Tri-vision signs are outdoor signs made up of vertical, three-sided slats that can be rotated. 1

When the slats are rotated, the image on the sign changes. Thus, tri-vision signs can alternate

between three different displays at any given time.

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-06-00356-CV

Lamar Advertising Company, Appellant

v.

Texas Department of Transportation, Appellee

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 261ST JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. D-1-GN-02-003699, HONORABLE MARGARET A. COOPER, JUDGE PRESIDING

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

This case concerns the interpretation and application of an administrative rule

regulating outdoor advertising signs. The question at issue is whether the administrative rule applied

to “tri-vision” signs prior to 1999 or whether the Department of Transportation is attempting to and 1

may apply the version of the rule as amended in 1999 to signs permitted and existing prior to 1999.

The administrative rule in question was amended in 1999. The parties agree that the post-1999

version of the rule explicitly prohibits the operation of tri-vision signs. See 43 Tex. Admin. Code

§ 21.154 (2006) (unchanged since 1999). The dispute concerns whether the pre-1999 version of the

rule prohibited tri-vision signs and, if not, whether the Department may apply the post-1999 version

of the rule to Lamar’s pre-existing signs. Lamar also contends that if the pre-1999 version of the rule
The record reflects that Richard L. Sweezy was a prior owner of the two signs and had 2

originally obtained the permitsfor the signsfrom the Department of Transportation. At some point,

Bowlin Outdoor Advertising purchased the signs from Sweezy, and Lamar Advertising Company

purchased the signs from Bowlin. For purposes of this appeal, we refer only to Lamar and not to its

predecessors in interest.

It is undisputed that the two signs at issue are illuminated signs.

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2

is found to apply to tri-vision signs, it is unconstitutionally vague. We conclude that the pre-1999

version of section 21.154 prohibited the operation of tri-vision signs, therefore, Lamar was not

subject to an unconstitutional retroactive application of the post-1999 version of the rule. We also

conclude that the pre-1999 version of the rule was not unconstitutionally vague. Consequently, we

affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Lamar owns two outdoor advertising signs that are located in the city of Killeen. It 2

applied for and received permits from the Texas Department of Transportation to construct

and maintain the two signs in 1989 and 1990, respectively. The signs were converted to tri-vision

signs in 1995 and 1998, respectively. The Department renewed Lamar’s permits for both signs every

year until 2000.

In 1999, the Department amended section 21.154 of the administrative code. This

section had, since 1986, prohibited the illumination of signs with “intermittent message[s] of 3

any nature.” 11 Tex. Reg. 903 (1986), amended by 24 Tex. Reg. 3733 (1999) (codified at 43

Tex. Admin. Code § 21.154). The 1999 amendment to section 21.154 added subsection (b), which

states: “[s]igns with intermittent messages are prohibited, including tri-vision signs with rotating

slat messages.” 24 Tex. Reg. 3733 (1999) (codified at 43 Tex. Admin. Code § 21.154) (emphasis

added). In August 2000, the Department issued an illegal sign notice to Lamar stating that its tri-
Although the Department renewed Lamar’s sign permits several times while the tri-vision 4

signs were operational, Lamar is not asserting estoppel as a basis for relief.

3

vision signs were prohibited by section 21.154 and that “[t]he two locations will not be in violation

as soon as the displays are changed to one advertisement per side.” Lamar stopped the rotation of

the slats on both tri-vision signs in response to this notice.4

In 2002, Lamar sought a declaration from the trial court that the Department’s

application of the 1999 amended version of section 21.154 to its tri-vision signs constitutes an

unconstitutional retroactive application of the rule. It alleged that “[a]t the time the permits were

issued and the billboards installed, signs with intermittent messages, including tri-vision signs with

rotating slat messages, were allowed under Texas law.” Alternatively, Lamar sought a declaration

that if the Department of Transportation was relying on the pre-1999 version of section 21.154 to

prohibit its tri-vision signs, the pre-1999 rule was unconstitutionally vague. Lamar requested

summary judgment on its claims for declaratory relief. In response, the Department filed a crossmotion for summary judgment, contending that the pre-1999 version of section 21.154 prohibited

the operation of tri-vision signs and was not unconstitutionally vague. The trial court granted the

Department’s motion for summary judgment and denied Lamar’s motion.

The pre-1999 version of section 21.154 in question was first promulgated in 1986

and was effective until the section’s amendment in 1999. This version of section 21.154 was

titled “Lighting of Signs” and provided in relevant part:

Signs may be illuminated, subject to the following restrictions:
4

(1) signs which contain, include or are illuminated by any flashing,

intermittent, or moving light or lights or intermittent message of any

nature are prohibited, except those giving only public service

information such as time, date, temperature, weather, or similar

information.

