






Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#800
#780
#809
#805
#815





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C


Charcoal
C
3.3
6.5
5.6
5.6
6.6


Dextrin
C6H10O5
6
5.2
5.8
5.8
4.8


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4
5.4
4.8
3.9
4.9
5.9


Graphite
C


Lactose
C12H22O11


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na
3
8.1
2.3
4.3
6.3


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
38.7
36.4
38.7
38.7
38.7


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
29
28.4
29
29
29


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
11.8
7.1
11.1
8.1
5.1


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
2.4
3.1
3.2
3.2
3.2


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


TOTAL

100
100
100
100
100


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2
3.6

2.7
6
8.2


Carbon Monoxide
CO
26.9
32.9
29.2
25.7
23.8


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2
9.2
8.8
8.1
8.9
9.8


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
34.1
32
33.6
33.2
32


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl
7.3
7.6
7.8
8.2
9.5


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
6.4
6.1
6.1
5.7
4.8


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


Water
H2O
11.1
10.2
10.4
10.2
9.5


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
1
2
1.7
1.7
2


TOTAL

100
100
100
100
100


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.

780
780
810
780
730


Open tube burn


Burn rate, secs/in.

9.9
7
7.3
7.1
6


Bulk Density

0.75
0.8
0.82
0.76
0.75


Moisture, wt. %

0.8
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1789
1762
1939
1854
1835


Hi velocity, fps

1865
1841
1985
1899
1908


ES velocity, fps

76
79
46
45
73


Av velocity, fps

1821
1816
1964
1879
1875


SD velocity, fps

29
31
21
18
26


TTP, ms.

0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7


Pressure, psi max.

15300
9200
12000
10700
10000


Fouler pressure, psi

7100
7500
8400
7100
6800






Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#768
#761
#763
#765
#769





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C


Charcoal
C
6.7
7.6
6.5
6.5
6.5


Dextrin
C6H10O5
5.4
5.2
6.3
5.2
5.2


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4
5
4.9
4.8
5.9
4.8


Graphite
C


Lactose
C12H22O11


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na
7.3
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
37.6
36.8
36.8
36.8
38.2


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
29.3
28.7
28.7
28.7
28.5


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
5.1
5
5.1
5.1
5


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


TOTAL

100
100
100
100
100


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2
6.9
2.5
3.4
2.6
6.8


Carbon Monoxide
CO
25.9
30.8
29.5
29.7
25.9


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2
9.1
9
8.9
9.6
9.1


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
31.6
31.4
31.8
31.8
32.3


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl
9.3
8.6
8.2
8.2
8.6


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
5.1
5.3
5.6
5.6
5.3


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


Water
H2O
9.6
9.6
10.2
10.1
9.6


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
2.1
2.4
2
2
2


TOTAL

100
100
100
100
100


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.

780
790
800
780
780


Open tube burn


Burn rate, secs/in.

6.9
6.7
7.2
7.2
6.9


Bulk Density

0.81
0.78
0.85
0.78
0.8


Moisture, wt. %

0.8
0.9
0.7
0.9
0.8


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1848
1831
1839
1870
1840


Hi velocity, fps

1885
1914
1864
1929
1885


ES velocity, fps

37
83
25
59
45


Av velocity, fps

1867
1885
1849
1893
1863


SD velocity, fps

15
32
9
22
19


TTP, ms.

0.6
0.6
0.7
0.65
0.65


Pressure, psi max.

10400
10600
9200
11200
10300


Fouler pressure, psi

8100
7700
7600
8400
7700






Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#771
#773
#793
#759
#762





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C


Charcoal
C
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.6
5.6


Dextrin
C6H10O5
5.2
5.3
6.3
5.3
5.4


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.9
5


Graphite
C


Lactose
C12H22O11


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.3
8.4


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
36.7
36.8
36.8
37.2
37.5


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
30
28.7
28.7
29
29.3


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
5
6.1
5.1
5.1
5.2


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


TOTAL

100
100
100
100
100


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2
6.9
2.8
3.4
5.2
7.7


Carbon Monoxide
CO
26.1
30.2
29.5
27.4
24.7


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2
8.9
8.9
8.9
9
9.2


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
31.3
32.1
31.8
32.1
32.3


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl
9.5
7.9
8.2
8.5
8.6


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3
0


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
5.3
5.8
5.6
5.6
5.6


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


Water
H2O
9.6
9.9
10.2
9.7
9.8


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
2
2
2
2.1
1.7


TOTAL

100
100
100
100
100


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.

