United States Court of Appeals 

for the Federal Circuit ______________________

ORACLE AMERICA, INC.,

Plaintiff-Appellant

v.

UNITED STATES, AMAZON WEB SERVICES, INC.,

Defendants-Appellees

______________________

2019-2326

______________________

Appeal from the United States Court of Federal Claims 

in No. 1:18-cv-01880-EGB, Senior Judge Eric G. Bruggink.

______________________

Decided: September 2, 2020

______________________

CRAIG HOLMAN, Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer LLP, 

Washington, DC, argued for plaintiff-appellant. Also represented by KARA L. DANIELS, NATHANIEL EDWARD 

CASTELLANO, AMANDA J. SHERWOOD. 

 WILLIAM PORTER RAYEL, Commercial Litigation 

Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC, argued for defendant-appellee 

United States. Also represented by ETHAN P. DAVIS, 

ROBERT EDWARD KIRSCHMAN, JR., PATRICIA M. MCCARTHY. 

 DANIEL RUBEN FORMAN, Crowell & Moring, LLP, 

Washington, DC, argued for defendant-appellee Amazon 

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2 ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES

Web Services, Inc. Also represented by ROBERT JOSEPH 

SNECKENBERG, OLIVIA LOUISE LYNCH, ZACHARY H.

SCHROEDER; GABRIELLE TRUJILLO, Los Angeles, CA; MARK 

ANDREW PERRY, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP, Washington, DC. 

 ______________________

Before NEWMAN, BRYSON, and O’MALLEY, Circuit Judges.

BRYSON, Circuit Judge.

This is a federal contract pre-award protest case. The 

United States Court of Federal Claims (“the Claims Court”) 

analyzed a number of legal challenges by Oracle America, 

Inc., to a large Department of Defense procurement. After

a thorough treatment of all the issues presented, the 

Claims Court rejected Oracle’s protest. Oracle Am., Inc. v. 

United States, 144 Fed. Cl. 88 (2019). We affirm. 

I

The procurement at issue in this case, known as the 

Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure (“JEDI”) Cloud 

procurement, is directed to the long-term provision of enterprise-wide cloud computing services to the Department 

of Defense. The JEDI Cloud solicitation contemplated a 

ten-year indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity contract. 

The Defense Department decided to award the contract to 

a single provider rather than making awards to multiple 

providers. 

The JEDI Cloud solicitation included several “gate” 

provisions that prospective bidders would be required to 

satisfy. One of the gate provisions, referred to as Gate Criteria 1.2 or Gate 1.2, required that the contractor have at 

least three existing physical commercial cloud offering data 

centers within the United States, each separated from the 

others by at least 150 miles. Those data centers were required to provide certain offerings that were “FedRAMP 

Moderate Authorized” at the time of proposal. The Federal 

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ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES 3

Risk and Authorization Management Program 

(“FedRAMP”) is an approach to security assessment, authorization, and continuous monitoring for cloud products 

and services. “FedRAMP Moderate Authorized” is a designation given to systems that have successfully completed 

the FedRAMP Moderate authorization process. FedRAMP 

Moderate is the Defense Department’s minimum security 

level for processing or storing the Department’s least sensitive information. Oracle did not satisfy the FedRAMP 

Moderate Authorized requirement as of the time the proposals were to be submitted.

Oracle filed a pre-bid protest challenging the solicitation. Oracle’s protest focused on the Department’s adoption of Gate 1.2 and on the Department’s decision to 

conduct the procurement on a single-source basis, rather 

than providing for multi-source contracts.

Following a hearing and briefing, the U.S. Government 

Accountability Office (“GAO”) denied the protest. Oracle 

then filed suit in the Claims Court challenging the solicitation. The court analyzed Oracle’s claims in detail and rejected Oracle’s protest in a lengthy opinion. 

The court first addressed Oracle’s claim that the contracting officer and the Under Secretary of Defense violated separate provisions of 10 U.S.C. § 2304a when they 

each determined that it was appropriate to structure the 

JEDI Cloud procurement on a single-award basis rather 

than providing for multiple awards. Section 2304a sets out 

the conditions under which the Department may enter into 

large task and delivery order contracts with a single 

awardee, as opposed to awarding such contracts to two or 

more sources. 

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4 ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES

Section 2304a(d)(3) generally prohibits the award of a 

task or delivery order contract in excess of $100 million1 to 

a single vendor unless the head of the agency determines 

in writing that one of four exceptions to that general prohibition applies. The exceptions are:

(i) the task or delivery orders expected under the 

contract are so integrally related that only a single 

source can efficiently perform the work;

(ii) the contract provides only for firm, fixed price 

task orders or delivery orders for—

(I) products for which unit prices are established in the contract; or 

(II) services for which prices are established in 

the contract for the specific tasks to be performed;

(iii) only one source is qualified and capable of performing the work at a reasonable price to the government; or 

(iv) because of exceptional circumstances, it is necessary in the public interest to award the contract 

to a single source.

10 U.S.C. § 2304a(d)(3)(A).

In addition to that provision, section 2304a(d)(4) requires that regulations implementing section 2304a(d) “establish a preference for awarding, to the maximum extent 

practicable, multiple task or delivery order contracts for 

the same or similar services,” and that they “establish criteria for determining when award of multiple task or delivery order contracts would not be in the best interest of the 

1 The statutorily defined threshold amount is subject 

to an inflation adjustment requirement. See 41 U.S.C. 

§ 1908. 

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ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES 5

Federal Government.” 10 U.S.C. § 2304a(d)(4). Pursuant 

to that directive, the Federal Acquisition Regulation 

(“FAR”) provides that, except for indefinite-quantity contracts for advisory and assistance services, “the contracting 

officer must, to the maximum extent practicable, give preference to making multiple awards of indefinite-quantity 

contracts under a single solicitation for the same or similar 

supplies or services to two or more sources.” 48 C.F.R. 

§ 16.504(c)(1)(i) (“FAR 16.504(c)(1)(i)”). The FAR further 

provides, however, that the contracting officer must not 

elect to use a multiple-contract award if one or more of several conditions applies:

(1) Only one contractor is capable of providing performance at the level of quality required because 

the supplies or services are unique or highly specialized;

(2) Based on the contracting officer’s knowledge of 

the market, more favorable terms and conditions, 

including pricing, will be provided if a single award 

is made;

(3) The expected cost of administration of multiple 

contracts outweighs the expected benefits of making multiple awards;

(4) The projected orders are so integrally related 

that only a single contractor can reasonably perform the work;

(5) The total estimated value of the contract is less 

than the simplified acquisition threshold; or

(6) Multiple awards would not be in the best interests of the Government.

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6 ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES

FAR 16.504(c)(1)(ii)(B).2

The head of the agency—in this case, Under Secretary 

of Defense Ellen Lord—made a finding under section

2304a(d)(3)(B)(ii) that a single-source contract was permissible because the solicitation provides exclusively for firm, 

fixed price task orders, or delivery orders for services for 

which prices are established in the contract for the specific 

tasks to be performed. For her part, the contracting officer 

found that three of the reasons set forth in FAR

16.504(c)(1)(ii)(B) prohibited the use of the multiple-award 

approach for the JEDI Cloud procurement: (1) more favorable terms and conditions, including pricing, would be provided in the case of a single award; (2) the expected cost of 

administering multiple contracts outweighed the expected 

benefits of making multiple awards; and (3) multiple 

awards would not be in the best interests of the government.

Before the Claims Court, Oracle challenged the determinations of both the contracting officer and Under Secretary Lord. As to the contracting officer, Oracle argued that 

she failed to properly balance the multiple-award preference against a single-award approach. As to Under Secretary Lord, Oracle argued that the JEDI Cloud solicitation 

contained provisions for future services that were not specifically defined and for which specific prices were not 

given. For that reason, Oracle contended, the contract did 

not qualify as one providing only for firm, fixed prices for 

services for which prices are established in the contract for 

the specific tasks to be performed. 

