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### S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

**C O U R T O F A P P E A L S**

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff

- Appellee, UNPUBLISHED November 14, 2019

v No. 345148
Oceana Circuit Court

DANIEL JAMES DURBIN

, LC No. 17

- 012557

- FH

Defendant

- Appellant.

Before: M URRAY

, C .J., and M ARKEY and B ECKERING , JJ.

P ER C URIAM

.

Defendant appeals by right his jury trial conviction s of two counts of third

- degree
criminal sexual conduct (CSC

- III) , MCL 750.520d(1)(a) ( sexual penetration of 13 to 15 year old
child ) and (b) (force or coercion used to accomplish penetration)

, one count of fourth

- degree
criminal sexual conduct (CSC

- IV) , MCL 750.520e(1)(a) ( sexual contact with 13 to 15 year old
child ) and (b) (force or coercion used to accomplish sexual contact)

, one count of gross indecency, MCL 750.338b

, and two counts of accosting a child for immoral purposes, MCL

750.145a. The trial court sentenced defendant as a third

- offense habitual offender, M CL 769.11,

to 15 to 30 years’ imprisonment for the CSC

- III convictions, 34 months to 4 years’ imprisonment
for the CSC

- IV conviction, 34 months to 10 years’ imprisonment for the gross indecency conviction, and 43 months to 8 years’ imprisonment for the acc osting convictions

. We affirm.

In the winter of 2016, HB resided with her mother and defendant in a trailer for about two to three weeks. HB was 12 years old at the time. She testified that during that timeframe defendant touched her vagina with his ha nds between 30 and 40 times, includ ing acts of digital penetration. 1 HB asserted that defendant had also touched her brea s ts with his hands. She stated

1 HB repeatedly testified that defendant had inappropriately touched her 30 to 40 times, but at one point in her testimony she stated that it was more than 40 times . HB, however , also
indicat ed that it was probably less than 30 to 40 times , and on cross

- ex amination she testified that only half of those occasions , 15 to 20 times, involved improper touching . Further, there was some confusion regarding the timeframe of the sexual assaults, as HB testified that the 30 to 40- 2

- that defendant had not touched her with any of his body parts other than his hands. HB indicated
that her mother was present in the room and observed the sexual assaults on about half the occasions, 15 to 20 times. HB’s friend, MH, frequently visited HB at the trailer. HB testified
that she observed defendant touch MH ’s vagina more than 20 times, includ ing digital penetration, and HB also witnessed defendant touch MH’s breasts

.

MH testified that when she was 13 years old and visited HB at the trailer, defendant regularly touched her breasts, vagina, and butt, including digital penetration of her vagin a. MH
also claimed that defendant created a hole in the bathroom wall so that he could look at the victims when they showered. MH stated that the victims would take turns covering the hole while the other person showered. She further testified that defe ndant repeatedly attempted to break into the bathroom to view the victims while they showered. MH asserted that on one occasion she and HB walked into a bedroom and witnessed defendant and HB’s mother having sex and that when the girls tried to leave, def endant forced the door closed and made them watch
the sex act.

SM testified that when she was 12 years old, she spent a Saturday night at the trailer while HB was living there. According to SM, on that occasion defendant touched and squeezed
her butt o ver and under her clothes . SM additionally testified that she saw defendant touch HB’s
breasts and butt. Finally, SM claimed that w hen HB’s mother asked the girls to shower because
of church services scheduled for the next day, the girls had to form a “p rotective circle” in the bathroom because defendant attempted to peer at them through the hole in the wall that he had
created.

Defendant first argues on appeal that the tr ial court abused its discretion by refusing to appoint substitute counsel for him when there was good cause to do so. We disagree. On the first day of the trial, while the court was going over preliminary matters before the prospective jurors were led into the courtroom, defendant stated that he wished to fire his attorney “o n the grounds of I feel that I’m not being properly represented.” Defendant further claimed that he and counsel had not gone over or discussed any type of defense and that counsel had simply attempted to convince defendant to accept a plea offer . Defense counsel then informed the court that he had met with defendant at the jail a “number of times,” which was “well documented,” and that he had played tapes of victim interviews for defendant, along with giving him transcriptions of the interviews. Counsel also told the trial court as follows:

We have discussed this case in detail. I’ve discussed defenses with him and quite frankly, I’m going to say on the record today, he has none. I’ve told him that. I don’t know what else he expects me to do. I think he’s got a misunderstanding and is misguided in making his decision. It’s against my advice [to decline the plea offer 2 ]. I plan to zealously represent him at this trial, as I do

occasions of abuse encompassed not o nly the two to three weeks that she lived in the trailer, but also times when she simply went to visit her mother at the trailer.

