TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-17-00605-CV

R. M., Appellant

v.

D. R. and B. R., Appellees

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF COMAL COUNTY, 207TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. C2016-1621B, HONORABLE JACK H. ROBISON, JUDGE PRESIDING

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

Appellant R.M. appeals the district court’s final order terminating his parental

rights to his child L.M.M. in the underlying suit filed by private parties. See Tex. Fam. Code 1

§§ 101.032(a) (providing that suit to terminate parental rights is suit affecting parent-child

relationship), 102.003(a)(9) (authorizing suit affecting parent-child relationship to be filed by

person, other than foster parent, who has had actual care, control, and possession of child for at

least six months). The court found that Appellant “voluntarily left the child alone or in the

possession of another without providing adequate support of the child and remained away for a

period of at least six months.” See id. § 161.001(b)(1)(C). The court also found that termination

We refer to the parties by their roles in this appeal. See Tex. Fam. Code § 109.002(d); 1

Tex. R. App. P. 9.8(b).
of Appellant’s parental rights was in the child’s best interest. See id. § 161.001(b)(2). In three 2

issues, Appellant challenges the factual and legal sufficiency of the evidence supporting the court’s

findings. We will affirm the court’s final order.

BACKGROUND3

Appellant and his wife are the biological parents of the child, who was born

May 29, 2013, and was four years old at the time of trial. Appellant and his wife are married but

separated. She is not a party to this appeal, and the record reflects that she executed two separate

affidavits for voluntary relinquishment of parental rights as to the child, the first dated

February 19, 2016, and the second dated March 2, 2017. See id. § 161.001(b)(1)(K). Appellant

testified that he is the biological father of three other children and the father “by marriage” of a

fourth child, all of whom have been involved in a Child Protective Services case since 2015 but are

not part of the underlying private termination suit. Appellant does not have custody of those four

children, who live with their maternal grandmother. The child is not part of the CPS case involving

her siblings.

Until she was about two years old, the child lived with Appellant in Houston while

her mother was incarcerated. After her mother’s release, the family moved in with the child’s

The court’s order also terminated the parental rights of the child’s mother B.B., who 2

signed an affidavit for voluntary relinquishment of her parental rights to the child. See Tex. Fam.

Code § 161.001(b)(1)(K) (authorizing termination of parental rights based on that parent’s

affidavit of relinquishment), .103 (addressing affidavits of voluntary relinquishment of parental

rights). At the time of trial, the child’s mother was in jail.

The facts are summarized from the testimony and exhibits admitted into evidence at trial. 3

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maternal grandmother at her home in New Braunfels. In early 2015, Appellant returned to Houston

for work but his wife and the children remained in New Braunfels with the children’s grandmother.

In April 2015, the child’s mother gave the child to the appellees B.R. and D.R., a

married couple who live in New Braunfels and have had physical custody of the child on and off for

about two and a half years. D.R. has known the child’s mother since childhood, and the child’s

mother is related to D.R.’s husband’s family. D.R. testified that to her knowledge, Appellant did not

see the child from April 2015 until July 2016, and D.R. did not receive any support for the child

from him.

Appellant testified that he thought his wife was just allowing the child to visit and

spend the night with Appellees. He testified that he would visit his children on the weekends, and

“[his wife] would go back to [D.R.] and pick [the child] up and bring her home to the house to make

it look like nothing was going on.” However, D.R. testified that in December 2015 she went to pick

up the child from her grandmother’s house and that Appellant did not stop D.R. or say “don’t take

her” when he saw D.R. leaving with the child. Additionally, Appellant acknowledged that in June

2016, he saw the child being dropped off at her own sister’s birthday party by D.R.

D.R. testified that Appellant told her in December 2015 that “he wanted compensation

for one year and a half and that he would wash his hands and sign over her rights.” Her understanding

of this conversation was that Appellant was offering to sell the child. D.R. testified that she “wasn’t

about to pay money for her,” that she knew that was illegal, and that she told her lawyer. Appellant

challenged D.R.’s testimony about the request for compensation, noting that D.R. was unable to

specify what “dollar amount” of money he had requested.