790
790

800
800


Open tube burn


Burn rate, secs/in.

6.8
7.1
6.8
6.4
7.3


Bulk Density

0.75
0.78
0.74
0.77
0.78


Moisture, wt. %

0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1818
1829
1823
1885
1882


Hi velocity, fps

1912
1850
1852
1948
1908


ES velocity, fps

94
21
29
63
26


Av velocity, fps

1873
1844
1841
1913
1896


SD velocity, fps

40
8
12
28
12


TTP, ms.

0.6
0.7
0.6

0.6


Pressure, psi max.

12900
9400
10400
10900
10400


Fouler pressure, psi

9200
7300
8000
8300
8500






Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#764
#766
#770
#772
#774





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C


Charcoal
C
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7


Dextrin
C6H10O5
4.3
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.3


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4
5
3.9
5
5
5


Graphite
C


Lactose
C12H22O11


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
37.6
37.6
36.2
37.7
37.6


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
29.3
29.3
29.5
28
29.3


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
5.1
5.1
5.2
5.2
4.1


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


TOTAL

100
100
100
100
100


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2
7.1
7.4
4.1
3.6
7.6


Carbon Monoxide
CO
25.5
25.8
29
29.1
25.2


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2
9.2
8.4
9
9.2
9.2


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
32.3
32.2
31.3
32.2
31.6


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.1
9.3


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3


0


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
5.6
5.6
5.5
5.5
5.1


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


Water
H2O
9.2
9.4
9.8
9.8
9.5


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1


TOTAL

100
100
100
100
100


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.

790
780
780
780
790


Open tube burn


Burn rate, secs/in.

7
5.8
7.1
7
6.8


Bulk Density

0.75
0.77
0.81
0.74
0.76


Moisture, wt. %

0.9
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.8


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1848
1924
1812
1788
1825


Hi velocity, fps

1919
1990
1850
1839
1931


ES velocity, fps

71
66
38
51
106


Av velocity, fps

1892
1960
1828
1815
1885


SD velocity, fps

26
28
15
24
35


TTP, ms.

0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.6


Pressure, psi max.

10800
13400
9100
9300
10100


Fouler pressure, psi

8500
9200
7000
7700
6900






Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#767
#779
#756
#758
#760





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C


Charcoal
C
6.5
6.7
6.6
6.6
6.6


Dextrin
C6H10O5
5.2
5.4
4.3
3.3
3.8


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4
4.8
5
5
6
5.5


Graphite
C


Lactose
C12H22O11


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na
9.3
6.3
8.4
8.4
8.4


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
36.8
38
37.6
37.6
37.6


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
28.7
29.7
29.3
29.3
29.3


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
5.1
5.2
5.1
5.1
5.1


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


TOTAL

100
100
100
100
100


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2
3.8
8.5
6.9
6.6
6.9


Carbon Monoxide
CO
29.1
24.1
25.7
25.5
25.4


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2
9
9.1
9.2
9.8
9.5


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
32.2
31.6
32.3
32.3
32.3


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl
7.8
9.9
8.6
8.6
8.6


Sodium Carbonate
Na3CO3


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
5.9
4.8
5.6
5.6
5.6


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


Water
H2O
9.8
9.5
9.3
9.1
9.2


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
2
2.1
2
2.1
2.1


TOTAL

100
100
100
100
100


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.

770
780
790
800
810


Open tube burn


Burn rate, secs/in.

6.5
6.6
6.6
6.9
6.6


Bulk Density

0.78
0.81
0.78
0.77
0.76


Moisture, wt. %

0.9
0.8
0.9
0.8


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1826
1858
1912
1811
1852


Hi velocity, fps

1893
1922
1950
1843
1923


ES velocity, fps

67
64
38
32
71


Av velocity, fps

1861
1895
1929
1827
1899


SD velocity, fps

25
27
18
14
28


TTP, ms.

