[Cite as State v. Hartnady, 2021-Ohio-1914.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS 

TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO 

CLERMONT COUNTY 

STATE OF OHIO, 

 Appellee, 

 - vs - 

JEFFREY A. HARTNADY, 

 Appellant. 

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CASE NO. CA2020-07-040 

O P I N I O N 

6/7/2021 

CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM CLERMONT COUNTY MUNICIPAL COURT 

Case No. 2019 CRB 4486A 

Mark J. Tekulve, Clermont County Prosecuting Attorney, Nicholas Horton, 76 South 

Riverside Drive, 2nd Floor, Batavia, Ohio 45103, for appellee 

Michela Huth, P.O. Box 17, Bolivar, Ohio 44612, for appellant 

 PIPER, P.J. 

{¶1} Appellant, Jeffrey Hartnady, appeals his convictions in the Clermont County 

Municipal Court for five counts of cruelty to animals. 

{¶2} The Clermont County Dog Warden, who is also a humane agent, began an 

investigation after receiving a complaint that animals housed on Hartnady's property were 

not being cared for properly. Specifically, the complaint alleged that the animals were 
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lacking appropriate food, water, and shelter. The agent went to Hartnady's property where 

she observed two pigs with inadequate shelter and no food or water. The temperature that 

day was in the mid-nineties. 

{¶3} The agent further observed several donkeys and horses that were emaciated 

with bones showing through the skin. Some animals had matted hair and others had 

excessively long hooves. The confined animals had no food and the only water to drink 

was contaminated with leaves and algae. Hay located elsewhere on the property was 

covered with mildew and was unsafe to use as feed. 

{¶4} After securing a search warrant, the agent returned to the property with 

several officers. A humane agency volunteer accompanied the officers to aid in removing 

and rehousing the animals. The volunteer accepted several of the animals including the 

donkeys and horse. With time and proper care, the animals have shown significant 

improvement in their physical condition and responded positively to proper care. 

{¶5} The agent filed 13 charges of animal cruelty based on her observations. 

Hartnady pled not guilty to all counts and the matter proceeded to a bench trial. Before the 

trial began, the state dismissed seven of the 13 charges, but proceeded on six of the 

charges specific to the two pigs, three donkeys, and a miniature horse. 

{¶6} The trial court found Hartnady guilty on five of the six counts and sentenced 

him to a total of 180 days in jail, which the court suspended. The court also placed Hartnady 

on two years of community control and ordered that he not possess any livestock. The 

court also ordered forfeiture of the animals that had been confiscated. Hartnady now 

appeals his convictions, raising the following assignments of error. Because the two 

assignments of error are interrelated, we will address them together. 

{¶7} Assignment of Error No. 1: 

{¶8} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ENTERING A FINDING OF GUILTY ON 
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CHARGE H (BLACK POT BELLY PIG) AND CHARGE I (PINK POT BELLY PIG) BECAUSE 

THOSE CONVICTIONS WERE NOT SUPPORTED BY SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE. 

{¶9} Assignment of Error No. 2: 

{¶10} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ENTERING A FINDING OF GUILTY ON 

CHARGE A ("DONKEY WITH EXCESSIVELY LONG HOOVES"), CHARGE C ("SMALL 

DONKEY WITH MATTED COAT"), AND CHARGE L ("EMACIATED PONY/MINI HORSE) 

BECAUSE THOSE CONVICTIONS WERE NOT SUPPORTED BY SUFFICIENT 

EVIDENCE. 

{¶11} Hartnady challenges his convictions for lack of sufficient evidence. 

{¶12} When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence underlying a criminal 

conviction, an appellate court examines the evidence to determine whether such evidence, 

if believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable 

doubt. State v. Intihar, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2015-05-046, 2015-Ohio-5507. The 

relevant inquiry is "whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the 

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime 

proven beyond a reasonable doubt." State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259 (1991), paragraph 

two of the syllabus. "When evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence, this court defers to 

the trier of fact regarding questions of credibility." State v. Kirkland, 140 Ohio St.3d 73, 

2014-Ohio-1966, ¶ 132. 

{¶13} Regarding the pigs, Hartnady was convicted of cruelty to animals pursuant to 

R.C. 959.13(A)(2), which provides that no person shall: 

impound or confine an animal without affording it, during such 

confinement, access to shelter from wind, rain, snow, or 

excessive direct sunlight if it can reasonably be expected that

the animals would otherwise become sick or in some other way 

suffer. * * * For the purpose of this section, shelter means a

man-made enclosure, windbreak, sunshade, or natural 

windbreak or sunshade that is developed from the earth’s 
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contour, tree development, or vegetation. 

