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No. 120,228

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

YUDI HERNANDEZ,

Appellant,

v.

BRAD PISTOTNIK and BRIAN PISTOTNIK,

Appellees.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

1.

To prevail on a Kansas Consumer Protection Act (KCPA) claim, a plaintiff must 

prove that (1) plaintiffs were consumers under the KCPA, (2) defendants were suppliers 

under the KCPA, (3) defendants engaged in a deceptive or unconscionable act or practice 

in violation of K.S.A. 50-626 or K.S.A. 50-627, and (4) plaintiffs were aggrieved by such 

act.

2.

To be aggrieved under the KCPA, the consumer must show that the seller's act 

adversely affects the consumer's legal rights and must show a causal connection between 

the deceptive act and the claimed injury.

3.

The causal connection required under the KCPA between an attorney's deceptive 

advertising and the plaintiff's claimed injury is not shown when a plaintiff plays no part 

in the decision to hire that attorney, and her father who chose that attorney was unaware 

of the attorney's advertising.
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4.

Under certain circumstances, a plaintiff may recover for fraudulent 

misrepresentation based on indirect reliance.

5.

Control of discovery is entrusted to the sound discretion of the district court, and 

orders concerning discovery will not be disturbed on appeal in the absence of an abuse of 

discretion.

6.

Under Kansas Supreme Court Rule 222 (2020 Kan. S. Ct. R. 273), an attorney's 

response to the office of the Kansas Disciplinary Administrator is confidential and not 

subject to discovery.

7.

Under K.S.A. 60-609, a district court has the discretion to grant or deny a party's 

motion for change of venue. We review the district court's decision to change venue for 

an abuse of discretion.

Appeal from Sedgwick District Court; WILLIAM S. WOOLLEY, judge. Opinion filed July 31, 

2020. Affirmed.

Stephen L. Brave, of Brave Law Firm, LLC, of Wichita, for appellant. 

N. Russell Hazlewood, Donald N. Peterson, and Nathan R. Elliott, of Graybill & Hazlewood 

LLC, of Wichita, for appellees.

Before GARDNER, P.J., WARNER, J., and ROBERT J. WONNELL, District Judge, assigned.
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GARDNER, J.: Yudi Hernandez sued Brad Pistotnik and Brian Pistotnik for fraud 

and violation of the KCPA based on defendants' allegedly misleading television 

advertisements for legal services. The district court granted summary judgment to 

defendants on both claims, finding Yudi failed to prove she relied on defendants' 

advertisements in securing their legal services. Yudi appeals, arguing the district court 

improperly granted summary judgment, shielded discovery, and transferred venue. 

Finding no error, we affirm.

Factual and Procedural Background

In June 2013, Yudi was injured as a passenger in a two-car accident. She was 17 

years old and suffered multiple injuries. The accident rendered her unconscious and 

doctors placed her in a drug-induced coma for one month. She was also given a 

tracheostomy tube so she was unable to speak for two months after she regained 

consciousness. 

After the accident, Yudi's father (Ernesto Hernandez) told Yudi's sister (Mirna 

Hernandez) that Yudi had been involved in a serious car accident. Because Yudi's parents 

spoke little English and Ernesto could not read in English or Spanish, Mirna helped the 

family find an attorney. Mirna first called a family friend who recommended that they 

hire Brad. The family friend knew about Brad from his television commercials. So Mirna 

looked for Brad's television advertisements and saw he was claiming he could collect 

millions of dollars for car accidents. Those advertisements touted large settlement 

amounts and no attorney fees if the client got no money for the injury. Mirna went to 

Brad's office—the law office for the Affiliated Attorneys of Pistotnik Law Offices 

(AAPLO) in Wichita.
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Mirna had an initial consultation with Brian Pistotnik. A few days later, Ernesto—

with Mirna's assistance—retained AAPLO to pursue Yudi's bodily injury claim against 

the drivers of the two vehicles involved in the accident. This agreement defined AAPLO 

as the attorney and Yudi as the client through her natural father. But according to Brad, 

Brian was the only person who negotiated that agreement for AAPLO and was the only 

attorney who worked on Yudi's case. 

In August 2013, Electric Insurance Company offered to pay its liability policy 

limits of $100,000 to settle Yudi's claim. And in October 2013, Farmers Insurance Group 

tendered its liability policy limits of $50,000. So, by November 2013, Brian had obtained 

policy limit offers totaling $150,000 from the liability insurers of the drivers alleged to be 

at fault for Yudi's injuries. Yet before accepting these offers, Ernesto fired AAPLO and 

hired Steve Brave, who had previously worked at AAPLO, to perform the remaining 

work necessary to resolve Yudi's claim. 

