IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

Assigned on Briefs February 15, 2017

STEPHEN NATHAN CLARK, II v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

Appeal from the Criminal Court for Davidson County

Nos. 2011-D-2935, 2012-A-24 Cheryl A. Blackburn, Judge

___________________________________

No. M2016-01209-CCA-R3-PC

___________________________________

Petitioner, Stephen Nathan Clark, II, was indicted in case number 2011-D-2935 by the 

Davidson County Grand Jury for conspiracy to sell 300 pounds or more of marijuana and 

300 grams or more of cocaine in a drug-free school zone. Petitioner was subsequently 

indicted in case number 2012-A-24 for possession with intent to sell or deliver not less 

than 0.5 ounces nor more than 10 pounds of marijuana in a drug-free school zone and 

possession with intent to sell or deliver 26 grams or more of cocaine in a drug-free school 

zone. Petitioner entered guilty pleas in both cases to conspiracy to sell 26 grams or more 

of cocaine and possession with intent to deliver 26 grams or more of cocaine. Petitioner 

agreed to serve 13 years in confinement as a multiple offender. Petitioner filed a petition 

for post-conviction relief, alleging that he received the ineffective assistance of counsel 

and that his pleas were unknowingly and involuntarily entered. Following an evidentiary 

hearing, the post-conviction court denied relief, and after review, we affirm the postconviction court’s judgment. 

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

THOMAS T. WOODALL, P.J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ROBERT W.

WEDEMEYER and TIMOTHY L. EASTER, JJ., joined.

Jesse Lords, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Stephen Nathan Clark, II.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Katherine C. Redding, Assistant 

Attorney General; Glenn R. Funk, District Attorney General; and Megan King and Ed 

Ryan, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

10/06/2017
- 2 -

OPINION

Guilty plea hearing

At Petitioner’s plea hearing, the State provided the following factual basis for 

Petitioner’s guilty pleas:

[I]n case 2011-D-2935 . . . in September of 2008 through February of 

2011 police and fellow DEA agents uncovered a drug conspiracy 

involving and headed up by Codefendant Macon Espana. Espana was 

distributing marijuana and cocaine throughout Middle Tennessee that 

was transported in on his orders. During investigation the police 

obtained permission from the courts to engage in wiretap intercepts of 

various telephones. During those intercepts they intercepted telephone 

conversations from which they concluded that [Petitioner] was receiving 

from time to time cocaine supplied by Codefendant Macon Espana or 

other coconspirators at his direction. The cocaine would be fronted on 

some occasions, on some occasions it would be paid for but distributed 

by [Petitioner]. 

In case 2012-A-24 in which the Court had previously conducted a[n] 

evidentiary hearing on a suppression motion the facts show that on 

February 7th, 2011, [Petitioner] was stopped for a traffic violation, 

speeding. [Petitioner] had 4.3 ounces of cocaine in his possession, 

twenty-nine grams of marijuana, and a quantity of money. 

Post-conviction hearing

Petitioner testified that he was initially represented on these charges by retained 

counsel, who later withdrew. Trial counsel was then appointed to represent Petitioner, 

and she visited him once at the Criminal Justice Center. Petitioner also spoke to trial 

counsel in court when his cases were set for trial. Trial counsel visited Petitioner on 

another occasion to convey a plea offer, and Petitioner “didn’t want it.” Petitioner 

testified that he “had trouble talking to her and [his] family did” after he rejected the 

State’s plea offer. Petitioner testified that trial counsel “got upset” when he rejected the 

offer because she had to “come up with a defense for [him,]” and trial counsel “didn’t 

want to prepare anything to fight for [him] to go to trial.” Petitioner testified that after 

trial counsel stopped communicating with him, he decided to accept the plea offer. 

Petitioner asked another attorney to contact trial counsel to have her contact Petitioner so 

that Petitioner could discuss the plea offer with trial counsel. Petitioner’s initial retained 

counsel had filed a motion to suppress, which was denied following a hearing, prior to 
- 3 -

trial counsel’s appointment. Petitioner testified that trial counsel did not discuss the 

motion with him or advise him of his right to appeal the court’s denial of the motion. 

