[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 15-14436

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 3:15-cr-00019-MCR-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff - Appellee,

versus

EDDIE CASANOVA, 

 Defendant - Appellant.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Florida

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(January 26, 2017)

Before TJOFLAT, JORDAN, and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

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Eddie Casanova appeals his conviction for conspiracy to distribute, and 

possess with the intent to distribute, 5 kilograms or more of cocaine, in violation of 

21 U.S.C. §§ 846 & 841(b)(1)(A)(ii). Mr. Casanova argues that there was 

insufficient evidence to sustain a conviction for the charged conspiracy because the 

government only presented evidence of two unrelated conspiracies, and not a 

single unified one.

Mr. Casanova also challenges his 262-month sentence, first arguing that the 

district court clearly erred in assigning him a base offense level of 32 under 

U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(4) because the conspiracy did not involve more than 15, but 

less than 50, kilograms of cocaine. He asserts that the testimony of a co-defendant 

about an amount of additional cocaine was imprecise and uncorroborated, and that 

the additional cocaine that was referenced was transported outside of the timeframe 

for the conspiracy. Mr. Casanova additionally challenges two sentencing 

enhancements. He argues that the district court clearly erred in applying a 2-level 

increase under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(12) for maintaining premises for the purpose 

of manufacturing or distributing a controlled substance. And he argues that the 

district court clearly erred in applying a 2-level increase under U.S.S.G. 

§ 2D1.1(b)(1) for the presence of a firearm in connection with the conspiracy.

After consideration of the record and both parties’ briefs, we affirm 

Mr. Casanova’s conviction and sentence.

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I

Mr. Casanova was charged by superseding indictment with one count of 

conspiracy to distribute, and possess with intent to distribute, 5 kilograms or more 

of cocaine. Mr. Casanova’s co-defendants, Emilio Zundt, Jr., and Pablo Robledo,

were also charged with conspiring to distribute, and possessing with intent to 

distribute, various amounts of cocaine. The indictment alleged that Mr. Zundt was 

responsible for 5 kilograms of cocaine or more and that Mr. Robledo was 

responsible for more than 500 grams, but less than 5 kilograms, of cocaine. 

Mr. Zundt and Mr. Robledo pled guilty and testified against Mr. Casanova at trial. 

A

In March of 2015, Mr. Robledo was pulled over for a traffic violation in 

Mississippi while transporting cocaine from Texas to Florida for Mr. Casanova. 

During the traffic stop he consented to a search of his vehicle. The search led to the 

discovery of 3 kilograms of cocaine and 2 cellphones. Mr. Robledo then 

cooperated with the government and agreed to execute a controlled delivery. 

Mr. Robledo made monitored contact via text messages and phone calls with 

“Primo” and “Lolo,” the two individuals he was working with to transport the 

cocaine to Florida. At the instruction of the agents, Mr. Robledo continued to plan 

the meeting with “Lolo” to give him the cocaine. “Lolo” agreed to meet 

Mr. Robledo at a hotel and said he would be driving a black Toyota. At the time of 

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the rendezvous, “Lolo” was indeed driving a black Toyota and was arrested in 

connection with the cocaine that Mr. Robledo had been transporting. Mr. Robledo 

and the agent who had been monitoring the calls between Mr. Robledo and “Lolo” 

identified Mr. Casanova as “Lolo.” An analysis of Mr. Casanova’s phone revealed 

that he had several conversations with “Primo” and Mr. Robledo.

As the government continued its investigation, it located several vehicles 

and storage facilities either owned by or associated with Mr. Casanova in both 

Texas and Florida, including two storage units in Fort Walton Beach, Florida. At 

those locations they discovered items typically associated with the drug trade, such 

as packaging materials, digital scales, and cutting agents. There were also some old 

vestiges from Mr. Casanova’s defunct stucco business.

An additional 4.5 kilograms of cocaine and a firearm were found in a black 

truck located in a rented parking space that was associated with Mr. Casanova at a 

storage unit in Texas. The manager of the storage facility was familiar with 

Mr. Casanova and his co-defendant, Mr. Zundt. The government then arrested 

Mr. Zundt.

