COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judges Frank and Kelsey 

Argued at Salem, Virginia 

MONSERRATE SEIS 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

v. Record No. 1619-06-3 CHIEF JUDGE WALTER S. FELTON, JR. 

NOVEMBER 27, 2007 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ROCKINGHAM COUNTY 

James V. Lane, Judge 

 W. Andrew Harding (Eldridge, Elledge & Harding PLC, on brief), 

for appellant. 

 Richard B. Smith, Special Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. 

McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

 Monserrate Seis (appellant) was convicted following a jury trial of burglary in violation of 

Code § 18.2-91, grand larceny in violation of Code § 18.2-95, two charges of conspiracy to 

commit burglary in violation of Code § 18.2-22, and two charges of conspiracy to commit grand 

larceny in violation of Code § 18.2-22. Appellant contends that the trial court erred in joining 

together multiple offenses for a single trial, arguing that the joined offenses were not 

“connected,” based on the same act or transaction, part of a “common scheme,” or conducted in 

a distinctive manner. He also contends the trial court erred in failing to grant a mistrial after the 

Commonwealth referred to his involvement in offenses other than those on trial. He additionally 

contends that the trial court erred in admitting hearsay evidence connecting appellant to the car 

witnesses identified as being used in the commission of the offenses. Finally, appellant contends 

that the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions of burglary, conspiracy to commit 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 
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burglary, and conspiracy to commit grand larceny. For the following reasons, we affirm 

appellant’s convictions. 

I. BACKGROUND 

 Around 2:30 p.m. on March 29, 2005, Jeremy Paz, a sixteen-year-old resident of Grassy 

Creek Trailer Park (Grassy Creek), was visiting a friend, Jiro Mendez, who also resided in 

Grassy Creek. Paz saw appellant and another man removing items from Javier Miramontes’ 

home and placing the items into a white Oldsmobile.1

 Paz and Mendez hastened to the office of 

the Grassy Creek property manager, Lisa Bryant, and told her what they had observed. Bryant 

called 911, explained what Paz and Mendez told her they saw at Miramontes’ house, and 

provided the dispatcher with a description and license plate number of the car Paz had given her. 

 Deputy Larry Michael of the Rockingham County Sheriff’s Department responded to 

Bryant’s call. Using the information he received from Bryant, Deputy Michael issued a “be on 

the lookout” for a white Oldsmobile bearing the license plate number Bryant provided to him. 

Deputy Michael learned from the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) that the car was 

registered to Mirabelle Bramble, the mother of appellant’s girlfriend, Elizabeth Olivencia, and 

with whom appellant and Olivencia resided. 

 Shortly before appellant and a companion were seen taking items from Miramontes’ 

home, they knocked on the front door of Grassy Creek resident Young Menard. Menard 

answered the door and saw a white car in her driveway. Appellant asked to speak with someone 

whom Menard did not know. A second man “was standing there looking at the other side [of the 

house away from the door].” When informed that the person did not live there, appellant and his 

companion left. Emilia Silva, another resident of Grassy Creek, experienced a similar encounter 

1

 Paz recognized appellant as a person with whom he had previously played basketball at 

a local park. 
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the same day.2

 Although Silva was unable to identify the individuals who knocked on her door, 

she confirmed that two men stood outside her door and that one man asked to speak with 

someone she did not know. 

 The following day at a local park Paz saw appellant, as well as the white Oldsmobile he 

observed the previous day at Miramontes’ and Menard’s residences. Sheriff’s deputies were 

notified of appellant’s presence at the park and arrived within a few minutes. Appellant left the 

park on foot immediately after the deputies arrived. 

 A grand jury returned forty-six indictments against appellant, charging multiple 

burglaries, larcenies, and attempts to commit, and conspiracies to commit, each of those crimes.3

 

The trial court joined all the charges against appellant and Raul Guzman, arising out of the 

March 29, 2005 events at Grassy Creek for trial.4

 In October 2005, a jury convicted appellant of 

burglary, grand larceny, two charges of conspiracy to commit burglary, and two charges of 

conspiracy to commit grand larceny. This appeal followed. 