0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6


Pressure, psi max.

11000
10600
12200
10400
10900


Fouler pressure, psi

7700
6000
8300
8900
8100






Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#755
#757
#778
#730
#723





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C


Charcoal
C
6.7
6.7
4.6
5.7
6.5


Dextrin
C6H10O5
3.3
3.3
5.4
3.5
3.5


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4
5
6
5
5


Graphite
C


Lactose
C12H22O11




3.7


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na
8.5
8.5
8.5
7.3
4.6


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
38
37.4
38
39.4
40.5


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
29.6
29.2
29.5
30.7
31.5


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
5.2
5.2
5.3
4.4
5.1


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.6
4.2


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


TOTAL

100
100
100
100
100.0


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2
8.8
6
10.2
17.3
23.1


Carbon Monoxide
CO
23.9
26.2
21.9
14.6
11.2


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2
9.2
9.8
9.2
9.3
6


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
32.5
32
32.7
32.9
33


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl
8.8
8.8
8.7
10.1
11.2


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
5.6
5.5
5.6
5.1
4.6


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


Water
H2O
8.7
9.2
9.9
8.5
8.5


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
2.1
2.1
1.4
1.8
2


TOTAL

100
100
100
100
100.0


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.

800
800
790
800
720


Open tube burn


Burn rate, secs/in.

6.8
7.4
7.2
6.8
6.3


Bulk Density

0.78
0.74
0.79
0.81
0.83


Moisture, wt. %

0.8
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.7


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1846
1747
1854
1902
1901


Hi velocity, fps

1922
1801
1896
1947
1940


ES velocity, fps

76
54
41
45
39


Av velocity, fps

1902
1778
1879
1928
1921


SD velocity, fps

31
24
16
19
17


TTP, ms.

0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.8


Pressure, psi max.

13100
9600
9800
10900
9700


Fouler pressure, psi

10500
6800
7600
9000
6200






Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#794
#775
#729A
#747A
#729





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C


Charcoal
C
5.6
6.5
6.68
6.68
6.7


Dextrin
C6H10O5
3.8
5.3
3.29
3.29
3.3


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4
4.9
4.8
4.98
2.49
5


Graphite
C


0.35
0.35


Lactose
C12H22O11


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na
7.3
8.2
8.47
8.47
8.5


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
38.7
36.8
37.27
37.27
37.4


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
29
28.7
29.10
29.10
29.2


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
6.1
5.1
5.18
7.67
5.2


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
4.2
4.2
4.28
4.28
4.3


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.40
0.40
0.4


TOTAL

100
100
100.00
100.00
100


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2
9.3
4.1

5.2
6.7


Carbon Monoxide
CO
22.6
28.6

28.4
26


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2
9.2
8.9

7.5
9.1


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
33.4
32.2

33.7
32.4


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl
8
7.8

6.9
8.3


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3
0


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
5.9
5.9

6.9
5.8


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4

0.4
0.4


Water
H2O
9.5
10.1

8.9
9.2


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
1.7
2

2.1
2.1


TOTAL

100
100

100
100


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.

810
780


820


Open tube burn


Burn rate, secs/in.

6.9
7.2


6.3


Bulk Density

0.76
0.79


0.77


Moisture, wt. %

0.8
0.8


0.9


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1826
1795


1789


Hi velocity, fps

1865
1843


1899


ES velocity, fps

39
48


110


Av velocity, fps

1843
1830


1849


SD velocity, fps

15
19


39


TTP, ms.

0.6
0.7


0.6


Pressure, psi max.