2 On August 3, 2020, the regulation was amended to 

replace the phrase “less than” with “at or below.” Federal 

Acquisition Regulation: Evaluation Factors for MultipleAward Contracts, 85 Fed. Reg. 40068-01 (July 2, 2020).

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ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES 7

The Claims Court held that the contracting officer’s determination complied with the requirements of section 

2304a(d)(4) and FAR 16.504(c). The court concluded that

the contracting officer, based on her knowledge of the market, “drew the reasonable conclusion that a single award 

was more likely to result in favorable terms, including 

price.” Oracle, 144 Fed. Cl. at 113. In addition, the court 

found that it was “completely reasonable” for the contracting officer to find that a multisource award would be more 

expensive to administer and that a single cloud services 

provider would be best positioned to provide the necessary 

security for the agency’s data. Id. The court concluded that 

Oracle had pointed to no reason to disturb the contracting 

officer’s determination that multiple awards should not be 

employed.

With respect to section 2304a(d)(3), however, the

Claims Court reached a different conclusion. The court 

held that the solicitation did not qualify for a single-source 

award under the exception relied on by Under Secretary 

Lord to the statutory prohibition against awarding large 

task order contracts to a single vendor. Specifically, the 

court found that the solicitation contemplated that during 

the life of the contract, services not envisioned at the time 

of the initial award would likely be needed. New services

would likely have to be added to the contract in light of the 

fact that cloud computing technology was constantly evolving. The solicitation provided that if at some point during 

the pendency of the contract the cloud services provider 

created a new service, it would be required to offer that service to the Department at a price no higher than the price 

publicly available in the commercial marketplace in the 

continental United States. The solicitation also permitted 

the Department to obtain services before they were offered 

on the commercial market, even if those services would

never be offered commercially. Those services, the court 

explained, could not be identified as “specific tasks” much 

less “priced[] at the time of the award.” Oracle, 144 Fed. 

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8 ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES

Cl. at 114. Accordingly, the court concluded, “the Under 

Secretary apparently chose an exception under 

§ 2304a(d)(3) which does not fit the contract.” Id. at 115.

The Claims Court then turned to the question whether

Oracle was prejudiced by the Department’s failure to comply with section 2304a(d)(3). Oracle argued that if the Department had employed a multiple-award procurement, 

Oracle might have had the chance to compete, because the 

agency’s needs, as expressed in the gate criteria, might 

have been different in that setting. The government responded that the agency’s minimum security needs would 

not have changed in a multiple-award scenario. In a multiple-award procurement, according to the government, the 

Department still would have insisted on gate criteria in 

general and Gate 1.2 in particular.

The Claims Court agreed with the government. The 

court acknowledged that “Oracle may well be correct that 

some aspects of the gate criteria are driven by the agency’s 

insistence on using a single provider to manage an immense amount of data.” Oracle, 144 Fed. Cl. at 115. The 

court observed, however, that “one critical aspect of the 

gate criteria is not connected to the choice of a single provider: data security.” Id. The court pointed in particular 

to a memorandum prepared by Tim Van Name, Deputy Director of the Defense Digital Service. In that memorandum, Mr. Van Name stated that FedRAMP Moderate, 

which was incorporated as a requirement in Gate 1.2, represented the Department’s minimum level of security required for processing and storing the Department’s least 

sensitive information. That level of security, according to 

Mr. Van Name’s memorandum, was “the minimum criteria

necessary for DoD to have confidence that the Offeror’s proposed data centers have met the underlying physical security requirements necessary to successfully perform the 

contract.” J.A. 100947. 

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ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES 9

In addition, the court noted that many of the acquisition documents “bolster the agency’s conviction that use of 

multiple cloud service providers exponentially increases 

the challenge of securing data.” Oracle, 144 Fed. Cl. at 116. 

The court explained that it had “no reason to doubt” that 

the security requirements of Gate 1.2 “are the minimum 

that will be necessary to perform even the least sensitive 

aspects of the JEDI Cloud project.” Id. Based on that evidence, the court stated that “the only logical conclusion is 

that, if multiple awards were made, the security concerns 

would ratchet up, not down.” Id. Because the agency’s security concerns would not change, the court explained, Oracle “would not stand a better chance of being awarded this 

contract if the agency determined that the procurement 

must be changed to multiple award.” Id. The court therefore concluded that the decision to proceed with the procurement on a single-source basis did not prejudice Oracle.

The Claims Court next addressed Oracle’s claim that 

Gate 1.2 was unenforceable, both because the agency did 

not have a demonstrated need to impose the requirements 

set forth in Gate 1.2 and because Gate 1.2 is an impermissible “qualification requirement” imposed without satisfying the preconditions set forth in 10 U.S.C. § 2319. Section

2319(a) defines a “qualification requirement” as “a requirement for testing or other quality assurance demonstration 

that must be completed by an offeror before award of a contract.” Section 2319(b) provides that, except in limited circumstances, the agency must satisfy several prerequisites

before establishing a qualification requirement. One such 

prerequisite is that “the head of the agency shall . . . prepare a written justification stating the necessity for establishing the qualification requirement and specify why the 

qualification requirement must be demonstrated before 

contract award.” 10 U.S.C. § 2319(b)(1).

The Claims Court rejected both of Oracle’s arguments

that Gate 1.2 was unenforceable. As to the issue of need, 

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10 ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES

the court agreed with the government that Gate 1.2 was 

tied to the agency’s minimum needs. The court referred to 

the memorandum from Mr. Van Name, one of the principal 

architects of the solicitation requirement, which justified

imposing the FedRAMP Moderate Authorized requirement 

on the ground that FedRAMP Moderate represents the Department’s minimum security requirements for processing 

or storing the Department’s least sensitive information. As 

noted, Mr. Van Name explained that FedRAMP Moderate

was the minimum level of security necessary for the Defense Department to have confidence that the Offeror’s proposed data centers would have been able to timely meet the 

physical security requirements needed to successfully perform the contract. Based on the record evidence, the court 

found that the requirement to satisfy FedRAMP Moderate 

is “a useful proxy . . . for the agency’s real need. If an offeror were unable to meet the lower threshold, it could not 

hope to meet the higher” security requirements that would 

be required during the performance of the contract. Oracle, 

144 Fed. Cl. at 117.

As for Oracle’s argument that the government improperly used Gate 1.2 as a “qualification requirement” without 

satisfying the preconditions set forth in section 2319, the 

Claims Court ruled that Oracle had waived that argument 

by not raising it before the bids were due. Oracle did not 

raise the argument about the impermissible use of a qualification requirement until its post-hearing comments submitted to the GAO after the close of the bidding on the 

procurement. 

In any event, the court concluded that there was no 

merit to the argument, because Gate 1.2 did not constitute 

“a requirement for testing or other quality assurance 

demonstration that must be completed by an offeror before 

award of a contract.” Id. (quoting 10 U.S.C. § 2319(a)). Instead, according to the Claims Court, Gate 1.2 constituted 

a specification. The statute describes a qualification requirement as generally consisting of “a qualified bidders 

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ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES 11

list, qualified manufacturers list, or qualified products 

list.” 10 U.S.C. § 2319(c)(3). A specification, by contrast, is 

a requirement “of the particular project for which the bids 

are sought, such as design requirements, functional requirements, or performance requirements.” W.G. Yates & 

Sons Constr. Co. v. Caldera, 192 F.3d 987, 994 (Fed. Cir. 

1999) (citing 10 U.S.C. § 2305(a)(1)(C)).

The court concluded that Gate 1.2 is not a qualification 

requirement, because the agency did not require an offeror 

to prequalify in order to submit a proposal. In addition, the 

court explained, FedRAMP Moderate authorization is not 

an independent requirement that the Department regularly imposes in its procurements. Finally, the court 

pointed out that the security features that FedRAMP Moderate authorization imposes are the same security features 

that the Department believed were the minimum necessary to store the Department’s data for the JEDI Cloud project. Accordingly, the court found, the Department was not 

using the FedRAMP standard as a way to examine the offeror’s past performance in storing government data. Rather, “it [was] a uniform way to determine which offerors 

have certain security capabilities on a number of their 

cloud offerings.” Oracle, 144 Fed. Cl. at 118.