Shortly after his termination, Brian filed a notice of attorney's lien for AAPLO and 

served it on the liability insurers. The lien sought $1,504.25 for costs and $49,498.58 in 

attorney fees against any funds, proceeds, or monies payable to Yudi as a result of 

injuries and damages sustained in her accident. 

In May 2014, Ernesto and Yudi entered into written settlement agreements. These 

agreements released the drivers of the two vehicles in the accident and the automobile 

insurers from all liability in exchange for $150,000—the same amount insurers had 

earlier offered to Brian. That money was to be paid directly to Ernesto and was not 

payable to Yudi.

After the settlement agreements were signed, Brave contacted the health care 

providers to whom Ernesto owed unpaid medical bills for Yudi. The providers agreed to 

take reduced amounts of money to settle their accounts in full. After Brave's negotiations, 
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Ernesto paid $51,570.80 to health care providers for Yudi's injuries, and $32,809.73 to 

Brave for attorney fees. Brave then paid Ernesto the remaining $65,619.47 by check 

payable to Ernesto. Ernesto immediately endorsed this check to Yudi, who deposited it 

into her personal bank account. 

Brian then sued Ernesto to recover the amount sought in the AAPLO lien. And 

Yudi sued Brian and Brad, arguing they had defrauded her and violated the Kansas 

Consumer Protection Act. She filed her suit in Cowley County, but the district court later 

granted Brad's motion to transfer venue to Sedgwick County.

Throughout litigation, several discovery disputes arose when Yudi requested 

production of AAPLO advertisements and settlements with other clients, and a response 

Brad had made to the office of the Kansas Disciplinary Administrator (KDA) when 

someone filed a complaint against him. Defendants objected, responding that the 

settlement and disciplinary documents were privileged and not subject to discovery. At 

first, the district court found that the settlements were discoverable. But after an in 

camera inspection, the district court determined the settlements were confidential so it 

issued a protective order limiting the production of information in them. The district court 

also found that Brad's response to the KDA was not discoverable. 

In due course, Brad moved for summary judgment, arguing Yudi had failed to 

state a claim on which relief could be granted and had failed to produce sufficient 

evidence of fraud. Brad also argued that Yudi could not recover under the KCPA because 

she was not an aggrieved party. 

The district court granted Brad's motion. It found that because Yudi had not seen 

Brad's advertisements before hiring AAPLO, Yudi's misrepresentation claim necessarily 

relied on an indirect reliance theory. Even assuming, however, the applicability of that 

theory, the district court found no evidence suggesting that Ernesto—through Mirna or 
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any other party—had received and indirectly relied on the alleged misrepresentations in 

the advertisements when he hired AAPLO on Yudi's behalf. Thus, Yudi failed to present 

sufficient evidence of fraud. Similarly, the district court held that Yudi showed no legal 

authority that she could bring a KCPA claim based on indirect reliance on a 

misrepresentation. Thus, the district court dismissed Yudi's claims and granted summary 

judgment for Brad. Although Yudi moved to reconsider, the district court denied her 

request. 

Yudi timely appeals. 

Did the District Court Err in Granting Summary Judgment on Yudi's KCPA Claims?

We first address Yudi's claim that the district court erred in granting summary 

judgment to defendants on her KCPA claim. She contends the district court misapplied 

the KCPA by requiring her to establish reliance, failed to resolve all inferences in her 

favor, and ignored disputed issues of material fact. Brad argues that because Yudi failed 

to establish that she was an aggrieved consumer under the KCPA, the district court was 

correct. 

In an appeal from the district court's ruling on a summary judgment motion, we 

consider the motion de novo and apply the same standards which the district court 

applied. We owe no deference to the district court's decision or rationale. Cady v. Schroll, 

298 Kan. 731, 734, 317 P.3d 90 (2014). 

Summary judgment is appropriate only when the pleadings, depositions, answers 

to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, show that there is 

no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment 

as a matter of law. Cady, 298 Kan. at 734. Any court considering the motion must resolve 

all facts and inferences which may reasonably be drawn from the evidence in favor of the 
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party against whom summary judgment is sought. When opposing a motion for summary 

judgment, an adverse party must come forward with evidence to establish a dispute as to 

a material fact. To preclude summary judgment, the facts subject to the dispute must be 

material to the conclusive issues in the case. The court must deny a motion for summary 

judgment if reasonable minds could differ over the conclusions drawn from the evidence. 

