## In the



# U n ited S ta tes Co urt o f Ap p ea ls

F o rth eS e v e n th C ir cu it

N o. 08

- 3411 U NI T ED S TATE SOF A MERI CA, P la intif f-A pp ellee, v. R ONAL D Q. T ERRY, D ef endant-Appellant.

A pp eal from the United S t ates Di strictC ourt fo r the E astern Di stricto f Wisc onsin

. No . 05 CR 146

—Charle s N . Cleve rt, Jr. , Judge
.
A RGUED M AR CH 30, 2009

— D ECI DE D J UL Y 16, 2009

Befo re K ANN E , W OO D , an d W I L L I A MS, C ircu it Judges . K ANN E , Cir cu i tJudg e . In Octobe r 2007, the de fendant, Ronal d Terr y, pl ed gui l ty to conspi ring to di str ibute contr ol l ed substa nces and was sente nced to m ore than tw en ty years in p ris o n . I n h is plea agreem en t, T erry re se rv ed th e rig h t t o a p p ea l ad v e r s e d ec isio n s o n h is pretr i alm oti ons, wh i ch i ncl ud ed the d en ial ofa m oti on to s uppr es s ev i den ce . Te r r y a ppea l s th atrul i ng, a nd we n o w a ffi r m.2 N o. 08

- 3411 I. B ACK GR OUN D T he govern m en t beg an i nv estigating th e d rug traffi ck i nga ct i vitie s o fM ar kCub i e, o ne o fTe r r y ’ s co - defen dants, in la te 2004

. A s par t o fthe i nvest i gat i on, autho ri ti es m o ni to r ed Cubi e’ s te l eph o ne c o m m uni ca ti o ns us i ng “pen reg isters ” a nd “t ra p and tra ce devi ces. ” A pen r eg i st err ec o r ds th e te l eph o ne numbe r s o fo ut g o i ng ca l l s m ade fr o m the mo nitore d pho ne , whi l e a tr ap an d tr ace devi ce r eco rds the te l ephone nu m b er s o ftho se cal l i ng the p h one. N ei therm etho d rec or ds conve rs ati ons; bo th co m pil e o nl y num er i caldata. I n e ar l y Apri l2 00 5, i nv es ti g at ors n o te d a s i g ni fi ca nt chang e i n c a l l i ngp a t t e r ns o n Cu b i e ’ s t e l e ph o ne , wh i ch w as re gi ste re d w i th a num berendi ng in 171 6. This c h an ge ind ica te d th at th e p h o n e w a s n o lon ge r in C u b ie’s p os se ss ion . Th e g ov er n m en t su b se q u en tly id en tifi e d C u b i e ’ s n e w t e l e p h o n e , w h i c h e n d e d i n 5 6 3 8

. As w e di scuss bel ow in the c onte xt o fTer ry ’ s s up press i on h ea rin g, th e w ay in w h ich th is id en tific at ion oc c u rre d is at the c entero fthe prese nt di spute. O n A p ri l12 , 20 05, autho ri ti es re quested autho ri zati on to m oni tor56 38 w i th a pen re gi ste r an d a t ra p and tra ce de v i c e . Onthe s a me da y, a c t i ngp ur s ua ntt o 1 8 U. S

. C. § 2 703( d), theya lso o btained 5638 ’ s pastphone r eco rds. U sing d ata gathered from th ese sourc e s , i nv estigators l ate r re cei ved perm i ssi on t o pla ce Ti tl e I I Iwir eta p s on the t el ephones o fC u b ie and Orl andes N i cksi on, ano ther ofTer ry ’ s co - defe nd ants. Ev id en ce c om pil ed fro m th ese w iretapp ed conv ersations ultim ately l ed to Terry’s i nd i ctm ent.N o. 08

- 3411 3

The grand j ury returned i ts fir sti n dictm ent on J une 7, 2005. 1 W i th the e x c e pt i ono fa fi r e a r m s c ha r ge th a twa s l a t e r dr op pe d, the o r i gi na l i nd i c t m e nta l l e ge d e s s e nt i a l l y the s a m e c har ges againstTerry as the thi rd su p erseding indict m ent. A supers edi ng indi c t m en ti s s ued o n J ul y 1 9, 2 00 5, f ol l owed by a se cond s up ers eding i nd ic tm ent on A ugu st 22, 2006; n ei ther supers eding indict m ent contai ned any m a te ri al changes re l at ed t o Te rr y. Ter r y ’ s s t a n di n g t o c h a l l e n g e th e wi r e t a p e v i de n c e i s p ro 2
v id ed b y st a t u t e a n d is n o t d isp u te d b y th e g o v er n m en t. S ee 18 U.S. C. §§ 2510( 11) , 2518( 10) ( a)

