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[Congressional Bills 117th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[H.R. 3593 Introduced in House (IH)]

<DOC>

117th CONGRESS
  1st Session
                                H. R. 3593

To provide guidance for and investment in the research and development 
activities of the Department of Energy Office of Science, and for other 
                               purposes.

_______________________________________________________________________

                    IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                              May 28, 2021

Ms. Johnson of Texas (for herself, Mr. Lucas, Mr. Bowman, and Mr. Weber 
  of Texas) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the 
              Committee on Science, Space, and Technology

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL

 
To provide guidance for and investment in the research and development 
activities of the Department of Energy Office of Science, and for other 
                               purposes.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Department of Energy Science for the 
Future Act''.

SEC. 2. MISSION OF THE OFFICE OF SCIENCE.

    Section 209 of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 
7139) is amended by adding at the end the following:
    ``(d) User Facilities.--The Director shall carry out the 
construction, operation, and maintenance of user facilities to support 
the mission described in subsection (c). As practicable, these 
facilities shall serve the needs of the Department, industry, the 
academic community, and other relevant entities for the purposes of 
advancing the missions of the Department, improving the competitiveness 
of the United States, protecting public health and safety, and 
addressing other national priorities including emergencies.
    ``(e) Coordination.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Secretary--
                    ``(A) shall ensure the coordination of the Office 
                of Science with the other activities of the Department;
                    ``(B) shall support joint activities among the 
                programs of the Department;
                    ``(C) shall coordinate with other relevant Federal 
                agencies in supporting advancements in related research 
                areas as appropriate; and
                    ``(D) may form partnerships to enhance the 
                utilization of and ensure access to user facilities by 
                other Federal agencies.
            ``(2) Within the office of science.--The Director shall 
        ensure the coordination of programs and activities carried out 
        by the Office of Science.''.

SEC. 3. BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES PROGRAM.

    (a) Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act.--Section 303 
of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 
18641) is amended--
            (1) by redesignating subsections (a) through (e) as 
        subsections (c) through (g), respectively;
            (2) by inserting before subsection (d), as so redesignated, 
        the following:
    ``(a) Program.--As part of the activities authorized under section 
209 of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7139), the 
Director shall carry out a research and development program in basic 
energy sciences, including materials sciences and engineering, 
chemistry, physical biosciences, geosciences, and other disciplines, to 
understand, model, and control matter and energy at the electronic, 
atomic, and molecular levels in order to provide the foundations for 
new energy technologies, address scientific grand challenges, and 
support the energy, environment, and national security missions of the 
Department.
    ``(b) Sustainable Chemistry.--In carrying out chemistry-related 
research and development activities under this section, the Director 
shall prioritize research and development sustainable chemistry to 
support clean, safe, and economic alternatives and methodologies to 
traditional chemical products and processes.'';
            (3) in subsection (c)(3), as so redesignated--
                    (A) in subparagraph (C), by striking ``and'' at the 
                end;
                    (B) by redesignating subparagraph (D) as 
                subparagraph (E); and
                    (C) by inserting after subparagraph (C) the 
                following:
                    ``(D) autonomous chemistry and materials synthesis 
                facilities that leverage advances in artificial 
                intelligence; and'';
            (4) in subsection (d), as so redesignated, by adding at the 
        end the following:
            ``(4) Advanced photon source upgrade.--
                    ``(A) Definitions.--In this paragraph:
                            ``(i) Flux.--The term `flux' means the rate 
                        of flow of photons.
                            ``(ii) Hard x-ray.--The term `hard x-ray' 
                        means a photon with energy greater than 20 
                        kiloelectron volts.
                    ``(B) In general.--The Secretary shall provide for 
                the upgrade to the Advanced Photon Source described in 
                the publication approved by the Basic Energy Sciences 
                Advisory Committee on June 9, 2016, titled `Report on 
                Facility Upgrades', including the development of a 
                multi-bend achromat lattice to produce a high flux of 
                coherent x-rays within the hard x-ray energy region and 
                a suite of beamlines optimized for this source.
                    ``(C) Start of operations.--The Secretary shall, to 
                the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the start 
                of full operations of the upgrade under this paragraph 
                occurs before March 31, 2026.
                    ``(D) Funding.--Out of funds authorized to be 
                appropriated under subsection (j), there shall be made 
                available to the Secretary to carry out the upgrade 
                under this paragraph $157,000,000 for fiscal year 2022.
            ``(5) Spallation neutron source proton power upgrade.--
                    ``(A) In general.--The Secretary shall provide for 
                the proton power upgrade to the Spallation Neutron 
                Source.
                    ``(B) Proton power upgrade defined.--For the 
                purposes of this paragraph, the term `proton power 
                upgrade' means the Spallation Neutron Source power 
                upgrade described in--
                            ``(i) the publication titled `Facilities 
                        for the Future of Science: A Twenty-Year 
                        Outlook', published by the Office of Science of 
                        the Department of Energy in December, 2003;
                            ``(ii) the publication titled `Four Years 
                        Later: An Interim Report on Facilities for the 
                        Future of Science: A Twenty-Year Outlook', 
                        published by the Office of Science of the 
                        Department of Energy in August, 2007; and
                            ``(iii) the publication approved by the 
                        Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee on 
                        June 9, 2016, titled `Report on Facility 
                        Upgrades'.
                    ``(C) Start of operations.--The Secretary shall, to 
                the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the start 
                of full operations of the upgrade under this paragraph 
                occurs before December 31, 2025.
                    ``(D) Funding.--Out of funds authorized to be 
                appropriated under subsection (j), there shall be made 
                available to the Secretary to carry out the upgrade 
                under this paragraph $49,800,000 for fiscal year 2022.
            ``(6) Spallation neutron source second target station.--
                    ``(A) In general.--The Secretary shall provide for 
                a second target station for the Spallation Neutron 
                Source.
                    ``(B) Second target station defined.--For the 
                purposes of this paragraph, the term `second target 
                station' means the Spallation Neutron Source second 
                target station described in--
                            ``(i) the publication titled, `Facilities 
                        for the Future of Science: A Twenty-Year 
                        Outlook', published by the Office of Science of 
                        the Department of Energy in December, 2003;
                            ``(ii) the publication titled, `Four Years 
                        Later: An Interim Report on Facilities for the 
                        Future of Science: A Twenty-Year Outlook', 
                        published by the Office of Science of the 
                        Department of Energy in August, 2007; and
                            ``(iii) the publication approved by the 
                        Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee on 
                        June 9, 2016, titled `Report on Facility 
                        Upgrades'.
                    ``(C) Start of operations.--The Secretary shall, to 
                the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the start 
                of full operations of the second target station under 
                this paragraph occurs before December 31, 2030, with 
                the option for early operation in 2028.
                    ``(D) Funding.--Out of funds authorized to be 
                appropriated under subsection (j), there shall be made 
                available to the Secretary to carry out the activities 
                under this paragraph, including construction--
                            ``(i) $70,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;
                            ``(ii) $127,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;
                            ``(iii) $204,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
                            ``(iv) $279,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 
                        and
                            ``(v) $300,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.
            ``(7) Advanced light source upgrade.--
                    ``(A) Definitions.--In this paragraph:
                            ``(i) Flux.--The term `flux' means the rate 
                        of flow of photons.
                            ``(ii) Soft x-ray.--The term `soft x-ray' 
                        means a photon with energy in the range from 50 
                        to 2,000 electron volts.
                    ``(B) In general.--The Secretary shall provide for 
                the upgrade to the Advanced Light Source described in 
                the publication approved by the Basic Energy Sciences 
                Advisory Committee on June 9, 2016, titled `Report on 
                Facility Upgrades', including the development of a 
                multibend achromat lattice to produce a high flux of 
                coherent x-rays within the soft x-ray energy region.
                    ``(C) Start of operations.--The Secretary shall, to 
                the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the start 
                of full operations of the upgrade under this paragraph 
                occurs before December 31, 2026.
                    ``(D) Funding.--Out of funds authorized to be 
                appropriated under subsection (j), there shall be made 
                available to the Secretary to carry out the upgrade 
                under this paragraph--
                            ``(i) $75,100,000 for fiscal year 2022;
                            ``(ii) $135,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;
                            ``(iii) $102,500,000 for fiscal year 2024;
                            ``(iv) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 
                        and
                            ``(v) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.
            ``(8) Linac coherent light source ii high energy upgrade.--
                    ``(A) Definitions.--In this paragraph:
                            ``(i) High energy x-ray.--The term `high 
                        energy x-ray' means a photon with an energy in 
                        the 5 to 13 kiloelectron volt range.
                            ``(ii) High repetition rate.--The term 
                        `high repetition rate' means the delivery of x-
                        ray pulses up to 1 million pulses per second.
                            ``(iii) Ultra-short pulse x-rays.--The term 
                        `ultra-short pulse x-rays' means x-ray bursts 
                        capable of durations of less than 100 
                        femtoseconds.
                    ``(B) In general.--The Secretary shall--
                            ``(i) provide for the upgrade to the Linac 
                        Coherent Light Source II facility described in 
                        the publication approved by the Basic Energy 
                        Sciences Advisory Committee on June 9, 2016, 
                        titled `Report on Facility Upgrades', including 
                        the development of experimental capabilities 
                        for high energy x-rays to reveal fundamental 
                        scientific discoveries; and
                            ``(ii) ensure such upgrade enables the 
                        production and use of high energy, ultra-short 
                        pulse x-rays delivered at a high repetition 
                        rate.
                    ``(C) Start of operations.--The Secretary shall, to 
                the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the start 
                of full operations of the upgrade under this paragraph 
                occurs before December 31, 2026.
                    ``(D) Funding.--Out of funds authorized to be 
                appropriated under subsection (j), there shall be made 
                available to the Secretary to carry out the upgrade 
                under this paragraph--
                            ``(i) $106,925,000 for fiscal year 2022;
                            ``(ii) $125,925,000 for fiscal year 2023;
                            ``(iii) $115,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
                            ``(iv) $89,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 
                        and
                            ``(v) $49,344,000 for fiscal year 2026.
            ``(9) Cryomodule repair and maintenance facility.--
                    ``(A) In general.--The Secretary shall provide for 
                the construction of a cryomodule repair and maintenance 
                facility to service the Linac Coherent Light Source II 
                and upgrades to the facility. The Secretary shall 
                consult with the private sector, universities, National 
                Laboratories, and relevant Federal agencies to ensure 
                that this facility has the capability to maintain, 
                repair, and test superconducting radiofrequency 
                accelerator components.
                    ``(B) Funding.--Out of funds authorized to be 
                appropriated under subsection (j), there shall be made 
                available to the Secretary to carry out the activities 
                under this paragraph--
                            ``(i) $19,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;
                            ``(ii) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;
                            ``(iii) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; 
                        and
                            ``(iv) $17,000,000 for fiscal year 2025.
            ``(10) Nanoscale science research center recapitalization 
        project.--
                    ``(A) In general.--The Secretary shall provide for 
                the recapitalization of the Nanoscale Science Research 
                Centers, to include the upgrade of equipment at each 
                Center supported by the Office of Science on the date 
                of enactment of the Department of Energy Science for 
                the Future Act, to accelerate advances in the various 
                fields of science including nanoscience, materials, 
                chemistry, biology, and quantum information science.
                    ``(B) Funding.--Out of funds authorized to be 
                appropriated under subsection (j), there shall be made 
                available to the Secretary to carry out the 
                recapitalization under this paragraph--
                            ``(i) $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;
                            ``(ii) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;
                            ``(iii) $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; 
                        and
                            ``(iv) $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2025.''; 
                        and
            (5) by adding at the end the following:
    ``(h) Computational Materials and Chemistry Science Centers.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Director shall support a program of 
        research and development for the application of advanced 
        computing practices to foundational and emerging research 
        problems in chemistry and materials science. Research 
        activities shall include--
                    ``(A) chemical catalysis research and development;
                    ``(B) the use of large data sets to model materials 
                phenomena, including through advanced characterization 
                of materials, materials synthesis, processing, and 
                innovative use of experimental and theoretical data;
                    ``(C) adaptation of chemical system and chemistry 
                modeling software to advanced computing systems and 
                hardware; and
                    ``(D) modeling of chemical processes, assemblies, 
                and reactions such as molecular dynamics and quantum 
                chemistry, including through novel computing methods.
            ``(2) Computational materials and chemistry science 
        centers.--
                    ``(A) In general.--In carrying out the activities 
                authorized under paragraph (1), the Director shall 
                select and establish up to six computational materials 
                and chemistry science centers to--
                            ``(i) develop open-source, robust, and 
                        validated computational codes and user-friendly 
                        software, coupled with innovative use of 
                        experimental and theoretical data, to enable 
                        the design, discovery, and development of new 
                        materials and chemical systems, including 
                        chemical catalysis research and development; 
                        and
                            ``(ii) focus on overcoming challenges and 
                        maximizing the benefits of exascale and other 
                        high performance computing.
                    ``(B) Selection.--The Director shall select centers 
                under subparagraph (A) on a competitive, merit-reviewed 
                basis. The Director shall consider applications from 
                the National Laboratories, institutes of higher 
                education, multi-institutional collaborations, and 
                other appropriate entities.
                    ``(C) Duration.--
                            ``(i) A center selected under subparagraph 
                        (A) shall receive support for a period of not 
                        more than 5 years beginning on the date of 
                        establishment of that center, subject to the 
                        availability of appropriations.
                            ``(ii) A center already in existence on the 
                        date of enactment of the Department of Energy 
                        Science for the Future Act may continue to 
                        receive support for a period of not more than 5 
                        years beginning on the date of establishment of 
                        that center.
                    ``(D) Renewal.--Upon the expiration of any period 
                of support of a center under this subsection, the 
                Director may renew support for the center, on a merit-
                reviewed basis, for a period of not more than 5 years.
                    ``(E) Termination.--Consistent with the existing 
                authorities of the Department, the Director may 
                terminate an underperforming center for cause during 
                the performance period.
    ``(i) Materials Research Database.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Director shall support the 
        development of a web-based platform to develop and provide 
        access to a database of computed information on known and 
        predicted materials properties and computational tools to 
        accelerate breakthroughs in materials discovery and design.
            ``(2) Program.--In carrying out this subsection, the 
        Director shall--
                    ``(A) conduct cooperative research with industry, 
                academia, and other research institutions to advance 
                understanding, prediction, and manipulation of 
                materials and facilitate the design of novel materials;
                    ``(B) develop and maintain data infrastructure at 
                user facilities that generate data to collect, analyze, 
                label, and otherwise prepare the data for inclusion in 
                the database;
                    ``(C) leverage existing high performance computing 
                systems to conduct high throughput calculations, and 
                develop computational and data mining algorithms for 
                the prediction of material properties;
                    ``(D) strengthen the foundation for new 
                technologies and advanced manufacturing; and
                    ``(E) drive the development of advanced materials 
                for applications that span the Department's missions in 
                energy, environment, and national security.
            ``(3) Coordination.--In carrying out this subsection, the 
        Director shall leverage and activities across the Department, 
        including computational materials and chemistry science centers 
        established under subsection (h).
            ``(4) Funding.--Out of funds authorized to be appropriated 
        under subsection (j), there shall be made available to the 
        Secretary to carry out activities under this subsection 
        $10,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2022 through 2026.
    ``(j) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the activities described in 
this section--
            ``(1) $2,757,705,000 for fiscal year 2022;
            ``(2) $2,828,896,600 for fiscal year 2023;
            ``(3) $3,019,489,612 for fiscal year 2024;
            ``(4) $3,161,698,885 for fiscal year 2025; and
            ``(5) $3,291,651,600 for fiscal year 2026.''.
    (b) Artificial Photosynthesis.--Subtitle G of title IX of the 
Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16311 et seq.) is amended--
            (1) in section 973(b), by striking paragraph (4) and 
        inserting:
            ``(4) Funding.--From within funds authorized to be 
        appropriated for Basic Energy Sciences, the Secretary shall 
        make available for carrying out activities under this 
        subsection $50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 
        2031.''; and
            (2) in section 975(c), by striking paragraph (4) and 
        inserting:
            ``(4) Funding.--From within funds authorized to be 
        appropriated in section 313 of this Act, the Secretary shall 
        make available for carrying out activities under this 
        subsection $50,000,000 for each of fiscal 5 years 2022 through 
        2026.''.
    (c) Electricity Storage Research Initiative.--Section 975 of the 
Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16315) is amended--
            (1) in subsection (b), by striking paragraph (4) and 
        inserting:
            ``(4) Funding.--From within funds authorized to be 
        appropriated for Basic Energy Sciences, the Secretary shall 
        make available for carrying out activities under this 
        subsection $50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 
        2026.'';
            (2) in subsection (c), by striking paragraph (4) and 
        inserting:
            ``(4) Funding.--From within funds authorized to be 
        appropriated in section 313 of this Act, the Secretary shall 
        make available for carrying out activities under this 
        subsection $30,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 
        2026.''; and
            (3) in subsection (d), by striking paragraph (4) and 
        inserting:
            ``(4) Funding.--From within funds authorized to be 
        appropriated in section 313 of this Act, the Secretary shall 
        make available for carrying out activities under this 
        subsection $20,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 
        2026.''.

