[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 15-14132

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 4:11-cv-10074-JLK

JTR ENTERPRISES, LLC, 

a Delaware Limited Liability Company, 

 Plaintiff - Appellee,

YOUNG CONOWAY STARGATT & TAYLOR,

BRUCE L. SILVERSTEIN,

PAUL D SULLIVAN,

 Interested Parties - Appellees

 Cross Appellants,

CLAWDB LLC, et al.,

 Intervenor Plaintiffs,

versus

COLUMBIAN EMERALDS,

An Unknown Quantity, Amethysts and Quartz Crystals 

located within 3,000 yards of a point located at coordinates 

24 57 79 North Latitude and 81 55 54 West Longitude, et al,

 Defendants, 

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MOTIVATION, INC., 

 Claimant - Appellant

 Cross Appellee.

________________________

Appeals from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

_______________________

(June 23, 2017)

Before ED CARNES, Chief Judge, FAY, and PARKER,* Circuit Judges.

PARKER, Circuit Judge:

JTR Enterprises, LLC (“JTR”), a company run by Jay Miscovich that was 

ostensibly engaged in treasure hunting, brought an admiralty action in the Southern 

District Court of Florida seeking title to emeralds that Miscovich and his diving 

partner, Steve Elchlepp, allegedly discovered in international waters in the Gulf of 

Mexico. The emeralds discovery was fake and Miscovich was a fraud. After that 

determination by the district court, Motivation, Inc., the owner of a shipwreck in 

the same general area that had also claimed title to the emeralds, sought sanctions

for bad-faith litigation pursuant to the district court’s inherent powers. The 

sanctions were sought against JTR’s outside general counsel, his law firm, and one 

 * Honorable Barrington D. Parker, Jr., United States Circuit Judge for the Second Circuit, 

sitting by designation.

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of JTR’s advisors. The district court denied sanctions and Motivation appeals. We 

affirm.

I.

In September 2011, JTR filed a claim in admiralty alleging that it had 

discovered an unknown quantity of emeralds from an 18th-century shipwreck. D.E. 

1.1 In October 2011, Motivation filed the only other claim for the emeralds, 

contending that the gems could have migrated 40 miles across the ocean floor from 

a 17th-century Spanish shipwreck site it controlled. (Sic). D.E. 10. Deep into 

discovery in the case, JTR revealed in a status report to the court that the emeralds 

had epoxy on them. Epoxy is a 20th-century substance used to enhance the clarity

of emeralds. The epoxy findings meant that the emeralds discovered by Miscovich 

and Elchlepp were not ancient stones worth millions of dollars. D.E. 82. 

Motivation subsequently moved for sanctions alleging that JTR, Miscovich, and 

others had deliberately attempted to defraud the court throughout the admiralty 

litigation. 

The district court severed the sanctions motion and proceeded to trial on 

JTR’s admiralty claim in December 2012. It ultimately denied JTR’s claims to the 

emeralds, finding that it could not determine whether Miscovich and Elchlepp had 

 1 As the district court explains: “The standard procedure for admiralty cases in the 

Southern District of Florida is for finders/salvors to file suit in admiralty and bring the subject 

material into custody of the Court to establish in rem jurisdiction over the material. A warrant for 

an arrest of the res issues, a substitute custodian is appointed, and after publication of a plaintiff’s 

claim is made, anyone having a claim may so state and be heard at trial.” D.E. 568 at 2.

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legitimately discovered the gems or planted them. In January 2014, the district 

court proceeded with a trial to the court on Motivation’s motion for sanctions 

against JTR and Miscovich. There, Miscovich’s fraud unraveled. Motivation 

adduced evidence that Miscovich had purchased the emeralds from a dealer in 

Jupiter, Florida, planted them in the ocean, and then falsely represented to the court 

that he had “discovered” them in order to obtain a judgment establishing 

ownership of the jewels, extinguishing other claims and exponentially increasing 

the value of the stones. The district court granted Motivation’s sanctions motion in 

part, concluding that Miscovich was responsible for “a flagrant abuse of the 

judicial process.” D.E. 445 at 19.

Motivation then moved for sanctions against others involved in the 

litigation: Appellees Bruce Silverstein Esq., who was JTR’s general outside 

counsel; Silverstein’s law firm, Young Conaway Stargatt & Taylor LLP 

(“YCST”); and Paul Sullivan, an advisor to JTR. Motivation contended that each 

either knew about the fraud or willfully ignored the obvious “red flags” that a 

massive fraud was being perpetrated. Because no one denied that a fraud occurred, 

the principal issue before the court was whether the red flags were sufficiently 

conspicuous such that the Appellees knew or should have known about the fraud 

and responded appropriately. 