Mr. Zundt had met Mr. Casanova two years earlier, when he was working as 

a handyman for Mr. Casanova. Mr. Casanova offered Mr. Zundt the opportunity to 

transport cocaine from Texas to Florida for him. Mr. Zundt testified at trial that he 

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had made numerous trips by bus and car transporting various amounts of cocaine 

for Mr. Casanova.

Mr. Zundt had been traveling with Mr. Casanova before he was arrested. 

They had journeyed from Texas to Florida together carrying between 4 and 5

kilograms of cocaine with them on the trip, though Mr. Casanova had anticipated 

that 8 kilograms would be transported from Texas to Florida. Mr. Casanova left 

Mr. Zundt at a hotel but failed to return from his meeting with Mr. Robledo. When 

Mr. Casanova did not return, Mr. Zundt took the cocaine back to Texas. He 

stopped at one of the storage facilities, changed cars, and removed a firearm that 

had been stored in the facility in order to hide it. Mr. Zundt testified that on a 

previous occasion Mr. Casanova had stored cocaine at one of the storage facilities, 

and that another time Mr. Casanova had prepared and packaged cocaine at one of 

the facilities. 

Mr. Casanova did not present any witnesses at trial. He did, however,

introduce evidence that his stucco business had received an award from the Deep 

Water Horizon oil spill. He then moved for a judgement of acquittal, which the 

district court denied.

Before deliberations began the district court gave the jury several 

instructions regarding conspiracy. One set out the basic concepts of a conspiracy,

and explained that a person does not need to be aware of the entirety of the scheme 

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or all parties involved to be convicted of being a member of a conspiracy. The 

district court also provided an instruction concerning multiple conspiracies. The 

government, the district court explained, was required to prove that Mr. Casanova 

was guilty of the charged conspiracy with Mr. Robledo and Mr. Zundt. The 

government would not meet its burden if it only proved separate conspiracies 

between the men, with no overall connection between them. 

The jury found Mr. Casanova guilty as charged. Mr. Casanova again moved 

for a judgment of acquittal, arguing that the evidence presented by the government 

was insufficient to prove the charged conspiracy. The district court denied the 

motion. Mr. Casanova also filed a motion for new trial, but it too was denied. 

B

According to the PSI, Mr. Casanova had a base level offense of 32 under 

U.S.S.G. § 2D1 because his offense involved between 15 and 50 kilograms of 

cocaine. Mr. Casanova received a 2-level enhancement for maintaining premises 

for the purpose of manufacturing or distributing a controlled substance pursuant to 

U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(12), an additional 2-level enhancement under U.S.S.G. 

§ 2D1.1(b)(1) for possessing a firearm, and another 2-level enhancement for being 

the organizer or leader under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(c). This resulted in a total offense 

level of 38. Due to his prior criminal history, Mr. Casanova was assigned a 

criminal history category of II. An offense level of 38 and criminal history 

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category of II resulted in an advisory guideline range of 262 to 327 months’ 

imprisonment. Mr. Casanova objected to his base level offense being 32, and to the 

2-level enhancements for possession of a firearm and maintaining premises for the 

purposes of manufacturing or distributing a controlled substance.

The district court overruled all of Mr. Casanova’s objections. It found that 

there was sufficient evidence presented to support a total offense level of 38. The 

district court added up the total amount of cocaine for all of the trips taken by 

Mr. Robledo and Mr. Zundt at the direction of Mr. Casanova, and conservatively 

estimated that 16.5 kilograms of cocaine had been transported in relation to this 

conspiracy.

The district court also found sufficient evidence to support the enhancement 

for maintaining premises for the purpose of manufacturing or distributing a 

controlled substance. The evidence showed that Mr. Casanova’s stucco business

had closed years earlier, and the only testimony concerning the storage facilities 

was that they had been used to store or prepare drugs, that a gun was kept at one 

facility, and that they contained various items associated with drug distribution. 

Finally, the district court found sufficient evidence to support the 

enhancement for possession of a firearm. It found that the gun belonged to Mr. 