2 Before defendant asked the trial court to fire his attorney, the parties and the court discussed on the record a plea offer made by the prosecutor. Defendant rejected the offer against the advice of- 3

- with all of my clients, but I’ve tried to tell [defendant] that the e vidence against him is strong and that his defense is weak.

The trial court denied defendant’s request to “fire” his attorney. The court explained that the request came much too late and that if matters with counsel were so bad

, defendant should have
said something to the court a week earlier when defendant was in the court’s presence at a final pretrial conference . The trial court also observed that defendant’s request had no merit and that sometimes defendants simply do not like “what their attorneys ha ve to say.”

This Court reviews for an abuse of discretion a trial court’s decision to deny substitution of counsel, and a court abuses its discretion when it renders a decision that falls outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes. People v McFall , 309 Mich App 377, 382; 873 NW2d 112 (2015). 3 The McFall panel

, discuss ing the principles applicable to a request for substitute
counsel , observed:

An indigent defendant is guaranteed the right to counsel; however, he is

not entitled to have the attorney of his choice appointed simply by requesting that
the attorney originally appointed be replaced. Substitution of counsel is warranted only upon a showing of good cause and where substitution will not unreasonably disrupt the judicial process. Goo d cause may exist when a legitimate difference of opinion develops between a defendant and his appointed counsel as to a fundamental trial tactic, when there is a destruction of communication and

a breakdown in the attorney

- client relationship, or when cou nsel shows a lack of diligence or interest. A mere allegation that a defendant lacks confidence in his or her attorney, unsupported by a substantial reason, does not amount to adequate cause. Likewise, a defendant's general unhappiness with counsel's repre sentation
is insufficient. [ Id. at 382

- 383 (citations and quotation marks omitted).]

The caselaw is clear that not only must a defendant establish “good cause” to be entitled

to substitution of counsel, he or she must also show that substitution will not unreasonably disrupt the judicial process. People v Strickland , 293 Mich App 393, 397; 810 NW2d 660 (2011); People v Traylor , 245 Mich 460, 462; 628 NW2d 120 (2001); People v Mack , 190 Mich App 7, 14; 475 NW2d 830 (1991); P eople v Morgan , 144 Mich App 399, 401; 375 NW2d 757 (1985).

his attorney. Defense c ounsel stated, “I want to make sure that [defendant] knows exactly what he’s getting himself into , and I’d ask the [c]ourt to inquire whether at this point in time he rejects the plea and wishes to proceed with jury trial.” On the court’s inquiry, defendant affirmed that this was his p osition.

3 We note that defendant did not actually ask the trial court for substitute counsel; he merely requested that the court fire his attorney . But defendant did not indicate any desire to represent himself, so we surmise that defendant’s intention was to obtain new counsel if present counsel
was released.- 4

- In this case, we hold that substitution of counsel would have unreasonably disrupted the judicial process. The jury venire was in the courthouse

, and the prosecutor’s five witnesses were
on ha nd and prepared to and ultimately did testify that day. There is nothing in the record suggesting that defendant’s unhappiness with counsel was a development that arose for the first time on the day that trial was to commence. And the trial court specifi cally noted that defendant had an opportunity a week earlier to inform the court about any issues or problems with appointed counsel and that he failed to voice any complaints.

At the final conference held a week before the trial , where defendant was pr esent, defense counsel stated that he had met with defendant for “almost four hours . . . at the jail” going over the case and reviewing a plea offer . According to defense counsel, defendant had decided to accept the plea, but had now changed his mind and wished to go to trial. Defendant informed the
trial court that counsel’s statement was accurate. Toward the end of the conference, the trial
court asked defendant if he had any questions regarding comments made by the court allowing

an ame ndment of the information. D efendant responded that there were no questions. The court
also asked defendant if he had an opportunity to discuss matters with counsel, and defendant replied in the affirmative. Defendant had every opportunity at the final conference to tell the court that he wished to have counsel discharged but said nothing. There was simply no excuse
for defendant to wait until the first day of trial to raise the issue. See Strickland , 293 Mich App

at 399 (“ Strickland waited until the day of trial to request new counsel. The jury and witnesses were present, and the prosecutor and defense counsel were ready to proceed. A substitution of counsel at that point would have unreasonably delayed the judicial process. ”).