Petitioner testified that trial counsel advised him, “it would be best for [him] to 

take the two thirteens and get out of jail earlier than fighting it and taking it to trial and

losing and getting basically fifteen years at a hundred percent or twenty-five years at a 

hundred percent.” Petitioner was “in disbelief that nobody wanted to fight to work [his] 

case and to try to help [him] out.” Petitioner testified that he did not ask trial counsel to 

withdraw, he “just went and tried to find other attorneys on [his] own.” One of the other 

attorneys Petitioner spoke to told Petitioner that he did not believe Petitioner would be 

successful at trial. Petitioner testified that trial counsel never reviewed discovery 

materials in the conspiracy case with him. 

Petitioner acknowledged that he signed the plea forms. He testified that he “was 

mad about taking the plea because [he] was forced to take it.” He testified that trial 

counsel told him to answer “yes” to the trial court’s questions at the plea hearing “if [he] 

wanted to get back to [his] family and do what [he] need[ed] to do . . . .” Petitioner 

testified that he “did what his lawyer told [him] to do so [he] could get out of jail.” He 

testified that he paused before answering whether he was satisfied with trial counsel’s 

representation, “[a]nd it took [him] a while before [he] said yes, but [he] did say yes.” 

Trial counsel testified that she had been a criminal defense attorney in Davidson 

County for seven years. She testified that she was appointed to represent Petitioner on 

July 10, 2013. Counsel met with Petitioner twice in July, three times in August, twice in 

September, once in October, and Petitioner entered his pleas on October 31, 2013. Trial 

counsel testified that she was prepared to represent Petitioner at trial. She testified that 

she had “multiple discussions both in person, on the phone, and by email” with 

Petitioner. She testified that “throughout the duration of [her] representation, [Petitioner] 

had expressed his frustration that he was not offered what he thought to be a fair 

resolution to this case.” 

Trial counsel testified that she discussed the issues in the conspiracy case with 

Petitioner. She testified that, although she “did not review the discovery with [him] per 

se,” she believed that Petitioner understood the issues having discussed them with his 

previous counsel. Trial counsel reviewed the motion to suppress and order denying the 

motion, and she did not feel that any further action was necessary. She testified that she 

discussed the denial of the motion with Petitioner. She testified that she discussed an 

interlocutory appeal of the denial with Petitioner, but she explained to Petitioner that it 

was too late to apply for such an appeal. 
- 4 -

Trial counsel also reviewed discovery and discussed the issues in the possession 

case, and she confirmed that Petitioner had travelled through a school zone. Trial counsel 

testified that she “spent a significant amount of time trying to obtain something to 

[Petitioner]’s satisfaction, something akin to probation to which [she] had no success.” 

Trial counsel negotiated a final plea offer of 13 years to serve, contingent on pleas in both 

cases, which was less than the original offer of 15 years to serve. 

Trial counsel denied that she ever advised Petitioner that he could not go to trial or 

that she would not represent him at trial. She testified on cross-examination that “the 

theme and theory for this trial was really undetermined” and that she “wanted 

[Petitioner’s] input on this.” She testified that Petitioner’s case was “going to be a 

difficult case to defend all around because of the quantities that were found.” 

In its written order denying post-conviction relief, the post-conviction court found 

that Petitioner failed to establish by clear and convincing evidence that trial counsel was 

ineffective in her communication with him or that the alleged deficiency prejudiced his 

defense. The court found that Petitioner was aware of the charges against him and the 

State’s evidence. The court found that, even if trial counsel’s visits were “as 

substantively minimal as Petitioner alleges, nothing in the record indicates that [t]rial 

[c]ounsel failed to meet with the petitioner and keep him informed of the proceedings.” 