Casanova, was kept at storage facility where he sent Mr. Zundt to store cocaine, 

and was transported in the same car as the cocaine was when it was taken back to 

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Texas. The district court found that, based on these factors and Mr. Casanova’s 

criminal history of drug dealing, the firearm was sufficiently related to the offense

to allow the enhancement. 

After overruling all of his objections, the district court sentenced Mr. 

Casanova to 262 months’ imprisonment at the bottom of his advisory guideline 

range. 

II

Mr. Casanova first argues that there was insufficient evidence to support his 

conviction. He contends that the government did not prove an overarching 

conspiracy between himself and his two co-defendants, and instead only proved 

two separate conspiracies, one between himself and Mr. Robledo, and another 

between himself and Mr. Zundt. Mr. Casanova argues that the proof of these two 

purported schemes is insufficient to prove that the three men were all part of the 

same conspiracy. We disagree. 

We review a sufficiency of the evidence claim de novo. See United States v. 

Pacchioli, 718 F.3d 1294, 1299 (11th Cir. 2013). We view the evidence in the light 

most favorable to the verdict and draw all reasonable inferences and credibility 

choices in its favor. See id. Credibility determinations are the province of the jury, 

and we typically do not invade that province and make our own credibility 

determinations. See United States v. Copeland, 20 F.3d 412, 413 (11th Cir. 1994). 

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Mr. Casanova’s sufficiency of the evidence claim has taken the form of a 

variance claim. “A variance occurs when the evidence at trial establishes facts 

materially different from those alleged in the indictment.” United States v. 

Caporale, 806 F.2d 1487, 1499 (11th Cir. 1986). In a conspiracy case where a 

variance is being alleged, we look to see if “a reasonable juror could have found 

the existence of a single conspiracy beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. 

Huff, 609 F.3d 1240, 1243 (11th Cir. 2010). As an initial matter we conclude that, 

although Mr. Casanova did not use the term variance in the district court, his 

argument—that the government had proved two unrelated conspiracies and that he 

was being convicted of a different crime than what he was indicted for—was 

sufficient to preserve the claim for appeal. Thus we will review his claim de novo

and not for plain error. See United States v. Dennis, 237 F.3d 1295, 1300 (11th Cir. 

2001). 

When a defendant claims a material variance between the indictment and the 

evidence presented at trial, we consider “[f]irst whether a material variance did 

occur, and second, whether the defendant suffered substantial prejudice as a 

result.” United States v. Chastain, 198 F.3d 1338, 1349 (11th Cir. 1999). We look 

at the evidence in the light most favorable to the government to determine whether 

there was a material variance. See United States v. Seher, 562 F.3d 1344, 1366 

(11th Cir. 2009). 

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In order to convict a defendant of conspiracy under 21 U.S.C. § 846, the 

government must show that (1) a conspiracy existed, (2) that the defendant knew 

of it, and (3) that the defendant, with knowledge, voluntarily joined it. See United 

States v. Perez-Tosta, 36 F.3d 1152, 1157 (11th Cir. 1994). “[T]here is no material 

variance from an indictment charging a single conspiracy if a reasonable trier of 

fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt the existence of the single 

conspiracy charged in the indictment.” Caporale, 806 F.2d at 1499–1500. In order 

to make that determination, we consider (1) whether a common goal existed,

(2) the nature of the underlying scheme, and (3) the overlap of participants. See

Huff, 609 F.3d at 1243.

There was sufficient evidence for the jury to find the existence of one 

overreaching conspiracy, as charged in the indictment, beyond a reasonable doubt. 

The evidence demonstrated that Mr. Casanova was involved in one unified 

singular conspiracy with Mr. Robledo and Mr. Zundt. The three men were active 

participants in the transportation of cocaine from Texas to Florida for the purposes 

of sale and distribution. The jury could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that 

there was sufficient evidence all three men were involved in that particular goal 

based upon the testimony of Mr. Zundt and Mr. Robledo. Although aspects of their 

testimony may have been uncorroborated, that testimony was sufficient to sustain 

Mr. Casanova’s conviction. See United States v. Broadwell, 870 F.2d 594, 601 

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(11th Cir. 1989). The methodical nature and elaborate manner in which 

Mr. Casanova utilized multiple parties, multiple vehicles, and multiple facilities in 

order to transport his cocaine across state lines illustrates the underlying 

framework Mr. Casanova was using to run the cocaine scheme. 

