United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit

Chicago, Illinois 60604

Submitted March 29, 2013*

Decided May 21, 2013

Before

WILLIAM J. BAUER, Circuit Judge

RICHARD A. POSNER, Circuit Judge

ANN CLAIRE WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge

No. 12‐3614

MICHAEL BOND,

Plaintiff‐Appellant,

v.

JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A.,

Defendant‐Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District

Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin.

No. 12‐C‐1050

Rudolph T. Randa,

Judge.

O R D E R

Michael Bond appeals from an order denying a preliminary injunction in his suit

against JPMorgan Chase Bank (incorrectly named in Bond’s complaint as Chase Home

Finance LLC). This litigation ostensibly arises under the Fair Housing Act, 42 U.S.C.

§§ 3601–31, but Bond, a squatter in a house owned by Chase, wanted the district court to

enjoin Chase from executing an order from a Wisconsin court authorizing his eviction.

Because the underlying claims are frivolous, we affirm the decision.

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION

To be cited only in accordance with

Fed. R. App. P. 32.1

* After examining the briefs and record, we have concluded that oral argument is

unnecessary. Thus, the appeal is submitted on the briefs and record. See FED. R. APP. P.

34(a)(2)(C).
No. 12‐3614 Page 2

Bond rented a house from Randa Cistrunk, who owned the property subject to a

mortgage held by Chase. Cistrunk, Bond, and nine codefendants were arrested in June 2010

and charged in the Eastern District of Wisconsin with conspiring to possess and distribute

marijuana. See 21 U.S.C. §§ 846, 841(a)(1). That criminal case is before Judge Clevert.1 Bond,

who since has pleaded guilty and admitted relevant conduct of at least 100 kilograms, had

been released on bond in January 2011 and permitted to reside, not in the house rented from

Cistrunk (who is in prison), but with his sister in her Milwaukee home. Meanwhile, in

March 2011 Chase filed a foreclosure action for Cistrunk’s property in the Milwaukee

County Circuit Court. A judgment of foreclosure was entered in August 2011, and Chase

then purchased the property at a sheriff’s sale in April 2012 for around $130,000.

At the time of the sheriff’s sale, Bond was awaiting sentencing (and still is). Yet he

offered to buy the property from Chase for the amount paid by the bank, if the bank would

accept a $20,000 down payment and his note for the balance. Chase declined that offer from

Bond, who faces a statutory minimum sentence of five years in prison and claims to be

living on the “charity” of family members. The bank did counter with a proposal, however,

to sell Bond the property for $130,000 in cash. When Bond rejected that counteroffer, Chase

initiated eviction proceedings in the circuit court. In October 2012 the bank obtained a Writ

of Assistance authorizing the county sheriff to forcibly remove Bond, who no longer has a

lease and is not paying rent. In fact, records from Bond’s criminal case show that he is

required to live elsewhere: From January to September 2011 the conditions of Bond’s release

dictated that he live with his sister, and in September 2011 Judge Clevert granted his request

for permission to move to his niece’s house while he awaits his June 2013 sentencing.

Another condition of Bond’s release is “home detention,” which restricts him to the

designated residence except for reasons authorized by the court. In Bond’s appellate brief,

however, he asserts that he currently lives alone in the house now owned by Chase.

Bond brought this lawsuit in the Eastern District of Wisconsin in October 2012, and

the case was assigned to Judge Randa. In his amended complaint Bond alleges that Chase

discriminated against him by refusing to sell him the property at the same price the bank

would sell to another buyer, in violation of the Fair Housing Act. Bond asserts that the

bank’s asking price far exceeds the fair market value of the property, and he speculates that

Chase is demanding the price paid at the sheriff’s sale because the bank assumes that Bond

will have difficulty finding another place to live and would overpay just to stay where he is.

Bond also included a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that Chase’s actions violated his

rights under the First, Fourth, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendments.

1 The facts recited here are drawn from Bond’s amended complaint and attachments,

as well as records from his criminal case. See United States v. Bond, No. 10‐CR‐117 (E.D. Wis.

filed June 9, 2010). We have taken judicial notice of the criminal proceedings.  See Keller v.

United States, 657 F.3d 675, 679 n.2 (7th Cir. 2011); Opoka v. I.N.S., 94 F.3d 392, 394 (7th Cir.

1996).
No. 12‐3614 Page 3

Along with his complaint Bond also filed a motion seeking a preliminary injunction

to stop his eviction. As we understand Bond’s motion, he wanted the district court to enjoin

Chase from executing its Writ of Assistance. That also is how Chase read the motion, but

Judge Randa thought that Bond wanted the court to enjoin the state‐court eviction

proceeding. In denying Bond’s motion, the judge reasoned that Bond had not shown that

his lawsuit is likely to succeed on the merits: The § 1983 claim fails because Chase is not a

state actor, and Bond’s claim under the Fair Housing Act cannot succeed because he does

not allege conduct by Chase that would be unlawful. The judge also reasoned that the harm

to Chase from stalling Bond’s eviction would outweigh any harm to Bond. Bond filed an

immediate appeal, see 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a), and he says in his appellate brief that sheriff’s

deputies who tried to execute the Writ of Assistance departed the premises when he

showed them a copy of his notice of appeal.

We agree with Judge Randa that Bond’s case for preliminary relief is without merit,

and it makes no difference whether his motion was targeted at Chase or the state court.