. The s ta tu te prov ides that any “aggr i eve d per s on, ” de fi ne d as on e “a gai ns twhom the int erc epti on w as dir ected, ” i d. § 2 5 1 0 ( 1 1 ) , m a y m ov e t o s up p ress w iretap ev id e nc e on gro u nd s that it w as u nla w fully in te rc ep te d , i d. § 2 5 1 8 (1 0 )(a). On S ept embe r1 8, 2 00 7, a federalg r an d j ur y i n the E astern D istri ct of W iscons in retu rned a th ird su p ersedi ng ind i ctm ent a gainst s ix m en, i ncl ud i ng Ter ry, Cubi e, an d N i ck si o n. Thr ee o f th e i ndi ct m en t’ s ni ne 1 c o u n t s , alli nv olvi ng various d rug an d rel ated firearm offenses , nam ed Terr y a s a defendant. Terr y fi l e d a mo t i o n t o s up pr e s s o n Oc t o b e r2 0 , 2 0 0 6. Terr y prese nted tw o ar gum ents: fi rs t, that l aw en f or cem ent i l l e g a l l y o b t a i ne d i nfo r mat i o n tha t i t the n us e d to i denti fy a nd m oni torCubie ’ s 5 638 tel ep h on e, ther eby ta in tin g a n y e vid en c e d er ive d th er efr om , see 1 8 U. S

. C. § § 2 5 1 5 , 2 5 1 8 ; a n d s e c o n d , th a tth e g o ve r n me n tkn o wi ngl y f a i l e d t o di s c l o s e the i l l e g a l i ty o fthe s e i nt e r c e pt s, in viola t io n of Fra nk s v. D ela w a re, 438 U

. S. 154 (1978). 2 B oth clai m s hinge on th e lega li ty of th e govern m en t’s invest igation i nt o Cu bie’s new teleph one nu m ber.4 N o. 08

- 3411 A fed eral m agistrate j ud ge he ld tw o hea rings on T erry’s m o t i o n . Atth e fi r s t, h e l d D e c e mb e r6 , 2 0 0 6 , th e g o ve r nm ent pr ese nted a s i ngl e witness, D an Thom pson, a detecti ve w i th the M i l w aukee Pol i ce Depar tm ent. Dete c tive T h om p so n d et aile d th e p ro c es s h e f o llow ed to ob ta in court o rder s forthe pen re gi ste r, tr ap and tr ace devi ce, and § 27 03( d) r epor t o n 563 8. H e then dis cussed usi ng the infor m ati on g l eaned fro m thes e s ourc es to acqui re autho ri za tio n forthe Tit l e I I Iwir eta p on that sa m e pho ne . Acco r di ng to Tho m pso n, the g o ve r nm en t used tw o pri m ar y cl ues to i denti fy 5 638: ( 1) a confi denti al infor m an t’ s ca l lt o 1 71 6; a nd ( 2) a c o m par i so n o f1 71 6’s o l d c al l i ngpa tt erns wi ththe pa sta nd c ur r en t ca l l i ng patterns o fphones a sso ci ate d w i th N i cksi on a nd Ter ry . Fi rs t, Thom pson st ate d that o n A pri l4, a confid en ti al i nfo rm ant, act i ng atthe behesto f inves ti gat or s, te l ep h on ed 17 16 an d as ke d to sp ea k w ith C u b ie. A fem a le an swe r ed th e ca l l an d t o l d the i nf o r m an t th atthe pho ne w as n o l ong er Cu bie’s. A ccord ing to Th om p son, 1716’s p en reg ist er ind ica te d an o u tg oin g c all to 56 38 “[a ] co u p le o fho ur s afte r[ th e co nfi den ti alinformant ’ s ca l l ]