The Claims Court next rejected Oracle’s argument that 

Gate 1.2 transformed the procurement into one that uses 

other than competitive procedures, in violation of 10 U.S.C. 

§ 2304. The court found that the agency structured the 

procurement as a full and open competition, and that satisfying the gate criteria was merely the first step in ensuring that the Department’s time in the evaluation process 

was not wasted on offerors who could not meet the agency’s 

minimum needs.

Finally, the Claims Court examined Oracle’s claims 

that several Department officials who were involved in 

some way with the procurement had conflicts of interest, 

and that Amazon Web Services, Inc., (“AWS”), one of the 

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12 ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES

bidders on the contract, had an organizational conflict, all 

of which infected the procurement. The court addressed 

the question whether the contracting officer had properly 

assessed the impact of the conflicts on the procurement and 

found that she had. The court then concluded that the contracting officer had properly exercised her discretion in 

finding that the individual and organizational conflicts 

complained of by Oracle did not affect the integrity of the 

procurement.

Based on the court’s determination that Gate 1.2 is enforceable and Oracle’s concession that it could not meet the 

requirements of Gate 1.2 at the time of proposal submission, the Claims Court found that Oracle could not “demonstrate prejudice as a result of any other possible errors.” 

Oracle, 144 Fed. Cl. at 126. The court therefore denied Oracle’s motion for judgment on the administrative record 

and granted the cross-motions filed by the government and 

intervenor AWS. Oracle then took this appeal. 

II

Oracle’s principal argument on appeal is that the Defense Department committed legal error when it elected to 

conduct the JEDI Cloud procurement as a single-source 

procurement. Although the Claims Court agreed with Oracle that the Department committed legal error with respect to the ground it invoked to justify the use of a singlesource procurement, the court found the error to be harmless. The court concluded that the error was harmless because even if the Department had opted for a multi-source 

procurement, Oracle would not have been able to satisfy 

the requirements of Gate 1.2, which the Department would 

have imposed regardless of whether the procurement was 

conducted on a single-source or multi-source basis.

A

In challenging the Department’s decision to conduct 

the JEDI Cloud procurement on a single-source basis, 

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ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES 13

Oracle begins by pointing out that Congress has expressed 

its preference for awarding, “to the maximum extent practicable, multiple task or delivery order contracts for the 

same or similar services or property.” 10 U.S.C. 

§ 2304a(d)(4). Section 2304a(d) and the regulations issued 

pursuant to that provision state that the contracting officer 

and the agency head must make certain specified determinations before the agency can proceed with a single-source 

award in a large procurement such as this one. On appeal, 

Oracle does not take issue with the Claims Court’s finding 

that the contracting officer’s determination was reasonable. And Oracle agrees with the Claims Court that Under 

Secretary Lord’s rationale for approving the use of a singlesource award for the JEDI Cloud procurement did not satisfy the exception to section 2304a(d)(3) that she invoked.

Oracle takes issue, however, with the Claims Court’s conclusion that Oracle was not prejudiced by Under Secretary 

Lord’s determination. 

In response, the government endorses the Claims 

Court’s “no-prejudice” ruling. In the alternative, the government argues that, apart from the merits of the court’s 

prejudice analysis, we may still affirm because the Claims 

Court incorrectly rejected Under Secretary Lord’s determination that a single-source award was justified under section 2304a(d)(3). Under Secretary Lord based that 

determination on the exception set forth in section 

2304a(d)(3)(B)(ii) for contracts that provide for “firm, fixed 

price task orders or delivery orders” for services for which 

“prices are established in the contract for the specific tasks 

to be performed.” The Claims Court, however, held that 

the JEDI Cloud solicitation did not provide for “firm, fixed 

price task orders” for which prices were established in the 

contract, because the solicitation contained provisions for 

the awardee to supply unspecified services in the future at 

as-yet unspecified prices. 

The government’s argument that the contract provides 

only for firm, fixed price task orders is unpersuasive for the 

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14 ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES

reasons given by the Claims Court. The JEDI Cloud contract contains a technology refresh provision (section H2)

that allows the addition of new cloud services during the 

period of contract performance, when those services did not 

exist at the time of award, in order “to keep pace with advancements in the industry.” Under that clause, it is anticipated that there will be updates to the cloud services 

during the pendency of the contract. Thus, the solicitation 

provides that new services will be added, with new prices, 

that are not provided for in the initial contract.

The government argues that the exception in section

2304a(d)(3)(B)(ii) applies here because the statute does not 

require that “all tasks/prices must be established ‘at the 

time of the award.’” Rather, the government argues, the 

requirement that tasks and prices be “established in the 

contract” does not address when the “tasks and prices upon 

which future orders will be based must be ‘established.’” It 

is enough, according to the government, that new tasks and 

prices are set pursuant to the terms of the contract, including section H2, and the subsequent task orders are issued 

on a fixed-price basis.

The Claims Court properly rejected the government’s 

argument. As the court explained, the language of section

2304a(d)(3) makes clear that the services to be performed 

under the contract and the prices for those services must 

be established in the contract at the time of award. That 

follows from the provision in the statute that “no . . . contract . . . may be awarded” unless the agency head determines that the “contract provides only for firm, fixed price 

task orders or delivery orders for . . . services for which 

prices are established in the contract.” 10 U.S.C. 

§ 2304a(d)(3). The plain language of the statute refers to 

conditions that must exist at the time of the contract 

award.

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ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES 15

B

Having found that the statutory prerequisite for use of 

a single-source contract had not been satisfied, the Claims 

Court moved to the question whether that flaw in the process prejudiced Oracle. The court found no prejudice from 

the error based on the court’s finding that the agency’s minimum needs, as expressed in Gate 1.2, would not have been 

different in a multi-award scenario than in a single-award 

scenario. Therefore, the court concluded, even if the agency 

had been required to conduct the procurement on a multiple-award basis, the requirements of Gate 1.2 would have 

applied. And because Oracle would not have been able to 

satisfy those requirements, it would have had no chance of 

a contract award, so the flaw in the procurement process 

did not harm Oracle.

Oracle takes issue with the Claims Court’s harmless 

error analysis. In particular, Oracle argues that the 

Claims Court erred by accepting the government’s argument that under a multiple-award solicitation the Department would still have insisted on imposing Gate 1.2. That 

decision, Oracle argues, was one that should have been 

made by the agency. It was improper, according to Oracle, 

for the court to decide that the agency would have insisted 

on Gate 1.2 even if it had known that it was required to use 

a multiple-award solicitation for the JEDI Cloud procurement. Citing SEC v. Chenery Corp., 318 U.S. 80 (1943), 

Oracle contends that the Claims Court should not have 

“presume[d] how DoD would structure a multiple-award 

procurement as DoD must make that decision in the first 

instance.” Appellant’s Br. 35–36.

The Supreme Court has referred to the Chenery doctrine as embodying a “‘foundational principle of administrative law’ that judicial review of agency action is limited 

to ‘the grounds that the agency invoked when it took the 

action.’” Dep’t of Homeland Sec. v. Regents of the Univ. of 

Cal., 140 S. Ct. 1891, 1907 (2020) (quoting Michigan v. 

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16 ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES

EPA, 576 U.S. 743, 758 (2015)). In Chenery, the Supreme 

Court explained the rationale for that rule: 

If an order is valid only as a determination of policy 

or judgment which the agency alone is authorized 

to make and which it has not made, a judicial judgment cannot be made to do service for an administrative judgment. For purposes of affirming no less 

than reversing its orders, an appellate court cannot 

intrude upon the domain which Congress has exclusively entrusted to an administrative agency.

318 U.S. at 88.

The Chenery doctrine, however, does not invariably require a remand to the agency whenever a court holds that 

the agency’s action was based on legally improper grounds. 

