FILED U.S. COURT OF AP P EALS E LEVEN T HC IRC U IT APR 26 , 2006 THOMAS K. KAH

N CLERK [ DO NO T P UB L I S H] I N THE UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT

________________________ N o. 05- 15309 N on -A rgum entC al endar

________________________ D . C. D o c k e tN o . 0 5 - 0 0 0 3 7 - CR- 3 - RV U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A , P la in tif f - A p p e lle e , v ersu s N A T H A N I E L F I E L D S , D e f e n d a n t- A p p e lla n t.

________________________ A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f orthe N or the rn D i s tr i c tof F l or i da

_________________________ ( A p r i l26, 2006) B efo re D U B IN A , B L A C K an d H U L L , C i rcu i tJu d g es. P E R C U R I A M: N a th a n ie l F ie ld s ap p e a ls h is c o n v ic tio n f o rp o s s e s s io n w ith in te n t to2

di s tr i but e c oc a i ne ba s e , i n vi ol a t i on of 21 U . S . C . § 841( a ) ( 1) , ( b) ( 1) ( A ) ( i i i ) . F i e l ds a s s e r ts th e d is tr ic t c o u r t e rr e d in d e n y in g h is m o tio n to s u p p r e s s e v id e n c e . W e c onc l ude the di s tr i c tc our tdi d note rr , a nd a f f i rm F i e l ds ’ c onvi c t i on. I . B AC KG R OU ND F ie ld s f ile d am o tio n to s u p p r e s s e v id e n c e r e c o v e r e d f r o m h im a n d h is vehi cl e on F ebruary1, 20 05 . F i el ds w as det ai ned aft eroffi ce rs di sc ov er ed hi s c ar , w hi c h m a t c he d ade s c r i pt i on pr ovi de d by a n a nony m ous i nf orm a nt , i n the dri vew ayof a w el l -kno w n d rug h ou se . P ri or t o the det ent i on , F i el ds drov e aw ay fr om three m arked p atrol cars i n an acce l er at ed m anner, and then w al ked aw ay f r om apol i c e of

f i c e rw ho w a s a tt e m pt i ng t o ge thi s a tt e nt i on. D ur i ng the c our s e of the det ent i on , F i el ds w as hand cuff ed and p l ac ed bri ef

l y i n a patrol car. T he di stri ct co u rtd en i ed th e m o t i o n t o su p p ress. I I . ST AN DA RD OF RE VI EW

“ W e appl y am i xe d s t a nda r d of r e vi e w t o the de ni a l of

ade f e nda nt ’ s m ot i on to s u p p r e s s , r e v ie w in g th e d is tr ic t c o u r t’s f in d in g s o f

f a c t f o rc le a re rr o ra n d its ap p l i cat i o n o f l aw t o th o se fact s de no vo . ” U ni te d State s v . L

y ons , 403 F . 3d 1248, 1 2 5 0 ( 1 1 th C ir .) , ce rt. deni ed , 12 6 S . C t . 73 2 (20 05 ). M oreover, “ al l fa ct s are construed i n the l i gh tm ostfa vo rabl e t o the prevai l i ng party bel ow . ” U ni ted Stat es v . B e r v aldi , 2 2 6 F .3 d 1 2 5 6 , 1 2 6 2 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 0 ) .3 I I I . DI S C US S I ON A . R e as onable s us

pi c i on to s top Fi e lds F ie ld s a s s e r ts h is d e te n tio n w a s n o t s u p p o r te d b y r e a s o n ab le s u s p ic io n , a s h is fa ct s are sy no nym ou s w i th the fa ct s of Flo r i da v . J . L. , 1 2 0 S . C t . 1 3 7 5 ( 2 0 0 0 ) . He cont ends the offi ce rs ac t ed sol el y on an ano nym ou s t i p, i n w hi ch the t i pst er pr ovi de d the of

f i c e r s w i th aphy s i c a l de s c r i pt i on of tw o ve hi c l e s , butpr ovi de d no p r e d ic tiv e in f

o rm a tio n a s to f

u tu r e c o n d u c t. F ie ld s f

u r th e rn o te s th e c a lle rf

a ile d to prov i de a des cr i pt i on of the occupants of ei ther vehi cl e, and there w er e d i screp an ci es b etw een th e v eh i cl e d escri b ed b y th e t i p st er an d h i s car. F i el d s al so cont ends pres ence i n a hi gh cr i m e are a and w al ki ng aw ayfr om po l i ce ar e i ns uf f i c i e ntt o e s t abl i s h r e a s onabl e s us pi c i on f oras t op. L a s t l y , F i e l ds a s s e r t s the co u rt ’ s fi n d i n g h e w as i n a k n o w n d ru g -traffi ck i n g area w as erro n eo u s b ecau se the r e w a s no s upportf

orthi s f i ndi ng, othe rtha n D e puty B rus t e r ’ s a l l e ga t i ons a tthe s u p p r e s s io n h e a r in g , a lle g e d ly b a s e d o n p r e v io u s a n o n y m o u s c a lls .