See Patterson v. Cowley County, 307 Kan. 616, 621, 413 P.3d 432 (2018); Siruta v. 

Siruta, 301 Kan. 757, 766, 348 P.3d 549 (2015).

Analysis

Yudi argues that she established that she is an aggrieved consumer based on Brad's 

allegedly false and misleading advertisements, which touted large recoveries and 

promised zero fees if AAPLO did not recover money for the client. She mainly asserts 

that the KCPA does not require her to show direct or indirect reliance on Brad's 

misrepresentations to recover under the KCPA. 

The KCPA exists in part to "protect consumers from suppliers who commit 

deceptive and unconscionable practices." K.S.A. 50-623(b). We construe that Act 

liberally to ensure that purpose is fulfilled. See K.S.A. 50-623; Unruh v. Purina Mills, 

289 Kan. 1185, 1207, 221 P.3d 1130 (2009) (Rosen, J., concurring). 

To prevail on a KCPA claim, a plaintiff must prove: "(1) plaintiffs were 

consumers under the KCPA, (2) defendants were suppliers under the KCPA, (3) 

defendants engaged in a deceptive or unconscionable act or practice in violation of 

K.S.A. § 50-626 . . . or K.S.A. § 50-627, and (4) plaintiffs were 'aggrieved' by such act." 

In re Motor Fuel Temperature Sales Practices, 279 F.R.D. 598, 604-05 (D. Kan. 2012). 

The parties concede that Yudi was a consumer, defendants were suppliers, and they 

engaged in a "consumer transaction" under the KCPA. The district court found solely that 
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Yudi failed to establish she was "aggrieved," as the Act requires. See K.S.A. 50-634(a), 

(b).

The Act does not define the term "aggrieved." But our cases have done so.

We begin with our Supreme Court's decision in Finstad v. Washburn University, 252 

Kan. 465, 845 P.2d 685 (1993). There, a group of students sued Washburn University for 

alleged misrepresentations about program accreditation. Our Supreme Court held that it 

would not interpret "an aggrieved consumer to be one who is neither aware of nor 

damaged by a violation of the Act." 252 Kan. at 473. It found "the students did not rely 

on the false statement, and many, if not all, of the students were unaware of the 

statement." 252 Kan. at 472. Thus the students failed to show a causal connection 

between their damage and the alleged misrepresentation. 252 Kan. 473-74. Summary 

judgment for the University was proper.

In Welch v. Centex Home Equity Co., LLC, No. 95,981, 2008 WL 713690, at *6 

(Kan. App. 2008) (unpublished opinion), a panel of this court opined that "Finstad does 

not hold that an aggrieved consumer must be aware of, have relied upon, and be damaged 

by the deceptive act. Rather, Finstad holds that there must be a causal connection 

between the defendant's conduct and the plaintiff's damages."

Similarly, a panel of this court has held that "[t]o be aggrieved under the statute, 

the consumer must prove that the seller's act has adversely affected the consumer's legal 

rights. Additionally, the consumer must show that there was a causal connection between 

the deceptive act and the claimed injury. [Citations omitted.]" Schneider v. Liberty Asset 

Management, 45 Kan. App. 2d 978, 985, 251 P.3d 666 (2011). "A consumer becomes 

aggrieved when the consumer suffers legal harm, even if he or she fails to discover or

recognize the harm." Florez v. Ginsberg, 57 Kan. App. 2d 207, Syl. ¶ 6, 449 P.3d 770 

(2019). A consumer need not establish measurable monetary damages to qualify as 

aggrieved. Via Christi Regional Med. Center, Inc. v. Reed, 298 Kan. 503, 519, 314 P.3d 
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852 (2013). But consumers must still show that their damage relates to the alleged 

misrepresentation. See Schneider, 45 Kan. App. 2d at 986. 

Yudi must therefore show that she was legally harmed and that her harm was 

causally connected to Brad's advertising to sustain a triable KCPA claim. See Welch,

2008 WL 713690, at *6. Although Yudi's claims of harm are unclear, she seemingly 

argues that her injuries are twofold: her hiring AAPLO based on Brad's 

misrepresentations, and Brian's filing of an attorney's lien. 