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After a thirteen-day trial, the district court declined to impose additional 

sanctions. It concluded that while there were red flags that could have been heeded, 

there was also evidence that the discovery was legitimate. Accordingly, the court 

held that Motivation failed to prove with the required clear and convincing 

evidence that Appellees should be sanctioned. At the close of Motivation’s case at 

the sanctions trial, the district court dismissed Sullivan and YCST, finding that 

“Motivation failed to present sufficient evidence at that time on (i) Sullivan’s 

substantial involvement in the underlying litigation, or (ii) either Sullivan’s or 

YCST’s substantial interest in the outcome of the litigation.” D.E. 568 at 1 n.1 

(emphasis in original). Because we conclude that the district court did not abuse its 

discretion, we affirm the denial of sanctions.

II.

The district court found that Miscovich’s fraud was a massive one, 

spanning several years that involved duping lawyers, business associates, private 

investors, elected officials, gemologists, the Smithsonian Institute, and local and 

national media sources, including the CBS News Program “60 Minutes.” D.E. 568 

at 2-3. Miscovich was obviously culpable as the perpetrator of the fraud. The 

primary issue in this appeal is whether Silverstein, who controlled the admiralty 

litigation where the authenticity of the emeralds was a dispositive issue, 

Silverstein’s firm, and Sullivan are culpable. 

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A history of the fraud, drawn from the record developed at the sanctions 

trials, follows, with an emphasis on the purported “red flags.” This record is 

unusually robust. It contains otherwise privileged attorney-client communications 

available because the trial court ruled that the crime-fraud exception applied. In 

this narrative, the truth is, indeed, stranger than fiction.

A. 2010: Formation of JTR and roles of Silverstein, YCST, and 

Sullivan

In January 2010, diving partners Miscovich and Elchlepp “discovered” a 

trove of emeralds on the floor of the Gulf of Mexico. Soon after the discovery, they 

attracted approximately three-quarters of a million dollars from investors as well as 

the attention of the CBS Program “60 Minutes,” whose producers agreed to do a 

segment on the discovery. M41 (December 4, 2012, Miscovich Testimony in 

Admiralty Trial).

Miscovich and Elchlepp formed JTR Enterprises, LLC, as a vehicle for 

outside investment, along with Silverstein. Silverstein, a corporate lawyer who had 

been practicing for 28 years, was retained as JTR’s general counsel. D.E. 546 

(Second Sanctions Hearing Tr., Day 6) at 112-13. Pursuant to a retainer agreement 

with JTR’s eventual admiralty counsel, Silverstein personally had to authorize all 

legal services performed in the case. M25 (Miscovich-Horan Legal Services 

Agreement) at ¶ 4. In addition, Silverstein invested $80,000 of his own money in 

JTR. D.E. 549 (Second Sanctions Hearing Tr., Day 9) at 37. 

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Silverstein was a senior partner at YCST. The firm represented Miscovich

and Elchlepp in a lawsuit brought by New York investors in an earlier corporation 

of Miscovich’s in the Delaware Court of Chancery (the “Delaware Litigation”). 

The investors alleged that they were entitled to the emeralds, thought at the time to 

be worth millions of dollars. M8 (August 28, 2014, Affidavit of Bruce Silverstein) 

at ¶ 11. YCST was also an investor in JTR, receiving a 5% interest in the emeralds 

for representing JTR in the Delaware Litigation. D.E. 549 at 16.

Paul Sullivan, a friend of Miscovich’s brother, became an advisor to JTR 

and also invested in the company. D.E. 546 at 9. At Miscovich’s request, Sullivan 

traveled in 2010 and 2011 to meet with the president of Colombia regarding the 

emeralds discovery. He hoped Colombia would claim the emeralds and take 

control of the treasure site and name Miscovich and his investors and partners as 

salvors of the emeralds in exchange for a share of the treasure. D.E. 550 (Second 

Sanctions Hearing Tr., Day 10) at 112-13. 

B. Late 2010-early 2011: Silverstein given evidence of the emeralds’ 

legitimacy

From late 2010 to early 2011, Silverstein reviewed Miscovich’s records in 

connection with his work on the pending Delaware Litigation. He took 

considerable comfort in the fact that several well-qualified experts attested to the 

genuineness of the emeralds’ discovery. First, Jeffrey Post of the Smithsonian 

Institute inspected the emeralds, believed they had legitimately been discovered, 

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and expressed to Miscovich that the Smithsonian was interested in a five-year loan 

of the emeralds for a “major display” alongside the Hope Diamond. D.E. 546 at 

133, 163. Second, the Gemological Appraisal Laboratory of America (the “GAL”) 

examined the stones and estimated that the retail value of twenty of the emeralds 

was approximately $120,000, a price indicating that the gems were genuine. DX2 

(Appraisal Report by Josh Lents, dated December 9, 2010). Significantly, the GAL 

also described each stone it examined as “Untreated – No evidence of oil or resin.” 