10000
9200


10600


Fouler pressure, psi

9500
6900


6700






Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#747
#737A
#688
#687
#697





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C


Charcoal
C
6.7
6.98
7
7
11.6


Dextrin
C6H10O5
3.3
4.98
3.5
3.5
3.5


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4
2.5
2.49


Graphite
C

0.35


Lactose
C12H22O11


4
4
4


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na
8.5
4.98
2
5.0
5


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
37.4
39.26
39.4
39.4
39.4


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
29.2
30.60
30.7
30.7
26.1


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
7.7
5.48
8.5
5.5
5.5


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
4.3
4.48
4.5
4.5
4.5


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.40
0.4
0.4
0.4


TOTAL

100
100.00
100.0
100.0
100.0


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2
5.2

12.9
17.9


Carbon Monoxide
CO
28.4

20.9
16.8
35.6


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2
7.5

5.6
5.8
5.8


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
33.7

33
32.8
33


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl
6.9

9.9
10.1
7.5


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
6.9

5.3
5.1
5.1


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4

0.4
0.4
0.4


Water
H2O
8.9

9.8
8.9
9


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
2.1

2.2
2.2
3.6


TOTAL

100

100.0
100.0
100.0


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.

800

710
700
680


Open tube burn



fast
fast
fast


Burn rate, secs/in.

6.5

6.5
5.7
5.3


Bulk Density

0.75

0.81
0.85
0.8


Moisture, wt. % 

0.9

0.8
0.9
0.9


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1846

1849
1829
1661


Hi velocity, fps

1873

1890
1898
1692


ES velocity, fps

27

41
69
31


Av velocity, fps

1858

1874
1871
1675


SD velocity, fps

10

15
29
11


TTP, ms.

0.6

0.7
0.7
0.8


Pressure, psi max.

11100

10200
10200
7300


Fouler pressure, psi

9200

7200
6400
5400






Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#698
#699
#720
#732
#735





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C


Charcoal
C
7
7
7
7
9.5


Dextrin
C6H10O5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
5


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4


Graphite
C


Lactose
C12H22O11
4

4


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na
5
5
5
5
5


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
42.4
43.4
37.4
39.4
39.4


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
27.7
30.7
32.7
30.7
30.7


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
5.5
5.5
5.5
9.5
5.5


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


TOTAL

100.0
100
100.0
100
100


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2
15.9
27.2
17.9
13.5
14.8


Carbon Monoxide
CO
17.8
6.4
17.2
20.8
20.4


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2
6.2
6.4
5.6
5.8
5.8


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
35
35.5
31.4
34.6
32.9


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl
8.4
10.1
11.2
8.2
10.1


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
5.1
5.1
5.1
6.6
5.1


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


Water
H2O
9
6.7
9
7.9
7.5


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
3


TOTAL

100.0
100
100.0
100
100


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.

700
760
730
730
720


Open tube burn


Burn rate, secs/in.

6.5
6.3
6.2 or 7.1?
4.9
5.2


Bulk Density

0.81
0.83
0.82
0.79
0.77


Moisture, wt. %

0.9
0.9
0.7
0.8
0.8


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1745
1953
1956
1931
1937


Hi velocity, fps

1816
1991
2008
2017
2006


ES velocity, fps

71
38
52
86
69


Av velocity, fps

1786
1976
1998
1979
1969


SD velocity, fps

25
15
22
41
27


TTP, ms.

0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6


Pressure, psi max.

8200
11600
11700
15800
13000


Fouler pressure, psi

4900
7500
9200
10200
8500






Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#737
#743
#746
#726
#731





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C


Charcoal
C
7
7
7
7
7


Dextrin
C6H10O5
5
4.2
5
3
5


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4
2.5
1.3
2.5


Graphite
C


Lactose
C12H22O11



4


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na
5
5
5
5.5
7.5


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
39.4
41.4
37.2
39.4
39.4


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
30.7
30.7
28.9
30.7
30.7


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
5.5
5.5
9.5
5.5
5.5


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


TOTAL

100
100
100
100.0
100


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2
15.9
21.2
1.2

17.5


Carbon Monoxide
CO
17.3
12
32.2

17.1


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2
7.5
7
7.2

6


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
32.9
34.3
33.1

33.8


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl
10.1
10
7.2

9.1


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
5.1
5.2
6.6

5.9


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4

0.4


Water
H2O
8.6
7.7
9.9

8


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
2.2
2.2
2.2

2.2


TOTAL

100
100
100
0.0
100


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.

