J-A11007-14 

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37 

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA 

 Appellee 

v. 

DAVID L. PATTON 

 Appellant No. 1973 WDA 2012 

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence of November 6, 2012 

In the Court of Common Pleas of Clarion County 

Criminal Division at No(s): 543 CR 2010 

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA 

 Appellee 

v. 

DAVID L. PATTON, 

 Appellant No. 1974 WDA 2012 

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence of November 6, 2012 

In the Court of Common Pleas of Clarion County 

Criminal Division at No(s): 543 CR 2010, 148 CR 2011 

BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E. and OLSON, J. 

MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.: FILED SEPTEMBER 19, 2014 

Appellant, David L. Patton, appeals from the judgment of sentence 

entered on November 6, 2012. We affirm. 

In 2010, Appellant was arrested and charged with over 100 counts of 

theft. The Commonwealth premised all of the theft counts upon the 

allegation that Appellant had abused a general durable power of attorney, 
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which named him the agent for his 86-year-old aunt, Betty Wetzel. 

Specifically, the Commonwealth alleged, Appellant had abused the power of 

attorney by stealing over $200,000.00 from Ms. Wetzel’s accounts and using 

the money for Appellant’s own benefit.1

The general durable power of attorney at issue here was executed on 

January 11, 2007, in Venango County, Pennsylvania, and provided, in 

relevant part: 

NOTICE 

The purpose of this power of attorney is to give the person 

you designate (your “agent”) broad powers to handle your 

property, which may include powers to sell or otherwise 

dispose of any real or personal property without advance 

notice to you or approval by you. 

This power of attorney does not impose a duty on your 

agent to exercise granted powers, but when powers are 

exercised, your agent must use due care to act for your 

benefit and in accordance with this power of attorney. 

Your agent may exercise the powers given here throughout 

your lifetime, even after you become incapacitated, unless 

____________________________________________ 

1

 We note that on February 11, 2011, the Commonwealth filed a second 

information against Appellant, wherein the Commonwealth charged 

Appellant with additional theft counts. However, as was true with the earlier 

information, the theft counts in the second information were based upon the 

allegation that Appellant had abused the power of attorney over Ms. Wetzel. 

Therefore, the trial court consolidated the two cases by order entered May 2, 

2011. Trial Court Order, 5/2/11, at 1. For ease of discussion, we will omit 

any reference to either the pre-trial proceedings or the pre-trial motions at 

the second case number. 
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you expressly limit the duration of these powers or you

revoke these powers or a court acting on your behalf 

terminates your agent’s authority. 

Your agent must keep your funds separate from your 

agent’s funds. 

A court can take away the powers of your agent if it finds 

your agent is not acting properly. 

The powers and duties of an agent under a power of 

attorney are explained more fully in 20 Pa.C.S. Ch. 56. 

If there is anything about this form that you do not 

understand, you should ask a lawyer of your own choosing

to explain it to you. 

I have read or had explained to me this notice and I 

understand its contents. 

(signature)________________ 

Betty M. Wetzel, Principal 

REVOCATION AND APPOINTMENT OF 

POWER OF ATTORNEY 

KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that I, Betty M. 

Wetzel . . . do hereby . . . make, constitute and appoint 

[Appellant] . . . my true and lawful agent, for me and in my 

name and on my behalf. 

To draw checks against my account in any bank, trust 

company or savings and loan association in which I have 

any monies deposited, for all or any part of the money now 

or hereafter deposited in said bank, trust company or 

savings and loan association, or which may stand to my 

credit on the books thereof; to endorse notes, checks, 

drafts, and bills of exchange, including, but not limited to, 

checks of the United States Government, the Department of 

Health and Welfare of the United States, and any check 

payable to me issued by the Commonwealth of 

Pennsylvania, which may require my endorsement for the 
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deposit as cash, or for collection in any bank in which I may 

have money deposited; 

. . . 

