# Patent

## Title
Magnetic flow meter with unibody construction and conductive polymer electrodes

## Abstract

A magnetic flow metering device and method is disclosed for the measurement of corrosive flow streams. The device utilizes a unibody construction wherein the flow conduit is constructed entirely from an insulative, non-conducting material without resorting to a metallic outer housing. The portions of the electrodes in contact with the flow stream are made of a suitable conductive polymer material, resistant to the corrosive media. The electrodes also feature shields that are molded into the electrode assembly to reduce background electrical noise. The invention also utilizes an electrical configuration that actively drives the electrode shield circuit (electrodes as well as cabling) to provide a more accurate measurement of the electromotive force.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/599,023 filed Nov. 14, 2006, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/052,005 filed Feb. 4, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,155,983, all of the aforementioned related applications being hereby fully incorporated herein by reference.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to the monitoring and measurement of fluid flow in a conduit and particularly to magnetic flow meters for use in the semiconductor industry.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The theory of operation of a magnetic flow meter (‘magflow meter’) is based on Faraday's law of induced voltage, wherein an electromotive force (EMF) is produced that is proportional to the velocity of a conducting medium that flows through a magnetic field. Typically, in the case of a magflow meter, the flowing medium is a conductive medium passed through a section of conduit that is subjected to a transverse magnetic flux. As the conductive fluid passes through the conduit, the resulting EMF is detected by electrodes that are mounted to the conduit walls and in physical contact with the medium. To prevent shorting of the EMF, the conduit walls are constructed of a non-conductive material.
Magflow meters have found application in the process control industries (chemical, food-and-beverage, pulp and paper, water treatment) because they have low measurement error (0.2% of reading attainable) over a broad range (typically 30:1) and they require no moving parts (unlike turbine meters or paddlewheel technology) or flow restriction (unlike differential pressure meters) to operate. Magflow meters can also be configured to resist the deleterious effects of the harsh chemicals of the flow stream medium through proper selection of the materials for the electrodes and conduit walls.
Previous designs have utilized a conduit fabricated from a non-conducting material to provide the desired electrical isolation. The electrodes are mounted so that the tips are flush with the interior wall. Other designs have implemented a conduit constructed of a non-conducting liner within a metallic outer housing, with the tips of the electrodes protruding into the flow stream.
Various prior art designs possess certain disadvantages that prevent the realization of the full benefits of the magflow meter. Most magflow meters utilize a dielectric sleeve within a metal housing. Outfitting a metal housing with a dielectric liner is a costly process. Current magflow meters are complicated assemblies requiring hardware to be welded or otherwise attached to the metal housing for the mounting of the electrode and electromagnetic assemblies. Furthermore, these approaches typically teach the use of metallic electrodes, which are incompatible with applications and processes in other industries.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Despite the technological advantages of magnetic flow meters, they have not typically been used or applied in the semiconductor industry. This is thought to be due to the ultra pure and highly corrosive nature of the liquids (acids and bases such as HCl and NH4OH) and gases commonly used in the industry. Purity must be maintained to sub-parts per billion (“PPB”) levels. To maintain this level of purity, materials in contact with the corrosive fluid must neither corrode nor produce any ionic contamination. Therefore, flow meters completely constructed of non-metallic and non-corroding wetted materials such as PTFE or PFA (or other polymers in the same family) are strongly preferred. This requirement has eliminated magnetic flowmeters from use because the electrode in contact with the liquid must be able to conduct the EMF signal and therefore are usually constructed of metals such as 316 stainless steel, hastelloy or platinum.