11 Tex. Reg. 903 (1986), amended by 24 Tex. Reg. 3733 (1999) (codified at 43 Tex. Admin. Code

§ 21.154).

In 1998, the Department considered an amendment to section 21.154 that “allows the

use of changing technology by lifting the prohibition of intermittent messages of any nature” because

“[a]dvancing technology has prompted numerous requests for tri-vision or changeable message

signs.” 23 Tex. Reg. 12270 (1998) (43 Tex. Admin. Code § 21.154) (proposed December 4, 1998).

However, instead of lifting the ban on intermittent messages of any nature, the Department

ultimately added a broader and more explicit prohibition against tri-vision signs in new subsection

(b) of the amended rule. Thus, the amended version of the rule that was adopted in 1999 provided

in relevant part:

(a) Lighting. Signs may be illuminated except for signs that contain,

include, or are illuminated by:

(1) any flashing, intermittent, or moving light or

lights, including any type of screen using animated or

scrolling displays, such as an LED (light emitting

diode) screen or any other type of video display, even

if the message is stationary, except those giving only

public information such as time, date, temperature,

weather, or similar information.

. . .

(b) Moving parts. Signs with intermittent messages are prohibited,

including tri-vision signs with rotating slat messages.
It is undisputed that the two tri-vision signs in this case do not provide public service 5

information.

5

24 Tex. Reg. 3733 (1999) (codified at 43 Tex. Admin. Code § 21.154).

Lamar contends that the Department’s illegal sign notice to Lamar in August 2000

applied the 1999 amended version of section 21.154 to its tri-vision signs in an unconstitutionally

retroactive manner. The Department responds that while the 1999 amendment to section 21.154

made the prohibition against the operation of tri-vision signs broader and more explicit, the 1986

version of section 21.154 also prohibited the operation of illuminated, tri-vision signs. Specifically,

the Department argues that the 1986 version’s prohibition against “intermittent message[s] of any

nature” included rotating slat messages on illuminated, tri-vision signs. We defer to an agency’s

interpretation of a valid rule it is charged with administering unless the interpretation is plainly

erroneous or inconsistent with the language of the rule. BFI Waste Sys. of N. Am., Inc. v. Martinez

Envtl. Group, 93 S.W.3d 570, 575-76 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, pet. denied); H.G. Sledge, Inc.

v. Prospective Inv. & Trading Co., 36 S.W.3d 597, 604 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, pet. denied). 

We are of the opinion that the Department’s interpretation of the 1986 version of

section 21.154 is not plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the language of the rule. The plain

language of the 1986 version of the rule prohibited “intermittent messages of any nature.” The only

exclusion from this broad prohibition against intermittent messages was for “those [intermittent

messages] giving only public service information such as time, date, temperature, weather, or similar

information.” Sign displays made up of rotating vertical slats that allow different images or 5

messages to appear when the slats turn are capable of providing “intermittent messages.” Such
There may be a question under the pre-1999 version of the rule as to what constitutes an 6

“intermittent” message when dealing with tri-vision signs. For example, if a tri-vision sign only

rotates and changes its message on the same schedule as the replacement of messages on a

nonmoving sign, would this be an “intermittent” message? Simply because a tri-vision sign is

capable of displaying intermittent messages does not mean that it, in fact, does so. This is illustrated

by the fact that Lamar stopped the rotation mechanism on the signs at issue in this case and the

Department does not consider the signsin violation of the rule if they function like nonmoving signs.

However, the issue of when a changing message becomes an “intermittent” message is not presented

in this case.

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intermittent displays, if illuminated and with the rotation system operating, are prohibited by the

plain language of the rule both before and after the 1999 amendment.6

As we have noted, the pre-1999 rule prohibited illuminated, intermittent messages

of any nature by its express terms. Significantly, the Department considered a 1998 proposal to

amend the rule to lift the prohibition against intermittent message of any nature and permit tri-vision

signs. The Department considered this rule change and, instead of adopting a more lenient treatment

of tri-vision signs, adopted an amendment to the rule that made the prohibition of tri-vision signs

broader and more explicit. This is consistent with the Department’s position that illuminated, trivision signs are capable of providing intermittent messages and, thus, were subject to regulation

under the pre-1999 version of the rule if they, in fact, displayed intermittent messages.