SEC. 4. BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH.

    (a) Program.--Section 306 of the Department of Energy Research and 
Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18644) is amended--
            (1) by redesignating subsections (a) through (c) as 
        subsections (b) through (d), respectively; and
            (2) by inserting before subsection (b), as so redesignated, 
        the following:
    ``(a) Program.--As part of the duties of the Director authorized 
under section 209 of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 
U.S.C. 7139), and coordinated with the activities authorized under 
sections 303 and 304 of this Act, the Director shall carry out a 
program of research and development in the areas of biological systems 
science and climate and environmental science, including subsurface 
science, relevant to the development of new energy technologies and to 
support the energy, environmental, and national security missions of 
the Department.''.
    (b) Bioenergy Research Centers.--Section 977(f) of the Energy 
Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16317(f)) is amended to read as follows:
    ``(f) Bioenergy Research Centers.--
            ``(1) In general.--In carrying out the program under 
        section 306(a) of the Department of Energy Research and 
        Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18644(a)), the Director shall support 
        up to six bioenergy research centers to conduct fundamental 
        research in plant and microbial systems biology, biological 
        imaging and analysis, and genomics, and to accelerate advanced 
        research and development of biomass-based liquid transportation 
        fuels, bioenergy, or biobased materials, chemicals, and 
        products that are produced from a variety of regionally diverse 
        feedstocks, and to facilitate the translation of research 
        results to industry. The activities of the centers authorized 
        under this subsection may include--
                    ``(A) accelerating the domestication of bioenergy-
                relevant plants and microbes to enable high-impact, 
                value-added coproduct development at multiple points in 
                the bioenergy supply chain;
                    ``(B) developing the science and technological 
                advances to ensure process sustainability is considered 
                in the creation of biofuels and bioproducts from 
                lignocellulose; and
                    ``(C) using the latest tools in genomics, molecular 
                biology, catalysis science, chemical engineering, 
                systems biology, and computational and robotics 
                technologies to sustainably produce and transform 
                biomass into biofuels and bioproducts.
            ``(2) Selection and duration.--
                    ``(A) In general.--A center established under 
                paragraph (1) shall be selected on a competitive, 
                merit-reviewed basis for a period of not more than 5 
                years, subject to the availability of appropriations, 
                beginning on the date of establishment of that center.
                    ``(B) Applications.--The Director shall consider 
                applications from National Laboratories, multi-
                institutional collaborations, and other appropriate 
                entities.
                    ``(C) Existing centers.--A center already in 
                existence on the date of enactment of the Department of 
                Energy Science for the Future Act may continue to 
                receive support for a period of not more than 5 years 
                beginning on the date of establishment of that center.
            ``(3) Renewal.--After the end of either period described in 
        paragraph (2), the Director may renew support for the center 
        for a period of not more than 5 years on a merit-reviewed 
        basis. For a center in operation for 10 years after its 
        previous selection on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis, the 
        Director may renew support for the center on a competitive, 
        merit-reviewed basis for a period of not more than 5 years, and 
        may subsequently provide an additional renewal on a merit-
        reviewed basis for a period of not more than 5 years.
            ``(4) Termination.--Consistent with the existing 
        authorities of the Department, the Director may terminate an 
        underperforming center for cause during the performance period.
            ``(5) Activities.--Centers shall undertake research 
        activities to accelerate the production of biofuels and 
        bioproducts from advanced biomass resources by identifying the 
        most suitable species of plants for use as energy crops; and 
        improving methods of breeding, propagation, planting, 
        producing, harvesting, storage and processing. Activities may 
        include the following:
                    ``(A) Research activities to increase 
                sustainability, including--
                            ``(i) advancing knowledge of how bioenergy 
                        crop interactions with biotic and abiotic 
                        environmental factors influence crop growth, 
                        yield, and quality;
                            ``(ii) identifying the most impactful 
                        research areas that address the economics of 
                        biofuels and bioproducts production; and
                            ``(iii) utilizing multiscale modeling to 
                        advance predictive understanding of biofuel 
                        cropping ecosystems.
                    ``(B) Research activities to further feedstock 
                development, including lignocellulosic, algal, gaseous 
                wastes including carbon oxides and methane, and direct 
                air capture of single carbon gases via plants and 
                microbes, including--
                            ``(i) developing genetic and genomic tools, 
                        high-throughput analytical tools, and 
                        biosystems design approaches to enhance 
                        bioenergy feedstocks;
                            ``(ii) conducting field testing of new 
                        potential bioenergy feedstock crops under 
                        environmentally benign and geographically 
                        diverse conditions to assess viability and 
                        robustness; and
                            ``(iii) developing quantitative models 
                        informed by experimentation to predict how 
                        bioenergy feedstocks perform under diverse 
                        conditions.
                    ``(C) Research activities to improve 
                lignocellulosic deconstruction and separation methods, 
                including--
                            ``(i) developing feedstock-agnostic 
                        deconstruction processes capable of efficiently 
                        fractionating biomass into targeted output 
                        streams;
                            ``(ii) gaining a detailed understanding of 
                        plant cell wall biosynthesis, composition, 
                        structure, and properties during 
                        deconstruction; and
                            ``(iii) improving enzymes and approaches 
                        for biomass breakdown and cellulose, 
                        hemicellulose, and lignin processing.
                    ``(D) Research activities to improve the feedstock 
                conversion process for advanced biofuels and 
                bioproducts, including--
                            ``(i) developing high-throughput methods to 
                        screen or select high-performance microbial 
                        strains to improve product formation rates, 
                        yields, and selectivity;
                            ``(ii) establishing a broad set of platform 
                        microorganisms suitable for metabolic 
                        engineering to produce biofuels and 
                        bioproducts, as well as high-throughput methods 
                        for experimental validation of gene function;
                            ``(iii) developing techniques to enhance 
                        microbial robustness for tolerating toxins to 
                        improve biofuel and bioproduct yields and to 
                        gain a better understanding of the cellular and 
                        molecular bases of tolerance for major chemical 
                        classes of inhibitors found in these processes;
                            ``(iv) advancing technologies for the use 
                        of batch, continuous, as well as consolidated 
                        bioprocessing;
                            ``(v) identifying, creating, and optimizing 
                        microbial and chemical pathways to produce 
                        promising, atom-economical intermediates and 
                        final bioproducts from biomass with 
                        considerations given to environmentally benign 
                        processes;
                            ``(vi) developing high-throughput, real-
                        time, in situ analytical techniques to 
                        understand and characterize the pre- and post-
                        bioproduct separation streams in detail;
                            ``(vii) creating methodologies for 
                        efficiently identifying viable target 
                        molecules, identifying high-value bioproducts 
                        in existing biomass streams, and utilizing 
                        current byproduct streams;
                            ``(viii) identifying and improving plant 
                        feedstocks with enhanced extractable levels of 
                        desired bioproducts or bioproduct precursors, 
                        including lignin streams; and
                            ``(ix) developing integrated biological and 
                        chemical catalytic approaches to valorize and 
                        produce a diverse portfolio of advanced fuels 
                        and bioproducts.
            ``(6) Industry partnerships.--Centers shall establish 
        industry partnerships to translate research results to 
        commercial applications.''.
    (c) Low-Dose Radiation Research Program.--Section 306(d)(7) of the 
Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18644(c)), 
as redesignated under subsection (a), is amended to read as follows:
            ``(7) Funding.--For purposes of carrying out this 
        subsection, the Secretary is authorized to make available from 
        funds provided to the Biological and Environmental Research 
        Program $40,000,000 for fiscal year 2025 and $50,000,000 for 
        fiscal year 2026.''.
    (d) Biological Sciences Research Activities.--Section 306(b) of the 
Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18644), as 
redesignated under subsection (a), is amended as follows:
    ``(b) Biological Systems.--The Director shall carry out research 
and development activities in fundamental, structural, computational, 
and systems biology to increase systems-level understanding of the 
complex biological systems, which may include activities to--
            ``(1) accelerate breakthroughs and new knowledge that would 
        enable the cost-effective, sustainable production of--
                    ``(A) biomass-based liquid transportation fuels;
                    ``(B) bioenergy; and
                    ``(C) biobased materials;
            ``(2) improve understanding of the global carbon cycle, 
        including processes for removing carbon dioxide from the 
        atmosphere, through photosynthesis and other biological 
        processes, for sequestration and storage;
            ``(3) understand the biological mechanisms used to 
        transform, immobilize, or remove contaminants from subsurface 
        environments;
            ``(4) leverage tools and approaches across the Office of 
        Science to expand research to include novel processes, methods, 
        and science to develop bio-based chemicals, polymers, inorganic 
        materials, including research to--
                    ``(A) advance the understanding of how CRISPR tools 
                and other gene editing tools and technologies work in 
                nature, in the laboratory, and in practice;
                    ``(B) deepen knowledge of the genetics of root 
                architecture and growth in crops, including trees; and
                    ``(C) develop methods and tools to increase the 
                efficiency of photosynthesis in plants; and
            ``(5) develop other relevant methods and processes as 
        determined by the Director.''.
    (e) Climate, Environmental Science, and Other Activities.--Section 
306 of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 
18644) is further amended by adding at the end the following:
    ``(e) Earth and Environmental Systems Sciences Activities.--
            ``(1) In general.--As part of the activities authorized 
        under subsection (a), and in coordination with activities 
        carried out under subsection (b), the Director shall carry out 
        earth and environmental systems science research, which may 
        include activities to--
                    ``(A) understand, observe, and model the response 
                of Earth's atmosphere and biosphere to increased 
                concentrations of greenhouse gas emissions and any 
                associated changes in climate, including frequency and 
                intensity of extreme weather events;
                    ``(B) understand the coupled physical, chemical, 
                and biological processes to transform, immobilize, 
                remove, or move carbon, nitrogen, and other energy 
                production-derived contaminants such as radionuclides 
                and heavy metals, and understand the process of 
                sequestration and transformation of these, carbon 
                dioxide, and other relevant molecules in subsurface 
                environments;
                    ``(C) understand, observe, and model the cycling of 
                water, carbon, and nutrients in terrestrial systems and 
                at scales relevant to resources management;
                    ``(D) understand the biological, biogeochemical, 
                and physical processes across the multiple scales that 
                control the flux of environmentally relevant compounds 
                between the terrestrial surface and the atmosphere; and
                    ``(E) inform potential natural mitigation and 
                adaptation options for increased concentrations of 
                greenhouse gas emissions and any associated changes in 
                climate.
            ``(2) Prioritization.--In carrying out the program 
        authorized under paragraph (1), the Director shall prioritize--
                    ``(A) the development of software and algorithms to 
                enable the productive application of environmental 
                systems and extreme weather prediction models in high-
                performance computing systems; and
                    ``(B) capabilities that support the Department's 
                mission needs for energy and infrastructure security, 
                resilience, and reliability.
            ``(3) Subsurface biogeochemical research.--
                    ``(A) In general.--As part of the activities 
                described in paragraph (1), the Director shall carry 
                out research to advance a fundamental understanding of 
                coupled physical, chemical, and biological processes 
                for controlling the movement of sequestered carbon, 
                nitrogen, and other subsurface environmental 
                contaminants, including how hydrology drives 
                biogeochemistry across molecular to watershed scales, 
                and how coupling between physical, chemical, and 
                biological processes influence flows of water, carbon, 
                nutrients, and contaminants.
                    ``(B) Coordination.--
                            ``(i) Director.--The Director shall carry 
                        out activities under this paragraph in 
                        accordance with priorities established by the 
                        Secretary to support and accelerate the 
                        decontamination of relevant facilities managed 
                        by the Department.
                            ``(ii) Secretary.--The Secretary shall 
                        ensure the coordination of activities of the 
                        Department, including activities under this 
                        paragraph, to support and accelerate the 
                        decontamination of relevant facilities managed 
                        by the Department.
            ``(4) Climate and earth modeling.--As part of the 
        activities described in paragraph (1), the Director, in 
        collaboration with the Advanced Scientific Computing Research 
        program described in section 304, and in consultation with the 
        National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and other 
        relevant agencies, shall carry out research to develop, 
        evaluate, and use high-resolution regional climate, global 
        climate, and Earth system models to inform decisions on 
        reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the resulting impacts of 
        a changing global climate. Such modeling shall include, among 
        other critical elements, greenhouse gas emissions, land use, 
        watershed responses, and interaction among human and Earth 
        systems.
            ``(5) Mid-scale funding mechanism.--
                    ``(A) In general.--Any of the activities authorized 
                in this subsection may be carried out by competitively 
                selected mid-scale, multi-institutional research 
                centers in lieu of individual research grants, or 
                large-scale experiments or user facilities.
                    ``(B) Consideration.--The Biological and 
                Environmental Research Advisory Committee shall provide 
                recommendations to the Director on projects most 
                suitable for the research centers described in 
                subparagraph (A).
    ``(f) Biological and Environmental Research User Facilities.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Director shall carry out a program 
        for the development, construction, operation, and maintenance 
        of user facilities to enhance the collection and analysis of 
        observational data related to complex biological, climate, and 
        environmental systems.
            ``(2) Facility requirements.--To the maximum extent 
        practicable, the user facilities developed, constructed, 
        operated, or maintained under paragraph (1) shall include--
                    ``(A) distributed field research and observation 
                platforms for understanding earth system processes;
                    ``(B) instruments and modeling resources for 
                understanding the physical, chemical, and cellular 
                processes of biological and environmental systems;
                    ``(C) integrated high-throughput sequencing, 
                advanced bioanalytic techniques, DNA design and 
                synthesis, metabolomics, and computational analysis; 
                and
                    ``(D) such other facilities as the Director 
                considers appropriate, consistent with section 209 of 
                the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 
                7139).
            ``(3) Existing facilities.--In carrying out the program 
        established in paragraph (1), the Director is encouraged to 
        evaluate the capabilities of existing user facilities and, to 
        the maximum extent practicable, invest in modernization of 
        those capabilities to address emerging research priorities.
            ``(4) User facilities integration and collaboration 
        program.--
                    ``(A) In general.--The Director shall support a 
                program of collaboration between user facilities as 
                defined under this subsection to encourage and enable 
                researchers to more readily integrate the tools, 
                expertise, resources, and capabilities of multiple user 
                facilities to further research and advance emerging 
                technologies.
                    ``(B) Activities.--The program shall advance the 
                integration of automation, robotics, computational 
                biology, bioinformatics, biosensing, cellular platforms 
                and other relevant emerging technologies as determined 
                by the Director to enhance productivity and scientific 
                impact of user facilities.
            ``(5) Earth and environmental systems sciences user 
        facilities.--In carrying out the activities authorized under 
        paragraph (1), the Director shall establish and operate user 
        facilities to advance the collection, validation, and analysis 
        of atmospheric data, including activities to advance knowledge 
        and improve model representations and measure the impact of 
        atmospheric gases, aerosols, and clouds on earth and 
        environmental systems.
                    ``(A) Selection.--The Director shall select user 
                facilities under paragraph (1) on a competitive, merit-
                reviewed basis. The Director shall consider 
                applications from the National Laboratories, institutes 
                of higher education, multi-institutional 
                collaborations, and other appropriate entities.
                    ``(B) Termination.--Consistent with the existing 
                authorities of the Department, the Director may 
                terminate an underperforming user facility for cause 
                during the performance period.
                    ``(C) Existing facilities.--To the maximum extent 
                practicable, the Director shall utilize existing 
                facilities to carry out this subsection.
            ``(6) Coordination.--In carrying out the program authorized 
        in paragraph (1), the Director shall ensure that the Office of 
        Science--
                    ``(A) consults and coordinates with the National 
                Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, the Environmental 
                Protection Agency, the National Aeronautics and Space 
                Administration, the Department of Agriculture, the 
                Department of the Interior, and any other relevant 
                Federal agency on the collection, validation, and 
                analysis of atmospheric data; and
                    ``(B) coordinates with relevant stakeholders, 
                including institutes of higher education, nonprofit 
                research institutions, industry, State, local, and 
                tribal governments, and other appropriate entities to 
                ensure access to the best available relevant 
                atmospheric and historical weather data.
    ``(g) Coastal Zone Research Initiative.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Director shall carry out a research 
        program to enhance the understanding of coastal ecosystems. In 
        carrying out this program, the Director shall prioritize 
        efforts to enhance the collection of observational data, and 
        shall develop models to analyze the ecological, biogeochemical, 
        hydrological and physical processes that interact in coastal 
        zones.
            ``(2) National system for coastal data collection.--The 
        Director shall establish an integrated system of geographically 
        diverse field research sites in order to improve the quantity 
        and quality of observational data, and that encompass the major 
        land water interfaces of the United States, including--
                    ``(A) the Great Lakes region;
                    ``(B) the Pacific coast;
                    ``(C) the Atlantic coast;
                    ``(D) the Arctic; and
                    ``(E) the Gulf coast.
            ``(3) Existing infrastructure.--In carrying out the 
        programs and establishing the field research sites under 
        paragraphs (1) and (2), the Secretary shall leverage existing 
        research and development infrastructure supported by the 
        Department, including the Department's existing marine and 
        coastal research lab.
            ``(4) Coordination.--For the purposes of carrying out the 
        programs and establishing the field research sites under the 
        Initiative, the Secretary may enter into agreements with 
        Federal Departments and agencies with complementary 
        capabilities.
            ``(5) Report.--Not less than 2 years after the date of the 
        enactment of the Department of Energy Science for the Future 
        Act, the Director shall provide to the Committee on Science, 
        Space, and Technology and the Committee on Appropriations of 
        the House of Representatives and the Committee on Energy and 
        Natural Resources and the Committee on Appropriations of the 
        Senate a report examining whether the system described in this 
        section should be established as a National User Facility.
    ``(h) Technology Development.--The Director shall support a 
technology research program for the development of instrumentation and 
other research tools required to meet the missions of the Department 
and to provide platform technologies for the broader scientific 
community. Technologies shall include but are not limited to--
            ``(1) cryo-electron microscopy;
            ``(2) fabricated ecosystems; and
            ``(3) next generation sensors including quantum sensors for 
        biological integration and bioproduction.
    ``(i) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the activities described in 
this section--
            ``(1) $820,360,000 for fiscal year 2022;
            ``(2) $886,385,200 for fiscal year 2023;
            ``(3) $956,332,164 for fiscal year 2024;
            ``(4) $1,020,475,415 for fiscal year 2025; and
            ``(5) $1,099,108,695 for fiscal year 2026.''.

