IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS

OF TEXAS

NO. PD-1311-06

ADRIANE ELAINE OTTO, Appellant

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS

ON STATE’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW

FROM THE FOURTH COURT OF APPEALS

HARRIS COUNTY

COCHRAN, J., filed a dissenting opinion in which HOLCOMB, J., joined.

O P I N I O N 

I respectfully dissent. I think that the trial court correctly included a statutory jury

instruction on concurrent causation in this DWI case. That instruction appropriately deals

with cases in which the defendant is charged with being intoxicated on one substance, such

as alcohol, and defends himself by asserting that he was intoxicated on some substance other

than the one pled by the State. 

The court of appeals, in its first decision in this case, reached the right result for the
Otto Dissenting opinion Page 2

Otto v. State, 141 S.W.3d 238 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2004, pet. granted). 1

Otto v. State, 173 S.W.3d 70 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). 2

Otto v. State, 211 S.W.3d 359 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, pet. granted). 3

right reason. Unfortunately, we confused that court by granting the defendant’s petition for 1

discretionary review and remanding the case for reconsideration in light of Gray v. State, 152

S.W.3d 125 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). It was only in their second opinion that the court of 2

appeals went astray. We should reaffirm the reasoning and result in their first opinion. 3

The evidence at trial showed that a patrol officer saw appellant’s van stopped on the

side of the road at 1:45 a.m. on a January morning. The engine was running, and the

headlights were on. Appellant was asleep behind the driver’s wheel, slouched back with her

shirt off. The officer smelled alcohol and tried to shake appellant awake, but he was

unsuccessful. Another officer arrived, and the two were then able to awaken appellant with

a “sternum-rub.” She was startled, and she yelled and cursed at them. The officers asked her

to put her shirt on and to get out of the van. She was “very unsteady and confused.” The

officer performed an HGN test which indicated that she was intoxicated. She refused to

perform any field sobriety tests or to submit a breath sample. Her breath smelled of alcohol,

and she told the officers that she “had a lot to drink” earlier in the evening. The officers

arrested her and charged her with felony DWI.

Appellant testified that she had two glasses of Merlot with dinner. She said that she

stopped at a sports bar on her way home and met a man named Phil Jones. She testified that
Otto Dissenting opinion Page 3

 T EX. PENAL CODE § 6.04(a). That statute provides: 4

A person is criminally responsible if the result would not have occurred but for his

conduct, operating either alone or concurrently with another cause, unless the

concurrent cause was clearly sufficient to produce the result and the conduct of

the actor clearly insufficient.

he was drinking beer, but she ordered a Coke. After going to the restroom, she decided to

go home, but as she and Phil Jones walked out of the door, she suddenly started “feeling

sick” and thought that she “had eaten something bad at dinner.” Phil Jones walked her to the

van and helped her get into it. Then he got in the passenger side and started kissing her and

tugging at her clothes. She yelled and cursed at him, and he got out of the van. She said that

she started to drive home and “that’s basically the last thing I remember.” She admitted that

she never told the officers that she had been assaulted and stated that she did not realize until

the next day that she believed that Phil Jones may have drugged her, suggesting Rohypnol

as a possible drug, although she did not know anything about that drug.

Because appellant claimed that something other than alcohol had caused her

intoxication, the State requested that the trial judge instruct the jury on concurrent causation

under Section 6.04(a). He did so with the following instruction: 4

A person is criminally responsible if the result would not have occurred

but for his conduct, operating either alone or concurrently with another cause,

unless the concurrent cause was clearly sufficient to produce the result and the

conduct of the actor clearly insufficient.

Therefore if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that

the intoxication of [appellant] would not have occurred but for [appellant’s]

conduct, as charged in the indictment, operating either alone or concurrently

with another cause, unless the concurrent cause was clearly sufficient to

produce the result and the conduct of the [appellant] clearly insufficient, you

will find the [appellant] criminally responsible. Unless you so find beyond a
Otto Dissenting opinion Page 4

Otto, 141 S.W.3d at 239-40. The court explained that the jury instruction 5

did not authorize an alternative means of conviction, and it did not offer the jury

the option to choose between intoxication by alcohol alone or intoxication by

drugs and alcohol. Instead, the instruction added a clarification regarding Otto’s

culpability, allowing the jury to find her responsible for her actions only if the

resultant intoxication “would not have occurred but for [her] conduct,” whether

taken alone or in conjunction with another cause. The charge also added a

defense, mandating that the jury could not convict Otto if her actions, alone, were

clearly insufficient to have caused her intoxication and the concurrent cause,

alone, was clearly sufficient to have caused it.

Id. 

 758 S.W.2d 264, 274 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988) (rejecting defendant’s contention that 6

Section 6.04(a) must be alleged in the indictment as a theory that the State may rely upon at trial

reasonable doubt, or if you have a reasonable doubt thereof, you will find the

[appellant] not criminally responsible and say by your verdict “Not Guilty.”

The jury found appellant guilty of felony DWI, and the trial court sentenced her to

four years’ imprisonment.

