[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as 

Cleveland Metro. Bar Assn. v. Morton, Slip Opinion No. 2021-Ohio-4095.] 

NOTICE 

This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an 

advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports. Readers are requested to 

promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65 

South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other 

formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before 

the opinion is published. 

SLIP OPINION NO. 2021-OHIO-4095

CLEVELAND METROPOLITAN BAR ASSOCIATION v. MORTON.

[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it 

may be cited as Cleveland Metro. Bar Assn. v. Morton, Slip Opinion No. 

2021-Ohio-4095.] 

Attorneys—Misconduct—Violations of the Rules of Professional Conduct, 

including engaging in undignified or discourteous conduct that is 

degrading to a tribunal, making a statement that a lawyer knows to be false 

or with reckless disregard as to its truth or falsity concerning the 

qualification or integrity of a judicial officer, and engaging in conduct that 

is prejudicial to the administration of justice—One-year suspension with six 

months stayed on condition of no further misconduct.

(No. 2020-1520—Submitted May 12, 2021—Decided November 23, 2021.) 

ON CERTIFIED REPORT by the Board of Professional Conduct 

of the Supreme Court, No. 2020-021. 

______________ 

 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

 2

Per Curiam. 

{¶ 1} Respondent, John Alex Morton, of Richmond Heights, Ohio, 

Attorney Registration No. 0028021, was admitted to the practice of law in Ohio in 

1975. 

{¶ 2} In an April 2020 complaint, relator, Cleveland Metropolitan Bar

Association, alleged that Morton committed four ethical violations by making 

improper statements that impugned the integrity of judicial officers in a document 

filed in this court. Morton denied the charges and moved for dismissal of the 

complaint and then for summary judgment, but both motions were overruled. The 

matter proceeded to a hearing before a three-member panel of the Board of 

Professional Conduct. Based on the evidence presented at the hearing, the panel 

dismissed one alleged rule violation and found that Morton had committed three 

others. The panel recommended that Morton be suspended from the practice of law 

for one year with the entire suspension stayed on the condition that he commit no 

further misconduct. The board adopted the panel’s findings of fact, conclusions of 

law, and recommended sanction. Morton objects to the board’s findings of 

misconduct and argues that the complaint should be dismissed. Relator objects to 

the recommended sanction and urges us to suspend Morton from the practice of law 

for six months with no stay. 

{¶ 3} For the reasons that follow, we overrule Morton’s objections and 

adopt the board’s findings of misconduct. We also sustain relator’s objection in 

part and suspend Morton from the practice of law for one year with six months 

stayed on the condition that he commit no further misconduct. 

Misconduct 

The Board’s Findings of Fact and Misconduct 

{¶ 4} The conduct at issue in this case arises from Morton’s representation 

of Fred P. Schwartz in his attempts to reduce the tax valuation of a parcel of real 

property in Cuyahoga County. 
January Term, 2021 

3

{¶ 5} Although Schwartz purchased the property for $5,000 in 2011, a 

Cuyahoga County fiscal officer valued it at $126,800 for the 2011 tax year. After 

the Cuyahoga County Board of Revision (“BOR”) and the Board of Tax Appeals 

(“BTA”) affirmed the county’s valuation, Morton filed an appeal in this court. We 

reversed and remanded the case with instructions that the $5,000 sale price be used 

as the property’s value for the 2011 tax year. Schwartz v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of 

Revision, 143 Ohio St.3d 496, 2015-Ohio-3431, 39 N.E.3d 1223, ¶ 31-32 

(“Schwartz I”). Schwartz and the county then agreed that the property would be 

valued at $12,500 for the next three years. 

{¶ 6} In 2015, the county fiscal officer valued the property at $107,900, and 

Morton filed a complaint with the BOR seeking a valuation of $5,000. Morton 

asked the BOR to order the systems administrator for the county fiscal office to 

appear and testify about the methodology that the county used to determine the 

property’s value. Without taking evidence from the systems administrator, the 

BOR found that the 2011 sale price was too remote in time and retained the fiscal 

officer’s valuation. 

{¶ 7} Morton appealed the BTA’s decision to the Eighth District Court of 

Appeals. See Schwartz v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Revision, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 

106659, 2018-Ohio-4712, ¶ 4-5 (“Schwartz II”). There, he asserted that the BOR 

had improperly assigned the burden of proof to Schwartz and argued that because 

he had submitted evidence that the property was sold for $5,000 in 2011, the burden 

shifted to the BOR to present evidence to support the county’s valuation. Id. at 

¶ 26. The court of appeals noted, however, that in Moskowitz v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. 

of Revision, 150 Ohio St.3d 69, 2017-Ohio-4002, 78 N.E.3d 870, ¶ 9-10, this court 

had held that the caselaw “unequivocally refutes” that burden-shifting argument.1

 

Schwartz II at ¶ 27. In Moskowitz, we reiterated our past holdings that the appellant 

1. Morton was familiar with the decision because he had represented Moskowitz. Schwartz II at 

¶ 28. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

 4

bears the burden of demonstrating that the value it advocates is correct and that if 

the appellant fails to carry that burden, the BTA may approve the taxing authority’s 

assessment. Id. at ¶ 9, citing EOP-BP Tower, L.L.C. v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of 

Revision, 106 Ohio St.3d 1, 2005-Ohio-3096, 829 N.E.2d 686, ¶ 6, and Westlake 

Med. Investors, L.P. v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Revision, 74 Ohio St.3d 547, 549, 660 

N.E.2d 467 (1996). Because the county’s fiscal officer was presumed to carry out 

his statutorily prescribed duties in good faith absent a showing to the contrary and 

Schwartz did not challenge the BTA’s finding that he had failed to present any 

evidence of the property’s 2015 value, the court of appeals held that the BTA’s 

decision was reasonable and lawful. Schwartz II at ¶ 22-23, 32. 

{¶ 8} Morton sought this court’s discretionary review of the Eighth 

District’s decision. In a January 2019 memorandum in support of jurisdiction filed 

in this court, Morton argued that Moskowitz was wrongly decided. He claimed that 

in Moskowitz, this court adopted “its own unique standard for the burden of proof 

in [real-property tax cases]” but that “it should have supported this assertion with 

some solid case-law.” And “[b]ecause the Moskowitz Court could not do so, instead 

it intentionally misstated the holding of each of the cases it cited, none of which 

actually discussed the two parts of the burden of proof in valuation cases, i.e., the 

burden of production of evidence and the burden of persuasion.” Morton also 

criticized the court of appeals for accusing him of “being disingenuous in his critical 

view of the BTA’s citation of [Fairlawn Assocs., Ltd. v. Summit Cty. Bd. of 

Revision, 9th Dist. Summit No. 22238, 2005-Ohio-1951],” and he stated that 

“[a]part from the BTA’s and court of appeals’ fabrication of the Fairlawn 

decision”—purportedly to shield an assessing authority from any review of its 

appraisal methods—“it defies common sense to conclude that the government 

assessing authorities are not required to defend their initial determinations of 
January Term, 2021 

5

value.”2 He then opined, “Only politicians committed to maximizing the revenue 

of their political cronies could reach such a conclusion, and cite the Fairlawn

decision as the authority for same.” 

{¶ 9} The overarching theme of Morton’s memorandum in support of 

jurisdiction was that in Moskowitz, this court distorted its past holdings to achieve 

its own political agenda. According to Morton, the Moskowitz decision “was based 

upon politics, not law,” and “[t]he political goal of the Moskowitz Court was to 

maximize government revenue, at the expense of the taxpayer, and his or her 

Constitutional right to limited taxation.” After suggesting that Justice French had 

“persistently and incorrectly maintained that this Court should defer to the 

government” in property-valuation matters, Morton claimed that “Justices French 

and Kennedy * * * showed a willingness to favor the government, at the expense 

of the taxpayer and the Constitution, no matter how unreasonable the government’s 

view of the true value of subject property.” “Also on the political agenda,” Morton 

claimed, “was the promotion of the leadership of Justice French on this Court.” 

{¶ 10} In support of those claims, Morton stated, “The most obvious 

evidence of the political nature of the Moskowitz decision was the decision to delay 

the decision until Justices Pfeifer and Lanzinger retired from the Court, and were 

replaced by Justices Fischer and DeWine.” Moreover, he proclaimed, 

“[r]esponsibility for the delay must be assigned to Chief Justice O’Connor, since it 

would not have been tolerated without her approval.” On March 20, 2019, this 

2. The court of appeals had found that the BTA cited Fairlawn for the proposition that “ ‘the burden 

is placed upon the complainant, in this case the property owner, to bring forth sufficient evidence 

that the value is something other than that which was initially assessed.’ ” Schwartz II at ¶ 31, 

quoting the BTA decision. In contrast to Schwartz, the property owner in Fairlawn prevailed 

because it had presented competent probative evidence in the form of an expert appraisal report 

showing that the value of the property was less than the county’s assessed value and the board had 

failed to rebut that evidence. Fairlawn at ¶ 15. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

 6

court declined to accept jurisdiction over Schwartz’s appeal. Schwartz v. Cuyahoga 

Cty. Bd. of Revision, 155 Ohio St.3d 1406, 2019-Ohio-944, 119 N.E.3d 434. 

{¶ 11} Based on these statements, the board found that in a pleading before 

this court, Morton had “voiced undignified and discourteous statements about 

judges and justices who did nothing more than rule contrary to his client’s 

position.” Based on Morton’s testimony that he made no investigation into these 

matters and relied on the inferences he had drawn from the facts and the law, the 

board found that he had “made no real inquiry into the judges’ and justices’ 

integrity prior to making these statements.” Citing Disciplinary Counsel v. 

Gardner, 99 Ohio St.3d 416, 2003-Ohio-4048, 793 N.E.2d 425—which adopted an 

objective standard to determine whether a lawyer’s statements about a judicial 

officer were made with knowledge or reckless disregard of their falsity—the board 

found that Morton had no reasonable factual basis for his allegations. 

{¶ 12} Ultimately, the board concluded that instead of engaging in 

legitimate commentary regarding the merits of the courts’ decisions, Morton had 

attacked the judicial process and thereby violated Prof.Cond.R. 3.5(a)(6) 

(prohibiting a lawyer from engaging in undignified or discourteous conduct that is 

degrading to a tribunal), 8.2(a) (prohibiting a lawyer from making a statement that 

the lawyer knows to be false or with reckless disregard as to its truth or falsity 

concerning the qualifications or integrity of a judicial officer), and 8.4(d) 

(prohibiting a lawyer from engaging in conduct that is prejudicial to the 

administration of justice). 

