FILED U.S. COURT OF AP P EALS E LEV EN T HC IRC U IT OCT 6, 2008 THOMAS K. KAH

N CLERK [ DO NO T P UB L I S H] I N THE UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT

________________________ N o. 08- 10254 N on -A rgum entC al endar

________________________ D . C. D o c k e tN o . 9 4 - 0 0 0 6 5 - CR- T- 2 4 - TBM U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A , P la in tif f - A p p e lle e , v ersu s J A S O N S P E N C E R W E E K S , D e f e n d a n t- A p p e lla n t.

________________________ A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f orthe M i ddl e D i s tr i c tof F l or i da

_________________________ ( O c t ob e r 6, 2008) B efo re T JO F L A T , B IR C H an d B L A C K , C i rcu i tJu d g es. P E R C U R I A M:2

J a s o n W e e k s , af

e d e r a l p r is o n e r , ap p e a ls th e d is tr ic t c o u r t’s d e n ia l o f h is pe t i t i on f oraw r i tof

m a nda m us t o c om pe l s pe c i f i c pe r f orm a nc e by the gove rnm e nt t o com pl y w i th i t s ora l agre em entt o fi l e aF eder al R ul e of C ri m i nal P roce du re 3 5 ( b ) m o tio n f

o rar e d u c tio n o f

h is s e n te n c e . T h e d is tr ic t c o u r t d id n o t ab u s e its d is c r e tio n b y d e n y in g th e p e titio n w ith o u t f ir s t h o ld in g a n e v id e n tia ry h e a r in g to det erm i ne i f the go vernm entw as ac t i ng i n g oo d fai th b ec ause contra ctpri nci pl es do notappl y a nd W e e ks ha s notm a de a n a l l e ga t i on ors ubs t a nt i a l s how i ng tha tthe g o v e rn m e n t’s d e c is io n n o t to f ile th e m o tio n w a s b a s e d o n ac o n s titu tio n a lly i m p e rm i s s i b l e m o t i v e . A c c o r d i n g l y , w e A F F I R M. I . B AC KG RO UN D I n 1 9 9 4 , aju ry c o n v ic te d W e e k s o n m u ltip le c o u n ts , in c lu d in g c o n s p ir a c y to de f r a ud, i n vi ol a t i on of

18 U . S . C . § 371 ( C ount1) ; m a i l f r a ud, i n vi ol a t i on of

18 U .S .C . § 1 3 4 1 ( C o u n ts 2 - 5 ) ; w ir e f r a u d , in v io la tio n o f

1 8 U .S .C . § 1 3 4 3 ( C o u n ts 6 , 7 ) ; m o n e y la u n d e r in g , in v io la tio n o f 1 8 U .S .C . § 1 9 5 6 ( C o u n ts 9 , 1 0 ) ; in te r s ta te tra nspo rt at i on of st ol en prop erty, i n v i ol at i on of 18 U . S . C . § 2 31 4 (C ou nt11 ); conspi ra cyt o m urder, i n v i ol at i on of 18 U . S . C . § 1 11 7 (C ou nt14 ); i l l egal po ss es si on of si l ence rs , i n v i ol at i on of 26 U . S . C . § 5 86 1 (C ou nt15 ); and i l l egal p o s s e s s i o n o f

f i r e a rms a n d a mmu n i t i o n b yf u g i t i v e s , i n v i o l a t i o n o f

1 8 U . S. C. § 9 2 2 ( C o u n ts 1 6 , 1 7 ) . W e e k s w a s s e n te n c e d to 3 6 0 m o n th s ’ im p r is o n m e n t.3

In 20 07 , W ee ks fi l ed a m ot i on pu rs uantt o 2 8 U . S . C . § 1 36 1 t o com pel s pe c i f i c pe r f orm a nc e by the gove rnm e ntt o c om pl y w i th a n a l l e ge d or a l a gr e e m e nt t o fi l e aR ul e 35(b) m ot i on . W ee ks st at ed thathe w as ent i t l ed t o an evi dent i ary h e a r in g a n d w a n te d th e d is tr ic t c o u r t to o r d e rth e g o v e rn m e n t to f u lly a n d f