790
760
820
710
730


Open tube burn


Burn rate, secs/in.

7.5
7.4
7.2
6.7
5.1


Bulk Density

0.82
0.83
0.82
0.8
0.83


Moisture, wt. %

0.8
0.9
0.7
0.8
0.8


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1880
1851
1859
1841
1971


Hi velocity, fps

1933
1888
1885
1910
2018


ES velocity, fps

53
37
26
69
47


Av velocity, fps

1908
1863
1878
1874
2002


SD velocity, fps

20
14
10
25
19


TTP, ms.

0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.65


Pressure, psi max.

10200
8800
9900
10300
12700


Fouler pressure, psi

8000
6600
8500
7700
8400






Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#691
#725
#733
#748
#706





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C


Charcoal
C
4
7
7
6
7


Dextrin
C6H10O5
3.5
3.5
3.5
4
3.5


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4



2


Graphite
C


Lactose
C12H22O11
4



4


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na
8
9
9
10
10.5


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
39.4
39.4
40.4
35.9
39.4


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
30.7
30.7
29.7
28.6
30.7


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
5.5
5.5
5.5
8.6


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


TOTAL

100.0
100
100
100
100.0


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2
20.6
18.4
17.9
0.5
24.2


Carbon Monoxide
CO
13.4
16.5
16.8
33.5
11.1


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2
6.1
6.1
6.3
7
6.2


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
33.8
34.1
34.8
33.7
32.3


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl
9.1
8.8
8.1
5.5
10.7


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
5.9
6.1
6.1
7.8
4.6


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


Water
H2O
9.5
7.4
7.4
9.7
8.3


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
1.2
2.2
2.2
1.9
2.2


TOTAL

100.0
100
100
100
100.0


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.

720
720
720
780
750


Open tube burn

fast



fast


Burn rate, secs/in.

5.3
5.5
5.3
6.3
5.2


Bulk Density

0.83
0.83
0.8
0.76
0.79


Moisture, wt. %

0.8
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.9


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1997
1942
1891
1883
1759


Hi velocity, fps

2050
1972
1963
1910
1791


ES velocity, fps

53
50
72
27
32


Av velocity, fps

2020
1963
1937
1896
1773


SD velocity, fps

19
23
28
11
12


TTP, ms.

0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7


Pressure, psi max.

13000
12200
12500
12300
7800


Fouler pressure, psi

10900
8800
9700
12300
5400






Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#744
#722
#745
#738
#753





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C


Charcoal
C
7.3
7.5
7.6
7.6
9


Dextrin
C6H10O5
5
3.5
5
5
4


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4
1.5

1.5

1


Graphite
C


Lactose
C12H22O11

4.3


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na
5.2
5.4
5.4
8.1
5


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
39.4
38.3
38.4
38.3
39.4


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
30.7
29.8
30.7
29.8
30.7


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
5.8
5.9
6.1
5.9
5.5


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
4.7
4.9
4.9
4.9
5


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


TOTAL

100
100.0
100
100
100


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2
16.2
11.5
12.9
11.8
14.8


Carbon Monoxide
CO
17.7
23.5
21.4
23.3
19.9


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2
6.8
5.7
6.7
5.9
6.5


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
33
32.4
32.3
33.4
32.7


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl
9.9
9.2
9.9
8.3
10.3


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
5.3
5.4
5.3
6.1
5


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


Water
H2O
8.4
9.6
8.7
8.4
7.6


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.8


TOTAL

100
100.0
100
100
100


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.

760
710
760
720
760


Open tube burn


Burn rate, secs/in.

6.8
6.1
6.4
5.6
6.4


Bulk Density

0.79
0.85
0.82
0.8
0.78


Moisture, wt. %

0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1856
1806
1845
1865
1858


Hi velocity, fps

1890
1845
1885
1885
1912


ES velocity, fps

34
39
40
20
54


Av velocity, fps

1875
1827
1861
1871
1882


SD velocity, fps

13
16
17
8
21


TTP, ms.

0.7
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.7


Pressure, psi max.