As the Supreme Court, this court, and other circuit courts 

have recognized, principles of harmless error apply to judicial review of agency action generally. A remand is unnecessary when the error in question “clearly had no bearing 

on the procedure used or the substance of decision 

reached,” Mass. Trs. of E. Gas & Fuel Assocs. v. United 

States, 377 U.S. 235, 248 (1964); if there is no reason to 

believe that the decision would have been different, In re 

Watts, 354 F.3d 1362, 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2004); if it is clear 

that the agency would have reached the same result, Fleshman v. West, 138 F.3d 1429, 1433 (Fed. Cir. 1998); if the 

result is “foreordained,” Bethlehem Steel Corp. v. Gorsuch, 

742 F.2d 1028, 1036 (7th Cir. 1984); if the court is not “in 

substantial doubt whether the administrative agency 

would have made the same ultimate finding with the erroneous finding removed,” Kurzon v. U.S. Postal Serv., 539 

F.2d 788, 796 (1st Cir. 1976); or where there is no “significant chance that but for the error, the agency might have 

reached a different result,” NLRB v. Am. Geri-Care, Inc., 

697 F.2d 56, 64 (2d Cir. 1982).

As this court has summed up the rule, a court may affirm the decision of an agency on a ground other than the 

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ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES 17

ground given by the agency, so long as it is clear that the 

agency would have reached the same decision if it had been 

aware that the ground it invoked was legally unavailable, 

or if the decision does not depend on making a finding of 

fact not previously made by the agency. See Ford Motor 

Co. v. United States, 811 F.3d 1371, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2016); 

Killip v. OPM, 991 F.2d 1564, 1568–69 (Fed. Cir. 1993); 

Ward v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd., 981 F.2d 521, 528 (Fed. Cir. 

1992).

In this case, the Claims Court found, based on the evidence in the administrative record, that the Defense Department would have stuck with Gate 1.2 even if it had 

been required to conduct the procurement on a multipleaward basis. As the court explained:

[T]he only logical conclusion is that, if multiple 

awards were made, the security concerns would 

ratchet up, not down. They are, indeed, minimally 

stated. If Oracle cannot meet Gate Criteria 1.2 as 

currently configured, it is thus not prejudiced by 

the decision to make a single award. The agency’s 

needs would not change, so Oracle would not stand 

a better chance of being awarded this contract if 

the agency determined that the procurement must

be changed to [a] multiple award.

Oracle, 144 Fed. Cl. at 116.

This appeal is a review of a Claims Court decision on 

an administrative record. We review a finding of prejudice 

or no prejudice by the Claims Court in a trial on an administrative record under the clearly erroneous standard. See

Office Design Grp. v. United States, 951 F.3d 1366, 1374 

(Fed. Cir. 2020); CliniComp Int’l, Inc. v. United States, 904 

F.3d 1353, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2018); Diaz v. United States, 853 

F.3d 1355, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2017); Bannum, Inc. v. United 

States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1354 (Fed. Cir. 2005). “To establish 

prejudicial error, a party must show that “but for the error, 

it would have had a substantial chance of securing the 

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18 ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES

contract.” Labatt Food Serv., Inc. v. United States, 577 

F.3d 1375, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2009).3 In light of the Claims 

Court’s careful consideration of the record evidence, the 

court’s conclusion that the Defense Department would 

have included Gate 1.2 even if it had modified the solicitation to allow for multiple awards, and that Oracle therefore 

would not have had a substantial chance of securing the 

contract, is not clearly erroneous. We therefore will not 

disturb the Claims Court’s determination that the case did 

not need to be remanded to the Defense Department for a 

further determination whether a single-source award is appropriate.4

III

Oracle next argues that Gate 1.2 transformed the procurement into one that did not use competitive procedures. 

3 Oracle asserts that in pre-award protests, “nontrivial competitive injury which can be redressed by judicial relief” establishes prejudice. Appellant’s Br. 33 (quoting Weeks Marine, Inc. v. United States, 575 F.3d 1352, 

1361 (Fed. Cir. 2009)). In some pre-award cases, we have 

used the “non-trivial competitive injury” test “because 

there is an inadequate factual foundation for performing a 

‘substantial chance’ test.” Orion Tech., Inc. v. United 

States, 704 F.3d 1344, 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2013). In this case, 

however, there was an adequate factual predicate to apply 

the “substantial chance” test.

4 Oracle argues, inter alia, that a remand to the 

agency is justified because Oracle now meets the 

FedRAMP Moderate Authorized standard set forth in the 

solicitation and should be allowed to bid on the contract 

based on its current qualifications. The issue before the 

Claims Court and before us, however, is whether the 

agency committed prejudicial error in the solicitation as of 

the time that Oracle filed its protest. Subsequent events 

are irrelevant to that inquiry. 

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ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES 19

Oracle further contends that the Defense Department was 

required to complete a mandatory justification and approval process before using procedures other than competitive procedures, such as Gate 1.2. According to Oracle, the 

Defense Department failed to do so. The government responds that the Defense Department was not required to 

engage in the justification and approval process because 

the JEDI Cloud procurement used competitive procedures. 

We agree with the government.

Section 2304 of Title 10 prohibits an agency from using 

“other than competitive procedures” in contracting, except 

in certain limited circumstances. See 10 U.S.C. § 2304(c). 

Even in such circumstances, section 2304(f) further provides that the head of the agency generally “may not award 

a contract using procedures other than competitive procedures unless . . . the contracting officer for the contract justifies the use of such procedures in writing and certifies the 

accuracy and completeness of the justification” and “the 

justification is approved.”

Oracle makes several arguments in support of its contention that the procurement used other than competitive 

procedures. First, Oracle contends that the Department 

knew that only two offerors, AWS and Microsoft, could satisfy Gate 1.2 at the time the proposals were due. According 

to Oracle, the decision to adopt Gate 1.2 was therefore 

equivalent to prohibiting any parties other than AWS and 

Microsoft from bidding on the JEDI Cloud contract. Oracle 

adds that the evidence showed that the Department “devised the gated approach for the express purpose of limiting the number of proposals received.” Appellant’s Br. 41. 

Oracle also relies on the regulations issued pursuant to 

section 2304. In particular, Oracle relies on the regulation 

that provides that when there is “a reasonable basis to conclude that the agency’s minimum needs can only be satisfied by . . . a limited number of sources,” full and open 

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20 ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES

competition does not exist and the agency must follow the 

justification and approval process. FAR 6.302-1(b)(1)(ii). 

We see no error in the Claims Court’s rejection of Oracle’s arguments. Citing this court’s decision in National 

Government Services, Inc. v. United States, 923 F.3d 977 

(Fed. Cir. 2019), the Claims Court explained that a solicitation requirement is not necessarily objectionable simply 

because the requirement has the effect of excluding certain 

offerors who cannot satisfy that requirement. The Claims 

Court found that “[t]he few record statements Oracle highlights are insufficient to demonstrate” that the Department 

was using “other than competitive procedures” in the JEDI 

Cloud procurement. Oracle, 144 Fed. Cl. at 119. Rather, 

the court explained, the Department “structured this procurement to use full and open competition and the gate criteria are just the first step in the evaluation of proposals.” 

Id. The court added that the use of the gate criteria could 

have occurred at any point in the evaluation of the proposals; “the agency simply put the gate criteria first to ensure its evaluation was not wasted on offerors who could 

not meet the agency’s minimum needs.” Id.

As the Claims Court explained, “evaluation criteria 

which have the effect of limiting competition do not necessarily trigger the procedures required by § 2304(c).” Id. 

“Full and open competition . . . means that all responsible 

sources are permitted to submit sealed bids or competitive 

proposals on the procurement.” 41 U.S.C. § 107; 10 U.S.C. 

§ 2302(3)(D). Even if the agency expected that only certain 

firms would be able to satisfy the agency’s minimum needs, 

the solicitation permitted all responsible sources to submit 

proposals. Under these circumstances, we agree with the 

Claims Court that the FedRAMP Moderate authorization 

component of Gate 1.2 did not transform the solicitation 

into one for less than full and open competition.