SEC. 5. ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING RESEARCH PROGRAM.

    (a) Advanced Scientific Computing Research.--Section 304 of the 
Department of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18642) is 
amended--
            (1) by redesignating subsections (a) through (c) as 
        subsections (b) through (d), respectively;
            (2) by inserting before subsection (b), as so redesignated, 
        the following:
    ``(a) In General.--As part of the activities authorized under 
section 209 of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 
7139), the Director shall carry out, in coordination with academia and 
relevant public and private sector entities, a research, development, 
and demonstration program to--
            ``(1) advance computational and networking capabilities for 
        data-driven discovery;
            ``(2) analyze, model, simulate, and predict complex 
        phenomena relevant to the development of new energy 
        technologies and other technologies; and
            ``(3) steward applied mathematics, computational science, 
        and computer science; and other science disciplines relevant to 
        the missions of the Department and the competitiveness of the 
        United States.'';
            (3) in subsection (b) (as redesignated under paragraph 
        (1))--
                    (A) by striking ``the Director'' and inserting 
                ``(1) Director.--The Director''; and
                    (B) by adding at the end the following:
            ``(2) Coordination.--The Under Secretary for Science shall 
        ensure the coordination of the activities of the Department, 
        including activities under this section, to determine and meet 
        the computational and networking research and facility needs of 
        the Office of Science and all other relevant energy technology 
        and energy efficiency programs within the Department, and 
        across the Federal Government.'';
            (4) by amending subsection (d), as so redesignated, to read 
        as follows:
    ``(d) Applied Mathematics and Software Development for High-End 
Computing Systems and Computer Sciences Research.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Director shall carry out activities 
        to develop, test, and support--
                    ``(A) mathematics, statistics, and algorithms for 
                modeling complex systems relevant to the missions of 
                the Department, including on advanced computing 
                architectures; and
                    ``(B) tools, languages, programming environments, 
                and operations for high-end computing systems (as 
                defined in section 2 of the American Super Computing 
                Leadership Act (15 U.S.C. 5541)).
            ``(2) Portfolio balance.--
                    ``(A) In general.--The Director shall maintain a 
                balanced portfolio within the advanced scientific 
                computing research and development program established 
                under section 976 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 
                U.S.C. 16316) that supports robust investment in--
                            ``(i) applied mathematical, computational, 
                        and computer sciences research needs relevant 
                        to the mission of the Department, including 
                        foundational areas that are critical to the 
                        advancement of energy sciences and technologies 
                        and new and emerging computing technologies; 
                        and
                            ``(ii) associated high-performance 
                        computing hardware and facilities.
                    ``(B) Exascale ecosystem sustainment.--
                            ``(i) Sense of congress.--It is the sense 
                        of Congress that the Exascale Computing Project 
                        has successfully created a broad ecosystem that 
                        provides shared software packages, novel 
                        evaluation systems, and applications for 
                        exascale users, and that such products must be 
                        maintained and improved in order that the full 
                        potential of the deployed systems can be 
                        continuously realized.
                            ``(ii) In general.--The Secretary shall 
                        seek to sustain the ecosystem referenced in 
                        clause (i) to ensure that the exascale software 
                        stack and other research software will continue 
                        to be maintained, hardened, and otherwise 
                        optimized for long-term use on exascale systems 
                        and reliable availability to the user 
                        community.''; and
            (5) by inserting after subsection (d) the following:
    ``(e) Next Generation Computing Program.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall establish a program 
        to develop and implement a strategy for achieving computing 
        systems with capabilities beyond exascale computing systems. In 
        establishing this program, the Secretary shall--
                    ``(A) maintain foundational research programs in 
                mathematical, computational, and computer sciences 
                focused on new and emerging computing needs within the 
                mission of the Department, including post-Moore's law 
                computing architectures, novel approaches to modeling 
                and simulation, artificial intelligence and scientific 
                machine learning, quantum computing, edge computing, 
                extreme heterogeneity, and distributed high-performance 
                computing; and
                    ``(B) retain best practices and maintain support 
                for essential hardware, applications, and software 
                elements of the Exascale Computing Program that are 
                necessary for sustaining the vitality of a long-term 
                exascale ecosystem.
            ``(2) Report.--Not later than one year after the date of 
        the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit to the 
        Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of 
        Representatives, and the Committee on Energy and Natural 
        Resources of the Senate, a report on the development and 
        implementation of the strategy outlined in paragraph (1).
    ``(f) Architectural Research in Heterogeneous Computing Systems.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out a program 
        of research and development in heterogeneous computing systems 
        to address extreme heterogeneity and to expand understanding of 
        the potential for heterogeneous computing systems to deliver 
        high performance, high efficiency computing for Department of 
        Energy mission challenges. This shall include research and 
        development that explores the convergence of big data 
        analytics, simulations, and artificial intelligence.
            ``(2) Coordination.--In carrying out this program, the 
        Secretary shall ensure coordination between research activities 
        undertaken by the Advanced Scientific Computing Research 
        program and materials research supported by the Basic Energy 
        Sciences program within the Department of Energy Office of 
        Science.
    ``(g) Energy Efficient Computing Program.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall support a program of 
        fundamental research, development, and demonstration of energy 
        efficient computing and data center technologies relevant to 
        advanced computing applications, including high performance 
        computing, artificial intelligence, and scientific machine 
        learning.
            ``(2) Execution.--
                    ``(A) Program.--In carrying out the program under 
                paragraph (1), the Secretary shall--
                            ``(i) establish a partnership for National 
                        Laboratories, industry partners, and 
                        institutions of higher education for codesign 
                        of energy efficient hardware, technology, 
                        software, and applications across all 
                        applicable program offices of the Department, 
                        and provide access to energy efficient 
                        computing resources to such partners;
                            ``(ii) develop hardware and software 
                        technologies that decrease the energy needs of 
                        advanced computing practices, including through 
                        data center co-design;
                            ``(iii) consider multiple heterogeneous 
                        computing architectures in collaboration with 
                        the program established under subsection (f) 
                        including neuromorphic computing, persistent 
                        computing, and ultrafast networking; and
                            ``(iv) provide, as appropriate, on a 
                        competitive, merit-reviewed basis, access for 
                        researchers from institutions of higher 
                        education, National Laboratories, industry, and 
                        other Federal agencies to the energy efficient 
                        computing technologies developed pursuant to 
                        clause (i).
                    ``(B) Selection of partners.--In selecting 
                participants for the partnership established under 
                subparagraph (A)(i), the Secretary shall select 
                participants through a competitive, merit review 
                process.
                    ``(C) Report.--Not later than one year after the 
                date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall 
                submit to the Committee on Science, Space, and 
                Technology of the House of Representatives, and the 
                Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the 
                Senate, a report on--
                            ``(i) the activities conducted under 
                        subparagraph (A); and
                            ``(ii) the coordination and management of 
                        the program under subparagraph (A) to ensure an 
                        integrated research program across the 
                        Department.
    ``(h) Energy Sciences Network.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall provide for an 
        upgrade to the Energy Sciences Network user facility in order 
        to meet Federal research needs for highly reliable data 
        transport capabilities optimized for the requirements of large-
        scale science.
            ``(2) Capabilities.--In carrying out paragraph (1), the 
        Secretary shall ensure the following capabilities:
                    ``(A) To provide high bandwidth scientific 
                networking across the continental United States and the 
                Atlantic Ocean.
                    ``(B) To maximize network reliability.
                    ``(C) To protect the network and data from cyber-
                attacks.
                    ``(D) To support exponentially increasing levels of 
                data from the Department's scientific user facilities, 
                experiments, and sensors.
                    ``(E) To integrate heterogeneous computing 
                frameworks and systems.
    ``(i) Computational Science Graduate Fellowship.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall support the 
        Computational Science Graduate Fellowship program in order to 
        facilitate collaboration between graduate students and 
        researchers at the National Laboratories, and contribute to the 
        development of a diverse and inclusive computational workforce 
        to help advance research in areas relevant to the mission of 
        the Department.
            ``(2) Funding.--From within funds authorized to be 
        appropriated for Advanced Scientific Computing Research 
        Program, the Secretary shall make available for carrying out 
        the activities under this section--
                    ``(A) $21,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;
                    ``(B) $22,050,000 for fiscal year 2023;
                    ``(C) $23,152,500 for fiscal year 2024;
                    ``(D) $24,310,125 for fiscal year 2025; and
                    ``(E) $25,525,631 for fiscal year 2026.
    ``(j) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the activities described in 
this section--
            ``(1) $1,086,050,000 for fiscal year 2022;
            ``(2) $1,162,073,500 for fiscal year 2023;
            ``(3) $1,243,418,645 for fiscal year 2024;
            ``(4) $1,330,457,950 for fiscal year 2025; and
            ``(5) $1,423,590,007 for fiscal year 2026.''.
    (b) Quantum Science Network.--
            (1) Definitions.--Section 2 of the National Quantum 
        Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8801) is amended--
                    (A) by redesignating paragraph (7) as paragraph 
                (8); and
                    (B) by inserting after paragraph (6) the following:
            ``(7) Quantum network infrastructure.--The term `quantum 
        network infrastructure' means any facility, expertise, or 
        capability that is necessary to enable the development and 
        deployment of scalable and diverse quantum network 
        technologies.''.
            (2) Department of energy quantum network infrastructure 
        research and development program.--Title IV of the National 
        Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8851 et seq.) is amended by 
        adding at the end the following:

``SEC. 403. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE 
              RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM.

