COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Elder, Humphreys and Senior Judge Coleman 

Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia 

JOSEPH RODGERS OUTTEN 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

v. Record No. 1916-09-1 JUDGE ROBERT J. HUMPHREYS 

SEPTEMBER 28, 2010 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF PORTSMOUTH 

James C. Hawks, Judge 

 Gregory K. Matthews (Joseph A. Sadighian; Office of the Public 

Defender, on briefs), for appellant. 

 Rosemary V. Bourne, Assistant Attorney General (Kenneth T. 

Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

Joseph Rodgers Outten (“Outten”) appeals his conviction in the Portsmouth Circuit Court 

(“circuit court”) on one count of possession of a firearm after having been convicted of a violent 

felony, in violation of Code § 18.2-308.2(A).1 Outten alleges the trial court erred in refusing to 

suppress the evidence against him, arguing it was obtained in violation of his Fourth Amendment 

right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures. For the reasons that follow, we 

disagree with Outten and affirm. 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 

1

 There appears to be a clerical error in the sentencing order. On page 2, the order states 

“the Court suspends none of the sentence imposed for Aggravated Sexual Battery

(18.2-308.2(A)) (count 1).” Code § 18.2-308.2(A), however, criminalizes “possession or 

transportation of firearms, firearms ammunition, stun weapons, explosives or concealed weapons 

by convicted felons,” for which Outten was charged. Outten does not appear to have been 

additionally charged with aggravated sexual battery. 
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 Outten contends the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress. He argues on 

appeal, as he did in the court below, that Officer Henderson lacked the requisite reasonable 

suspicion for the seizure of Outten’s person. He further reasons that, even if Henderson did have 

reasonable suspicion to support the initial stop, the scope and manner of the detention was so 

excessive as to require evidence supporting the more rigid standard of probable cause. We 

disagree. 

When reviewing a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress, we view the evidence “in 

the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, granting to the Commonwealth all reasonable 

inferences fairly deducible” therefrom. Sabo v. Commonwealth, 38 Va. App. 63, 69, 561 S.E.2d 

761, 764 (2002) (citing Commonwealth v. Grimstead, 12 Va. App. 1066, 1067, 407 S.E.2d 47, 

48 (1991)). “[W]e are bound by the trial court’s findings of historical fact unless ‘plainly wrong’ 

or without evidence to support them and we give due weight to the inferences drawn from those 

facts by resident judges and local law enforcement officers.” McGee v. Commonwealth, 25 

Va. App. 193, 198, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1997) (en banc). Nevertheless, “‘[u]ltimate questions 

of reasonable suspicion and probable cause . . . involve questions of both law and fact and are 

reviewed de novo on appeal.’” Ramey v. Commonwealth, 35 Va. App. 624, 628, 547 S.E.2d 

519, 521 (2001) (quoting Neal v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 233, 237, 498 S.E.2d 422, 424 

(1998)). Ultimately, the burden rests upon the defendant to show that the denial of his 

suppression motion constituted reversible error. McCain v. Commonwealth, 261 Va. 483, 490, 

545 S.E.2d 541, 545 (2001) (citing Fore v. Commonwealth, 220 Va. 1007, 1010, 265 S.E.2d 729, 

731 (1980)). 

 It is well settled that “[a] police officer may conduct a brief investigatory stop when the 

officer, in light of his training and experience, has reasonable, articulable suspicion that criminal 

activity is afoot.” Jones v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 665, 673, 691 S.E.2d 801, 805 (2010) 
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(citing Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21, 27, 30 (1968)). Protections afforded by the Fourth 

Amendment require, at a minimum, that any detention of an individual no matter how brief “be 

justified by an objective manifestation that the person stopped is engaged, or is about to be 

engaged, in criminal activity.” Id. (citing United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417 (1981)). To 

that end, “an officer’s subjective characterization of observed conduct is not relevant to a court’s 

analysis concerning whether there is a reasonable suspicion because the Court’s review of 

whether there was reasonable suspicion involves application of an objective rather than a 

subjective standard.” Harris v. Commonwealth, 276 Va. 689, 697, 668 S.E.2d 141, 146 (2008). 

In deciding “whether a police officer had a particularized and objective basis for 

suspecting that the person stopped may be involved in criminal activity, a court must consider 

[not only] the totality of the circumstances,” Ewell v. Commonwealth, 254 Va. 214, 217, 491 

S.E.2d 721, 722 (1997), but also the fact that “trained law enforcement officers may be ‘able to 

perceive and articulate meaning in given conduct which would be wholly innocent to the 

untrained observer,’” Castaneda v. Commonwealth, 7 Va. App. 574, 580, 376 S.E.2d 82, 85 

(1989) (quoting United States v. Gooding, 695 F.2d 78, 82 (4th Cir. 1982)). 

“The Fourth Amendment does not require a policeman who lacks 

the precise level of information necessary for probable cause to 

arrest to simply shrug his shoulders and allow a crime to occur or a 

criminal to escape. On the contrary, Terry recognizes that it may 

be the essence of good police work to adopt an intermediate 

response. A brief stop of a suspicious individual, in order to 

determine his identity or to maintain the status quo momentarily 

while obtaining more information, may be most reasonable in light 

of the facts known to the officer at the time.” 

Simmons v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 552, 554-55, 231 S.E.2d 218, 220 (1977) (quoting Adams 

v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 145-46 (1972)). “The welfare of the public demands that a law 

enforcement officer use his faculties of observation and act thereon within proper limits.” 

