COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Chaney, Callins and White

Argued at Alexandria, Virginia

KHACHIK YEVDOKIMOV

MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY

v. Record No. 1989-22-4 JUDGE KIMBERLEY SLAYTON WHITE

NOVEMBER 28, 2023

MCDIARMID ASSOCIATES

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY

John M. Tran, Judge

Warner F. Young, III (Robert T. Hall; Mahdavi, Bacon, Halfhill & 

Young, P.L.L.C.; Law Office of Robert T. Hall, PLC, on briefs), for 

appellant.

Lacey Ullman Conn for appellee.

Khachik Yevdokimov appeals the trial court’s denial of his motion for leave to file an 

amended complaint and the denial to lift the stay on discovery. He argues that the trial court’s 

ruling was an abuse of discretion and prevented him from presenting his good faith argument that 

Cline v. Dunlora S, LLC, 284 Va. 102 (2012), should be “reversed or limited.” For the following 

reasons, we affirm the trial court’s ruling.

BACKGROUND

In February 2020, Yevdokimov filed a complaint alleging that his car was crushed as he 

drove it on a public highway “by a falling tree which had been standing on property owned and/or 

controlled, inspected, maintained and/or serviced” by McDiarmid Associates. The complaint 

asserted that the tree was “heavily diseased and dying,” its roots were shallow, and its growth was 

compromised by utility cables that “had been cut through the zone containing [the] roots.” 

* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A).

UNPUBLISHED
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Yevdokimov’s complaint advanced negligence and nuisance claims. He asserted that McDiarmid 

owed a duty to exercise reasonable care to inspect, maintain, service, and “make safe” the trees on 

its property and had negligently failed to remove the tree that fell. He also alleged that 

McDiarmid’s lack of care and maintenance rendered the tree a nuisance. The accident left

Yevdokimov an incomplete quadriplegic, and he sought $15 million in damages for medical 

expenses, lost income and earning capacity, and physical and mental pain and suffering.

McDiarmid demurred, arguing that under Cline a landowner “does not have a duty to 

inspect and cut down sickly trees that have a possibility of falling on a public roadway.” 

Yevdokimov countered that in RGR, LLC v. Settle, 288 Va. 260, 277 (2014), the Supreme Court 

held that “a possessor of land is subject to liability to others outside of the land for physical harm 

caused by a structure or other artificial condition on the land, which the possessor realizes or should 

realize will involve an unreasonable risk of such harm.” After a hearing, the trial court sustained

McDiarmid’s demurrer to the nuisance claim but overruled it on the negligence claim.

McDiarmid petitioned the trial court to certify its ruling for an interlocutory appeal under 

Code § 8.01-670.1, arguing that there was a “substantial ground for difference of opinion on 

whether [it] had a duty to inspect, care for, and maintain the tree that fell on [Yevdokimov’s] 

vehicle.” Despite finding that it was “appropriate to grant an interlocutory appeal,” the trial court 

also found that the Supreme Court unequivocally held in Cline that a landowner has “no duty to 

protect travelers on an adjoining public roadway from natural conditions on his or her land.” Cline, 

284 Va. at 110. The trial court ruled that Cline controlled this case “except where the allegation is 

presented as it is here that [McDiarmid] caused the tree to fail.” Accordingly, before certifying its 

ruling for interlocutory appeal, the trial court amended its order overruling McDiarmid’s demurrer. 

The amended order sustained the demurrer to Yevdokimov’s complaint alleging “a duty of 
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inspection, servicing and/or maintenance” of the tree.1 The Supreme Court granted McDiarmid’s 

subsequent petition for an interlocutory appeal.

On June 23, 2022, the Supreme Court reversed the trial court’s ruling, finding that the 

complaint “failed to sufficiently plead that McDiarmid had engaged in an affirmative act that altered 

the tree from its natural state and caused the highway to be more dangerous than in a state of 

nature.”2 McDiarmid Assocs. v. Yevdokimov, No. 210282, slip op. at 1, 6 (Va. June 23, 2022)

(order). The Supreme Court’s ruling relied heavily on Cline’s holding that a landowner owes “no 

duty to those outside the land with respect to natural conditions existing on the land, regardless of 

their dangerous condition.” Id., slip op. at 3-4 (quoting Cline, 284 Va. at 106). But the Supreme 

Court’s order reflected upon Cline’s holding, noting that its ratio decidendi had been “heavily 

criticized” and relied on an English case decided after the Commonwealth’s adoption of English 

common law in the late 1700s. Id., slip op. at 3-4 n.3. The Supreme Court noted that as neither 

party had asked it “to reverse or expand the holding in Cline,” it would not consider doing so sua 

sponte. Id. Still, the Supreme Court “observ[ed] that on remand” any motion for leave to amend 

Yevdokimov’s complaint filed in the trial court “should be liberally granted” under Rule 1:8 “unless 

the [trial] court concludes it would be unjust to do so.” Id., slip op. at 6.