II. ANALYSIS 

A. Joinder of Offenses

Appellant contends the trial court abused its discretion in joining the offenses arising out 

of the events at Grassy Creek on March 29, 2005 for trial. He contends joinder was 

inappropriate because “[a]ny residential burglary will have similarities,” and the offenses at 

Grassy Creek were neither “connected,” nor constituted part of a “common scheme” as required 

 2

 Silva and Miramontes are next-door neighbors. 

3

 The grand jury also returned thirty-three indictments against Raul Guzman in 

connection with the same offenses. 

4

 The indictments against Guzman arising out of the Grassy Creek incidents on March 29, 

2005, were dismissed when witnesses at trial were unable to identify him as a perpetrator of 

those offenses. 
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by Rule 3A:6. The Commonwealth contends that appellant is barred by Rule 5A:18 from 

arguing on appeal that the offenses were improperly joined.5

 Under Rule 3A:10(c), “[t]he trial court may, in its discretion, try the [accused] for more 

than one offense at the same time without his consent only if justice does not require separate 

trials and the offenses meet the requirements of Rule 3A:6(b).” Spence v. Commonwealth, 12 

Va. App. 1040, 1042, 407 S.E.2d 916, 917 (1991). “Under Rule 3A:6(b), two or more offenses 

may be joined in a single indictment ‘if the offenses are based on the same act or transaction, or 

on two or more acts or transactions that are connected or constitute parts of a common scheme or 

plan.’” Scott v. Commonwealth, ___ Va. ___, ___, ___S.E.2d ___, ___ (Nov. 2, 2007) (quoting 

Rule 3A:6(b)). “To meet the ‘connected’ test, the crimes should be ‘so intimately connected and 

blended with the main facts adduced in evidence, that they cannot be departed from with 

propriety.’” Spence, 12 Va. App. at 1044, 407 S.E.2d at 918 (quoting Kirkpatrick v. 

Commonwealth, 211 Va. 269, 273, 176 S.E.2d 802, 806 (1970)). “A reviewing court must look 

to whether the transactions were ‘closely connected in time, place, and means of commission, all 

of which supports the use of a single trial.’” Yellardy v. Commonwealth, 38 Va. App. 19, 24, 

561 S.E.2d 739, 742 (2002) (quoting Satcher v. Commonwealth, 244 Va. 220, 229, 421 S.E.2d 

821, 827 (1992)). 

 “The term ‘common scheme’ describes crimes that share features idiosyncratic in 

character, which permit an inference that each individual offense was committed by the same 

person or persons as part of a pattern of criminal activity involving certain identified crimes.” 

Scott, ___ Va. at ___, ___ S.E.2d at ___. The determination of ‘“[w]hether different offenses 

should be tried separately is a matter that rests within the sound discretion of a trial court,’” 

 5

 We conclude from the record that appellant clearly made his objection to joinder of the 

Grassy Creek indictments known to the trial court and that he preserved the issue for our 

consideration on appeal. 
- 5 - 

Yellardy, 38 Va. App. at 24, 561 S.E.2d at 742 (quoting Traish v. Commonwealth, 36 Va. App. 

114, 129, 549 S.E.2d 5, 12 (2001)), and its ruling will not be reversed absent a showing that it 

abused its discretion, Ferrell v. Commonwealth, 11 Va. App. 380, 386, 399 S.E.2d 614, 617 

(1990). 

 Here, the record supports the trial court’s factual finding that the events at Grassy Creek 

were “connected” in time, place, and manner, and were sufficiently idiosyncratic to permit an 

inference that the same person was involved in a “common scheme” of criminal activity 

involving burglaries, larcenies, and conspiracies to commit each of those offenses. Within a 

short time span, appellant and a companion approached three residences located in close 

proximity to each other, employing the same modus operandi at each to determine whether they 

were occupied. In each instance, appellant knocked on the door of a residence and, if anyone 

answered, appellant asked to speak with a person who did not live there. Appellant and his 

companion unlawfully entered Miramontes’ residence once they determined no one was at home, 

removed his property from inside, and placed it in the same white Oldsmobile Paz had observed 

at Menard’s residence less than one hour earlier. Although no witness was able to identify the 

person accompanying appellant, Menard and Silva testified that at least two people were present 

at their residences, and Paz testified that two people were present at Miramontes’ residence. 