Id. Finally, Silverstein personally brought a sample of the emeralds to Sotheby’s in 

New York City, where he met with the president and its head gemologist. D.E. 546 

at 174. According to Silverstein, the head gemologist estimated the value of one 

emerald he examined to be between $25,000 and $40,000. Id.

C. Early 2011: The “Mike Cunningham map” story

Motivation argues that the first red flag that should have caused Silverstein 

to doubt the veracity of the discovery occurred while Silverstein worked on the 

Delaware Litigation. In early 2011, Miscovich told Silverstein that he found the 

emeralds by following a lead from a map that he purchased from an old 

acquaintance, Mike Cunningham, a destitute handyman from Pennsylvania. D.E. 

199 at 1. Miscovich told Silverstein that he paid $500 for the map and then paid 

Cunningham an additional $50,000 to renounce any claim to the gems he might 

have. Miscovich also claimed that Cunningham’s agreement to do so was 

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documented in a release drafted by an associate at Proskauer Rose LLP 

(“Proskauer”) in New York City. D.E. 549 at 13, 94. 

Motivation argues that the circumstances surrounding the map story were 

sufficiently suspicious that Silverstein should have inquired more closely than he 

did. Nevertheless, Silverstein did not ask Miscovich to see the release or any bank 

records, or do any further investigation. Id. at 96, 118.

D. August 2011: Silverstein warned by Peter Tobia

The next so-called red flag involved a series of conversations between 

Silverstein and Peter Tobia, a friend of Miscovich’s who had a 3% ownership 

interest in the emeralds. In August 2011, while the Delaware Litigation was 

pending, Tobia told Silverstein that he “knew information that [Silverstein] should 

have about [Miscovich] and his discovery, and it was important that [Silverstein] 

understood it.” D.E. 546 at 180; DX10 (Emails between Silverstein and Tobia, 

dated August 20, 2011 through September 8, 2011) at 4. Tobia stated that 

Miscovich and Elchlepp “had not discovered . . . the emeralds in the Gulf of 

Mexico” as they claimed, but “discovered [them] on land in Florida.” DX10 at 2. 

Tobia then insisted on a larger ownership percentage in the emeralds as a condition 

for providing additional information about what he had learned. D.E. 546 at 180. 

Motivation argues that Silverstein should have immediately investigated 

Tobia’s serious accusation that the emerald discovery was fraudulent. Instead, the 

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same day that Tobia approached Silverstein, Silverstein encouraged the filing of an 

admiralty claim for the emeralds because “the filing, combined with the expected 

press coverage . . . will produce legitimate investors with meaningful investments.” 

DX9 (Silverstein Email to Horan, dated August 19, 2011). For Silverstein’s part, 

because he thought Tobia was untrustworthy and “an extortionist,” he concluded 

that an investigation into Tobia’s claim was unnecessary. D.E. 546 at 181-82.

E. Late August 2011-September 2011: The “non-Spanish coins” and 

“20 pound bag” stories

Motivation next offers as red flags a series of untruthful stories that 

Miscovich told JTR’s admiralty lawyer, David Horan. (As Silverstein was a 

corporate lawyer, he insisted that JTR hire an admiralty lawyer.)2 In the weeks 

leading up to filing the admiralty claim, Horan discussed with Silverstein, 

Miscovich, and Elchlepp where JTR should file the claim. Miscovich was told that 

because his discovery was made in international waters, he could litigate 

ownership for the emeralds in the United States or a foreign country. While 

discussing the advantages and disadvantages of a U.S. filing, Horan warned of a 

prior similar discovery of valuable items near a Spanish shipwreck which Spain 

claimed and vigorously pursued. M1-7 (August 18, 2011, Email of David Horan). 

 2 Before he agreed to be retained, Horan, an experienced diver, conducted what he called 

a “sanity check” dive. D.E. 543 (Second Sanctions Hearing Tr., Day 1) at 142. Because he found 

emeralds on his initial dive, he believed the emeralds discovery was legitimate and agreed to 

represent JTR. Id. This was further proof to Silverstein that the emeralds discovery was real.