Morton’s Objections 

{¶ 13} Morton raises four objections to the board’s findings of misconduct. 

{¶ 14} First, Morton objects to the board’s denial of his motions to dismiss 

the complaint against him, alleging that relator did not have standing to bring this 

case against him because there was no grievant. He cites Ohioans for Concealed 

Carry, Inc. v. Columbus, 164 Ohio St.3d 291, 2020-Ohio-6724, 172 N.E. 935, for 
January Term, 2021 

7

the proposition that a plaintiff must allege a personal stake in the outcome of the 

controversy that would entitle the plaintiff to have a court hear his case. But that 

requirement has no application in the context of an attorney-discipline proceeding. 

{¶ 15} Article IV, Section 2(B)(1)(g) of the Ohio Constitution grants this 

court original jurisdiction over the admission to the practice of law, the discipline 

of persons so admitted, and all other matters relating to the practice of law. 

Pursuant to that jurisdiction, we have promulgated the Rules for the Government 

of the Bar, including Gov.Bar R. V(12), which sets forth the procedures governing 

attorney-discipline proceedings. “A disciplinary proceeding is instituted to 

safeguard the courts and to protect the public from the misconduct of those who are 

licensed to practice law, and is neither a criminal nor a civil proceeding.” In re 

Judicial Campaign Complaint Against Carr, 76 Ohio St.3d 320, 322, 667 N.E.2d 

956 (1996). 

{¶ 16} In addition to authorizing the Office of Disciplinary Counsel or a 

certified grievance committee to investigate grievances, Gov.Bar R. V(9)(C)(1) 

provides that either of those entities “shall review and may investigate any matter 

filed with it or that comes to its attention and may file a complaint pursuant to this 

rule in cases where it finds probable cause to believe that misconduct has occurred.” 

Citing that rule, we have rejected an attorney’s claim that disciplinary counsel 

lacked investigative authority over an issue merely because it was not first raised 

in a written grievance. See Disciplinary Counsel v. Oviatt, 155 Ohio St.3d 586, 

2018-Ohio-5091, 122 N.E.3d 1246, ¶ 22. Because Gov.Bar R. V(9)(C)(1) also 

expressly authorizes disciplinary counsel or a certified grievance committee to file 

a complaint following such an investigation when they find probable cause to 

believe that misconduct has occurred, we find that Morton’s first objection is 

without merit. 

{¶ 17} In his second and third objections, Morton challenges the board’s 

reliance on Disciplinary Counsel v. Gardner, 99 Ohio St.3d 416, 2003-Ohio-4048, 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

 8

793 N.E.2d 425, and asserts that his statements constitute constitutionally protected 

free speech. Specifically, Morton alleges that the legal underpinnings of Gardner

are unsound and that the objective test adopted in that case impermissibly punishes 

false speech that is negligently made. 

{¶ 18} In Gardner, we stated, “The United States Supreme Court has held 

that ‘[i]t is unquestionable that in the courtroom itself, during a judicial proceeding, 

whatever right to “free speech” an attorney has is extremely circumscribed,’ ” and 

that “ ‘[e]ven outside the courtroom, a majority of the Court in two separate 

opinions in the case of In re Sawyer, 360 U.S. 622, [79 S.Ct. 1376, 3 L.Ed.2d 1473] 

(1959), observed that lawyers in pending cases were subject to ethical restrictions 

on speech to which an ordinary citizen would not be.’ ” (Second set of brackets 

added.) Gardner at ¶ 14, quoting Gentile v. Nevada State Bar, 501 U.S. 1030, 1071, 

111 S.Ct. 2720, 115 L.Ed.2d 888 (1991). Relying on Gentile, we found that “[a]n 

attorney’s speech may be sanctioned if it is highly likely to obstruct or prejudice 

the administration of justice,” id., citing Gentile at 1075, and that those narrow 

restrictions “are justified by the integral role that attorneys play in the judicial 

system,” id., citing Gentile at 1074. 

{¶ 19} We adopted “ ‘an objective standard to determine whether a 

lawyer’s statement about a judicial officer is made with knowledge or reckless 

disregard of its falsity.’ ” Gardner at ¶ 26, quoting American Bar Association, 

Annotated Model Rules of Professional Conduct, Rule 8, at 566 (4th Ed.1999). 

That standard looks to “ ‘ “what the reasonable attorney, considered in light of all 

his professional functions, would do in the same or similar circumstances” * * * 

[and] focuses on whether the attorney had a reasonable factual basis for making the 

statements, considering their nature and the context in which they were made.’ ” 

(Brackets and ellipses added in Yagman.) Id., quoting Standing Commt. on 

Discipline of United States Dist. Court for Cent. Dist. of California v. Yagman, 55 
January Term, 2021 

9

F.3d 1430, 1437 (9th Cir.1995), quoting United States Dist. Court for E. Dist. of 

Washington v. Sandlin, 12 F.3d 861, 867 (9th Cir.1993). 

{¶ 20} Morton contends that the concept that an attorney’s freedom of 

speech is “extremely circumscribed” in the context of a judicial proceeding predates 

the United States Supreme Court’s decisions in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 

376 U.S. 254, 84 S.Ct. 710, 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964), and Garrison v. Louisiana, 379 

U.S. 64, 85 S.Ct. 209, 13 L.Ed.2d 125 (1964), and that those decisions 

“substantially broadened an attorney’s rights to free speech when criticizing public 

officials.” Sullivan permitted public officials to recover civil damages for 

defamatory falsehoods regarding their official conduct that are made with “actual 

malice,” which the court defined as acting “with knowledge that [the statement] 

was false or with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not.” Id. at 270. And 

the court in Garrison held that proof of actual malice is necessary to establish 

criminal liability for defamation of a public official. Id. at 79. But neither of those 

cases purported to apply that standard to disciplinary proceedings arising from an 

attorney’s in-court speech. And contrary to Morton’s argument, both of those cases 

predate the “extremely circumscribed” language of Gentile by nearly 30 years. 

{¶ 21} In Gardner, we explained: 

“Defamation actions seek to remedy an essentially private wrong by 

compensating individuals for harm caused to their reputation and 

standing in the community. Ethical rules that prohibit false 

statements impugning the integrity of judges, by contrast, are not 

designed to shield judges from unpleasant or offensive criticism, but 

to preserve public confidence in the fairness and impartiality of our 

system of justice.” 

* * * 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

 10 

* * * [T]he state’s compelling interest in preserving public 

confidence in the judiciary supports applying a standard in 

disciplinary proceedings different from that applicable in 

defamation cases. Under the objective standard, an attorney may 

still freely exercise free speech rights and make statements 

supported by a reasonable factual basis, even if the attorney turns 

out to be mistaken. 

99 Ohio St.3d 416, 2003-Ohio-4048, 793 N.E.2d 425, ¶ 29-31, quoting Yagman at 

1437. 

{¶ 22} We recently applied Gardner’s objective test to judicial-campaign 

speech in In re Judicial Campaign Complaint Against Falter, 164 Ohio St.3d 457, 

2021-Ohio-1705, 173 N.E.3d 484. There, we found that “Ohio’s interest in 

preserving public confidence in the integrity of its judiciary supports applying a 

standard in judicial-candidate-discipline proceedings different from that applicable 

in defamation cases.” Id. at ¶ 16. Moreover, we found that because Jud.Cond.R. 

4.3(A) requires a judicial candidate to act with a specific mental state, i.e., knowing 

the information to be false or with a reckless disregard of whether it was false, 

“[n]egligently made false statements or negligent misstatements are not prohibited 

by the rule.” Id. at ¶ 18. 

{¶ 23} An attorney acts knowingly if he or she has “actual knowledge of the 

fact in question.” Prof.Cond.R. 1.0(g). And like a judicial candidate, an attorney 

acts recklessly if a certain result is possible and the attorney chooses to ignore the 

risk. See Falter at ¶ 18, citing In re Judicial Campaign Complaint Against Moll, 

135 Ohio St.3d 156, 2012-Ohio-5674, 985 N.E.2d 436, ¶ 11. Here, contrary to 

Morton’s arguments, it was not only possible—but true—that our decision in 

Moskowitz was based on well-settled law. There were a record-high number of tax 

appeals filed in this court in 2014 and 2015. But Morton chose to ignore the 
January Term, 2021 

11 

possibility that any delay in reaching a decision in the Schwartz appeal was 

attributable to the high number of cases and acted with reckless disregard by 

attributing political motives to our decision and what he perceived as delay in 

reaching it. He admitted that he made no investigation and relied solely upon his 

own interpretation of the facts in making his statements. These facts establish that 

Morton acted with reckless disregard for the truth of his accusations. Based upon 

the foregoing, we overrule Morton’s second and third objections. 

{¶ 24} In his fourth objection, Morton contends that the board erred in 

finding that his statements violated Prof.Cond.R. 3.5(a)(6) and 8.4(d) for two 

reasons. We have already rejected Morton’s argument that his statements were 

protected speech. His final argument is that the board failed to cite sufficient 

caselaw to support its findings of misconduct. But we have routinely found that 

attorneys have violated Prof.Cond.R. 3.5(a)(6) by making undignified or 

discourteous statements degrading to a tribunal in documents that have been filed 

in a court. See, e.g., Toledo Bar Assn. v. Yoder, 162 Ohio St.3d 140, 2020-Ohio4775, 164 N.E.3d 405 (statements were made in an affidavit of bias and prejudice); 

Disciplinary Counsel v. Proctor, 131 Ohio St.3d 215, 2012-Ohio-684, 963 N.E.3d 

806 (statements were made in a supplement to a trial-court motion and reiterated in 

an appellate brief); Disciplinary Counsel v. Pullins, 127 Ohio St.3d 436, 2010-

Ohio-6241, 940 N.E.2d 952 (statements were made in an affidavit of 

disqualification). And we have found on multiple occasions that unfounded attacks 

on the judiciary in publicly filed documents are prejudicial to the administration of 

justice. See, e.g., Disciplinary Counsel v. Frost, 122 Ohio St.3d 219, 2009-Ohio2870, 909 N.E.2d 1271, ¶ 5, 18 (an attorney engaged in conduct that was prejudicial 

to the administration of justice by falsely accusing several common-pleas-court 

judges of bias in the execution of their duties and by leveling unfounded accusations 

of racial bias and other impropriety against a federal judge); Disciplinary Counsel 

v. Stafford, 131 Ohio St.3d 385, 2012-Ohio-909, 965 N.E.2d 971, ¶ 57-58 (an 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

 12 

attorney violated Prof.Cond.R. 8.4(d) by making false statements regarding the 

integrity of the judge that intentionally, unnecessarily, and recklessly demeaned the 

judge in a memorandum in support of a motion that was in the public record); 

Disciplinary Counsel v. Gallo, 131 Ohio St.3d 309, 2012-Ohio-758, 964 N.E.2d 

1024, ¶ 6-7, 11 (an attorney violated Prof.Cond.R. 8.4(d) by recklessly failing to 

independently verify the identity of a man he had observed at the courthouse before 

alleging in a publicly filed affidavit that it was a judge attempting to intimidate his 

client). We therefore overrule Morton’s fourth and final objection to the board’s 

findings of misconduct. 