    ``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy (referred to in this 
section as the `Secretary') shall carry out a research, development, 
and demonstration program to accelerate innovation in quantum network 
infrastructure in order to--
            ``(1) facilitate the advancement of distributed quantum 
        computing systems through the internet and intranet;
            ``(2) improve the precision of measurements of scientific 
        phenomena and physical imaging technologies; and
            ``(3) develop secure national quantum communications 
        technologies and strategies.
    ``(b) Program.--In carrying out this section, the Secretary shall--
            ``(1) coordinate with--
                    ``(A) the Director of the National Science 
                Foundation;
                    ``(B) the Director of the National Institute of 
                Standards and Technology;
                    ``(C) the Chair of the subcommittee on Quantum 
                Information Science of the National Science and 
                Technology Council established under section 103(a); 
                and
                    ``(D) the Chair of the subcommittee on the Economic 
                and Security Implications of Quantum Science;
            ``(2) conduct cooperative research with industry, National 
        Laboratories, institutions of higher education, and other 
        research institutions to facilitate new quantum infrastructure 
        methods and technologies, including--
                    ``(A) quantum-limited detectors, ultra-low loss 
                optical channels, space-to-ground connections, and 
                classical networking and cybersecurity protocols;
                    ``(B) entanglement and hyper-entangled state 
                sources and transmission, control, and measurement of 
                quantum states;
                    ``(C) quantum interconnects that allow short range 
                local connections between quantum processors;
                    ``(D) transducers for quantum sources and signals 
                between optical and telecommunications regimes and 
                quantum computer-relevant domains, including 
                microwaves;
                    ``(E) development of quantum memory buffers and 
                small-scale quantum computers that are compatible with 
                photon-based quantum bits in the optical or 
                telecommunications wavelengths;
                    ``(F) long-range entanglement distribution at both 
                the terrestrial and space-based level using quantum 
                repeaters, allowing entanglement-based protocols 
                between small- and large scale quantum processors;
                    ``(G) quantum routers, multiplexers, repeaters, and 
                related technologies necessary to create secure long-
                distance quantum communication; and
                    ``(H) integration of systems across the quantum 
                technology stack into traditional computing networks, 
                including the development of remote controlled, high 
                performance, and reliable implementations of key 
                quantum network components;
            ``(3) engage with the Quantum Economic Development 
        Consortium (QED-C) to transition component technologies to help 
        facilitate as appropriate the development of a quantum supply 
        chain for quantum network technologies;
            ``(4) advance basic research in advanced scientific 
        computing, particle physics, and material science to enhance 
        the understanding, prediction, and manipulation of materials, 
        processes, and physical phenomena relevant to quantum network 
        infrastructure;
            ``(5) develop experimental tools and testbeds necessary to 
        support cross-cutting fundamental research and development 
        activities with diverse stakeholders from industry and 
        institutions of higher education; and
            ``(6) consider quantum network infrastructure applications 
        that span the Department of Energy's missions in energy, 
        environment, and national security.
    ``(c) Leveraging.--In carrying out this section, the Secretary 
shall leverage resources, infrastructure, and expertise across the 
Department of Energy and from--
            ``(1) the National Institute of Standards and Technology;
            ``(2) the National Science Foundation;
            ``(3) the National Aeronautics and Space Administration;
            ``(4) other relevant Federal agencies;
            ``(5) the National Laboratories;
            ``(6) industry stakeholders;
            ``(7) institutions of higher education; and
            ``(8) the National Quantum Information Science Research 
        Centers.
    ``(d) Research Plan.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the 
enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on 
Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives and the 
Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate, a 4-year 
research plan that identifies and prioritizes basic research needs 
relating to quantum network infrastructure.
    ``(e) Standard of Review.--The Secretary shall review activities 
carried out under this section to determine the achievement of 
technical milestones.
    ``(f) Funding.--Out of funds authorized to be appropriated for the 
Department of Energy's Office of Science, there shall be made available 
to the Secretary to carry out the activities under this section, 
$100,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 2026.

``SEC. 404. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY QUANTUM USER EXPANSION FOR SCIENCE AND 
              TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM.

    ``(a) In General.--The Secretary of Energy (referred to in this 
section as the `Secretary') shall, establish and carry out a program 
(to be known as the `Quantum User Expansion for Science and Technology 
program' or `QUEST program') to encourage and facilitate access to 
United States quantum computing hardware and quantum computing clouds 
for research purposes in order to--
            ``(1) enhance the United States quantum research 
        enterprise;
            ``(2) educate the future quantum computing workforce; and
            ``(3) accelerate the advancement of United States quantum 
        computing capabilities.
    ``(b) Program.--In carrying out this section, the Secretary shall--
            ``(1) coordinate with--
                    ``(A) the Director of the National Science 
                Foundation;
                    ``(B) the Director of the National Institute of 
                Standards and Technology;
                    ``(C) the Chair of the Quantum Information Science 
                of the National Science and Technology Council 
                established under section 103(a); and
                    ``(D) the Chair of the subcommittee on the Economic 
                and Security Implications of Quantum Science;
            ``(2) provide researchers based within the United States 
        with access to, and use of, United States quantum computing 
        resources through a competitive, merit-reviewed process;
            ``(3) consider applications from the National Laboratories, 
        multi-institutional collaborations, institutions of higher 
        education, industry stakeholders, and any other entities that 
        the Secretary determines are appropriate to provide national 
        leadership on quantum computing related issues; and
            ``(4) consult and coordinate with private sector 
        stakeholders, the user community, and interagency partners on 
        program development and best management practices.
    ``(c) Leveraging.--In carrying out this section, the Secretary 
shall leverage resources and expertise across the Department of Energy 
and from--
            ``(1) the National Institute of Standards and Technology;
            ``(2) the National Science Foundation;
            ``(3) the National Aeronautics and Space Administration;
            ``(4) other relevant Federal agencies;
            ``(5) the National Laboratories;
            ``(6) industry stakeholders;
            ``(7) institutions of higher education; and
            ``(8) the National Quantum Information Science Research 
        Centers.
    ``(d) Security.--In carrying out the activities authorized by this 
section, the Secretary, in consultation with the Director of the 
National Science Foundation and the Director of the National Institute 
of Standards and Technology, shall ensure proper security controls are 
in place to protect sensitive information, as appropriate.''.

SEC. 6. FUSION ENERGY RESEARCH.