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Horan advised JTR that if there was a possibility that the emeralds found by

Miscovich and Elchlepp came from a Spanish shipwreck, Spain would, in all 

likelihood, aggressively litigate ownership with JTR. Id.

After Horan’s warning about the possibility of Spanish interference, 

Miscovich and Elchlepp arrived at Horan’s office with a number of Danish, 

English, and French coins. They asked Horan, “well, would this prove that this is 

not a Spanish Galleon or have anything to do with Spain?” D.E. 543 at 64-65. 

When Horan confronted them, they admitted the coins did not come from the 

discovery site. Id. at 70-71. Horan reported this incident to Silverstein and 

Sullivan. Id. 

Motivation argues that Miscovich and Elchlepp’s false statements to Horan 

should have caused Silverstein to become skeptical about his clients’ veracity. 

Silverstein admitted that although the story made him skeptical, it ultimately did 

not cause him to conclude that his clients’ account of the discovery was false. M8 

at ¶ 157. Consequently, Silverstein encouraged Horan to file the admiralty claim, 

which Horan did in the Southern District of Florida on September 8, 2011.

Three days later, Silverstein, Horan, Miscovich, Elchlepp, and crew 

members from CBS News and “60 Minutes” traveled to the discovery site for 

another test dive. D.E. 552 (Second Sanctions Hearing Tr., Day 11) at 8. 

Silverstein did not dive, but witnessed Horan and Elchlepp dive and resurface with 

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a number of emeralds. Id. This finding reassured Silverstein that Miscovich and 

Elchlepp’s discovery was legitimate. M8 at ¶ 157.

Later that month, Horan told Silverstein that Miscovich and Elchlepp had 

arrived at Horan’s office with a 20-pound bag of emeralds that they claimed to 

have found at the discovery site and had kept for themselves in the event that Spain 

was awarded title to the treasure. D.E. 547 (Second Sanctions Hearing Tr., Day 7) 

at 15; D.E. 543 at 73. Horan did not believe the emeralds came from the site 

because he estimated that it would have taken a year to recover that amount of 

emeralds. Id. at 73-74. At that time Horan expressed to Silverstein and Sullivan his 

concerns that Miscovich and Elchlepp were untruthful. Id. at 75. Silverstein 

instructed Horan to investigate. D.E. 547 at 20. Silverstein later testified that he 

believed Horan “had done his diligence” and Silverstein “was satisfied that the 

emeralds had come from the site.” Id. at 22. Motivation argues that, in light of the 

previous false statements by Miscovich and Elchlepp, Silverstein’s unwillingness 

to investigate further is evidence of willful blindness to fraudulent conduct. 

F. Late 2011-early 2012: Epoxy findings and delayed disclosure to 

the court; JTR’s admiralty counsel’s withdraws

The most significant red flag relied on by Motivation was the dramatic news 

that Silverstein received from two gemological labs that samples of the emeralds 

were coated with epoxy. Motivation argues that Silverstein’s delay in informing 

the court of the epoxy findings was telling evidence of bad faith. 

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In November 2011, Horan advised JTR to have the emeralds examined to 

determine their mining origin and age. D.E. 543 at 82. JTR hired an emeralds 

consultant, who arranged to send a selection of the emeralds to the premier 

gemological laboratories specializing in emeralds: the Ecole National Superieure 

de Geologie de Nancy (the “French Lab”) and Laboratoire Gemtec (the “Swiss 

Lab”). Id.

In December 2011, the French and Swiss Labs informed Horan that the 

samples they tested were coated with epoxy, a substance not invented until the 

twentieth century. This revelation cast serious doubts on the provenance of the 

stones. Id. at 83. Horan informed Silverstein and others of the findings. D.E. 550 at 

127. Horan was “shocked” by the results, and others were similarly surprised. Id. 

Silverstein’s response was that neither the Smithsonian nor GAL, which had 

examined a sample of emeralds, had found any substances on the emeralds, so he 

suggested Horan dive for more emeralds and have them tested. M1-18 (December 

19, 2011, Email of Bruce Silverstein). Silverstein also informed CBS of the French 

and Swiss lab results, and secured an agreement from CBS to pay for further 

testing. Id.

A few days later, at Horan’s request, Silverstein and Sullivan then 

confronted Miscovich and Elchlepp about the epoxy findings. Silverstein and 

Sullivan explained that “there are serious consequences resulting from making 

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false statements to a federal court.” M1-16 (December 13, 2011, Email of Bruce 

Silverstein) at 1. Silverstein described the phone call as “akin to a crossexamination of a witness in a trial” in which he was “trying to nail down the facts” 

and “find out if there were any inconsistencies in their story.” D.E. 547 at 27. After 

his conversation with Miscovich and Elchlepp, Silverstein concluded that the 

source of the epoxy on the emeralds “remained a mystery.” M1-16 at 2. Motivation 

argues that, at this point, Silverstein was willfully blind to the fraud, as he had 

previous indications that Miscovich and Elchlepp were untrustworthy and had 

received proof from the labs that the emeralds were not ancient stones worth 

millions of dollars, but nevertheless chose to proceed with the admiralty claim.

