# Patent

## Title
Method for fast, secure 802.11 re-association without additional authentication, accounting and authorization infrastructure

## Abstract

A method wherein an access point authenticates itself with neighboring access points and establishes secure and mutually authenticated communication channels with its neighboring access points. When an access point learns of a neighboring access point, it initiates an authentication with an authentication server through the neighboring access point. Once access points have mutually authenticated each other, whenever a station authenticates itself with a first access point, the first access point communicates the station's authentication context information, for example session key and session identifier, to each neighboring access point. Thus, when the station roams to a neighboring access point, the neighboring access point presents the station with a reauthentication protocol, for example LEAP reauthentication, and if the reauthentication is successful, communication between the station and the neighboring access point takes place immediately and no new EAP authentication needs to occur.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/426,756, filed Nov. 15, 2002.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to authentication protocols for roaming clients, and more specifically to a protocol for use by 802.11 wireless stations to quickly associate with a new access point while roaming.
Most current 802.11 network-level authentication protocols require a substantial amount of real time to re-establish a wireless station's connectivity to the network after that station roams from one access point (AP) to another access point. Typically, when a station associates with a first access point, it has to be authenticated through a central authentication server. When the station roams to a new access point, the station must again authenticate itself with the authentication server which does a full challenge request and response. A new accounting session is then established. This method relies on the initial authentication as a means for key rotation and generates a new accounting session for each roam, causing an unnecessary session teardown and restart.
This delay in re-establishing connectivity greatly impacts 802.11 Quality of service (QoS) to the point that some upper-level protocols, such as Voice-over-IP (VoIP), actually fail. Furthermore, each roam commonly necessitates interaction with a site's Authentication, Accounting, and Authorization (AAA) servers, resulting in a significant increase in server load, to the point at which some servers fail to provide the necessary rate of authentications requests for the 802.11 stations.
Other attempts to resolve this issue have utilized a variety of approaches. One approach is to use AP to AP communications to forward station AAA data, but these fail to use strong authentication between the APs. Another approach is to use “proxy” AAA servers closer in the network to the APs and stations, but these approaches generally require the addition of new network infrastructure devices at each network subnet. For some sites, this is an unacceptable cost, and other sites may not be able to incur the additional management burden.
Thus, the need exists for a secure method for authenticating a station when the station roams from one access point to another that decreases traffic to the authentication server.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In view of the aforementioned needs, the invention contemplates a pre-authentication method wherein an access point authenticates itself with neighboring access points and establishes secure and mutually authenticated communication channels with its neighboring access points. When an access point learns of a neighboring access point, it initiates an authentication with an authentication server through the neighboring access point. In a preferred embodiment, the first access point initiates a Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol (LEAP) authentication with the second access point via an Authentication, Accounting, and Authorization (AAA) server.
Once access points have mutually authenticated each other, whenever a station authenticates itself with a first access point, the first access point communicates the station's authentication context information, for example session key and session identifier, to each neighboring access point. Thus, when the station roams to a neighboring access point, the neighboring access point presents the station with a reauthentication protocol, for example LEAP reauthentication, and if the reauthentication is successful, communication between the station and the neighboring access point takes place immediately.
One advantage of the present invention is that it requires no new devices or services to be added to the site's network. Another advantage of the present invention is that access points are mutually authenticated via a mechanism which is cryptographically as secure as the mechanism used for any client station on the network. The present invention does not require access points to be considered “more trusted than clients,” which is a common security hole in most prior art implementations. Yet another advantage of the present invention is that it requires very little new protocol support implemented on the client stations. Still another advantage of the present invention is that the protocol leverages use of network history to optimize future network operations. Still yet another advantage of the present invention is that the protocol significantly diminishes the load on a site's AAA infrastructure.