a ith f u lly e v a lu a te h is p o s t- s e n te n c e c o o p e r a tio n in th e p r o s e c u tio n o f J o s e p h C u c in ie llo . A ddi t i ona l l y , W e e ks ur ge d the c our tt o i s s ue ar e por ta nd r e c om m e nda t i on de t e rm i ni ng w he the rhi s a i d qua l i f i e d hi m f oraR ul e 35( b) m ot i on. I f the g o v ern m en td i d fi l e a R u l e 3 5 (b ) m o t i o n , W eek s req u est ed a fo u r-l ev el o ffen se r e duc t i on i n hi s s e nt e nc e , ori n the a l t e r a t i ve , ar e - s e nt e nc i ng he a r i ng. In hi s m ot i on , W ee ks ar gu ed thatthe go vernm enthad o ra l l y a gree d t o fi l e a n R ul e 35( b) m ot i on i f

he a s s i s t e d the gove rnm e nti n obt a i ni ng the a rr e s tor c o n v ic tio n o f

C u c in ie llo . W e e k s c la im e d th a t th e g o v e rn m e n t a ls o s ta te d th a t it w oul d c ons i de rf

i l i ng a n R ul e 35( b) m ot i on i f c ode f e nda ntT he odor e N a vol i o or W ee ks’ s s i st erM el i ss a C er es ol i prov i ded sub st ant i al as si st ance i n sever al other cr i m i nal m att er s. N avol i o’ s a ff i davi tst at ed that, i f s ub st ant i al as si st ance w as pr ovi de d, the gove rnm e nti ndi c a t e d tha ti tw oul d c ons i de rf i l i ng aR ul e 35( b) s e nt e nc e r e duc t i on m ot i on r e ga r di ng W e e ks ’ s s e nt e nc e . W e e ks c l a i m s tha the as si st ed N avol i o i n p rovi di ng the go vernm entw i th i nform at i on concerni ng an e c s ta s y , f ir e a rm s , a n d c h ild p o rn o g r ap h y r in g .4

I n a d d itio n , W e e k s a s s e r te d th a t th e g o v e rn m e n t o r a lly a g r e e d to f ile a n R u le 35 (b) m ot i on up on the arre stor conv i ct i on of C uci ni el l o. W ee ks’ s a ss i st ance ag ai n stC u ci n i el l o i n cl u d ed i n fo rm at i o n co n cern i n g i n v est o r l i st s, m o n ey tran sfers, depo si t s, w i thd ra w al s a nd w i re tra nsfe rs , corporat e e nt i ty l i st s, and add i t i on al in cr im in atin g in fo rm atio n . A fterW ee k s v o lu n teer ed to b e p lace d in C u cin iell o ’s c e l l t o e xtr a c tm or e i nf

orm a t i on, the gove rnm e ntt ol d hi m tha the ha d a l r e a dy p r o v id e d s u b s ta n tia l a s s is ta n c e a n d th a t it w o u ld b e o v e rk ill to d o a n y th in g m o r e . W ee ks as se rt ed thathi s c oo pera t i on agai nstC uci ni el l o w as further bol st er ed b y C er es o li ’s co o p er atio n w ith fe d er al law en fo rc em en t. A cc o rd in g to C er es o li ’s a f f id a v it, th e g o v e rn m e n t in d ic a te d th a t, if s h e p r o v id e d in f

o rm a tio n w h ic h le d to the a rr e s torc onvi c t i on of a nothe rpe r s on, i tw oul d e va l ua t e the c oope r a t i on f or consi dera t i on as t o w hether i tqu al i fi ed W ee ks’ s f or a s ent ence re du ct i on base d upon s ubs t a nt i a l a s s i s t a nc e . C e r e s ol i i ndi c a t e d tha ts he pr ovi de d i nf orm a t i on on C uci ni el l o’ s i l l i ci tac t i vi t i es , w hi ch the go vernm entconcl ud ed w as subst ant i al a s s is ta n c e . C u c in ie llo w a s f

o u n d g u ilty o n m a n y d if f e r e n t f r a u d r e la te d c o u n ts a t tr ia l. A f t e rtha tc onvi c t i on, W e e ks c l a i m e d tha the ga ve the gove rnm e nti nf orm a t i on on as e p a r a te c o c a in e s m u g g lin g o p e r a tio n . T h e g o v e rn m e n t in f o rm e d W e e k s th a t,5