The next red flag offered by Motivation is Horan’s conduct after he became 

aware of the epoxy findings. In contrast to Silverstein, Horan considered 

withdrawing from representing JTR. MD1-1 (December 8, 2011, Email of Bruce 

Silverstein) at 3. He also expressed to Silverstein his doubts as to Miscovich’s 

truthfulness. Id. Horan further told Silverstein that they should inform the court 

about the epoxy findings and the two had “heated discussions” over the subject. 

D.E. 372 (First Sanctions Hearing Tr., Day 2) at 136. 

During this time, the parties were engaging in discovery in the admiralty 

case and were required to file periodic status reports with the court. Silverstein 

strongly discouraged Horan from disclosing the epoxy findings in an upcoming 

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status report, contending that they had no obligation to do so until CBS had 

completed its testing. M2-9 (March 26, 2013, Email of David Horan). 

Consequently, in January 2012, at Silverstein’s strong recommendation, Horan 

filed a status report with the court which did not reveal that epoxy had been found 

on the emeralds. M1-17 (December 18, 2011, Email of Bruce Silverstein) at 5; 

D.E. 54 (Second Status Report, Dated January 6, 2012). 

However, by April 2012, Horan insisted on informing the court of the epoxy 

results. He filed another status report on behalf of JTR, which for the first time 

revealed to the court that months earlier epoxy had been found on the emerald 

samples. D.E. 82 (Third Status Report, dated April 18, 2012). 

After the court reviewed the status report, it ordered JTR to produce the 

emeralds for inspection by Motivation. D.E. 117. After examining the emeralds, 

Motivation’s expert concluded that they were not “of high quality” and did not 

have any of the characteristics of other emeralds recovered from its 17th-century 

shipwrecks. D.E. 118. 

Motivation moved to withdraw its claim to the emeralds. Id. Motivation also

moved for sanctions against JTR, Miscovich, and others for filing the admiralty 

claim in bad faith. D.E. 123. The district court denied Motivation’s motion to 

withdraw, ordering Motivation to remain in the litigation in order to have an 

advocate for sanctions. D.E. 546 at 77; D.E. 121. The district court severed 

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Motivation’s sanctions claims and proceeded to trial on JTR’s admiralty claim. 

D.E. 172.

Horan then withdrew as admiralty counsel. D.E. 138. He told Silverstein that 

he was withdrawing because “the [non-Spanish] coins and the 20-pound bag and 

the epoxy findings” caused him to doubt the genuineness of Miscovich and 

Elchlepp’s discovery. D.E. 549 at 150. Motivation argues that Horan’s withdrawal 

was a clear sign to Silverstein that his clients’ story was fabricated. For his part, 

Silverstein later testified at the sanctions hearing that Horan’s withdrawal “did not 

create doubts in his mind about the genuineness of the discovery.” D.E. 543 at 152.

H. December 2012: the “Mike Cunningham map” story unravels and 

JTR loses admiralty claim at trial

After Horan’s withdrawal, JTR retained new admiralty lawyers, John 

Siracusa Esq. and Joe Janssen Esq., who began to prepare for the upcoming 

admiralty trial. During trial preparation, they too became concerned about 

Miscovich’s veracity. Specifically, they believed Miscovich was untruthful about 

buying a map from Cunningham and paying him $50,000 for a release after their 

investigation revealed that Miscovich had not withdrawn such funds from his bank 

account during the relevant time period. M2-54 (November 24, 2012, Email of 

Bruce Silverstein) at 4-9. Motivation offers this evidence as another red flag which 

Silverstein ignored.

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Trial to the court on JTR’s admiralty claim commenced on December 4, 

2011, before Judge James Lawrence King in the Southern District of Florida. 

During trial, Miscovich testified about purchasing the map from Cunningham, for 

the first time revealing Cunningham’s name to the parties. M41 (December 4, 

2012, Miscovich Testimony in Admiralty Trial) at 134. 