“ T he r i ghtof

the pe opl e t o be s e c ur e i n the i rpe r s ons , hous e s , pape r s , a nd ef fe ct s, agai nstun re as on abl e s earc hes and se i zure s, shal l no tbe vi ol at ed . . . . ” U . S . C on st . am end. IV . T he F ou rth A m endm ent ' s “ prot ec t i on s e xt end t o b ri ef i nv es t i gat ory s t op s of per sons or vehi cl es . ” U n i ted S ta tes v. A rvi

zu , 122 S . C t . 744, 750 ( 2002) . F orbr i e f

i nve s t i ga t ory s t ops , the F our th A m e ndm e nti s s a t i s f i e d i f the4

p o lic e o f f ic e rh a s r e a s o n ab le s u s p ic io n to b e lie v e c r im in a l a c tiv ity m a y b e a f o o t. I d. ( c i t i ng T

e r r y v . O h io , 88 S . C t . 1868, 1884- 85 ( 1968) ) . W he n e va l ua t i ng w h eth er reaso n ab l e su sp i ci o n ex i st s t o m ak e su ch a sei zu re, th e d i stri ctco u rtm u st exam i ne the t ot al i ty of the ci rc um st ance s t o d et erm i ne w hether the arre st i ng offi ce r had a “ ‘ part i cul ar i ze d and obj ec t i ve basi s f or suspec t i ng l egal w rong do i ng . ’ ” U ni ted Stat es v. H

un ter , 291 F . 3d 1302, 1306 ( 11th C i r . 2002) ( quot i ng A rvi zu , 1 2 2 S . C t. at 7 5 0 ). “[A ] rev iew in g co u rt m u st g iv e d u e w eig h t t o th e o ff icer ’s experi ence . ” U

ni te d State s v . B r i

ggm an , 93 1 F . 2d 70 5, 70 9 (11 th C i r. 19 91 ). W e ha ve f

ound ade f

e nda nt ’ s pr e s e nc e i n ahi gh c r i m e a r e aa nd hi s ne rvous o re v a s iv e b e h a v io ra r e r e le v a n t f a c to r s in d e te rm in in g r e a s o n ab le s u s p ic io n . H un ter , 29 1 F . 3d at13 06 -07 (fi nd i ng re as on abl e s uspi ci on w here defe nd antw as l ocat ed i n an areaw i th a re pu t at i on for hi gh cr i m e and w al ked aw ayfr om i l l egal a c tiv ity u p o n a rr iv a l o f

p o lic e ) ; U

ni te d State s v . G ordon , 231 F . 3d 750, 755- 56 (11th C i r. 20 00 ) ( fi nd i ng re as on abl e s uspi ci on w here defe nd antw as i n an area kn ow n for drug sa l es and w al ked t ow ar d h i s c arup on the arri val of po l i ce ); B r i ggm an , 93 1 F . 2d at70 9 (fi nd i ng re as on abl e s uspi ci on w here defe nd antw as pa rke d i n ahi gh c r i m e a r e aa nd the n a tt e m pt e d t o e va de a n of f i c e rby dr i vi ng aw ay ).5

R ea sonabl e s uspi ci on need no tbe base d o n an o ff i ce r’ s per sonal obs e rva t i ons , butr a the rm a y be ba s e d on i nf orm a t i on s uppl i e d by a nothe rpe r s on, s o lo n g a s th e in f

o rm a tio n b e a r s s u f

f ic ie n t in d ic iao f

r e liab ility . A da m s v . Wi l l i a ms , 92 S . C t . 1921, 1924 ( 1972) ( habe a s c ont e xt ) . A n a nony m ous t i p a l one la c k s s u f f ic ie n t in d ic iao f

r e liab ility w h e r e th e tip m e r e ly p r o v id e s a n a c c u r a te de s c r i pt i on of

as ubj e c t ’ s r e a di l y obs e rvabl e l oc a t i on, butpr ovi de s no pr e di c t i ve in fo rm atio n th at w o u ldp ro v id e th e p o li ce w ith th e m ea n s to test th e in fo rm an t’ s k n o w le d g e o rc r e d ib ility . J . L. , 1 2 0 S . C t . at1 3 7 9 . “ [A ] su sp ect ’ s a dverse r e a c t i on t o p o l i ce m ay i n d ep en d en t l y c o r r o b o r a te i nf orm a t i on pr ovi de d by a n a nony m ous i nform ant . ” U

