In the Supreme Court of Georgia

 Decided: January 20, 2015

S14A1522. RHODES v. THE STATE.

THOMPSON, Chief Justice.

Appellant Ron Rhodes appeals from the trial court’s order denying

multiple motions he filed following entry of his guilty plea. For the reasons that

follow, we affirm. 

On March 6, 2000, appellant, who had been indicted in connection with

the shooting death of a Bibb County convenience store clerk, pled guilty but

mentally retarded to charges of malice murder and armed robbery in exchange

for the State’s agreement not to pursue the death penalty against him. On March

14, 2000, the trial court sentenced appellant on these charges to two consecutive

terms of life imprisonment. More than thirteen years later, in July 2013 and

January 2014, appellant filed numerous motions in the trial court seeking,

among other things, to withdraw his guilty plea, an out-of-time appeal,

appointment of counsel, and reversal of his convictions. The trial court, without
holding an evidentiary hearing, denied all of appellant’s motions and appellant

filed this direct appeal. See Simmons v. State, 276 Ga. 525, 525 n.2 (579 SE2d

735) (2003) (denial of motion for out-of-time appeal is directly appealable

where conviction has not been subject of direct appeal). 

1. Regardless of the nomenclature used, the majority of appellant’s

motions seek either to withdraw his guilty plea or to substantively challenge his

convictions through an out-of-time appeal.1 A trial court’s authority to grant a

motion to withdraw a guilty plea ends after expiration of the term of court

during which a plea is entered, however, and appellant’s motion, filed thirteen

years after entry of his plea, was filed too late to give the trial court any

authority to allow the withdrawal of appellant’s guilty plea.

2 See Brown v.

1 Specifically, appellant filed a motion for appointment of counsel and request to proceed

in forma pauperis; a motion to suppress and obtain evidence; a motion to inspect, photograph, and

test physical evidence, a motion to inspect bullets; a motion for DNA testing; a motion for a hearing

for allowance of credit earned; a motion for hearing on the validity of the indictment; motions for

transcripts; a motion entitled “preliminary hearing” in which appellant alleged his counsel failed to

request a preliminaryhearing; a document entitled “Fourth Amendment Violation Illegal Search and

Seizure”; a motion alleging appellant’s Fifth Amendment rights were violated; a document entitled

“plea hearing and sentence” in which appellant alleged his plea was not knowingly and voluntarily

entered because counsel misinformed him and failed to adequately investigate his competency; a

motion to withdraw his guilty plea; documents entitled “ineffective assistance of counsel” and

“conclusion” in which appellant contended he received ineffective assistance of counsel; two

motions for out-of-time appeal; and an order to produce appellant for a hearing. 

2

 Although appellant asserts he filed a pro se motion to withdraw his plea in March

2000 within the same term of court, there is no evidence in the record that such a motion was

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State, 280 Ga. 658, 658 (631 SE2d 687) (2006). See also Dupree v. State, 279

Ga. 613 (619 SE2d 608) (2005). Accordingly, the trial court’s denial of

appellant’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea and all other motions in which he

sought the withdrawal of his plea are affirmed. It follows that appellant was not

entitled to the appointment of counsel to assist with his untimely filed motion. 

See Pierce v. State, 289 Ga. 893, 894 (717 SE2d 202) (2011).

2. With regard to appellant’s requests for an out-of-time appeal, appellant

asserts he is entitled to an out-of-time appeal both because his guilty plea was

not made freely and voluntarily and because he received ineffective assistance

of counsel. We agree with the trial court’s denial of these motions. 

As recently stated by this Court, an out-of-time appeal is intended to

address the constitutional concerns that arise when a defendant is denied his first

appeal because the counsel to which he was constitutionally entitled rendered

ineffective assistance by failing to advise him of his right to appeal and

counsel’s deficiency resulted in prejudice. See Stephens v. State, 291 Ga. 837,

837-838 (722 SE2d 266) (2012). Thus, an out-of-time appeal is available when

a direct appeal was not taken due to ineffective assistance of counsel. See id. 

filed. 