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Appellant testified that in July2016 his wife “finallybroke down to me and explained

to me what she had done,” and he then told D.R. that the child was coming back to live with him and

her mother. For about one month, the child lived with Appellant, her mother, and the four other

children at her grandmother’s house. Appellant testified that he was called back to work in August

2016, and he left for Sweeny, Texas with the rest of the family remaining at the grandmother’s

house. He also testified that he had provided “upwards of $20,000 to his mother-in-law to disperse

amongst [his] children.” He further testified that he had medical insurance coverage for the child,

but he admitted that he had not given an insurance card to Appellees directly. D.R. testified that

Appellant never gave her any insurance card for the child and that “[the child] has been on Medicaid

for a long time.”

After Appellant left, the child’s mother returned the child to live with Appellees. The

child continued residing with them until the trial in August 2017. Appellant testified that he believed

the child was merely visiting with Appellees and at times, spending the night. D.R. testified that

when the child returned after spending a month with her parents, the child had blisters with pus all

over her body that required antibiotics.

Appellees filed the underlying termination suit in September 2016, but they had

difficulty locating Appellant. After hiring a private investigator, Appellees secured service on

Appellant in January 2017. Appellant filed a document that the trial court construed as a general

denial. In that pleading, Appellant acknowledges that “it will reach a six month period that [he] has

not seen [the child],” but he faults D.R. for “not bringing the child to visit when requested” and

denying access to her. Appellant testified that until he was served, he did not know that the child

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was living with Appellees. He acknowledges that after he was served, he knew where the child was,

but he did not provide any support directly to Appellees for the child.

D.R. testified that Appellant stayed away from the child until the trial date without

a phone call or a visit and that he did nothing to retrieve the child. Appellant testified that Appellees

refused to communicate with him, that he attempted to provide gifts, and that he asked his mother-inlaw and sister-in-law to arrange for him to go over to Appellees’ house, but “it is not happening.”

During the bench trial, in addition to the testimony of Appellant and Appellees, the

court considered a home study of Appellees’ family that was admitted into evidence. The home

study concluded that the child should continue to reside with Appellees and that they should be

allowed to adopt her. At the conclusion of the trial, the court entered an order terminating the

mother’s parental rights and Appellant’s parental rights to the child. This appeal followed.

DISCUSSION

Appellant challenges the factual and legal sufficiency of the evidence supporting the

court’s findings. In a private proceeding to terminate the parent-child relationship, the petitioner

must establish by clear and convincing evidence a predicate violation—i.e., that the parent’s acts or

omissions constitute a statutory ground for termination—and that termination of parental rights is

in the child’s best interest. Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001(b)(1), (2);In re B.T.D., No. 01-16-00582-CV,

2017 Tex. App. LEXIS 503, at *23 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Jan. 20, 2017, no pet.) (mem.

op.); see In re S.M.R., 434 S.W.3d 576, 580 (Tex. 2014).

We evaluate the legal sufficiency of the evidence in parental-rights termination cases

by reviewing all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to determine whether a

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reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief or conviction that the challenged finding was

true. In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. 2005). We must assume that the factfinder resolved

disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could do so, and we disregard all

evidence that a reasonable factfinder could have disbelieved or found incredible. Id.

We evaluate the factual sufficiency of the evidence by reviewing the entire record,

and we uphold the finding unless the disputed evidence that could not reasonably have been credited

in favor of the finding is so significant that a reasonable factfinder could not have formed a firm

belief or conviction that the allegation was true. In re A.B., 437 S.W.3d 498, 502-03 (Tex. 2014).

We do not weigh witness credibility issues that depend on appearance and demeanor, and when

credibility issues are reflected in the record, we must defer to the factfinder’s determinations if they

are not unreasonable. In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573.

Sufficient evidence that Appellant voluntarily left child without adequate supportfor 6 months

In his first and second issues, Appellant challenges the factual and legal sufficiency

of the court’s finding that he voluntarily left the child alone or in the possession of another without

providing adequate support of the child and remained away for a period of at least six months. 

Under subsection 161.001(b)(1)(C) of the Family Code, a court may terminate the parent-child

relationship if the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that the parent has voluntarily left

the child alone or in the possession of another without providing adequate support for the child and

remained away for a period of at least six months. See Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001(b)(1)(C). The

six-month minimum is a period of six months consecutively. Jordan v. Dossey, 325 S.W.3d 700,

727 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. denied).