From this record, we conclude that the trial court did not err in determining that the offenses 

arising out of the March 29 Grassy Creek incidents were “connected” and constituted part of a 

“common scheme” of criminal activity. See also Cook v. Commonwealth, 7 Va. App. 225, 229, 

372 S.E.2d 780, 782 (1988) (joinder appropriate for separate offenses similar in time, scope, 

geography, modus operandi, and involving the same people). Accordingly, we find the trial 

court did not abuse its discretion in joining the offenses for trial. 
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B. Mistrial

 Appellant next contends that the trial court erred in failing to grant a mistrial, arguing that 

the Commonwealth made multiple references during the trial to his involvement in unrelated 

crimes. 

 On appeal, a trial court’s failure to grant a mistrial on the grounds that the jury heard 

improper evidence will not be reversed unless “there exists a manifest probability as a matter of 

law that the improper evidence prejudiced the accused,” Mills v. Commonwealth, 24 Va. App. 

415, 420, 482 S.E.2d 860, 862 (1997), which happens only when the evidence is “so impressive 

that it probably remained on the minds of the jury and influenced their verdict,” Coffey v. 

Commonwealth, 188 Va. 629, 636, 51 S.E.2d 215, 218 (1949). Moreover, where a trial court 

gives cautionary instructions regarding such evidence, “[u]nless the record shows the contrary, it 

is to be presumed that the jury followed an explicit cautionary instruction promptly given.” 

LeVasseur v. Commonwealth, 225 Va. 564, 589, 304 S.E.2d 644, 657 (1983). 

1. Investigator Deeds’ Testimony 

 Appellant argues that the trial court erred in failing to grant a mistrial after Investigator 

Deeds testified as follows: 

I conducted [] two interviews [with appellant]. On the first 

interview I had informed [appellant] that I wanted to talk to him 

about several break-ins at Grassy Creek. He told me that he did 

not know where Grassy Creek was. I proceeded by telling him that 

there has been some witnesses that have seen him, Raul Guzman 

and a heavyset individual at Grassy Creek and that he and Raul 

Guzman were picked out of a photo array. And he said that he still 

didn’t know what I was talking about. I explained that a tag 

number had also been obtained by some witnesses and that it was a 

white in color Oldsmobile. And he looked at me and said that he 

doesn’t know why f**** people see him. 

Following that testimony, appellant immediately moved for a mistrial, arguing Deeds’ 

testimony referred to offenses other than those for which he was on trial. The trial court denied 
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appellant’s motion and asked Deeds to limit her testimony to the Grassy Creek offenses. The 

prosecutor then asked Deeds whether appellant’s statement was made when he was being 

questioned about Grassy Creek. When Deeds answered, “[i]t was in the same interview [but] [i]t 

was about another location[,]” appellant again moved for mistrial. The trial court deferred its 

ruling until the conclusion of Deeds’ testimony. It then denied appellant’s motion stating, “[i]t 

wasn’t extremely blatant and I don’t feel it merits a mistrial.” The trial court instructed the jury 

to disregard and not to consider any comments Deeds may have made regarding incidents other 

than those for which appellant was being tried. We find no error in the trial court’s denial of 

appellant’s motion for mistrial. 