{¶14} Regarding the equine animals (horse and donkeys), Hartnady was convicted 

of cruelty to animals pursuant to R.C. 959.13(A)(1), which provides that no person shall 

"torture an animal, deprive one of necessary sustenance, unnecessarily or cruelly beat, 

needlessly mutilate or kill, or impound or confine an animal without supplying it during such 

confinement with a sufficient quantity of good wholesome food and water." 

{¶15} The culpability required to support a violation of R.C. 959.13 is recklessness. 

State v. Morgan, 12th Dist. Butler Nos. CA2013-08-146 and CA2013-08-147, 2014-Ohio2472, ¶ 20. As defined by R.C. 2901.22(C), a person acts recklessly "when, with heedless 

indifference to the consequences, he perversely disregards a known risk that his conduct 

is likely to cause a certain result or is likely to be of a certain nature." 

{¶16} After reviewing the record and construing the evidence in a light most 

favorable to the prosecution, we find that Hartnady's convictions are supported by sufficient 

evidence. 

{¶17} The state presented testimony from the county humane agent who 

investigated the allegations against Hartnady. The agent testified that she had worked with 

animals for approximately 25 years in various ways including as a groomer, kennel 

technician, and veterinary assistant. As a humane agent, the agent was also trained 

through the Ohio Police Officers Training Academy. 

{¶18} The agent testified she received a complaint that animals in Hartnady's care 

were not being properly fed, watered, or sheltered. On the day the agent went to Hartnady's 

property, it was sunny and between 93-95 degrees. The agent observed two pigs, each in 

its own pen but adjacent to one another. The agent testified that neither pig had food nor 

water in its pen and that the pigs did not have shelter from rain or excessive sunlight. The 

agent testified as to why pigs must have access to food and water. Her testimony explained 
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that pigs need protection from the sun because they are hairless animals that easily "get 

sunburned, they can succumb to heat exhaustion, dehydration," and that "there are many 

things that can happen if there's no shelter from the elements." 

{¶19} The agent testified that the shelter provided for the black pig was inadequate 

because its dilapidated roof was insufficient to protect the pig from the sun and that the 

doghouse provided for the pink pig was not adequate shelter for that pig because it was not 

large enough to accommodate the pig. While a photograph taken by the agent showed 

limited shade for one pig, the agent testified that the photograph was taken in the later 

afternoon, around 4:00 p.m., rather than when the sun was at the apex of its day arc with 

minimum shade protection from the heat. 

{¶20} The agent further testified that she observed horses and donkeys on the same 

property, within the same enclosure. The agent testified that the horses and donkeys were 

not provided food and that their water was "green and full of leaves and algae." The agent 

explained that leaves in water can decompose and become "toxic," while the algae can 

attract parasites leaving the water unhealthy to drink. 

{¶21} While the agent observed some hay bales near the enclosure, she testified 

that the hay was covered in mildew and that there was no grass within the enclosure on 

which the horses and donkeys could graze. The agent testified that even if the horses and 

donkeys had access to the mildewed hay, it would be an unhealthy food source because 

mildew can cause problems in the animals' digestive system and health issues such as 

colic. 

{¶22} The agent testified that one of the miniature horses was "very emaciated" and 

that she could see the horse's spine and ribs. According to the agent's observations, the 

horse was also "listless." Regarding the donkeys, the agent testified that one was thin and 

unkempt, and had matted fur. The agent observed one donkey approach the leaf and algae 
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filled water and turn away rather than drink it. She also observed a donkey with overgrown 

hooves, which she testified is "extremely painful" for the animal. She testified that 

overgrown hooves could cause injury to the donkey's tendons and cause other "life long 

problems." 

{¶23} The state then presented testimony from an expert in equine veterinarian 

medicine who works at an equine-exclusive veterinary practice that treats horses, donkeys, 

miniature horses, and zebras. The veterinarian testified that she examined the equine 

animals taken from Hartnady's property. The examination performed included assigning a 

body score between one and nine as established by the American Association of Equine 

Veterinary practitioners. The veterinarian testified that an ideal body score is between four 

and five. 

{¶24} The veterinarian testified that the miniature horse had a body condition score 

of 1.5 out of nine and that it suffered from "severe muscle loss diffusely as well as all ribs 

were visible and there was no muscle on the hind quarters." The veterinarian explained 

that severe muscle loss diffusely means that the muscle loss was located "throughout the 

horse's entire body rather than it being allocated to one particular area" and that such 

diffusion is "almost always due to malnutrition of some sort." The same horse had a grade 

4 (out of 5) heart murmur associated with "severe malnutrition." The horse also suffered 

from moderately overgrown feet and a mild skin irritation over its back due to exposure to 

the elements and an inability to seek proper shelter. The horse was small in stature, which 

the veterinarian attributed to "chronic malnutrition resulting in stunting of her growth." 

{¶25} The veterinarian also testified that a small donkey also scored a 1.5 out of 

nine for body condition and suffered from muscle loss over his "top line in particular, his 

spine as well as his scapula, so his shoulder blades were easily visible and palpable." The 

donkey's hooves were moderately overgrown and he had "significant matted fur throughout 
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his entire body as well as moderate skin irritation due to that matted fur not allowing for 

proper oxygenation of the skin." 