n i ted S ta tes v. H

ea rd , 3 6 7 F .3 d 1 2 7 5 , 1 2 8 0 ( 1 1 th C ir .) ( e m p h a s is in o r ig in a l) , ce rt. deni ed , 1 2 5 S . C t. 2 3 5 ( 2 0 0 4 ) . I n lig h t o f

th e to ta lity o f

th e c ir c u m s tan c e s , D e p u ty B ru s te rh a d r e a s o n ab le s us pi c i on t o s t op F i e l ds . A l though the t i p alone m a y h a v e b e e n in s u f f ic ie n t to s u p p o r t af

in d in g o f r e a s o n ab le s u s p ic io n , th e tip , a lo n g w ith F ie ld s ’ p r e s e n c e a t a hous e know n by of

f i c e r s i n the a r e af

orhi gh drug a c t i vi ty , as hor tdi s t a nc e f r om th e i n t ersect i o n d escri b ed b y th e i n fo rm an t , an d F i el d s’ ev asi v e b eh av i o r i n fi rst dri vi ng aw ayi n an acce l er at ed m anner f rom three m arked p atrol cars and then l at er w al ki ng aw ayand i gn ori ng D eputy B rust er ’ s a tt em pt s t o g ethi s a tt ent i on , ar e s u f f ic ie n t f o raf in d in g o f r e a s o n ab le s u s p ic io n . T h e s e f a c ts a r e a n a lo g o u s to6

H un ter , G ordon a nd B r i

ggm an , w hi c h f

ound ade f

e nda nt ’ s pr e s e nc e i n ahi gh c r im e a r e aa n d a tte m p ts to e v a d e p o lic e s u f f ic ie n t f o raf in d in g o f r e a s o n ab le s u s p ic io n . See H

un ter , 2 9 1 F .3 d a t 1 3 0 6 - 0 7 ; G ordon , 231 F . 3d a t755- 56; B r i ggm an , 931 F . 2d a t709. T he di stri ctcourtdi d n otcl earl y e rri n fi nd i ng the ho use w here F i el ds w as di s c ove r e d a nd the s urr oundi ng a r e aha d ar e put a t i on f ordrug- tr a f

f i c ki ng. T he c our t , i n m a ki ng thi s f

i ndi ng, f ound D e puty B rus t e rc r e di bl e on the r e put a t i on of th e a r e a . C r e d ib ility d e te rm in a tio n s a r e w ith in th e p r o v in c e o f th e f in d e ro f f a c t. U ni ted Stat es v. R am i rez- Chi lel , 289 F . 3d 744, 749 ( 11th C i r . 2002) . F i e l ds c ont e nds D e puty B rus t e rha d no ba s i s f orthi s t e s t i m ony othe rtha n pr e vi ous a n o n y m o u s c a lls . N o th in g f r o m th e r e c o r d in d ic a te s , h o w e v e r , th e p r e v io u s c a lls w er e i n fac tanon ym ou s, and D eputy B rust er , w i th abo utthree and o ne hal f y ears o n th e f o r c e , w a s a w a r e o f

th e a r e a s in th e c o m m u n ity p r o n e to c r im in a l a c tiv ity . A d d itio n a lly , J

. L. d if f e r s f r o m th is c a s e in im p o r ta n t r e s p e c ts ; J . L. di d not i nvol ve ade f

e nda ntl oc a t e d i n ahi gh c r i m e a r e a , a nd the r e w a s no i ndi c a t i on the d e f e n d a n t e n g a g e d in a n y b e h a v io rto e v a d e th e p o lic e . 1 2 0 S . C t. a t 1 3 7 7 . A c c o r d in g ly , th e d is tr ic t c o u r t d id n o t e rrin f in d in g D e p u ty B ru s te rh a d r e a s o n ab le su sp i ci o n t o st o p F i el d s. B . D e te nt i on/