2. Deputy Michael’s Testimony 

 Appellant also asserts that the trial court erred in failing to grant his motion for mistrial 

when the Commonwealth impermissibly informed the jury that there was more than one 

breaking and entering. During his redirect examination, the prosecutor asked Deputy Michael, 

“what steps did the sheriff’s department take to make the public aware of these breaking and 

enterings?” Appellant objected to the question arguing that it was not relevant and called for a 

hearsay response. After a brief bench conference out of the hearing of the jury, the trial court 

ruled that the prosecutor’s question was out of order as it exceeded the scope of 

cross-examination. Immediately following the bench conference, and out of the hearing of the 

jury, appellant’s counsel told the prosecutor that he used the plural “breaking and enterings” in 

his previous question. The Commonwealth then stated to the trial court and in the jury’s 

presence, “[y]our Honor, it’s been brought to my attention that I mentioned burglaries in the 

plural and obviously there’s only one actual B&E. I just wanted to clarify that.” The court 

responded, “[f]or the record there is only one breaking and entering offense charge.” Appellant 

did not contemporaneously object or seek a mistrial following these statements. We find no 
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error on the part of the trial court for failing to sua sponte grant a mistrial under these 

circumstances. 

3. Commonwealth’s Closing Arguments 

Appellant also argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion for mistrial when the 

prosecutor in his closing argument to the jury stated, 

[w]hat does [appellant] say when Investigator Deeds says why are 

people picking you out of a lineup with respect to Grassy Creek, 

you’ve got Ms. Menard and Jeremy Paz essentially picking you 

out, and what does he say? I don’t know why people see me. I 

never had anything to do with that. I don’t know where Grassy 

Creek is. I never had a Play Station.6

From our review of the prosecutor’s closing argument, we find nothing in his comments 

to suggest appellant’s involvement in other offenses. Accordingly, we find no error on the part 

of the trial court in denying appellant’s motion for mistrial based on the prosecutor’s closing 

argument. 

We conclude from the record that there was no “manifest probability” that any of the 

instances on which appellant sought mistrial, individually or collectively, prejudiced the accused, 

or that the jury failed to follow the trial court’s cautionary instructions that it disregard any 

reference to the existence of offenses other than those being tried. The trial court did not abuse 

its discretion in denying each of appellant’s motions for mistrial, and, therefore, we affirm the 

trial court’s rulings.

C. Hearsay

Appellant argues that the trial court erred in admitting Deputy Michael’s testimony 

concerning the registration of the white Oldsmobile that Paz and his companion observed at the 

 6

 Among the items taken from Miramontes’ residence were a green card, social security 

card, Virginia identification card, jewelry, cash, DVDs, CDs, and a PlayStation. Appellant 

“pawned” a PlayStation for cash shortly after he was seen removing property from Miramontes’ 

residence. 
- 9 - 

Menard and Miramontes residences on March 29. He contends that Deputy Michael’s testimony 

was inadmissible hearsay as the DMV records were obtained using second-hand information 

Bryant received from Paz and Mendez.7

‘“Hearsay evidence is testimony . . . of a statement made out of court, the statement being 

offered as an assertion to show the truth of matters asserted therein, and thus resting [] its value 

upon the credibility of the out-of-court asserter.’” Stevenson v. Commonwealth, 218 Va. 462, 

465, 237 S.E.2d 779, 781 (1977) (quoting McCormick on Evidence § 246, at 54 (2d ed. 1972)). 

The trial court determined that Deputy Michael’s testimony concerning the actions he took based 

on information he received from Bryant was not hearsay, as it was not offered to prove the truth 

of the matter asserted, but rather to explain his conduct after he received the report of a possible 

burglary involving a white car. See Hamm v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 150, 156, 428 S.E.2d 

517, 521 (1993) (statement offered to explain declarant’s conduct or that of person to whom 

statement was made, not objectionable hearsay). 

Because other competent evidence connected appellant to the white Oldsmobile Paz saw 

at Miramontes’ house, we need not address whether the trial court erred in ruling that Deputy 

Michael’s testimony regarding the registration of the car was not hearsay. See Schindel v. 

Commonwealth, 219 Va. 814, 817, 252 S.E.2d 302, 304 (1979) (admission of hearsay testimony 

harmless error when content of extrajudicial statement established by other competent evidence). 