In the court of appeals, appellant claimed that the trial court erred in submitting a jury

instruction on concurrent causation under Section 6.04(a). She argued that any concurrentcausation instruction permits a jury to convict the defendant on a theory not alleged in the

indictment. The court of appeals, in its original opinion, rightly rejected this argument. 

5

Her argument, if accepted, would imply that no concurrent-causation instruction

should ever be given in any case unless it was pled in the indictment because it would always

“permit a jury to convict the defendant on a theory not alleged in the indictment.” That is

legally and logically incorrect. And this Court explicitly rejected the contention that an

allegation concerning concurrent causation must be set out in the indictment in Dowden v.

State. 

6
Otto Dissenting opinion Page 5

and in the jury charge).

 717 S.W.2d 348 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). 7

Id. at 351. 8

Id. 

9

See generally, ROLLIN M. PERKINS & RONALD N. BOYCE, CRIMINAL LAW 772 (3d ed., 10

1982).

This Court explained Section 6.04(a) and the concept of concurrent causation in

Robbins v. State, a manslaughter case pivoting on whether the defendant’s intoxication or 7

his exhaustion caused the fatal accident. We held that Section 6.04(a) requires a “but for”

causal link between the defendant’s conduct and the resulting “harm.”8

If concurrent causes are present, two possible combinations exist to satisfy the

“but for” requirement: (1) the defendant’s conduct may be sufficient by itself

to have caused the harm, regardless of the existence of a concurrent cause; or

(2) the defendant’s conduct and the other cause together may be sufficient to

have caused the harm. However, § 6.04(a) further defines and limits the “but

for” causality for concurrent causes by the last phrase, “unless the concurrent

cause was clearly sufficient to produce the result and the conduct of the actor

clearly insufficient.” If the additional cause, other than the defendant’s

conduct, is clearly sufficient, by itself, to produce the result and the

defendant’s conduct, by itself, is clearly insufficient, then the defendant cannot

be convicted.9

The purpose of a statutory concurrent-causation instruction is to ensure that the issue

of actual causation meets the “but for” or sine qua non test. The term sine qua non literally 10

means “without which not.” Thus, “[w]ithout this, that would not be; but for one thing,

another would not have happened; had not the defendant fired the shot, the deceased would
Otto Dissenting opinion Page 6

Id. (footnotes omitted). 11

 Professors Perkins and Boyce explain the four possibilities in this way: 12

(1) The death was due entirely to other causes and these injuries did not either

singly or in combination shorten the life of the deceased. (2) One injury caused

the death, whereas the other had nothing whatever to do with the loss of life,–as if

one resulted in severing the head from the body and the other was a relatively

harmless flesh wound in the arm. (3) Both wounds were rather serious, but

still be alive.”11

The classic example of concurrent causation is the murder-victim scenario involving

two different people using two separate weapons and acting independently. Suppose, for

example, Betty the bank teller is stabbed in the back by Robber Switchblade and then shot

by Robber Revolver. If both wounds were fatal, both Switchblade and Revolver are guilty

of murder. If Switchblade’s stab wound was a mere superficial scratch and Betty never

would have died of that wound alone, Revolver’s concurrent act of shooting her is the sole

cause of death, and only Revolver is criminally liable. On the other hand, if Switchblade’s

stabbing severed Betty’s spinal cord and was sufficient, by itself, to cause her death, while

Revolver’s shot only grazed her forehead, only Switchblade is criminally liable.

Alternatively, if neither wound, by itself, was fatal, but Switchblade’s and Revolver’s acts,

in combination, caused Betty’s death, then both are liable. And, finally, if neither wound was

sufficient to cause death, and Betty’s death was actually caused by an entirely different

person or mechanism–she was accidentally electrocuted by responding paramedics–then

neither Revolver nor Switchblade is liable for causing Betty’s death (though they would be

liable for other offenses).12
Otto Dissenting opinion Page 7

whereas the deceased would have recovered from either one alone, the two in

combination resulted in death. (4) Each injury was such that it alone would have

been instantly fatal.

Id.

 Generally, a concurrent-causation instruction is given in a result-oriented offense, such 13

as murder, aggravated assault, injury to a child, etc. However, the parties in this case have made

no claim that a concurrent-cause instruction is inappropriate to the issue of what caused a

person’s intoxication. Intoxication is, after all, the result of the introduction of something that

causes a person to lose the normal use of his mental or physical faculties. TEX. PENAL CODE §

49.01(2)(A) (Intoxication means “not having the normal use of mental or physical faculties by

reason of the introduction of alcohol, a controlled substance, a drug, a dangerous drug, a

combination of two or more of those substances, or any other substance into the body”).

The focus of the concurrent-causation requirement in Section 6.04(a) is this “but for”

causation: “But for” Switchblade’s act Betty would still be alive, or “but for” Revolver’s act

Betty would still be alive, regardless of whether the sole act of either of them was sufficient

by itself. 