{¶ 25} Having overruled each of Morton’s objections, we adopt the board’s 

findings of misconduct. 

Sanction 

{¶ 26} When imposing sanctions for attorney misconduct, we consider all 

relevant factors, including the ethical duties that the lawyer violated, the 

aggravating and mitigating factors listed in Gov.Bar R. V(13), and the sanctions 

imposed in similar cases. 

Aggravating and Mitigating Factors 

{¶ 27} As aggravating factors, the board found that Morton refused to 

acknowledge the wrongful nature of his conduct, made no effort to verify the 

truthfulness of the statements set forth in his jurisdictional memorandum, and 

denied that his comments were undignified or discourteous. See Gov.Bar R. 

V(13)(B)(7). He testified that he planned to engage in the same type of conduct in 

the future—even though he acknowledged that a lawyer could argue that a court 

did not follow the law without accusing the court of misconduct. Morton also was 

indignant and confrontational throughout the course of the hearing, refused to abide 

by the rulings of the panel chair, and repeatedly directed improper questions to the 

panel members. See Gov.Bar R. V(13)(B)(5). 
January Term, 2021 

13 

{¶ 28} In mitigation, the board found that Morton had no prior discipline 

and lacked a dishonest or selfish motive. See Gov.Bar R. V(13)(C)(1) and (2). He 

offered no evidence of his character or reputation. 

Recommended Sanction and Relator’s Objection 

{¶ 29} Having denied any wrongdoing, Morton did not address the issue of 

a sanction at the hearing or in his posthearing brief. On the other hand, relator 

argued that consistent with our holdings in Gardner, 99 Ohio St.3d 416, 2003-Ohio4048, 793 N.E.2d 425, and Proctor, 131 Ohio St.3d 215, 2012-Ohio-684, 963 

N.E.2d 806, Morton’s misconduct warranted a six-month suspension from the 

practice of law. 

{¶ 30} The board acknowledged that our decisions in Gardner and Proctor

supported relator’s proposed sanction. Nonetheless, citing Disciplinary Counsel v. 

Shimko, 134 Ohio St.3d 544, 2012-Ohio-5694, 983 N.E.2d 1300, the board 

recommended that we suspend Morton from the practice of law for one year, stayed 

in its entirety on the condition that he commit no further misconduct. Relator 

objects to the board’s recommendation and renews its argument that the appropriate 

sanction for Morton’s misconduct is a six-month actual suspension from the 

practice of law. 

{¶ 31} We agree with relator’s contention that the facts of this case are most 

comparable to those of Gardner and Proctor. The attorney in Gardner, 99 Ohio 

St.3d 416, 2003-Ohio-4048, 793 N.E.2d 425, filed a motion for reconsideration of 

an appellate-court decision in which he had improperly accused the appellate panel 

of harboring bias toward the prosecution, corrupting the law, and issuing a resultdriven opinion in rendering a judgment adverse to his client. Gardner made no 

inquiry into the court’s integrity before launching his attack, which Morton also 

failed to do, and we found no evidence of bias or corruption in the court of appeals’ 

opinion. Id. at ¶ 33-34. We determined that Gardner’s conduct violated rules that 

prohibited attorneys from engaging in undignified or discourteous conduct that is 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

 14 

degrading to a tribunal and knowingly making false accusations about a judge. Id. 

at ¶ 1, 35. 

{¶ 32} Although Gardner had no prior discipline and acknowledged the 

need to challenge judicial decisions in an appropriate manner, he maintained that 

the appellate court “had skewed and ignored the facts, disregarded honesty and 

truth, and violated their oaths to decide cases fairly and impartially.” Id. at ¶ 11. 

Holding that “[u]nfounded attacks against the integrity of the judiciary require an 

actual suspension from the practice of law,” we rejected the board’s 

recommendation that we impose a six-month conditionally stayed suspension and 

imposed a six-month suspension with no stay for Gardner’s misconduct. Id. at 

¶ 36. 

{¶ 33} In Proctor, 131 Ohio St.3d 215, 2012-Ohio-684, 963 N.E.2d 806, 

we also imposed a six-month suspension on an attorney who had filed several 

documents accusing a trial judge of harboring bias against him and engaging in ex 

parte communications with opposing counsel and then going to great efforts to 

cover up the alleged conduct. Although Proctor had no disciplinary record and 

cooperated in the resulting disciplinary proceedings, he also engaged in a pattern 

of misconduct involving multiple offenses. Like Morton, he continued to claim 

that he had a reasonable belief to support his accusations, though Proctor actually 

had stipulated to the contrary. Id. at ¶ 10-11. 

{¶ 34} The attorney in Shimko, 134 Ohio St.3d 544, 2012-Ohio-5694, 983 

N.E.2d 1300, acted in a disrespectful and confrontational manner during a trial and 

then, over a period of nine months, filed multiple documents in which he accused 

the trial judge of being dishonest and having improper motives for his rulings. 

Shimko, like Morton, was unapologetic, failed to acknowledge the wrongful nature 

of his conduct, and maintained that he honestly believed his statements to be true. 

Id. at ¶ 24, 29. He also had prior discipline. However, he ultimately cooperated in 

the disciplinary process and acknowledged that attorneys do not have an unfettered 
January Term, 2021 

15 

right to say whatever they desire about a member of the judiciary, and he 

established that he had an excellent reputation with the bench and bar. While 

recognizing that Shimko’s statements about the trial judge were “rough, 

unnecessary, and ultimately unproductive,” id. at ¶ 34, a majority of this court found 

that they were “less defamatory than Gardner’s rant against three judges on the 

court of appeals,” id., and consequently imposed a conditionally stayed six-month 

suspension, id. at ¶ 36. 

{¶ 35} In contrast to the attorney in Shimko, Morton was combative and 

obstreperous throughout his disciplinary hearing, was discourteous to the panel 

members, and often refused to accept the panel chair’s evidentiary rulings. At the 

hearing, he accused relator’s counsel, bar counsel, and members of the certified 

grievance committee of having conflicts of interest and acting with bias because 

they were allegedly appointed to serve on various committees convened by this 

court. And while Shimko’s improper statements were directed at a single trial 

judge, Morton, like Gardner, criticized three appellate-court judges. In addition, he 

falsely and recklessly charged the entire Supreme Court of Ohio with intentionally 

delaying a case and misstating the law that it has been sworn to uphold for improper 

political motives. Furthermore, he did so in a document filed in this court that 

remains readily accessible to the public on this court’s online docket. On these 

facts, we find that Morton’s conduct is more egregious than that of the attorneys in 

Shimko, Gardner, and Proctor, and we agree with relator that Morton’s unfounded 

attack against the judiciary warrants an actual suspension from the practice of law. 

We therefore sustain relator’s objection in part and conclude that a one-year 

suspension with six months stayed on the condition that Morton commit no further 

misconduct is the appropriate sanction in this case. 

Conclusion 

{¶ 36} Accordingly, John Alex Morton is suspended from the practice of

law in Ohio for one year, with six months stayed on the condition that he commit 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

 16 

no further misconduct. If Morton fails to comply with the condition of the stay, the 

stay will be lifted and he will serve the entire one-year suspension. Costs are taxed 

to Morton. 

Judgment accordingly. 

FISCHER, DONNELLY, and BRUNNER, JJ., concur. 

O’CONNOR, C.J., concurs, with an opinion joined by FISCHER, DONNELLY, 

and BRUNNER, JJ. 

STEWART, J., concurs in part and dissents in part and would adopt the 

recommended sanction of the Board of Professional Conduct but otherwise joins 

the per curiam opinion and Chief Justice O’Connor’s concurring opinion. 

KENNEDY, J., dissents, with an opinion. 

DEWINE, J., dissents, with an opinion. 

_________________ 

O’CONNOR, C.J., concurring. 

{¶ 37} I fully concur with the majority’s reasoning and in its judgment, 

which properly sanctions respondent, John Alex Morton, for his statements 

attacking the integrity of the judicial process. This case involves Morton’s blatant 

breach of the professional duties, including preserving the integrity of the court, 

that he agreed to be bound by as an officer of the court and the consequences for 

failing to comply with those duties. As this court has unanimously done many 

times before, the majority properly applies the objective test set forth in 

Disciplinary Counsel v. Gardner, 99 Ohio St.3d 416, 2003-Ohio-4048, 793 N.E.2d 

425, to the facts of this case. See, e.g., Erie-Huron Cty. Bar Assn. v. Bailey and 

Bailey, 161 Ohio St.3d 146, 2020-Ohio-3701, 161 N.E.3d 590. I write separately 

to respond to the dissenting opinions’ needless attempt to distract from this focus 

with First Amendment arguments and to paint members of this court as fragile and 

vindictive. 
January Term, 2021 

17 

{¶ 38} It is well established that practicing law is a privilege, not a right. 

See Shimko v. Lobe, 103 Ohio St.3d 59, 2004-Ohio-4202, 813 N.E.2d 669, ¶ 54 

(“no person has a right to practice law, but * * * the practice of law is an 

extraordinary privilege bestowed by this court upon one who meets the 

qualifications for admission and continues to maintain the standard of ethical 

conduct as prescribed by the rules of the court”). And accompanying the privilege 

of bar licensure are conditions. See Gentile v. State Bar of Nevada, 501 U.S. 1030, 

1066, 111 S.Ct. 2720, 115 L.E.2d 888 (1991), quoting In re Rouss, 221 N.Y. 81, 

84, 116 N.E. 782 (1917) (“ ‘Membership in the bar is a privilege burdened with 

conditions’ ”). One such condition outlined in the Ohio Rules of Professional 

Conduct, among many others, is that “[a] lawyer should demonstrate respect for the 

legal system and for those who serve it.” Prof.Cond.R., Preamble [5]. It is “a 

lawyer’s duty to uphold [the] legal process.” Id. In fact, this important condition 

is integrated into the very oath that Ohio attorneys take upon entering this privileged 

and regulated profession: 

I, ___________, hereby (swear or affirm) that I will support 

the Constitution and the laws of the United States and the 

Constitution and the laws of Ohio, and I will abide by the Ohio Rules 

of Professional Conduct. 

