Third District Court of Appeal

State of Florida

Opinion filed November 26, 2014.

Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

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No. 3D14-2247

Lower Tribunal No. 13-15624

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R.C.,

Petitioner,

vs.

Department of Children and Family Services and

Guardian Ad Litem Program,

Respondents.

A Writ of Certiorari to the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Cindy S.

Lederman, Judge.

Eugene F. Zenobi, Criminal Conflict and Civil Regional Counse, Third

Region, and Kevin Coyle Colbert, for petitioner.

Karla Perkins, for Department of Children & Families; Patricia Murphy

Propheter, for Guardian Ad Litem Program, respondents.

Before SHEPHERD, C.J., and SALTER and FERNANDEZ, JJ.

SHEPHERD, C.J.
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R.C., the respondent in a petition filed by the Florida Department of

Children and Families seeking to terminate her parental rights in her three children,

seeks certiorari relief from a sua sponte order of the trial court directing her to

submit to a pregnancy test. Because the trial court wholly failed to afford R.C.

notice and there is no showing of good cause, as required by law, we quash the

order.

Facts

On August 25, 2014, R.C. appeared for a status conference in this

termination of parental rights case regarding her three minor children, T.C.

(D.O.B. 12/14/09), L.C. (D.O.B. 3/9/11), and D.L., (D.O.B. 12/13/11). Apparently

concerned that R.C. was yet again pregnant, the guardian ad litem asked the court

to place R.C. under oath and inquire. In response to progressively more insistent

questioning by the trial judge, R.C. thrice answered, “I don’t know.” Displaying

palpable incredulity at R.C.’s answers, the court ordered R.C. to submit to a

pregnancy test, first on the court’s belief it would be a violation of her case plan

for her to become pregnant. After R.C.’s counsel corrected that misconception, the

trial court nevertheless continued her insistence on the test, over objection, on the

basis that if she is pregnant, “she’s hurting her fetus by not getting prenatal care.” 

R.C. timely has sought relief from that order.1 

1

In accordance with custom and practice, this court ordered counsel for both the

Florida Department of Children and Families and the Guardian Ad Litem Program
3

Analysis

Certiorari relief is available when an interlocutory order causes material

injury that cannot be remedied on direct appeal. E.g., G.D. v. Dep’t of Children &

Family Servs., 870 So. 2d 235, 237 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004) (citing Martin–Johnson,

Inc. v. Savage, 509 So.2d 1097, 1099 (Fla.1987)). “If this threshold requirement is

met, then certiorari will only be granted when the order amounts to a departure

from the essential requirements of the law.” Id. This is such a case. See e.g., 

J.B. v. M.M., 92 So. 3d 888, 889 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012) (holding that certiorari

jurisdiction lies to review an order compelling a psychological evaluation under

Florida Rule of Juvenile Procedure 8.250(b)). 

Section 39.407(15) of the Florida Statutes (2014) provides:

At any time after the filing of a shelter petition or petition for

dependency, when the mental or physical condition, including the

blood group, of a parent, caregiver, legal custodian, or other person

who has custody or is requesting custody of a child is in controversy,

the court may order the person to submit to a physical or mental

examination by a qualified professional. The order may be made

only upon good cause shown and pursuant to notice and

procedures as set forth by the Florida Rules of Juvenile

Procedure.

to respond to the petition. For reasons of its own, appellate counsel for the

Department of Children and Families responded the Department would “stand

mute” on the issue. Appellate counsel for the Guardian Ad Litem Program

responded the test was not its idea. It strains credulity to believe that neither the

Department nor the Program had any counsel it could offer the court on one of the

core statutes for which it is responsible. See Rumph v. V.D., 667 So. 2d 998 n. 5

(Fla. 3d DCA 1996) (Schwartz, specially concurring). 
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(emphasis added). Florida Rule of Juvenile Procedure 8.250(b) repeats these

statutory requirements and adds the order “shall specify the time, place, manner,

conditions, and scope of the examination and the person or persons by whom it is

to be made.” In this case, the order states only: “[I]t is hereby ORDERED and

ADJUDGED (over mother’s objection) that the Mother refused to reveal whether

or not she is pregnant after being asked by the Court, and that the mother shall

submit to a pregnancy test.” The pertinent portion of the transcript of the hearing

leading up to the order reads as follows:

[GAL COUNSEL:] Can we inquire whether the mother is

present? (sic)

JUDGE LEDERMAN: All right. Let’s put the mother under

oath.