Still other objects of the present invention will become readily apparent to those skilled in this art from the following description wherein there is shown and described a preferred embodiment of this invention, simply by way of illustration of one of the modes best suited for to carry out the invention. As it will be realized, the invention is capable of other different embodiments and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious aspects all without from the invention. Accordingly, the drawing and descriptions will be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING
The accompanying drawings incorporated in and forming a part of the specification, illustrates several aspects of the present invention, and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an 802.11 network with two access points;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the steps when a station roams from a first access point to a second access point;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating the steps when a station roams from a first access point to a second access point after the first and second access points have established a secure and mutually authenticated communications channel between the first access point and the second access point.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION
Throughout this description, the preferred embodiment and examples shown should be considered as exemplars, rather than limitations, of the present invention.
Referring first to FIG. 1, there is shown a typical Extended Service Set (ESS) 10. The ESS 10 comprises two access points (AP) 12, 14, each access point 12, 14 having a basic service set, 12a and 14a respectively associated with it. When a client or station (STA) 18, typically a wireless station or WSTA, is within a BSS, it communicates with the AP associated with that BSS. Typically the BSSs 12a and 14a have an overlap region and the STA 18 communicates with the AP, 12 or 14, it receives the strongest signal from. As shown in FIG. 1, the STA 18 communicates via wireless communications to the APs 12 and 14. The APs 12 and 14 are connected via a secure, typically wired connection to an Authentication, Accounting, and Authorization (AAA) server 16. In the preferred embodiment, the AAA server 16 is a Remote Authentication Dial-In User Server (RADIUS server); however, other types of server's with authentication capabilities are acceptable.
As shown in FIG. 1, the client, or station (STA), 18 will associate with an AP 12 while at a first position 19a. When the STA 18 first associates with an AP in the network, it must first authenticate itself. If the STA 18 starts at the first position 19a as shown in FIG. 1, then AP 12 will authenticate the STA via a communication with the AAA server 16.
When the STA 18 moves from the first position 19a to a second position 19b, it then has to associate with AP 14. In the prior art, this entailed AP 14 communicating with the AAA server 16 to authenticate the STA 18.
However, the present invention utilizes a reauthentication protocol designed to reduce the volume of communication between the APs 12 and 14 and the AAA server 16. Initial, client (or station), extensible authentication protocol (EAP) authentication with the site's AAA server proceeds as is done currently. When the client roams from a first access point to a second access point, if the second access point does not already have knowledge of the client's current AAA session, the client must perform a EAP authentication again, as is done in the prior art, and the second access point will issue a multicast Deregistration Notice to its subnet, as is done in the prior art. Note that even when AP 14 already knows of STA 18's AAA context, it must still issue the multicast Deregistration Notice to update the Ethernet network's switch forwarding tables. It is just via this mechanism that AP 12 learns that a STA roamed from it to AP 14.
Upon observing the Deregistration Notice from the second access point, unlike the prior art, the first access point will add the second access point to its Roaming Neighborhood table and will authenticate itself with the second access point by initiating an EAP, or preferably a Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol (LEAP), authentication with the AAA server through the second access point. Upon success of the EAP or LEAP authentication of the first access point via the second access point to the AAA server, the first access point and the second access point have established a secure and mutually authenticated communications channel. For all subsequent EAP or LEAP clients associated to the first access point, the first access point will securely forward the subsequent client's authentication context information, session key and session identifier, to each access point in its Roaming Neighborhood with which it is actively authenticated. Then, upon any subsequent roam from the first access point to the second access point, the client will then be presented with a LEAP Reauthentication protocol upon its association with the second access point. If the LEAP reauthentication is successful, then communication can take place immediately and no new EAP authentication needs to occur.
After the access points have established a secure and mutually authenticated communications channel, then similar to what occurs when a new client associates with the first access point, when a client associates with the second access point, the second access point will securely forward the client's authentication context information, session key, and session identifier, to each access point in its Roaming Neighborhood with which it is actively authenticated. The access points only forward the client data when the client actually associate, with them. Thus, when the second access point receives the client data from the first access point, it will not forward the data to the access points in its roaming table until the client actually roams and associates with the second access point. When the client roams from the second access point to the first access point, the client is presented with a LEAP Reauthentication protocol upon its association with the first access point.