To pay, compromise and settle all debts which I may owe or 

which I may hereafter contract; 

To make such contracts as may be necessary for my 

maintenance and support, and to employ such persons as 

nurses, housekeepers or for such other purposes as may be 

necessary to care for me and to provide for my needs, 

medical care and welfare, and to do all other things 

necessary or required to look after and care for me, and to 

pay out of my funds and estate all debts, accounts and 

expenses which may be contracted in providing for my 

needs, comfort, health and welfare; 

. . . 

To execute and otherwise deliver any beneficiary statement 

or change of beneficiary form associated with any policy of 

insurance pension plan or employee benefit or savings plan 

of any type; 

. . . 

To transact all business and to do, execute and perform all 

things in my behalf as fully, largely and amply to all intents 

and purposes as I myself might or could do if personally 

present. . . . 

. . . 

To the extent that the following powers may not explicitly 

be set forth hereinabove, I further hereby grant to my said 

agent the following powers: 

(1) To make limited or unlimited gifts. 

. . . 

(14) To engage in banking and financial transactions. 
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. . . 

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and 

seal this 11th day of January, 2007. 

 (signature)____________ 

Betty M. Wetzel 

. . . 

I, [Appellant], have read the attached power of attorney 

and am the person identified as the agent for the principal. 

I hereby acknowledge that in the absence of a specific 

provision to the contrary in the power of attorney or in 20 

Pa.C.S. when I act as agent: 

I shall exercise the powers for the benefit of the 

principal. 

I shall keep the assets of the principal separate from my 

assets. 

I shall exercise reasonable caution and prudence. 

I shall keep a full and accurate record of all actions, 

receipts and disbursements on behalf of the principal. 

 (signature) 

David L. Patton, Agent 

Power of Attorney, 1/11/07, at 1-4 (some internal capitalization omitted). 

During the preliminary hearing, the Commonwealth presented the 

testimony of Ms. Wetzel. Ms. Wetzel testified that she did not authorize 

Appellant to transfer any money from her accounts into Appellant’s own, 

personal accounts and that she did not authorize Appellant to take her 

money and spend it for Appellant’s own, personal benefit. N.T. Preliminary 
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Hearing, 10/28/10, at 38-41.2 Moreover, Ms. Wetzel testified that, because 

of Appellant’s actions, she now has “no money at all” and that she received 

no benefit from Appellant’s transactions. Id. at 38-43. 

At the conclusion of the preliminary hearing, the magisterial district 

judge bound Appellant over for court on all charges. Id. at 63. 

On January 14, 2011, Appellant filed an omnibus pre-trial motion and 

claimed that the trial court must quash the information because: 1) the 

power of attorney authorized Appellant to make “unlimited gifts” of Ms. 

Wetzel’s assets – and, therefore, the power of attorney allowed Appellant to 

empty Ms. Wetzel’s bank accounts and “gift” the money to Appellant 

individually; and, 2) Pennsylvania has no law that criminally punishes the 

abuse of a power of attorney. Appellant’s Omnibus Pre-Trial Motion, 

1/14/11, at 1-6. 

On May 2, 2011, the trial court held a hearing on Appellant’s pre-trial 

motion, during which time Appellant presented the testimony of attorney 

David P. Brandt (hereinafter “Attorney Brandt”) as both a lay and an expert 

witness in the case. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Huggins, 68 A.3d 962, 

967 (Pa. Super. 2013) (“the [Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence] do not 

____________________________________________ 

2

 The transcript of the preliminary hearing states that the hearing took place 

on October 28, 2009. However, it is clear that the preliminary hearing 

occurred on October 28, 2010. See, e.g., Subpoena to Betty Wetzel, 

10/21/10, at 1 (declaring that Ms. Wetzel was ordered to appear for the 

October 28, 2010 preliminary hearing). 
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preclude a single witness from testifying, or offering opinions, in the capacity 

as both a lay and an expert witness”). As Attorney Brandt testified, he 

drafted the relevant power of attorney in this case and he also “practice[s] 

extensively in [the field of] durable powers of attorney.” N.T. Pre-Trial 

Motion, 5/2/11, at 19-20. The Commonwealth did not object to Attorney 

Brandt’s lay testimony and the trial court accepted Attorney Brandt as an 

expert in “the [field] of powers of attorney.” Id. at 20-21. 