Olivencia, the mother of appellant’s child, testified that the white car belonged to her mother, 

Mirabelle Bramble, and that appellant had ready access to the keys because she, appellant, and 

their child were living with Bramble at the time of the Grassy Creek offenses. Additionally, Paz 

identified appellant as the man he saw removing items from Miramontes’ home and placing them 

 7

 Deputy Michael testified that his inquiry to DMV revealed that the license plate number 

he received from Bryant was registered to a white Oldsmobile owned by Mirabelle Bramble. 
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into the white Oldsmobile. He also identified the same white Oldsmobile the next day at a local 

park. Relying on this “other competent evidence,” any error in the trial court’s admitting Deputy 

Michael’s testimony that the white Oldsmobile was registered to Bramble was, at best, harmless 

error. Id.

D. Sufficiency of the Evidence

Appellant next argues that the Commonwealth’s evidence failed to prove the “breaking” 

element necessary to sustain his conviction of burglary of Miramontes’ residence under Code 

§ 18.2-91. He also argues that because the Commonwealth failed to prove he intended to 

commit burglary or larceny of Miramontes’ or Menard’s property, the evidence was insufficient 

to convict him of conspiracy to commit burglary and conspiracy to commit grand larceny. 

“Where the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged after conviction, it is our duty to 

consider it in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth and give it all reasonable inferences 

fairly deducible therefrom.” Higginbotham v. Commonwealth, 216 Va. 349, 352, 218 S.E.2d 

534, 537 (1975). ‘“When a case, civil or criminal, is tried by a jury . . . the judgment of the trial 

court shall not be set aside unless it appears from the evidence that such judgment is plainly 

wrong or without evidence to support it.’” Charity v. Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 581, 585, 

643 S.E.2d 503, 505 (2007) (quoting Code § 8.01-680). “[T]he relevant question is 

whether . . . any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond 

a reasonable doubt.” Kelly v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 250, 257, 584 S.E.2d 444, 447 

(2003) (en banc) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). 

1. Burglary 

Appellant argues that the evidence failed to establish that he broke into Miramontes’ 

residence. He asserts that the Commonwealth’s evidence did not dispel the reasonable 

hypothesis of innocence that the last person who left Miramontes’ home before the theft on 
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March 29 left the door open. Appellant fails, however, to exclude the reasonable inference that 

he applied some force, however slight, to gain entry into Miramontes’ residence, a reasonable 

inference that the properly instructed jury found in order to return its guilty verdict on the 

burglary charge.8

“To sustain a conviction for statutory burglary under Code § 18.2-91, the Commonwealth 

must prove: (1) the accused . . . broke and entered the dwelling house in the daytime; and (2) the 

accused entered with the intent to commit any felony other than murder, rape, robbery or arson.” 

Robertson v. Commonwealth, 31 Va. App. 814, 820-21, 525 S.E.2d 640, 644 (2000) (citing

Code §§ 18.2-90, 18.2-91). “Breaking, as an element of the crime of burglary, may be either 

actual or constructive.” Davis v. Commonwealth, 132 Va. 521, 523, 110 S.E. 356, 357 (1922). 

Actual breaking involves the application of some force, slight 

though it may be, whereby the entrance is effected. Merely 

pushing open a door, turning the key, lifting the latch, or resort to 

other slight physical force is sufficient to constitute this element of 

the crime. But a breaking, either actual or constructive, to support 

a conviction of burglary, must have resulted in an entrance 

contrary to the will of the occupier of the house. 

Id. (citations omitted) (emphasis added). 

In determining whether the Commonwealth proved all of the elements of burglary, ‘“all 

necessary circumstances proved must be consistent with guilt and inconsistent with innocence 

and must exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence.’” Hamilton v. Commonwealth, 16 

Va. App. 751, 755, 733 S.E.2d 27, 29 (1993) (quoting Boothe v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 

484, 492, 358 S.E.2d 740, 745 (1987)) (emphasis added). “It is ‘within the province of the jury 

to determine what inferences are to be drawn from proved facts, provided the inferences are 

reasonably related to those facts.’” Commonwealth v. Hudson, 265 Va. 505, 514, 578 S.E.2d 

 8

 Instruction 11 given by the trial court to the jury, without objection, reads: “Breaking, 

as used in these instructions, is the use of some force, however slight, to gain entry.” 
- 12 - 

781, 786 (2003) (quoting Inge v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 360, 366, 228 S.E.2d 563, 567-68 

(1976)). We “must determine not whether there is some evidence to support [appellant’s] 

hypothesis of innocence but, rather, whether a reasonable fact finder, upon consideration of all 

the evidence, could have rejected appellant’s theories and found him guilty beyond a reasonable 

doubt.” Corbin v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 196, 202, 604 S.E.2d 111, 114 (2004). 