We first address the lien. Yudi does not explain how the filing of the lien legally 

harmed her. An issue not briefed is considered waived or abandoned. State v. Arnett, 307 

Kan. 648, 650, 413 P.3d 787 (2018). Filing an attorney's lien is permitted by law. Yudi 

admits that Brad waived his interest in the lien, and that Brian never asked for a hearing 

to determine the lien's validity or to enforce the lien against her. Instead, Brian later filed 

a separate lawsuit to recover the amount sought in that lien. Yet, as Yudi admits, she is 

not a defendant in that case. Yudi does not allege that the lien itself contained any 

misrepresentations; instead, the lien notice did not include an itemization of litigation 

expenses or mention fax or copy charges. And nothing shows that Yudi has ever paid 

AAPLO or either defendant any part of the amount sought in the lien. Yudi received all 

the personal injury settlement funds she was due, despite the lien having been filed. 

Therefore, Yudi fails to show a material issue of fact that the mere filing of the lien 

harmed her.

Harm must thus be found, if at all, in Yudi's hiring AAPLO. We assume, without 

deciding, that sufficient harm may be established under the KCPA when a client relies on 

misrepresentations in an attorney's advertisements in selecting a lawyer and is thus 

"gulled out of a fair opportunity to select a different lawyer." Consolver v. Pistotnik, No. 

115,197, 2017 WL 2715122, at *3-4 (Kan. App. 2017) (unpublished opinion) (finding 
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that the decision to choose representation in such a manner "may be enough" to establish 

the injury needed to succeed on a KCPA claim). But that is not what happened here. 

Yudi cannot establish that she relied on the representations made in Brad's 

advertisements in deciding to retain AAPLO—she was incapacitated when her father 

made that decision. She played no part in that decision. And even if we assume the 

viability of an indirect reliance theory under the KCPA, Yudi fails to show that Brad's 

advertisements played any part in Ernesto's decision to hire AAPLO. Ernesto selected 

AAPLO on Yudi's behalf because Mirna advised him to. Whether Mirna chose AAPLO 

because she saw Brad's television advertisements or instead because her friend 

recommended Brad matters not. No evidence suggests that Mirna conveyed to Ernesto 

any information about Brad's advertisements. For an indirect reliance theory to work, 

that, at least, is necessary. Without either direct or indirect reliance, Yudi fails to show 

any causal connection between Brad's allegedly deceptive advertising and her claimed 

harm of not having a fair opportunity to choose a different lawyer.

In apparent recognition of her inability to show reliance, Yudi argues none is 

required under the KCPA. But Yudi must show some adverse effect on her legal rights, 

and some causal connection between the deceptive act and her claimed injury. As stated 

above, she has failed to do so.

The Remaining Miscellaneous Allegations Are Immaterial

Yudi briefs several miscellaneous arguments about her KCPA claim. She argues 

that whether Brad was involved in asserting the lien is a question of fact for the jury. But 

since Yudi has shown no harm flowing from the mere assertion of the lien, it does not 

matter whether Brad was involved. She also asserts that she was aggrieved by an alleged 

conflict of interest between Ernesto and Brian. But Yudi failed to provide the district 

court with evidence of a conflict of interest and now fails to argue how that alleged 
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conflict caused her injury. Finally, Yudi argues that Brian kept a personal injury 

protection (PIP) check for $4,500 as a "retaining lien" without her knowledge or consent. 

But Yudi fails to cite the record to support her allegation that AAPLO inappropriately 

kept a PIP check. And our review of the record reveals no such evidence, other than 

Yudi's testimony stating AAPLO did not notify her of the existence of a PIP check and 

did not disburse the funds to her. For these reasons, we find Yudi's miscellaneous 

allegations immaterial to our decision upholding summary judgment on her KCPA claim.

Similarly, we find it unnecessary to address Brad's argument that Yudi's KCPA 

claim is precluded by the doctrine of prevention because AAPLO would have recovered 

money for her, but for Ernesto's decision to terminate the firm.

Did the District Court Err in Granting Summary Judgment on Yudi's Fraud Claim?

Next Yudi argues that the district court erred in granting summary judgment on 

her fraud claim. She argues, as she did regarding her KCPA claim, that the district court 

misapplied the applicable law, ignored genuine issues of material fact, and failed to 

resolve inferences in her favor. Brad argues that because Yudi failed to plead fraud with 

particularity and failed to show the required reliance, the district court correctly granted 

summary judgment in his favor. 