I n light of our holding, there is no need to reach the issue of “good cause.” Nonetheless, we conclude that good cause existed. I t is very clear from reviewing the final conference, trial, and post

- trial transcripts that defense counsel was adamant that he wanted defendant to accept
the prosecution’s plea offer and that going to tr ial would be a dangerous avenue for defendant.

But there is nothing in the record suggesting that defense counsel was doing so for any reason other than counsel’s belief that a plea agreement would be in defend ant’s best interests. Moreover, when defendant decided to go to trial, counsel indicated that he was prepared to zealously provide a defense. The record does not support a conclusion that there was a difference of opinion as to a fundamental trial tactic , a destruction of communication, a lack of diligence or interest by counsel, or a breakdown in the attorney

- client relationship. Defendant was just generally unhappy with how counsel was defending him. We understand that the trial court’s ruling on “goo d cause” was cursory, but there was no abuse of discretion and the court’s
main focus was on defendant’s request delaying the judicial process.

D efendant next argues that he was denied the right to the effective assistance of counsel

. Defendant fi led a motion for new trial on the basis of ineffective assistance, and the trial court
did hold a Ginther 4 hearing before denying the motion. W hether counsel was ineffective presents a mixed question of fact and constitutional law, and factual findings ar e reviewed for
clear error while we review de novo issues of constitutional law

. People v LeBlanc , 465 Mich

4 People v Ginther , 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).- 5

- 575, 579; 640 NW2d 246 (2002). In People v Carbin, 463 Mich 590, 599

- 600; 623 NW2d 884 (2001), the Michigan Supreme Court recited the principles applicable to claim s of ineffective
assistance of counsel:

To justify reversal under either the federal or state constitutions, a convicted defendant must satisfy [a] two

- part test . . . . First, the defendant must
show that counsel’s performance was deficient. This requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not performing as the counsel guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment. In so doing, the defendant must overcome a strong presumption that counsel’s pe rformance constituted sound trial strategy. Second, the defendant must show that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. To demonstrate prejudice, the defendant must show the existence of a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s error, th e result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome. Because the defendant bears the burden of demonstrating both deficient performance and prejudice, the defenda nt necessarily bears the burden of establishing the factual predicate for his claim. [Citations and quotation marks omitted.]

An attorney’s performance is deficient if the representation falls below an objective standard of
reasonableness. People v Toma

, 462 Mich 281, 302; 613 NW2d 694 (2000).

We first address defendant’s contention in his Standard 4 brief that counsel was
ineffective by failing to contact and interview a number of witnesses, including HB’s mother and defendant’s grandmother, who had also resided in the trailer, and by failing to produce these
witnesses at trial. Although defendant claims that these witnesses could have testified favorably
for the defense, he failed to seek testimony from these individuals at the Ginther hearing.
Neither did he obtain any affidavits from these claimed witnesses. Because we can only speculate regarding the nature or substance of their testimony, assuming that they would, it is impossible to assess this claim of ineffective assistance of counsel as to whet her counsel’s performance was deficient and whether prejudice was incurred. Defendant has effectively failed

to meet his burden of establishing the factual predicate for his claim . Reversal is unwarranted.

D efendant also argues that defense counsel was ineffective because he failed to impeach

HB with various statements that she had made to investigators. “ Counsel may provide ineffective assistance if counsel unreasonably fails to develop the defendant's defenses by adequately impeaching the witnesses ag ainst the defendant. ” People v Lane , 308 Mich App 38, 68; 862 NW2d 446 (2014).