    (a) Fusion Energy Research.--Section 307 of the Department of 
Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18645) is amended--
            (1) in subsection (b)--
                    (A) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by 
                striking ``As part of'' and inserting ``(1) In 
                general.--As part of'';
                    (B) by redesignating--
                            (i) paragraphs (1) and (2) as subparagraphs 
                        (A) and (B), respectively; and
                            (ii) in subparagraph (B) (as redesignated 
                        by clause (i)), subparagraphs (A) and (B) as 
                        clauses (i) and (ii), respectively; and
                    (C) by adding at the end the following:
            ``(2) Authorization of appropriations.--Out of funds 
        authorized to be appropriated under subsection (o), there are 
        authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out 
        activities described in paragraph (1) $50,000,000 for each of 
        fiscal years 2022 through 2026.'';
            (2) in subsection (d)(3), by striking the period at the end 
        and inserting ``and $40,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.'';
            (3) in subsection (e)(4), by striking the period at the end 
        and inserting ``and $75,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.'';
            (4) in subsection (i)(10)--
                    (A) in subparagraph (D), by striking ``; and'' and 
                inserting a semicolon;
                    (B) in subparagraph (E), by striking the period at 
                the end and inserting ``; and''; and
                    (C) by adding at the end the following:
                    ``(F) $45,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.'';
            (5) in subsection (j)--
                    (A) by striking ``The Director'' and inserting 
                ``(1) In general.--The Director''; and
                    (B) by adding at the end the following:
            ``(2) Authorization of appropriations.--There are 
        authorized to be appropriated to carry out activities described 
        in paragraph (1)--
                    ``(A) $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;
                    ``(B) $35,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;
                    ``(C) $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
                    ``(D) $65,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and
                    ``(E) $80,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.'';
            (6) in subsection (l)--
                    (A) by striking ``sense of Congress that'' and 
                inserting ``sense of Congress that--'';
                    (B) by striking ``United States should support'' 
                and inserting ``(1) United States should support''; and
                    (C) by adding at the end the following:
            ``(2) the Director shall incorporate the findings and 
        recommendations of the report of the Fusion Energy Sciences 
        Advisory Committee entitled `Powering the Future: Fusion and 
        Plasmas' and the report of the National Academies entitled 
        `Bringing Fusion to the U.S. Grid' into the planning process of 
        the Department, including the development of future budget 
        requests to Congress.'';
            (7) by redesignating subsection (o) as subsection (r);
            (8) by adding at the end the following:
    ``(o) High-Performance Computation Collaborative Research 
Program.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall carry out a program 
        to conduct and support collaborative research, development, and 
        demonstration of fusion energy technologies, through high-
        performance computation modeling and simulation techniques, in 
        order to--
                    ``(A) support fundamental research in plasmas and 
                matter at very high temperatures and densities;
                    ``(B) inform the development of a broad range of 
                fusion energy systems; and
                    ``(C) facilitate the translation of research 
                results in fusion energy science to industry.
            ``(2) Coordination.--In carrying out the program under 
        paragraph (1), the Secretary shall coordinate with relevant 
        Federal agencies, and prioritize the following objectives:
                    ``(A) Using expertise from the private sector, 
                institutions of higher education, and the National 
                Laboratories to leverage existing, and develop new, 
                computational software and capabilities that 
                prospective users may use to accelerate research and 
                development of fusion energy systems.
                    ``(B) Developing computational tools to simulate 
                and predict fusion energy science phenomena that may be 
                validated through physical experimentation.
                    ``(C) Increasing the utility of the research 
                infrastructure of the Department by coordinating with 
                the Advanced Scientific Computing Research program 
                within the Office of Science.
                    ``(D) Leveraging experience from existing modeling 
                and simulation entities sponsored by the Department.
                    ``(E) Ensuring that new experimental and 
                computational tools are accessible to relevant research 
                communities, including private sector entities engaged 
                in fusion energy technology development.
                    ``(F) Ensuring that newly developed computational 
                tools are compatible with modern virtual engineering 
                and visualization capabilities to accelerate the 
                realization of fusion energy technologies and systems.
            ``(3) Duplication.--The Secretary shall ensure the 
        coordination of, and avoid unnecessary duplication of, the 
        activities of this program with the activities of--
                    ``(A) other research entities of the Department, 
                including the National Laboratories, the Advanced 
                Research Projects Agency-Energy, the Advanced 
                Scientific Computing Research program; and
                    ``(B) industry.
            ``(4) High-performance computing for fusion innovation 
        center.--In carrying out the program under paragraph (1), the 
        Secretary shall establish and operate a national High-
        Performance Computing for Fusion Innovation Center (referred to 
        in this section as the `Center'), which shall focus on the 
        early stage research and development activities described under 
        paragraph (1).
            ``(5) Selection.--The Secretary shall select the Center 
        under this subsection on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis. 
        The Secretary shall consider applications from National 
        Laboratories, institutions of higher education, multi-
        institutional collaborations, and other appropriate entities.
            ``(6) Duration.--The Center established under this 
        subsection shall receive support for a period of not more than 
        5 years, subject to the availability of appropriations.
            ``(7) Renewal.--Upon the expiration of any period of 
        support of the Center, the Secretary may renew support for the 
        Center, on a merit-reviewed basis, for a period of not more 
        than 5 years.
            ``(8) Termination.--Consistent with the existing 
        authorities of the Department, the Secretary may terminate the 
        Center for cause during the performance period.
    ``(p) Material Plasma Exposure Experiment.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall construct a Material 
        Plasma Exposure Experiment facility as described in the 2020 
        publication approved by the Fusion Energy Sciences Advisory 
        Committee titled `Powering the Future: Fusion and Plasmas'. The 
        Secretary shall consult with the private sector, universities, 
        National Laboratories, and relevant Federal agencies to ensure 
        that this facility is capable of meeting Federal research needs 
        for steady state, high-heat-flux and plasma-material 
        interaction testing of fusion materials over a range of fusion 
        energy relevant parameters.
            ``(2) Facility capabilities.--The Secretary shall ensure 
        that the facility described in subsection (a) will provide the 
        following capabilities:
                    ``(A) A magnetic field at the target of 1 Tesla.
                    ``(B) An energy flux at the target of 10 MW/m2.
                    ``(C) The ability to expose previously irradiated 
                plasma facing material samples to plasma.
            ``(3) Start of operations.--The Secretary shall, to the 
        maximum extent practicable, ensure that the start of full 
        operations of the facility under this section occurs before 
        December 31, 2027.
            ``(4) Funding.--Out of funds authorized to be appropriated 
        for Fusion Energy Sciences, there are funds authorized to be 
        appropriated to the Secretary for the Office of Fusion Energy 
        Sciences to carry out to completion the construction of the 
        facility under this section:
                    ``(A) $32,800,000 for fiscal year 2022;
                    ``(B) $13,400,000 for fiscal year 2023;
                    ``(C) $12,600,000 for fiscal year 2024; and
                    ``(D) $400,000 for fiscal year 2025.
    ``(q) Matter in Extreme Conditions Instrument Upgrade.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall provide for the 
        upgrade to the Matter in Extreme Conditions endstation at the 
        Linac Coherent Light Source as described in the 2020 
        publication approved by the Fusion Energy Sciences Advisory 
        Committee titled `Powering the Future: Fusion and Plasmas'. The 
        Secretary shall consult with the private sector, universities, 
        National Laboratories, and relevant Federal agencies to ensure 
        that this facility is capable of meeting Federal research needs 
        for understanding physical and chemical changes to plasmas at 
        fundamental timescales, and explore new regimes of dense 
        material physics, astrophysics, planetary physics, and short-
        pulse laser-plasma interactions.
            ``(2) Start of operations.--The Secretary shall, to the 
        maximum extent practicable, ensure that the start of full 
        operations of the facility under this section occurs before 
        December 31, 2028.''; and
            (9) in subsection (r), as so redesignated, by striking 
        paragraphs (2) through (5) and inserting the following:
            ``(2) $1,002,900,000 for fiscal year 2022;
            ``(3) $1,095,707,000 for fiscal year 2023;
            ``(4) $1,129,368,490 for fiscal year 2024;
            ``(5) $1,149,042,284 for fiscal year 2025; and
            ``(6) $1,243,097,244 for fiscal year 2026.''.
    (b) ITER Construction.--Section 972 of the Energy Policy Act of 
2005 (42 U.S.C. 16312) is amended in subsection (c)(3)--
            (1) in subparagraph (A), by striking ``and'' at the end; 
        and
            (2) by striking subparagraph (B) and inserting the 
        following:
                    ``(B) $300,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;
                    ``(C) $325,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;
                    ``(D) $350,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
                    ``(E) $350,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and
                    ``(F) $350,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.''.

SEC. 7. HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS PROGRAM.

    (a) Program.--Section 305 of the Department of Energy Research and 
Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18643) is amended--
            (1) by redesignating subsections (b) through (d) as 
        subsections (d) through (f), respectively; and
            (2) by inserting the following after subsection (a):
    ``(b) Program.--As part of the activities authorized under section 
209 of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7139), the 
Director shall carry out a research program on the fundamental 
constituents of matter and energy and the nature of space and time in 
order to support theoretical and experimental research in both 
elementary particle physics and fundamental accelerator science and 
technology and understand fundamental properties of the universe.
    ``(c) High Energy Frontier Research.--As part of the program 
described in subsection (a), the Director shall carry out research 
using high energy accelerators and advanced detectors, including 
accelerators and detectors that will function as national user 
facilities, to create and study interactions of elementary particles 
and investigate fundamental forces.''.
    (b) International Collaboration.--Section 305(d) of the Department 
of Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18643(d)), as 
redesignated under subsection (a), is amended to read as follows:
    ``(d) International Collaboration.--The Director shall--
            ``(1) as practicable and in coordination with other 
        appropriate Federal agencies as necessary, ensure the access of 
        United States researchers to the most advanced accelerator 
        facilities and research capabilities in the world, including 