9300
9100
9200
10200
10400


Fouler pressure, psi

5700
6900
6800
7400
6800






Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#736
#750
#754
#752A
#752





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C


Charcoal
C
8
6.7
7.7
7.97
8


Dextrin
C6H10O5
5
3.3
3.3
3.99
4


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4

1
1
1.00
1


Graphite
C


Lactose
C12H22O11


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na
5
8.5
8.5
4.98
5


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
39.4
37.4
37.4
39.26
39.4


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
30.7
29.2
29.2
30.59
30.7


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
6.3
7.7
6.7
5.48
5.5


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
5.2
5.8
5.8
5.98
6


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.40
0.4


TOTAL

100
100
100
100.00
100


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2
15.7
6.9
6.6
16.8
16.8


Carbon Monoxide
CO
19.1
27.2
27.9
17.5
17.5


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2
5.8
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
33.4
34.3
33.7
33
33


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl
9.4
6.3
6.9
9.9
9.9


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
5.6
7.4
6.9
5.3
5.3


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


Water
H2O
8.1
8.9
8.7
8.1
8.1


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
2.5
2.1
2.4
2.5
2.5


TOTAL

100
100
100
100
100


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.

720
790
780

760


Open tube burn


Burn rate, secs/in.

5.9
6
5.4

6.4


Bulk Density

0.8
0.8
0.76

0.81


Moisture, wt. %

0.9
0.9
0.9

0.9


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1917
1866
1735

1926


Hi velocity, fps

1944
1952
1887

1941


ES velocity, fps

27
86
152

15


Av velocity, fps

1926
1917
1833

1935


SD velocity, fps

10
35
59

6


TTP, ms.

0.7
0.6
0.6

0.7


Pressure, psi max.

10800
12900
15200

11400


Fouler pressure, psi

7200
9800
8800

8700






Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#707
#751
#749A
#734
#749





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C


Charcoal
C
7
6.7
6.98
7
7


Dextrin
C6H10O5
3.5
3.3
3.99
5
4


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4

1
1.00

1


Graphite
C


0.35


Lactose
C12H22O11
4


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na
7.1
8.5
4.98
5
5


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
35.9
37.4
39.25
39.4
39.4


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
28
29.2
30.59
30.7
30.7


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
7.8
6.7
5.48
5.5
5.5


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
6.3
6.8
6.98
7
7


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.40
0.4
0.4


TOTAL

100.0
100
100.00
100
100


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2

8.5
17.9
18.4
17.9


Carbon Monoxide
CO
34.9
25.6
15.9
16
15.9


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2
5.5
6.5
6.5
5.8
6.5


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
32.8
34.1
33.4
33.4
33.4


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl
6.3
6.5
9.5
9.5
9.5


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
7
7.2
5.6
5.6
5.6


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4


Water
H2O
10.9
9.1
8.6
8.7
8.6


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.2


TOTAL

100.0
100
100
100
100


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.

700
770

720
790


Open tube burn

fast


Burn rate, secs/in.

5.8
6

6.2
6.7


Bulk Density

0.8
0.8

0.84
0.79


Moisture, wt. %

0.8
0.8

0.9
0.9


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1808
1877

1848
1862


Hi velocity, fps

1844
1929

1928
1916


ES velocity, fps

36
52

80
54


Av velocity, fps

1826
1910

1901
1886


SD velocity, fps

12
20

33
21


TTP, ms.

0.7
0.6

0.7
0.7


Pressure, psi max.