Attorney Brandt testified that, when he drafts a power of attorney, he 

always includes the provision granting the agent the power “to make limited 

or unlimited gifts.” Id. at 27. Further, on direct examination, Attorney 

Brandt testified that the phrase “to make limited or unlimited gifts” is 

“completely unconditional” – the phrase “enables an agent to do anything 

that the principal can do” and it does not “limit to whom a gift can be made.” 

Id. at 26. Attorney Brandt also testified that, when he drafted the power of 

attorney in this specific case, he “explained to Ms. Wetzel this power of 

attorney would enable [Appellant] to do anything that she could do.” Id.

However, on cross-examination, Attorney Brandt retreated from his 

testimony that the gift-giving authority in the power of attorney was 

“completely unconditional.” Indeed, on cross-examination, Attorney Brandt 

testified that the power of gift-giving – like every authority in the power of 

attorney – is subject to the condition that the agent “exercise the power[] 

for the benefit of the principal.” Id. at 30-31. 

The trial court denied Appellant’s pre-trial motion on July 7, 2011. 
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On February 24, 2011, the Commonwealth filed a motion to preserve 

Ms. Wetzel’s testimony and, on June 27, 2011, the parties deposed Ms. 

Wetzel. During this deposition, Ms. Wetzel testified consistently with her 

preliminary hearing testimony. See N.T. Betty Wetzel Deposition, 6/27/11, 

at 28-29, 31-36, and 37-38. 

The case proceeded to a non-jury trial on August 27, 2012, where the 

case was tried by stipulated evidence. With respect to the Commonwealth’s 

case, the Commonwealth introduced (and Appellant stipulated to) the 

following evidence: 1) the Commonwealth’s proposed expert witness, Linda 

S. Mill, is “qualified as an expert in the field of accounting and fraud 

examination;” 2) Ms. Mill’s expert report is admitted in its entirety; 3) if 

called to testify, Ms. Mill would testify consistently with her expert report, 

wherein Ms. Mills concluded that Appellant removed “$282,905.55 in funds 

[] from Ms. Wetzel’s accounts . . . without any authorization by or apparent 

benefit to Ms. Wetzel,” that Appellant misappropriated all of those funds, 

that Appellant deposited only $5,761.35 in Ms. Wetzel’s accounts, that 

Appellant caused Ms. Wetzel a net loss of $277,144.20, and that Appellant 

used the $277,144.20 for Appellant’s own benefit; 4) Ms. Wetzel’s June 24, 

2011 deposition testimony “is true and accurate and if [she] were to testify 

at trial her testimony would be consistent with that contained in [the] 

transcript;” 5) the “financial records submitted by the Commonwealth are 

true and accurate copies of [f]inancial documents from accounts belonging 

to Betty Wetzel and/or [Appellant];” and, 6) the transcripts from the 
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preliminary hearings that occurred in the case are admitted and “all 

individuals testifying at those hearings would testify consistently if called at 

[t]rial.” N.T. Trial, 8/27/12, at 17-18; Expert Report of Linda S. Mill, 4/4/12, 

at 1-7. The Commonwealth then rested its case. 

Appellant presented his case by introducing the following stipulated 

evidence. First, the parties stipulated that, were Appellant to testify at trial, 

Appellant would testify to the following: 1) he is Ms. Wetzel’s nephew; 2) 

Ms. Wetzel “had no living husband nor did she have any children during her 

lifetime and [she] was a widow at the time of execution of her [p]ower of 

[a]ttorney on January 11, 2007;” 3) Appellant believed that he did not 

“unlawfully [take] or exercise[] unlawful control over any property of Betty 

Wetzel with the intent to deprive her of said property;” 4) Appellant believed 

he “made all appropriate payments and/or dispositions of any property of 

Betty Wetzel that came into his possession and control and said payments 

and dispositions were all made pursuant to the power granted to him by 

Betty Wetzel” in the power of attorney; 5) Appellant believed that he, “at no 

time, intentionally, knowingly, recklessly[,] or negligently violated the 

provisions of [the power of attorney] and at no time felt as though he was in 

violation of any criminal statute;” 6) Appellant believed that did not “attempt 

to engage in conduct that was [] outside the scope of his authority;” and, 7) 

Appellant believed that he did not “intend to violate any provisions of the 

Pennsylvania Crimes Code relative to his conduct as the agent of Betty 
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Wetzel.”3 N.T. Trial, 8/27/12, at 22; Appellant’s Proposed Stipulations, 

6/28/12, at 1-6. 

