[Federal Register Volume 82, Number 208 (Monday, October 30, 2017)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 50059-50069]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2017-23507]



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Rules and Regulations
                                                Federal Register
________________________________________________________________________

This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER contains regulatory documents 
having general applicability and legal effect, most of which are keyed 
to and codified in the Code of Federal Regulations, which is published 
under 50 titles pursuant to 44 U.S.C. 1510.

The Code of Federal Regulations is sold by the Superintendent of Documents. 

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Federal Register / Vol. 82, No. 208 / Monday, October 30, 2017 / 
Rules and Regulations

[[Page 50059]]



SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

17 CFR Part 230

[Release No. 33-10428; File No. S7-06-17]
RIN 3235-AM07


Covered Securities Pursuant to Section 18 of the Securities Act 
of 1933

AGENCY: Securities and Exchange Commission.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: The Securities and Exchange Commission (``SEC'' or 
``Commission'') is adopting an amendment to Rule 146 under Section 18 
of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (``Securities Act''), to 
designate certain securities listed, or authorized for listing, on 
Investors Exchange LLC (``IEX'' or ``Exchange'') as covered securities 
for purposes of Section 18(b) of the Securities Act. Covered securities 
under Section 18(b) of the Securities Act are exempt from state law 
registration requirements. The Commission also is amending Rule 146 to 
reflect name changes of certain exchanges referenced in the Rule.

DATES: Effective Date: November 29, 2017.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Richard Holley III, Assistant 
Director; Edward Cho, Special Counsel; or Michael Ogershok, Attorney-
Adviser, Office of Market Supervision, at (202) 551-5777, Division of 
Trading and Markets, Securities and Exchange Commission, 100 F Street 
NE., Washington, DC 20549-7010.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. Introduction

    In 1996, Congress amended Section 18 of the Securities Act to 
exempt from state registration requirements securities listed, or 
authorized for listing, on the New York Stock Exchange LLC (``NYSE''), 
the American Stock Exchange LLC (``Amex'') (now known as NYSE American 
LLC),\1\ or the National Market System of The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC 
(``Nasdaq/NGM'') \2\ (collectively, the ``Named Markets''), or any 
national securities exchange designated by the Commission to have 
substantially similar listing standards to those of the Named Markets 
(``Designated Markets'').\3\ More specifically, Section 18(a) of the 
Securities Act provides that ``no law, rule, regulation, or order, or 
other administrative action of any State . . . requiring, or with 
respect to, registration or qualification of securities . . . shall 
directly or indirectly apply to a security that--(A) is a covered 
security.'' \4\ Covered securities are defined in Section 18(b)(1) of 
the Securities Act to include those securities listed, or authorized 
for listing, on the Named Markets, or securities listed, or authorized 
for listing, on a national securities exchange (or tier or segment 
thereof) that has listing standards that the Commission determines by 
rule are ``substantially similar'' to those of the Named Markets 
(``Covered Securities'').\5\
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    \1\ On October 1, 2008, NYSE Euronext acquired The Amex 
Membership Corporation (``AMC'') pursuant to an Agreement and Plan 
of Merger, dated January 17, 2008 (``Merger''). In connection with 
the Merger, NYSE Amex's predecessor, Amex, a subsidiary of AMC, 
became a subsidiary of NYSE Euronext called NYSE Alternext US LLC 
(``NYSE Alternext''). See Securities Exchange Act Release No. 58673 
(September 29, 2008), 73 FR 57707 (October 3, 2008) (SR-NYSE-2008-60 
and SR-Amex 2008-62) (approving the Merger). In 2009, NYSE Alternext 
changed its name to NYSE Amex LLC (``NYSE Amex''). See Securities 
Exchange Act Release No. 59575 (March 13, 2009), 74 FR 11803 (March 
19, 2009) (SR-NYSEALTR-2009-24) (approving the name change). In 
2012, NYSE Amex changed its name from NYSE Amex LLC to NYSE MKT LLC 
(``NYSE MKT''). See Securities Exchange Act Release No. 67037 (May 
21, 2012), 77 FR 31415 (May 25, 2012) (SR-NYSEAmex-2012-32) 
(publishing notice of the name change to NYSE MKT LLC). As of July 
24, 2017, NYSE MKT changed its name from NYSE MKT LLC to NYSE 
American LLC (``NYSE American''). See Securities Exchange Act 
Release No. 80283 (March 21, 2017), 82 FR 15244 (March 27, 2017) 
(SR-NYSEMKT-2017-14).
    \2\ As of July 1, 2006, the National Market System of The NASDAQ 
Stock Market LLC is known as the Nasdaq Global Market (``NGM''). See 
Securities Exchange Act Release Nos. 53799 (May 12, 2006), 71 FR 
29195 (May 19, 2006) and 54071 (June 29, 2006), 71 FR 38922 (July 
10, 2006).
    \3\ See National Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996, 
Public Law 104-290, 110 Stat. 3416 (October 11, 1996).
    \4\ 15 U.S.C. 77r(a).
    \5\ 15 U.S.C. 77r(b)(1)(A) and (B). In addition, securities of 
the same issuer that are equal in seniority or senior to a security 
listed on a Named Market or national securities exchange designated 
by the Commission as having substantially similar listing standards 
to a Named Market are Covered Securities for purposes of Section 
18(b) of the Securities Act. See 15 U.S.C. 77r(b)(1)(C).
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    Pursuant to Section 18(b)(1)(B) of the Securities Act, the 
Commission adopted Rule 146.\6\ Rule 146(b) lists those national 
securities exchanges, or segments or tiers thereof, that the Commission 
has determined to have listing standards substantially similar to those 
of the Named Markets and thus securities listed on such exchanges are 
deemed Covered Securities.\7\ IEX has petitioned the Commission to 
amend Rule 146(b) to designate certain securities listed, or authorized 
for listing, on IEX as Covered Securities for