First, in a July 5, 2017

, interview, HB was asked how often the improper touching occurred, and HB responded, “Not too often, but like sometimes.” And in a July 10, 2017 interview, HB stated that the sexual assaults took place “once in a while.” Defendant argues that counsel should have impeached HB with these statements. At the Ginther hearing, defense
counsel testified that he did not view thes e vague statements as all that inconsistent with HB’s trial testimony, and he did not wish to be viewed by the jury as attacking HB over less than compelling inconsistencies. Counsel also indicated that HB’s statements to investigators
confirmed her claim that defendant had indeed touched her in an inappropriate manner , which- 6

- could have bolstered her trial testimony . Further, defense counsel was worried that he would be opening the door to other statements made by HB to investigators in which she asserted that
defendant had penetrated her vagina with his penis on several occasions. We will discuss the alleged penile

- vaginal penetrations in more detail below.

At trial, on cross

- examination of HB, defense counsel was able to elicit testimony that of
the 3 0 to 40 times that defendant touched her, only half of those touches were inappropriate. On redirect examination, HB acknowledged that she was only estimating the number of times that defendant touched her in a sexual manner. HB’s trial testimony was not very consistent with respect to the number of times that defendant touched her inappropriately

. HB clearly struggled, understandably so, in putting a number on the times that defendant sexually assaulted her. The pretrial statements made by HB to invest igators , as quoted above, would have added little to nothing to the defense . Importantly, the jury witnessed HB’s confusion regarding the number of improper acts , yet plainly it still found her credible

. Indeed, we question whether the statements
to inves tigators were truly inconsistent with her trial testimony. The statements were vague, and
there is no thing in the record showing anyone sought to clarify what HB exactly meant when she
said that the sexual assaults occurred “once in a while

, ” “not too oft en,” and “sometimes.”
Defense counsel testified at the Ginther hearing that he had read and was familiar with all of the
HB interviews and that , as mentioned earlier, he had to walk a perilous line between being seen as attacking the youthful victim and d efending his client, which explained in part why he did not
elicit testimony on the so

- called inconsistent statements. We cannot conclude that counsel’s performance was deficient or that defendant was prejudiced by any assumed deficiency.

Next, defendant points to a July 10, 2017

, interview in which HB stated that her mother did not know what was going on. Defendant argues that counsel should have impeached HB with this statement, which was inconsistent with her claim at trial that her mother wa s aware of
and had witnessed the sexual abuse. At the Ginther hearing, defense counsel testified that he thought that there would be a hearsay problem with respect to what HB’s mother said, noting that HB’s mother did not testify “because she herself was charged with inappropriate behavior.” We conclude that the hearsay argument had no merit, considering that hearsay issues would not have been implicated in regard to testimony by HB concerning whether her mother was present
and witnessed the abuse. The f ew pages of the transcript of the July 10, 2017 interview that are in the record reveal ed that the statement regarding HB’s mother was made in the context of those occasions on which defendant allegedly touched HB and MH while they were together. At trial

, HB testified that her mother witnessed half of the assaults committed by defendant against HB. HB did not specifically testify that her mother observed sexual assaults wherein HB and MH

were both being abused at the same time. Thus, w e have no definiti ve evidence of an inconsistent statement; therefore, we cannot conclude that counsel’s performance was deficient or that defendant was prejudiced by any assumed deficiency. But e ven if there were an inconsistency, we simply cannot find that this discrepan cy, if presented to the jury, would have affected the outcome of the proceeding.

In an August 24, 2017

, interview, which was the last of several interviews with HB, she
i ndicated that there were five to seven times that defendant had placed his peni s inside her vagina. Defendant argues that counsel should have impeached HB with this statement, which was inconsistent with her claim at trial that defendant had only touched her with h is hands. At
the Ginther hearing, defense counsel testified that he did not wish to elicit testimony about the- 7

- claims HB made in her final interview of p enile

- vaginal penetration . Although the statements

were inconsistent with her trial testimony, counsel worried in part that the jury would be
inflamed if it heard that defendant had actually had sexual intercourse with HB.