        the Large Hadron Collider;
            ``(2) to the maximum extent practicable, continue to 
        leverage United States participation in the Large Hadron 
        Collider, and prioritize expanding international partnerships 
        and investments in the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility and Deep 
        Underground Neutrino Experiment; and
            ``(3) to the maximum extent practicable, prioritize 
        engagement in collaborative efforts in support of future 
        international facilities that would provide access to the most 
        advanced accelerator facilities in the world to United States 
        researchers.''.
    (c) Cosmic Frontier Research.--Section 305(f) of the Department of 
Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18645(f)), as 
redesignated by subsection (a), is amended to read as follows:
    ``(f) Cosmic Frontier Research.--The Director shall carry out 
research activities on the nature of the primary contents of the 
universe, including the nature of dark energy and dark matter, which 
may include collaboration with the National Aeronautics and Space 
Administration or the National Science Foundation, or international 
collaboration. These activities shall, to the maximum extent 
practicable, be consistent with the research priorities identified by 
the High Energy Physics Advisory Panel or the National Academy of 
Sciences, and may include--
            ``(1) collaborations with the National Aeronautics and 
        Space Administration, the National Science Foundation, or 
        international partners on relevant projects; and
            ``(2) the development of space-based, land-based, water-
        based, and underground facilities and experiments.''.
    (d) Section.--Section 305 of the Department of Energy Research and 
Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18645), as amended, is further amended by 
adding at the end the following:
    ``(g) Facility Construction and Major Items of Equipment.--
            ``(1) Projects.--Consistent with the Office of Science's 
        project management practices, the Director shall, to the 
        maximum extent practicable, incorporate the findings and 
        recommendations of the 2014 Particle Physics Project 
        Prioritization Panel (P5) report titled `Building for 
        Discovery', and support construction or fabrication of--
                    ``(A) an international Long-Baseline Neutrino 
                Facility based in the United States;
                    ``(B) the Proton Improvement Plan II;
                    ``(C) Second Generation Dark Matter experiments;
                    ``(D) the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument;
                    ``(E) the Vera Rubin Observatory camera;
                    ``(F) upgrades to components of the Large Hadron 
                Collider; and
                    ``(G) other high priority projects recommended in 
                the most recent report of the Particle Physics Project 
                Prioritization Panel of the High Energy Physics 
                Advisory Panel.
            ``(2) Long-baseline neutrino facility.--
                    ``(A) In general.--The Secretary shall support 
                construction of a Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility to 
                facilitate the international Deep Underground Neutrino 
                Experiment to examine the fundamental properties of 
                neutrinos, explore physics beyond the Standard Model, 
                and better clarify the existence and nature of 
                antimatter.
                    ``(B) Facility capabilities.--The Secretary shall 
                ensure that the facility described in subparagraph (A) 
                will provide, at a minimum, the following capabilities:
                            ``(i) A neutrino beam with wideband 
                        capability of 1.2 megawatts (MW) of beam power 
                        and upgradable to 2.4 MW of beam power.
                            ``(ii) Three caverns excavated for a 70 
                        kiloton fiducial detector mass and supporting 
                        surface buildings and utilities.
                            ``(iii) Cryogenic systems to support 
                        neutrino detectors.
                    ``(C) Start of operations.--The Secretary shall, to 
                the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the start 
                of full operations of the facility under this 
                subsection occurs before December 31, 2031.
                    ``(D) Funding.--Out of funds authorized to be 
                appropriated under subsection (k), there shall be made 
                available to the Secretary to carry out construction of 
                the facility under this subsection--
                            ``(i) $200,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;
                            ``(ii) $325,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;
                            ``(iii) $400,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
                            ``(iv) $375,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 
                        and
                            ``(v) $250,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.
            ``(3) Proton improvement plan-ii accelerator upgrade 
        project.--
                    ``(A) In general.--The Secretary of Energy shall 
                support construction of the Proton Improvement Plan II, 
                an upgrade to the Fermilab accelerator complex 
                identified in the 2014 Particle Physics Project 
                Prioritization Panel (P5) report titled `Building for 
                Discovery', to provide the world's most intense beam of 
                neutrinos to the international Long Baseline Neutrino 
                Facility as well as abroad range of future high energy 
                physics experiments. The Secretary of Energy shall work 
                with international partners to enable further 
                significant contributions to the capabilities of this 
                project.
                    ``(B) Facility capabilities.--The Secretary shall 
                ensure that the facility described in paragraph (1) 
                will provide, at a minimum, the following capabilities:
                            ``(i) A state-of-the-art 800 megaelectron 
                        volt (MeV) superconducting linear accelerator.
                            ``(ii) Proton beam power of 1.2 MW at the 
                        start of LBNF/DUNE, upgradeable to 2.4 MW of 
                        beam power.
                            ``(iii) A flexible design to enable high 
                        power beam delivery to multiple users 
                        simultaneously and customized beams tailored to 
                        specific scientific needs.
                            ``(iv) Sustained high reliability operation 
                        of the Fermilab accelerator complex.
                    ``(C) Start of operations.--The Secretary shall, to 
                the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the start 
                of full operations of the facility under this section 
                occurs before December 31, 2028.
                    ``(D) Funding.--Out of funds authorized to be 
                appropriated under subsection (k), there shall be made 
                available to the Secretary to carry out construction of 
                the facility under this subsection--
                            ``(i) $191,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;
                            ``(ii) $150,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;
                            ``(iii) $120,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
                            ``(iv) $120,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 
                        and
                            ``(v) $100,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.
            ``(4) Cosmic microwave background stage 4.--
                    ``(A) In general.--The Secretary of Energy, in 
                partnership with the Director of the National Science 
                Foundation, shall support construction of the Cosmic 
                Microwave Background Stage 4 project to survey the 
                cosmic microwave background to test theories of cosmic 
                inflation as described in the 2014 Particle Physics 
                Prioritization Panel (P5) report titled `Building for 
                Discovery: Strategic Plan for U.S. Particle Physics in 
                the Global Context.'.
                    ``(B) Consultation.--The Secretary shall consult 
                with the private sector, universities, National 
                Laboratories, and relevant Federal agencies to ensure 
                that this experiment is capable of meeting Federal 
                research needs in accessing the ultra-high energy 
                physics of inflation and important neutrino properties.
                    ``(C) Experimental capabilities.--The Secretary 
                shall ensure that the facility described in subsection 
                (a) will provide at minimum, 500,000 superconducting 
                detectors deployed on an array of mm wave telescopes 
                with the required range in frequency, sensitivity, and 
                survey speed to enable an order of magnitude advance in 
                observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background, 
                delivering transformative discoveries in fundamental 
                physics, cosmology, and astrophysics.
                    ``(D) Start of operations.--The Secretary shall, to 
                the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the start 
                of full operations of the facility under this section 
                occurs before December 31, 2030.
                    ``(E) Funding.--Out of funds authorized to be 
                appropriated under subsection (k), there shall be made 
                available to the Secretary to carry out construction of 
                the facility under this subsection--
                            ``(i) $37,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;
                            ``(ii) $45,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;
                            ``(iii) $71,400,000 for fiscal year 2024;
                            ``(iv) $49,800,000 for fiscal year 2025; 
                        and
                            ``(v) $84,800,000 for fiscal year 2026.
    ``(h) Accelerator and Detector Upgrades.--The Director shall 
upgrade accelerator facilities and detectors, as necessary and 
appropriate, to increase beam power, sustain high reliability, and 
improve precision measurement to advance the highest priority particle 
physics research programs. In carrying out facility upgrades, the 
Director shall continue to work with international partners, when 
appropriate and in the United States interest, to leverage investments 
and expertise in critical technologies to help build and upgrade 
accelerator and detector facilities in the United States.
    ``(i) Accelerator and Detector Research and Development.--As part 
of the program described in subsection (a), the Director shall carry 
out research and development in advanced accelerator and detector 
concepts and technologies, including laser technologies, in order to 
develop and deploy next generation technologies to support discovery 
science in particle physics and to reduce the necessary size and cost 
for the next generation of particle accelerators, in coordination with 
the Office of Science's Basic Energy Sciences and Nuclear Physics 
programs as well as other relevant Federal agencies.
    ``(j) Research Collaborations.--In developing accelerator 
technologies under the program authorized in subsection (e), the 
Director shall--
            ``(1) consider the requirements necessary to support 
        translational research and development for medical, industrial, 
        security, and defense applications; and
            ``(2) leverage investments in accelerator technologies and 
        fundamental research in particle physics by partnering with 
        institutes of higher education, industry, and other Federal 
        agencies to help commercialize technologies with promising 
        applications.
    ``(k) Underground Science.--The Director shall--
            ``(1) support an underground science program consistent 
        with the missions of the Department and the scientific needs of 
        the High Energy Physics program, including those articulated in 
        the most recent report of the Particle Physics Project 
        Prioritization Panel of the High Energy Physics Advisory Panel, 
        that leverages the capabilities of relevant underground science 
        and engineering facilities; and
            ``(2) carry out a competitive grant program to award 
        scientists and engineers at institutions of higher education, 
        nonprofit institutions, and national laboratories to conduct 
        research in underground science and engineering.
    ``(l) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the activities described in 
this section--
            ``(1) $1,355,690,000 for fiscal year 2022;
            ``(2) $1,512,628,300 for fiscal year 2023;
            ``(3) $1,653,512,281 for fiscal year 2024;
            ``(4) $1,681,260,141 for fiscal year 2025; and
            ``(5) $1,650,812,351 for fiscal year 2026.''.