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When a conviction is entered based on a plea of guilty, “a direct appeal is

available only ‘if the issue on appeal can be resolved by reference to facts on the

record.’” Id. at 838, quoting Grantham v. State, 267 Ga. 635, 635 (481 SE2d

219) (1997). “Thus, if the issues that the defendant seeks to appeal cannot be

resolved from the record, he had no right to file a direct appeal, and therefore he

has no right to file an out-of-time appeal. [Cit.].” Hagan v. State, 294 Ga. 716,

718 (755 SE2d 734) (2014).

If the issues a defendant wishes to raise in an out-of-time appeal can

be resolved against him on the face of the record, so that even a

timely appeal would have been unsuccessful, ‘then plea counsel’s

failure to advise the defendant to file such an appeal was not

professionally deficient, nor did any prejudice result.’

(Citation omitted.) Stephens, supra at 839. See also Smith v. State, 287 Ga. 391,

403, n.5 (697 SE2d 177) (2010). 

(a) Appellant’s claim that his guilty plea was not freely entered cannot be

resolved on the face of the record. Appellant alleges his plea was involuntary

because plea counsel threatened him, told him what to say, and promised him

he would be going home to see his mother. Resolution of this issue requires

evidence of the conversations between appellant and his plea counsel, evidence

that is not part of the plea transcript. Accordingly, this claim could not have

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been properly raised in a direct appeal from appellant’s guilty plea and is not a

proper ground for an out-of-time appeal. See Hagan, supra, 294 Ga. at 718;

Stewart v. State, 268 Ga. 886, 887 (494 SE2d 665) (1998). 

(b) Similarly, appellant’s claim that counsel provided ineffective

assistance by failing to explain the State’s plea offer, failing to investigate, and

failing to obtain the services of a mental health expert for sentencing purposes

cannot be decided by reference to the record. Although the trial court correctly

recognized and the record reflects that appellant was evaluated by two experts

who offered their opinions regarding both appellant’s competency to stand trial

and his mental capacity at the time of the crimes, appellant in this claim alleges

counsel should have hired an additional expert to present mitigating evidence

related to his mental health history, including the fact that he had suffered a

previous head injury. Resolution of this issue, like those considered above,

requires evidence of discussions between appellant and plea counsel and/or

evidence of counsel’s reasons for electing not to hire an additional expert. 

Accordingly, these allegations of ineffective assistance are not proper grounds

for an out-of-time appeal and must be pursued within a properly filed petition

for habeas corpus. Gibson v. State, 290 Ga. 516 (2) (b) (722 SE2d 741) (2012).

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(c) We do find one ground of ineffective assistance raised that can be

decided by reference to the record, although adversely to appellant. Appellant

claims plea counsel was ineffective by failing to object to comments made by

the trial judge during the plea hearing, comments which he argues violated

OCGA § 17-8-57. However, that code section prohibits a trial judge in a

criminal case from expressing or intimating during the progress of the case or

in the jury charge his or her opinion as to what has been proved or as to the guilt

of the accused. The prohibitions found in § 17-8-57 do not apply when the

complained of comments are made outside the presence of the jury, and

therefore, do not apply where, as here, the comments are made by a trial judge

during a plea hearing. See Smith v. State, 236 Ga. App. 122, 124-125 (3) (511

SE2d 223) (1999) (“Inasmuch as the purpose of OCGA § 17-8-57 is to prevent

the jury from being influenced and the jury was not present at the time of [the

challenged]remarks, the statutewas not violated. [Cits.]”). Therefore, counsel’s

failure to object to the trial court’s comments on § 17-8-57 grounds was not

evidence of deficient performance. See Geiger v. State, 295 Ga. 648, 654 (5) (c)

( ___ SE2d ___ ) (2014) (failure to raise meritless objection cannot be evidence

of deficient performance). Because this challenge could be decided against

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appellant by reference to the record, it was not error to deny his motion for outof-time appeal on this ground. See Lewis v. State, 293 Ga. 544, 548 (1) (748

SE2d 414) (2013). 

3. Based on our determination that appellant was not entitled to withdraw

his guilty plea or to an out-of-time appeal, we find no error in the trial court’s

denial of appellant’s remaining motions in which he raised or sought evidence

to support substantive challenges to his convictions.

Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.

 

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