United States Court of Appeals,

Eleventh Circuit.

No. 97-2518.

J.R. Rudy WILLIAMS, Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

VITRO SERVICES CORPORATION; Tracor Flight Systems, Inc.; Tracor, Inc., DefendantsAppellees.

July 1, 1998.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida. (No. 95-30574-

RV), Roger Vinson, Judge.

Before BIRCH, Circuit Judge, and HILL and KRAVITCH, Senior Circuit Judges.

BIRCH, Circuit Judge:

In this employment discrimination action filed pursuant to the Age Discrimination in

Employment Act ("ADEA"), 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq., J.R. Williams appeals the district court's order

granting summary judgment in favor of Vitro Services Corporation ("Vitro"), Tracor Flight Systems

("Flight Systems"), and Tracor, Inc. ("Tracor"). For the reasons that follow, we conclude that the

district court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of Vitro with respect to Williams' claim

of discriminatory discharge and in favor of Flight Systems with respect to Williams' failure-to-hire

claim. We therefore reverse as to both claims raised on appeal.

I. BACKGROUND

Vitro, Flight Systems, and Tracor are related companies that function as defense contractors

for the United States government. Williams began working for Vitro in 1961 as a mission support

coordinator. Williams worked in a variety of capacities within Vitro over the course of the next

twenty years. In 1982, after losing its contract with the United States Air Force, Vitro terminated
2

Williams as part of a reduction in force (RIF). In 1984, however, Vitro rehired Williams as an

administrative manager; at the time Vitro rehired Williams, he was approximately forty-nine years

old.

In 1989, Williams became Manager of Administration of the Corporate Office. In 1994,

Vitro bid on a government project for the United States Army that would have required the company

to relocate some of its personnel to Arizona. According to Vitro, had Vitro successfully obtained

this contract, Williams, at age sixty, would have received a promotion in both rank and salary. Vitro

did not obtain the contract, however, and in 1995, pursuant to what Vitro denominates a second RIF,

Vitro offered Williams a severance package. Williams did not accept the terms of the severance

package and Vitro terminated him in 1995.

At approximately the same time that Vitro terminated Williams, two positions at Flight

Systems became available. According to Flight Systems, Williams notified Richard Cannon, the

vice president and general manager of Flight Systems, that he would be interested in these positions

if they were consolidated into one job, a suggestion that Cannon apparently declined to follow. By

the time Williams formally applied for the Flight Systems' positions, the decisions regarding who

to hire had already been made. Williams contends that Flight Systems refused to consider him for

either position after learning that Williams did not intend to retire in the foreseeable future.

Williams further submits that Flight Systems continued to search for candidates to fill the two vacant

positions for several weeks after Williams submitted his application, thereby giving rise to an

inference of intentional discrimination.

Williams filed suit against Vitro, Flight Systems, and Tracor under both the ADEA and the

Florida Civil Rights Act of 1992, Fla. Stat. Ann. § 760.10. The district court determined that
 1

The district court also found that (1) Williams had not properly served Tracor with a

summons or complaint and, thus, dismissed that defendant from the case and (2) Vitro and Flight

Systems could not be deemed a single employer for purposes of analyzing the liability of each

company for the alleged discriminatory conduct of the other. Although Williams briefly

discusses what he contends to be a close affiliation between Vitro and Flight Systems, he does

not challenge explicitly either of these determinations on appeal. 

3

Williams had failed to establish a prima facie case of age discrimination based on either direct or

circumstantial evidence with respect to his termination; specifically, the court found that Williams

had not shown that he was qualified for any available position within Vitro at the time of his

termination. The court further noted that, even assuming that Williams had presented a prima facie

case with respect to Vitro, he nonetheless had failed to rebut Vitro's proffered legitimate,

non-discriminatory justification for his termination. The court also found that although Williams

had established a prima facie case of age discrimination as to Flight Systems' failure to hire him, he

had failed adequately to call into doubt with probative evidence Flight Systems' stated reasons for

its decision.1

 On appeal, Williams no longer contends that he has set forth direct evidence of age

discrimination. He does submit, however, that the district court erred in concluding that there is

insufficient evidence in the record to support a jury question regarding his circumstantial allegations

of age discrimination against both Vitro and Flight Systems.

II. DISCUSSION

 We review de novo the district court's order granting summary judgment. See Arrington v.