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1. December 2015-July 2016

Appellant contends that he never “voluntarily placed” the child with Appellees

because his wife was the one who “gave” the child to them. However, for purposes of determining

whethersection 161.001(b)(1)(C) of the FamilyCode is met, “[i]t should not be significant whether

a parent physically delivers their child to someone who will care for the child.” In re R.M., 180

S.W.3d 874, 878 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2005, no pet.) (noting that parent did not personallydeliver

child to parent’s great aunt and uncle and did not initiate arrangement for them to care for his child).

Here, the evidence shows that the period from December 2015 through July 2016 is a period of at

least six consecutivemonths duringwhich Appellant remained awayfrom the child—who was living

with Appellees—and did not provide support for her.

Although Appellant stated that he did not know that his wife gave the child to

Appellees in April 2015, by December 2015 he saw the child leaving from her grandmother’s house

with D.R. without stopping them, he subsequently saw the child dropped off at her own sister’s

birthday party by D.R. in June 2016, and the evidence is undisputed that Appellees kept the child

until July 2016. Appellant would have also been alerted that the child was not living with her

grandmother and siblings when he learned in 2015 that his four other children were involved in a

CPS case. D.R. testified that to her knowledge, Appellant did not see the child from April 2015 until

July 2016, and that she did not receive any support from Appellant for the child. Further, D.R.

testified that Appellant told her that if he were given some “compensation for one year and a half,”

he would “wash his hands and sign over her rights,” which D.R. understood as an attempt to sell the

child to her. The court could have credited the evidence at trial showing that Appellant voluntarily

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left the child with Appellees without providing support for her and remained away for at least six

months. The court could have also discredited Appellant’s testimony that he thought the child was

only visiting Appellees, and Appellant’s contention that D.R. was being untruthful about his request

for compensation because she was unable to provide a dollar amount.

2. January 2017-August 2017

Additionally, the period from January 2017 to August 2017 is a period of at least

six consecutive months during which Appellant knew the child was living with Appellees,

voluntarily left her there, and did not provide support for her. Appellant acknowledged that as of

January 13, 2017—when he was served with Appellees’ petition to terminate his parental rights to

the child—he knew the child was living with them and where they lived, but he did not provide any

support directly to Appellees for the child. Aside from Appellant’s testimony about the $20,000 he

gave to his mother-in-law, there was no evidence that he provided any support for the child

indirectly either. There is no evidence that Appellant made any arrangements to provide assistance

to Appellees for the child or that he had reached an agreement with Appellees that no such assistance

was needed. See Jordan, 325 S.W.3d at 728 (noting that “there was no understanding between Akin

and Jordan that Jordan would not be sending support because Akin could provide adequate support

on his own”); In re T.L.S., No. 01-12-00434-CV, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 10297, at *14-15 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 13, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.) (noting lack of evidence showing that

appellant made arrangements to provide assistance or had reached agreement with her mother, as

caregiver of appellant’s children, that no such assistance was needed). Appellant’s pleading

acknowledged that it “will reach a six month period that [he] has not seen [the child]” and requested

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that his mother-in-law be named the child’s managing conservator, not him. D.R. testified that

through the date of trial (August 2017), Appellant stayed away from the child without a phone call

or a visit, and that he did nothing to retrieve the child from Appellees. The court could have credited

the evidence at trial showing that Appellant voluntarily left the child with Appellees without

providing support for her and that Appellant remained away for at least six months. The court could

have also discredited Appellant’s testimonythat he attempted to provide gifts, provided some portion

of $20,000 to his mother-in-law for the child, and asked his mother-in-law and sister-in-law to

arrange visits for him at Appellees’ house.

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the court’s findings, and assuming

that the court resolved any disputed facts in favor of its findings, we conclude that the court could

have reasonably formed a firm belief or conviction that Appellant left the child alone or in the

possession of another without providing adequate support for the child and remained away for a

period of at least six months. See Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001(b)(1)(C). Further, considering the

entire record, we conclude that any disputed evidence could have been reconciled in favor of the

court’s findings, such that the court could have reasonably formed a firm belief or conviction that

Appellant left the child alone or in the possession of another without providing adequate support for

the child and remained away for a period of at least six months. Accordingly, the evidence in this

record is legally and factually sufficient to support a statutory ground for termination of Appellant’s

parental rights under section 161.001(b)(1)(C) of the Family Code. We overrule Appellant’s first

and second issues.