During Appellant’s case, the parties also stipulated to the May 2, 2011 

testimony of Attorney Brandt and certain numbered statements from Ms. 

Mill. N.T. Trial, 8/27/12, at 24-27. Appellant then rested his case. 

By order entered September 18, 2012, the trial court found Appellant 

guilty of 95 counts of theft by unlawful taking4

 and 95 counts of theft by 

____________________________________________ 

3

 Throughout Appellant’s brief to this Court, Appellant claims that the 

Commonwealth stipulated that the substance of Appellant’s declarations was 

true. See Appellant’s Brief at 27-28, 34-35, and 50-51. Appellant’s claim 

constitutes a misreading of the record evidence. Certainly, the 

Commonwealth stipulated to only the fact that, if Appellant were to testify at 

trial, Appellant would testify to the above-summarized declarations – but 

that the above declarations were not necessarily true. Counsel for the 

Commonwealth declared: 

I think the document is clear, but I want to make clear for 

the record all those proposed stipulations are what 

[Appellant] would testify to were he to testify. . . . [T]he 

Commonwealth is not agreeing they’re necessarily true, but 

that [Appellant] would [so] testify. 

N.T. Trial, 8/27/12, at 23-24. 

Therefore, any claim based upon the faulty assertion that the 

Commonwealth stipulated to the substance of Appellant’s proposed 

testimony necessarily fails; the Commonwealth stipulated to only the fact 

that Appellant “would testify to” the listed declarations. 

4

 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3921(a) defines theft by unlawful taking or disposition as 

follows: 

(Footnote Continued Next Page) 
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failure to make required disposition of funds received.

5

 Trial Court Order, 

9/18/12, at 1. On October 24, 2012, the trial court sentenced Appellant to 

an aggregate term of 30 to 60 months in prison for the above convictions. 

The trial court then issued an amended sentencing order on November 6, 

2012, but the amended order did not alter the trial court’s original 

sentencing scheme. Trial Court Order, 11/6/12, at 1. 

Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal and the trial court ordered 

Appellant to file and serve a concise statement of errors complained of on 

appeal, pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 1925(b). 

(Footnote Continued) _______________________ 

A person is guilty of theft if he unlawfully takes, or exercises 

unlawful control over, movable property of another with 

intent to deprive him thereof. 

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3921(a). 

5

 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3927(a) defines theft by failure to make required disposition 

of funds received as follows: 

A person who obtains property upon agreement, or subject 

to a known legal obligation, to make specified payments or 

other disposition, whether from such property or its 

proceeds or from his own property to be reserved in 

equivalent amount, is guilty of theft if he intentionally deals 

with the property obtained as his own and fails to make the 

required payment or disposition. The foregoing applies 

notwithstanding that it may be impossible to identify

particular property as belonging to the victim at the time of 

the failure of the actor to make the required payment or 

disposition. 

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3927(a). 
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Appellant complied and listed the following claims in his Rule 1925(b) 

statement: 

[1.] Omnibus [p]retrial [m]otions for [r]elief were filed in 

[the case]. The [trial c]ourt denied the relief sought and 

therefore [] Appellant challenges those denials and 

challenges as well all issues that were raised in the 

[o]mnibus [m]otions and were denied as well as all 

subsidiary issues contained therein. . . . 

