[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 17-11476

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket Nos. 0:08-cr-60309-KAM-1; 0:16-cv-61499-KAM

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff - Appellant, 

versus

DONALD DUHART, 

 Defendant - Appellee.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

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(February 7, 2020)

Before MARTIN, JILL PRYOR, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

ON REMAND FROM THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES

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MARTIN, Circuit Judge: 

In United States v. Duhart, 752 F. App’x 954 (11th Cir. 2019) (per curiam) 

(unpublished), this panel reversed the district court’s decision granting Donald 

Duhart’s motion to vacate his conviction for using and carrying a firearm during a 

crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)–(2). Id. at 956. The 

Supreme Court vacated our judgment and remanded the case to us for further 

consideration in light of its decision in United States v. Davis, 588 U.S. ___, 139 S. 

Ct. 2319 (2019), which struck down § 924(c)’s residual clause as 

unconstitutionally vague, id. at 2336. See Duhart v. United States, 140 S. Ct. 100

(2019). On remand, and in light of this Court’s decision in Brown v. United States, 

942 F.3d 1069 (11th Cir. 2019), Mr. Duhart’s conviction under § 924(c) cannot 

stand. We therefore affirm the District Court’s decision vacating Mr. Duhart’s 

conviction under § 924(c) and remand with directions to resentence him on an 

expedited basis.

I.

A federal grand jury indicted Mr. Duhart and his co-conspirators with 

various drug, firearm, and robbery offenses. The indictment specifically charged

Mr. Duhart with conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery, in violation of 18 

U.S.C. § 1951(a) (Count 1); conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute five 

kilograms or more of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846 and § 841(b)(1)(A) 

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(Count 2); using and carrying a firearm during a crime of violence and in relation 

to a drug trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)–(2) (Count 3); 

conspiracy to use and carry a firearm during and relation to a crime of violence, in 

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(o) (Count 6); and being a felon in possession of a 

firearm or ammunition, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) (Count 7). With respect 

to Mr. Duhart’s § 924(c) charge in Count 3, the indictment specified that (1) the 

predicate “crime of violence” was conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery as 

charged in Count 1; and (2) the predicate “drug trafficking crime” was conspiracy 

to possess with intent to distribute five kilograms or more of cocaine as charged in 

Count 2.

Mr. Duhart entered an agreement to plead guilty to Counts 1 and 3. Unlike

the indictment, which stated that Count 3 was predicated on the offenses charged 

in Counts 1 and 2, his plea agreement indicated that Count 3 was predicated solely

on the “crime of violence” charged in Count 1, namely conspiracy to commit 

Hobbs Act robbery. During Mr. Duhart’s plea colloquy, the District Court 

explained that the version of Count 3 to which Duhart pled guilty “alleges that [he] 

knowingly used and carried a firearm . . . in relation to a crime of violence and 

that’s a violation of [18 U.S.C. § 1951(a)].” At no point during Mr. Duhart’s plea 

colloquy did the court otherwise indicate that Count 3 was predicated on a drug 

trafficking crime.

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The District Court accepted Mr. Duhart’s guilty plea and sentenced him to 

87-months imprisonment on the conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery

conviction together with a consecutive 60-months imprisonment on the § 924(c) 

conviction. His convictions and sentence were affirmed on direct appeal. United 

States v. Duhart, 379 F. App’x 814, *1 (11th Cir. 2010) (per curiam) 

(unpublished). Mr. Duhart later filed a motion for post-conviction relief under 28 

U.S.C. § 2255, which was unsuccessful in District Court and on appeal. Duhart v. 

United States, 556 F. App’x 897, 899–90 (11th Cir. 2014) (per curiam) 

(unpublished). 

With this Court’s authorization, Mr. Duhart filed a second § 2255 motion. 

In it, he argued that the Supreme Court’s decision in Johnson v. United States, 576 

U.S. __, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015), rendered his § 924(c) conviction invalid. In

Johnson, the Supreme Court struck down the residual clause in the Armed Career 

Criminal Act (“ACCA”), 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii), as unconstitutionally vague. 