Nor did the Department violate FAR 6.302-1. That regulation is one of several “authorities” that “permit 

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ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES 21

contracting without providing for full and open competition.” FAR 6.302. In this case, the Department did not 

prohibit any responsible sources from submitting proposals, so the Department did not need to invoke section 

6.302-1 as authority to contract without providing for full 

and open competition.

IV

Oracle next argues that Gate 1.2 violated 10 U.S.C. 

§ 2319, which requires, inter alia, a written justification 

when the Defense Department imposes a “qualification requirement” in a solicitation. Section 2319(a) defines a 

“qualification requirement” as a “requirement for testing or 

other quality assurance demonstration that must be completed by an offeror before award of a contract.” Oracle

contends that Gate 1.2 constituted a qualification requirement, as that term has been interpreted, and that because 

there was no advance written justification for that requirement, Gate 1.2 is unenforceable.

The Claims Court held that Oracle waived the section 

2319 argument by not raising it on a timely basis. The 

court also held that even if the argument had been timely 

raised, it failed on the merits, because Gate 1.2 is not a 

“qualification requirement” within the meaning of that 

term in section 2319. 

The Claims Court correctly held that Gate 1.2 does not 

constitute a “qualification requirement” within the meaning of section 2319.5 “An essential step in every procurement involves a determination that the potential 

contractor is qualified to serve as a Government contractor.” J. Cibinic, Jr. & R. Nash, Jr., Formation of 

5 Because we agree with the Claims Court that Gate 

1.2 is not a “qualification requirement,” we do not reach the 

issue of whether the Claims Court correctly held that Oracle waived its section 2319 argument.

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22 ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES

Government Contracts 403 (3d ed. 1998). That determination requires consideration of whether the firm can be expected to complete the contract work on time and in a 

satisfactory manner. Id. In an individual procurement, 

the government uses “nonresponsibility” determinations to 

avoid awarding contracts to unqualified firms. Id. Although the government is required to make a determination 

of responsibility in every case, see 10 U.S.C. 2305(b)(4)(C); 

FAR 9.103, we do not think that Congress intended to impose the obligations enumerated in section 2319 on every 

government procurement. 

Instead, as this court has explained, section 2319 

draws a line between extraneous “qualification requirements,” such as a qualified manufacturers list, and requirements that are intrinsic to the particular solicitation, 

such as requirements that are directed to ensure that the 

contractor will be able to satisfy the requirements of that

solicitation. In W.G. Yates & Sons Construction Co. v. Caldera, 192 F.3d 987 (Fed. Cir. 1999), the case on which Oracle principally relies, this court held that a particular 

prerequisite fell on the “extraneous requirement” side of 

that line. There, a solicitation for the production of aircraft 

hangar doors required that the manufacturer either be 

prequalified or have previously made similar products. We 

held that those requirements constituted qualification requirements because they were not directly tied to the needs 

of the procurement.

Unlike the requirements in the Yates case, the agency 

in this case used Gate 1.2 in a way that did not implicate 

section 2319. Gate 1.2 is analogous to an “intrinsic” requirement in, for example, a contract for emergency military air transport services that the bidding companies have 

a minimum number of certified pilots available at the time 

proposals are submitted. Such a requirement would ensure that the company would be ready to proceed on day 

one of the contract and would not have to hire or train pilots. Gate 1.2 serves a similar purpose in the JEDI Cloud 

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ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES 23

solicitation. In particular, the Department was evaluating 

whether the actual data centers that would or could be 

used to provide cloud services would be able to meet the 

agency’s minimum security needs on the proposed schedule. As Mr. Van Name’s memorandum explained, the 

agency believed that if an offeror could not satisfy the security requirements represented by FedRAMP Moderate at 

the time of proposal, that offeror would not be able to satisfy the more stringent security requirements the offeror 

would be required to meet shortly after award.6 

That is a standard type of responsibility determination 

that contracting officers regularly make. See FAR 9.104-1 

(“To be determined responsible, a prospective contractor 

must . . . [b]e able to comply with the required or proposed 

delivery or performance schedule . . . [and] [h]ave the necessary production, construction, and technical equipment 

and facilities, or the ability to obtain them”); 50 State Sec. 

Serv., Inc., Comp. Gen. Dec. B-272114, 96-2 CPD ¶ 123

(Sept. 24, 1996) (upholding contracting officer’s determination that the protestor did not have the ability to have a 

sufficient number of prison guards in place when performance of the contract was set to begin); Sys. Dev. Corp.,

Comp. Gen. Dec. B-212624, 83-2 CPD ¶ 644 (Dec. 5, 1983)

(upholding nonresponsibility determination based on the 

agency’s conclusion that the protestor would not be able to 

comply with the proposed delivery schedule because the 

protestor had not yet secured “confirmation of supplier’s 

6 Under the solicitation, the awardee would be required, shortly after the award, to meet a modified version 

of the FedRAMP High security requirements, sometimes 

referred to in the record as “FedRAMP High Plus.” According to Mr. Van Name’s testimony, there are “325 requirements that FedRAMP Moderate covers, and there is a 

difference of about 145 to get to FedRAMP High. But a few 

of those, we’ve granted exemptions to . . . .” J.A. 105496.

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24 ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES

and subcontractor’s commitments to deliver items and 

equipment with long lead-times”). And in this case, because Gate 1.2 did not relate to an extraneous quality assurance demonstration, such as the successful completion 

of other related projects, the responsibility determination 

did not implicate section 2319. 

V

Oracle next contends that Gate 1.2 was unreasonable 

in light of the Defense Department’s needs, and that the 

solicitation should be invalidated on the ground that it unnecessarily restricted competition. The Claims Court analyzed at some length the Department’s needs as the 

Department assessed them and found that the gating requirements, including Gate 1.2, were reasonable in light of 

that context. For that reason, the court found that the solicitation requirements did not unduly restrict competition.

Oracle has not provided a sufficient basis for overturning the Claims Court’s determination on that issue. As the 

Claims Court observed, an agency’s assessment of its needs 

in a procurement should not readily be second-guessed by 

a court. We are even more removed from a detailed assessment of the needs of the procurement than the Claims 

Court and therefore are even more hesitant to override the 

agency’s judgment as to its needs. Oracle has not shown 

that the Department’s determination as to its need for a 

level of security represented by Gate 1.2 was unreasonable;

that clause of the solicitation therefore cannot be rejected 

as unnecessarily restrictive of competition

VI

In the final section of its brief, Oracle contends that 

conflicts of interest on the part of three former Defense Department employees tainted the procurement in a way that 

requires that the solicitation be set aside. When the 

claimed conflicts surfaced, the contracting officer 

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ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES 25

conducted a detailed investigation and made findings as to 

the conflicts and their effects on the procurement. She determined that although there were conflicts of interest on 

the part of two of the employees, those conflicts and the 

asserted conflict on the part of the third employee did not 

have any effect on the procurement. After reviewing the 

contracting officer’s findings, the Claims Court concluded 

that the contracting officer’s investigation was thorough 

and her “no effect” determination was reasonable.

A

Oracle raises a number of challenges to the Claims 

Court’s ruling with respect to the conflicts of interest. At 

the outset, Oracle argues that the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Mississippi Valley Generating Co., 

364 U.S. 520 (1961), sets forth a per se rule that conflicts 

of interest that violate the federal criminal conflict-of-interest statute, 18 U.S.C. § 208, invalidate any government 

contracts to which the conflicts relate. Based on that interpretation of the Mississippi Valley case, Oracle argues that 

the conflicts of interest on the part of the former Defense 

Department employees invalidate the JEDI Cloud solicitation regardless of whether their conflicts had any effect on 

the solicitation.