On remand, Yevdokimov moved the trial court for leave to file an amended complaint.3 He 

attached an amended complaint to his motion, which reiterated that the tree was visibly diseased and 

1 The trial court’s order certifying its ruling for interlocutory appeal also stayed 

discovery. 

2 The Supreme Court held that the complaint’s allegation that “utility cables had been cut 

through the zone containing” the tree’s roots contained passive voice and therefore lacked 

“definiteness that McDiarmid or its agent laid or directed the laying of these utility cables, which 

compromised the tree’s roots,” instead of an independent contractor. McDiarmid Assocs. v. 

Yevdokimov, No. 210282, slip op. at 5 n.6 (Va. June 23, 2022) (order).

3 Yevdokimov also moved the trial court to lift the discovery stay. The trial court denied 

the motion. 
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dying, and its root structure was compromised by construction and utility cables. The amended 

complaint alleged that McDiarmid knew or should have known of the tree’s condition and, under 

the common law, owed a duty to exercise reasonable care to inspect, maintain, and/or service the 

trees, engage in “good estate management,” and make safe natural conditions on its property that 

had become dangerous to those in a reasonably foreseeable zone of danger. The amended 

complaint also alleged that McDiarmid was liable for negligence per se because it violated 

municipal ordinances prohibiting menaces that endanger public health and safety.

At a hearing on the motion, Yevdokimov argued that his amended complaint sought to 

pursue “two parallel” theories. First, it attempted to distinguish Cline because it was a factual 

question whether the tree here remained “in its natural condition” given the significant development 

on the lot. He emphasized that the tree in Cline was part of a forest, while the instant case involved 

a solitary tree on a lot near a busy, public highway. Second, the amended complaint acknowledged 

the Supreme Court’s “hint” that it would be appropriate “to challenge” Cline and therefore alleged 

that McDiarmid had a duty to inspect the tree and make it safe, even if it were in its natural 

condition. Yevdokimov argued that his amended complaint differed from the original complaint, 

which merely sought to present a cause of action “coloring within the lines of the Cline decision.” 

Yevdokimov concluded that because McDiarmid would not be prejudiced, the trial court would

abuse its discretion if it denied the motion.

After argument by counsel, the trial court denied the motion for leave to amend. The court 

found that the amended complaint was insufficient under Cline because it did not allege any 

“affirmative acts” by McDiarmid that caused the tree to fall. Thus, the court concluded that 

granting leave to file the amended complaint “would be futile.” 

On appeal, Yevdokimov argues that the trial court abused its discretion by denying him 

leave to amend because McDiarmid would not have been prejudiced by the amendment and the 
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amended complaint alleged facts that distinguished his claim from Cline. He also asserts that his 

amended complaint properly questioned Cline’s holding by alleging that McDiarmid had a duty to 

protect passing travelers from natural conditions on its property that posed a danger. He asserts that

the trial court’s ruling prevented him from pursuing his argument that Cline should be reversed or 

limited.

ANALYSIS

I. Amended Complaint

Review of a trial court’s “decision to grant or deny a motion” for leave to file an amended 

complaint “is limited to the question whether the trial [court] abused [its] discretion.” AGCS 

Marine Ins. Co. v. Arlington Cnty., 293 Va. 469, 487 (2017) (quoting Lucas v. Woody, 287 Va. 354, 

363 (2014)). Although a pleading may not be amended “after it is filed save by leave of court,” 

Rule 1:8 provides that “[l]eave to amend shall be liberally granted in furtherance of the ends of 

justice.” Indeed, Rule 1:8 promotes “the underlying policy of litigating the actual controversy 

between the parties, rather than an approximation of it that was initially pleaded.” Kent Sinclair & 

Leigh B. Middleditch, Jr., Virginia Civil Procedure § 11.2[A], at 798 (7th ed. 2020); 1 Charles E. 

Friend & Kent Sinclair, Friend’s Virginia Pleading and Practice § 6.09[1], at 6-95 (5th ed. 2017) 

(providing that Rule 1:8 supports the policy “to have final judgments grounded on matters of 

substance rather than procedure” and “aids in the resolution of the merits of the dispute between the 

parties”). As such, “at least one amendment” is common in civil cases as parties often must 

“re-shape the pleadings after discovery and other factual and legal investigation.” Id. (emphasis 

added).