135 S. Ct. at 2563. That clause defined “violent felonies” as those “involv[ing]

conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.” 18 

U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B). Similar to the ACCA, § 924(c) also contains a residual 

clause, which defines a “crime of violence” as a felony that “by its nature, involves 

a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of another may 

be used in the course of committing the offense.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(B). Mr. 

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Duhart argued that Johnson, by holding the ACCA’s residual clause was 

unconstitutionally vague, also invalidated § 924(c)’s residual clause.

Separate from § 924(c)(3)’s residual clause is its elements clause, which 

defines “crime of violence” as a felony that “has as an element the use, attempted 

use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of another.” 

Id. § 924(c)(3)(A). Mr. Duhart also argued that conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act 

robbery did not qualify as a crime of violence under § 924(c)(3)’s elements clause

because conspiracy does not require an overt act toward the commission of 

substantive Hobbs Act robbery. According to Mr. Duhart, because Johnson

invalidated § 924(c)(3)’s residual clause, and because conspiracy to commit Hobbs 

Act robbery was not otherwise a “crime of violence” under § 924(c)(3)’s elements 

clause, Count 3 could not stand. 

The District Court agreed with Mr. Duhart and vacated his § 924(c) 

conviction. The government appealed, arguing (1) that the District Court was 

without jurisdiction over Mr. Duhart’s second § 2255 motion; and (2) Johnson did 

not invalidate § 924(c)(3)’s residual clause. We held the District Court properly 

exercised jurisdiction over Mr. Duhart’s second § 2255 motion, but reversed in 

light of our decision in In re Garrett, 908 F.3d 686 (11th Cir. 2018), which held 

that Johnson did not invalidate § 924(c)(3)’s residual clause. See Duhart, 752 F. 

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App’x at 956 (citing Garrett, 908 F.3d at 689). Mr. Duhart petitioned the Supreme 

Court for certiorari.

II.

Several months later the Supreme Court issued its decision in Davis, which

struck down § 924(c)(3)’s residual clause as unconstitutionally vague. 139 S. Ct. 

at 2336. While our court has held that Davis announced a new rule of 

constitutional law retroactive to cases on collateral review, see In re Hammoud, 

931 F.3d 1032, 1037–38 (11th Cir. 2019), we have also recognized two important 

limitations to Davis’s scope. First, Davis addressed only the constitutionality of 

§ 924(c) convictions predicated on crimes of violence, while leaving undisturbed 

§ 924(c) convictions predicated on drug trafficking crimes. See In re Navarro, 931 

F.3d 1298, 1302 (11th Cir. 2019) (per curiam) (holding that § 924(c) convictions

“fully supported by [] drug-trafficking crimes” are “outside the scope of Davis”). 

Second, Davis invalidated § 924(c)(3)’s residual clause but left its elements clause 

intact. See Brown, 942 F.3d at 1075.

On October 7, 2019, the Supreme Court granted Mr. Duhart’s petition for 

certiorari, vacated our decision denying his second § 2255 motion, and remanded 

for further consideration in light of Davis. Duhart v. United States, 140 S. Ct. 100

(2019). Though Davis now precludes liability under § 924(c)(3)’s residual clause, 

our inquiry does not ordinarily end there. After all, a conviction under § 924(c) 

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remains valid if it is supported by a drug trafficking crime or if its predicate “crime 

of violence” otherwise qualifies under § 924(c)(3)’s elements clause. See Brown, 

942 F.3d at 1073–74. Here, however, the government did not raise any alternative 

bases for Mr. Duhart’s § 924(c) conviction in either its opening or reply brief, and 

thus waived any such argument on appeal. See United States v. Ardley, 242 F.3d 

989, 990 (11th Cir. 2001) (per curiam) (holding, in a case remanded from the 

Supreme Court, that issues not timely raised in the briefs are deemed abandoned). 

Even if we considered alternative bases for Mr. Duhart’s § 924(c) conviction, this 

court’s decision in Brown would require that we vacate his sentence because 

(1) the record conclusively establishes that Duhart’s conviction was not predicated 

on a drug trafficking crime; and (2) the sole underlying offense does not qualify as 

a “crime of violence” under § 924(c)(3)’s elements clause. 