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Sufficient evidence supported best-interest finding

In his third issue, Appellant challenges the factual and legal sufficiency of the court’s

finding that termination of his parental rights was in the child’s best interest. See Tex. Fam. Code

§ 161.001(b)(2). We may consider a non-exhaustive list of factors in determining whether

termination of parental rights was in the child’s best interest, including: (1) the desires of the child;

(2) the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the future; (3) the emotional and

physical danger to the child now and in the future; (4) the parental abilities of the individuals seeking

custody; (5) the programs available to assist these individuals to promote the best interest of the

child; (6) the plans for the child by the individuals seeking custody; (7) the stability of the home or

proposed placement; (8) the acts or omissions of the parent which may indicate that the existing

parent-child relationship is not proper; and (9) any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent. 

Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976).

Here, many of the best-interest factors are addressed in the home study that was

admitted into evidence. The home study was conducted by Nichole Mueller, who has a Master’s

degree in social work and almost eleven years of experience working for Child Protective Services.

As to the emotional and physical needs of the child, the study reflects that the child

is bonded to Appellees and calls them “daddy” and “mommy.” The report notes that when the child

first came to live with Appellees, she was distant, did not want hugs, kisses, or cuddling, and did not

talk. Now, the child is happy, talkative, and smiles all the time.

As to the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody, the study states that

Appellees are bonded to the child, that they are able to provide a safe and permanent home for her,

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that they are financially able to meet the child’s needs, that they are involved in their children’s

schools, and that they have never had any involvement with Child Protective Services.

As to the stability of the home or proposed placement, the study notes that Appellees

have been together for twenty years and married since 2008, that they have a good support system

of friends and family, that they have lived in their home for eight years, that they have stable

employment histories, and that all of their references had positive things to sayabout them, including

how generous and caring they are toward others. Appellees’ children who live at home stated that

the child is funny, that they like to play with her, that she is a lot of fun, and “[w]e love her.”

As to the plans for the child by the individuals seeking custody, Appellees plan to

adopt the child. The study recommends to the court that the child continue to live with Appellees

in their home and that they should move forward with adopting her. At trial, D.R. testified that she

and B.R. want to support the child emotionally and financially, enroll her in school, take her to the

doctor and get her immunizations that she has only had once in her lifetime, and adopt her.

As to the acts or omissions of the parent which may indicate that the existing

parent-child relationship is not proper, Appellant initially testified that he was employed as an

industrial electrician with Zachry Industrial earning $38.75 an hour, but he later acknowledged that

due to his “wrongful termination” he had been unemployed for six weeks. Appellant disagreed that 4

Appellant also acknowledged that in 1997 he was arrested on four counts of aggravated 4

assault with a deadly weapon and two counts of aggravated robbery and sentenced to eight years

in the penitentiary, and that in 2011 and 2013 he was arrested for driving with an invalid license

with a prior conviction or suspension. See In re C.T.E., 95 S.W.3d 462, 466 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2002, pet. denied) (noting that parent’s criminal history is non-dispositive factor in

determining best interest of children).

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in order for him not to know where his child was living, he had to have been uninvolved with his

child’s life. D.R. testified that given Appellant’s lack of involvement with the child, she believed

it was best for the child to continue living with her and B.R.

As to any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent, Appellant contends that he

did not know the child had been living with Appellees and that they later prevented him from seeing

or supporting her. However, even after Appellant knew where the child was living, there was no

evidence that Appellant sent anything to Appellees to support the child, that he tried to go to their

home to see the child, or that he asked the court to allow his visitation.

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the court’s findings, and assuming

that the court resolved any disputed facts in favor of its findings, we conclude that the court could

have formed a firm belief or conviction that termination of Appellant’s parental rights was in the

child’s best interest. See Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001(b)(2). Further, considering the entire record,

we conclude that any disputed evidence could have been reconciled in favor of the court’s findings,

such that the court could have formed a firm belief or conviction that termination of Appellant’s

parental rights was in the child’s best interest. Thus, the evidence in this record is legally and

factually sufficient to support the court’s best-interest finding under section 161.001(b)(2) of the

Family Code. We overrule Appellant’s third issue.

CONCLUSION

We affirm the district court’s final order of termination.

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Jeff Rose, Chief Justice

Before Chief Justice Rose, Justices Pemberton and Goodwin

Affirmed

Filed: March 6, 2018

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