At the conclusion of the trial, the court determined that JTR was not entitled 

to any title or salvage award with respect to the emeralds, holding:

When all is said and done, there are two options: Jay and Steve 

legitimately found lost stones on the floor of the Gulf, or Jay and 

Steve placed stones acquired elsewhere on the ocean floor in order to 

“find” them and thereby establish an ancient provenance and greatly 

enhance the value of the stones and the reputation of the men as 

treasure salvors. There is just as much support for the theory that Jay 

and Steve planted the stones as there is for the assertion that they 

found them. The Court cannot simply accept the un-contradicted 

testimony of Jay and Steve that they followed a treasure map to the 

site, dove to the floor, and found the emeralds. Each story represents 

one possible interpretation of entirely circumstantial evidence, and 

neither persuades the Court.

D.E. 199 at 22. 

JTR appealed the district court’s denial of its admiralty claim and several 

other ancillary orders. We granted Motivation’s motion to dismiss the appeal as 

frivolous, in light of the “egregious conduct that gave rise to the current state of 

this case.” D.E. 435 at 3.

After the trial, Motivation continued to investigate the authenticity of the 

emeralds. Motivation located Cunningham and deposed him. Cunningham testified 

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and Motivation’s subsequent investigation confirmed that Cunningham was in 

prison at the time he allegedly signed the release. D.E. 550 at 15. Moreover, 

Motivation located and deposed counsel from Proskauer who purportedly had 

prepared the release. He testified that his firm did not prepare the release, nor, for 

that matter, did it provide any legal services to JTR. M36 (May 15, 2013, 

Deposition of Ivan Talback) at 10-11, 20. At this point, in what Motivation argues 

is evidence of willful blindness, Silverstein apparently still maintained his belief 

that Miscovich was truthful and that the discovery was legitimate. M8 at ¶ 70.

In October 2013, Siracusa told Silverstein that for ethical reasons he and 

Janssen were withdrawing as counsel, another red flag offered by Motivation. 

Siracusa testified later at the sanctions hearing that he withdrew because he “had 

reached a point where I knew or should have known that something was wrong.” 

D.E. 544 (Second Sanctions Hearing Tr., Day 2) at 54, 83-84. 

On October 29, 2013, Miscovich committed suicide.

I. January 2014: Motivation’s first sanctions motion against JTR 

and Miscovich’s estate

Following the admiralty trial, discovery proceeded on Motivation’s severed 

sanctions motion against JTR and Miscovich’s estate. A trial to the court 

commenced in January 2014 before Judge K. Michael Moore in the Southern 

District of Florida and lasted three days. On the last day of trial, in true Perry 

Mason fashion, Jorge Rodriguez, the owner of a jewelry store in Jupiter, Florida, 

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appeared and testified that Miscovich and Elchlepp’s discovery never happened. 

Rodriguez testified that Miscovich purchased eighty pounds of emeralds from him 

in March, May, August and September 2010 for $80,000. D.E. 373 (First Sanctions 

Hearing Tr., Day 3) at 70. Motivation claims Rodriguez’s testimony was the last of 

a long line of red flags that Silverstein chose to ignore. On the other hand, 

Silverstein claims that this testimony marked the first time he knew that the 

discovery had been fabricated. D.E. 552 at 72.

Following trial, the court imposed sanctions against JTR for failing to timely 

disclose the epoxy findings and Miscovich’s estate for committing “a flagrant 

abuse of the judicial process.” D.E. 445 at 19. The district court then granted 

Motivation leave to file an amended sanctions motion against other parties 

Motivation thought were responsible for committing the fraud, including 

Silverstein, YCST, and Sullivan. The court further found that the crime-fraud 

exception to the attorney-client communications privilege applied and compelled 

the production of email and other communications between and among JTR, its 

members, and its counsel. 

J. Motivation’s second sanctions motion against Silverstein, YCST, and 

Sullivan

A second trial to the court on Motivation’s sanctions motion commenced in 

January 2015 before Judge King and lasted thirteen days. Motivation contended 

that the numerous red flags which appeared during the course of Silverstein’s 

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representation of JTR should have alerted any reasonable attorney to Miscovich’s

fraud. The thrust of Silverstein’s defense was that he was fulfilling his obligation 

to zealously advocate on behalf of JTR and that numerous indicia that the emeralds 

discovery was authentic caused him to overlook the purported red flags.

At the conclusion of the evidence, the court analyzed the “red flags” and 

concluded:

Whether Silverstein’s continuing to act in the case after a given red 

flag or series of them was reckless or demonstrated willful blindness 

to [Miscovich’s] fraud depends upon viewing the red flag not with the 

benefit of hindsight but in light of the universe of facts known at the 

time each red flag occurred... The Court has exhaustively analyzed 

these events, and indeed the entire record of these proceedings, and 

finds that the evidence presented by Motivation does not meet the 

standard of clear and convincing evidence required to sanction Bruce 

Silverstein, either when viewed individually or when taken 

cumulatively.