In my capacity as an attorney and officer of the Court, I will 

conduct myself with dignity and civility and show respect towards 

judges, court staff, clients, fellow professionals, and all other 

persons. 

I will honestly, faithfully, and competently discharge the 

duties of an attorney at law. 

Gov.Bar R. I(9)(A). 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

 18 

{¶ 39} By taking this oath, an attorney accepts several duties as an officer 

of the court. See Shimko at ¶ 41, citing Anderson v. Elliot, 555 A.2d 1042, 1048 

(Me.1989). One such duty is “to abide by the Ohio Rules of Professional Conduct.” 

Another is to act “with dignity and civility” and “show respect towards judges” and 

fellow professionals. An attorney willingly agrees to comply with these duties and, 

in doing so, accepts that there are professional consequences for failing to fulfill 

these duties. Consequently, although attorneys, like other citizens, enjoy the right 

to free speech, they also willingly accept the conditions that arise with the privilege 

to practice law. See In re Sawyer, 360 U.S. 622, 646, 79 S.Ct. 1376, 3 L.Ed.2d 

1473 (1959) (Stewart, J., concurring in the result) (“A lawyer belongs to a 

profession with inherited standards of propriety and honor * * *. He who would 

follow that calling must conform to those standards”). 

{¶ 40} As the majority opinion points out, professional rules and conditions 

that “ ‘prohibit false statements impugning the integrity of judges * * * are not 

designed to shield judges from unpleasant or offensive criticism, but to preserve 

public confidence in the fairness and impartiality of our system of justice.’ ” 

Gardner, 99 Ohio St.3d 416, 2003-Ohio-4048, 793 N.E.2d 425, at ¶ 29, quoting 

Standing Commt. on Discipline of United States Dist. Court for Cent. Dist. of 

California v. Yagman, 55 F.3d 1430, 1437 (9th Cir.1995). Stated differently, the 

underpinning of these professional-conduct rules is the preservation of the integrity 

of the court by protecting the public from incompetent and unprofessional 

attorneys, In re Holtzman, 78 N.Y.2d 184, 192, 573 N.Y.S.2d 39, 577 N.E.2d 30 

(1991), maintaining public trust in the judicial system’s impartiality, Gardner at 

¶ 29, and promoting the effective administration of justice, id. at ¶ 14, citing Gentile

at 1074. These are far from hollow sentiments: the integrity of the court is an 

essential cog in the democratic system. See In re ESM Govt. Securities, Inc., 66 

B.R. 82, 84 (S.D.Fla.1986). As the preamble to the Ohio Rules of Professional 

Conduct duly notes, “legal institutions in a constitutional democracy depend on 
January Term, 2021 

19 

popular participation and support to maintain their authority.” Prof.Cond.R., 

Preamble at [6]. And lawyers, in furtherance of this democratic system, should 

foster “the public’s understanding of and confidence in the rule of law and the 

justice system.” Id. 

{¶ 41} Morton, like all other Ohio attorneys, took an oath of office on 

entering the practice of law. By doing so, he accepted and agreed to be bound by 

the duty to adhere to the Ohio Rules of Professional Conduct, including the rule 

requiring an attorney to have a reasonable factual basis before making a statement, 

see Gardner at ¶ 26 (whether an attorney has a reasonable factual basis for making 

a statement is the standard for determining whether the attorney’s statements about 

a judicial officer were made with knowledge or reckless disregard of their falsity). 

Thus, contrary to the second dissenting opinion’s suggestions, this disciplinary 

action does not derive from a desire to prevent “future Mortons from leveling 

similar attacks on this court.” Second dissenting opinion at ¶ 100. Nor was it 

brought because our skin is too “thin.” Id. at ¶ 72. In fact, disciplining Morton has 

nothing to do with this court or any of its justices. Rather, it is about preserving the 

integrity of the court—i.e., the judicial system as a whole—by maintaining public 

confidence in the court’s impartiality and the rule of law. See Gardner at ¶ 29. 

{¶ 42} Morton’s statements accusing this court of furthering its own 

political agenda directly undermines this confidence. Accusations made with 

reckless disregard for their truth lead the public to believe that the judiciary is not 

only partial but is politically motivated to rule on cases for selfish ends. 

Accordingly, the disciplinary action against Morton seeks to remedy this wrong 

against society. See In re Terry, 271 Ind. 499, 502, 394 N.E.2d 94 (1979) 

(professional misconduct “is not punished for the benefit of the affected person; the 

wrong is against society as a whole, the preservation of a fair, impartial judicial 

system, and the system of justice as it has evolved for generations”). 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

 20 

{¶ 43} Several avenues are available to deal with a judge whose conduct 

runs afoul of his or her duties. If an attorney or party believes that a judge is biased, 

he or she may file an affidavit pursuant to R.C. 2701.03 to disqualify the judge. Or 

the Ohio State Bar Association may charge the judge with professional misconduct. 

See generally Rules of the Code of Judicial Conduct. I cite these examples to 

emphasize that Morton had several vehicles by which to express his criticisms that 

would have aligned with the professional duties he accepted; he chose none of these 

options, however. Rather, Morton decided to voice his criticisms through 

“groundless assertions” in filings to this court. In re Cobb, 445 Mass. 452, 473, 

838 N.E.2d 1197 (2005) (“The court room is not a place for groundless assertions, 

whatever their nature”). Morton cannot now seek refuge under the First 

Amendment when he chose to ignore the professional duties that he willfully 

accepted when he took his oath as an attorney. See Gardner, 99 Ohio St.3d 416, 

2003-Ohio-4048, 793 N.E.2d 425, at ¶ 15 (“attorneys may not invoke the federal 

constitutional right of free speech to immunize themselves from even-handed 

discipline for proven unethical conduct”). 

{¶ 44} With this backdrop in mind, it is evident that the First Amendment 

arguments presented by the two dissenting opinions are nothing but a red herring. 

The dissenting opinions cite a litany of cases for the proposition that the majority’s 

opinion “chill[s],” first dissenting opinion at ¶ 69, and “stifle[s],” second dissenting 

opinion at ¶ 102, attorneys’ political speech, thus silencing voices that are integral 

to the public discussion of self-government. Indeed, it is true that attorneys, who 

are active participants in the judicial system, play an important role in exposing 

problems within that system. And thus their criticisms are an important voice in 

the public discourse that the First Amendment seeks to protect. See State ex rel. 

Oklahoma Bar Assn. v. Porter, 766 P.2d 958, 967 (Okla.1988). 

{¶ 45} But the constitutional concerns designed to further robust public 

discussion in the press are not implicated here. Unlike several of the cases cited by 
January Term, 2021 

21 

the dissenting opinions, Morton did not make his statements to any member of the 

press. See, e.g., Yagman, 55 F.3d at 1434; Iowa Supreme Court Attorney 

Disciplinary Bd. v. Weaver, 750 N.W.2d 71, 74 (Iowa 2008); Garrison v. 

Louisiana, 379 U.S. 64, 64, 85 S.Ct. 209, 13 L.Ed.2d 125 (1964); Porter at 960-

961. Rather, Morton, using his privilege to practice law and to actively participate 

in the judicial system, and with reckless disregard for the truth of his statements, 

filed a pleading in which he accused this court of adjudicating based on political 

motives. In doing so, he undermined the integrity of the court and violated the very 

oath to which he willingly agreed to adhere so that he could practice as an attorney 

in Ohio. 

{¶ 46} Preserving the integrity of the court depends on the public’s 

confidence and respect for the judicial system and the long-standing disciplinary 

rules regulating attorneys’ conduct in that system. See In re Chmura, 461 Mich. 

517, 535, 608 N.W.2d 31 (2000) (to preserve the integrity of the legal process, 

people must have confidence in this process); see generally In re Terry, 271 Ind. at 

502-504, 394 N.E.2d 94. Morton’s unwarranted, in-court statements served only 

“to weaken the public’s trust in the judicial system.” Bd. of Professional 

Responsibility v. Parrish, 556 S.W.3d 153, 166 (Tenn.2018). Any distraction from 

that focus of the court’s disciplinary sanction—such as creating a First Amendment 

smokescreen aimed at inflaming the public—further undermines the integrity of the 

court from the bench. For these reasons, I fully concur in the majority opinion. 

FISCHER, DONNELLY, and BRUNNER, JJ., concur in the foregoing opinion. 

STEWART, J., concurs in the foregoing opinion except that she would impose 

the sanction recommended by the Board of Professional Conduct. 

_________________ 

KENNEDY, J., dissenting. 

{¶ 47} Because the majority’s continued reliance on this court’s decision in 

Disciplinary Counsel v. Gardner, 99 Ohio St.3d 416, 2003-Ohio-4048, 793 N.E.2d 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

 22 

425, ¶ 26, is contrary to the plain language of Prof.Cond.R. 8.2(a) and the right to 

free speech guaranteed by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, 

I dissent. In Gardner, this court addressed DR 8-102 of the Code of Professional 

Responsibility, 23 Ohio St.2d 54, a rule that has since been abrogated. We held 

that pursuant to that rule, “an attorney may be sanctioned for making accusations 

of judicial impropriety that a reasonable attorney would believe are false.” Id. at 

¶ 31. We referred to that reasonable-attorney standard as an objective standard. Id. 

at ¶ 26. This court justified granting less protection to attorney speech in a 

disciplinary case than to the speech at issue in a defamation case on the ground that 

the state had a “compelling interest in preserving public confidence in the 

judiciary.” Id.

{¶ 48} The objective test handed down in Gardner was wrong when we 

adopted it in 2003. It improperly relieves a disciplinary authority of its burden to 

prove that the attorney’s statement was false by instead requiring a showing that a 

reasonable attorney would think that the statement was false. That is, Gardner

imposed a mere negligence standard in determining whether attorney speech about 

the judiciary was protected. However, after our decision in Gardner, we replaced 

the Code of Professional Responsibility with the Rules of Professional Conduct. 