9600
12300

10400
10400


Fouler pressure, psi

7500
9300

6300
6200 (8100)






Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref



Formula
#695
#693A
#693
#728
#696





RAW MATERIALS, wt. %


Carbon Black
C


Charcoal
C
4
3.99
4
7
7


Dextrin
C6H10O5
3.5
3.49
3.5
3
3.5


Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4


Graphite
C

0.35


Lactose
C12H22O11
4



4


Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na
5
7.97
8
8
5


Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
39.4
39.26
39.4
39.4
39.4


Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
30.7
30.59
30.7
30.7
23.5


Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2
5.5
5.48
5.5

5.5


Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2


Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
7.5
8.47
8.5
11.5
11.7


Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7


Sulfur
S


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.40
0.4
0.4
0.4


TOTAL

100.0
100.00
100
100.0
100.0


COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %


Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3


Carbon Dioxide
CO2
21.7

22.5
26.8


Carbon Monoxide
CO
11.8

11
7.6
33.4


Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S


Methane
CH4


Nitrogen
N2
5.8

6.1
6.1
5.8


Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
33.7

35
33.4
35.2


Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS


Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4


Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3


Potassium Sulfide
K2S


Potassium Chloride
KCl
9.1

7.8
9.5
3.8


Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3


Sodium Chloride
NaCl
5.9

6.9
5.6
6.9


Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4

0.4
0.4
0.4


Water
H2O
10.4

9.1
8.4
12.3


Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
1.2

1.2
2.2
2.2


TOTAL

100.0

100
100.0
100.0


PERFORMANCE FACTORS


Autoignition Temp, ° F.

720

710
760
660


Open tube burn

just

fast

just




burn



burn


Burn rate, secs/in.

6.7

5.7
6
6.6


Bulk Density

0.84

0.8
0.84
0.79


Moisture, wt. %

0.9

0.8
0.9
0.8


Ballistics 80 gr. vol.


Lo velocity, fps

1848

1899
1610
1483


Hi velocity, fps

1888

1990
1676
1517


ES velocity, fps

40

91
66
34


Av velocity, fps

1874

1945
1650
1502


SD velocity, fps

16

39
27
12


TTP, ms.

0.7

0.65
0.9
0.9


Pressure, psi max.

9500

12600
5900
5000


Fouler pressure, psi

6100

9400
3200
3100


















Chemical
Ref
Ref
Ref
Ref




Formula
#727
#811
#813
#814







RAW MATERIALS, wt. %



Carbon Black
C



Charcoal
C
4
5.6
5.6
6.6



Dextrin
C6H10O5
3
5.8
5.8
4.8



Dicyanodiamide
C2H4N4

4.9
4.9
5.9



Graphite
C



Lactose
C12H22O11



Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate
C7H4NO4Na
8
7.3
7.3
6.3



Potassium Nitrate
KNO3
39.4
38.7
38.7
38.7



Potassium Perchlorate
KClO4
30.7
29
29
29



Sodium Benzoate
C7H5NaO2


6.1



Potassium Benzoate
C7H5KO2

6.1

5.1



Sodium Gluconate
C6H11NaO7
14.5



Potassium Gluconate
C6H11KO7

2.2
2.2
3.2



Sulfur
S



Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4



TOTAL

100
100
100
100



COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. %



Ammonium Carbonate
(NH4)2CO3



Carbon Dioxide
CO2
31.3
9.6
8.2
8



Carbon Monoxide
CO
2
22.3
23.9
23.6



Hydrogen Sulfide
H2S



Methane
CH4



Nitrogen
N2
6.1
9.2
9.2
9.8



Potassium Carbonate
K2CO3
34.5
32.5
32.7
32.4



Potassium Thiocyanate
KCNS



Potassium Sulfate
K2SO4



Potassium Thiosulfate
K2S2O3



Potassium Sulfide
K2S



Potassium Chloride
KCl
8.4
12.6
9.5
10.3



Sodium Carbonate
Na2CO3



Sodium Chloride
NaCl
6.4
2.3
4.8
4.1



Tricalcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4



Water
H2O
9.7
9.4
9.6
9.4



Ash or Unburned Carbon
C
1.2
1.7
1.7
2



TOTAL

100
100
100
100



PERFORMANCE FACTORS



Autoignition Temp, ° F.

760
790
780
820



Open tube burn



Burn rate, secs/in.

6.4
6.8
7.3
6.9



Bulk Density

0.85
0.85
0.79
0.83



Moisture, wt. %

0.7
0.9
0.8
0.8



Ballistics 80 gr. vol.



Lo velocity, fps

1426
1947
1762
1904



Hi velocity, fps

1466
2030
1815
1945



ES velocity, fps

40
83
83
41



Av velocity, fps

1449
1995
1786
1924



SD velocity, fps

14
33
20
16



TTP, ms.