. ” The ti m i ng o fthi s ca l lfro m 17 16 t o 5638 was l ate r questi oned duri ng the se cond supp re ssi on hea ring. Se c on d , Th om p so n te st i f ied th at h e h ad an aly ze d ca ll i nf o r m at i o n ta k en fr o m pr ee xi st i ng pen r eg i st er s a nd tr ap and tr ace devi ces on phones bel onging to N i cksi on an d Terry. Th om p son stated that N ic k s ion and Terry w er e p lac in g c alls to an d rec eiv in g c alls fr o m 5 6 38 in fr eque nc i es tha t wer e si m i l art o the i rpr ev i o us c al l i ng patterns with 1 71 6, w hi l e ca l l s t o and fr om 17 16 had stop p ed altogethe r.N o. 08

- 3411 5 I n hi s m oti on a nd atthe h ea ring, Ter ryso ught t o discre dit Thom pson. Terr y tar get ed one att ack at a s up ple

m entalr epor t, pre pare d byThom pson, thatdocum ented the c a l l ingp a t t e r ns o fCu b i e ’ s ne w 5 6 3 8 n umb e r . T ho mpson’s re portco ntai ned tw o date/ti m e s tam ps. The fi rs t sta m p, wh i ch appears o n the re port ’ s fi rs t pa ge , was en te r ed m an ua l l y b y the pe r so n c r ea tingthe r epo r t. The seco nd st am p, l oca ted o n the re port ’ s s eco nd page, was a u t o ma t i c a l l y g e n e r a t e d b y th e c o mp u t e rp r o g r a m. The m anual l y e nter ed date/ti m e s tam p w as A pri l11 at 4: 00 p. m . The auto m ati cal l y g ener ate d stam p was a day l a t e r, o n A p r i l1 2 a t3 : 1 8 p . m. Fr om thi s ev idence, i t was noti m m edi ate l y c l ear w h e t h e r th e re p or t w as cr ea te d on A p ril 11 or A p ril 12 , a f ac t th atTe r r y a r g ue d w as o fs i g ni fi ca nc e. Acco r di ng to Terr y, i fThom pson cr eat ed the re porto n A pr il 1 1, i t wou ld su ppo r t Te r r y ’ s co nt en ti o n tha t th e g o ve r nm ent a ctu al l y pos ses sed 56 38’ s ca l ldata befo re r ec ei ving j udi ci ala ppr o va lt o o btain such da tao n Apr i l1 2. At the hear i ng, Thom pson expl ai ned the di scr ep an cy as an i nadv er tent m i sta ke

— he had si m plyer re d and enter ed the incor re ct date

. O n cros s-exa m ination, Terry also probe d Th om p son ’s state m en ts abou t t h e u s e of d ata collected from Terry’s tel ephone to hel p i denti fy 5 638. A ccor ding to Terr y, au th or itie s d id n otrec eiv e p er m iss ion to m on ito r h is phone unti lM ay 2005 , se ve ra lweeks afterthe A pri l12 cour t author i zati on f or 5638

. Thom pson, how ever, st oo d f i r m i n h i s c l a i m th a ta u th o r i t i e s we r e l e g a l l y mo n i t o r i ng Terr y’ s ca l ld at a p rior to A pri l12 and that he had used6 N o. 08

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su chda tat o i den ti fy 5638. At th e co nc l us i o n o fthe hear i ng, Te r r y ’ s c o un s e l r e quested docum entat i on pr o vingtha t th e g o ve r nm en t was l awful l y moni to r i ng Terr y’ s t el ephone be f or e Ap ri l12

. Th e g o v e r nme nt, h o we v e r, wa s u nab l e t o p r o v i de such proo f

. Ind eed , i t di sco ver ed that i t had notbee n m on ito rin g T er ry ’s p h on e a t t h at tim e. Im m ed iat ely f o l l o wi ngthe fi r s th e a r i ng, the g o v e r nme ntfi l e d a m ot ion to reo p en , ac c om p an i ed by an affid av it fro m D et ec tiv e T h om p so n co n fes sin g e rr o r s o f fac t in hi s t est i m ony. A ccord ing t o Thom pson, he t est i fi ed m i sta kenl y th at h e had r el i ed on pen/tr ap data g ather ed fro m Ter ry ’s p h one to i denti fy 5 638 as Cu bi e’ s new tel ephone num ber