In addition, magflow meters are typically large, bulky devices not conducive to the small size and flow rate requirements of the semiconductor industry. A primary driver of the size is the requirement in the process industry to function properly over a wide range of pressures and temperatures, necessitating the formation of the conduit from either an expensive material such as ceramic or a PTFE or PFA lined metallic pipe.
The invention in the following example embodiments is a magnetic flow meter wherein the flow conduit is constructed entirely from an insulative, non-conducting material without a metallic outer housing. The non-conducting conduit has a flow cross-section that defines a wetted perimeter containing a fluid that flows along an axis normal to the flow cross-section. The conduit is fitted with a pair of magnetic poles that spans the flow cross-section in a diametrically opposed configuration. The magnetic poles define a first lateral axis that substantially intersects the flow axis. A pair of electrodes is also disposed on the sides of the conduit, defining a second lateral axis that intersects both the flow axis and the first lateral axis formed by the magnetic poles. The electrodes are made of a conductive polymer material that is resistant to the corrosive media of the flow stream. The electrodes penetrate the wetted perimeter of the conduit to make contact with the fluid flowing within.
An advantage of the various embodiments of the invention is that the conduit is fabricated from a dielectric material, without incorporating a metallic outer housing, thus reducing the cost and complexity of lining the conduit. Furthermore, the conduit is fabricated to easily and directly accept the electrode and electromagnetic assemblies, further reducing cost and assembly complexity.
Another advantage of the various embodiments of the invention is that the conductive polymer (or plastic) electrodes are resistant to chemical attack. As disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,449,017, the conductive polymer (or plastic) electrodes may be constructed from a polymer material suitable for the particular medium under measurement, including but not limited to blends of PTFE or PFA. These electrodes also feature shields that are molded into the electrode assembly to reduce background electrical noise.
An aspect of the invention addresses a problem of signal attenuation in electromagnetic flow meters. When an electrode contacts an electrolytic fluid (e.g. water or an acid or a base), the electrical connection between the fluid and the electrode is not a simple resistance. Rather, the fluid/electrode interface creates a complex impedance (an impedence having a reactive component) that is also a function of several physical properties or factors, such as the electrical conductivity of the fluid with which it is in contact, as well as the size and material of the electrode. With a standard metal electrode, this complex impedance forms a voltage divider with the capacitance of the electrical connection means that connects the electrode to the electronics. Therefore, an attenuated voltage is presented to the amplifier, the attenuation being a function of the capacitance of the connection means relative to the complex impedance of the fluid/electrode interface. The dominance of the voltage divider effect is especially prevalent in small magnetic flow meters, because the electrodes are compact and have a high complex impedance at the fluid/electrode interface.
Another advantage of one of the various embodiments of the invention utilizes an electrode construction that electrically drives an electrode shield circuit (electrodes and cabling), thereby reducing the effective cable impedance relative to the complex impedance of the fluid/electrode interface to provide a more accurate measurement of the electromotive force.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
The invention may be more completely understood in consideration of the following detailed description of various embodiments of the invention in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a cut away view of a prior art magnetic flow meter;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view normal to the flow channel, with schematic of appurtenances, of the invention;
FIG. 3A is a cross-sectional view of the invention, normal to the flow channel;
FIG. 3B is an isometric projection of the invention;
FIG. 3C is a cross-sectional view of the invention, normal to the flow channel;
FIG. 3D is a cross-sectional view of the invention, normal to the flow channel;
FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view of the invention, through the plane of the flow channel;
FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional view of the invention, through the plane of the flow channel;
FIG. 5A is a schematic of a prior art electrode assembly;
FIG. 5B is a schematic of a prior art electrode assembly; and
FIG. 6 is a schematic of an electrode assembly according to the present invention.



