IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 14-1802

Filed December 9, 2015

STATE OF IOWA,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

vs.

FAWN VICTORIA JOHNSON,

Defendant-Appellee.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Rebecca Goodgame 

Ebinger, Judge. 

The State seeks reversal on interlocutory appeal of the district court’s 

denial of the State’s motion to amend the trial information. AFFIRMED. 

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Kevin Cmelik and Mary A. Triick, 

Assistant Attorneys General, for appellant.

Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, and Melinda J. Nye, Assistant 

Appellate Defender, for appellee.

Heard by Danilson, C.J., and Mullins and McDonald, JJ.
2

MULLINS, Judge.

The Iowa Supreme Court granted the State’s application for discretionary 

review and request for a stay to permit the State to seek a reversal of the district 

court’s denial of its motion to amend the trial information. The State contends the 

district court erred in denying its motion to amend the trial information and the 

district court’s interpretation of Iowa Code section 124.201(4) (2013) should be 

avoided in favor of a reasonable alternative interpretation. The State also raises 

various policy and constitutional arguments against the district court’s statutory 

interpretation. Upon our review, we affirm. 

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

The State alleges that on multiple occasions in October 2013, the 

defendant, Fawn Johnson, a store clerk, sold pouches containing a synthetic 

cannabinoid, XLR11, to a confidential informant. The State also alleges that 

between October 2013 and February 2014, Johnson conspired with others to 

distribute XLR11. 

On April 14, 2014, the State filed a trial information charging Johnson with 

two counts of delivery of a controlled substance and one count of conspiracy to 

deliver the same controlled substance, all of which constitute aggravated 

misdemeanors, under Iowa Code section 124.401(1)(d).

1

 On May 19, 2014, the 

State filed a motion to amend the trial information. The proposed amended trial 

 

1 Prior to the Iowa Board of Pharmacy’s temporary designation of XLR11 as a schedule I 

controlled substance, it was classified under Iowa Code section 124.204(4)(ai). Section 

124.401(1)(d) provides, “[v]iolation of this subsection, with respect to any other 

controlled substances, counterfeit substances, or simulated controlled substances 

classified in section 124.204, subsection 4, paragraph ‘ai’ . . . is an aggravated 

misdemeanor.” 
3

information changed the code section under which Johnson was charged from 

subsection 124.401(1)(d) to subsection 124.401(1)(c)(8),

2

effectively changing

each alleged offense to a class “C” felony. The State argued that at the time of 

Johnson’s alleged offenses, XLR11 had been reclassified by the Iowa Board of 

Pharmacy (the board), pursuant to section 124.201(4), as a substance subject to 

criminal penalties under section 124.401(1)(c)(8). The district court held a 

hearing on the State’s motion, and subsequently denied the motion. The State 

sought reconsideration of the district court’s ruling, which was denied. The State 

sought interlocutory appellate review with an amended application for 

discretionary review/stay, which our supreme court granted.

II. Analysis 

Iowa Code section 124.201(4) sets forth the duty the board has to 

recommend changes in controlled substance schedules to the general assembly 

following a new substance’s designation as a controlled substance under federal 

law.3 The board is required to either “similarly designate as controlled the new 

substance” or “object[] to the new designation . . . [and] publish the reasons for 

objection and afford all interested parties an opportunity to be heard. Iowa Code 

§ 124.201(4). Any designation of the substance as controlled by the board is 

temporary and will expire sixty days after the general assembly next convenes 

 

2 Section 124.401(1)(c)(8) provides, “[a]ny other controlled substance, counterfeit 

substance, or simulated controlled substance classified in schedule I, II, or III, except as 

provided in paragraph ‘d’.” 

3 The board’s duty pertains to recommendations regarding “any deletions from, or 

revisions in the schedules of substances, enumerated in section 124.204, 124.206, 

124.208, 124.210, or 124.212.” Iowa Code § 124.201(1). However, section 124.201 

makes no reference to section 124.401, which provides for criminal penalties when a 

person manufactures, delivers, or possesses a controlled substance. 
4

for a regular session if the legislature fails to make corresponding changes to 

chapter 124 (Controlled Substances). Id. If the self-imposed sixty-day deadline 

expires before the general assembly acts, “the temporary designation of control 

of the substance by the board shall be nullified.” Id. 

On July 9, 2013, the board designated XLR11 a schedule I controlled 

substance, recommending a new subsection be added to Iowa Code section 

124.204 that would include XLR11 in the list of substances punishable under 

section 124.401(1)(c)(8). See Iowa Admin. Code r. 657-10.38(1)(b). Following 

this designation, the legislature was required to make corresponding changes 

within sixty days of January 13, 2014, when the general assembly next 

convened, if it chose to make the temporary designation permanent. The Iowa 

Senate passed a bill that included the corresponding changes on February 24, 

2014. The bill passed through the Iowa House on March 18, 2014, sixty-four 

days after the general assembly convened. On April 3, 2014, twenty days past 

the deadline, the governor signed the bill into law. 