{¶26} The veterinarian testified that a score of 1.5 body condition would require 

several weeks or months of improper care. Such unhealthy conditions as observed would 

require time to occur. 

{¶27} The veterinarian also testified about a miniature donkey who had a body 

condition score of 3.5. This donkey had "significant muscle loss over her top line as well 

as a pot belly indicating likely a parasite burden," as well as a grade 2 heart murmur. The 

veterinarian determined that this donkey was malnourished and required care for overgrown 

hooves. 

{¶28} The veterinarian testified that horses and donkeys require constant access to 

clean water and food and that illness can occur from inadequate water supplies. She further 

testified that the animals need access to water free from debris and other contaminants 

such as algae. Furthermore, both donkeys and horses need access to food because they 

lack gall bladders and an inability to store bile. Thus, as a veterinarian, she recommends 

that horses and donkeys have "constant access to food and grazing, whether that be hay 

at all times or grass at all times." When asked whether mildewed hay would provide 

sufficient sustenance, she testified that it would not because it could cause "severe 

diseases that can be deadly. In particular in hay that is moldy we see presence of 

clostridium botulinum toxin which will kill the horse, even when treated it's almost always 

fatal." 

{¶29} The state next presented testimony from the humane agency volunteer who 

cared for the animals. The volunteer, who is a retired police officer and retired Ohio 

Department of Natural Resources officer, testified that he has experience in rehabilitating 

animals and has been a longtime volunteer for the humane agency. He has worked 
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extensively with abandoned and neglected animals. The volunteer testified to the lack of 

food and clean water on the day he picked up the animals. He also looked for wet spots in 

the pigs' area where they could cool themselves, but found none despite the temperatures 

that week, which were averaging in the nineties. 

{¶30} The volunteer also testified that when he first observed the miniature horse, 

its hair had not been cared for, it showed evidence of being dirty and matted, and that its 

backbone "stuck out of his body about an inch, hip bones were sticking out, ribs were 

sticking out and the attitude of the animal was poor." When asked to further explain the 

horse's attitude, he testified that the horse had "no enthusiasm" and "no spirit." 

{¶31} The volunteer further testified that the donkey was "extremely covered" in 

matted clumps of hair and looked like it had not been "fed anything." However, since the 

animals have been in his care, they have significantly improved in both body and spirit. 

Specifically, the animals have gained weight and have learned to trust him over time. 

{¶32} After viewing this evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, we 

find the evidence sufficient for each of Hartnady's convictions. While Hartnady argues that 

the trial court's findings of guilt were based upon impermissible inference stacking, we 

disagree. Instead, the state offered evidence through witness testimony that the pigs were 

denied necessary shelter to protect them from the sun. The trial court found credible the 

agent's testimony that one shelter was inadequate because of its size and one was 

inadequate because of its dilapidated roof. The testimony indicated that the pigs needed 

shelter from the sun because as hairless animals they are prone to dehydration, sunburn, 

and heat exhaustion. 

{¶33} Hartnady's argument that the pigs suffered no actual harm due to lack of 

adequate shelter is meritless. The statute does not require the state to prove actual harm

to an animal. The evidence in this case established that Hartnady acted recklessly in 
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confining the pigs in such a manner that they lacked adequate shelter from the sun and 

other elements. Moreover, the state's witnesses testified to the danger that sun exposure 

poses hairless animals such that it can "reasonably be expected" that the pigs would 

"become sick or in some other way suffer" from the lack of shelter required by R.C. 

959.13(A)(2). 

{¶34} Regarding the horses and donkeys, Hartnady testified in his own defense that 

he provided adequate food and water. However, the trial court found the state's witnesses 

to be more credible when they testified to the poor conditions that jeopardized the animals' 

well-being and resulted in harmful physical consequences. 

{¶35} On appeal, Hartnady claims that the trial court engaged in impermissible 

inference stacking to connect the malnourishment of each animal to the lack of food and 

water at the time of the agent's investigation. However, the veterinarian testified that in her 

expert opinion, the animals were malnourished over time and that horses and donkeys 

require a constant food and water source. The evidence deduced at trial, not improper 

inference stacking, proves beyond a reasonable doubt that Hartnady confined the equine 

animals without supplying "a sufficient quantity of good wholesome food and water" as is 

required by the statute. 

{¶36} After a full review of the record and after taking into consideration each of 

Hartnady's arguments on appeal, we find that any rational trier of fact could have found the 

essential elements of cruelty to animals proven beyond a reasonable doubt. As such, 

Hartnady's two assignments of error are overruled. 

{¶37} Judgement affirmed. 

 

 S. POWELL and M. POWELL, JJ., concur.