Contrary to Oracle’s contention, the Mississippi Valley

case is best read as providing that conflicts of interest invalidate government contracts only if the conflicts materially affect the contracts. That is the way this court read 

the Mississippi Valley case in Godley v. United States, 5

F.3d 1473 (Fed. Cir. 1993). In that case, we noted that the 

illegality in the Mississippi Valley case “permeated the contract.” Id. at 1475–76 (citing Mississippi Valley, 364 U.S. 

at 553). We then went on to explain:

A contract without the taint of fraud or wrongdoing, however, does not fall within this rule. Illegal 

acts by a Government contracting agent do not 

alone taint a contract and invoke the void ab initio

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26 ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES

rule. Rather, the record must show some causal 

link between the illegality and the contract provisions. Determining whether illegality taints a contract involves questions of fact.

Id. at 1476; see also Long Island Sav. Bank, FSB v. United 

States, 503 F.3d 1234, 1250 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (“In Godley, we 

emphasized that for a government contract to be tainted by 

fraud or wrong doing and thus void ab initio, the record 

must show some causal link between the fraud and the contract.”).

We are bound by that ruling interpreting the Mississippi Valley case, and we therefore reject Oracle’s argument that the conflicts of interest in this case invalidate 

the solicitation regardless of whether they had any effect 

on the procurement.

B

The Claims Court separately addressed each of the individual conflicts of interest as well as related allegations 

of an organizational conflict of interest on the part of AWS. 

The court noted that under the FAR, a contracting officer 

who receives information about a conflict of interest on the 

part of persons involved in a procurement “must determine 

if the reported violation or possible violation has any impact on the pending award or selection of the contractor.” 

Oracle, 144 Fed. Cl. at 121 (quoting FAR 3.104-7(a)). If the 

contracting officer determines that there is no impact on 

the procurement, the contracting officer must forward the 

information to a designated individual within the agency, 

and if that individual agrees with the contracting officer, 

the procurement may proceed. Id.

The contracting officer for the JEDI Cloud project reviewed each of the alleged conflicts of interest and found 

that while some of the conduct in question was improper, 

none of the activities by the individuals in question affected 

the solicitation, and in particular that none of those 

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ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES 27

activities affected the decision to employ a single-award approach or the use of the gating requirements for the procurement. A designated Department official concurred in 

the contracting officer’s findings in each instance. 

The standard for Claims Court review of a contracting 

officer’s decision with regard to a conflict of interest is 

highly deferential. A contracting officer’s conflict of interest determination will be upheld unless it is “arbitrary, capricious, or otherwise contrary to law.” PAI Corp. v. United 

States, 614 F.3d 1347, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2010). If the contracting officer’s findings are rational, they will be upheld 

on judicial review. See Turner Constr. Co. v. United States, 

645 F.3d 1377, 1383–87 (Fed. Cir. 2011). 

The Claims Court upheld the contracting officer’s conclusion that the alleged conflicts on the part of the three 

Defense Department employees had no impact on the procurement. Specifically, the court ruled that the contracting 

officer was correct in concluding that the three individuals 

“were bit players in the JEDI Cloud project,” in that none 

of them held responsible positions with regard to the procurement. Oracle, 144 Fed. Cl. at 121. Based on its analysis, the court concluded that “[w]hile they should not have 

had the opportunity to work on the JEDI Cloud procurement at all, or at least for certain periods of time, nevertheless, their involvement does not taint the work of many 

other persons who had the real control of the direction of 

the JEDI Cloud project.” Id.

The three former Defense Department employees 

whose conduct is at issue are Deap Ubhi, Anthony DeMartino, and Victor Gavin. Oracle challenges the Claims 

Court’s conclusions as to the conflict of interest claims with 

respect to all three employees. Specifically, Oracle contends that the conflicted employees influenced the procurement by affecting the decision to use a single award and 

the selection of the gate criteria. While we share the views 

of the contracting officer and the Claims Court that some 

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28 ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES

of the conduct at issue is troubling, at the end of the day 

we agree with the Claims Court that the conflict of interest 

problems of those three individuals had no effect on the 

JEDI Cloud solicitation.

The Claims Court, like the contracting officer, concluded that at least two of the Department officials, Mr.

Ubhi and Mr. Gavin, disregarded their ethical obligations 

by negotiating with AWS for employment while working on 

the procurement. The court added that the Department, 

because of “lax oversight, or in the case of Ubhi, deception 

. . . was apparently unaware of this fact.” Id. at 120. As 

the Claims Court explained, however, the question before 

it was “whether any of the actions called out make a difference to the outcome,” and in particular, whether the contracting officer’s conclusion of no impact was reasonable. 

Id. As to that issue, the court found that the contracting 

officer conducted a detailed examination of the record, that 

her work was “thorough and even-handed,” that she “understood the legal and factual questions and considered the 

relevant evidence,” and that she “determined that, although there were some violations or possible violations of 

law relating to conflicts of interest, those conflicted individuals did not impact the decision to use a single award approach or the substance of the evaluation factors.” Id. at 

120–21. 

1

Mr. Ubhi was employed by AWS until January 2016. 

After a period of time working for the Defense Department 

between August 2016 and November 2017, he returned to 

AWS. The contracting officer found that during Mr. Ubhi’s 

tenure in the Department, he was involved in marketing 

research activities for the JEDI Cloud procurement and 

that he participated in drafting and editing some of the 

first documents shaping the procurement. 

In October 2017, Mr. Ubhi advised the Department 

that a company he had founded might be engaging in 

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ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES 29

discussions with Amazon, the owners of AWS, and that he 

was recusing himself from further involvement in the JEDI 

Cloud procurement. The contracting officer subsequently 

concluded that Mr. Ubhi’s involvement in the procurement 

did not materially impact the procurement, for several reasons: the restrictions on his involvement based on his prior 

employment had expired by the time he began working on 

the procurement; his participation in the procurement was 

limited; and he promptly recused himself when the potential conflict arose.

It was later determined that the reason Mr. Ubhi gave 

for his recusal was false, and that instead he was negotiating for employment with AWS during the period before his 

recusal. When that fact came to light, the contracting officer reassessed the impact of Mr. Ubhi’s actions in light of 

the new information. While the contracting officer found 

that Mr. Ubhi’s behavior was troubling, she again determined that Mr. Ubhi’s conflict of interest had not tainted 

the JEDI Cloud procurement.

The Claims Court agreed with the contracting officer 

that Mr. Ubhi’s behavior was troubling. The court agreed 

with the contracting officer that despite being aware of his 

ethical obligations, Mr. Ubhi ignored them and remained 

involved in the procurement when he should not have been.

The situation with respect to Mr. Ubhi is more complex

than is the case for the other alleged conflicts of interest. 

As the contracting officer recognized, his behavior was “disconcerting,” as he was aware of his ethical obligations, but 

“ignored them.” Oracle, 144 Fed. Cl. at 122. The contracting officer concluded that Mr. Ubhi had violated FAR

3.101-1 and possibly other statutory and regulatory provisions governing conflicts of interest, including 18 U.S.C. 

§ 208. Nonetheless, the contracting officer and the Claims 

Court noted that when Mr. Ubhi returned to AWS, he did 

not work on the JEDI Cloud proposal team or in AWS’s

Federal Business Sector or its DoD Programs section. 

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30 ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES

Moreover, the contracting officer found no evidence that 

Mr. Ubhi had shared any information with the team at 

AWS that was working on the JEDI Cloud procurement. 

The court found that the contracting officer’s investigation 

in that regard was thorough and that there was no reason 

to disturb it. 