Cobb County, 139 F.3d 865, 871 (11th Cir.1998). Summary judgment is appropriate where there

is no genuine issue of material fact. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). "Where the record taken as a whole

could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party, there is no genuine issue for

trial." Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 1356,
4

89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986) (citation and internal quotation omitted). On a motion for summary

judgment, we must review the record, and all its inferences, in the light most favorable to the

nonmoving party. United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655, 82 S.Ct. 993, 994, 8 L.Ed.2d

176 (1962).

 In an employment discrimination case, "the plaintiff must produce sufficient evidence to

support an inference that the defendant employer based its employment decision on an illegal

criterion." Alphin v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 940 F.2d 1497, 1500 (11th Cir.1991) (quoting Halsell

v. Kimberly-Clark Corp., 683 F.2d 285, 290 (8th Cir.1982)). At the summary judgment stage, our

inquiry is "whether an ordinary person could reasonably infer discrimination if the facts presented

remained unrebutted." Id. (quoting Carter v. City of Miami, 870 F.2d 578, 583 (11th Cir.1989)).

Once a plaintiff has established a prima facie case and has put on sufficient evidence to allow a

factfinder to disbelieve an employer's proffered explanation for its actions, that alone is enough to

preclude entry of judgment as a matter of law. Combs v. Plantation Patterns, 106 F.3d 1519, 1532

(11th Cir.1997), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 118 S.Ct. 685, 139 L.Ed.2d 632 (1998).

 This circuit has adopted a variation of the test articulated by the Supreme Court for Title VII

claims in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973),

for cases arising under the ADEA. Mitchell v. Worldwide Underwriters Ins. Co., 967 F.2d 565, 566

(11th Cir.1992). In order to make out a prima facie case for an ADEA violation, the plaintiff must

show that he (1) was a member of the protected age group, (2) was subject to adverse employment

action, (3) was qualified to do the job, and (4) was replaced by a younger individual. See Benson

v. Tocco, 113 F.3d 1203, 1207-08 (11th Cir.1997). These criteria are slightly different in both an

RIF case and where a position is eliminated in its entirety; in these instances, the plaintiff
 2

It is undisputed that the appellant was within the protected age group at the time of

termination. 

5

establishes a prima facie case by demonstrating (1) that he was in a protected age group and was

adversely affected by an employment decision2

, (2) that he was qualified for his current position or

to assume another position at the time of discharge, and (3) evidence by which a fact finder

reasonably could conclude that the employer intended to discriminate on the basis of age in reaching

that decision. Id. at 1208.

A. Termination by Vitro

 Williams submits that the district court erred in finding that he had failed to demonstrate his

qualification for a position at the time of the second RIF and, consistent with this determination,

dismissing his claim against Vitro for failure to establish the second prong of his prima facie case.

Vitro responds that, even assuming for purposes of this discussion that Williams properly

established the requisite elements of his prima facie case, he has failed to rebut the legitimate,

non-discriminatory reason proffered by Vitro to justify his termination.

We conclude, at the outset, that the district court erred in dismissing Williams' discriminatory

discharge claim on the grounds that he failed to show that he was qualified for a position that

became available at the time of his termination. As previously noted, our case law expressly holds

that, where a plaintiff contends that his position has been consolidated or reassigned to other

employees, as has been alleged in this case, he may establish a prima facie case by demonstrating

that he was qualified for his current position or to assume another position at the time of discharge,

see Benson, 113 F.3d at 1208; these elements are plainly phrased in the disjunctive, and failure to
 3

The parties dispute the extent to which relocation to Arizona as part of the new contract

would have constituted a promotion for Williams; it is undisputed, however, that Manley

approved a proposed project that anticipated Williams' continued participation and employment

at Vitro. 

6

show qualification for both the current job and a second, vacant position is not fatal to the plaintiff's

prima facie case.

 Vitro, however, urges that we presume a lack of discriminatory motive in this case based

on the fact that the same actor was involved in the decision to hire, promote, and terminate Williams.

In support of this proposition, Vitro points to the following facts: Richard Manley, now the

president of Vitro and the individual primarily responsible for Williams' termination, rehired

Williams following his first termination in a Vitro RIF; at the time that Manley brought Williams

back to Vitro, Williams was already within the protected age classification under the ADEA. In

1989, Manley promoted Williams and, several years later, approved a proposed bid on a defense

contract that, if successful, effectively would have resulted in Williams' continued employment in

a new project.3

 The record therefore indicates that the same individual who acted as the final

decisionmaker with respect to Williams' termination also sought to bring Williams back to Vitro

after an earlier RIF, approved Williams' promotion five years later, and implicitly approved his

continued employment with Vitro shortly before the second RIF transpired. Vitro asks that we

derive from this factual circumstance a presumption that intentional discrimination did not motivate

Manley's decision to terminate Williams.