. A fterthe hear i ng, Thom pson l earned that no o rder s a uthor i zi ng the co l l ecti on o fsuch d ata fro m Te r r y ’ s t wo t e l e ph o ne s we r e i s s ue d un t i l M a y 3 , 20 05, m ean in g t h at he cou ld n ot p ossibly have u sed Terry’s phone data t o i denti fy C u b ie’s new num berthe m onth be f o r e. In h i s affi davit, Tho m pso n r ea ffi r m ed th e r emai nd er of h is t es tim on y fro m th e firs t h e a r in g, p ar tic u lar ly th ose stat em en ts related to the c o nfide nt iali nform an t’s telep hon e call to 1716 and the m onitoring of N icksion’s phone ac ti vi ti es. I t was thi s info rm ati on, Thom pson sta ted, thatal l owed hi m to co nnect 5 638 w i th Cubie

. Th e c o u r t g r a n t e d th e mo t i o n t o r e o p e n a n d h e l d a seco nd hear i ng o n Terr y’ s m oti on t o supp re ss on Dec embe r2 0, 2 00 6. Tho m pso n t es ti fi ed ag ain, e xpl aini ng hi s m i sta ke du ring the previ ous hear i ng. A n ad d itio nal di sc r epa nc y e m erged atthe s ec o nd he ar i ngr eg ar di ng th e ti m i ngo fthe pho ne c al lfr om 1 71 6 to 5 63 8. At theN o. 08

- 3411 7 fi rs t hea ring, Thom pson testi fi ed that 1716 had cal l ed 5638 a fter r ec ei ving the i nf o r m an t’ s ca l lo n Apr i l5

. Ph o ne data, however, re veal ed that 1716 ’ s new userhad cal l ed 5638 o n M ar ch 31, si x days befo re th e A p ril 5 p h on e c all fro m the confi denti ali nfo rm ant. Th om pson expl ai ned tha th e h a d a g a i n b e e n mi s t ake n

— tha th e h a d l e ar ne d of th e c all b et w ee n 17 16 an d 56 38 aft er th e in for m an t’s ca ll to 17 16 , not that the cal lhad actual l y o ccurr ed subseq u en t t o th e in for m an t’s ca ll. Thom pson’ s r el i ance on N i cksi on’ s ph one data r e maine d un c ha ng e d. I n e a r l y Apr i l, Ni c k s i o n had sto pp ed com m unica ti ng w i th 1716 and begun cal l i ng 56 38 at a fre quency si m i l arto hi s pre vi ou s c alls to 17 16. Ne a rthe c o nc l us i o n o fh i s t e s t i mon y, T homps o n s a i d: “Ri ght no w I ’ d have t o sayOrl andes N i cksion ’s pen w as th e k ey to u s id en tify in g th at p h on e n u m b er . . . .” As T e r r y p o i nt e d o ut, T ho mps o n’ s n e w f o c us o n N i ck si o n’ s numbera l o ne c o nt r adi cted a s ta te m en t th e gov ern m en t m ade i n i ts § 2 703( d) a pp l i cati on, fi l ed o n Apr i l1 2. The r e, a s o ne o fi ts groun d s f o ri ss ui ngthe § 2 703( d) o rder, the gov er nm ent o ffer ed “[ a] n analysis of th e t ele p h on e re c or d s p er ta in i n g t o th e m os t c om m on ly c a l l e d nu m bers to [ 1716 ] o vera tw o m onth per i od” ( em phasi s a dd ed). I f, as Thom pson co ntends, he ha d rel i ed on an aly si s o fo nl y Ni ck si o n’ s number, the us e o fthe plur al“nu m b er s” i n the § 2 703( d) a pp l i cati on would be at odds w i th Thom pson’ s t est i m ony. I n hi s r eco m m endati on t o the di str i ct j ud ge, the m agi str ate j ud ge f ound that Thom pson’ s o ri gi nalm i sst ate m ents w er e m i sta kes m ade i n go od f ai th

— no t, a s T e r r y a s s e r t e d, evi dence ofgo vernm ental indisc re ti on. The m agi str ate8 N o. 08

- 3411 j udg e det er m i ne d tha t T hom pso n’ s te st i m o ny, i nc l udi ng hi s e xplanat i ons f orthe afor em enti oned di scr ep an ci es, w as cre dibl e an d rec om m ended to the di str i ct c ourtthat i t deny Terr y’ s m oti on t o supp re ss. T he di str i ct j ud ge adopted the re com m endati on i n an or der d ated A ugust 2 1, 20 07. T er ry ev en tu ally p led gu ilty to th e c h ar ge co n ta in ed in C o u n tO ne