For embodiments using RADIUS accounting, a couple of options exist. For the simplest implementation, the first access point can close the client's current accounting session upon receiving the Deregistration Notice. The second access point can then initiate a new accounting session for the client, this may be concurrent with requesting an “early renew” reauthentication for the client, which would not induce a loss in connectivity. A more sophisticated implementation would involve a Mobility Context Transfer from the first access point to the second access point of the client's current accounting records.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a process 200 contemplated by the present invention. The process 200 begins at step 202 wherein a station, STA 18, authenticates itself with a first access point, AP 12. The authentication could be by conventional EAP or other authentication protocols such as LEAP. At step 204, the station moves from a first position 19a in the within the first access point 12 to a second position 19b of the second access point 14. At step 206 the second access point 12 checks to determine whether it has knowledge of the station's 18 current AAA session. If the second access point 14 is aware of the station's 18 AAA session, then the second access point 14 presents an EAP, LEAP or other reassociation protocol to the station 18, and then as shown at step 210 communication between the second access point 14 and the station 18 takes place immediately.
If however, at step 206 the second access point 14 is unaware of the station's 18 current AAA session, then as shown at step 212 the station authenticates with the 2nd Access Point. As shown in step 214, the second access point 14 then issues a multicast Deregistration Notice to its subnet. Then as shown in step 216, the first access point 12, upon receiving the Deregistration Notice sent by the second access point 14, adds the second access point 14 to its Roaming Neighborhood table and initiates a LEAP authentication with the AAA server through the second access point 14. As shown in step 218, upon successful authentication of the first access point 12 with the second access point 14, the first access point 12 and second access point 14 establish a secure, mutually authenticated communications channel with each other.
Referring now to FIG. 3, there is shown a process 300 that occurs when a second station associates with the first access point after the first access point 12 and second access point 14 have already established a secure, mutually authenticated communication channel. The process 300 begins at step 302 when the second station (not shown) associates with the first access point 12. The second station would authenticate using EAP, LEAP, or other authentication protocol. After the second station is authenticated by the first access point 12, the first access point 12 securely forwards the second station's authentication context information, session key and session identifier, to each access point in its roaming table, including second access point 14, as shown in step 304. At step 306 the second station roams to the second access point. 14. Because at step 304 the second access point 14 received the second station's authentication context information, the second access point 14 presents the second station with a LEAP Reauthentication protocol. If at step 310 the second station is validated, then as shown in step 312 communication between the second station and the second access point 312 begins immediately. As shown in step 314, the second access point 14 then securely forwards the second station's context information to each access point in its Roaming Neighborhood.
If at step 310 the second station is not validated by the second access point, then as shown at step 316 the station must attempt authentication as an initial authentication.
With the present invention, security of passing client credentials between access points is provided by mutual LEAP authentication of the access points. There is no obvious security hole of passing client session data in the clear over the wired network as is possible under pre-authentication protocols. The access points have no shared secrets in common between them. The only shared secret is individual shared secrets between each access point and the AAA server, not network wide. The compromise of one access point does not provide a shared secret network-wide access.
LEAP latency in mutual authentication between access points is avoided by pre-authenticating access points within each other's roaming neighborhood. The roaming neighborhood is based on actual client roaming patterns, and should generally comprise only two to four other access points. Specification of the Roaming Neighborhood can be either transient, wherein the Roaming Neighborhood is regenerated each time an access point restarts, or could be persistent.
For the pre-authentication to function properly with RADIUS servers, the RADIUS server must be configured to allow “multiple simultaneous logons” of access point devices.
Though operation of this mechanism is restricted to roaming with the same administrative subnet of each pair of access points, that is not a restriction on client roaming if Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) are enabled. In other words, if access points are on a separate VLAN from clients, the present invention supports client inter-subnet mobility.
Although the invention has been shown and described with respect to a certain preferred embodiment, it is obvious that equivalent alterations and modifications will occur to others skilled in the art upon the reading and understanding of this specification. The present invention includes all such equivalent alterations and modifications.