“Whether a hypothesis of innocence is reasonable is a question of fact.” Id. at 203, 604 S.E.2d at 

114. 

 When Miramontes left for work at approximately 4:00 a.m. on March 29, he closed the 

door of his home. Although Miramontes testified that his “wife and children leaves after 

myself[,]” the record is silent as to when the other occupants may have left, or whether they left 

the door completely or partially open or closed. 

Appellant’s hypothesis of innocence required the jury to find that Miramontes’ family 

members left the residence before he arrived and that they left the entrance open permitting him 

to simply walk in through a fully opened door. Although no signs of forced entry were found 

around the door or windows immediately after the burglary was detected, the evidence 

established appellant and his companion had no lawful authority to enter Miramontes’ residence, 

and when Detective Michael arrived, he described the interior of the residence as “ransacked.” 

The jury, consistent with the instruction it was given, rejected appellant’s hypothesis, finding that 

he applied some force, however slight, to gain entry into Miramontes’ residence. On this record, 

we cannot say that the fact finder’s rejection of appellant’s hypothesis of innocence was 

unreasonable. For these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court that the evidence was 

sufficient from which the jury could reasonably find that appellant “broke” into Miramontes’ 

residence in order to steal his property, and sufficient to establish that he was guilty of burglary. 
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2. Conspiracy to Commit Burglary and Grand Larceny 

Appellant also contends that the evidence in the record is not sufficient to support his 

convictions of conspiracy to commit burglary and to commit grand larceny of both Menard’s and 

Miramontes’ property. He contends that his “innocent action” of knocking on Menard’s door 

and asking to speak to someone can only be considered criminal if bootstrapped to an alleged 

burglary that occurred “on the opposite end of the trailer park” at Miramontes’ house.9 He also 

contends that the Commonwealth failed to establish the identity of the person with whom he 

conspired and, without doing so, the Commonwealth cannot establish that he conspired with 

another to commit either burglary or grand larceny. 

“Conspiracy is defined as ‘an agreement between two or more persons by some concerted 

action to commit an offense.’” Wright v. Commonwealth, 224 Va. 502, 505, 297 S.E.2d 711, 

713 (1982) (quoting Falden v. Commonwealth, 167 Va. 542, 544, 189 S.E. 326, 327 (1937)). 

“The Commonwealth may prove the existence of a conspiratorial agreement by circumstantial 

evidence and need not prove an explicit agreement.” Gray v. Commonwealth, 30 Va. App. 725, 

736, 519 S.E.2d 825, 830 (1999), aff’d, 260 Va. 675, 537 S.E.2d 862 (2000). Thus, “a 

conspiracy may be inferred from the overt actions of the parties . . . .” McQuinn v. 

Commonwealth, 19 Va. App. 418, 425, 451 S.E.2d 704, 708 (1994). 

Where it is shown that the [accused] by their acts pursued the same 

object, one performing one part and the other performing another 

part so as to complete it or with a view to its attainment, the jury 

will be justified in concluding that they were engaged in a 

conspiracy to effect that object. 

 9

 Appellant also contends that the trial court erred in convicting him of conspiracy to 

commit burglary of Miramontes’ home because “the Commonwealth cannot prove the object 

felony of burglary.” Appellant cites no authority for this proposition and failing to do so, he has 

not complied with the provisions of Rule 5A:20(e). “Statements unsupported by argument, 

authority, or citations to the record do not merit appellate consideration.” Buchanan v.