III.

To prove an offense under § 924(c)(1)(A), the government must establish 

that a defendant used or possessed a firearm in relation to and in furtherance of a 

“crime of violence” or a “drug trafficking crime.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A). A

conviction under § 924(c) “does not require that a defendant be convicted of, or 

even charged with, the predicate offense.” United States v. Frye, 402 F.3d 1123,

1127 (11th Cir. 2005) (per curiam). Our precedent provides that when determining 

which predicate offenses underlie a defendant’s § 924(c) conviction, we may refer 

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to a defendant’s indictment, plea agreement, plea colloquy, and attendant factual 

proffer. See Navarro, 931 F.3d at 1302 (holding that defendant’s factual proffer 

established that his § 924(c) charge was predicated on a drug trafficking crime, 

thus precluding relief under Davis).

This court’s decision in Brown squarely establishes that Duhart’s § 924(c) 

conviction was predicated not on a drug trafficking crime, but on a crime of 

violence. In Brown, the indictment charged the defendant with conspiracy to 

commit Hobbs Act robbery, two drug trafficking crimes, and a § 924(c)(1)(A) 

offense. 942 F.3d at 1070–71. The indictment specified that the § 924(c) charge 

was predicated on both a crime of violence and drug trafficking crimes. Id. The 

defendant’s plea agreement, however, identified only a crime of violence—

conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery—as the sole predicate for his § 924(c) 

charge. During the defendant’s plea colloquy, the court explained that the § 924(c) 

charge to which he pled guilty was based only on a crime of violence. Id. at 1071.

Because the defendant “pled guilty to a § 924(c)(1)(A) offense predicated only on 

conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery,” we concluded that his § 924(c)(1)(A)

conviction was not otherwise supported by a drug trafficking crime. Id. at 1074–

75.

Mr. Duhart’s case is materially indistinguishable from Brown. His

indictment lists both a crime of violence and a drug trafficking crime as predicates 

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for his § 924(c) count, but his plea agreement identifies only a predicate crime of 

violence. And during Mr. Duhart’s plea colloquy, the court explained that his 

§ 924(c) charge was based on a crime of violence, while making no mention of a 

predicate drug trafficking crime. On these facts, it is plain that Mr. Duhart’s 

§ 924(c)(1)(A) conviction was predicated only on a crime of violence. See Brown, 

942 F.3d at 1074–75.

IV.

That brings us to whether the offense underlying Mr. Duhart’s § 924(c) 

conviction otherwise qualifies as a crime of violence under § 924(c)(3)’s elements 

clause. As an initial matter, Mr. Duhart’s plea agreement and colloquy make clear 

that the designated “crime of violence” underlying his § 924(c) conviction was 

conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery rather than substantive Hobbs Act 

robbery. This distinction is important, because this court’s precedent provides that 

substantive Hobbs Act robbery constitutes a crime of violence under § 924(c)(3)’s 

elements clause. In re Fleur, 824 F.3d 1337, 1340–41 (11th Cir. 2016) (per 

curiam). In contrast, this Court in Brown held that conspiracy to commit Hobbs 

Act robbery does not categorically qualify as a crime of violence under 

§ 924(c)(3)’s elements clause. 942 F.3d at 1075–76. Based on our precedent, 

then, the sole predicate offense for Duhart’s § 924(c) conviction—conspiracy to 

commit Hobbs Act robbery—cannot support his conviction under § 924(c)(3)’s 

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elements clause. And because Duhart’s § 924(c) conviction cannot otherwise rely 

on § 924(c)(3)’s now-defunct residual clause, his conviction for Count 3 is invalid 

and must be vacated.

We thus AFFIRM the district court’s grant of Mr. Duhart’s § 2255 motion 

and REMAND for resentencing. We are mindful that Mr. Duhart is now serving a 

sentence for a crime that is no longer valid. The district court is therefore directed 

to resentence him on an expedited basis.

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