This circuit has not squarely addressed the question of whether an inference or presumption

of non-discriminatory motive arises when the individual responsible for hiring or promoting an

employee also participated in or made the ultimate decision to fire that employee. Every other
7

circuit to have reached this question has determined that, where the facts indicate that the same

individual both hired and fired an employee, an inference may arise that the employers' stated

justification for terminating the employee is not pretextual. See, e.g., Proud v. Stone, 945 F.2d 796,

797 (4th Cir.1991) ("[I]n cases where the hirer and firer are the same individual and the termination

of employment occurs within a relatively short time span following the hiring, a strong inference

exists that discrimination was not a determining factor for the adverse action taken by the

employer.").

The circuit courts have applied varying weights to the strength or value of the inference that

obtains when the hirer and firer are the same actor. See, e.g., Bradley v. Harcourt, Brace and Co.,

104 F.3d 267, 270-71 (9th Cir.1996) ("[W]here the same actor is responsible for both the hiring and

the firing of a discrimination plaintiff, and both actions occur within a short period of time, a strong

inference arises that there was no discriminatory motive."); Brown v. CSC Logic, Inc., 82 F.3d 651,

658 (5th Cir.1996) ("This "same actor' inference has been accepted by several other circuit courts,

and we now express our approval."); Evans v. Technologies Applications & Service Co., 80 F.3d

954, 959 (4th Cir.1996) ("[B]ecause Houseman is the same person who hired Evans, there is a

powerful inference that the failure to promote her was not motivated by discriminatory animus.")

(internal quotation and citation omitted); E.E.O.C. v. Our Lady of Resurrection Med. Ctr., 77 F.3d

145, 152 (7th Cir.1996) ("If Boettcher wished to discriminate against Braddy because of her race,

she could have refused to hire her in the first place, or she could have discharged her because of her

deficient qualifications. Boettcher did neither.... The same hirer/firer inference has strong

presumptive value."). But see Waldron v. SL Industries, Inc., 56 F.3d 491, 496 n. 6 (3rd Cir.1995)

("[W]here ... the hirer and firer are the same and the discharge occurred soon after the plaintiff was
8

hired, the defendant may of course argue to the factfinder that it should not find discrimination. But

this is simply evidence like any other and should not be accorded any presumptive value.").

Although Vitro has pointed to evidence to show that the same individual responsible for

hiring Williams after he already was in the protected age group was also responsible for promoting

him, for attempting to prolong his stay with Vitro, and, ultimately, for terminating him, we decline

to accord to this "same actor" factual circumstance a presumption that discrimination necessarily

was absent from the decision to terminate Williams. We nonetheless believe that these facts may

give rise to a permissible inference that no discriminatory animus motivated Vitro's actions. See

Buhrmaster v. Overnite Transp. Co., 61 F.3d 461, 464 (6th Cir.1995) ("An individual who is willing

to hire and promote a person of a certain class is unlikely to fire them simply because they are a

member of that class. This general principle applies regardless of whether the class is age, race, sex,

or some other protected classification."). But within the burden-shifting framework that has long

been established in this circuit with regard to employment discrimination cases, it is important to

reiterate that this inference is a permissible—not a mandatory—inference that a jury may make in

deciding whether intentional discrimination motivated the employer's conduct. We previously have

explained that

a prima facie case plus evidence permitting disbelief of the employer's proffered reasons

equals the plaintiff's entitlement to have the factfinder decide the ultimate issue of

discrimination.... Of course, the law is that the jury is not required to make the inference of

discrimination ... upon rejection of the employer's proffered nondiscriminatory reasons....

In performing [its] traditional duties, the jury must measure the strength of the permissible

inference of discrimination that can be drawn from the plaintiff's prima facie case along with

the evidence that discredits the employer's proffered explanations for its decision. Even if

the jury concludes that all the employer's proffered explanations are unworthy of belief, it

may still remain unpersuaded that discrimination was the real reason for the employer's

decision. That decision is entrusted to the jury's discretion, but to exercise that discretion,

the jury has to get the case.
 4

It is worth restating that, in this circuit, "evidence of pretext, when added to a prima facie

case, is sufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact that precludes summary judgment." 