Preservation Issue Raised by Yudi

We must first address a procedural issue—Yudi's assertion that Brad's argument is 

not preserved for appellate review. Yudi argues that Brad had to file a cross-appeal for 

his claim that Yudi failed to plead fraud with the requisite particularity. We disagree. 

Although K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-2103(h) requires an appellee to file a notice of crossappeal from adverse rulings to obtain appellate review of those issues, Lumry v. State, 

305 Kan. 545, 553-54, 385 P.3d 479 (2016), the district court did not rule adversely to 
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Brad. And Brad does not ask this court to remedy something the district court explicitly 

rejected. 

That said, we choose to focus our discussion on the evidence, as did the district 

court, instead of on the pleadings.

Basic Legal Principles

An actionable fraud claim is one that involves an untrue statement of material fact, 

known to be untrue, made with the intent to deceive or with reckless disregard for the 

truth and on which another party justifiably relies to his or her detriment. See Alires v. 

McGehee, 277 Kan. 398, 403, 85 P.3d 1191 (2004); PIK Civ. 4th 127.40. Fraud must be 

proven by clear and convincing evidence. See Waxse v. Reserve Life Ins. Co., 248 Kan. 

582, Syl. ¶ 3, 809 P.2d 533 (1991). But "a party resisting a motion for summary judgment 

in an action based upon fraud need not present 'clear and convincing evidence' of fraud in 

opposing the motion." Dugan v. First Nat. Bank in Wichita, 227 Kan. 201, 207, 606 P.2d 

1009 (1980).

Generally, the Kansas Rules of Civil Procedure permit notice pleading. This 

means a pleading is sufficient if it contains "[a] short and plain statement of the claim 

showing that the pleader is entitled to relief" and a demand for judgment. K.S.A. 2019 

Supp. 60-208(a). But an exception applies in pleading fraud. Under K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 

60-209(b), when pleading fraud, the circumstances constituting fraud must be stated with 

particularity: "In alleging fraud or mistake, a party must state with particularity the 

circumstances constituting fraud or mistake. Malice, intent, knowledge and other 

conditions of a person's mind may be alleged generally." K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-209(b). 

We strictly enforce the statutory requirement to plead fraud with particularity. See 

Palmer v. Brown, 242 Kan. 893, 901, 752 P.2d 685 (1988).
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Yudi's Petition

In her amended petition, Yudi alleged these actions were fraudulent:

 "The Defendants' representation that photocopies were a 'litigation expense' and 

it cost $0.22 to make one was a false representation of a statement of material 

and existing fact."

 "The Defendants' representation that sending a fax was a 'litigation expense' and 

cost $1.00 per fax to send one was a false representation of a statement of 

material and existing fact."

 "The Defendants' representation that the Plaintiff owed them any money at all for 

legal fees was a false representation of a statement of material and existing fact." 

 "The Defendants' failure to attach any documents supporting the figures set forth 

in the lien served on the Plaintiff was a willful omission of material fact."

 "The false statements that have been made by the Defendants in a wide variety of 

advertisements for at least ten years—including but not limited to claiming they 

had achieved 'verdicts and settlements' that they did not obtain and telling 

potential clients that if they did not recover money for them, they did not owe a 

fee—were false statements of material and existing fact." 

Yudi also referenced, among other things, an alleged conflict of interest, the lien 

asserted against any personal injury proceeds, and the lack of information about how the 

fees were calculated. 

Yudi generally claimed that defendants knew these representations were untrue 

when made or made them recklessly. She claimed that the representations were made to 

induce her to act, and that she reasonably relied and acted on them. As for the 

advertisements, Yudi claimed: "Both Defendants knew that the statements that appeared 

in their advertisements were not accurate and both knew that there was no way those that 

saw them could have discovered the statements were not true through due diligence." 

Yudi also claimed that she
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"sustained damages as a result of the Defendant's failure to communicate these material 

facts to her in a timely manner and, had they done so, she would have never (a) believed 

that the Defendants had the legal skills to get large verdicts such as the ones they 

advertised and would not have used them for legal services at all after that[,] had she 

known they did not; (b) had she settled her personal injury claim, any proceeds due to her 

would have been encumbered and she would not have been able to use them for any 

purpose until such time as the lien was resolved and, had the Defendant's proved 

successful, she would have had to pay over $50,000 for phony legal fees and 'costs'." 