D.E. 568 at 56-57. This appeal followed.

III.

We review a district court’s decision to impose or deny sanctions under its 

inherent power for an abuse of discretion. See Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 

32, 55 (1991). The key to invoking a court’s inherent power to sanction is a finding 

of bad faith. See In re Mroz, 65 F.3d 1567, 1575 (11th Cir. 1995). Bad faith exists 

where an attorney knowingly or recklessly pursues a frivolous claim or needlessly 

obstructs the litigation of a non-frivolous claim. See Amlong & Amlong, P.A. v. 

Denny’s, Inc., 500 F.3d 1230, 1242 (11th Cir. 2006). Under the doctrine of willful 

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blindness, “knowledge can be imputed to a party who knows of a high probability 

of illegal conduct and purposely contrives to avoid learning of it.” Williams v. 

Obstfeld, 314 F.3d 1270, 1278 (11th Cir. 2002). 

As a threshold issue, Silverstein argues that he is outside the reach of the 

court’s inherent power to sanction him, as he was not an attorney of record in the 

admiralty litigation. We disagree. Chambers establishes the district court’s 

“inherent powers” to sanction Silverstein, even though he was not counsel of 

record. See 501 U.S. at 46 (“[W]hereas each of the [statutory and rule] mechanisms 

reaches only certain individuals or conduct, the inherent power extends to a full 

range of litigation abuses.”). Under Chambers, a court’s inherent power to sanction 

must nevertheless “comply with the mandates of due process.” Id. at 50. Here, 

there is no question that due process requirements were satisfied, as Silverstein 

does not dispute that he was served, had actual notice of the proceeding, and 

participated in it. 

Turning to the merits, Motivation’s main contention is that the red flags 

should have caused Silverstein to “meaningfully” investigate and “expose the 

fraud,” and that his failure to do so constitutes bad faith. Motivation App. Br. at 

42-44. Our review of the record convinces us that the district court did not abuse 

its discretion in concluding that Motivation failed to adduce clear and convincing 

evidence of bad faith. There is no doubt that there were red flags and that, with the 

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benefit of hindsight, certain of them were conspicuous. However, we do not 

believe that the district court abused its discretion in concluding that the “red flags” 

were not dispositive of bad faith. As the district court concluded, evidence existed 

on the basis of which Silverstein could have concluded that the discovery was 

legitimate. This evidence included: (1) the fact that gemologists from the 

Smithsonian and Sotheby’s believed the emeralds to be legitimate; (2) the report 

from the GAL that the emeralds it tested did not show traces of epoxy; (3) 

Silverstein’s belief that Tobia should not be trusted; (4) the fact that Horan, who 

was an expert diver and respected admiralty lawyer, dove several times on the 

discovery site and retrieved emeralds he believed to ancient stones worth millions 

of dollars; (5) the interest of producers at “60 Minutes” in the project and their 

willingness to finance further testing the emeralds; and (6) the district court’s 

finding at the conclusion of the admiralty trial that Miscovich’s story was as 

equally plausible as it was not. 

In view of the conflicting evidence and testimony which the district court 

thoroughly and painstakingly reviewed, we see no error in its finding that 

Motivation failed to demonstrate Silverstein’s bad faith by clear and convincing 

evidence. As the Supreme Court has instructed: “Where there are two permissible 

views of the evidence, the factfinder’s choice between them cannot be clearly 

erroneous.” Anderson v. Bessemer City, N.C., 470 U.S. 564, 574 (1985); see also 

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Robinson v. Audi Aktiengesellschaft, 56 F.3d 1259, 1268 (10th Cir. 1995) (same) 

(affirming denial of sanctions for alleged fraud on the court). Similarly, we believe 

that the court acted well within its broad discretion in declining to sanction 

Silverstein. 

At the end of the day, Motivation asks us to draw different inferences from 

the evidence and to make different credibility assessments and findings of fact than 

did the district court. We are not permitted to do this. See United States v. RamirezChilel, 289 F.3d 744, 749 (11th Cir. 2002) (“Because the fact finder personally 

observes the testimony and is thus in a better position than a reviewing court to 

assess the credibility of witnesses[,]...a trial judge’s choice of whom to believe is 

conclusive on the appellate court.”) (citations omitted) (emphasis in original). 

Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s denial of sanctions.

IV.

