DA 13-0555

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2014 MT 261N

STATE OF MONTANA,

 Plaintiff and Appellee,

 v.

MICHAEL HOWARD MOULLET,

 Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Thirteenth Judicial District,

In and For the County of Yellowstone, Cause No. DC 12-173

Honorable Gregory R. Todd, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Ashley Harada, Harada Law Firm, PLLC, Billings, Montana

For Appellee:

Timothy C. Fox, Montana Attorney General, Mardell Ployhar, Assistant 

Attorney General, Helena, Montana 

Scott D. Twito, Yellowstone County Attorney, Billings, Montana 

Submitted on Briefs: August 27, 2014

 Decided: September 23, 2014

Filed:

___________________________________

Clerk

September 23 2014
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Justice Patricia Cotter delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(d), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating 

Rules, this case is decided by memorandum opinion and shall not be cited and does not serve 

as precedent. Its case title, cause number, and disposition shall be included in this Court’s 

quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana Reports.

¶2 On March 22, 2012, the State filed an information charging Michael Moullet with 

burglary in violation of § 45-6-204(1)(a), MCA. Specifically, the charging document alleged 

that on December 12, 2011, at approximately 5:00 a.m., Moullet utilized a pry bar to 

unlawfully break through the front door of his grandchildren’s residence on the 400 block of 

Grand Avenue in Billings, Montana, with the purpose of committing the offense of 

kidnapping. On January 15, 2013, the State filed an Amended Information along with an 

Amended Affidavit and Motion for Leave to File Amended Information charging Moullet 

with two alternative counts of burglary. Count I charged Moullet with burglary based upon 

his alleged unlawful entry into his grandchildren’s residence with the purpose to commit the 

offense of unlawful restraint. In the alternative, Count II charged Moullet with burglary 

based upon his alleged unlawful entry into his grandchildren’s residence with the purpose to 

commit the offense of custodial interference.1 

¶3 The Amended Affidavit alleged that the victims, M.H. and her husband N.H., 

contacted 911 at approximately 5:00 a.m. on December 12, 2011. While sleeping in their 

basement bedroom with M.H.’s two minor children, M.H. and N.H. were awakened by a 

 

1 Custodial interference is committed “if, knowing that the person has no legal right to do so, 

the person takes, entices, or withholds from lawful custody any child . . . entrusted by authority of 

law to the custody of another person or institution.” Section 45-5-304(1), MCA.
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loud noise followed by footsteps in the upstairs of their residence. N.H. ran upstairs and 

discovered that the front door had been pried open. N.H. also found a pry bar sitting on a 

bookshelf near the front door. The front door frame and lock had considerable damage. 

N.H. then noticed that Moullet was pacing around his vehicle outside the residence after the 

alleged break-in. Before chasing him into his van, N.H. heard Moullet say “I spoke to God 

and God sent me to come get the boys.” He then saw Moullet flee the residence in a blue 

van. Although M.H.’s children had slept in the basement that evening, M.H. went upstairs to 

check on her children’s bedrooms. M.H. noticed that the children’s bedroom doors had been 

opened and that the lights had been turned on. According to M.H., Moullet was the paternal 

grandfather of her two minor children living in the residence. Moullet left the residence 

without taking the children. He was later apprehended by law enforcement. 

¶4 On January 22, 2013, Moullet moved to dismiss Count II arguing that, under 

§ 45-5-304(3), MCA, custodial interference is not committed if a defendant, as an alleged 

first offender, “voluntarily returns the child . . . to lawful custody before arraignment” or if a 

defendant has left the state, he “voluntarily returns the child . . . before arrest.” 

Section 45-5-304(3), MCA. Moullet asserted that the State’s charging document failed to 

specify that Moullet intended to not only take his grandchildren, but also that Moullet would 

not have returned them prior to arraignment or prior to his arrest if he left the state of 

Montana. The District Court denied Moullet’s motion. On January 24, 2013, following a 

trial, the jury found Moullet not guilty on Count I and guilty on Count II. The District Court 

sentenced Moullet to ten (10) years of incarceration at the Montana State Prison. 
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¶5 Moullet now appeals his conviction contending that the District Court erred in 

denying his Motion to Dismiss Count II because the State failed to allege facts as to whether 

this was Moullet’s first alleged offense of custodial interference; whether Moullet intended 

not to voluntarily return his grandchildren prior to his arraignment or prior to his arrest if he 

had left the state; and the length of time Moullet intended to keep his grandchildren. The 

State argues that the District Court did not abuse its discretion in denying Moullet’s Motion 

to Dismiss Count II. The State contends that the charging documents sufficiently established 

probable cause that Moullet committed burglary and that the charging document need not 

state the absence of a defense. Additionally, the State argues that the defense set forth in 

§ 45-5-304(3), MCA, applies when a person is charged with custodial interference, not 

burglary. 

¶6 We review a district court’s determination that a motion to file an information is 

supported by probable cause for abuse of discretion. State v. Harlson, 2006 MT 312, ¶ 21, 

335 Mont. 25, 150 P.3d 349. If the district court’s determination is based on an 

interpretation of law, the Court reviews the district court’s legal conclusion de novo. State v. 

Kern, 2003 MT 77, ¶ 19, 315 Mont. 22, 67 P.3d 272. 

¶7 Count II of the Amended Information alleged that Moullet committed burglary, a 

charge that arises when a person knowingly enters or remains unlawfully in an occupied 

structure with the purpose to commit an offense therein. Section 45-6-204(1)(a), MCA. 

Specifically, it states that Moullet “unlawfully entered his grandchildren’s residence . . . and 

had the purpose of committing the offense of custodial interference in the occupied 

structure.” 
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¶8 In reading the charging documents together, the Amended Information and 

Amended Affidavit establish more than a mere probability that Moullet committed the 

offense of burglary with the intent to commit custodial interference, and the facts are 

sufficient to establish probable cause. The State, when filing an amended information 

pursuant to § 46-11-201, MCA, is under no obligation to allege facts identifying possible 

defenses specified in § 45-5-304(3), MCA, a statute under which Moullet was not charged. 

¶9 Moullet was charged with burglary, not custodial interference; thus, the defense set 

forth in § 45-5-304(3), MCA, is inapplicable. See State v. Price, 2002 MT 229, ¶ 42, 311 

Mont. 439, 57 P.3d 42 (“Subsection (3) provides an escape clause to the charges under (1) of 

§ 45-5-304, MCA, that is available for all defendants to raise and argue at trial”); see also 

State v. Lance, 201 Mont. 30, 33, 651 P.2d 1003, 1004 (1982). “The essential elements of 

burglary have always been the wrongful presence of the burglar with an intent to commit 

another offense.” State v. Wells, 202 Mont. 337, 352, 658 P.2d 381, 389 (1983) (emphasis 

added). Moreover, “[i]t is not necessary to demonstrate that the related offense was in fact 

committed where the intent to commit it is shown,” as “the burglary occurs at the time of 

unlawful entrance upon the premises.” Wells, 202 Mont. at 352-53, 658 P.2d at 389. 

¶10 We have determined to decide this case pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(d) of our 

Internal Operating Rules, which provides for noncitable memorandum opinions. Since the 

charging documents establish more than a mere probability that Moullet committed the 

burglary of which he was convicted, the District Court did not abuse its discretion in denying 

Moullet’s Motion to Dismiss Count II. We affirm. 
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/S/ PATRICIA COTTER

We Concur:

/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA

/S/ LAURIE McKINNON

/S/ BETH BAKER

/S/ JIM RICE