Prof.Cond.R. 8.2(a) now establishes a different standard for determining whether a 

lawyer is subject to disciplinary action for statements made about a judge or other 

adjudicatory officer. It now prohibits lawyers from “mak[ing] a statement that the 

lawyer knows to be false or with reckless disregard as to its truth or falsity 

concerning the qualifications or integrity of a judicial officer.” The rule plainly 

adopts the “actual malice” standard that is required in defamation cases regarding 

public officials that Gardner refused to impose. This standard requires a greater 

showing of culpability than negligence. Moreover, the holding in Gardner is 

inconsistent with United States Supreme Court’s precedent concerning free speech 

and the judiciary. In Republican Party of Minnesota v. White, 536 U.S. 765, 122 
January Term, 2021 

23 

S.Ct. 2528, 153 L.Ed.2d 694 (2002), the court recognized that a law abridging 

speech that was intended to maintain the appearance of judicial impartiality was 

not narrowly tailored to advance a compelling state interest that justified the 

abridgment of the speech. In my view, Gardner’s objective test, which this court 

justified by tying it to the interest in preserving public confidence in the judiciary, 

fares no better. 

{¶ 49} For these reasons, I would overrule this court’s decision in Gardner. 

In place of its objective test, I would adopt a two-part inquiry for attorney-discipline 

cases involving statements that allegedly disparage the judiciary: (1) did the 

disciplinary authority prove that the attorney’s statement was a false statement of 

fact and (2) if the statement is false, did the attorney make the statement with actual 

malice, that is, with knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard for its 

truth. See New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 84 S.Ct. 710, 11 L.Ed.2d 

686 (1964). Because relator, Cleveland Metropolitan Bar Association, did not 

prove that the statements made about members of this court by respondent, John 

Alex Morton, are false, I would dismiss the complaint brought against him in this 

case. 

{¶ 50} “Freedom of speech and freedom of the press, which are protected 

by the First Amendment from infringement by Congress, are among the 

fundamental personal rights and liberties which are protected by the Fourteenth 

Amendment from invasion by state action.” Lovell v. Griffin, 303 U.S. 444, 450, 

58 S.Ct. 666, 82 L.Ed. 949 (1938). 

{¶ 51} Morton argues that both the United States Constitution and the Ohio 

Constitution protect his right to criticize members of the judiciary. “[T]he United 

States Constitution, where applicable to the states, provides a floor below which 

state court decisions may not fall.” Arnold v. Cleveland, 67 Ohio St.3d 35, 616 

N.E.2d 163 (1993), paragraph one of the syllabus. However, “[t]he Ohio 

Constitution is a document of independent force.” Id. And we have recognized 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

 24 

that the free-speech provision of Article I, Section 11 of the Ohio Constitution 

affords greater protection than the free-speech provision of the First Amendment to 

the United States Constitution. Gardner, 99 Ohio St.3d 416, 2003-Ohio-4048, 793 

N.E.2d 425, at ¶ 19. Nonetheless, we need not break new ground to reach the issue 

whether the Ohio Constitution protects Morton’s right to criticize this court in 

zealously representing his client. For the reasons stated below, the binding 

precedent of the United States Supreme Court and the plain language of 

Prof.Cond.R. 8.2(a) provide ample reason to dismiss the allegations of misconduct 

against him. 

{¶ 52} In New York Times Co., 376 U.S. at 279-280, 84 S.Ct. 710, 11 

L.Ed.2d 686, the United States Supreme Court held that the federal Constitution 

limits state power and “prohibits a public official from recovering damages for a 

defamatory falsehood relating to his official conduct unless he proves that the 

statement was made with ‘actual malice’—that is, with knowledge that it was false 

or with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not.” The court recognized 

that political speech about public officials is fundamental to our constitutional 

system, id. at 269, and “[a]uthoritative interpretations of the First Amendment 

guarantees have consistently refused to recognize an exception for any test of 

truth—whether administered by judges, juries, or administrative officials—and 

especially one that puts the burden of proving truth on the speaker,” id. at 271. 

Neither factual error nor injury to “the dignity and reputation of the courts,” id. at 

272-273, “suffices to remove the constitutional shield from criticism of official 

conduct,” id. at 273. The court held that “a finding of negligence in failing to 

discover the misstatements * * * is constitutionally insufficient to show the 

recklessness that is required for a finding of actual malice.” Id. at 288. 

{¶ 53} In Garrison v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 64, 85 S.Ct. 209, 13 L.Ed.2d 125 

(1964), the court extended the New York Times standard to protect a prosecuting 

attorney’s criticism of local judges that had resulted in criminal sanctions against 
January Term, 2021 

25 

the attorney. The prosecuting attorney asserted publicly that a large backlog of 

pending criminal cases was due to those judges’ “inefficiency, laziness, and 

excessive vacations” and that their failure to fund vice investigations raised 

“ ‘interesting questions about the racketeer influences on our eight vacation-minded 

judges.’ ” Id. at 66. The Supreme Court held that “even where the utterance is 

false, the great principles of the Constitution which secure freedom of expression 

in this area preclude attaching adverse consequences to any except the knowing or 

reckless falsehood.” Id. at 73. The court continued: “Truth may not be the subject 

of either civil or criminal sanctions where discussion of public affairs is concerned. 

* * * [O]nly those false statements made with the high degree of awareness of their 

probable falsity demanded by New York Times may be the subject of either civil or 

criminal sanctions.” Id. at 74. 

{¶ 54} In Gardner, we considered whether these principles from First 

Amendment law also extended to attorney-discipline cases. The attorney in that 

case asked a court of appeals to reconsider its adverse decision; in doing so, the 

attorney asserted in his filing that the panel of appellate judges was dishonest, result 

driven, and corrupt and possessed prosecutorial bias. Id., 99 Ohio St.3d 416, 2003-

Ohio-4048, 793 N.E.2d 425, at ¶ 3-8. The attorney was charged with several 

violations of the former Code of Professional Responsibility, including DR 8-

102(B), which prohibited a lawyer from “knowingly mak[ing] false accusations 

against a judge.” He asserted that the court should adopt the actual-malice standard 

from New York Times to determine whether he acted knowingly. The court, 

however, looked to the majority rule among the states and adopted an objective 

standard, holding that “an attorney may be sanctioned for making accusations of 

judicial impropriety that a reasonable attorney would believe are false.” Gardner 

at ¶ 31. We reasoned that “the state’s compelling interest in preserving public 

confidence in the judiciary supports applying a standard in disciplinary proceedings 

different from that applicable in defamation cases.” Id. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

 26 

{¶ 55} The court’s adoption of this objective test failed to give effect to the 

words of former DR 8-102(B), which prohibited knowingly making a false 

statement. And the court’s objective test did not require proof that the statement 

was false; instead, it required a finding that a reasonable attorney would think that 

it was false. And even if the attorney was merely mistaken, the test handed down 

in Gardner permitted the disciplinary authority to prove that the attorney knowingly

made a false statement by proving that the attorney was negligent in failing to 

ascertain the truth or falsity of the statement. However, an attorney who negligently 

fails to realize that a statement is false does not know that the statement was false. 

A reasonable-person standard reduces culpability to negligence and does not 

require any awareness of wrongdoing. Elonis v. United States, 575 U.S. 723, 738, 

135 S.Ct. 2001, 192 L.Ed.2d 1 (2015). 

{¶ 56} Effective February 1, 2007, we abrogated the Code of Professional 

Responsibility and adopted the Rules of Professional Conduct. Prof.Cond.R. 8.2(a) 

prohibits lawyers from “mak[ing] a statement that the lawyer knows to be false or 

with reckless disregard as to its truth or falsity concerning the qualifications or 

integrity of a judicial officer.” The rule adopts the actual-malice standard from New 

York Times that we rejected in Gardner. It does not subject an attorney to discipline 

for statements that an attorney “reasonably should know” are false, although the 

Rules of Professional Conduct use that standard in other contexts. E.g.,

Prof.Cond.R. 1.10(a) and (b). By requiring that a relator in a disciplinary case prove 

that an attorney was reckless when making a false statement about the judiciary, 

Prof.Cond.R. 8.2(a) has superseded Gardner’s reasonable-attorney standard, which 

requires a relator to show only negligence to prove a violation. 

{¶ 57} This language in Prof.Cond.R. 8.2(a) leaves no doubt as to whether 

an objective or subjective standard should apply when examining statements made 

by an attorney about judges. DR 8-102 did not clearly employ the New York Times

language; that rule stated, “A lawyer shall not knowingly make false accusations 
January Term, 2021 

27 

against a judge or other adjudicatory officer.” The word “knowingly” was not 

defined in the Code of Professional Responsibility; it was left for this court to define 

it, and we employed an objective, negligence standard. But Prof.Cond.R. 8.2(a) 

adopts the language of the New York Times subjective test regarding the knowledge 

of falsity: “A lawyer shall not make a statement that the lawyer knows to be false 

or with reckless disregard as to its truth or falsity concerning the qualifications or 

integrity of a judicial officer * * *.” (Emphasis added.) This language requires the 

court to consider the attorney’s state of mind at the time of making the statement 

and is inconsistent with a reasonable-attorney standard. 

{¶ 58} Therefore, by adopting the New York Times standard regarding 

knowledge of falsity, Prof.Cond.R. 8.2(a) requires the subjective analysis of an 

attorney’s allegedly false statements. As the Supreme Court has explained, 

“reckless conduct is not measured by whether a reasonably prudent man would 

have published, or would have investigated before publishing. There must be 

sufficient evidence to permit the conclusion that the defendant in fact entertained 

serious doubts as to the truth of his publication.” St. Amant v. Thompson, 390 U.S. 

727, 731, 88 S.Ct. 1323, 20 L.Ed.2d 262 (1968). That is, actual malice requires a 

“high degree of awareness of [the statements’] probable falsity.” Garrison, 379 

U.S. at 74, 85 S.Ct. 209, 13 L.Ed.2d 125. 

{¶ 59} Even though Gardner construed a rule that has now been abrogated, 

the majority today overlays its holding onto the different language of Prof.Cond.R. 

8.2(a) to again apply a reasonable-attorney standard—a negligence standard—that 

does not require proof that the attorney’s statement was false and that it was made 

knowingly or recklessly. “Knowingly” and “recklessly” are each higher degrees of 

culpability than negligence. See generally Anderson v. Massillon, 134 Ohio St.3d 

380, 2012-Ohio-5711, 983 N.E.2d 266, ¶ 35. 

{¶ 60} The adoption of Prof.Cond.R. 8.2(a) and that rule’s reference to the 

New York Times standard is not the only reason to abandon the objective test from 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

 28 

Gardner. The reasoning of the Supreme Court of the United States in Republican 

Party of Minnesota does not support this court’s reasoning in Gardner that 

preserving public confidence in the judiciary is a sufficient state interest justifying 

a content-based prior restraint on speech. 