due t o hi s c r i m i na l r e c or d, i tw oul d notc ons i de raR ul e 35( b) m ot i on unl e s s he c o u ld p r o v id e it w ith in f o rm a tio n o n O s a m aB in L a d e n ’s w h e r e ab o u ts . T he di s tr i c tc our ti nt e rpr e t e d W e e ks ’ s m ot i on a s ar e que s tf orar e por ta nd re com m endat i on det erm i ni ng w hether he w as ent i t l ed t o a R ul e 35(b) subst ant i al as si st ance m ot i on and d eni ed i t . W ee ks m ov ed for r ec on si dera t i on , expl ai ni ng that the di s tr i c tc our tha d m i s i nt e rpr e t e d hi s r e que s tbe c a us e he w a s a s ki ng f orthe d is tr ic t c o u r t to c o m p e l th e g o v e rn m e n t to p r o v id e th e d is tr ic t c o u r t w ith af u ll a s s e s s m e n t o f

h is c o o p e r a tio n a n d ar e p o r t a n d r e c o m m e n d a tio n d e te rm in in g in good f a i th w he the raR ul e 35( b) r e duc t i on w a s w a rr a nt e d, a nd tha the w a s not a s k in g th e d is tr ic t c o u r t f o rth e a s s e s s m e n t o rad e te rm in a tio n o f h is e n title m e n t to as u b s ta n tia l a s s is ta n c e m o tio n . W e e k s s ta te d th a t h is m o tio n w a s b a s e d o n h is c l a i m tha tthe gove rnm e nt ’ s r e f us a l t o e va l ua t e hi s c oope r a t i on w a s w i thout r a t i ona l j us t i f

i c a t i on a nd vi ol a t e d the c oope r a t i on a gr e e m e ntbe tw e e n W e e ks a nd th e g o v e rn m e n t. T h e d is tr ic t c o u r t d ir e c te d th e g o v e rn m e n t to f ile ar e s p o n s e . I n i t s r e s pons e , the gove rnm e ntf i r s ta r gue d tha ti tc ons i de r e d the i nf orm a t i on pr ovi de d by W e e ks , C e r e s ol i , a nd N ovol i o butc onc l ude d tha tnone of thi s i nform at i on i nd i vi du al l y or a gg re gat ed w as suff i ci entt o m er i tthe fi l i ng of a R ul e 35( b) m ot i on. S e c ond, the gove rnm e nta s s e r t e d tha tW e e ks f a i l e d t o a l l e ge thatthe go vernm ent ’ s f

ai l ure t o fi l e the R ul e 35(b) m ot i on w as base d o n an6

unc ons t i tut i ona l m ot i ve . F ur the r , the gove rnm e ntde ni e d tha ti tpr om i s e d W e e ks th a t it w o u ld f

ile aR u le 3 5 ( b ) m o tio n u p o n th e a rr e s t o rc o n v ic tio n o f C u c in ie llo . T he gove rnm e ntm a i nt a i ne d tha ti tonl y a gr e e d t o e va l ua t e the na tur e a nd e xt e ntof the c oope r a t i on a nd de t e rm i ne w he the ri tqua l i f i e d f oras e nt e nc e r e duc t i on. T he gove rnm e ntc onc l ude d tha t , t o the e xt e ntW e e ks s oughtagood f a i th e va l ua t i on of hi s a s s i s t a nc e , hi s m ot i on w a s m oots i nc e i t s r e s pons e pr ovi de d hi m the r e l i e f he s o u g h t, a n d h is r e q u e s t f o rs e n te n c in g r e d u c tio n s h o u ld b e d e n ie d . T he di s tr i c tc our tde ni e d W e e ks ’ s m ot i on t o r e c ons i de r . T he c our tf ound tha tthe gove rnm e ntm a de agood f a i th e va l ua t i on of

the c oope r a t i on by W e e ks a nd others on hi s behal f a nd foun d thatthe coop er at i on di d n otm er i tthe fi l i ng of a R ul e 35(b) m ot i on . In addi t i on , W ee ks fa i l ed t o m ake asubst ant i al show i ng that the gove rnm e nt ’ s r e f

us a l t o f i l e aR ul e 35( b) m ot i on w a s notr a t i ona l l y r e l a t e d t o a le g itim a te g o v e rn m e n t e n d . I I . DI S CUS S I ON O n app ea l , W ee ks ar gu es thatthe go vernm entvi ol at ed i t s ora l contra ctual a g r e e m e n tb y n o tf