The contracting officer also found that even if Mr. Ubhi 

had disclosed nonpublic information to AWS, none of it 

would have been competitively useful. And she found that 

his seven-week period of work on the preliminary planning 

stage of the JEDI Cloud procurement did not introduce bias 

in favor of AWS. The Claims Court found the contracting 

officer’s conclusions on those issues to be supported by the 

record. The Claims Court, moreover, found that Mr. Ubhi’s 

primary role was industry liaison; the record did not “warrant attributing to him any serious involvement in the 

technical or security aspects of the gate criteria.” Oracle, 

144 Fed. Cl. at 123.

Based on its review of the record, the Claims Court 

found that the contracting officer correctly concluded that 

although Mr. Ubhi should not have worked on the JEDI 

Cloud procurement, his involvement did not affect the procurement in any material way. With regard to the decision 

whether to use a single award or multiple awards, the 

Claims Court noted that the Defense Department’s Cloud 

Executive Steering Group (of which Mr. Ubhi was not a 

member) expressed a preference for a single-award approach early on in the process, before Mr. Ubhi’s involvement. Yet even after Mr. Ubhi left the Department, “the 

Deputy Secretary remained unconvinced regarding which 

approach to use,” and the contracting officer recalled that 

as of April 2018, long after Mr. Ubhi was gone, “the single 

award decision was still being vigorously debated.” Oracle, 

144 Fed. Cl. at 123–24. Thus, the contracting officer concluded that Mr. Ubhi had no effect on the decision to use a 

single-award approach or the fashioning of the gate criteria. The Claims Court sustained that judgment.

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ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES 31

Oracle first argues that the contracting officer “failed 

to consider an important aspect of the problem” because 

she did not wait for the results of the Department of Defense inspector general’s investigation of the conflict of interest allegations with respect to Mr. Ubhi as well as Mr.

Gavin. That contention is meritless. The contracting officer found that Mr. Ubhi and Mr. Gavin had conflicts of 

interest that violated federal regulations and possibly section 208. Neither the contracting officer nor the Claims 

Court needed the results of the inspector general’s investigation to confirm whether Mr. Ubhi and Mr. Gavin had 

acted improperly.7 The critical question for the contracting 

7 In April 2020, the Department of Defense Office of 

Inspector General (“OIG”) issued a report detailing its extensive review of the JEDI Cloud procurement, including 

its conclusions regarding Mr. Ubhi’s and Mr. Gavin’s alleged ethical violations and the impact of those violations 

on the procurement. With respect to Mr. Ubhi, the OIG 

reached the following conclusion:

In sum, we concluded that Mr. Ubhi engaged in unethical conduct when he made three false statements and failed to properly report financial 

interests in Amazon. These actions, combined with 

his involvement in early Cloud Initiative activities 

in September and October 2017, also created the 

appearance of violation of laws and ethical standards. However, his early involvement in the Cloud 

Initiative was not substantial and did not provide 

any advantage to his prospective employer, Amazon, in the JEDI Cloud contract competition, which 

was decided 2 years after Mr. Ubhi’s resignation 

from the DoD. Although Mr. Ubhi’s Cloud actions 

from September through October 2017 violated the 

JER and the FAR, his minimal and limited contributions were largely discarded and did not affect 

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32 ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES

officer and the Claims Court was whether their improper 

conduct had impacted the procurement in a way that required the solicitation to be set aside. On that issue, the 

contracting officer’s investigation, which the Claims Court 

held to be thorough and even-handed, was sufficient.

Second, Oracle argues that the Claims Court improperly upheld the contracting officer’s determination with respect to the impact of Mr. Ubhi’s conflict of interest on a 

ground different from that adopted by the contracting officer. According to Oracle, the Claims Court held, in effect, 

that Mr. Ubhi’s involvement in the JEDI Cloud procurement occurred too late to influence the single-award decision, while the contracting officer concluded that Mr. 

Ubhi’s involvement in the procurement occurred too early, 

the conduct or outcome of the JEDI Cloud procurement.

Dep’t of Def. Off. of Inspector Gen., Rep. on the Joint Enterprise Def. Infrastructure (JEDI) Cloud Procurement 157 

(Apr. 13, 2020). The OIG also noted that it presented its 

findings regarding Mr. Ubhi to the United States Attorney 

for the Eastern District of Virginia for consideration as a 

criminal matter, but prosecution was declined. Id. at 154. 

With respect to Mr. Gavin, the OIG reached the following 

conclusion:

In sum, we concluded that Mr. Gavin should have 

used better judgment by not attending the April 5, 

2018, JEDI Cloud Acquisition strategy meeting after he had accepted a job with AWS, or by sending 

someone else in his place, to avoid the appearance 

of a conflict. However, he did not violate ethical 

standards by following the ethics advice he received, and his participation in the meeting did not 

affect the JEDI Cloud procurement.

Id. at 166.

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ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES 33

i.e., before the final decisions were made as to whether to 

award one or multiple contracts.

That is too facile a characterization of the ground for 

the Claims Court’s decision. The court recognized that, as 

the contracting officer found, the decision whether to use a 

single award or multiple awards was not made until long 

after Mr. Ubhi left the Defense Department. In fact, the 

Claims Court cited the contracting officer’s remark that 

she had attended a meeting in April 2018, well after Mr.

Ubhi’s departure, in which the issue was “still being vigorously debated.” Oracle, 144 Fed. Cl. at 124. Yet, as the 

court noted, the record also showed that at a September 

2017 meeting of the Cloud Executive Steering Group, of 

which Mr. Ubhi was not a member, the group expressed a 

preference for a single award. The Claims Court’s point 

was that there was an expressed preference among the decisionmakers for a single award approach from prior to the 

time Mr. Ubhi was involved in the procurement, but the 

debate on that issue continued until after he was gone.

And a final decision was not made until months after his 

departure. Under those circumstances, the contracting officer and the Claims Court agreed, there was no indication 

that Mr. Ubhi’s brief seven-week involvement in the procurement materially affected the decision to use a singleaward approach.

Oracle next contends that the Ubhi no-impact determination “runs counter to the evidence before the agency.” 

There is no force to this argument. Oracle’s contention that 

Mr. Ubhi “deliberately, systematically, and successfully influenced individuals to adopt the single-award approach” 

far outruns the limited evidence Oracle cites to support it. 

First, Oracle cites two separate instant messages in which 

a Department attorney told Mr. Ubhi, “Single is assumed 

now,” and added, “Really glad you were here this week.” 

That is not evidence that Mr. Ubhi’s support for a singleaward approach was important to the decision. Moreover, 

as the contracting officer found, the evidence shows that 

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34 ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES

the issue of single-versus-multiple contract awards was debated long after Mr. Ubhi’s departure from the agency, contrary to the implication in the instant message. Second, 

Oracle cites an instant message from Mr. Van Name in 

which he stated: “The single [vs.] multiple conversation is 

done. Everyone that matters is now convinced; Thursday’s 

meeting was decidedly clear that we are all in favor of a 

single award.” That message, however, does not remotely 

suggest that Mr. Ubhi’s preference for a single-award approach was important to, or otherwise materially affected,

the decisionmakers’ selection. 

Oracle next argues that the contracting officer was 

wrong to state that there was no evidence that Mr. Ubhi’s 

participation “had any substantive impact on the procurement decisions or documents,” because there was evidence 

that Mr. Ubhi “edited material in October 2017” that the 

Department ultimately included in the solicitation. But 

the contracting officer reviewed Mr. Ubhi’s “edits” in detail, 

and concluded that Mr. Ubhi’s “influence and direct edits 

to the documents were minimal.” The contracting officer 

estimated that Mr. Ubhi contributed an estimated 100 

changes to the Problem Statement, “ranging in significance 

from formatting and grammar to revision of sentences and 

paragraphs,” which were made as part of a group effort. In 

addition, the contracting officer noted, Mr. Ubhi’s participation “contributed a total of eight (8) edits to the [request 

for information], all of which were contained within two 

sentences.” Contrary to Oracle’s contention, the evidence 

amply supports the contracting officer’s conclusion that 

Mr. Ubhi did not materially impact the solicitation, particularly with respect to the single-award approach and the 

gating requirements.

