Michigan Supreme Court

Lansing, Michigan

Robert P. Young, Jr., Chief Justice

Stephen J. Markman

Brian K. Zahra

Bridget M. McCormack

David F. Viviano 

Richard H. Bernstein

Joan L. Larsen, Justices

Order 

July 29, 2016

152689

LEO TONDREAU, Personal Representative of the

Estate of SANDRA PEETZ,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v SC: 152689

COA: 321514 

Macomb CC: 09-002913-NH

HENRY FORD MACOMB HOSPITAL, a/k/a

HENRY FORD MACOMB HOSPITAL- CLINTON TOWNSHIP CAMPUS, LI ZHANG,

M.D., and MACOMB ANESTHESIA, P.C.,

Defendants-Appellees, 

and

SACHINDER S. HANS, M.D., P.C., and

SACHINDER S. HANS, M.D., 

Defendants-Appellants.

_________________________________________/

On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the October 8, 2015 

judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not 

persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court.

ZAHRA, J. (dissenting). 

I respectfully dissent from the Court’s order denying the application for leave to 

appeal. I would peremptorily reverse, in part, the judgment of the Court of Appeals and 

reinstate the trial court’s order granting summary disposition in favor of defendants, for 

the reasons stated in Court of Appeals Judge JANSEN’s partial dissent. The testimony of 

plaintiff’s expert witnesses on the secondary theory of causation—that Sandra Peetz

might well have survived if the CT scan had been performed sooner—was unsupported 

by evidence and necessarily based on conjecture. Simply put, the jury cannot be 

permitted to speculate whether plaintiff’s decedent would have survived had a CT scan 

been performed sooner than it actually was performed. 

A plaintiff in a medical malpractice action must establish “(1) the applicable 

standard of care, (2) breach of that standard of care by the defendant, (3) injury, and (4) 

proximate causation between the alleged breach and the injury.”1

 MCL 600.2912a(2) 

specifically provides that a plaintiff in a medical malpractice action “cannot recover for 

loss of an opportunity to survive or an opportunity to achieve a better result unless the 

 

1 Locke v Pachtman, 446 Mich 216, 222 (1994). See also MCL 600.2912a(1).
2

opportunity was greater than 50%.”2 Expert testimony is generally required to establish 

the standard of care, a breach of the standard of care, and causation in medical 

malpractice cases.3

 An “expert opinion based upon only hypothetical situations is not 

enough to demonstrate a legitimate causal connection between a defect and injury.”4

 

On December 7, 2007, defendant Dr. Sachinder S. Hans, a vascular surgeon, 

performed a carotid endarterectomy5 on Sandra Peetz. The procedure was completed and 

Peetz was in recovery by 11:00 a.m. Around 12:15 p.m., Hans assessed Peetz’s condition 

and noted neurological deficits consistent with a stroke. Soon thereafter, Hans performed 

a second, emergency surgery to determine the cause of Peetz’s symptoms. Hans did not 

discover indicia of a stroke during the surgery, but inserted a stent as a precaution, and 

the surgery was completed around 3:45 p.m. After seeing no improvement in Peetz’s 

neurological condition, Hans ordered a CT scan at approximately 5:00 p.m. Peetz was 

taken in for the scan around 6:15 p.m. The scan revealed a chronic subdural hematoma 

with acute hemorrhage and subarachnoid bleeding. Shortly after, Peetz was placed on 

life support.6

 As the hematoma had expanded, Peetz’s brain was compressed and shifted, 

and as a result her brainstem was herniated. 

The testimony of plaintiff’s experts failed to establish that Hans caused Peetz’s 

death when he did not order a CT scan immediately after the second surgery. The experts 

offered conflicting opinions regarding when Hans should have ordered a CT scan. Dr. 