i l i n g aR u l e 3 5 ( b ) m o t i o n u p o n th e a rr e s to f C u c i n i e l l o . He co n ten d s th at, b ec au se th er e w as a c o o p er atio n ag re em en t, th e g o v er n m en t’ s re fusa l t o m ake aR ul e 35(b) m ot i on w as i n b ad fa i th. W ee ks concedes that norm a l l y the gove rnm e ntha s the pow e r , notaduty , t o f i l e aR ul e 35( b) m ot i on, but7

tha tthe gove rnm e ntc ontr a c t e d a w a y i t s r i ghtt o de ny W e e ks c r e di tonc e the a gr e e d- upon i nf

orm a t i on w a s f

urni s he d a nd C uc i ni e l l o w a s a rr e s t e d. W e e ks a r gue s tha the w a s e nt i t l e d t o ahe a r i ng a nd a n oppor tuni ty t o pr e s e ntB ur e a u of P r is o n s r e c o r d e d te le p h o n e c o n v e r s a tio n s e v id e n c in g th e g o v e rn m e n t’s p r o m is e s . S in c e W e e k s s o u g h t r e lie f p u r s u a n t t o 2 8 U .S .C . § 1 3 6 1 , h is m o tio n to com pel perf

orm ance i s am andam us pet i t i on , and the di stri ctcourt ’ s deni al of a pet i t i on for aw ri tof m andam us i s r evi ew ed for abuse of di sc re t i on . K err v. U ni t ed St a t e s D . Ct . f

or the N . D . of Ca l . , 42 6 U . S. 39 4, 40 3, 96 S. Ct . 21 19 , 21 24 (197 6). U nde ra n abus e of

di s cret i o n an al y s i s , w e “ m us ta f f i rm unl e s s w e f

i nd tha tthe di s tr i c tc ou r tha s ma de ac l e a re rr orof j ud gme nt , orha s app l i e d the w r on g l egal s ta n d a r d .” A m lo n g & A m lo n g , P .A . v . D e n n y ’s I n c ., 5 0 0 F .3 d 1 2 3 0 , 1 2 3 8 ( 1 1 th C i r . 2007) ( c i t a t i ons a n d i nt e rna l quot a t i ons om i tt e d) . “ [ T ] he r e m e dy of m a n d a m u s is ad r a s tic o n e , to b e in v o k e d o n ly i n e x tr a o r d in a rys itu a tio n s . . . . O n ly e x c e p tio n a l c i r c u m s ta n c e s , a m o u n tin g to aju d ic ia l u s u rp a tio n o f p o w e r , w ill j us t i f y the i nvoc a t i on of

thi s e xtr a or di n ary rem edy . ” I n r e B e l l S outh C orp. , 334 F . 3d 941, 953 ( 11th C i r . 2 0 0 3 ). “ T h e pa r ty s e e ki ng m a nda m us ha s the bur de n of de m ons tr a t i ng tha ti t s r i ghtt o i s s ua nc e of the w r i ti s c l e a ra nd i ndi s pu t ab l e . ” I d. (c i t at i on and i nt ernal qu ot at i on s om i tt ed). “ M andam us . . . l i es on ly to confi ne a l ow e rc our tw i thi n i t s j ur i s di c t i on ort o c om pe l i t t o p erfo rm m i ni s t e r i a l , not8