— c onsp i ring to di str ibute m or e than fi ve kilo gr am s o f co c ain e, fifty gra m s o f c ra c k, an d a n u n sp ec ifi e d qua nt i ty o fma r ij ua na in v i o l a t i o n o f2 1 U. S

. C. § 8 41( a) ( 1)

— an d w as s en te nc ed to 2 60 months i n pr i so n, to be follow ed by five ye ar s o f su p er vis ed rele as e. In ex ch an g e f o rhi s pl ea, the g o ve r nm en t di sm isse d the re m ain in g tw o c ou n ts ag ain st T er ry . It als o allo w ed h im to r es er ve the r i g htt o a ppea li ss ue s r ai se d i n a ny pr e t r i a lmo t i o ns , wh i ch i nc l ud e d h i s mo t i o n t o s up press . Ter rynow app eal s the di strictco urt’ s deci si on o n thi s m o ti o n.

II. A NA LYSIS I n e s s e nc e , T e r r y a s k s u s t o o v e r turn the fi nd i ngthat Detecti ve Thom pson w as a cre dibl e witness. To c onvi nce us to ta ke such a drast i c st ep, Ter rym u st trave rs e a di ffi cul t path. W he n a c r edibi l i tyfi ndi ng is ba se d upo n t es ti m o ny prese nted duri ng a supp re ssi on hea ring, w e w i l lr eve rs e suc h a deter m i nati on o nl y when i t i s cl ear l y e rr oneo us. U nited Sta tes v. H uebn er, 356 F.3d 8 0 7, 812 (7th Cir. 2004). I nd eed, we provi de “ sp eci aldefer ence” to cre dibi l i tyN o. 08

- 3411 9 fi nd i ngs, bas ed on the l ow er c ourt ’ s s up er i orposi ti on to ev alu at e a w itn es s. U nited Sta tes v. W hit ed, 539 F. 3d 693, 69 7 (7 th C ir. 20 08 ); see also H uebn er, 3 5 6 F. 3 d a t8 1 2 ( c o mm en t i n go n th e t r i a lj u d g e ’ s ab i l i ty “ t o o b s e r v e t he ve rb al a n d n on ve rb al b eh av ior o f th e w itn es se s . . . in contr a s t wi th mer e l y l o o k i ng a t the c o l d pa g e s ofan ap p ella t e record ” (em p ha sis and qu otations om itted )) ; U ni t e d S t at e s v. M anc i l l as , 1 83 F

. 3d 682, 71 0 ( 7th Ci r. 19 99) ( “[ W ] e do not seco nd

- guess the

. . . j ud ge’ s cr edibi l i ty de t e r mi na t i o ns b e c a us e he o rs he h a s h a d the b e s to pportunity t o obs er ve . . . the subj ect’ s . . . f aci alexpre ssi ons, a t t i tud e s , t o ne o fv o i c e , e y e c o nt a c t, p o s tur e a nd b o dy m o ve m en ts
. . . . ” ( alt er at i o ns i n o r i g i na l ) ( quo ta ti o ns om i tte d)) . W e w i l lcr edi t t est i m ony f ound credibl e by the c ourtbel ow “ ‘ unle ss i t i s co ntra ryto the l aw s o f nature , o r i s s o i nconsi ste nt o r i m probabl e on it s f ace that no r eas onabl e f actfi nd erco uld ac cept i t. ’ ” M a nci l l as , 1 8 3 F

. 3 d a t7 1 0 ( qu o t i ng U n it ed States v. Y usuff , 96 F. 3d 982, 986 (7th C ir. 1996)). A s bo th the m agi str ate j ud ge and the d i str i ct j ud ge ackno w l edged, ther e w ere a num bero fdi scr epanci es su r r o u n d i n gD e t e c t i v e T h o mps o n ’ s t e s t i mo n y a n d t he d ocu m en tary evid en ce p resen t e d i n su p p ort thereo f. Fi rs t, ther e was the m i sdated r ep or t, wh i ch, i fi t had b ee n cr ea te d on th e d a te en te re d by T h om p so n, w ou ld sugge st that Tho m pson had ear l y a cces s t o unauthori zed in for m at ion ; th is erro r T h om p so n c h alk ed u p as “a ty p o.” Se c ond, he s ai d that the new user of17 16 pla ced a c all to 56 38 w ith ina “c ou p le o fh o u rs ” o f rec eiv in g a ca ll fro m a gov er nm en t i nfo rm ant; wh en co nfr onte d w i th10 N o. 08