Mr. Robledo and Mr. Zundt did not know about each other, but that was not 

fatal because the conspiracy here was a “hub-and-spoke” conspiracy. See Huff, 609 

F.3d at 1243–44. This kind of conspiracy occurs when one conspirator

(Mr. Casanova) recruits a separate group of co-conspirators (Mr. Robledo and 

Mr. Zundt) to carry out various functions of the illegal enterprise. See id. In this 

case the evidence showed that Mr. Casanova was the hub moving along the 

spokes—Mr. Robledo and Mr. Zundt. As a general matter, spokes in such a 

conspiracy do not need to know each other, as long as they are aware of the 

common aim. See Pacchioli, 718 F.3d at 1303.

There was sufficient evidence to show that Mr. Robledo and Mr. Zundt were 

both generally aware that other parties were involved in transporting cocaine from 

Texas to Florida. Mr. Robledo was in constant communication with Mr. Casanova 

and “Primo” during his trip from Texas to Florida, demonstrating his knowledge 

that other people besides himself and Mr. Casanova were involved in transporting 

the cocaine across state lines. Mr. Zundt was also aware of the existence of other 

parties. He had transported cocaine multiple times for Mr. Casanova. He also 

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testified that on the last trip Mr. Casanova was expecting about 8 kilograms of 

cocaine, but he and Mr. Casanova only had between 4 and 5 kilograms. The

additional 3 to 4 kilograms would have had to come from an additional party.

We note, as well, that the jury was given an instruction on the existence of 

multiple conspiracies, and expressly told that in order to convict Mr. Casanova, 

they had to agree that he was a member of the conspiracy charged in the indictment

and not a member of some other conspiracy. That instruction gives us further

confidence that the jury could reasonably find Mr. Casanova guilty beyond a 

reasonable doubt. 

III

Mr. Casanova challenges his base level offense of 32, which was based on

more than 15, but less than 50, kilograms of cocaine. He asserts that the district 

court erred in its approximation and consideration of the weight of the cocaine of 

the previous trips taken by Mr. Zundt. We are not persuaded.

We review a district court’s factual findings on the quantity of narcotics for 

clear error. See United States v. Rodriguez, 398 F.3d 1291, 1296 (11th Cir. 2005). 

Absent a “definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed,” we will 

not overturn a district court’s factual findings. United States v. Crawford, 407 F.3d 

1174, 1177 (11th Cir. 2005). 

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The Sentencing Guidelines provide that the base offense level for a drug 

offense is to be calculated by determining the quantity of drugs attributable to a 

defendant. See generally U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(a). When a conviction stems from a 

conspiracy charge, the defendant may be found responsible for the amount of drugs 

involved in all reasonably foreseeable acts done in furtherance of the conspiracy. 

See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B). In addition, a defendant “may be held accountable 

at sentencing for illegal conduct not in furtherance of the offense of conviction if 

that conduct was part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as 

the offense of conviction.” United States v. Gomez, 164 F.3d 1354, 1356 (11th Cir. 

1999) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In examining extrinsic 

conduct we evaluate the similarity, regularity, and temporal proximity between the 

count of conviction and the extrinsic offense in order to determine if they were part 

of the same course of conduct. See United States v. Maxwell, 34 F.3d 1006, 1011 

(11th Cir. 1994). 

“When a defendant objects to a factual finding that is used in calculating his 

guideline sentence, such as drug amount, the government bears the burden of 

establishing the disputed fact by a preponderance of the evidence.” Rodriguez, 398 

F.3d at 1296. Although the preponderance burden is less than that of a beyond a

reasonable doubt, “it does not grant the court a license to sentence a defendant in 

the absence of sufficient evidence.” Id. 