0.9
0.6
0.7
0.6



Pressure, psi max.

3500
12600
9300
10400



Fouler pressure, psi

1900
8500
6700
7600










From the foregoing it will be seen that this invention is one well adapted to attain all the ends and objects hereinabove set forth, together with the other advantages which are obvious and which are inherent to the invention.
It will be understood that certain features and subcombinations are of utility and may be employed without reference to other features and subcombinations. This is contemplated by and is within the scope of the claims.
Since many possible embodiments may be made of the invention without departing from the scope thereof, it is understood that all matter herein set forth is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.

## Claims

1. A propellant composition comprising a sulfur free deflagrating gas generating formulation including oxidizing and reducing agents selected from the group consisting of carbon, sugars, nitrate salts, perchlorate salts, benzoate salts, and mixtures thereof, a first ignition aid of sodium nitrobenzoate salt, and a flow agent comprising tricalcium phoshate.

2. The propellant composition as in claim 1, said sulfur free deflagrating gas generating formulation including oxidizing and reducing agents selected from the group consisting of carbon, lactose, potassium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, sodium benzoate, and mixtures thereof.

3. The propellant composition as in claim 1, said sulfur free deflagrating gas generating formulation further including propellant additives selected from the group consisting of binders, burning rate modifiers, flow agents, colorants, coating agents, moisture retardants and mixtures thereof.

4. The propellant composition as in claim 3 wherein said burning rate modifiers comprise dicyanodiamide.

5. The propellant composition as in claim 3 wherein said colorants comprise carbon black.

6. The propellant composition as in claim 3 wherein said coating agents comprise graphite.

7. The propellant composition as in claim 3 wherein said moisture retardants comprise a silicon compound.

8. The propellant composition as in claim 1, said sodium nitrobenzoate salt comprising sodium meta-nitrobenzoate.

9. The propellant composition as in claim 1 further including a second ignition aid of gluconic acid salt.

10. The propellant composition as in claim 9, said gluconic acid salt being selected from the group consisting of sodium gluconate and potassium gluconate.

11. The propellant composition as in claim 9, said gluconic acid salt comprising sodium D-gluconate.

12. The propellant composition as in claim 9 wherein said gluconic acid salt is present in the range of 2 to 15 percent by weight.

13. The propellant composition as in claim 1, wherein said sodium nitrobenzoate salt is present in the range of 2 to 12 percent by weight.

14. A combustible charge which forms no corrosive sulfur-containing byproducts of combustion, said charge comprising:
a mixture of oxidizing and reducing agents free of sulfur-containing compounds being selected from the group consisting of carbon, lactose, potassium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, sodium benzoate, and mixtures thereof;
a mixture of propellant additives free of sulfur-containing compounds being selected from the group consisting of binders, burning rate modifiers, colorants, coating agents, moisture retardants and mixtures thereof;
an ignition aid compising a sodium nitrobenzoate salt; and
a flow agent comprising tricalcium phosphate.

15. The combustible charge as in claim 14, said carbon present in the range of 0 to 15 percent by weight.

16. The combustible charge as in claim 15, said carbon present in the range of 3 to 7 percent by weight.

17. The combustible charge as in claim 14, said lactose present in the range of 0 to 15 percent by weight.

18. The combustible charge as in claim 17, said lactose present in the range of 0 to 10 percent by weight.

19. The combustible charge as in claim 14, said potassium nitrate present in the range of 0 to 60 percent by weight.

20. The combustible charge as in claim 19, said potassium nitrate present in the range of 30 to 45 percent by weight.

21. The combustible charge as in claim 14, said potassium perchlorate present in the range of 0 to 70 percent by weight.

22. The combustible charge as in claim 21, said potassium perchlorate present in the range of 20 to 40 percent by weight.

23. The combustible charge as in claim 14, said sodium benzoate present in the range of 0 to 30 percent by weight.

24. The combustible charge as in claim 23, said sodium benzoate present in the range of 3 to 10 percent by weight.