On a separate issue, Oracle briefly contends that the 

contracting officer was wrong to find that there was “no evidence that . . . [Mr.] Ubhi obtained or disclosed any competitively useful nonpublic information.” In fact, Oracle 

argues, Mr. Ubhi had access to sensitive information, 

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including the JEDI Cloud team’s Google drive, which he 

had on his computer. The contracting officer, however, 

found that Mr. Ubhi did not share any competitively useful 

nonpublic information with AWS and was not in a position 

to do so. The contracting officer noted that when Mr. Ubhi 

was rehired by AWS, he did not join AWS’s JEDI Cloud 

proposal team, but joined the commercial team that was 

not involved in government contracts. Moreover, Mr. Ubhi 

was subject to firewalls within AWS, and the contracting 

officer reviewed numerous affidavits from AWS employees 

stating that he had not disclosed nonpublic information 

and that he was excluded from any involvement with 

AWS’s JEDI Cloud proposal. In light of the deferential 

standard of review for contracting officers’ findings regarding conflicts of interest, the finding that Mr. Ubhi did not 

share sensitive information with AWS must be sustained.

2

Mr. DeMartino was a consultant for AWS before joining the Defense Department and therefore was prohibited 

by applicable ethics rules from participating in matters involving AWS throughout his tenure at the Department. At 

the Department he occupied two positions at different 

times: Deputy Chief of Staff for the Secretary of Defense 

and Chief of Staff for the Deputy Secretary. In the course 

of his duties, Mr. DeMartino had limited involvement in 

the JEDI Cloud procurement. The contracting officer characterized Mr. DeMartino’s involvement in the procurement 

as “ministerial and perfunctory” and noted that he “provided no input into the JEDI Cloud acquisition documents.” The contracting officer noted that the 

Department’s Standards of Conduct Office had determined 

that “Mr. DeMartino’s involvement in ministerial/administrative actions (such as scheduling meetings, editing/drafting public relations,[] etc.) did not constitute participating 

in the JEDI Cloud acquisition itself,” and that Mr. DeMartino therefore was not in violation of the applicable ethical 

standards. However, in light of the high visibility of the 

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36 ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES

procurement and in an abundance of caution Mr. DeMartino was advised that he should consider recusing himself 

from even ministerial and administrative matters related 

to the JEDI Cloud procurement, and he did so. In light of 

Mr. DeMartino’s limited role, the contracting officer concluded that his activities “did not negatively impact the integrity” of the procurement. 

The Claims Court upheld that determination, finding 

that none of the facts in the case contradicted the contracting officer’s determination that Mr. DeMartino’s involvement with the JEDI Cloud project had no substantive 

impact on the procurement. According to the court, the 

contracting officer rationally determined that Mr. DeMartino “was merely a go-between for the Deputy Secretary 

and did not have substantive input into the structure or 

content of the solicitation.” Oracle, 144 Fed. Cl. at 121. 

The court found that Mr. DeMartino “did not have a voice 

in whether DoD should use a single or multiple award approach and did not craft the substance of the evaluation 

factors.” Id.

Oracle contends that the contracting officer failed to 

consider an important aspect of the problem and that her 

conclusions were contrary to the evidence. Oracle points to 

various communications among Department officials, including Mr. DeMartino, and a draft public statement relating to the JEDI Cloud procurement that Mr. DeMartino 

participated in editing. The evidence cited by Oracle does 

not establish that Mr. DeMartino was significantly involved in crafting the substance of the procurement.8 We 

8 Many of the record excerpts cited by Oracle are so 

cryptic as to be of no value in supporting Oracle’s contention that Mr. DeMartino was significantly involved in the 

substantive work of crafting the solicitation. Moreover, the 

list of 72 persons who the Department said were “personally and substantially” involved in the JEDI Cloud 

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ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES 37

conclude that the record supports the contracting officer’s

finding, upheld by the Claims Court, that Mr. DeMartino’s 

role in the procurement was limited, largely nonsubstantive, and did not significantly impact the procurement.

3

During the procurement, Mr. Gavin was a Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy. Between August 2017 and 

January 2018, he discussed retirement plans with an AWS 

recruiter. In October 2017, he attended a meeting of the 

Cloud Executive Steering Group, which was planning the 

JEDI Cloud procurement, to share the Navy’s experience 

with cloud services. In January 2018, he submitted a Request for Disqualification from Duties, asking that he be 

excluded from matters affecting the financial interests of 

AWS. Later that month, he interviewed with AWS, and on 

March 29, 2018, he was offered a position with AWS, which 

he later accepted. On April 5, 2018, Mr. Gavin attended a 

meeting at which the attendees discussed the Draft Acquisition Strategy for the JEDI Cloud procurement. The contracting officer attended the same meeting and recalled 

that Mr. Gavin did not advocate for any particular vendor 

but instead advocated for a multiple-award approach.

After beginning his employment with AWS, Mr. Gavin 

was instructed by AWS that he was subject to an information firewall that prohibited him from disclosing any 

nonpublic information about the JEDI Cloud procurement 

procurement between September 2017 and August 2018 

did not include Mr. DeMartino’s name. Oracle’s suggestion 

that the inclusion of the name of the Deputy Secretary of 

Defense must have implicitly included Mr. DeMartino is 

entirely speculative, particularly because Mr. DeMartino 

was recused from involvement in the JEDI Cloud procurement after April 2018. 

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38 ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES

to anyone at AWS. He agreed to comply with the firewall 

requirement.

Following her investigation of the conflicts of interest 

involving the JEDI Cloud procurement, the contracting officer concluded that Mr. Gavin had violated FAR 3.101 and 

possibly 18 U.S.C. § 208. But the contracting officer found 

that Mr. Gavin’s involvement in the JEDI Cloud project did 

not taint the procurement. In particular, the contracting 

officer found that Mr. Gavin had limited access to the Draft 

Acquisition Strategy, did not furnish any input to that document, did not introduce bias into any of the meetings that 

he attended, and did not disclose any competitively useful 

information to AWS. Although Mr. Gavin spoke with one 

member of the AWS JEDI Cloud proposal team before the 

firewall was instituted, that member and Mr. Gavin represented that Mr. Gavin had not disclosed any nonpublic information about the JEDI Cloud procurement. 

The Claims Court found that the contracting officer’s 

conclusions regarding Mr. Gavin were “well-supported.” 

Oracle, 144 Fed. Cl. at 121. In particular, the court concluded that the record supported the contracting officer’s 

findings that Mr. Gavin was involved in the procurement 

“only to offer his knowledge of the Navy’s cloud services experience,” and was not a member of any team that was 

working on the JEDI Cloud procurement. Id. at 121–22. 

The court noted that Mr. Gavin did not “assist in crafting 

the single award determinations or the technical substance 

of the evaluation factors.” Id. at 122. At most, the court 

concluded, Mr. Gavin “attended a few JEDI Cloud meetings.” Id. Moreover, the court added, Mr. Gavin did not 

appear to have obtained any contractor bid or proposal information, nor did he appear to have introduced any bias 

toward AWS in the meetings he attended. Id.

The court agreed with the contracting officer that Mr. 

Gavin had acted improperly in having a conversation with 

an AWS employee about the JEDI Cloud procurement after 

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ORACLE AMERICA, INC. v. UNITED STATES 39

Mr. Gavin began working for AWS. The court found, however, that the contracting officer had “reasonably determined that Mr. Gavin simply did not have access to 

competitively useful information to convey to AWS.” Id. at 

122.

Oracle argues that the Claims Court’s statement that 

Mr. Gavin did not have access to competitively useful information to convey to AWS is contrary to the contracting 

officer’s findings that Mr. Gavin had access to the draft Acquisition Strategy in April 2018. That draft Acquisition 

Strategy, according to the contracting officer, contained 

nonpublic information that could be competitively useful. 

The Claims Court observed, however, that by the time Mr. 

Gavin began working at AWS, the draft request for proposals had been released. The draft request for proposals, 

the court explained, provided AWS “access to the relevant 

information that also appeared in the draft Acquisition 

Strategy.” Id. The court’s observation that the information 

in the draft Acquisition Strategy had become public by the 

time Mr. Gavin began working for AWS thus provided support for the contracting officer’s finding that Mr. Gavin did 

not disclose any competitively useful nonpublic information to AWS; it did not reflect a conflict between the 

findings of the contracting officer and the decision of the 

Claims Court.

In sum, notwithstanding the extensive array of claims 

raised by Oracle, we find no reversible error in the Claims 

Court’s decision.

AFFIRMED

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