Howard v. Commonwealth, 210 Va. 674, 677, 173 S.E.2d 829, 832 (1970). “It is not only the 
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right, but the duty, of a police officer to investigate suspicious conduct, and he may ‘in 

appropriate circumstances and in an appropriate manner approach a person for purposes of 

investigating possibly criminal behavior even though there is no probable cause to make an 

arrest.’” Id. (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 22). 

 In this case, the facts known to Detective Henderson at the time of the seizure, viewed 

objectively and taken in their entirety, clearly provided Detective Henderson with the requisite 

reasonable suspicion for the seizure of Outten’s person. Detective Henderson was approached at 

approximately ten o’clock p.m. by two “excited or agitated” females who reported to Henderson 

that an individual was walking down Lincoln Street toward Deep Creek with a gun in his hands. 

The young women were “very insistent” that Henderson look down the street. Henderson looked 

and observed Outten with a firearm in his hand headed toward the intersection of Lincoln and 

Deep Creek. When Henderson “informed dispatch of what was going on,” he was told that 

another “concerned citizen” had already called in similar information. 

 Henderson noticed that Outten was “staggering back and forth across the street” on the 

sidewalk. Outten was “[v]ery unsteady on his feet, [and] it appeared to [Henderson] that 

[Outten] could not maintain a straight line of walk.” Henderson also noted that Outten was 

holding a rifle across his body, with one hand directly on the butt stock of the rifle and one hand 

on the forearm of the rifle. According to Henderson’s training and experience, which included 

five years of active military duty in the Middle East following September 11, 2001, such a 

posture was “aggressive,” and indicated a ready to use position. More importantly, Outten was 

walking in this manner toward a group of people exiting a nearby church. 

 It is simply of no moment, as Outten suggests, that it is not unlawful to carry a firearm in 

public. It does not necessarily follow from one’s right to bear arms that bearing a weapon in a 

“ready to use position” may not properly be a component of reasonable suspicion that criminal 
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activity may be afoot, especially when combined with apparent intoxication. Henderson’s 

actions were reasonable, especially in light of his training and experience, to dispel his 

understandable suspicion that Outten was either intoxicated, or that he was about to commit a 

crime of some sort with the firearm. Thus, Outten’s brief seizure for the purpose of investigating 

the circumstances did not offend the Fourth Amendment. 

 We likewise reject Outten’s secondary assertion that, even if the seizure of his person 

was based upon reasonable suspicion, the manner in which he was seized requires a showing of 

probable cause. It is true that Henderson initially approached Outten with his weapon drawn and 

ordered Outten to drop the rifle and get down on the ground. It is also true that Henderson 

placed Outten in handcuffs. However, Henderson repeatedly testified that Outten was merely in 

investigative detention until Henderson could “determine what the situation was.” Henderson 

explained that although Outten dropped the rifle when ordered to do so, Henderson could not 

immediately assess whether or not Outten was in possession of other weapons. He could not, 

therefore, know whether his safety or that of the individuals standing at the nearby church was 

still at risk. 

Although we recognize that police procedures during a Terry stop 

can . . . be so intrusive . . . as to trigger the full protection of the 

Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments, there is no litmus-paper test 

for distinguishing . . . when a seizure exceeds the bounds of an 

investigative stop. The Supreme Court has instructed that, in 

evaluating whether an investigative detention is unreasonable, 

common sense and ordinary human experience must govern over 

rigid criteria. While the investigative methods employed should be 

the least intrusive means reasonably available to verify or dispel 

the officer’s suspicion in a short period of time, the scope of the 

intrusion permitted will vary with each case. 

Thomas v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 851, 856-57, 434 S.E.2d 319, 322-23 (1993) (citations 

omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). “The use of handcuffs during this phase of the 

investigation does not alter our analysis. Brief, complete deprivations of a suspect’s liberty, 
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including handcuffing, ‘do not convert a stop and frisk into an arrest so long as the methods of 

restraint used are reasonable to the circumstances.’” Id. at 857, 434 S.E.2d at 323 (quoting 

United States v. Crittendon, 883 F.2d 326, 329 (4th Cir. 1989)). “Once an officer has lawfully 

stopped a suspect, he is ‘authorized to take such steps as [are] reasonably necessary to protect 

[his and others’] personal safety and to maintain the status quo during the course of the stop.’” 

Jackson v. Commonwealth, 22 Va. App. 347, 356, 470 S.E.2d 138, 143 (1996) (quoting Servis v. 

Commonwealth, 6 Va. App. 507, 519, 371 S.E.2d 156, 162 (1988)). “‘Reasonableness is judged 

from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene allowing for the need of split-second 

decisions and without regard to the officer’s intent or motivation.’” Thompson v. 

Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 1, 7, 675 S.E.2d 832, 834-35 (2009) (quoting Scott v. 

Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 725, 727, 460 S.E.2d 610, 612 (1995)). 

Given the time of night and the manner with which Outten was handling the rifle, it was 

not unreasonable for Henderson to order Outten to the ground and handcuff him, briefly, for 

further investigation. Indeed, the protection of both the police and the public, which is of 

paramount importance, clearly required such action under the facts presented. Contrary to 

Outten’s assertion, a showing of probable cause was simply not required in order to place Outten 

in handcuffs; Outten was not yet under arrest. In other words, the manner in which Henderson 

dealt with Outten was minimally intrusive and, as such, was reasonable and appropriate for 

purposes of the Fourth Amendment. 

 For the foregoing reasons, we hold the trial court did not err in refusing to suppress the 

evidence in this case, and we remand the matter to the trial court for the sole purpose of 

correcting the apparent clerical error in the sentencing order. 

 Affirmed and remanded.