As the statutory concurrent-causation instruction was applied to this case, the State 13

was required to prove that “but for” drinking alcohol, appellant would not have been

intoxicated. It could prove that alcohol was the sole cause of her intoxication or that alcohol

plus something else–anything else–working together caused her intoxication. But if the jury

found that something else–Rohypnol, cocaine, cough medicine, M&Ms–made her intoxicated

and that the wine she drank was clearly insufficient to cause her intoxication, then it must

acquit. In its original opinion, the court of appeals correctly set out the issue:

If a concurrent cause is present, there are two possible ways in which this “but

for” requirement may be satisfied: (1) the defendant’s conduct may be

sufficient, by itself, to have caused the result notwithstanding any concurrent

cause; or (2) the defendant’s conduct and a concurrent cause together may be

sufficient to have caused the result. In spite of these possibilities, a jury may
Otto Dissenting opinion Page 8

Otto, 141 S.W.3d at 240 (citing Marvis v. State, 36 S.W.3d 878, 881 (Tex. Crim. App. 14

2001); Robbins, 717 S.W.2d at 351; Medina v. State, 962 S.W.2d 83, 86 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 1997, pet. ref’d)).

See Rodriguez v. State, 18 S.W.3d 228, 229-32 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). 15

See Gray v. State, 152 S.W.3d 125, 128 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004); Sutton v. State, 899 16

S.W.2d 682, 685 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (plurality op.).

not convict a defendant if the concurrent cause alone is clearly sufficient to

produce the result and the defendant’s conduct alone is clearly insufficient.14

The reason that a concurrent-cause instruction under Section 6.04(a) is proper, while

a straight “combination” instruction is legally incorrect, is because a “combination”

instruction does not include any “but for” limitation. Under a pure “combination”

instruction, a jury could improperly find that the combination of half a glass of wine (when

the State alleged alcohol) and fifteen marihuana cigarettes caused the defendant’s

intoxication, even though the wine was clearly insufficient by itself to cause intoxication.15

The so-called “synergistic effect” or “susceptibility” instruction requires “but for” causation

because there “the combination of liquor and drugs which would make an individual more

susceptible to the influence of the liquor is in effect equivalent to intoxication by liquor

alone.” These “synergistic effect” and “susceptibility” instructions contain an implicit “but 16

for” limitation, and require the jury to find that the defendant would not have become

intoxicated “but for” the ingestion of alcohol. The other substances merely have the effect

of increasing the level or degree of intoxication caused by alcohol. In sum, a straight

“combination” instruction improperly expands the allegations in the charging instrument
Otto Dissenting opinion Page 9

Rodriguez, 18 S.W.3d at 229-32 (jury instruction improperly expanded indictment 17

allegation of intoxication by alcohol when it defined intoxication as the “introduction of alcohol,

a drug, or a combination of both of those substances, into the body” and authorized conviction

for any such combination).

See Brown v. State, 122 S.W.3d 794, 799 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (“Texas courts are 18

forbidden from instructing the jury on any presumption or evidentiary sufficiency rule that does

not have a statutory basis.”); Atkins v. State, 990 S.W.2d 763, 765-68 (Tex. App.—Austin 1999,

pet. ref’d). In Atkins, the court of appeals held that the following instruction in a DWI case was

an improper comment on the evidence:

You are instructed that if a Defendant allows his physical condition to deteriorate

to such an extent that he thereby makes himself more susceptible to the influence

of alcohol than he otherwise would have been and by reason thereof he becomes

intoxicated by the introduction of alcohol into his body, he would be in the same

position as though his intoxication, if any, was produced by the use of alcohol

alone and you find facts of the foregoing beyond a reasonable doubt.

Id. at 765.

See Otto, 173 S.W.3d at 71 (Cochran, J., concurring). 19

from alcohol to alcohol and whatever other substance the evidence shows; a concurrent- 17

causation, synergistic effect, or susceptibility instruction does not.

The present instruction, submitted as it was in the general words of the statute, is also

a vast improvement upon the instruction in either Gray or Sutton because it does not pluck

out certain evidence for special mention and is not a comment on the weight of any

evidence. It simply, but clearly, explained to the jury the concept of concurrent causation 18

in its statutory terms. It did not even mention the word alcohol, Rohypnol, or any other

substance. It was a “plain-vanilla” instruction. Jury instructions that are based on the 19

specific language of a statute do not constitute a comment on the weight of the evidence. 

In sum, I think that this is precisely the right statutory instruction to give the jury when

the defense to a DWI charge is that “I was intoxicated all right, but not on the substance that
Otto Dissenting opinion Page 10

you pled in the indictment.” It is simple, purely statutory, and does not comment on the

evidence. The advocates then have free rein to talk about common sense, combinations of

substances, “but for” causation, and synergistic effects. I therefore respectfully dissent to the

majority’s conclusion that the trial judge erred in giving what I think is the perfect concurrent

cause (a.k.a. “susceptibility” or “synergistic effect”) instruction.

Filed: February 6, 2008

Publish