SEC. 8. NUCLEAR PHYSICS PROGRAM.

    (a) Program.--Section 308 of the Department of Energy Research and 
Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18646) is amended--
            (1) by redesignating subsections (a) and (b) as subsections 
        (b) and (c), respectively; and
            (2) by inserting the following before subsection (b), as so 
        redesignated:
    ``(a) Program.--As part of the activities authorized under section 
209 of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7139), the 
Director shall carry out a research program, and support relevant 
facilities, to discover and understand various forms of nuclear 
matter.''.
    (b) Isotope Development and Production for Research Applications.--
Section 308(b)(1) of the Department of Energy Research and Innovation 
Act (42 U.S.C. 18646(a)(1)), as redesignated under subsection (a), is 
amended to read as follows:
            ``(1) shall carry out a program in coordination with other 
        relevant programs across the Department of Energy for the 
        production of isotopes, including the development of techniques 
        to produce isotopes, that the Secretary determines are needed 
        for research, medical, industrial, or related purposes, to the 
        maximum extent practicable, in accordance with the 2015 NSAC 
        `Meeting Isotope Needs and Capturing Opportunities For The 
        Future' report; and''.
    (c) Program Administration.--Section 308 of the Department of 
Energy Research and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18646) is amended by 
adding at the end the following:
    ``(d) User Facilities.--
            ``(1) Facility for rare isotope beams.--
                    ``(A) In general.--The Secretary shall support 
                construction of a Facility for Rare Isotope Beams to 
                advance the understanding of rare nuclear isotopes and 
                the evolution of the cosmos.
                    ``(B) Funding.--Out of funds authorized to be 
                appropriated under subsection (f), there shall be made 
                available to the Secretary to carry out construction of 
                the facility under this subsection $2,000,000 for 
                fiscal year 2022.
            ``(2) Electron-ion collider.--
                    ``(A) In general.--The Secretary shall support 
                construction of an Electron Ion Collider as described 
                in the 2015 Long Range Plan of the Nuclear Science 
                Advisory Committee and the report from the National 
                Academies titled `An Assessment of U.S.-Based Electron-
                Ion Collider Science', in order to measure the internal 
                structure of the proton and the nucleus and answer 
                fundamental questions about the nature of visible 
                matter.
                    ``(B) Facility capability.--The Secretary shall 
                ensure that the facility meets the requirements in the 
                2015 Long Range Plan, including--
                            ``(i) at least 70 percent polarized beams 
                        of electrons and light ions;
                            ``(ii) ion beams from deuterium to the 
                        heaviest stable nuclei;
                            ``(iii) variable center of mass energy from 
                        20 to 140 GeV;
                            ``(iv) high collision luminosity of 
                        10<SUP>33-34</SUP>cm<SUP>-2</SUP>s<SUP>-1</SUP>;
                         and
                            ``(v) the possibility of more than one 
                        interaction region.
                    ``(C) Start of operations.--The Secretary shall, to 
                the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the start 
                of full operations of the facility under this section 
                occurs before December 31, 2030.
                    ``(D) Funding.--Out of funds authorized to be 
                appropriated under subsection (e), there shall be made 
                available to the Secretary to carry out construction of 
                the facility under this subsection--
                            ``(i) $101,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;
                            ``(ii) $155,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;
                            ``(iii) $250,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
                            ``(iv) $300,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 
                        and
                            ``(v) $305,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.
    ``(e) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the activities described in 
this section--
            ``(1) $861,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;
            ``(2) $960,390,000 for fiscal year 2023;
            ``(3) $1,106,097,300 for fiscal year 2024;
            ``(4) $1,210,354,111 for fiscal year 2025; and
            ``(5) $1,273,408,899 for fiscal year 2026.''.

SEC. 9. SCIENCE LABORATORIES INFRASTRUCTURE PROGRAM.

    (a) Program.--Section 309 of the Department of Energy Research and 
Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 18647) is amended by adding at the end the 
following:
    ``(c) Approach.--In carrying out this section, the Director shall 
utilize all available approaches and mechanisms, including capital line 
items, minor construction projects, energy savings performance 
contracts, utility energy service contracts, alternative financing and 
expense funding, as appropriate.
    ``(d) Alternative Financing of Research Facilities and 
Infrastructure.--
            ``(1) In general.--Consistent with section 161(g) of the 
        Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2201(g)), the Management 
        and Operating contractors of the Department may enter into the 
        lease-purchase of research facilities and infrastructure under 
        the scope of their contract with the Department with the 
        approval of the Secretary or their designee.
            ``(2) Limitations.--To carry out lease-purchases approved 
        by the Secretary under subsection (a), the Department shall 
        only be required to have budget authority in an amount 
        sufficient to cover the minimum required lease payments through 
        the period required to exercise a termination provision in the 
        lease agreement, plus any associated lease termination 
        penalties, regardless of whether such leased facility and 
        infrastructure is on or off Government land, and if--
                    ``(A) the Department has established a mission need 
                for the facility or infrastructure to be leased;
                    ``(B) the facility or infrastructure is general 
                purpose, including offices, laboratories, cafeterias, 
                utilities, and data centers;
                    ``(C) the Department is not a party to and has no 
                financial obligations under the lease-purchase 
                transaction entered into by the Management and 
                Operating contractor, other than allowability of the 
                lease cost and conveyance of Government land, if 
                needed;
                    ``(D) the lease-purchase has an advance notice 
                termination provision with reasonable pre-defined 
                penalties that the Management and Operating contractor 
                may exercise, at the direction of the Department, if 
                funding for the lease is no longer available or the 
                mission need ceases to exist;
                    ``(E) there is an option for a no cost transfer of 
                ownership to the Government once the underlying 
                financing is retired, but neither the Management and 
                Operating contractor nor the Department are obligated 
                to purchase the facility or infrastructure at any time 
                during or after the lease term;
                    ``(F) the lease-purchase transaction, assuming 
                exercise of the ownership option, is demonstrated to be 
                the lowest lifecycle cost alternative for the 
                Government; and
                    ``(G) the cumulative annual base rent for all 
                lease-purchases of facilities and infrastructure, 
                inclusive of any transactions under consideration, does 
                not exceed 2 percent of the Management and Operating 
                contract operating budget for the year the commitment 
                is made for the lease.
            ``(3) Reporting.--Not later than one year after the date of 
        the enactment of the Department of Energy Science for the 
        Future Act, and biennially thereafter, the Department shall 
        submit to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology and 
        the Committee on Appropriations of the House of 
        Representatives, and the Committee on Energy and Natural 
        Resources and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate, a 
        report on the lease-purchase transactions that the Management 
        and Operating contractors of the Department entered into under 
        subsection (a) that includes--
                    ``(A) a list of the lease-purchase transactions 
                entered into by each Management and Operating 
                contractor and their respective costs;
                    ``(B) the annual percentage of each Management and 
                Operating contract operating budget that is used for 
                lease-purchase transactions for the year the 
                commitments were made; and
                    ``(C) any other information the Secretary finds 
                appropriate.
    ``(e) Mid-Scale Instrumentation Program.--The Director, in 
coordination with each of the programs carried out by the Office of 
Science, shall establish a mid-scale instrumentation program to enable 
the development and acquisition of novel, state-of-the-art instruments 
ranging in cost from $1 million to $20 million each that would 
significantly accelerate scientific breakthroughs at user facilities.
    ``(f) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the activities described in 
this section $500,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 
2026.''.