[2.] At the suggestion, request[,] and insistence of the

[d]istrict [a]ttorney, [the case was] tried by [the trial court] 

without a jury and further, at the request and insistence of 

the [d]istrict [a]ttorney’s [o]ffice, the matter was submitted 

to the [trial court] for a bench trial on stipulated facts 

submitted to the [trial court] by the Commonwealth and 

[Appellant] and approved by the opposing party. Such 

stipulations were introduced at the trial of this matter and 

were to be the basis for the [trial court’s] findings and 

ultimate verdict. It is submitted that [the trial court] failed 

to consider the stipulation of facts as submitted, especially 

those of [Appellant] which clearly indicate a full 

uncontroverted defense and which stipulated set of facts 

clearly show the [trial court’s] verdict in this matter was in 

error. The submitted stipulation of facts by [] Appellant in 

this matter was approved by the Commonwealth and at no 

time challenged any said stipulated facts and as such, 

admitted to their truthfulness. [The trial court] erred in not 

considering those stipulations and the significance of the 

same. 

[3.] [The trial court] erred in failing to rule that the [p]ower 

of [a]ttorney executed by Betty Wetzel in this matter 

authorized her [a]gent, [Appellant], to make limited as well 

as unlimited gifts under the “[s]pecial [r]ules” pursuant to 

Title 20 of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes. The 

[trial court] erred also in failing to rule that if there was a 

violation by the agent in the [p]ower of [a]ttorney, then the 

appropriate remedy would be removal from that position 

rather than criminal sanctions which are not provided for by 

statute in this Commonwealth. No such criminal action can

be maintained and the singular remedy provided is for
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removal of the [a]gent by the [p]rincipal or someone acting 

on behalf of the [p]rincipal. The [p]ower of [a]ttorney as 

prepared and executed by Betty Wetzel is by reference

hereto made a part hereof. In addition, [the trial court] 

erred in failing to hold that [Appellant] was acting within the 

scope of and pursuant to the authority granted him 

pursuant to the aforesaid [p]ower of [a]ttorney. 

[4.] [The trial court] erred by relying on unreported and 

unprecedented decisions on which the [trial court] based its 

verdict in this matter. 

[5.] The evidence presented in the non-jury trial of this 

matter was insufficient to support the verdict of [the trial 

court]. In viewing all of the evidence admitted at the trial 

of this matter, especially that submitted by stipulation and 

viewing that evidence in the light most favorable to the 

Commonwealth which is and was insufficient evidence to

enable you, [the trial court], as [f]act [f]inder, to find each 

and every element of the crimes charged beyond a 

reasonable doubt. 

Appellant’s Rule 1925(b) Statement, 12/10/12, at 2-5. 

Appellant now raises the following claims to this Court: 

1. Whether, viewing all of the evidence admitted at the trial 

of this matter, especially that submitted by stipulation, and 

viewing that evidence in the light most favorable to the 

Commonwealth, there was sufficient evidence to find each

and every element of the crimes charged beyond a 

reasonable doubt? 

2. Whether the trial court erred and violated Appellant’s due 

process right to fair notice in failing to rule that the [p]ower 

of [a]ttorney executed by Betty Wetzel in this matter 

authorized her [a]gent, [] Appellant, to make both limited 

and unlimited gifts under the “[s]pecial [r]ules” pursuant to 

Title 20 of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes? 

3. Whether the trial court erred in failing to rule that if there 

was a violation by the [a]gent in the [p]ower of [a]ttorney, 

then the appropriate remedy would be removal from that 
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position rather than criminal sanctions which are not 

provided for by statute in this Commonwealth? 

4. Whether the trial court erred in denying Appellant’s 

omnibus pretrial motions for pretrial relief where the 

Commonwealth failed to establish a prima facie case that 

[Appellant] committed theft by making gifts under an

unlimited gift power of attorney and criminal prosecution of 

Appellant violates his due process right to fair notice? 

5. Whether the trial court erred by relying on unreported, 

non-precedential decisions in reaching its verdict in this 

matter? 

Appellant’s Brief at 8-9. 

We have reviewed the briefs of the parties, the relevant law, the 

certified record, and the well-written opinions of the able trial judge, the 

Honorable James G. Arner. We conclude that there has been no error in this 

case and that the trial court’s opinions, filed on July 6, 2011, September 18, 

2012, and February 13, 2013, meticulously and accurately dispose of 

Appellant’s claims on appeal. Therefore, we affirm on the basis of the trial 

court’s opinions and adopt them as our own. In any future filings with this 

or any other court addressing this ruling, the filing party shall attach copies 

of the trial court’s opinions. 