The district court ruled that because the legislation was not approved by 

the general assembly and signed by the governor within sixty days of when it 

convened, the temporary designation was nullified by operation of section 

124.201(4). The State argues the district court erred in denying its motion to 

amend the trial information and the district court’s interpretation of section 

124.201 should be avoided in favor of a reasonable alternative interpretation. It 

claims the nullification language in section 124.201(4) should apply only 

prospectively and not retroactively. 
5

We review questions of statutory interpretation for correction of errors of 

law. State v. Romer, 832 N.W.2d 169, 174 (Iowa 2013). “Rules of statutory 

construction are to be applied only when the explicit terms of a statute are 

ambiguous.” Carolan v. Hill, 553 N.W.2d 882, 887 (Iowa 1996). A statute is 

unambiguous unless “reasonable minds could differ or be uncertain as to the 

meaning of the statute.” Id. “Absent a statutory definition or an established 

meaning in the law, words in the statute are given their ordinary and common 

meaning by considering the context within which they are used.” Auen v. 

Alcoholic Beverages Div., Iowa Dep’t of Commerce, 679 N.W.2d 586, 590 (Iowa 

2004). 

The word “nullified” is not defined in chapter 124. When the legislature 

has not defined words used in a statute, we must determine as best we can the 

meaning of the language in accordance with the legislative intent so as to 

prevent absurdities and incongruities that may prevent justice. State v. 

Steenhoek, 182 N.W.2d 377, 379 (Iowa 1970). In doing so, we may refer to prior 

decisions of this court and others, similar statutes, dictionary definitions, and 

common usage to aid our interpretation. State v. Soboroff, 798 N.W.2d 1, 6 

(Iowa 2011). 

“Nullify” is defined as “[t]o make void; to render invalid.” Black’s Law 

Dictionary (10th ed. 2014). It is further defined as “to make of no value or 

consequence” or “to cause (something) to lose its value or to have no effect.” 

Nullify, Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 1549 (unabr. ed. 2002). 

Prior decisions, while scarce, indicate use of the word “nullified” implies 
6

retroactive voidance where the legislature fails to adopt a recommendation and 

enact corresponding changes. See Fleur de Lis Motor Inns, Inc. v Bair, 301 

N.W.2d 685, 686 (Iowa 1981) (finding that statutory amendments apply only 

prospectively from their effective date); see also Benton County v. Wubbena, 300 

N.W.2d 168, 170 (“Statutes operate prospectively only unless legislative intent 

that they be given retrospective operation clearly appears from the express 

language of the act or by necessary implication.”). 

The district court found that by “us[ing] the word ‘nullified’ in section 

124.201(4), the legislature intended to render the temporary rule ‘of no value or 

consequence’ without corresponding legislative enactment within sixty days.” 

The State argues the district court should have adopted the definition of “nullify” 

as “to cause something to lose its value” or to negate its future effects. It claims 

the board’s temporary designation had legal effect at the time Johnson allegedly 

committed the offenses in question and remained the law until the sixty-day 

deadline expired, at which time it “lost its value” due to the legislature’s inaction. 

The plain language of the statute is unambiguous. When the legislature 

fails to act and make changes corresponding to the board’s recommendation 

within sixty days of its convening the next session, then the temporary 

designation is nullified—of no value or consequence.

The State asserts various additional arguments against the district court’s 

interpretation. Its arguments raise policy and constitutional concerns, including 

protecting public safety, ensuring deterrence, producing absurd results, savings 

clause issues, and ex post facto implications, as they might relate to other or 
7

future prosecutions.4 Assuming without deciding that any of the State’s

arguments have merit, we need not and will not reach them because the facts of 

this case do not present these issues, and the plain language of the statute 

dictates the result the legislature required.

For the foregoing reasons, we agree with the district court’s interpretation 

of Iowa Code section 124.201(4) and affirm its denial of the State’s motion to 

amend the trial information. 

AFFIRMED. 

 

4 Neither party has briefed the issue of whether section 124.201 is an improper 

delegation of legislative authority to an administrative agency. See Goodlove v. Logan, 

251 N.W. 39, 43 (Iowa 1933). Because this issue was not raised in the district court or 

briefed by the parties on appeal, we will not address it in this opinion and will confine our 

holdings/review to the issues properly preserved and raised on appeal. Meier v. 

Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 2002) (“It is a fundamental doctrine of appellate 

review that issues must ordinarily be raised and decided by the district court before we 

will decide them on appeal.”); see Aluminum Co. of Am. v. Musal, 622 N.W.2d 476, 479–

80 (Iowa 2001) (“Issues not raised in the appellate briefs cannot be considered by the 

reviewing court.”) (citing Hubby v. State, 331 N.W.2d 690, 694 (Iowa 1983) (“[I]ssues are 

deemed waived or abandoned when they are not stated on appeal by brief.”)).