A r r e s t of Fi e lds7

N e xt , F i e l ds c ont e nds hi s de t e nt i on c ons t i tut e d a n a rr e s tf orw hi c h as how i ng o f p r o b ab le c au s e w a s n e c e s s a ry . F ie ld s a s s e r ts D e p u ty B ru s te r ’s a c tio n s in ha ndc uf f i ng hi m a nd pl a c i ng hi m i n apa tr ol c a rw e r e unr e a s onabl e be c aus e the of f i c e rdi d notha ve a n obj e c t i ve r e a s on t o be l i e ve he w a s a rm e d a nd da nge r ous af t er(1) apat -dow n o f hi s per son revea l ed no w eapo ns, and (2) a com pu t erchec k on hi s W as hi ng t on l i ce nse r eturned n egat i ve. “[ A ]n o f f ic e r ’s in v e s tig a tio n o f

atr a f f ic s to p m u s t b e ‘r e a s o n ab ly r e la te d in sc op e t o the ci rc um st ance s w hi ch j ust i fi ed the i nt er fe re nce i n the fi rs tpl ac e. ’ ” U ni ted Stat es v. B oyce , 351 F . 3d 1102, 1106 ( 11th C i r . 2003) ( quot i ng T erry , 8 8 S. C t . at18 79 ). “ [W ] hen the t ot al i ty of c i rc um st ance s i nd i ca t e thatan encoun t erhas b eco m e t o o i n tru si v e t o b e cl assi fi ed as a b ri ef sei zu re, th e en co u n t er i s an arrest and p robabl e c ause i s r equi re d. ” U n i ted S ta tes v. Esp i n o sa -G u erra , 805 F . 2d 1502, 1 5 0 6 ( 1 1 th C i r . 1 9 8 6 ) . I n d e t e rm i n i n g wh e th e ras e i z u r e i s a n a rr e s to rs t o p , we c ons i de rthe f

ol l ow i ng f

ournon- e xc l us i ve f

a c t or s : ( 1) the l a w e nf

or c e m e nt pu rposes se rved by the det ent i on ; (2) the di l i gence w i th w hi ch the po l i ce pu rs ued the i ri nve s t i ga t i on; ( 3) the s c ope a nd i ntrus i ve ne s s of the de t e nt i on; a nd ( 4) the d u r a tio n o f

th e d e te n tio n . U

n ite d S ta te s v . A c o s ta , 36 3 F . 3d 11 41 , 11 46 (11th C i r. 2004) . I n a na l y z i ng w he the rl a w e nf or c e m e ntpurpos e s a r e s e rve d by the det ent i on , w e c on si der w hether the offi ce r det ai ned the defendantt o p ursue a8

m e th o d o f

in v e s tig a tio n lik e ly to c o n f irm o rd is p e l th e o f

f ic e r ’s s u s p ic io n s q u ic k ly w ith m in im a l in te r f

e r e n c e . I d. T he fa ctthe i nv es t i gat i on coul d h ave been ac com pl i shed by l es s i ntrusi ve m eans do es no taut om at i ca l l y r ender a T erry s t op u n r e a s o n ab le . U

ni te d State s v . Shar

pe , 1 0 5 S . C t. 1 5 6 8 , 1 5 7 5 - 7 6 ( 1 9 8 5 ) . A n o ff i ce r’ s a ct i on i n h andcuffi ng a def endantor se curi ng hi m i n a patrol car do es no taut om at i ca l l y c on verta T erry s to p in to a n a rr e s t. A c o s ta , 3 6 3 F .3 d 1 1 4 7 . T he i nq ui ryas t o w hether the use of apart i cul arre stra i ntconv ert s ast op i nt o an a rr e s t is r e a s o n ab le n e s s . U ni te d State s v . Kappe rm an , 7 6 4 F .2 d 7 8 6 , 7 9 1 n .4 ( 1 1 th C i r . 1985) . P ol i c e a r e pe rm i tt e d t o t a ke r e a s onabl e a c t i on t o pr ot e c tthe m s e l ve s or to m a in ta in th e s ta tu s q u o . I d. T he di stri ctcourtdi d n oterr i n tre at i ng F i el ds’ det ent i on as a T erry st op , as oppos e d t o a n a rr e s t , be c aus e D e puty B rus t e r ’ s a c t i ons i n ha ndc uf f i ng F i e l ds a nd pl a c i ng hi m i n hi s pa tr ol c a rw e r e r e a s onabl e unde rthe c i r c um s t a nc e s . W e ha ve re cogn i ze d that“ [d] rug d ea l i ng i s kno w n t o b e e xtre m el y vi ol ent . ” U ni ted Stat es v. D i a z-L i za ra za , 981 F . 2d 1216, 1221 ( 11th C i r . 1993) . I n l i ghtof the na tur e of

the suspec t ed offens e, i tw as re as on abl e f or D eputy B rust ert o b el i eve F i el ds w as goi ng t o pul l outaw e apon w he n F i e l ds r e a c he d f orhi s ba c k poc ke tw hi l e w a l ki ng a w a y . M o r e o v e r , D e p u ty B ru s te r ’s a c tio n in h a n d c u f f in g F ie ld s w a s r e a s o n ab ly ne c e s s a ry t o pr e s e rve the s t a tus quo. G i ve n F i e l ds ’ be ha vi ori n i gnor i ng9