At the Ginther hearing, defense counsel was questioned by appellate counsel, the prosecutor, and the trial court . A nd the subject of HB’s statements made during her final
interview was extensively discussed, with the prosecutor injecting some of his own thoughts on the history of the case while formulating questions for defense counsel. The record of the
Ginther hearing indicate d that the prosecut or made his charging decisions befo re HB’s final
interview and that he chose not to pursue a charge of first

- degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC

I), MCL 750.520b

, even after he learned about HB’s claims of penile

- vaginal penetration. Defense counsel agreed with the prosecutor at the Ginthe r hearing that the prosecutor’s charging
de cisions were conservative and generous to defendant . Defense counsel revealed that in chambers in the district court there was some discussion about the possibility that defendant could be charged with CSC

- I. 5 D efense counsel testified that fear of the prosecution amending the charges to add a CSC

- I charge played a role in his decision not to dig into HB’s statements regarding penile

- vaginal penetration. 6

“ An information may be amended at any time before, duri ng, or after trial to cure any defect, imperfection, or omission in form or substance, including a variance between the information and the proofs, as long as the accused is not prejudiced by the amendment and the amendment does not charge a new crime. ” P eople v Higuera , 244 Mich App 429, 444; 625 NW2d 444 (2001), citing MCL 767.76. We seriously question whether the prosecutor could
have amended the information at trial to add a CSC

- I charge had defense counsel chosen to try and impeach HB on cross

- examin ation with her statement s claiming that sexual intercourse had occurred. Nevertheless, we cannot conclude that defense counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness or that defendant was prejudice d by any presumed deficient performance. Although the investigatory statement s w ere inconsistent with HB’s trial testimony, and while we fully appreciate that the case presented a credibility contest, we simply do not believe that introducing statements th at on five to seven occasions defendant penetrated HB’s

5 Defendant waived the preliminary examination, at which point the CSC

- III and CSC

- IV charges were based solely on sexual penetration or contact and the ages of HB and MH. Later, the prosecutor was allowed to amend the CSC

- III and CSC

- IV charges to add claims of sexual penetration and contact involving force or coercion.

6 We must admit to some confusion regarding the whole matter regard ing CSC

- I versus CSC

- III
as to HB. Sexual intercourse and digital penetration constitute “sexual penetration

, ” MCL 750.520a(r) , whether it be for CSC

- I or CSC

- III

. CSC

- I is implicated when, in part, the sexual penetration involves a victim under 13 years of age, MCL 750.520b(1)(a), or when it was accomplished by use of force or coercion that produced personal injury, MCL 750.520b(1)(f). Perhaps the prosecutor, as a matter of discretion, makes a distinction between digital penetration and penile

- vaginal p enetration for purposes of charg ing decisions

. We note that HB testified that she was 11 and 12 years old when defendant sexually assaulted her.- 8

- vagina with his penis would have been viewed by the jury in defendant’s favor. A reasonable attorney could logically determine that there would be too much danger going down that road.

Finally, i n a July 21, 2017

, interview, HB asserted that on one occasion defendant called HB and MH into a bedroom where defendant was having sex with HB’s mother. HB stated that

, after entering, she and MH then just walked out of the bedroom without any attempt by defendant to stop them from leaving. Defendant argues that counsel should have impeached MH
with HB’s statements because they were inconsistent with MH’s testimony that defendant forced
HB and MH to stay in the bedroom and watch the sex act

. Defendant also contends that counsel should have questioned HB about the matter on cross

- examination. At the Ginther hearing, defense counsel testified that the situation regarding the incident in the bedroom was confusing and that using HB’s statement s would have had minimal benefit and was not worth the risk of opening the door to prior statements. Counsel was also concerned with how MH and HB would have responded.

Defendant fails to provide us with any analysis of the rules of evidence that would have
allowed defense counsel to inquire of MH about a pretrial statement made by HB; consequently, we reject that aspect of his argument. See People v Hicks , 259 Mich App 518, 532; 675 NW2d 599 (2003) (“ A party may not announce a position on appeal and leave it to thi s Court

to unravel or elaborate his claims. ”). With respect to questioning HB, defense counsel would have had to first ask HB about the incident before calling attention to her statements made during the interview, assuming that HB’s trial testimony would have differed from her earlier
statements. The incident was relevant to the gross indecency charge. And even though HB stated in her interview that defendant did not force the girls to remain in the bedroom, she did claim that defendant called the girls into the room while he was having sex with HB’s mother so that they would witness the sex . Therefore, we fail to see how bringing HB’s pretrial statements to the jury’s attention would have been beneficial or favorable to defendant. Prejudice has not been shown, assuming deficient performance.

We affirm.

/s/ Christopher M. Murray /s/ Jane E. Markey /s/ Jane M. Beckering