While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
The invention is generally directed to an apparatus and a system for measuring the flow velocity of corrosive chemical fluids in a semiconductor fabrication facility. While the invention is not necessarily limited to such an application, the invention will be better appreciated using a discussion of example embodiments in such a specific context.
Magnetic flowmeters are used to measure the volumetric flow rate of electrically conductive liquids. They operate on Faraday's principle of induced voltage, expressed by

emf∝B·L·U

where emf is a electromotive force (volts), B is a magnetic flux density (gauss), L is a spanwise length or thickness through the conductive liquid across which emf is generated (e.g., cm), and U is the local velocity of the conductive liquid being metered (e.g., cm/sec).

Referring to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a prior art magnetic flow meter 1 that includes a housing 2 defining a conduit 3 having a central flow axis 4, a wetted perimeter 5, and containing a fluid flow 6 that flows substantially parallel to flow axis 4. A pair of magnetic poles 7 is situated on the perimeter of housing 2 generating a magnetic field B there between. A pair of electrodes 8 is disposed on either side of housing 2 and penetrate wetted perimeter 5 so as to be in contact with fluid flow 6. Electrodes 8 are connected to a read out device 9 for detection of an electromotive flux emf.
Referring now to FIG. 2, an example embodiment of a magnetic flow meter 10 according to the invention is shown in cross-section. Meter 10 includes a unibody housing 20, which is represented as a hollow cylinder that defines a conduit 30 and a wetted perimeter 37, configured for containing a fluid flow 40. Magnetic poles 50 are mounted on the top and bottom of housing 20. Because housing 20 is constructed of a dielectric material, each magnetic pole 50 is mounted in a bottomed port 52 that is formed within the wall of housing 20. Bottomed ports 52 are so-defined because they do not penetrate wetted perimeter 37, but instead terminate within housing 20, thus defining a bottom portion 57. Bottomed ports 52 are aligned along a first lateral axis 95 that passes through flow axis 35.
The embodiment of FIG. 2 also illustrates a pair of electrodes 70 as being located on the same plane as and about 90-degrees with respect to magnetic poles 50. Each electrode 70 is mounted in a through-port 72 that penetrates housing 20 and wetted perimeter 37, thus creating a fluid communication between each through-port 72 and conduit 30. Electrodes 70 are aligned along a second lateral axis 105 that intersects both flow axis 35 and first lateral axis 95. The 90-degree orientation, though preferred, is not necessary for the magnetic flow meter to be operative. The cross section of FIG. 2 shows the relationship between a magnetic field 60 and an electromotive flux (“EMF”) field 90 that is sensed between electrodes 70.
Electrodes 70 are also connected to a read out device 80 that senses a voltage potential caused by EMF 90. Read out device 80 may be configured to convert the voltage to engineering units (e.g., cm/sec.) before displaying.
Referring to FIG. 3A, another embodiment of the invention is shown in cross-section wherein magnetic flow meter 10 is formed from an insulative, non-contaminating, chemically inert material mass or body 110. As used herein, the term “insulative” refers to a property of the material of mass or body 110 that is both electrically non-conducting and chemically resistant and inert to a corrosive chemical fluid flow 40, thereby “isolating” fluid flow 40. Conduit 30 is formed to flow through insulative mass 110. A pair of electromagnetic coils 130 is housed within mass (or body) 110. In this configuration, magnetic poles 50 are driven by electromagnetic coils 130, which are connected by a magnetic return path 100. FIG. 3A also shows electrodes 70 as being terminated with an electrode connector 120. Electrode connectors 120 are each connected to instrumentation cable 125 that is subsequently routed to a read out device 80 (not shown).
FIG. 3B shows an isometric projection of another embodiment of the invention that is shrouded and protected from the environment. A flow passage 30 is formed through insulative mass (or body) 110 with the various components (magnetic poles 50, electromagnetic coils 130, shielded electrodes 70 and magnetic return path 100) contained within insulative mass 110. By housing the components within insulative mass 110, the components are protected from typical operations in the manufacturing environment, such as dust and dirt, maintenance wash downs and chemical spills. The cost and complexity of manufacturing is also significantly reduced.
Referring to FIG. 3C, another embodiment of the invention is shown that includes an inner portion 140 of a housing 20C. Inner portion 140 is capped off with outer portion 150A and 150B. This arrangement allows the electromagnetic coils 130 to be mounted in housing 20C and then capped off so as to be protected from the environment.
A similar embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 3D. This embodiment shows outer portions 150A and 150B configured in a clamshell arrangement. In this embodiment, the outer portions 150A and 150B combine to circumscribe inner portion 140. Electrode connectors 120 are then connected to electrode 70 to form a hermetic seal that protects the interior components from the environment.