D e p u ty B ru s te ra n d w a lk in g a w a y w h e n D e p u ty B ru s te ra tte m p te d to e n g a g e h im i n c onve r s a t i on, D e puty B rus t e rc oul d ha ve r e a s onabl y be l i e ve d r e s tr a i ni ng F i e l ds w as nece ss ary t o p re venthi m fr om es capi ng so thatD eputy B rust ercoul d con du ct h is in v e s tig a tio n . D eputy B rust ercl ai m s t o h ave pl ac ed F i el ds i n the patrol car bec ause i tw as ra i ni ng . A n o ff

i ce r’ s a ct i on i n p l ac i ng a def endanti n a patrol car due t o w ea ther co n d i t i o n s d o es n o tco n v ertth e o ffi cer’s T erry s to p in to a n a rr e s t. T ho m as v. N e w s o me , 82 1 F . 2d 15 50 , 15 54 (11th C i r. 19 87 ) ( habeas cont ext ). D eputy B rust er ’ s a ct i on i n p l ac i ng F i el ds i n the patrol car w as re as on abl e t o ensure the of f i c e r ’ s s a f e ty a nd t o pr ovi de f

orF i e l ds ’ c om f

or t . M or e ove r , a ny be l i e f by F i el ds thathe w as bei ng arre st ed w ou l d h ave been di spel l ed by D eputy B rust er r e p e a te d ly in f

o rm in g F ie ld s th a t h e w a s n o t u n d e ra rr e s t. T he othe rf

a c t or s c ons i de r e d by c our t s i n de t e rm i ni ng i f ade t e nt i on i s as t op o ra n a rr e s t a ls o w e ig h in th e G o v e rn m e n t’s f a v o r . D e p u ty B ru s te rh a d r e a s o n ab le s us pi c i on t o be l i e ve F i e l ds w a s i nvol ve d i n as e r i ous c r i m e , a nd pur s ue d am e thod o f in v e s tig a tio n lik e ly to c o n f irm o rd is p e l h is s u s p ic io n s q u ic k ly . See A c o s ta , 363 F .3 d a t 1 1 4 6 . A f

te ro b ta in in g F ie ld s ’ lic e n s e s , D e p u ty B ru s te rc h e c k e d q u ic k ly to s e e i f the l i c e ns e s w e r e va l i d a nd i f F i e l ds ha d a ny w a rr a nt s s how i ng aba c kgr ound i n na r c ot i c s - r e l a t e d a c t i vi t i e s . A n of f i c e rm a y a s k as us pe c tt o i de nt i f y hi m s e l f or10

re qu es tt o see a s uspect ’ s i dent i fi ca t i on du ri ng the course of a T erry s to p . See D i a z-L i za ra za , 98 1 F . 2d at12 21 . T here i s no i nd i ca t i on fr om the re cord that D eputy B rust erdi d n otcond ucthi s i nv es t i gat i on w i th d i l i gence, and h e det ai ned F i e l ds f orno m or e tha n t e n m i nut e s be f or e i s s ui ng af

orm a l a rr e s t . M or e ove r , he is s u e d af

o rm a l a rr e s t im m e d ia te ly a f te rd e te rm in in g h e h a d p r o b ab le c au s e to a rr e s t F ie ld s d u e to F ie ld s ’ s u s p e n d e d lic e n s e . A c c o r d in g ly , th e d is tr ic t c o u r t d id no terr i n fi nd i ng F i el ds’ det ent i on re as on abl e. I V. C ON C L US I ON U n d e rth e to ta lity o f

th e c ir c u m s tan c e s , D e p u ty B ru s te rh a d r e a s o n ab le suspi ci on t o d et ai n F i el ds and i nv es t i gat e i f he w as i nv ol ved i n a narcot i cs vi ol a t i on. M or e ove r , D e puty B rus t e r ’ s a c t i on i n ha ndc uf f i ng F i e l ds a nd pl a c i ng hi m i n apa tr ol c a rw a s r e a s onabl e i n or de rt o pr ot e c thi s s a f e ty , t o m a i nt a i n the st atus qu o b y a ss uri ng F i el ds w ou l d n otes cape, and t o p rovi de for F i el ds’ com fort in th e r a in y w e a th e r . T h e d is tr ic t c o u r t d id n o t e rrin d e n y in g F ie ld s ’ m o tio n to s uppr e s s , a nd w e a f

f i rm F i e l ds ’ c onvi c t i on. AF F I R ME D.