Consistent with that underlying policy, the Supreme Court has held that

[a]fter sustaining a demurrer, a court should grant a motion for leave 

to amend except when . . . the proffered amendments are legally 

futile, . . . when there is no proffer or description of the new 

allegations, when amendment would be unduly prejudicial to the 
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[defendant], or when the amending party has engaged in improper 

litigation tactics. 

AGCS, 293 Va. at 487 (emphasis added) (citing Rule 1:8). Other relevant considerations include 

“whether the court previously granted leave to amend” and “how long the case has been pending.” 

Doe By and Through Doe v. Baker, 299 Va. 628, 656 (2021) (citing Ogunde v. Prison Health 

Servs., Inc., 274 Va. 55, 67 (2007)). Under those considerations, the Supreme Court has held that a 

trial court abuses its discretion by denying a motion for leave to file an amended complaint when

“nothing in the record suggest[s] that the defendants would have been prejudiced” and the plaintiff 

had never sought an amendment. Mortarino v. Consultant Eng’g Servs., Inc., 251 Va. 289, 296 

(1996). Indeed, in Kole v. City of Chesapeake, 247 Va. 51, 57 (1994), the Supreme Court relied 

solely on the lack of prejudice to hold that the trial court “abused its discretion in failing to allow the 

filing of the amended bill.” 

The record demonstrates that this was Yevdokimov’s first motion for leave to file an 

amended complaint. While McDiarmid does not argue that the motion was unduly prejudicial,

McDiarmid contends that the trial court properly denied leave to amend because the amended 

complaint was futile and “would accomplish nothing more than provide an opportunity for 

reargument of the question already decided.” 

The trial court agreed with McDiarmid’s view that granting the motion to file the amended 

complaint would be futile, as do we. McDiarmid correctly notes that the trial court continues to be 

bound by Cline. Whether or not the Supreme Court signaled a willingness to reconsider the Cline 

holding does not mean that Cline no longer controls.

Cline is similar to Yevdokimov’s case here because both involved not an affirmative action 

by the property owner, but a claim of failure to act. Cline, 284 Va. at 110. The Cline decision states 

that “the duty owed by adjoining property owners is to refrain from engaging in any act that makes 

the highway more dangerous than in a state of nature or in the state in which it has been left.” Id. 
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Additionally, the Cline case specifically states that “there were no allegations in the amended 

complaint to suggest that Dunlora engaged in any affirmative act.” Id. The emphasis on the 

necessity of an “affirmative act” by the property owner was strongly established by the Court in 

Cline, and specifically went away from the idea that there was a duty to inspect, service, or 

maintain. 

Yevdokimov has similarly failed to state an affirmative action taken by McDiarmid in his 

amended complaint. While the amended complaint does allege various actions done by purported 

agents of McDiarmid to service and maintain the tree, none of those actions are alleged to have 

made the tree more dangerous. The Supreme Court found that the original complaint failed to assert

that McDiarmid took an affirmative action to make the roadway less safe, and the amended 

complaint suffers from the same failure, rendering the motion to file an amended complaint futile. 

Because of this failure to distinguish this case from Cline, and because neither the circuit court nor 

this Court can overrule or limit Cline, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by 

denying Yevdokimov’s motion for leave to file an amended complaint.4

II. Discovery

Yevdokimov requested that the trial court lift the stay of discovery after the case was 

remanded from the Supreme Court to the trial court, but before his motion for leave to file an 

amended complaint was even filed. At that time, there was no complaint pending in the trial court 

upon which any relief could be granted. Here, the only justiciable action after the Supreme Court’s 

reversal and remand was whether Yevdokimov could amend his complaint. The denial of the 

motion for leave to amend ended the case. 

4 We disagree with Yevdokimov’s contention that the trial court’s denial of his motion 

for leave to file an amended complaint prevents him from pursuing his argument that Cline

should be reversed or limited. Yevdokimov does not identify any difference between a court’s 

review of a denial (based on Cline) of a motion to file an amended complaint, and a court’s 

review of a trial court’s sustaining (based on Cline) a demurrer to that amended complaint.
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Rule 4:0(a) provides that pretrial procedures, depositions, and productions apply at trial 

when there is a civil case in the circuit courts. Additionally, the rule states that when the word 

“action” appears, it is referring specifically to a civil case. Discovery is only allowed, as shown in 

Rule 4:0, when there is an active civil case before the court. There being no pending complaint

either after the remand to the trial court or after the trial court denied Yevdokimov’s motion to 

amend, the trial court properly denied his motion to lift the stay of discovery. 

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s rulings denying Yevdokimov’s motion 

to file an amended complaint and denying Yevdokimov’s motion to lift the stay of discovery.

Affirmed.