Yudi Fails to Establish Direct or Indirect Reliance

Brad argues that Yudi failed to produce evidence that she or Ernesto saw any 

AAPLO advertisement that included a fraudulent representation before Ernesto retained 

the firm. Thus, Yudi cannot establish that she relied on the fraudulent statement or that 

she was injured as a result of that reliance. 

As explained below, we agree with the district court that Yudi failed to establish 

reliance. In her amended petition, Yudi claimed that she relied on the alleged 

misrepresentations. But no evidence creates a genuine issue of material fact on that issue.

Yudi did not plead indirect reliance and does not raise indirect reliance in her 

appellate brief. Yudi explained that her father hired AAPLO, yet she did not allege that 

he relied on any misrepresentation in making that decision. Likewise, Yudi does not 

argue that she indirectly relied on the misrepresentations she claims existed in Brad's 

advertisement on appeal. An issue not briefed is considered waived or abandoned. Arnett, 

307 Kan. at 650. Thus, summary judgment was proper even assuming the legal validity, 

generally, of the indirect reliance theory. 
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But this is not a mere pleading problem. Yudi fails to show that Ernesto's reliance 

could have been imputed to her, even assuming that an indirect reliance theory applies. 

Yudi fails to show facts suggesting that Ernesto relied on Brad's advertisement. 

Ernesto—and not Mirna—was Yudi's agent. Yudi fails to provide pertinent legal 

authority prescribing a method under which this court could consider Mirna's reliance on 

Brad's advertisements as sufficient for proof of fraud. Yudi argues that fraud may exist 

when a misrepresentation is made to a third party if it can be shown that the plaintiff was 

injured as a result of the misrepresentation. But Yudi fails to cite relevant authority. 

Although other jurisdictions have adopted that approach, see, e.g., Williams v. Dow 

Chem. Co., No. 01 CIV. 4307 (PKC), 2004 WL 1348932, at *21 (S.D.N.Y. 2004)

(unpublished opinion), Kansas courts have not. Reliance remains required for fraud.

Yudi then asserts that under Kansas law, third-party reliance is enough, as it was 

in Griffith v. Byers Const. Co. of Kansas, 212 Kan. 65, 510 P.2d 198 (1973). But that 

case is distinguishable. In Griffith, a group of homeowners sued a developer based on the 

developer's failure to reveal the high salinity of the land. The developer claimed he could 

not be sued because he was not in privity with the homeowners and had never met them. 

The Griffith court rejected that claim, finding "[o]ne who makes a fraudulent 

misrepresentation or concealment is subject to liability for pecuniary loss to the persons 

or class of persons whom he intends or has reason to expect to act or to refrain from 

action in reliance upon the misrepresentation or concealment." 212 Kan. at 73. As a 

result, our Supreme Court held that the developer could be sued for not revealing his 

knowledge about the soil. That decision, however, dealt with fraud by silence, which is 

not alleged here. 212 Kan. at 73. Our Supreme Court had no need to discuss the 

requirement that in cases of third party or indirect reliance on a misrepresentation, that 

misrepresentation must be conveyed to the plaintiff by someone who received the 

information from the defendant. 
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We agree that under certain circumstances, a plaintiff may recover for fraudulent 

misrepresentation under Kansas law where reliance occurred indirectly. The Kansas 

Supreme Court so held in Citizens State Bank v. Gilmore, 226 Kan. 662, 603 P.2d 605 

(1979). There, assuming plaintiff could prove its allegations, 

"the defendant Gilmore . . . deliberately set out to sell diseased or exposed cattle to Gaede 

knowing Gaede was going to obtain financing for the purchase of the cattle from the 

plaintiff Bank. Plaintiff Bank falls squarely within the rule of the Restatement in that it 

was a person or within that class of persons that Gilmore had reason to expect to act in 

reliance on the misrepresentation that the cattle were healthy. The fact that the 

misrepresentation consisted of a concealment of material facts rather than a material 

misstatement of facts does not alter the situation. Defendants certainly obtained an 

advantage ($9,000) by concealing the facts." 226 Kan. at 671.

The court held the plaintiff was a real party in interest, had standing to sue, and had stated 

a cause of action for fraudulent misrepresentation. 226 Kan. at 671-72; see DeBoer v. 

American Appraisal Associates, Inc., 502 F. Supp. 2d 1160, 1168 (D. Kan. 2007) (noting 

that a plaintiff could recover for fraudulent misrepresentation under Kansas law when 

reliance occurred indirectly).