The post-conviction court credited trial counsel’s testimony that she visited Petitioner in 

custody several times, that she reviewed and discussed discovery with Petitioner in his 

possession case, and that the State had a strong case against Petitioner. The trial court 

noted that “[t]rial counsel candidly testified that she focused on [ ] case no. 2012-A-24 in 

light of the timeframe she came onto Petitioner’s case and the fact it was going to trial 

first.” The post-conviction court denied post-conviction relief based on Petitioner’s 

testimony alone, finding that trial counsel’s testimony “further establishes that 

[P]etitioner failed to meet his burden.” 

The post-conviction court also found that Petitioner failed to establish by clear and 

convincing evidence that he did not enter his pleas knowingly and voluntarily. The court 

accredited trial counsel’s testimony that Petitioner was frustrated because he wanted a 

sentence of probation, that the State mandated that any plea resolve both cases, and that 

counsel was preparing for trial when Petitioner chose to plead guilty. The court noted 

that Petitioner contacted trial counsel through another attorney to inform her that “he was 

ready to enter a guilty plea.” The court also noted that trial counsel secured an offer of 

13 years to serve, two years less than the previous offer of 15 years to serve. The postconviction court reviewed the plea colloquy, finding that Petitioner affirmed that he 

understood the proceedings and had discussed his cases thoroughly with counsel. The 

court found that Petitioner entered his pleas with “an awareness of the consequences,” 

and his pleas were voluntarily, intelligently, and knowingly entered. 
- 5 -

Analysis

In order to obtain post-conviction relief, a petitioner must show that his or her 

conviction or sentence is void or voidable because of the abridgment of a constitutional 

right. T.C.A. § 40-30-103 (2014). The petitioner bears the burden of proving factual 

allegations in the petition for post-conviction relief by clear and convincing evidence. 

T.C.A. § 40-30-110(f) (2014). Upon review, this court will not re-weigh or re-evaluate 

the evidence below; all questions concerning the credibility of witnesses, the weight and 

value to be given their testimony, and the factual issues raised by the evidence are to be 

resolved by the trial judge, not the appellate courts. Momon v. State, 18 S.W.3d 152, 156 

(Tenn. 1999) (citing Henley v. State, 960 S.W.2d 572, 578-79 (Tenn. 1997)). A postconviction court’s factual findings are subject to a de novo review by this court; however, 

we must accord these factual findings a presumption of correctness, which can be 

overcome only when a preponderance of the evidence is contrary to the post-conviction 

court’s factual findings. Fields v. State, 40 S.W.3d 450, 456-57 (Tenn. 2001). A postconviction court’s conclusions of law are subject to a purely de novo review by this court, 

with no presumption of correctness. Id. at 457. 

The right of a criminally accused to representation is guaranteed by both the Sixth 

Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 9, of the Tennessee 

Constitution. State v. White, 114 S.W.3d 469, 475 (Tenn. 2003); State v. Burns, 6 

S.W.3d 453, 461 (Tenn. 1999); Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975). The 

following two-prong test directs a court’s evaluation of a claim for ineffectiveness:

First, the [petitioner] must show that counsel’s performance was 

deficient. This requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that 

counsel was not functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed the [petitioner] 

by the Sixth Amendment. Second, the [petitioner] must show that the 

deficient performance prejudiced the defense. This requires showing 

that counsel’s errors were so serious as to deprive the [petitioner] of a 

fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable. Unless a [petitioner] makes both 

showings, it cannot be said that the conviction or death sentence resulted 

from a breakdown in the adversary process that renders the result 

unreliable. 

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); see also State v. Melson, 772 

S.W.2d 417, 419 (Tenn. 1989). 

In reviewing a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, this court must determine 

whether the advice given or services rendered by the attorney are within the range of 
- 6 -

competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases. Baxter, 523 S.W.2d at 936. To 

prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, “a petitioner must show that 

counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” House v. 

State, 44 S.W.3d 508, 515 (Tenn. 2001) (citing Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d 363, 369 

(Tenn. 1996)). 

When evaluating an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, the reviewing court 

should judge the attorney’s performance within the context of the case as a whole, taking 

into account all relevant circumstances. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690; State v. Mitchell, 

753 S.W.2d 148, 149 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988). The reviewing court should avoid the 

“distorting effects of hindsight” and “judge the reasonableness of counsel’s challenged 

conduct on the facts of the particular case, viewed as of the time of counsel’s conduct.” 