d is c r e tio n a ry , f

u n c t i o n s .” W e b e rv . C o n e y , 6 4 2 F .2 d 9 1 , 9 2 ( 5 th C ir . U n it A 1 9 8 1 ) ( p e rc u r ia m ) . R ul e 35(b) al l ow s the g o v er n m entt o m ov e t o reduce a def endant ’ s s ent ence a f t e rs e nt e nc i n g w h en the de f e nda ntpr ovi de s s ubs t a nt i a l a s s i s t a nc e i n i nve s t i ga t i ng or prosec ut ing ano ther pers on . S ee F ed. R . C ri m . P . 35 (b). T he go vernm enthas the po w er , bu tno tthe du ty, t o fi l e aR ul e 35(b) m ot i on w hen the defendanthas p r o v i d e d s u b s t a n t i a l a s s i s t a n c e . W a d e v . U n i t e d S t a t e s , 5 0 4 U . S. 1 8 1 , 1 8 5 , 1 1 2 S. C t . 1840, 1843 ( 1992) . “ U . S . S . G . § 5K 1. 1 a nd R ul e 35( b) w ork i n t a nde m t o gi ve th e G o v e rn m e n t t w o o p p o r tu n itie s to r e w a r d ad e f e n d a n t’s s u b s ta n tia l a s s is ta n c e in the i nve s t i ga t i on orpr os e c ut i on of othe r s. ” U n i t e d S t a t e s v. A l va r e z , 115 F . 3d 83 9, 84 2 (11 th C i r. 19 97 ). “ S ec t i on 5K 1. 1 add re ss es coop er at i on before s e n te n c in g w h ile R u le 3 5 ( b ) a d d r e s s e s c o o p e r a tio n a f te rs e n te n c in g .” I d . T he S upr e m e C our tha s he l d tha tf e de r a l di s tr i ctc our t s m a y r e vi e w the g o v ern m en t ’ s refu sal t o fi l e a su b st an t i al -assi st an ce m o t i o n i f th e d e f en d an tfi rst m akes a “ subst ant i al thres ho l d sh o w in g” thatthe re fusa l w as base d u po n an unc ons t i tut i ona l m ot i ve , s uc h a s r a c e orr e l i gi on. W a de , 504 U . S . at 185- 87, 112 S . C t. a t 1 8 4 3 - 4 4 . I n th e ab s e n c e o f th is s h o w in g , th e d e f

e n d a n t h a s n o r ig h t to di sc ov ery or a n ev id en ti ar y h ea ri ng on thi s i ss ue. Id. 50 4 U . S . at18 6, 11 2 S . C t . at 1844. I n W a de , the C our tnot e d tha tade f e nda ntw oul d be e nt i t l e d t o r e l i ef i f the9

p r o secu t o r’ s refu sal t o m o v e w as n o trat i o n al l y rel at ed t o an y l eg i t im a te g o v er n m en t i n tere st. Id . at 1 8 6 , 1 1 2 S . C t. at 1 8 4 4 . A p p lyin g th e S u p re m e C o u rt’s h o ld in g in W a d e , w e h a v e c o n c lu d e d th a t “c o u r ts a r e p r e c lu d e d f r o m in tru d in g in to pr os e c ut o ri al di s c r e t i on, ” e xc e ptw he r e the r e i s “ a n a l l e ga t i on and a s ub st ant i al sh o w i n g th atth e p ro secu t i o n r e f u s e d t o fi l e a su b st an t i al assi st an ce m o t i o n b ecau se of a c on st i tut i on al l y i m pe rm issi bl e m ot i vat i on , such as ra ce or re l i gi on . ” U ni t ed S t at es v. F orney, 9 F . 3d 14 92 , 15 01 -02 (11 th C i r. 19 93 ). I n Fo rn e y , w e n o t e d th a t g e n e r a l c o n tr a c t p r i n c i p l e s d o n o t c o n tr o l w he n t he go vernm enthas n o tspec i fi ca l l y a gree d t o fi l e a§ 5 K 1. 1 m ot i on , and, there fore , th ere m u st b e a su b st an t i al sh o w i n g o f an u n co n st i tu t i o n al m o t i v at i o n i n o rd e r to w a rr a n t ju d ic ia l r e v ie w . I d . a t 1 5 0 0 , n .3 . O n t h e o th e rh a n d , w h e n ap le ar e s ts in a n y s ig n if

ic a n t p o r tio n o n th e g o v e rn m e n t's p r o m is e o ra g r e e m e n t, s o th a t it be c om e s pa r tof

the i nduc e m e ntorc ons i de r a t i on, s uc h pr om i s e m us tbe f ul f i l l e d. S a n to b e llo v . N e w Y o rk , 4 0 4 U .S . 2 5 7 , 2 6 1 - 6 2 , 9 2 S . C t. 4 9 5 , 4 9 8 - 9 9 ( 1 9 7 1 ) . A s a n i ni t i a l m a tt e r , the gove rnm e nta s s e r t s tha tW e e ks ’ s appe a l i s m oot b e c a u s e it p r o v id e d W e e k s ag o o d f a ith e v a lu a tio n o f

w h y it d id n o t f

ile aR u le 35( b) m ot i on. W e e ks ’ s m a nda m us pe t i t i on, how e ver, w as nots ol e l y s e e ki ng a g o o d f a ith e v a lu a tio n ; h e w a s a ls o s e e k in g e n f o r c e m e n t o f h is a lle g e d o r a l c o n tr a c t,10