Combs, 106 F.3d at 1531. It therefore would be inconsistent with our precedent to require a

plaintiff in "same actor" cases not only to show pretext but, in addition, to present further

evidence to overcome a special inference created by the "same actor" evidence. Such a rule

would be contrary to our previous determinations that a plaintiff need not prove discriminatory

intent at the summary judgment stage but, rather, must present evidence from which a jury

reasonably could infer that the defendant's non-discriminatory justification for its employment

decision is pretextual. 

9

Combs, 106 F.3d at 1531, 1537-38 (emphasis in original). Based on our consistent precedent, as

articulated in Combs, we conclude that "same actor" evidence of the sort introduced in this instance

constitutes evidence that a jury may consider in deciding the ultimate issue of intentional

discrimination. Evidence that the same actor both hired and fired the plaintiff, in some

circumstances, may help to convince a jury that the defendant's proffered legitimate reasons for its

decision are worthy of belief; it is the province of the jury rather than the court, however, to

determine whether the inference generated by "same actor" evidence is strong enough to outweigh

a plaintiff's evidence of pretext.4

 Here, we conclude that Williams has presented evidence of intentional discrimination

sufficient to withstand summary judgment. Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to

Williams, he has alleged that, prior to the second RIF at Vitro, Manley informed Williams that "we

have to come up with something to get rid of these older people who have been around for so long.

We are about to have a RIF and we have go to get some older people to retire so we can save the

jobs for the younger people." Williams Aff. at ¶ 4. Williams has further demonstrated that James

Gillis, who conducted Williams' termination interview, asked Williams to sign a document releasing

Vitro from any future claims of age discrimination. According to Williams, Gillis had never

presented this type of form to any other Vitro employee during Williams' tenure with the company;
10

moreover, Gillis testified that, to his knowledge, no other Vitro employee had ever been given a

release form of this nature. See Gillis Dep. at 110-11. In addition, while discussing Williams'

termination, Gillis told Williams that he "should have seen it coming," and inquired as to "what kind

of story" Williams would like to "put out." Williams Dep. at 148. We conclude that these facts,

while not conclusive proof of intentional discrimination, are sufficient evidence from which a jury

reasonably could infer that Vitro's contention that Williams was terminated solely pursuant to an RIF

was a pretext for age discrimination. Again, it is not our role to weigh this evidence or to make

credibility determinations with respect to the ultimate question at issue in a discrimination case;

rather, our sole determination is that a finder of fact could have concluded, based on these facts, that

Williams' termination was motivated by discriminatory animus. See Cooper-Houston v. Southern

Ry. Co., 37 F.3d 603, 605 (11th Cir.1994) (where district court found that "there "was no evidence

that the [employer's] general attitudes played a part in the decision [to terminate the plaintiff]' ... the

district court exceeded its proper role as a reviewing body because a finder of fact could have

concluded that [the employer's] termination of Cooper-Houston was motivated by racial animus.")

(emphasis added). We therefore reverse the district court as to Williams' discriminatory discharge

claim against Vitro.

B. Failure to Hire by Flight Systems

 Williams also contends that the district court erred in dismissing his claim against Flight

Systems for its failure to hire him after his second termination from Vitro. The district court found

that Williams had established a prima facie case of discriminatory failure to hire but had failed to

show that he was better qualified than the individuals who were hired for the relevant positions. The

court thus concluded that Williams had failed to rebut Flight Systems' proffered justification for its
11

decision not to hire Williams. Flight Systems takes issue with the district court's determination that

Williams properly established the elements of his prima facie case. Flight Systems further urges that

Williams was unqualified for the positions that he sought and, in any event, failed to timely apply

for either job.

Approximately one day after Williams' termination, James Gillis, the vice-president of Vitro,

advised Williams of two possible job openings at Flight Systems. Williams met with a supervisor

from Flight Systems, Richard Cannon, and expressed his interest in both positions. Williams

specifically mentioned that he thought that the two positions could be combined and that he could

perform the consolidated jobs; Cannon apparently was not receptive to this suggestion. According

to Williams, Cannon asked Williams if he would be willing to perform one of the jobs "for twelve

to eighteen months," Williams Dep. at 168. Williams responded that he might be interested in such

an arrangement, but that he would not sign an agreement at that time limiting the duration of his

employment to twelve or eighteen months. See id. The record reveals that Williams wrote Cannon

two letters expressing his interest in either of the openings at Flight Systems. The first, dated

January 19, 1995, stated, in relevant part:

I would like to be considered for the open or anticipated to be open positions of

Manager of Administration and/or Contract Administrator in Electronic Systems Division,

TFSI. I feel my directly related experience and training in security, human resources, general

administration and procurement fields give me unique qualifications to fulfill the job

requirements of those positions.