## Claims

1. A method for authenticating a client by a first access point, the steps comprising:
associating a first client with the first access point;
roaming by the first client to a second access point
receiving a multicast deregistration notice responsive to the first client associating with the second access point; adding the second access point to a roaming table maintained by the first access point responsive to receiving the multicast deregistration notice, the roaming table comprising data representative of a plurality of access points having established a secure communication session with the first access point;
adding the second access point to a roaming table maintained by the first access point responsive to receiving the multicast deregistration notice;
initiating an authentication of the second access point by the first access point responsive to receiving the multicast deregistration notice;
establishing a secure, mutually authenticated communications channel between the first access point and the second access point
associating a second client with the first access point; and
automatically forwarding by the first access point via the secure mutually authenticated communications channel the second client's authentication context information comprising a session key for the second client to the second access point responsive to the second client associating with the first access point via the secure, mutually authenticated communications channel; receiving an association request from the second client by the second access point; and presenting reauthentication protocol second client by the second access point; wherein the reauthentication protocol employed by the second access point authenticates the second client with the pre-established session key; and
wherein the first access point automatically forwards the second client's authentication context information pre-establishes the session key for the second client with the second access point while the client is still associated with the first access point.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the associating step further comprises authenticating the second client by the first access point with an authentication server.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein the authentication server is a Remote Authentication Dial-In User Server.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the authenticating step further comprises using an authentication server to mutually authenticate the first access point and the second access point with each other.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the authentication context information comprises a session identifier.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein the reauthentication protocol is a Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol reauthentication protocol.

7. A method according to claim 1, wherein the automatically forwarding the second client's authentication context information forwards the context information to all access points in the Roaming Neighborhood Table.

8. A computer-readable storage medium of instructions having computer-readable instructions embodied thereon, the instructions when executed, comprising:
means for associating a first client by a first access point;
means for receiving a deregistration notice from a second access point responsive to the first client roaming and associating with the second access point; and
means for initiating authentication of the second access point responsive to the means for receiving a deregistration notice; means for adding the second access point to a roaming table maintained by the first access point responsive to the means for receiving the deregistration notice;
means for establishing a secure, mutually authenticated communications channel between the first access point and the second access point responsive to the means for initiating authentication successfully authenticating the second access point;
means for associating a second client;
means for automatically forwarding the second client's authentication context information comprising a session key for the second client to the second access point via the secure, mutually authenticated communications channel responsive to the second client associating with the first access point;
wherein the means for automatically forwarding the second client's authentication context information pre-establishes the session key for the second client with the second access point while the second client is associated with the second access point; means for receiving an association request from the second point at the second access point; and means for presenting a reauthentication protocol to the second client by the second access point, wherein the reauthentication protocol authenticates the second client with the second access point using the pre-established session key.

9. The computer-readable medium of instructions of claim 8 wherein the means for associating further comprises means for authenticating the first client by the first access point with an authentication server.

10. The computer-readable medium of instructions of claim 9 wherein the authentication server is a Remote Authentication Dial-In User Server.

11. The computer-readable medium of instructions of claim 8, further comprising means for adding the second access point to a Roaming Neighborhood Table.

12. The computer-readable medium of instructions of claim 8, the authenticating means further comprises using an authentication server to mutually authenticate the first access point and the second access point with each other.

13. The computer-readable medium of instructions of claim 8, wherein the authentication context information comprises a session identifier.

14. The computer-readable medium of instructions of claim 8 wherein the reauthentication protocol is a Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol reauthentication protocol.

15. An apparatus, comprising:
a first access point having a roaming table configured to wirelessly communicate with wireless clients coupled to a network, the network coupled to a second access point and an authentication server;
wherein the first access point is responsive to receiving an association request from a first wireless client to authenticate the first wireless client via the authentication server;
wherein the first access point is responsive to receiving data from the second access point indicating that the first wireless client has roamed to the second access point via the network to initiate a secure session via the authentication server with the second access point;
wherein the first access point is responsive to receiving data from the second access point indicating that the first wireless client has roamed to the second access point to add the second access point to the roaming table;
wherein the first access point is configured to be responsive to receiving an association request from a second wireless client to authenticate the second wireless client with the authentication server; receiving a multicast deregistration notice; and
upon successful authentication of the second wireless client the first access point is configured to forward a security credential for the second client to the second access point via the secure session while the second client is associated with the first access point; and wherein the security credential enables to the second access point to authenticate the second wireless client with a reauthentication protocol employing the security credential.

16. An apparatus according to claim 15, further comprising:
the roaming table comprises a plurality of access points;
wherein the access point has established a plurality of secure sessions corresponding to the plurality of access points; and
wherein the first access point is responsive to successful authentication of the second wireless client to forward the security credential to all of the plurality of access points while the second client is associated with the access point via the plurality of secure sessions.