{¶ 61} In Republican Party of Minnesota, the court addressed whether 

judges’ First Amendment rights could be restricted by a state’s code of judicial 

ethics. Specifically, a provision of the Minnesota Code of Judicial Conduct forbade 

judicial candidates from “ ‘announc[ing] his or her views on disputed legal or 

political issues.’ ” Id., 536 U.S. at 768, 122 S.Ct. 2528, 153 L.Ed.2d 694, quoting

former Canon 5(A)(3)(d)(i) of the Minn.Code of Judicial Conduct. 

{¶ 62} The court stated that “the announce clause both prohibits speech on 

the basis of its content and burdens a category of speech that is ‘at the core of our 

First Amendment freedoms’—speech about the qualifications of candidates for 

public office.” Id. at 774, quoting Republican Party of Minnesota v. Kelly, 247 

F.3d 854, 861 (8th Cir.2001). The court applied the strict-scrutiny test, which 

requires the government to demonstrate that a restraint “is (1) narrowly tailored to 

serve (2) a compelling state interest.” Id. at 775. A prior restraint is narrowly 

tailored when “it does not ‘unnecessarily circumscrib[e] protected expression.’ ” 

Id. at 775, quoting Brown v. Hartlage, 456 U.S. 45, 54, 102 S.Ct. 1523, 71 L.Ed.2d 

732 (1982). 

{¶ 63} The court determined that the announce clause was unconstitutional 

because prohibiting a candidate for judicial office from declaring his or her views 

on disputed legal and political issues to the electorate during a campaign violated 

the First Amendment. Id. at 788. In reaching this conclusion, the court rejected 

the interests advanced by the state—“preserving the impartiality of the state 

judiciary and preserving the appearance of the impartiality of the state judiciary”—

and held that they were not sufficiently compelling. Id. at 775. 
January Term, 2021 

29 

{¶ 64} In Gardner, 99 Ohio St.3d 416, 2003-Ohio-4048, 793 N.E.2d 425, 

at ¶ 31, we justified requiring proof of negligence when examining an attorney’s 

allegedly false statements—rather than requiring proof that the statements were 

made knowingly or with reckless disregard for the truth—on the ground that the 

state had a “compelling interest in preserving public confidence in the judiciary 

[that] supports applying a standard in disciplinary proceedings different from that 

applicable in defamation cases.” However, the Supreme Court’s decision in 

Republican Party of Minnesota demonstrates that the simple assertion of the need 

to protect the appearance of judicial integrity may not be a compelling interest 

sufficient to abridge an attorney’s right to criticize a judicial officer. 

{¶ 65} Rather, as the court explained in Landmark Communications, Inc. v. 

Virginia, 435 U.S. 829, 98 S.Ct. 1535, 56 L.Ed.2d 1 (1978), quoting New York 

Times Co., 376 U.S. at 272-273, 84 S.Ct. 710, 11 L.Ed.2d 686, protecting judicial 

integrity is not a sufficient reason for “ ‘for repressing speech that would otherwise 

be free.’ ” “[T]he institutional reputation of the courts * * * is entitled to no greater 

weight in the constitutional scales.” Id. at 842. “The assumption that respect for 

the judiciary can be won by shielding judges from published criticism wrongly 

appraises the character of American public opinion. For it is a prized American 

privilege to speak one’s mind, although not always with perfect good taste, on all 

public institutions.” Bridges v. California, 314 U.S. 252, 270, 62 S.Ct. 190, 86 

L.Ed. 192 (1941). 

{¶ 66} In this case, Morton made statements critical of elected public

officials regarding their integrity and qualification to serve in office. He therefore 

engaged in political speech—speech about the government and government 

officials. Burson v. Freeman, 504 U.S. 191, 196, 112 S.Ct. 1846, 119 L.Ed.2d 5 

(1992). “Political speech, of course, is ‘at the core of what the First Amendment is 

designed to protect.’ ” Morse v. Frederick, 551 U.S. 393, 403, 127 S.Ct. 2618, 168 

L.Ed.2d 290 (2007), quoting Virginia v. Black, 538 U.S. 343, 365, 123 S.Ct. 1536, 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

 30 

155 L.Ed.2d 535 (2003) (plurality opinion). See also Gentile v. State Bar of 

Nevada, 501 U.S. 1030, 1034, 111 S.Ct. 2720, 115 L.Ed.2d 888 (1991) (Kennedy, 

J., lead opinion) (noting that the speech at issue involved an attorney’s words 

directed at public officials and their conduct in office but that “[t]here is no question 

that speech critical of the exercise of the State’s power lies at the very center of the 

First Amendment”) Such “[s]peech is an essential mechanism of democracy, for it 

is the means to hold officials accountable to the people.” Citizens United v. Fed. 

Election Comm., 558 U.S. 310, 339, 130 S.Ct. 876, 175 L.Ed.2d 753 (2010). 

Therefore, “political speech must prevail against laws that would suppress it, 

whether by design or inadvertence. Laws that burden political speech are ‘subject 

to strict scrutiny,’ which requires the Government to prove that the restriction 

‘furthers a compelling interest and is narrowly tailored to achieve that interest.’ ” 

Id. at 340, quoting Fed. Election Comm. v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc., 551 U.S. 

449, 464, 127 S.Ct. 2652, 168 L.Ed.2d 329 (2007). See also Disciplinary Counsel 

v. Tamburrino, 151 Ohio St.3d 148, 2016-Ohio-8014, 87 N.E.3d 158, ¶ 18 (“It is 

undisputed that Jud.Cond.R. 4.3 is a content-based regulation of political speech 

and therefore must withstand strict scrutiny * * *”). 

{¶ 67} If Prof.Cond.R. 8.2(a) is construed by this court to permit discipline 

for negligently made statements about the judiciary, it cannot withstand a strictscrutiny analysis of its constitutionality. Importantly, the disciplinary authority has 

the burden to demonstrate that the attorney’s factual statements were false, see New 

York Times Co., 376 U.S. at 271, 84 S.Ct. 710, 11 L.Ed.2d 686, yet the rule allows 

an attorney to be disciplined for true statements that a reasonable attorney would 

think are false rather than requiring a finding of actual falsity. The rule is therefore 

overinclusive in that it prohibits true statements that attorneys should think are 

false, and it is underinclusive in that it does not prohibit statements that are false 

but that a reasonable attorney would assume to be true. See Ladue v. Gilleo, 512 

U.S. 43, 52-53, 114 S.Ct. 2038, 129 L.Ed.2d 36 (1994) (noting that 
January Term, 2021 

31 

underinclusiveness “diminish[es] the credibility of the government’s rationale for 

restricting speech”). The application of the rule can be more narrowly tailored 

simply by removing our construction that it applies an objective, negligence 

standard and replacing that with what the plain language requires—actual malice. 

Therefore, the rule is not narrowly tailored to serve the interest—preventing false 

statements about the judiciary—furthered by it. 

{¶ 68} Gardner has been abrogated by our adoption of Prof.Cond.R. 8.2(a), 

and anything that remains of it is too unconstitutionally infirm to salvage in light 

of the Supreme Court’s decision in Republican Party of Minnesota. To hold 

otherwise would be to declare that political speech by judges is more protected than 

political speech by lawyers. That outcome cannot be constitutionally sound. 

{¶ 69} “[A] fundamental understanding of constitutional democracy” is that 

“judges are not imperial.” State v. Fischer, 128 Ohio St.3d 92, 2010-Ohio-6238, 

942 N.E.2d 332, ¶ 21, overruled by State v. Harper, 160 Ohio St.3d 480, 2020-

Ohio-2913, 159 N.E.3d 248. Statements made by judicial candidates are protected 

by the First Amendment as political speech: the First Amendment prohibits states 

from providing for judicial elections “ ‘under conditions of state-imposed voter 

ignorance.’ ” Republican Party of Minnesota, 536 U.S. at 788, 122 S.Ct. 2528, 153 

L.Ed.2d 694, quoting Renne v. Geary, 501 U.S. 312, 349, 111 S.Ct. 2331, 115 

L.Ed.2d 288 (1991) (Marshall, J., dissenting). In contrast, Gardner’s objective 

standard burdens and chills the political speech of attorneys, who must think twice 

before criticizing a prior judicial ruling out of concern that it might subject the 

attorney to discipline. Silencing criticism of the judiciary, however, does not serve 

the governmental interest in public confidence in the court system: “ ‘[t]he First 

Amendment directs us to be especially skeptical of regulations that seek to keep 

people in the dark for what the government perceives to be their own good.’ ” 

Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc., 564 U.S. 552, 577, 131 S.Ct. 2653, 180 L.Ed.2d 544 

(2011), quoting 44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island, 517 U.S. 484, 503, 116 S.Ct. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

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1495, 134 L.Ed.2d 711 (1996) (lead opinion). Because depriving the public of 

information about the judges it elects—information that a reasonable attorney 

would not dare to utter even if true—does nothing to advance a compelling state 

interest, I would overrule Gardner today. 

{¶ 70} I would dismiss the complaint against Morton based on the plain

language of Prof.Cond.R. 8.2(a). Morton makes assertions of fact that only Chief 

Justice O’Connor, Justice French, and I could know to be true or false. He asserts 

that Justice French and I decided Moskowitz v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Revision, 150 

Ohio St.3d 69, 2017-Ohio-4002, 78 N.E.3d 870, for political reasons and that Chief 

Justice O’Connor delayed a decision in that case until new members of the court 

came on the bench. A reasonable attorney might assume these assertions are false, 

but that is not clear and convincing proof of the subjective motivations of members 

of this court in deciding Moskowitz. There was no evidence presented in this 

disciplinary proceeding that Morton’s statements are indeed false. Chief Justice 

O’Connor, Justice French, and I were not asked to provide testimony to establish 

that Morton’s statements had no basis in fact, and I cannot use my own knowledge 

of my motivations to establish a fact not proven below. And although the majority 

points out that Morton “made no investigation and relied solely upon his own 

interpretation of the facts in making his statements” (emphasis sic), majority 

opinion at ¶ 23, the Supreme Court has held that “mere proof of failure to 

investigate, without more, cannot establish reckless disregard for the truth,” Gertz 

v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323, 332, 94 S.Ct. 2997, 41 L.Ed.2d 789 (1974). 

Relator therefore failed to prove that Morton made false statements with actual 

malice. 