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689-90. In doing so, the reviewing court must be highly 

deferential and “should indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within 

the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” Burns, 6 S.W.3d at 462. Finally, 

we note that a defendant in a criminal case is not entitled to perfect representation, only 

constitutionally adequate representation. Denton v. State, 945 S.W.2d 793, 796 (Tenn. 

Crim. App. 1996). In other words, “in considering claims of ineffective assistance of 

counsel, ‘we address not what is prudent or appropriate, but only what is constitutionally 

compelled.’” Burger v. Kemp, 483 U.S. 776, 794 (1987) (quoting United States v. 

Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 665 n.38 (1984)). Counsel should not be deemed to have been 

ineffective merely because a different procedure or strategy might have produced a 

different result. Williams v. State, 599 S.W.2d 276, 279-80 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1980). 

“‘The fact that a particular strategy or tactic failed or hurt the defense, does not, standing 

alone, establish unreasonable representation. However, deference to matters of strategy 

and tactical choices applies only if the choices are informed ones based upon adequate 

preparation.’” House, 44 S.W.3d at 515 (quoting Goad, 938 S.W.2d at 369). 

If the petitioner shows that counsel’s representation fell below a reasonable 

standard, then the petitioner must satisfy the prejudice prong of the Strickland test by 

demonstrating “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional 

errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 

694; Nichols v. State, 90 S.W.3d 576, 587 (Tenn. 2002). This reasonable probability 

must be “sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 

694; Harris v. State, 875 S.W.2d 662, 665 (Tenn. 1994). 

This standard also applies to claims arising out of the plea process. Hill v. 

Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 58 (1985). To satisfy the requirement of prejudice in a case 

involving a guilty plea, the petitioner must demonstrate a reasonable probability that, but 

for counsel’s errors, he or she “would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on 

going to trial.” Id. at 59. 
- 7 -

When evaluating the knowing and voluntary nature of a guilty plea, the United 

States Supreme Court has held that “[t]he standard was and remains whether the plea 

represents a voluntary and intelligent choice among the alternative courses of action open 

to the defendant.” North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 31 (1970). The court 

reviewing the voluntariness of a guilty plea must look to the totality of the circumstances. 

See State v. Turner, 919 S.W.2d 346, 353 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995); see also 

Chamberlain v. State, 815 S.W.2d 534, 542 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990). A plea resulting 

from ignorance, misunderstanding, coercion, inducement, or threats is not “voluntary.” 

Blankenship v. State, 858 S.W.2d 897, 904 (Tenn. 1993). A petitioner’s solemn 

declaration in open court that his plea is knowing and voluntary creates a formidable 

barrier in any subsequent collateral proceeding because these declarations “carry a strong 

presumption of verity.” Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 74 (1977). 

We conclude that the evidence does not preponderate against the trial court’s 

findings of fact. Counsel testified that she met with Petitioner several times to discuss his 

cases, that she believed the State’s evidence against Petitioner was strong, and she 

secured a plea offer that was more favorable than the previous plea offer conveyed 

through Petitioner’s former counsel. Petitioner complains that trial counsel did not 

“fight” for him or prepare a defense to the charges against him; however, Petitioner did 

not offer any testimony or other evidence at the post-conviction hearing that might have 

supported a possible defense to the charges. Petitioner did not prove that, but for any 

error on counsel’s part, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on 

going to trial. We also conclude that Petitioner has not shown that his pleas were entered 

unknowingly or involuntarily. The plea colloquy shows that Petitioner understood the 

charges against him and the potential sentences. Petitioner has not provided any evidence 

that shows that his plea was not knowingly and voluntarily entered. Accordingly, 

Petitioner is not entitled to relief. 

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing reasoning and authorities, we affirm the post-conviction 

court’s denial of Petitioner’s petition for post-conviction relief. 

 ____________________________________________

THOMAS T. WOODALL, PRESIDING JUDGE