Referring to FIG. 4A, a depiction of a side view of the FIG. 3C embodiment is shown in cross-section. This figure shows flow conduit 30 passing through inner portion 140 along flow axis 35. An end 75 of electrode 70 can also be seen on the wetted perimeter 37 of flow conduit 30. Note that end 75 is in fluid contact with fluid flow 40.
Another related embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 4B, which includes flow conduit 30 is formed into a convergent/divergent flow passage 160. This geometry of conduit 30 acts to constrict fluid flow 40 as the fluid flow passes through magnetic field 60, thereby increasing flow velocity U. Because the electromotive flux generated is proportional to U, convergent/divergent flow passage 160 acts to generate a greater electromotive flux 90, thereby improving the signal-to-noise ratio detected by read out device 80.
Referring now to FIGS. 5A and 5B, a prior art electrode assembly 165 is pictorially and schematically represented. Assembly 165 includes a central conducting member 190 connected to the non-inverting input 253 of an amplifier 250 via an electrical connecting means 215. The inverting input 257 of amplifier 250 is connected to an electrical ground 230. Central conducting member 190 passes through housing 2 and a dielectric liner 193 and is electrically isolated from housing 2 by means of an insulative sleeve 191. Central conductor 190 contacts an electrolytic fluid 195 (e.g. water or an acid or a base) at a fluid/conductor interface 198. A complex impedance 200 having an active component 201 and a reactive component 202 develops between fluid 195 and central conductor 190. Complex impedance 200 forms a voltage divider with the impedance of electrical connection means 215. Therefore, an incorrect or attenuated voltage is presented to amplifier 250. This “voltage divider effect” is a function of a parasitic capacitance 260 of the connection means 215 (represented in FIG. 6 by a capacitor in phantom) and the complex impedance 200. The dominance of the voltage divider effect is especially prevalent in compact magnetic flow meters with metallic probes, because the electrodes are small and therefore complex impedance 200 at interface 198 is high. Also, impedance 200 is a function of several physical properties, including the electrical conductivity of fluid 195, the size of central conductor 190, and the material of central conductor 190. Because the conductivity of fluid is susceptible to change unrelated to the flow rate, the attenuation can be dynamic.
An embodiment of an electrode assembly 167 according to the invention is shown in FIG. 6. Assembly 165 includes an electrically shielded electrode 170. Electrode 170 has a longitudinal axis 180 along which central conducting member 190 is located. Central conductor 190 is in a concentric arrangement with an annular conducting member 225. Both the central conducting member and the annular conducting member are connected to a signal amplifier 220 via electrical connecting means 215 (215A, 215B). Annular conducting member 225 and central conducting member 190 are electrically isolated from each other by way of a first insulative member 210. A shield member 240 surrounds and is concentric with annular conducting member 225. Shield member 240 is connected to electrical ground 230. The schematic of a signal amplifier 220 shows amplifier 250 with non-inverting input 257 connected to central conductor 190 and inverting input 253 connected to annular conducting member 225. A jumper connection 270 connects the inverting input 253 to the op amp output 280. The FIG. 6 embodiment operates to drive inherent capacitance 260 to a low impedance, thereby reducing the dynamic error caused by the interaction between the complex impedance 200.
Conducting members 190 and 225 may be fabricated from a conductive plastic, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,316,035 and 5,449,017, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Herein, the term “plastic” refers generally to polymers, fluoropolymers or other dielectric materials particularly suited to resist the deteriorating effects of a corrosive atmosphere environment both within and outside the magnetic flow meter. Examples of a “plastic” include, but are not limited to, polyvinylidine fluoride (PVDF), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or other materials known to persons of skill in the art to be of suitable chemical resistance. Wherein this application reference is made to a “conductive plastic,” the plastic is filled with particles or fibers of a conductive material that are added integrally and distributed throughout the plastic. The conductive material thus impregnated may include, but is not limited to, carbon or iron or both. Such plastics may be used in the central and annular conductive plastic sensing elements 190 and 225, and shield member 240.
While the particular magnetic flow meter embodiments presented and discussed in detail above are fully capable of obtaining the objects and providing the advantages stated, it is to be understood that they are merely illustrative of the present invention. Various other modifications and changes with which the invention can be practiced and which are within the scope of the description provided herein will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art.