SEC. 10. INCREASED COLLABORATION WITH TEACHERS AND SCIENTISTS.

    (a) In General.--The Department of Energy Research and Innovation 
Act (42 U.S.C. 18601 note) is amended by adding at the end the 
following:

``SEC. 310. INCREASED COLLABORATION WITH TEACHERS AND SCIENTISTS.

    ``(a) In General.--The Director shall support the development of a 
scientific workforce through programs that facilitate collaboration 
between K-12, university students, early-career researchers, faculty, 
and the National Laboratories, including through the use of proven 
techniques to expand the number of individuals from underrepresented 
groups pursuing and attaining skills or undergraduate and graduate 
degrees relevant to the Office's mission.
    ``(b) Authorization of Appropriations.--Section 3169 of the 
Department of Energy Science Education Enhancement Act (42 U.S.C. 
7381e) is amended--
            ``(1) by striking, `programs', and inserting `programs, 
        including the NSF INCLUDES National Network,'; and
            ``(2) by striking, `year 1991', and inserting `years 2022 
        through 2026'.''.
    (b) Broadening Participation in Workforce Development for Teachers 
and Scientists.--The Department of Energy Science Education Enhancement 
Act (42 U.S.C. 7381 note) is amended by inserting the following 
sections after section 3167 (42 U.S.C. 7381c-1):

``SEC. 3167A. BROADENING PARTICIPATION FOR TEACHERS AND SCIENTISTS.

    ``(a) In General.--The Secretary, in collaboration with the 
Director of the National Science Foundation, shall support and leverage 
the National Science Foundation Inclusion across the Nation of 
Communities of Learners of Underrepresented Discoverers in Engineering 
and Science National Network, hereafter referred to as the NSF INCLUDES 
National Network, to expand the number of students, early-career 
researchers, and faculty from underrepresented groups pursuing and 
attaining skills or undergraduate and graduate degrees in science, 
technology, engineering, and mathematics fields relevant to the 
Department's mission.
    ``(b) Plan.--Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of 
the Department of Energy Science for the Future Act, the Secretary 
shall submit to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the 
House of Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural 
Resources and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of 
the Senate and make available to the public a plan for broadening 
participation of underrepresented groups in science, technology, 
engineering, and mathematics in programs supported by the Department 
programs, including--
            ``(1) a plan for supporting and leveraging the National 
        Science Foundation INCLUDES National Network;
            ``(2) metrics for assessing the participation of 
        underrepresented groups in Department programs;
            ``(3) experienced and potential barriers to broadening 
        participation of underrepresented groups in Department 
        programs, including recommended solutions; and
            ``(4) any other activities the Secretary finds appropriate.
    ``(c) Authorization of Appropriations.--Of the amounts authorized 
to be appropriated in section 3169 (42 U.S.C. 7381e), at least 
$2,000,000 shall be made available each fiscal year for the activities 
described under this subsection.

``SEC. 3167B. EXPANDING OPPORTUNITIES TO INCREASE THE DIVERSITY, 
              EQUITY, AND INCLUSION OF HIGHLY SKILLED SCIENCE, 
              TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS (STEM) 
              PROFESSIONALS.

    ``(a) In General.--The Secretary shall expand opportunities to 
increase the number and the diversity, equity, and inclusion of highly 
skilled science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) 
professionals working in Department of Energy mission-relevant 
disciplines and broaden the recruitment pool to increase diversity, 
including expanded partnerships with minority-serving institutions, 
non-Research I universities, and scientific societies.
    ``(b) Plan and Outreach Strategy.--
            ``(1) In general.--Not later than 6 months after the date 
        of enactment of the Department of Energy Science for the Future 
        Act, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Science, 
        Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives and the 
        Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate a 10-
        year educational plan in accordance with paragraph (2) and an 
        outreach strategy in accordance with paragraph (3).
            ``(2) Plan.--The plan under paragraph (1) shall fund and 
        expand new or existing programs administered by the Office of 
        Science and sited at the National Laboratories and Department 
        of Energy user facilities to expand educational and workforce 
        opportunities for underrepresented high school, undergraduate, 
        and graduate students as well as recent graduates, teachers and 
        faculty in STEM fields. Such programs may include paid 
        internships, fellowships, temporary employment, training 
        programs, visiting student and faculty programs, sabbaticals, 
        and research support.
            ``(3) Outreach strategy.--The outreach strategy under 
        paragraph (1) shall include a plan to improve the advertising, 
        recruitment, and promotion of educational and workforce 
        programs to community colleges, minority-serving institutions, 
        and non-Research I universities.
    ``(c) Building Research Capacity.--The Secretary shall develop 
programs that strengthen the research capacity relevant to Office of 
Science disciplines at emerging research institutions, including 
minority-serving institutions, colleges, and universities. This may 
include enabling meaningful partnerships between research-intensive 
institutions and emerging research institutions, and soliciting 
research proposals, fellowships, training programs, and research 
support directly from emerging research institutions.
    ``(d) Traineeships.--The Secretary shall establish a university-led 
Traineeship Program to address workforce training needs in DOE-relevant 
STEM fields. The focus should be on supporting training and research 
experiences for underrepresented undergraduate and graduate students 
and increasing participation from underrepresented populations. The 
traineeships should include opportunities to build the next-generation 
workforce in research areas critical to maintaining core competencies 
across the Office of Science's programs.
    ``(e) Evaluation.--The Secretary shall establish key performance 
indicators to measure and monitor progress of education and workforce 
programs and expand Departmental activities for data collection and 
analysis.
    ``(f) Report.--The Secretary shall submit a report every 2 years to 
the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of 
Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of 
the Senate summarizing progress toward meeting key performance 
indicators under subsection (e).
    ``(g) Minority-Serving Institution Defined.--The term `minority-
serving institution' includes the entities described in any of 
paragraphs (1) through (7) of section 371(a) of the Higher Education 
Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1067q(a));''.

SEC. 11. HIGH INTENSITY LASER RESEARCH INITIATIVE; HELIUM CONSERVATION 
              PROGRAM; AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.

    (a) In General.--The Department of Energy Research and Innovation 
Act (42 U.S.C. 18601 note) is amended by adding at the end the 
following:

``SEC. 311. HIGH INTENSITY LASER RESEARCH INITIATIVE.

    ``(a) In General.--The Director shall establish a high intensity 
laser research initiative consistent with the recommendations of the 
National Academies report, `Opportunities in Intense Ultrafast Lasers: 
Reaching for the Brightest Light', and the report from the Brightest 
Light Initiative workshop on `The Future of Intense Ultrafast Lasers in 
the U.S.'. This initiative should include research and development of 
petawatt-scale and of high average power laser technologies necessary 
for future facility needs in discovery science and to advance energy 
technologies, as well as support for a user network of academic and 
national laboratory high intensity laser facilities.
    ``(b) Leverage.--The Director shall also leverage new laser 
technologies for more compact, less complex, and low-cost accelerator 
systems needed for science applications.
    ``(c) Coordination.--The Director shall coordinate this initiative 
among all relevant programs within the Office of Science, and the Under 
Secretary for Science shall coordinate this initiative with other 
relevant programs within the Department as well as within other Federal 
agencies.
    ``(d) Authorization of Appropriations.--Out of funds authorized to 
be appropriated for the Office of Science there are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the activities described in 
this subsection--
            ``(1) $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;
            ``(2) $100,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;
            ``(3) $150,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
            ``(4) $200,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; and
            ``(5) $250,000,000 for fiscal year 2026.

``SEC. 312. HELIUM CONSERVATION PROGRAM.

    ``(a) In General.--The Secretary shall establish a program to 
reduce the consumption of helium for Department grant recipients and 
facilities and encourage helium recycling and reuse. The program shall 
competitively award grants for--
            ``(1) the purchase of equipment to capture, reuse, and 
        recycle helium;
            ``(2) the installation, maintenance, and repair of new and 
        existing helium capture, reuse, and recycling equipment; and
            ``(3) helium alternatives research and development 
        activities.
    ``(b) Report.--In carrying out the program under this section, the 
Director shall submit to the Committee on Science, Space, and 
Technology of House of Representatives and the Committee on Energy and 
Natural Resources of the Senate a report, not later than two years 
after the date of enactment of the Department of Energy Science for the 
Future Act, and every 3 years thereafter, on the purchase of helium as 
part of research projects and facilities supported by the Department. 
The report shall include--
            ``(1) the quantity of helium purchased for projects and 
        facilities supported by Department grants;
            ``(2) a cost-analysis for such helium;
            ``(3) the predominant production sources for such helium;
            ``(4) expected or experienced impacts of helium supply 
        shortages or prices on the research projects and facilities 
        supported by the Department; and
            ``(5) recommendations for reducing Department grant 
        recipients' exposure to volatile helium prices.
    ``(c) Coordination.--In carrying out the program under this 
section, the Director shall coordinate with the National Science 
Foundation and other relevant Federal agencies on helium conversation 
activities.
    ``(d) Duration.--The program established under this section shall 
receive support for a period of not more than 5 years, subject to the 
availability of appropriations.
    ``(e) Renewal.--Upon expiration of any period of support of the 
program under this section, the Director may renew support for the 
program for a period of not more than 5 years.

``SEC. 313. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.

    ``There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 
out the activities described in this title--
            ``(1) $8,728,615,000 for fiscal year 2022;
            ``(2) $9,344,434,300 for fiscal year 2023;
            ``(3) $10,031,656,951 for fiscal year 2024;
            ``(4) $10,503,567,938 for fiscal year 2025; and
            ``(5) $10,960,667,486 for fiscal year 2026.''.
    (b) Table of Contents.--Section 1(b) of the Department of Energy 
Research and Innovation Act is amended in the table of contents by 
inserting after the item relating to section 309 the following:

``Sec. 310. Increased collaboration with teachers and scientists.
``Sec. 311. High intensity laser research initiative.
``Sec. 312. Helium conservation program.
``Sec. 313. Authorization of appropriations.''.
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