{¶ 71} Our country has a “profound national commitment to the principle 

that debate on public issues should be uninhibited, robust, and wide-open, and that 

it may well include vehement, caustic, and sometimes unpleasantly sharp attacks 

on government and public officials.” New York Times Co., 376 U.S. at 270, 84 
January Term, 2021 

33 

S.Ct. 710, 11 L.Ed.2d 686. Based on this fundamental principle, I would overrule 

Gardner and hold that attorneys are subject to discipline only for statements that 

disparage the judiciary when they are (1) proven to be a false statement of fact, and 

(2) the statement was made with actual malice—with knowledge that it was false 

or with reckless disregard for its truth. In this case, there is no evidence that Morton 

made false statements either with knowledge or with a reckless disregard for the 

truth about members of this court, and therefore I would dismiss the complaint 

alleging that he committed professional misconduct. Because the majority does 

not, I dissent. 

_________________ 

DEWINE, J., dissenting. 

{¶ 72} I just don’t see it. Today, the majority suspends John Morton from 

the practice of law for saying some not-so-nice things about this court in a brief that 

he filed. My skin is not so thin as to think that such punishment is warranted. 

Nothing Morton said has been shown to be untrue. And neither the First 

Amendment nor our disciplinary rules allow us to punish an attorney just because 

something he says gets under our skin. 

What Morton Said

{¶ 73} Morton filed a jurisdictional memorandum asking this court to hear 

a property-tax case. The gist of his argument was that a previous decision of this 

court, Moskowitz v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Revision, 150 Ohio St.3d 69, 2017-Ohio4002, 78 N.E.3d 870, had been wrongly decided. In Morton’s view, the Moskowitz

court had incorrectly placed the burden on the taxpayer to show that the value 

assigned to a property by a county’s fiscal office was incorrect. 

{¶ 74} In support of this claim, Morton analyzed the caselaw cited in 

Moskowitz and argued that this authority did not support the legal conclusion 

reached by the court. In addition to presenting his legal argument as to why 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

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Moskowitz was wrongly decided, Morton speculated as to the reasons for the court’s 

purported error. And here is where he got himself into hot water. 

{¶ 75} Morton (correctly) took note of the fact that the Moskowitz case took 

an extraordinarily long time for this court to decide. He pointed out that the case 

had been argued before one of this court’s master commissioners on December 3, 

2015, but that no decision was issued until May 30, 2017. He also noted that the 

delay meant that two new justices (including the undersigned) replaced two justices 

who had retired while the case was pending. Morton reviewed decisions authored 

by the justices who had been replaced and asserted that they likely would have been 

more favorable to his client’s position than their replacements. 

{¶ 76} Morton blamed the chief justice for the delay in deciding Moskowitz, 

saying that “it would not have been tolerated without her approval.” And he 

speculated that the motivation behind the decision in Moskowitz was to advance 

Justice French’s future leadership of the court. Morton then critiqued several 

opinions authored by Justice French, including Akron City School Dist. Bd. of Edn. 

v. Summit Cty. Bd. of Revision, 139 Ohio St.3d 92, 2014-Ohio-1588, 9 N.E.3d 1004 

(French, J., dissenting), and Schwartz v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Revision, 143 Ohio 

St.3d 496, 2015-Ohio-3431, 39 N.E.3d 1223 (French, J., dissenting), and he 

concluded that Justice French had “persistently and incorrectly maintained that this 

Court should defer” to taxing authorities. Noting that Justice Kennedy had joined 

Justice French’s dissent in Schwartz, Morton opined that “Justices French and 

Kennedy thereby showed a willingness to favor the government, at the expense of 

the taxpayer and the Constitution, no matter how unreasonable the government’s 

view of the true value of the subject property.” 

{¶ 77} He summed it all up with some strong claims: the “political goal of 

the Moskowitz Court was to maximize government revenue, at the expense of the 

taxpayer, and his or her Constitutional right to limited taxation” and “the political 
January Term, 2021 

35 

agenda of the Moskowitz Court was the promotion of the leadership of Justice 

French on this Court.” 

{¶ 78} What Morton said wasn’t very respectful. One can certainly 

disagree with his analysis of the cases cited in his brief. And some of what he said 

was based on some fairly wild speculation. But I am not convinced that it is 

grounds for a suspension from the practice of law. 

Punishing Attorney Criticism of Judges

{¶ 79} Judges don’t like to be criticized. (Indeed, who does?) But judges 

are public officials. And if the First Amendment protects anything, it protects the 

right of citizens to criticize their government. 

{¶ 80} The United States Supreme Court has recognized that judges don’t 

have a special dispensation to punish attorney speech they dislike; instead, “[t]he 

law gives ‘[judges] as persons, or courts as institutions * * * no greater immunity 

from criticism than other persons or institutions.’ ” (Ellipsis in original.) Landmark 

Communications, Inc. v. Virginia, 435 U.S. 829, 839, 98 S.Ct. 1535, 56 L.Ed.2d 1 

(1978), quoting Bridges v. California, 314 U.S. 252, 289, 62 S.Ct. 190, 86 L.Ed. 

192 (1941) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting); see also Garrison v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 

64, 85 S.Ct. 209, 13 L.Ed.2d 125 (1964). 

{¶ 81} In Garrison, the Supreme Court held that the actual-malice standard 

first adopted in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 270, 84 S.Ct. 710, 

11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964), applied to attorney speech critical of the judiciary. Speech 

directed at official conduct, the court explained, was the “essence of selfgovernment.” Garrison at 75. And the commitment to wide-open debate about 

public issues embodied in the First and Fourteenth Amendments protected 

“vehement, caustic, and sometimes unpleasantly sharp attacks on government and 

public officials.” Id., quoting New York Times v. Sullivan at 270. Though Garrison

arose out of a criminal prosecution, there is nothing in the opinion that limits its 

reach to that context. To the contrary, its holding that the judiciary may not stifle 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

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unflattering speech to protect its reputation applies with the same force to attorneydiscipline proceedings. 

{¶ 82} Thus, it should not be a surprise that our Rules of Professional 

Conduct adopt the New York Times v. Sullivan standard. Prof.Cond.R. 8.2(a) 

provides: “A lawyer shall not make a statement that the lawyer knows to be false 

or with reckless disregard as to its truth or falsity concerning the qualifications or 

integrity of a judicial officer * * *.” This echoes almost precisely the holding of 

New York Times v. Sullivan: a statement is made with actual malice when it is made 

“with knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of whether it was false 

or not.” Id. at 280. 

{¶ 83} In adopting the New York Times v. Sullivan standard, this court 

followed the lead of the American Bar Association (“ABA”). Model Rule 8.2 of 

the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct 8.2 says that “[a] lawyer shall not 

make a statement that the lawyer knows to be false or with reckless disregard to its 

truth or falsity concerning the qualifications or integrity of a judge.” ABA, Model 

Rules of Professional Conduct, Rule 8.2 (1993). Not only does the ABA rule recite 

the actual-malice standard, but in the background to the rule, its drafters explicitly 

stated that false statements about judges are held to the same standards as those 

concerning other public officials. See Model Rules of Professional Conduct, 

Proposed Final Draft, 206 (1981). 

{¶ 84} Despite explicitly adopting the actual-malice standard, we have 

drifted away from the application of that standard in our Prof.Cond.R. 8.2 

jurisprudence. Under New York Times v. Sullivan, a subjective standard applies to 

measure whether a false statement is made with knowledge of or with reckless 

disregard for its falsity. We have held, however, that a “reasonable attorney” 

standard—or objective-malice standard—applies to determine whether a statement 

is made with knowledge of or reckless disregard for its falsity. Disciplinary 

Counsel v. Gardner, 99 Ohio St.3d 416, 2003-Ohio-4048, 793 N.E.2d 425. 
January Term, 2021 

37 

{¶ 85} As the other dissenting opinion demonstrates, this objective-malice 

standard is incompatible not only with the text of Prof.Cond.R. 8.2(a) but also with 

the First Amendment. See Garrison, 379 U.S. 64, 85 S.Ct. 209, 13 L.Ed.2d 125. 

And there is equally good reason to think that such a standard runs afoul of the Ohio 

Constitution. See Ohio Constitution, Article I, Section 11 (“Every citizen may 

freely speak, write, and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for 

the abuse of the right; and no law shall be passed to restrain or abridge the liberty 

of speech * * *”). I agree with the other dissenting justice that we should overrule 

Gardner and its objective standard. But even under the objective standard, it is 

clear that Morton may not be sanctioned for his comments. 

Even Under the Majority’s Objective-Malice Standard, Morton is Not Subject to 

Discipline 

{¶ 86} Though I agree that we should return to an actual-malice standard 

for attorney-discipline cases, it is not necessary that we do so to find that Morton’s 

speech is constitutionally protected. The malice standard deals with a speaker’s 

knowledge or recklessness in making a false statement. New York Times v. 

Sullivan, 376 U.S. at 280, 84 S.Ct. 710, 11 L.Ed.2d 686. Here, though, there has 

been no showing that Morton’s statements are false. Moreover, as I will explain, 

his statements are best understood as statements of opinion based on fully disclosed 

facts. And regardless of whether we apply an actual-malice standard or the 

majority’s objective-malice standard, such statements are entitled to constitutional 

protection. 

{¶ 87} The fact that some courts have found it appropriate to apply an 

objective-malice standard for attorney criticism of judges doesn’t mean that other 

First Amendment protections do not apply. Standing Commt. on Discipline of the 

United States Dist. Court for the Cent. Dist. of California v. Yagman, 55 F.3d 1430, 

1438 (9th Cir.1995); Berry v. Schmitt, 688 F.3d 290, 302-303 (6th Cir.2012). Thus, 

“attorneys may be sanctioned for impugning the integrity of a judge or the court 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

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only if their statements are false; truth is an absolute defense.” Yagman at 1438,

citing Garrison, 379 U.S. at 74, 85 S.Ct. 209, 13 L.Ed.2d 125; accord Berry, 688 

F.3d at 303; Iowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary Bd. v. Weaver, 750 N.W.2d 

71, 81 (Iowa 2008); State ex rel. Oklahoma Bar Assn. v. Porter, 766 P.2d 958, 969 

(Okla.1988). As the Supreme Court explained in Garrison at 74, “Truth may not 

be the subject of either civil or criminal sanctions where discussion of public affairs 

is concerned.” 

{¶ 88} Further, disciplinary counsel bears the burden of proving falsity. 