## Claims

1. A magnetic flow meter comprising:
a housing formed from an insulative, non-contaminating, chemically inert material, the housing defining a conduit for fluid flow therethrough;
a pair of magnetic poles disposed proximate the conduit;
a pair of electrodes disposed on either side of the conduit, each of the electrodes including a sensing surface comprising a conductive polymer material, wherein the electrode is disposed so that the sensing surface faces into the conduit.

2. The magnetic flow meter of claim 1, wherein each of the electrodes comprises a central conductive member, an annular conductive member concentrically disposed around the central conductive member, and a shield member concentrically disposed around the central conductive member and the annular conductive member.

3. The magnetic flow meter of claim 2, wherein the central conductive member and the annular conductive member are separated by a first interstitial insulative member.

4. The magnetic flow meter of claim 3, wherein each electrode further comprises a signal amplifier communicatively coupled to the central conductive member and the annular conductive member.

5. The magnetic flow meter of claim 4, wherein the signal amplifier comprises an amplifier having an inverting input, a non-inverting input, and an output, and wherein the central conductive sensing member and the annular conductive member are connected to the inverting input and the non-inverting input of the signal amplifier, respectively.

6. The magnetic flow meter of claim 1, wherein the conductive polymer material is selected from the group consisting of polyetheretherketone and a fluoropolymer material.

7. The magnetic flow meter of claim 1, wherein the conductive polymer material comprises a fluoropolymer impregnated with carbon particulates or carbon fibers.

8. The magnetic flow meter of claim 1, wherein the magnetic poles comprise electromagnets that are connected by a magnetic return path, and wherein the housing is adapted to enclose the magnetic return path.

9. The magnetic flow meter of claim 1, wherein the insulative, non-contaminating, chemically inert material is selected from the group consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidine fluoride (PVDF), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), and other fluorocarbon polymers.

10. A magnetic flow meter comprising:
an insulative, non-contaminating, chemically inert body portion defining a flow passage therethrough for conveying a fluid;
means for generating a magnetic field in the flow passage; and
means for detecting an electromotive flux in the flow passage, the means for detecting an electromotive flux comprising a fluid contact portion facing into the flow passage, the fluid contact portion comprising a conductive polymer material.

11. The magnetic flow meter of claim 10, wherein the means for detecting an electromotive flux in the flow passage comprises a pair of electrodes disposed on either side of the flow passage.

12. The magnetic flow meter of claim 11, wherein each of the electrodes comprises a central conductive member, an annular conductive member concentrically disposed around the central conductive member, and a shield member concentrically disposed around the central conductive member and the annular conductive member.

13. The magnetic flow meter of claim 10, wherein the conductive polymer material is selected from the group consisting of polyetheretherketone and a fluoropolymer material.

14. The magnetic flow meter of claim 10, wherein the conductive polymer material comprises a fluoropolymer impregnated with carbon particulates or carbon fibers.

15. The magnetic flow meter of claim 10, wherein the means for generating a magnetic field in the flow passage comprises a pair of magnetic poles disposed proximate the flow passage.

16. A magnetic flow meter comprising:
a housing defining a flow passage for conveying a fluid, the flow passage having an inwardly facing wall surface comprising an insulative, non-contaminating, chemically inert material;
a pair of magnetic poles disposed proximate the flow passage for generating a magnetic field in the flow passage;
a pair of electrodes disposed on either side of the flow passage, each of the electrodes including a sensing surface comprising a conductive polymer material, wherein the electrode is disposed so that the sensing surface faces into the flow passage.

17. The magnetic flow meter of claim 16, wherein each of the electrodes comprises a central conductive member, an annular conductive member concentrically disposed around the central conductive member, and a shield member concentrically disposed around the central conductive member and the annular conductive member.

18. The magnetic flow meter of claim 17, wherein the central conductive member and the annular conductive member are separated by a first interstitial insulative member.

19. The magnetic flow meter of claim 16, wherein the conductive polymer material is selected from the group consisting of polyetheretherketone and a fluoropolymer material.

20. The magnetic flow meter of claim 16, wherein the conductive polymer material comprises a fluoropolymer impregnated with carbon particulates or carbon fibers.