The Administrative Dispute Resolution Act

§574. Confidentiality

(a) Except as provided in subsections (d) and (e), a neutral in a dispute resolution proceeding shall 

not voluntarily disclose or through discovery or compulsory process be required to disclose any 

dispute resolution communication or any communication provided in confidence to the neutral, 

unless-- (1) all parties to the dispute resolution proceeding and the neutral consent in writing, and, if 

the dispute resolution communication was provided by a nonparty participant, that participant also 

consents in writing;

(2) the dispute resolution communication has already been made public;

(3) the dispute resolution communication is required by statute to be made public, but a neutral 

should make such communication public only if no other person is reasonably available to disclose 

the communication; or

(4) a court determines that such testimony or disclosure is necessary to--

(A) prevent a manifest injustice;

(B) help establish a violation of law; or

(C) prevent harm to the public health or safety, of sufficient magnitude in the particular case to 

outweigh the integrity of dispute resolution proceedings in general by reducing the confidence of 

parties in future cases that their communications will remain confidential;

(b) A party to a dispute resolution proceeding shall not voluntarily disclose or through discovery or 

compulsory process be required to disclose any dispute resolution communication, unless--

(1) the communication was prepared by the party seeking disclosure;

(2) all parties to the dispute resolution proceeding consent in writing;

(3) the dispute resolution communication has already been made public;

(4) the dispute resolution communication is required by statute to be made public;

(5) a court determines that such testimony or disclosure is necessary to--

(A) prevent a manifest injustice;

(B) help establish a violation of law; or

(C) prevent harm to the public health and safety, of sufficient magnitude in the particular case to 

outweigh the integrity of dispute resolution proceedings in general by reducing the confidence of 

parties in future cases that their communications will remain confidential;

(6) the dispute resolution communication is relevant to determining the existence or meaning of an 

agreement or award that resulted from the dispute resolution proceeding or to the enforcement of 

such an agreement or award; or

(7) except for dispute resolution communications generated by the neutral, the dispute resolution 

communication was provided to or was available to all parties to the dispute resolution proceeding.

(c) Any dispute resolution communication that is disclosed in violation of subsection (a) or (b), shall 

not be admissible in any proceeding relating to the issues in controversy with respect to which the 

communication was made.

(d) (1) The parties may agree to alternative confidential procedures for disclosures by a neutral.

Upon such agreement the parties shall inform the neutral before the commencement of the dispute 

resolution proceeding of any modifications to the provisions of subsection (a) that will govern the 

confidentiality of the dispute resolution proceeding. If the parties do not so inform the neutral, 

subsection (a) shall apply.

(2) To qualify for the exemption established under subsection (j), an alternative confidential 

procedure under this subsection may not provide for less disclosure than the confidential procedures 

otherwise provided under this section.
(e) If a demand for disclosure, by way of discovery request or other legal process, is made upon a 

neutral regarding a dispute resolution communication, the neutral shall make reasonable efforts to 

notify the parties and any affected nonparty participants of the demand. Any party or affected 

nonparty participant who receives such notice and within 15 calendar days does not offer to defend 

a refusal of the neutral to disclose the requested information shall have waived any objection to such 

disclosure.

(f) Nothing in this section shall prevent the discovery or admissibility of any evidence that is 

otherwise discoverable, merely because the evidence was presented in the course of a dispute 

resolution proceeding.

(g) Subsections (a) and (b) shall have no effect on the information and data that are necessary to 

document an agreement reached or order issued pursuant to a dispute resolution proceeding.

(h) Subsections (a) and (b) shall not prevent the gathering of information for research or educational 

purposes, in cooperation with other agencies, governmental entities, or dispute resolution programs, 

so long as the parties and the specific issues in controversy are not identifiable.

(i) Subsections (a) and (b) shall not prevent use of a dispute resolution communication to resolve a 

dispute between the neutral in a dispute resolution proceeding and a party to or participant in such 

proceeding, so long as such dispute resolution communication is disclosed only to the extent 

necessary to resolve such dispute.

(j) A dispute resolution communication which is between a neutral and a party and which may not be 

disclosed under this section shall also be exempt from disclosure under section 552(b)(3).