The Department’s interpretation that the 1986 version of section 21.154 prohibited

the operation of illuminated, tri-vision signs does not conflict with the plain language of the rule and

is consistent with the comments to the Department’s proposed amendment to the rule in 1998. The

1999 amendment of section 21.154 partly codified and partly broadened the Department’s

interpretation of the 1986 regulation. After the 1999 amendment, section 21.154 plainly prohibited

the operation of moving tri-vision signs whether illuminated or not. Because section 21.154 has, at
7

all times relevant to this appeal, prohibited the operation of illuminated, tri-vision signs with

intermittent messages, the Department’s illegal sign notice to Lamar in August 2000 was not an

unconstitutional retroactive application of law.

In light of our holding that the 1986 version of section 21.154 prohibited the operation

of tri-vision signs, we reject Lamar’s argument that its tri-vision signs are legal nonconforming signs.

Since the operation of illuminated, tri-vision signs with intermittent messages was prohibited under

the 1986 version of the rule, the signs at issue were never legal signs because they were converted

to tri-vision signs in 1995 and 1998. Thus, the signs cannot be legal nonconforming signs.

Lamar contends in the alternative that if the 1986 version of section 21.154 prohibited

the operation of tri-vision signs, it was unconstitutionally vague. To survive a vagueness challenge,

a statute need not spell out with perfect precision what conduct it forbids. Commission for Lawyer

Discipline v. Benton, 980 S.W.2d 425, 437 (Tex. 1998). Due process is satisfied if the prohibition

is “set out in terms that the ordinary person exercising ordinary common sense can sufficiently

understand and comply with.” Id. (citing United States Civil Serv. Comm’n v. National Ass’n of

Letter Carriers, 413 U.S. 548, 579 (1973)). Moreover, statutes must give fair notice to those to

whom the statute is directed. Id. (citing Grayned v. City of Rockford, 408 U.S. 104, 112 (1972)).

Lamar contends that, because the application of section 21.154 could result in the

revocation of its sign permits, a more heightened standard of review applies. Under this more strict

standard of review, which is reserved for criminal statutes and civil statutes or regulations

with quasi-criminal penalties, a rule is unconstitutionally vague only if it (1) does not give fair notice

of what conduct may be punished, and (2) invites arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement by its
8

lack of guidance for those charged with its enforcement. TXU Generation Co. v. Public Util.

Comm’n, 165 S.W.3d 821, 838-39 (Tex. App.—Austin 2005, no pet.); Rooms with a View, Inc.

v. Private Nat’l Mortgage Ass’n, Inc., 7 S.W.3d 840, 845 (Tex. App.—Austin 1999, pet. denied);

see Ford Motor Co. v. Texas Dep’t of Transp., 264 F.3d 493, 508 (5th Cir. 2001).

The Department responds that Lamar is not entitled to rely on the more stringent

standard because Lamar did not have its sign permits revoked under the rule. Instead, as the

Department points out, Lamar has been allowed to maintain the signs as they were originally

permitted and annually renewed, as one-faced signs with no rotating slats or intermittent messages.

Moreover, Lamar voluntarily stopped the rotation of the slats in response to the Department’s illegal

sign notice in 2000, approximately two years before the commencement of this lawsuit. We agree

with the Department that Lamar’s vagueness challenge should not receive the more strict standard

of review reserved for criminal statutes and civil statutes and regulations with quasi-criminal

penalties. Thus, we examine whether the ordinary outdoor advertising sign owner exercising

ordinary common sense could understand and comply with the rule. Benton, 980 S.W.2d at 437. 

We conclude that an ordinary sign owner exercising common sense could understand

that the 1986 version of 21.154 prohibited the operation of illuminated signs with intermittent

messages, including illuminated, tri-vision signs with the capability of displaying intermittent

messages. The plain language of the rule prohibited illuminated signs containing “flashing,

intermittent, or moving light or lights or intermittent message[s] of any nature.” 11 Tex. Reg.

903 (1986). Although this prohibition did not explicitly include rotating slats containing messages,

the rule is not required “to spell out with perfect precision what conduct it forbids.” Benton,
9

980 S.W.2d at 437. Common sense suggests that the prohibition against intermittent messages of

any nature included any kind of frequent movement or changing message on the face of the sign

(presumably to prevent drivers from being overly distracted). The only exception from this general

ban against intermittent messages was for signs displaying public service information. Such a

narrow exception suggests that any other type of intermittent or frequently changing message on the

face of the sign was prohibited by the rule. Thus, an ordinary sign owner could understand that the

operation of tri-vision signs, which are designed to present frequently changing messages from

different advertisers to individuals driving by the signs, were prohibited by the rule. We conclude

that the 1986 version of section 21.154 was not unconstitutionally vague.

Affirmed.

_______________________________________

G. Alan Waldrop, Justice

Before Justices Patterson, Pemberton and Waldrop

Affirmed

Filed: June 20, 2007