- 3411 the phone re cor ds, however, he a dm itted that 1716 ha d teleph one d 5638 sev eral days before the infor m a n t ’s call. Th ird, T hom p son originall y stated that Terry’s phone data pr ovided a l i nk be tw een 5 638 and C ubi e, o nl y t o r e c a n t th e s t a t e me n t a ft e r h e r e a l i z e d th att he go ve rn m en t d id n ot b eg in m on ito rin g Te rry ’s p h on e u n til th r ee wee k s afte r it iden ti fi ed th e 56 38 numbe r . And f ourth, we le ar ned ofthe § 2 703( d) a pp l i cati on, wh i ch disc ussed the anal ysi s o fdata gle aned fro m the phones as so c iat ed w i t h 1 71 6’s “fre q u en tly ca lled n u m b er s,” al though Thom pson ev entual l y t est i fi ed tha t h e r el i ed on the cal l i ng patt er n ofo nl y o ne num ber , N i cksi on’ s, to i denti fy 5 638. These f acts ar e ind i cati ve ofl ess - than- exem pla rydetec

ti ve wor ka nd a r e ce r ta i nl y unf av o r ab l e to the g o ve r nm ent. Detect i ve T hom pson’ s m i sst eps in hi s wri tte n do cument at i o n an d te st i m o ny wer e f ar cr i es fr o m the accura cy that w e e xpect fro m tho se em pow er ed w i th re s t r i c t i ngthe fr e e do m o fo urc i t i z e ns . Be f o r e a p e r s on i s sent t o pri son f orany l ength ofti m e, l et al one tw enty yea rs o fhi s l i fe, he i s co rr ect to dem and accountab i l i ty fro m tho se w ho a re r esponsibl e forse nd i ng hi m ther e. A s w e kn ow , h ow ev er , p er fec tio n is i m p os sib le. So although Thom pson’ s sever alm i sta kes m i ght be r egr ett abl e, they w er e, as the m agi str ate and dis tr i c t j ud ges r i ghtfully c oncl ud ed, nothi ng m or e than m i sta kes

. A s we have sai d: “ ‘ [ T]e st im ony i s no t incre dibl e a s a m at te r ofl aw . . . o nl y b ecause the w i tness m ay have been i m peached by cer tain dis cre pancie s in hi s s tory, by p riori nc ons istentst a t e m e nt s, or by the ex istenc e of aN o. 08

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m o ti ve t o pr o vi de ev i den ce fa vo r ab l e to the g o ve r nm ent. ’ ” H uebn er, 356 F.3d at81 3 (s ec on d alt er at i o n in o r i g i na l ) ( qu o t i ng U n it ed St ates v. Scott, 14 5 F

. 3d 878, 8 8 3 ( 7 th Ci r . 1 9 9 8 ) )

. Ea c h o fthe s e c i r c ums t a nc e s e xi s t e d, to one d egree or anot he r, i n th is ca s e . Y e t after a thor ough r evi ew o fthe re l evantf acts , t he m agi str ate j ud ge f ound Terr y’ s a rgum ents unavai l in g. The f acts w er e o nl y that the go vernm ent had co m m i tte d a se ri es ofm i norer ro rs , notthati t had ac ted i l l ega l l y. S ta r i nga t th e p ages o fa c o l d r ec o r d, we ar e i n n o posi ti on t o re ass ess the cre dibi l i ty o fthe sol e witness w ho a pp ear ed atthe supp re ssi on hea ring. That j ob bel onge d to the m agi str ate j ud ge. T he di str i ct j ud ge p ro p er ly d efe rre d to h is jud gm en t; w e, i n tu rn, w ill d efe r to th em bo th . Th is is n o t, a s T er ry co n te n d s, a “r emar k ab l e ca se ” war r an tingr ev er sa l

. T he r e i s no th i ng i n the re cor d that c om pel s the co ncl usi on that the go ve r n me n ta c t e d i l l e g a l l y i n i d e n t i fy i n gC u b i e ’ s 5 6 3 8 n u mbe r . The di st r i ct co ur t’ s dec i si o n was no t cl ea r l y e r r o ne o us a nd mus ts t a nd

.

III. C ON CLU SI ON W e A F F I RM th e d e c i s i o n o fth e d i s t r i c tc o u r tt o de ny Terr y’ s m oti on t o supp re ss.

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