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 (S E R V E D)

 ( FEBRUARY 1, 2016 ) 

(FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION)

 

FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION

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INTERNATIONAL OCEAN TRANSPORTATION

SUPPLY CHAIN ENGAGEMENT

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ORDER

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Pursuant to the Shipping Act of 1984, 46 U.S.C. 40101 et seq. (Shipping Act), the 

Federal Maritime Commission (FMC or Commission) regulates the U.S. international ocean 

transportation system that supports the transportation of goods by water. The purposes of 

the Shipping Act include the requirements to “provide an efficient and economic 

transportation system in the ocean commerce of the United States that is, insofar as 

possible, in harmony with, and responsive to, international shipping practices,” and also “to 

promote the growth and development of United States exports through competitive and 

efficient ocean transportation and by placing a greater reliance on the marketplace.”

In carrying out its broad responsibilities under the Shipping Act with respect to ocean 

common carriers, U.S. ports, marine terminal operators, ocean transportation intermediaries 

and the American exporters and importers they serve, the Commission has developed an 

understanding of and an expertise in evaluating the U.S. international supply chain. As the 

premier competition agency with oversight responsibilities for the United States foreign 

ocean transportation system, the Commission has extensive experience with global 

maritime and marine terminal innovation and efficiency issues. 
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Maintaining the effectiveness and reliability of America’s global supply chain is 

critically important to the Nation’s continued economic vitality. Approximately $980 billion of 

containerized ocean commerce moves through U.S. ports annually. Unfortunately, 

congestion and related bottlenecks at ports and other points in the Nation’s supply chain 

have become a serious risk to the growth of the U.S. economy, job growth, and to our 

Nation’s competitive position in the world. Past congestion at major U.S. ports has 

highlighted the impact of congestion on the U.S. economy. As a result, the U.S. economy 

suffered billions of dollars in losses to the supply chain. 

In addition, congestion problems contributed to hundreds of millions of dollars in 

losses for U.S. agricultural exporters including poultry and meat farmers. Perishable fruit 

and vegetable exporters suffered when their cargo was not loaded onto ships and sent 

overseas within specific time frames.

Although the congestion crisis has receded, unresolved supply chain problems that 

could produce new challenges remain.

In response to those events, and the desire of affected parties to find ways to prevent 

or mitigate similar future occurrences, the Commission hosted four regional port forums

during the fall of 2014, in San Pedro, CA (West Coast Port Forum), Baltimore, MD (MidAtlantic and Northeast Port Forum), Charleston, SC (South Atlantic Port Forum) and New 

Orleans, LA (Gulf Coast Port Forum). The forums brought together port officials, ocean 

carriers, trucking and warehousing service providers, beneficial cargo owners, marine 

terminal operators, stevedoring companies, ocean transportation intermediaries, and port 

labor to discuss and offer ideas to address port congestion. The comments and suggestions 

offered at those forums were summarized and developed in an FMC report entitled “U.S.
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Port Congestion & Related International Supply Chain Issues: Causes, Consequences and 

Challenges” that was released in July 2015.

The report identified six major themes from the port forums: investment and planning;

chassis availability and related issues; port drayage and truck turn times; extended gate 

hours, PierPASS, and congestion pricing; vessel and terminal operations; and supply chain 

planning, collaboration, and communication. Some of these topics involve longer-term 

issues such as investment and planning. Others focus on short and medium-term concerns. 

All of them, however, are at the heart of current efforts by various groups to develop the 

flexible, resilient and reliable systems necessary for ensuring well-functioning international 

supply chains.

The Commission has also advanced port and marine terminal efforts to improve 

supply chain efficiency by expediting the implementation of port and terminal amendments

aimed at enhancing the efficient flow of cargo. For example, several port and marine terminal 

operator agreements on file with the Commission that cover the Pacific Coast ports, commit 

the parties to exploring measures for achieving improvements with regard to congestion, 

efficiency, fluidity, and other operational conditions.*

Given the economic importance of reliable port and terminal operations to the 

effectiveness of the United States international supply chain, and the Commission’s 

mandate to ensure an efficient and economic transportation system for its ocean commerce, 

the Commission has a clear and compelling responsibility to actively assist efforts to improve 

the effectiveness of the global supply chain.

 * The Los Angeles and Long Beach Port Infrastructure and Environmental Programs Cooperative Working Agreement 

(FMC No. 201219), West Coast MTO Agreement (FMC No. 201143), Pacific Ports Operational Improvements Agreement 

(FMC No. 201227), Ocean Carrier Equipment Management Association (FMC No. 202-011284), and Los Angeles/Long 

Beach Port Terminal Operator Administrative and Implementation Agreement (FMC No. 201178).
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THEREFORE IT IS ORDERED, That, pursuant to 46 U.S.C. §§ 41302, 40302, 41101 

to 41109, 41301 to 41309, and 40104, and 46 C.F.R. § 502.281 et seq., Commissioner 

Rebecca F. Dye engage supply chain stakeholders in public or non-public discussions to 

identify commercial solutions to certain unresolved supply chain issues that interfere with 

the smooth operation of the U.S. international supply chain, focusing on the San Pedro Bay 

ports at Los Angeles and Long Beach.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, That, the Commissioner form a supply chain innovation 

team, composed of leaders from all commercial sectors of the U.S. international supply 

chain, to develop commercial solutions to port congestion and related supply chain 

challenges.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, That, the Commissioner provide a preliminary report 

and periodic updates to the Commission on the results of efforts undertaken by this Order.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, That, the Commissioner have full authority under 46 

C.F.R. §§ 502.281 to 502.291, to perform such duties as may be necessary in accordance 

with U.S. law and Commission regulations. The Commissioner will be assisted by staff 

members as may be assigned by the Chairman.

IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, That, this Proceeding be discontinued upon the 

acceptance of a final report and possible recommendations by the Commissioner, unless 

otherwise ordered by the Commission; and

IT IS FINALLY ORDERED, That, notice of this Order be published in the Federal 

Register.

By The Commission.

Karen V. Gregory

Secretary