Bond’s lawsuit is frivolous and should have been dismissed with prejudice for failure to

state a claim, and for the same reason his request for preliminary relief is frivolous. On

appeal Bond does not even argue that his lawsuit has a chance of succeeding on the merits,

see Stuller, Inc. v. Steak N Shake Enters., Inc., 695 F.3d 676, 678 (7th Cir. 2012), and instead he

proclaims that “possession is nine‐tenths of the law” and asserts that Chase is “attempting

to extort him out of money they falsely believe he has” from marijuana trafficking. Bond’s

§ 1983 claim is a nonstarter because Chase is not a state actor and did not act under color of

state law when it refused to accept his offer to purchase the property. See Am. Mfrs. Mut. Ins.

Co. v. Sullivan, 526 U.S. 40, 49–50 (1999); Gayman v. Principal Fin. Servs., Inc., 311 F.3d 851,

852–53 (7th Cir. 2002). And his claim under the Fair Housing Act fares no better. The Act

provides that it is unlawful to “refuse to sell or rent” a dwelling, “after the making of a bona

fide offer,” on account of a protected status, including disability, 42 U.S.C. § 3604(a), (f), but

Bond’s amended complaint says nothing which raises a plausible inference that he is a

member of a protected class under the Act. See Hamilton v. Svatik, 779 F.2d 383, 387 (7th Cir.

1985). He does assert that he is “disabled,” but he does not allege that Chase was aware of

that disability (which Bond does not identify) or that the bank’s unwillingness to accept

Bond’s terms was related in any way to his disability. Rather, Bond explicitly contends that

Chase refused his offer to buy on credit because the bank believes that all drug dealers are

flush with cash and prone to overpay, and that his personal difficulties would make

overpaying more attractive than finding a new place to live. That theory is nonsense but

would not violate that Act even if true.

Because Bond cannot succeed on the merits of his claims under § 1983 or the Fair

Housing Act, we need not explore the remaining criteria for a preliminary injunction.

See Kiel v. City of Kenosha, 236 F.3d 814, 817 (7th Cir. 2000); Thornton v. Barnes, 890 F.2d 1380,

1390 (7th Cir. 1989). For completeness, though, we note that the district court probably was

powerless to grant the requested preliminary relief if, as Judge Randa believed, Bond
No. 12‐3614 Page 4

wanted the court to enjoin the state court rather than Chase. The Anti–Injunction Act bars a

federal court from enjoining ongoing state‐court proceedings, except “as expressly

authorized by an Act of Congress, or where necessary in aid of its jurisdiction, or to protect

or effectuate its judgments.” 28 U.S.C. § 2283; see Mitchum v. Foster, 407 U.S. 225, 229 (1972).

The Act reflects the “fundamental constitutional independence of the States” and recognizes

that state proceedings ordinarily should “continue unimpaired by intervention of the lower

federal courts.” Atl. Coast Line R.R. Co. v. Bhd. of Locomotive Eng’rs, 398 U.S. 281, 287 (1970);

see Zurich Am. Ins. Co. v. Sup. Ct. of State of Cal., 326 F.3d 816, 824 (7th Cir. 2003). As a result,

the three exceptions are applied narrowly, and “doubts as to the propriety of a federal

injunction against state court proceedings should be resolved in favor of permitting the state

courts to proceed in an orderly fashion to finally determine the controversy.”Atl. Coast Line

R.R. Co., 398 U.S. at 297; see Trs. of Carpenters’ Health and Welfare Trust Fund of St. Louis v.

Darr, 694 F.3d 803, 807 (7th Cir. 2012).

No exception to the Anti‐Injunction Act would appear applicable to the Fair Housing

Act. Only the exception for injunctive relief “expressly authorized” by Congress warrants

discussion. The Fair Housing Act has no obvious language expressly authorizing a federal

court to enjoin a state court proceeding, but that does not resolve the question. See Mitchum,

407 U.S. at 237. To determine whether Congress inferred the exception to apply, we ask

whether the Fair Housing Act “created a specific and uniquely federal right or remedy,

enforceable in a federal court of equity” and whether that right or remedy can be “given its

intended scope only by the stay of a state court proceeding.” Id. at 237–39. The Fair Housing

Act is enforceable in both state and federal courts, see 42 U.S.C. § 3613(a)(1)(A), and the First

Circuit has concluded that “the vesting of concurrent jurisdiction would seem to imply a

vote of confidence in the integrity and competence of state courts to adjudicate” these

claims. Casa Marie, Inc. v. Sup. Ct. of Puerto Rico for the Dist. of Arecibo, 988 F.2d 252, 262 (1st

Cir. 1993). Given the general rule that interpretations of the Anti‐Injunction Act’s exceptions

should err in favor of permitting the state courts to proceed, see Trs. of Carpenters’ Health and

Welfare Trust Fund of St. Louis, 694 F.3d at 810–11, we are inclined to agree with the First

Circuit’s analysis. Thus, had Bond requested an injunction staying the eviction proceedings,

we think it unlikely that the court would have been permitted to grant him that relief. But

because his underlying claims are frivolous, we need not decide this question here.

On a final note, Bond’s allegations in this civil litigation suggest that he is violating

the conditions of his release in the criminal case before Judge Clevert by not residing at his

niece’s house as he awaits sentencing. Accordingly, we direct the clerk of this court to send

a copy of this order to the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Wisconsin.

AFFIRMED.