Further, and although the trial court has thoroughly explained the 

reasons why Appellant’s claims fail, we note the following. First, Appellant 

claims that the evidence was insufficient to support his theft convictions 

because: 1) the unlimited gift provision in the power of attorney allowed 

Appellant to self-gift all of Ms. Wetzel’s money to Appellant individually; 2) 

the Commonwealth stipulated to the substance of Appellant’s declaration 
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that Appellant, as Ms. Wetzel’s agent, was not required to use the gift-giving 

power for Ms. Wetzel’s benefit; and, 3) even if Appellant’s actions were not 

authorized, Appellant lacked the necessary mens rea to commit the theft 

crimes because he was acting under a power of attorney. See Appellant’s 

Brief at 26-46. 

At the outset, we note that Appellant’s Rule 1925(b) statement broadly 

and generically claimed that the evidence was insufficient to support his 

convictions. Appellant’s statement simply declared: 

The evidence presented in the non-jury trial of this matter 

was insufficient to support the verdict of [the trial court]. 

In viewing all of the evidence admitted at the trial of this 

matter, especially that submitted by stipulation and viewing 

that evidence in the light most favorable to the 

Commonwealth which is and was insufficient evidence to

enable you, [the trial court], as [f]act [f]inder, to find each 

and every element of the crimes charged beyond a 

reasonable doubt. 

Appellant’s Rule 1925(b) Statement, 12/10/12, at 4. 

Normally, this generic statement would require that we find Appellant’s 

entire sufficiency of the evidence claim waived on appeal. See 

Commonwealth v. Garland, 63 A.3d 339, 344 (Pa. Super. 2013) (“In 

order to preserve a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal, 

an appellant's Rule 1925(b) statement must state with specificity the 

element or elements upon which the appellant alleges that the evidence was 

insufficient”). Nevertheless, Appellant argued throughout the lower court 

proceedings that the power of attorney explicitly authorized his actions in 
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this case. Moreover, in Appellant’s Rule 1925(b) statement, Appellant 

claimed that he could not have been criminally prosecuted for theft because 

he “was acting within the scope of and pursuant to the authority granted him 

pursuant to the aforesaid [p]ower of [a]ttorney.” Appellant’s Rule 1925(b) 

Statement, 12/10/12, at 3-4. Finally, when the trial court discussed 

Appellant’s sufficiency of the evidence claim in its opinion, the trial court was 

able to discern that the basis of Appellant’s claim was that the power of 

attorney explicitly authorized Appellant’s actions. Trial Court Opinion, 

2/13/13, at 9. Therefore, we conclude that Appellant has preserved the first 

sub-issue of his sufficiency of the evidence claim: that the evidence was 

insufficient to sustain his theft convictions because the unlimited gift 

provision in the power of attorney explicitly allowed Appellant to self-gift all 

of Ms. Wetzel’s money to Appellant individually. However, we conclude that 

Appellant has waived his second and third sub-issues, as Appellant failed to 

include the claims in his Rule 1925(b) statement and the trial court was 

unable to “apprehend [the] claim and address it” in its opinion.6

 See 

Commonwealth v. Laboy, 936 A.2d 1058 (Pa. 2007). 

____________________________________________ 

6

 Further, even if Appellant preserved the second sub-issue in his first 

appellate claim, the claim fails. With respect to the second sub-issue of 

Appellant’s first claim, Appellant claims that the evidence was insufficient to 

support his convictions because, at trial, the Commonwealth stipulated to 

the substance of Appellant’s declaration that Appellant, as Ms. Wetzel’s 

agent, was not required to use the gift-giving power for Ms. Wetzel’s benefit. 

As we have already explained, this claim fails because it is factually 

(Footnote Continued Next Page) 
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Simply stated, we reject Appellant’s bold claim that the “unlimited gift” 

provision in the power of attorney provided Appellant with a license to steal 

Ms. Wetzel’s assets and use all of her money for Appellant’s own benefit. To 

the contrary, the gifting power was clearly subject to the condition that 

Appellant use the power “for [Ms. Wetzel’s] benefit” – and Appellant clearly 

violated this condition when he took all of Ms. Wetzel’s money and used it as 

if it was his own. Therefore, since Appellant’s actions were not authorized 

by the power of attorney, Appellant’s sufficiency of the evidence claim 

necessarily fails. 