Motivation also challenges the district court’s failure to award sanctions 

against Silverstein’s firm, YCST, and Sullivan. Motivation did not prove that any 

basis existed for sanctioning YCST. Motivation did not prove that Silverstein 

should be sanctioned, nor did it prove that YCST was otherwise involved in the 

fraud. The fact that Silverstein was a partner at YCST is insufficient. See, e.g.,

Wolters Kluwer Fin. Servs., Inc. v. Scivantage, 564 F.3d 110, 114 (2d Cir. 2009) 

(lawyer’s bad faith could not be “visited” upon his employer law firm); accord 

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Gregory P. Joseph, Sanctions: The Federal Law of Litigation Abuse § 27 (4th ed. 

2012) (“Bad faith is personal to the offender. One person’s bad faith may not be 

attributed to another by operation of legal fictions or doctrines such as respondeat 

superior or vicarious liability”). 

The district court denied sanctions against Sullivan on the ground that 

Motivation did not present sufficient evidence that Sullivan substantially 

participated in the litigation. We agree. Even though Sullivan was a member of 

JTR’s advisory board, had traveled to Colombia at Miscovich’s request, was 

copied on a number of email chains, and participated in a number of discussions 

about litigation strategy, the evidence presented at trial failed to establish that 

Sullivan, who was not an attorney and did not control the litigation, acted in bad 

faith. Thus, we see no abuse of discretion and therefore affirm the district court’s 

denial of sanctions against YCST and Sullivan.3

V.

Appellees Silverstein and YCST cross-appeal orders of the district court: 

(1) denying their motion to quash on grounds that Motivation lacked standing to 

move for sanctions; (2) awarding sanctions to Motivation against JTR and 

 3 Appellees Silverstein and YCST’s Motion for Sanctions against Motivation is denied. Appellee 

Sullivan’s Motion to Strike New Arguments and Evidence in Motivation’s Reply Brief is also 

denied.

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Miscovich; and (3) compelling the disclosure of attorney-client communications 

under the crime-fraud exception. 

This cross appeal has no merit. We agree with the district court that 

Motivation had standing to bring a sanctions motion, as it was clearly injured by 

the fraud. Because neither Silverstein nor YCST were aggrieved by the sanctions 

imposed on JTR and Miscovich’s estate, neither may appeal the order granting 

them. See Wolff v. Cash 4 Titles, 351 F.3d 1348, 1354 (11th Cir. 2003) (“Only a 

litigant who is aggrieved by the judgment or order may appeal.”) (internal citations 

and quotation marks omitted).

We also agree that the district court had more than sufficient basis to invoke 

the crime-fraud exception. There can be no serious dispute with the court’s finding 

of a “massive fraud of the court.” The district court was authorized to compel 

discovery which would reveal existence of the fraud as well as efforts to conceal it.

In re Grand Jury Investigation, 842 F.2d 1223 (11th Cir. 1987) (holding crimefraud exception applied to testimony of attorney and accountant, who prepared his 

client’s tax returns during grand jury investigation for tax evasion); see also In re 

E.I. DuPont De Nemours & Co.-Benlate Litig., 99 F.3d 363, 367 (11th Cir. 1996) 

(“Every district court has the power to conduct an independent investigation in 

order to determine whether it has been the victim of fraud.”) (internal citation and 

quotation marks omitted).

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VI.

Appellee Sullivan cross-appeals the district court’s finding that it had 

personal jurisdiction over him. He also cross-appeals the denial of his motion for 

sanctions against Motivation. Sullivan first argues that the district court lacked 

personal jurisdiction over him because FED. R. CIV. P. 4.1(a) limits service to “the 

state where the district court is located”–in this case, Florida–but Sullivan was 

served at his home in Hawaii. We find no merit in this argument. As explained 

above, the district court had personal jurisdiction over Sullivan, just as it did over 

Silverstein, under the court’s inherent powers. See Waffenschmidt v. MacKay, 763 

F.2d 711, 716 (5th Cir. 1985) (finding personal jurisdiction over nonparties in 

connection with contempt proceedings); see also Chambers, 501 U.S. at 46.

Second, Sullivan argues that Motivation lacked a good faith basis for 

alleging that he was liable for sanctions. We disagree. The record reflects that 

Sullivan had a significant involvement with JTR. He had a 1.5% interest in the 

emeralds, served as an advisor to JTR, and communicated with the Colombian 

government about the emeralds at Miscovich’s request. Most importantly, he was 

copied on many of the communications sent by JTR’s attorneys. Based on the 

these factors, even though Motivation ultimately did not meet its burden to prove 

sanctionable conduct against Sullivan by clear and convincing evidence, the 

motion was not in bad faith.

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In conclusion, the judgments of the district court are AFFIRMED.

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