The requirements for proof of fraudulent misrepresentation in cases of third party 

or indirect reliance are clearly stated in Restatement (Second) of Torts § 533 (1977) 

(representation made to a third person):

"Some courts have recognized fraud claims in cases of third party or indirect 

reliance, but only if plaintiffs establish that (1) they received the information from 

someone who received it from defendant; (2) defendant intended the information to be 

conveyed to them and (3) they justifiably relied on the information. Restatement 

(Second) of Torts § 533 (1977); Citizens State Bank, 226 Kan. at 669-70, 603 P.2d at 

611; Turtur v. Rothschild Registry Int'l, Inc., 26 F.3d 304, 310 (2d Cir. 1994). Because 

plaintiffs have not alleged that they knew of Cessna's representations to the FAA or to 
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pilots, they cannot establish that they received the information or that they detrimentally

relied on it." In re Cessna 208 Series Aircraft Products Liability Litigation, No. 05-MD1721-KHV, 2009 WL 274509, at *6 (D. Kan. 2009) (unpublished opinion).

We apply those requirements here.

Yudi fails to meet the first requirement, as no facts show that Ernesto "received 

the information from someone who received if from defendant." Ernesto testified that he 

did not know much of anything about the suit against Brian and Brad. He did not know of 

any misrepresentations. And no evidence suggests that Ernesto relied on any 

representations in Brad's advertisements. He hired AAPLO because Mirna told him to. 

Yet the record does not show that Mirna told Ernesto about the advertisements or 

otherwise conveyed their substance to him before he hired the firm. Because the record 

does not show that Yudi could have relied, or Ernesto could have indirectly relied, on 

Brad's advertisements, Yudi fails to raise a genuine issue of material fact on that 

necessary element of her fraud claim. 

Did the District Court Abuse Its Discretion in Denying Some of Yudi's Discovery 

Requests?

Yudi next argues that the district court erred in denying her discovery requests for 

copies of AAPLO settlement agreements with other clients, and for Brad's response to the 

KDA. We reach these discovery issues because Yudi argues that the information in these 

documents was crucial to and "likely dispositive" of her claim. 

Yudi asserts that we should apply a de novo standard of review in deciding this 

issue. We disagree. Generally, "'[c]ontrol of discovery is entrusted to the sound discretion 

of the district court, and orders concerning discovery will not be disturbed on appeal in 

the absence of clear abuse of discretion.'" Kansas Medical Mut. Ins. Co. v. Svaty, 291 
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Kan. 597, 618, 244 P.3d 642 (2010). A judicial action constitutes an abuse of discretion if 

(1) it is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable; (2) it is based on an error of law; or (3) it is 

based on an error of fact. Biglow v. Eidenberg, 308 Kan. 873, 893, 424 P.3d 515 (2018). 

We apply that standard here.

We first review the district court's finding that Brad's response to a complaint 

someone made about him to the KDA was not discoverable. Although the district court 

apparently did not do an in camera inspection before making that determination, the 

district court is deemed to know the strictures of Kansas Supreme Court Rule 222:

"(a) Confidentiality. All complaints, investigations, reports, correspondence, 

proceedings, and records of the disciplinary administrator and the Kansas Board for 

Discipline of Attorneys are private and confidential and must not be divulged in whole or 

in part except as provided in subsections (d), (e), and (f) below or by order of the 

Supreme Court." (2020 Kan. S. Ct. R. 273).

Suffice it to say that subsections (d), (e), and (f) do not apply here, and no Kansas 

Supreme Court order to disclose the response was made. See Rule 222(d) (2020 Kan. S. 

Ct. R. 273) (providing that "[u]pon request, the disciplinary administrator will disclose to 

the respondent all evidence in the disciplinary administrator's possession. No other 

discovery will be permitted." [Emphasis added.]). Brad's response to the KDA was 

confidential and not subject to discovery.

Yudi's request for settlement documents falls within more general rules governing 

discovery in civil cases. Our district courts have supervisory powers over discovery under 

K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-226. Under that statute, the district court "may, for good cause, 

issue an order to protect a party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression or 

undue burden or expense, including . . . forbidding inquiry into certain matters, or 

limiting the scope of disclosure or discovery to certain matters." K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-

226(c)(1)(D). The district court did so here.
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A district court must follow certain procedures in considering a party's claim that 

evidence is confidential "when a claim of privilege, confidentiality or irrelevance is 

raised the court has a duty to conduct an in camera inspection to separate and permit 

discovery of only the relevant documents, thereby protecting against unnecessary and 

damaging disclosure of irrelevant confidential material." Berst v. Chipman, 232 Kan. 