For Appellant’s second claim on appeal, Appellant contends that the 

theft convictions violated his due process rights because he was not given 

fair notice that his actions were criminal. According to Appellant, “[t]here is 

nothing in the statutes or in prior reported decisions to indicate that selfgifts could amount to theft under an unlimited gift power of attorney.” 

Appellant’s Brief at 47. This claim is waived, as Appellant failed to include 

the claim in his Rule 1925(b) statement. Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(iv) (“[i]ssues 

not included in the [Rule 1925(b)] Statement . . . are waived”). Further, 

even if the claim were not waived, the claim fails, as we have long held that 

(Footnote Continued) _______________________ 

baseless: the Commonwealth did not stipulate that the substance of 

Appellant’s declarations was true. The Commonwealth only stipulated that 

“all those proposed [declarations] are what [Appellant] would testify to were 

he to testify. . . . [T]he Commonwealth is not agreeing they’re necessarily 

true, but that [Appellant] would [so] testify.” N.T. Trial, 8/27/12, at 23-24 
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a fiduciary “can be convicted of an embezzlement-type offense . . . [such as] 

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3927 [(theft by failure to make required disposition of funds 

received)] . . . if he or she misappropriates funds for a use inconsistent with 

the purpose for which the funds are held.” Commonwealth v. Coward, 

478 A.2d 1384, 1387 (Pa. Super. 1984). 

In the case at bar, the power of attorney provided Appellant with the 

power to make “unlimited gifts” of Ms. Wetzel’s assets – but the power was 

subject to the condition that Appellant “exercise the power[] for the benefit 

of” Ms. Wetzel. Power of Attorney, 1/11/07, at 1-4. Appellant exceeded this 

authority – and “misappropriate[d Ms. Wetzel’s] funds for a use inconsistent 

with the purpose for which the funds [were being] held” – when he used the 

power of attorney as if it were a license to steal. Coward, 478 A.2d at 

1387. In doing so, Appellant subjected himself to prosecution for theft by 

unlawful taking and theft by failure to make required disposition of funds 

received. Appellant’s due process claim fails. 

Third, Appellant claims that the trial court “erred in failing to rule that 

if there was a violation by Appellant in the power of attorney, then the 

appropriate remedy would be removal from that position and not criminal 

sanctions.” According to Appellant, he should not have been criminally 

prosecuted, as “Pennsylvania has no criminal statute specifically governing 

the misuse of a power of attorney.” Appellant’s Brief at 52. This claim fails 

because Appellant was prosecuted under the theft statutes – and, as was 
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explained above, we have long held that a fiduciary “can be convicted of an 

embezzlement-type offense . . . [such as] 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3927 [(theft by 

failure to make required disposition of funds received)] . . . if he or she 

misappropriates funds for a use inconsistent with the purpose for which the 

funds are held.” Coward, 478 A.2d at 1387.7

Next, Appellant claims that the trial court erred in denying his omnibus 

pre-trial motion. This claim is based upon the argument that Appellant’s 

actions were authorized by the power of attorney and that he did not have 

“fair notice” that his actions constituted crimes. Appellant’s Brief at 57. As 

was explained above, these claims fail. 

Finally, Appellant claims that the trial court erred when it “rel[ied] on 

unreported, non-precedential decisions in reaching its verdict in this matter.” 

Id. at 58. Appellant has not explained how this action caused him prejudice. 

As a result, Appellant is not entitled to relief on this claim. 

Judgment of sentence affirmed. Jurisdiction relinquished. 

____________________________________________ 

7

 Any claim that Appellant’s convictions were in violation of “the rule of lenity 

and strict construction of criminal statutes” is waived, as Appellant did not 

include any such claim in his Rule 1925(b) statement. See Appellant’s Brief 

at 54. 
J-A11007-14 

- 20 - 

Judgment Entered. 

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. 

Prothonotary 

Date: 9/19/2014 
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