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The district court did not clearly err in finding that sufficient evidence was 

presented to assign Mr. Casanova a base level of 32 for possessing more than 15,

but less than 50, kilograms of cocaine. The district court was permitted to use the 

evidence it heard during trial, undisputed statements in the PSI, and evidence 

presented at the sentencing hearing in making its determination. See United States 

v. Wilson, 884 F.2d 1355, 1356 (11th Cir. 1989). 

We afford great deference to a district court’s assessment of the credibility 

of witnesses and the evidentiary content of testimony. See United States v. Lee, 68 

F.3d 1267, 1276 (1995). The district court relied upon the testimony of Mr. Zundt 

and Mr. Robledo to determine that Mr. Casanova was responsible for more than 

15, but less than 50, kilograms of cocaine. When the amount of drugs seized does 

not match the scale of the offense, the district court is permitted to approximate the 

quantity of the controlled substance. See United States v. Frazier, 89 F.3d 1501, 

1506 (11th Cir. 1996). When a district court approximates a quantity of drugs, the 

approximation must be fair, accurate, and conservative. See United States v. 

Zapata, 139 F.3d 1355, 1359 (11th Cir. 1998). 

The evidence showed that 7.5 kilograms of cocaine were seized from 

Mr. Zundt and Mr. Robledo. The district court relied upon the testimony of 

Mr. Zundt about his other previous trips to approximate the remaining kilograms.

Mr. Zundt testified that he had made 10 trips by bus carrying between 1/2 a

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kilogram and 1 kilogram of cocaine, and had made four trips by car carrying 

between 1 and 2 kilograms of cocaine. He also testified that the amount of cocaine 

Mr. Casanova had him transporting had been increasing, and on this trip they 

expected to transport about 8 kilograms of cocaine total. The district court assumed 

that the 8 kilograms he was referring to was the cocaine recovered from 

Mr. Robledo. The district court then assumed the lowest weight possible for all of 

the various trips by bus and car. At 10 bus trips with a 1/2 kilogram each trip, 

Mr. Zundt transported approximately 5 kilograms of cocaine at the behest of 

Mr. Casanova. At four trips by car, carrying at least 1 kilogram of cocaine per trip,

Mr. Zundt transported approximately 4 kilograms of cocaine by car. The 9

kilograms from those trips, combined with the 7.5 recovered kilograms of cocaine 

recovered, results in a total weight of at least 16.5 kilograms of cocaine. The

methodology used by the district court in assuming the lowest weight for the bus 

and car trips was fair, accurate, and conservative. See Zapata, 139 F.3d at 1359. In 

addition, there were the 3 kilograms recovered from Mr. Robledo and the extra 3 to 

4 kilograms that Mr. Casanova and Mr. Zundt were going to acquire on their last 

trip. 

We note that the conspiracy Mr. Casanova was charged with began on or 

around January 1, 2014, and that Mr. Zundt testified that he believed that he had 

transported cocaine for Mr. Casanova prior to that date. This possibility did not 

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cause the district court to err. Mr. Zundt testified that he had only known 

Mr. Casanova for two years (or less) prior to the trial in July of 2015, and that he 

had worked for him as a handyman prior to transporting drugs for him. Assuming 

that Mr. Casanova and Mr. Zundt met on July 1, 2013, two years before trial, that 

was only five months prior to the start of the charged conspiracy. And during that 

time frame Mr. Casanova and Mr. Zundt were still engaging in the exact same 

conduct as what was charged in the conspiracy. We conclude that the district court 

did not err in including the weight of the cocaine from possible trips prior to the 

start date of January 1, 2014, due to the similarity, regularity, and temporal 

proximity of the crimes. See United States v. Simpson, 228 F.3d 1294, 1301-02 

(11th Cir. 2000). 

IV

Mr. Casanova next challenges the district court’s application of a 2-level 

increase to his base level offense for being in possession of a firearm in relation 

with a drug trafficking offense pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1). He argues that 

the firearm that was found at one of his storage units was not sufficiently related to 

him and the crime he was charged with. We disagree.