180, 187, 653 P.2d 107 (1982). The district court should consider various factors.

"In striking a balance between discovery and nondisclosure, courts should consider '"the 

nature of the proceeding, whether the deponent is a party, whether the information sought 

is available from other sources, and whether the information sought goes to the heart of 

the claim."' Additional factors to [consider] are the degree of harm that would be caused 

by disclosure, the type of controversy before the court, and the public interest in 

forbidding discovery. [Citations omitted.]" Rockhill Pain Specialists v. Hancock, 55 Kan. 

App. 2d 161, 182, 412 P.3d 1008 (2017).

Yudi argues that because the information in the settlement agreements was crucial to and 

"likely dispositive" of her claim, their importance far outweighs any potential harm in 

allowing discovery. 

The district court initially determined that the settlement agreements at issue were 

relevant, unprivileged, and discoverable. But after Brad claimed the agreements were 

confidential, the district court conducted an in camera review of the documents. It agreed 

that the settlements showed they were confidential, and so it limited discovery to the facts

that would have determined whether a settlement occurred and in what amount. But the 

district court's decision lacks any discussion of what factors it considered or how it 

weighed them. By failing to show it considered the necessary factors, the district court 

erred. We cannot reweigh evidence on appeal. See Casco v. Armour Swift-Eckrich, 283 

Kan. 508, 514-15, 154 P.3d 494 (2007). 
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Harmless Error

Nonetheless, we find that error harmless. Yudi did not ask the district court to 

make specific findings or object to its general ruling. "When there is no objection to a 

trial court's findings, this court presumes that the trial court found all facts necessary to 

support its judgment." State v. Jones, 306 Kan. 948, 959, 398 P.3d 856 (2017). And Yudi 

had other means of obtaining information that Brad had made misrepresentations in his 

advertisements. Yudi specified only the $9 million representation Brad made, but Yudi 

already had Brian's testimony that Brad had not recovered a $9 million judgment, as 

someone other than Brad had obtained that settlement. And Yudi had Brad's admission to 

having made an inadvertent misrepresentation about an alleged $2.4 million judgment. 

We find no reversible error in the district court's handling of these discovery issues.

Did the District Court Abuse Its discretion by Transferring Venue?

Yudi next argues that the district court abused its discretion by transferring venue 

from Cowley County to Sedgwick County. She claims the Cowley County district judge's 

decision was swayed by its reliance on a false statement by Brad's attorney.

K.S.A. 60-609(a) provides that "[u]pon the motion of a party, a district court may 

transfer any civil action to any county where it might have been brought upon a finding 

that a transfer would better serve the convenience of the parties and witnesses and the 

interests of justice." Under K.S.A. 60-609, a district court has the discretion to grant or 

deny a party's motion for change of venue. In re Marriage of Yount & Hulse, 34 Kan. 

App. 2d 660, 663, 122 P.3d 1175 (2005). So, we review the district court's decision to 

change venue for an abuse of discretion.

In her petition and amended petition, Yudi alleged that Brad had sent his false 

advertisements throughout Kansas including where she resided—in Cowley County. Brad 
21

moved to transfer venue to Sedgwick County, arguing "all of the activities took place in 

Wichita." 

At the hearing to consider Brad's motion to transfer venue, the district court asked 

whether Brian was a director at AAPLO. Defendant's counsel answered that Brian was 

not, as he was merely an employee and shareholder of AAPLO. Yet the record 

establishes that Brian was a director at the time. Brad now agrees that his attorney 

misspoke.

Yet, as Brad correctly notes, despite the false representation, the district court 

found that both Brad and Brian were responsible for AAPLO's advertising. And the 

district court ruled that it did not believe defendants' advertising in Cowley County was 

enough to establish venue. Because the record does not show that the district court relied 

on Brad's misstatement, Yudi's argument is unpersuasive.

The record does show that both Brad and Brian were residents of Wichita and 

were shareholders of AAPLO, located in Wichita. The contract between AAPLO and 

Ernesto was signed and negotiated in Sedgwick County. All work that the defendants did 

for Yudi was done in Sedgwick County. The district court considered all of these facts 

and found, in addition to what is identified above, that it would be more economical for 

Yudi to travel to Wichita rather than for all the attorneys to travel to Cowley County. We 

find no abuse of discretion in the decision to transfer venue to Wichita. 

Affirmed.