THE CLERK: Mom, raise your right hand, please.

(Whereupon, the mother was duly sworn)

JUDGE LEDERMAN: Okay. Tell me your name, ma’am.

THE MOTHER: [R.C.].

JUDGE LEDERMAN: Are you pregnant, Ms. [C.].

THE MOTHER: I don’t know.

JUDGE LEDERMAN: What do you mean, you don’t know?

THE MOTHER: I don’t know.

JUDGE LEDERMAN: Okay. You honestly don’t know if

you’re pregnant?
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THE MOTHER: I don’t know.

JUDGE LEDERMAN: Well, you look pregnant to all of us.

THE MOTHER. Oh.

JUDGE LEDERMAN: So if you are pregnant and you haven’t

been getting prenatal care, that’s like hurting -- that’s hurting your

fetus. You understand that?

And I find it hard to believe that you don’t know if you’re

pregnant, so I’m going to ask you one more time. Are you pregnant?

THE MOTHER: I don’t know.

[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: Your Honor, she may not know. 

She’s had several kids, so that may be just -- well, Judge, we’re –

JUDGE LEDERMAN: Okay. Well, that will be in violation of

her case plan, first; and second –

[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: No. No. Your Honor, it wouldn’t

be in violation of the -- her case plan.

JUDGE LEDERMAN: It will certainly be bad judgment.

[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: Judge, this mother -- in violation of

the case plan.

Well, I’ll -- I’ll talk with her.

JUDGE LEDERMAN: And if she’s pregnant and not getting

prenatal care, that’s -- that's abuse. That’s child abuse.

[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: I’m going to -- I’ll talk with her

after the hearing.

JUDGE LEDERMAN: So she probably is pregnant and not

getting prenatal care. Bad day.
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Okay. So I’m going to order a pregnancy test this week. 

Okay?

I need you to get a pregnancy test.

[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: Your Honor -- Your Honor, I don’t

believe Your Honor can order a pregnancy test.

JUDGE LEDERMAN: I’m going to -- well, you can appeal

me.

As a concluding thought, the court stated, “I want to test her since it would

be to her benefit to know if she’s pregnant or not.”

It is patently obvious from the record in this case that the trial judge acted

for reasons of her own rather than any rule of law. R.C. received no notice of the

imposition being made upon her by the court and no opportunity for a reflective

response by her counsel, the hallmark of notice and due process. See F.M. v.

Dep’t of Children & Families, 758 So. 2d 1262, 1264 (Fla. 5th DCA 2000)

(holding that the trial court erred in ordering a psychological evaluation under rule

8.250(b) without giving fair and advance notice). In addition, the order entered by

the trial judge fails to include any of the specific information required by rule

8.250(b).2 

Finally, if the trial court intended her sua sponte comments on the record to

be her reasons for ordering R.C. to have a pregnancy test, the comments fail as a

2 Nor is a new pregnancy among the statutorily established grounds enumerated in

section 39.806 of the Florida Statutes (2014) to support a termination of parental

rights.
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matter of law. There was a difference among those present concerning whether or

not R.C. “appeared” to be pregnant. Moreover, in our society, it is well settled that

“a competent person has the constitutional right to . . . refuse medical treatment,”

In re Guardianship of Browning, 568 So. 2d 4, 11 (Fla. 1990), and that right “can

only be overcome if the state has a compelling state interest great enough to

override this constitutional right.” See Burton v. State, 49 So. 3d 263, 265 (Fla. 1st

DCA 2010) (quoting Singletary v. Costello, 665 So.2d 1099, 1105 (Fla. 4th DCA

1996)). No such analysis was done or attempted in this case. Id. As Alexander

Hamilton long ago warned us, “It can be of no weight to say that the courts, on the

pretense of a repugnancy, may substitute their own pleasure to the constitutional

intentions of the legislature.” The Federalist No. 78 (Alexander Hamilton). The

principle bears an occasional reiteration, even (and perhaps especially) in our

children’s court. There was no pretense made of following any legislative

directives or intentions in this case. 

Petition granted. Order quashed.