The application of an enhancement for possession a firearm is a factual 

determination which we review for clear error. United States v. Stallings, 463 F.3d 

1218, 1220 (11th Cir. 2006). “The enhancement for weapon possession reflects the 

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increased danger of violence when drug traffickers possess weapons. The 

adjustment should be applied if the weapon was present, unless it is clearly 

improbable that that the weapon was connected with the offense.” U.S.S.G. 

§ 2D1.1, comment. (n.3). The government must show “by a preponderance of 

evidence that the firearm was present at the site of the charged conduct or prove

that the defendant possessed a firearm during conduct associated with the offense

of conviction.” Stallings, 463 F.3d at 1220. The government must demonstrate that 

the firearm had some actual connection with the trafficking crime; it cannot be a 

mere accident or coincidence or simple possession. See id. at 1220–21. Once that

burden is met, the defendant must establish that a connection between the weapon 

and the offense is clearly improbable. See id. at 1220.

The district court did not clearly err in finding that the 2-level enhancement 

applied to Mr. Casanova. Mr. Zundt testified that, after learning that Mr. Casanova 

had been arrested, he went back to one of the storage facilities and removed the 

firearm. He testified that he transported the firearm back to Texas in order to hide 

it. Mr. Zundt’s actions as co-conspirator are attributable to Mr. Casanova. See 

United States v. Fuentes, 991 F.2d 700, 701 (11th Cir. 1993). In addition, Mr. 

Zundt also testified that the firearm was stored at a storage facility where he and 

Mr. Casanova had previously stored cocaine. The amount of cocaine, the number 

of trips, the presence of the firearm at a storage facility where cocaine had been 

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stored, and the attempted cover-up by Mr. Zundt permitted the district court to 

apply the enhancement. 

V

Mr. Casanova also appeals the 2-level enhancement he received for 

maintaining premises for the purpose of manufacturing or distributing a controlled 

substance. He argues that the district court erred in finding that his storage 

facilities were used primarily for the purposes of manufacturing or distributing a 

controlled substance. We are not convinced.

We review the district court’s finding that Mr. Casanova maintained

premises for the manufacture or distribution of drugs for clear error. See United 

States v. Barrington, 648 F.3d 1178, 1195 (11th Cir. 2011). The government was 

required to prove the enhancement by a preponderance of evidence. See id.

The district court did not clearly err when it found that the government had 

met its burden and applied the two-level enhancement for maintaining premises for 

the purpose of manufacturing or distributing a controlled substance pursuant to 

U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(12). The enhancement may be applied when the premise is a 

“building, room, or enclosure” used for “storage of a controlled substance for the 

purpose of distribution.” § 2D1.1, comment. (n.17). Application Note 17 also 

indicates that the district court properly considered Mr. Casanova’s possessory 

interest in the property and to what extent he controlled access and the activities on 

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the premises. See id. The manufacture and distribution of controlled substance does 

not need to be the sole use of the premises, but it must be a principal one as 

opposed to a collateral one. See id.

Mr. Zundt testified at trial and at the sentencing hearing about the numerous 

rental facilities that he and Mr. Casanova utilized when transporting the cocaine 

from Texas to Florida. Mr. Casanova had unlimited access to the facilities and 

controlled when the duo went there. The evidence presented at trial concerning the 

use of the units showed that they were only used to aid Mr. Zundt and 

Mr. Casanova when they were transporting cocaine. Mr. Casanova even prepared 

cocaine for distribution at one of the units in one instance. Drug distribution 

materials were also present in the facilities, and Mr. Zundt testified that the 

facilities in Fort Walton Beach were only used to store drugs. There was some

evidence presented that one of the units contained the remnants of Mr. Casanova’s 

stucco business, and a claim relating to the Deep Water Horizon oil spill, but those 

items did not demonstrate any recent use of the units for those purposes. 

In sum, we conclude that there was sufficient evidence to sustain the 

enhancement for maintaining premises for the purpose of manufacturing or 

distributing a controlled substance.

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VI

Upon review of the record and consideration of the parties’ briefs, we affirm 

Mr. Casanova’s conviction and sentence. 

AFFIRMED.

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