M. Wayne Flye testified that Hans’s decision to perform a second surgery instead of 

ordering a CT scan after the first surgery was appropriate. While Flye testified that the 

CT scan should have been done sooner after the second surgery, however, he was unable 

to provide a specific time at which Peetz’s condition could have been reversed, stating, 

“It’s hard to tell. . . . I can’t really tell you, no.” He nonetheless concluded that minutes 

could have affected the result. Dr. Donald C. Austin testified that the CT scan should 

have been completed after the first surgery, but further stated that Peetz would have 

 

2 MCL 600.2912a(2) also requires a plaintiff alleging medical malpractice to prove that 

“he or she suffered an injury that more probably than not was proximately caused by the 

negligence of the defendant or defendants.” (Emphasis added.)

3 Woodard v Custer, 473 Mich 1, 6 (2005); Teal v Prasad, 283 Mich App 384, 394-395 

(2009).

4 Skinner v Square D Co, 445 Mich 153, 173 (1994); see also Craig v Oakwood Hosp, 

471 Mich 67, 87 (2004) (“[A] plaintiff cannot satisfy this [causation] burden by showing 

only that the defendant may have caused his injuries. Our case law requires more than a 

mere possibility or a plausible explanation.”).

5 Carotid endarterectomy is a procedure to remove a buildup of plaque from the carotid 

artery walls.

6 Peetz died the following day when life support was removed. 
3

survived had the CT scan been done immediately after the second surgery. Significantly, 

neither expert provided objective medical evidence, such as peer-reviewed published 

literature of other objective medical data, to support his conclusion.7

 Absent that 

evidence, the jury would have been left to speculate whether Peetz would have survived 

had a CT scan been performed sooner.8

 

The testimony of plaintiff’s experts also failed to establish that there was a 50% or 

greater chance of an opportunity to survive or achieve a better result, as required by 

MCL 600.2912a(2), had Hans ordered the CT scan immediately after the second surgery. 

Flye testified equivocally when asked if Peetz more likely than not would have survived 

if the CT scan had been done right after the second surgery,9 and he provided no factual 

or medical basis for his opinion. Austin testified equivocally when asked during what 

time Peetz’s condition could have been reversed or she could have been saved. 

Significantly, medical literature before the trial court stated that intracerebral 

hemorrhages following carotid endarterectomies, like that sustained by Peetz, are 

extremely rare and almost always fatal. Therefore, plaintiff failed to overcome the MCL 

600.2912a(2) bar to recovery when the opportunity to survive was 50% or less.

 

7 While peer-reviewed, published literature is not always necessary to meet the 

requirements of MRE 702, in this case the lack of supporting literature, along with the 

lack of any other form of support for these expert opinions, renders the testimony 

inadmissible under MRE 702. See Edry v Adelman, 486 Mich 634, 641 (2010).

8 Locke, 446 Mich at 229 (“[T]he jury should not be left to speculate in this regard. It is 

precisely to avoid such speculation that expert testimony is ordinarily required.”); 

Skinner, 445 Mich at 166 (“ ‘There must be more than a mere possibility that 

unreasonable conduct of the defendant caused the injury. We cannot permit the jury to 

guess . . . .’ ”) (citation omitted). 

9 Flye answered: 

Well, it depends upon when you do it. If you did it 20 minutes 

before the CT scan was reported, it’s hard to say, but within a reasonable --

you can get a CT scan from the operating room in 45 minutes. I would 

think that in that setting more than likely the patient would have been 

salvaged. 
I, Larry S. Royster, Clerk of the Michigan Supreme Court, certify that the

foregoing is a true and complete copy of the order entered at the direction of the Court.

 July 29, 2016

t0726

4

Clerk

The speculative testimony and unsupported, conclusory opinions offered by 

plaintiff’s experts in regards to the timing of the CT scan failed to sufficiently establish 

proximate causation. Defendants were therefore entitled to summary disposition.10 

Accordingly, I respectfully dissent and would reverse the judgment of the Court of 

Appeals in regards to the CT scan theory of causation.

MARKMAN, J., joins the statement of ZAHRA, J.

 

10 See Wischmeyer v Schanz, 449 Mich 469, 484 (1995) (stating that failure to prove any 

one of the elements of a medical malpractice claim is fatal).