Cannon Dep., Exh. 3. The second letter, dated February 21, 1995, stated, in relevant part:

I want to confirm to you my interest in the job openings you have in the Electronic

Systems Division and for that matter, jobs which may be available in any other areas of

TFSI.... I have confidence that I am one of only a few who have the experience and other

qualifications necessary to perform both jobs. Obviously, TSFI would save considerable

operating costs by filling both positions with one person. I would, of course, be interested

in either position if you don't see fit to combine the positions. (I've attached my resume.)
 5

It is worth noting, however, that Flight Systems' potential liability for discriminatory failure

to hire in this case does not attach by virtue of its relationship to Vitro. As noted earlier, the

district court found that Vitro and Flight Systems, during the relevant time period, constituted

separate legal entities, and that finding remains undisturbed on appeal. 

12

Williams Aff., Exh. 4. Cannon notified Williams in a letter dated February 27, 1995, that the

positions were no longer available. According to Cannon's testimony, Cannon was directed to

transfer Doug Wilson, a Flight Systems' employee based in Texas, into one of the positions; Cannon

personally made the decision to hire Margaret McLemore, an individual substantially younger than

Williams, to fill the other remaining job.

Having reviewed the record, we conclude that the district court erred in granting summary

judgment in favor of Flight Systems with respect to Williams' failure-to-hire claim.5 As noted by

the district court, the record supports each element of Williams' prima facie case of age

discrimination: Williams has established that he was within the protected age classification at the

time he applied for the jobs, that he was qualified for the positions, and that he suffered an adverse

job action. Even assuming that Flight Systems' contention that Williams was less qualified for the

positions than the chosen applicants properly constitutes a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for

its decision not to hire Williams, the record contains evidence from which a factfinder reasonably

could infer that this stated reason was a pretext for age discrimination. Although Flight Systems

now argues both that Williams never formally applied for the positions and that, by the time he did

express interest in the jobs, the decisions regarding whom to hire already had been made, Cannon's

deposition contains several inconsistencies that cast doubt on the credibility of these assertions.

Cannon, for instance, expressly stated that Williams was a candidate being considered for one of the

two positions, but subsequently suggested that Williams was never interviewed because he hadn't
13

filled out an application. See Cannon Dep. at 21, 25. Yet, as noted above, the record indicates that

Williams did apply for the jobs as early as January 19, 1995. Moreover, the record contains a

memorandum routed to Flight Systems' personnel stating the names of each applicant—including

Williams—and is dated February 2, 1995. See Cannon Dep., Exh. 7. Notwithstanding the fact that

Williams arguably did apply for the positions and was a candidate, Cannon testified that he never

discussed Williams' qualifications for the jobs with anyone other than Manley and Gillis, both of

whom provided favorable recommendations, nor did he ever review Williams' personnel file. See

Cannon Dep. at 36. These inconsistencies, in combination with Cannon's implication that he might

consider giving Williams a job if he would agree to retire soon, constitute sufficient evidence to call

into question the veracity of Flight Systems' contentions that Williams did not timely apply for the

positions or that the decision of whom to hire had already been made before Williams expressed

interest in either job. See Tidwell v. Carter Products, 135 F.3d 1422, 1426 (11th Cir.1998) ("If a

plaintiff provides a prima facie case plus evidence discrediting the employer's proffered reasons, the

plaintiff is entitled to have the factfinder decide the ultimate issue of discrimination.") (citation

omitted). We therefore conclude that summary judgment was not appropriate with respect to

Williams' failure-to-hire claim against Flight Systems.

III. CONCLUSION

Williams asks that we set aside the district court's order granting summary judgment in favor

of Vitro and Flight Systems in this employment discrimination action. We conclude that Vitro

demonstrated that the same actor at Vitro was primarily responsible for hiring, promoting, and firing

Williams; this "same actor" evidence, however, constitutes evidence from which a jury—not the

court—is permitted to infer that Vitro terminated Williams for non-discriminatory reasons. In this
14

case, Williams has presented sufficient evidence of intentional discrimination to survive summary

judgment. We therefore reverse the district court as to Williams' discriminatory discharge claim.

We also conclude that Williams has presented sufficient evidence from which a factfinder

reasonably could infer that Flight Systems' failure to hire him was motivated by intentional

discriminatory animus. We therefore reverse the district court as to Williams' failure-to-hire claim

against Flight Systems.

REVERSED and REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.