See Yagman at 1438; Philadelphia Newspapers, Inc. v. Hepps, 475 U.S. 767, 776-

777, 106 S.Ct. 1558, 89 L.Ed.2d 783 (1986); see also Disciplinary Counsel v. 

Squire, 130 Ohio St.3d 368, 2011-Ohio-5578, 958 N.E.2d 914, ¶ 34 (“In attorney 

disciplinary proceedings, relator bears the burden of proving, by clear and 

convincing evidence, the facts necessary to establish a violation of a Disciplinary 

Rule”). 

{¶ 89} Here, nothing that Morton said was demonstrably false. This court 

doesn’t explain why some cases take longer to decide than others—and it certainly 

offered no explanation for the delay in issuing the Moskowitz decision. So, we can’t 

proclaim his theory for the delay to be false. And while we may bristle at Morton’s 

characterization of our motivations as “political,” there is nothing that objectively 

disproves the characterization. Indeed, the majority offers its own possible cause 

of the delay (record numbers of tax appeals in the three to four years before the 

decision in Moskowitz was issued) but presents no more proof for its explanation 

than does Morton. 

{¶ 90} Moreover, Morton didn’t just make accusations. He explained the 

basis for them. He rooted his assertion that the process was being manipulated for 

political ends and to foster Justice French’s leadership in this court’s extended delay 

in deciding the Moskowitz case. And he cited judicial opinions—complete with 
January Term, 2021 

39 

case citations—to support his opinion that the named justices favored “the 

government, at the expense of the taxpayer and the Constitution.” 

{¶ 91} Morton’s assertions are best understood not as false statements but 

rather as statements of opinion based on fully disclosed facts. See In re Green, 11 

P.3d 1078 (Colo.2000). And these types of statements are widely understood to be 

entitled to constitutional protection. See, e.g., Berry, 688 F.3d at 303-305; 

Biospherics, Inc. v. Forbes, Inc., 151 F.3d 180, 185 (4th Cir.1998). 

{¶ 92} The Colorado Supreme Court’s decision in In re Green illustrates 

this point. There, in the course of an ongoing proceeding, an attorney wrote several 

letters to the judge with copies to opposing counsel and filed a motion to recuse the 

judge. In these writings, the attorney leveled a number of charges at the judge, 

including labeling him as a “racist and bigot” and accusing him of an unfavorable 

“bent of mind.” Green at 1082. The Colorado high court concluded that because 

the attorney’s writings “disclose[d] fully the facts upon which [the attorney] based 

his opinion,” they could not be actionable. Id. at 1085. “We view Green’s 

statements * * * as statements of opinion based on fully disclosed and uncontested 

facts,” the court explained. Id. at 1086. Accordingly, the court could not, 

“consistent with the First Amendment,” discipline the attorney “for his subjective 

opinions, irrespective of our disagreement with them.” Id. And because the 

accusations constituted statements of opinion, the court found it unnecessary to 

reach the issue of malice. 

{¶ 93} Of a similar ilk is the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Yagman, 55 F.3d 

1430. There, the court explained that under the First Amendment, “[a] statement 

of opinion based on fully disclosed facts can be punished only if the stated facts are 

themselves false and demeaning.” Id. at 1439. The rationale is straightforward: 

“When the facts underlying a statement of opinion are disclosed, readers will 

understand they are getting the author’s interpretation of the facts presented; they 

are therefore unlikely to construe the statement as insinuating the existence of 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

 40 

additional, undisclosed facts.” Id. Such a statement “ ‘reveals its lack of merit’ ” 

and “ ‘readers are free to accept or reject the author’s opinion based on their own 

independent evaluation of the facts.’ ” Id., quoting Redco Corp. v. CBS, Inc., 758 

F.2d 970, 972 (3d Cir.1985). 

{¶ 94} Thus, in Yagman, the Ninth Circuit found that even under the 

objective-malice standard applied by the majority today, an attorney could not be 

sanctioned for calling a judge anti-Semitic and accusing the judge of having a 

penchant for sanctioning Jewish attorneys, because the attorney disclosed the facts 

upon which he drew these inferences. Id. at 1440. 

{¶ 95} Similarly, the Sixth Circuit has adopted the objective-malice 

standard for attorney speech, but it too has found that an opinion based on fully 

disclosed facts cannot constitutionally form a basis for attorney discipline. Berry, 

688 F.3d at 303. Thus, the court held that Kentucky officials strayed beyond 

constitutional boundaries when they disciplined an attorney under that state’s 

version of Prof.Cond.R. 8.2(a) for criticizing an investigation conducted by an 

adjudicatory body. Because the attorney “provided the public with the facts upon 

which his opinion relied,” the public was “free to investigate * * * and draw its own 

conclusions.” Id. at 304. 

{¶ 96} The same holds true for Morton. Morton didn’t pretend that he had 

some secret information about the inner workings of the court and the motivations 

of individual justices. He laid out the facts supporting his premises for all to see. 

Thus, a reader of Morton’s jurisdictional memorandum would have seen not only 

Morton’s conclusions but also the thin reed on which they rested. The reader could 

decide for himself whether the delay in issuing the Moskowitz opinion demonstrated 

that the court’s motivations were political. And the reader could read the opinions 

cited by Morton and determine if they, in fact, supported his assertion that the 

named justices favored “the government, at the expense of the taxpayer and the 

Constitution.” 
January Term, 2021 

41 

{¶ 97} Morton has not been shown to have made any false statements. And 

he fully disclosed the facts upon which his opinions about this court were based. 

Thus, the First Amendment precludes this court from disciplining Morton for what 

he said about this court. 

To What End? 

{¶ 98} In disciplining Morton, the majority runs roughshod on First 

Amendment protections, and for what? The closest the majority comes to providing 

any justification for the punishment it metes out are vague references to the need to 

protect the integrity of the judiciary. But even if such a concern were sufficient to 

override First Amendment protections (it’s not, see Garrison), it is hard to see how 

punishing Morton does anything to advance that aim. 

{¶ 99} Morton made his claims in a single filing to this court. No member 

of the public voiced any concern—indeed, this case presents the unusual situation 

in which a disciplinary committee filed a complaint on its own initiative without 

any grievance being filed. But for the filing of the disciplinary complaint, Morton’s 

musings would have been largely unheard. Notwithstanding the majority’s concern 

that Morton’s filing is “readily accessible to the public on this court’s online 

docket,” majority opinion at ¶ 35, it’s difficult to imagine that many members of 

the public would have made their way to his filing. Most likely, the only people 

who would have read Morton’s charges would have been members of this court, 

our staff, and opposing counsel. The only reason that Morton’s grievances will get 

any public attention at all is because the disciplinary committee chose to go after 

him and because this court chooses to punish him. 

{¶ 100} So, the reason to discipline Morton can’t be because he has 

somehow caused public harm to the reputation of the judiciary. And one has to 

assume that the motivation to discipline Morton isn’t simply hurt feelings among 

members of this court. Rather, it must be because the majority wants to prevent 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

 42 

future Mortons from leveling similar attacks on this court. And therein lies the 

biggest problem with the majority’s decision today. 

{¶ 101} Our system of government is premised on the idea that citizens will 

serve as a check on the institutions of government. To this end, a “major purpose” 

of the First Amendment is to “protect the free discussion of governmental affairs.” 

Mills v. Alabama, 384 U.S. 214, 218, 86 S.Ct. 1434, 16 L.Ed.2d 484 (1966). And, 

of course, “the operations of the courts and the judicial conduct of judges are 

matters of utmost public concern.” Landmark Communications, Inc., 435 U.S. at 

839, 98 S.Ct. 1535, 56 L.Ed.2d 1. 

{¶ 102} The notion advanced by the majority today that it is appropriate to 

stifle speech to protect the public reputation of the judiciary has been emphatically 

rejected by the United States Supreme Court: 

The assumption that respect for the judiciary can be won by 

shielding judges from published criticism wrongly appraises the

character of American public opinion. For it is a prized American 

privilege to speak one’s mind, although not always with perfect

good taste, on all public institutions. And an enforced silence, 

however limited, solely in the name of preserving the dignity of the 

bench, would probably engender resentment, suspicion, and 

contempt much more than it would enhance respect. 

(Footnote omitted.) Bridges, 314 U.S. at 270-271, 62 S.Ct. 190, 86 L.Ed. 192. 

Thus, the Supreme Court has made clear that “speech cannot be punished * * * ‘to 

protect the court as a mystical entity or the judges as individuals or as anointed 

priests set apart from the community and spared the criticism to which in a 

democracy other public servants are exposed.’ ” Landmark at 842, quoting Bridges 

at 292 (Frankfurter, J., dissenting). 
January Term, 2021 

43 

{¶ 103} No doubt, by disciplining Morton and others who disparage this 

court, the majority will make other attorneys think twice before they criticize us. 

What attorney wants to risk his very livelihood by saying something to which this 

court takes umbrage? 

{¶ 104} Stifling attorney criticism comes at a high cost. Attorneys, by 

virtue of their education, training, and experience with the judicial branch, are in 

the best position to “recognize, understand, and articulate problems with the 

judiciary” and “to comment on the judiciary and judicial qualifications.” 

Tarkington, The Truth Be Damned: The First Amendment, Attorney Speech, and 

Judicial Reputation, 97 Geo.L.J. 1567, 1601. This is precisely the information that 

the public needs “to make informed decisions about the judiciary, to fulfill the selfgoverning role, and check judicial abuses.” Id.

{¶ 105} Today’s decision will make attorneys hesitant to assert opinions 

critical of the court. Not just attorneys like Morton whose assertions some may 

consider outlandish, but also the more cautious and the more insightful. By chilling 

attorney criticism of the judiciary, we “forestall[] the public’s access to the thoughts 

of the very class of people in daily contact with the judicial system” and “shield the 

judiciary” from those best situated “to advance knowledgeable criticism.” Porter, 

766 P.2d at 968. That’s not good for self-government. And it’s not consistent with 

the commitment to robust debate that is central to our First Amendment. 

Conclusion 

{¶ 106} In disciplining Morton, the majority ostensibly acts to protect the 

public reputation of this court. But by placing concerns for its own reputation ahead 

of the constitutional principles we have sworn to uphold, the majority damages this 

institution in ways far more profound than any harm done by Morton. I dissent. 

_________________ 

Thompson Hine, L.L.P., Frank R. DeSantis, and Karen E. Rubin; and 

Heather M. Zirke and Christopher J. Klasa, Bar Counsel, for relator. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

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J. Alex Morton, pro se. 

_________________