Buchanan, 14 Va. App. 53, 56, 415 S.E.2d 237, 239 (1992). Accordingly, we will not consider 

this claim of error on appeal. 
- 14 - 

Amato v. Commonwealth, 3 Va. App. 544, 552, 352 S.E.2d 4, 9 (1987) (quoting 16 Am. Jur. 2d 

Conspiracy § 42 (1979)). “[T]he crime of conspiracy is complete when the parties agree to 

commit an offense.” Gray v. Commonwealth , 260 Va. 675, 680, 537 S.E.2d 862, 865 (2000). 

“In Virginia, no overt act in furtherance of the underlying crime is necessary.” Id.

From the evidence presented, a reasonable fact finder could conclude that appellant and 

his companion agreed to commit burglary and grand larceny of Miramontes’ and Menard’s 

property. Appellant’s act of knocking on doors of the residences, while his companion operated 

as a lookout, was evidence from which the jury could reasonably find the existence of a common 

plan, agreed to by appellant and his companion, to break into residences after determining the 

targeted residences were not occupied, and to steal property from within. See McQuinn, 19 

Va. App. at 425, 451 S.E.2d at 708 (jury entitled to infer existence of common purpose or plan 

from development and collection of circumstances). Menard’s presence in her residence, thereby 

disrupting appellant’s plan to commit burglary and grand larceny there, did not relieve appellant 

of criminal liability for conspiracy to commit burglary and grand larceny there, as the conspiracy 

was complete when appellant formed the agreement with his companion to unlawfully enter and 

take property from the targeted residences. Gray, 260 Va. at 680, 537 S.E.2d at 865. Moreover, 

Paz’s testimony that one man was carrying out a PlayStation while “the other guy [] was carrying 

a pillow case like Santa Claus on his back,” each placing the items into the white Oldsmobile, 

provides further evidence that appellant and his companion acted in accordance with a plan 

created before the burglary took place. 

Appellant’s assertion that the Commonwealth failed to prove the existence of a 

conspiracy to commit burglary and grand larceny because the Commonwealth failed to establish 

the identity of appellant’s co-conspirator is also without merit. The conspiracy was complete the 

moment the agreement to commit burglary and grand larceny was entered into between appellant 
- 15 - 

and another person. Heacock v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 397, 407, 323 S.E.2d 90, 96 (1984). 

The Commonwealth was not required to establish the identity of appellant’s co-conspirator 

because “the law rightly gives room for allowing the conviction of those discovered upon 

showing sufficiently the essential nature of the plan and their connections with it, without 

requiring evidence of knowledge of all of its details, or of the participation of others.” 

Blumenthal v. United States, 332 U.S. 539, 557 (1947). The jury could reasonably conclude 

from the evidence it received that appellant and his companion worked together to break and 

enter residences in Grassy Creek and to commit larceny of the property they found within. 

Accordingly, we conclude that the evidence was sufficient for a rational jury to find that 

appellant and another person conspired to burglarize the Menard and Miramontes residences and 

to commit larceny of the property within those structures. 

III. CONCLUSION 

We conclude that the trial court did not err in joining the several Grassy Creek offenses 

for trial. We also conclude that the trial court did not err in denying appellant’s motions for 

mistrial based upon Investigator Deeds’ incidental comments relating to offenses other than 

those for which appellant was on trial, the statements of the prosecutor and trial court that there 

was only one charge of breaking and entering, and the allegation that the prosecutor’s closing 

argument referred to appellant’s involvement in offenses other than those for which he was on 

trial. 

We also conclude that any error on the part of the trial court in admitting Deputy 

Michael’s testimony that the white Oldsmobile Paz observed at Menard’s and Miramontes’ 

residences was registered to a person with whom appellant lived was harmless, as other 

competent evidence connected appellant to that car. Finally, we conclude that there was 

sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury could find that appellant was guilty of burglary 
- 16 - 

of Miramontes’ residence, conspiracy to commit burglary, and conspiracy to commit grand 

larceny of Miramontes’ and Menard’s property. Accordingly, we affirm each of appellant’s 

convictions. 

 Affirmed.