an evi dent i ary hea ri ng , and a reduct i on i n h i s s ent ence . T here fo re , W ee k s’ s app ea l is n o t m o o t. T he di str i c t c ou r t di d no t abu s e i t s di s c r e t i on by de ny i ng the pe t i t i on f ora w ri tof m andam us. W ee ks’ s c as e i s di st i ng ui shabl e f rom S ant ob el l o, i n that a l though W e e ks a l l e ge s tha t the r e w a s a s pe c i f i c or a l a gr e e m e nt r e qui r i n g the gove rnm e ntt o f

i l e aR ul e 35( b) m ot i on, the e vi de nc e i n th e reco rd i ndi c a t e s , a nd the di s tr i c tc our ti m pl i c i t l y f ound, t h at i f the r e w a s a ny a gr e e m e nt , i tdi d not re qu i re the go vernm entt o file a R ul e 35(b) m ot i on bu ton l y t o con si der w hether s uc h am ot i on s houl d be f i l e d. T he di s tr i c tc our tdi d notm a ke ac l e a re rr orof j udgm e nti n f

i ndi ng no s pe c i f

i c or a l a gr e e m e nt . N av o l i o s t a t e d tha tthe gove rnm e nti ndi c a t e d tha ti tw oul d c ons i d er w he the ra ny s ubs t a nt i a l c oope r a t i on w a s pr ov i d ed an d , i f s o, f i l e aR ul e 35( b) m ot i on. F ur the r , C e r e s ol i s t a t e d tha tthe gove rnm e ntha d a s s ur e d he rtha t , i f s he pr ovi de d i nf

orm a t i on w h i ch l ed t o the a rr e s torc onvi c t i on of a nothe rpe r s on, i tw oul d e va l ua t e the c oope r a t i on a nd d e te rm in e w h e th e rit q u a lif ie d f o ras u b s ta n tia l a s s i s t a n c e s e n te n c e r e d u c tio n . B o th of the s e s t a t e m e nt s s uppor tthe di s tr i c tc our t ’ s i m pl i c i tf i n d i n g tha tthe gove rnm e nt w a s n o t c o n tr a c tu a lly o b l i g a t e d to f ile aR u le 3 5 ( b ) m o tio n b u t in s te a d w o u ld o n ly c ons i de rf

i l i ng the m ot i on.11

B ec ause there w as no spec i fi c a gree m entre qu i ri ng th e g o v er nm entt o fi l e a R u le 3 5(b) m ot i on , the di stri ctcourtw as autho ri ze d t o revi ew the go vernm ent’ s re fusa l t o fi l e asubst ant i al as si st ance m ot i on on l y i f i tfoun d thatthe re fusa l w as base d o n an u n co n st i tut i on al m ot i ve, such as ra ce or re l i gi on . W ade, 50 4 U . S . at 18 5-86 , 11 2 S . C t at 18 43 -44. W ee ks’ s cl ai m that the go vernm ent ac t ed in b ad f a i th f a i l e d t o a l l e ge , m uc h l e s s m a ke a“ s ubs t a nt i a l thr e s hol d s how i ng, ” tha tthe go vernm ent ’ s r ef

usal t o fi l e aR u le 3 5 (b) m ot i on w as base d o n a const i tut i on al i m perm i ss i bl e m ot i ve. T here fo re , W ee ks w as no tent i t l ed t o j ud i ci al re vi ew or an e v id e n tia ry h e a r in g . I I I . CONCL US I ON W e e k s ’ ap p e a l f

r o m a d e n ia l o f a w r ite o f m a n d a m u s to c o m p e l s p e c if ic perf orm ance by the go vernm entt o abi de by i t s put at i ve oral agre em entto file a R ul e 35(b) m ot i on i s w ith ou tm er i t . T he di stri ctcourtprop er l y f ou nd thatcontra ct pri nci pl es di d n otappl y t o the pu t at iv e ag re em entno r had W ee ks m ade a s ubs t a nt i a l s how i ng tha t t h e g o v ernm e nt ’ s f a i l ur e t o a c tw a s ba s e d upon a const i tut i on al l y i m perm i ss i bl e m ot i ve. A cc ordi ng l y, w e AF F I RM .