[[Page 50060]]

purposes of Section 18(b) of the Securities Act.\8\
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    \6\ See Securities Exchange Act Release No. 39542 (January 13, 
1998), 63 FR 3032 (January 21, 1998) (determining that the listing 
standards of the Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated 
(``CBOE''), the Pacific Exchange, Inc. (now known as NYSE Arca, 
Inc.), and the Philadelphia Stock Exchange, Inc. (``Phlx'') (now 
known as NASDAQ PHLX LLC) were substantially similar to those of the 
Named Markets). The Commission notes that, on July 24, 2008, The 
NASDAQ OMX Group, Inc. acquired Phlx and renamed it ``NASDAQ OMX 
PHLX LLC,'' and NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC subsequently changed its name to 
``NASDAQ PHLX LLC.'' See Securities Exchange Act Release Nos. 58179 
(July 17, 2008), 73 FR 42874 (July 23, 2008) (SR-Phlx-2008-31); 
58183 (July 17, 2008), 73 FR 42850 (July 23, 2008) (SR-NASDAQ-2008-
035); 62783 (August 27, 2010), 75 FR 54204 (September 3, 2010) (SR-
Phlx-2010-104); and 76654 (December 15, 2015), 80 FR 79396 (December 
21, 2015) (SR-Phlx-2015-105). In 2004, the Commission amended Rule 
146(b) to designate options listed on the International Securities 
Exchange, Inc. (``ISE'') as Covered Securities for purposes of 
Section 18(b) of the Securities Act. See Securities Act Release No. 
8442 (July 14, 2004), 69 FR 43295 (July 20, 2004). The Commission 
notes that, in March 2017, ISE changed its name from International 
Securities Exchange, LLC to ``Nasdaq ISE, LLC.'' See Securities 
Exchange Act Release No. 80325 (March 29, 2017), 82 FR 16445 (April 
4, 2017) (SR-ISE-2017-25) (publishing notice of the name change to 
Nasdaq ISE, LLC). In 2007, the Commission amended Rule 146(b) to 
designate securities listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market (``NCM'') 
as Covered Securities for purposes of Section 18(b) of the 
Securities Act. See Securities Act Release No. 8791 (April 18, 
2007), 72 FR 20410 (April 24, 2007) (File No. S7-18-06). In 2012, 
the Commission amended Rule 146(b) to designate securities listed on 
Tiers I and II of BATS Exchange, Inc. (``BATS'') as Covered 
Securities for purposes of Section 18(b) of the Securities Act. See 
Securities Act Release No. 9295 (January 20, 2012), 77 FR 3590 
(January 25, 2012). The Commission notes that, in March 2016, BATS 
changed its name from BATS Exchange, Inc. to ``Bats BZX Exchange, 
Inc.'' See Securities Exchange Act Release No. 77307 (March 7, 
2016), 81 FR 12996 (March 11, 2016) (SR-BATS-2016-25) (publishing 
notice of the name change to Bats BZX Exchange, Inc.).
    \7\ 17 CFR 230.146(b).
    \8\ See Letter from Sophia Lee, General Counsel, IEX, to Brent 
J. Fields, Secretary, Commission, dated September 22, 2016 (``IEX 
Petition'').
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    In July 2017, the Commission proposed to amend Rule 146(b) to 
designate certain securities listed, or authorized for listing, on IEX 
as Covered Securities for purposes of Section 18(b) of the Securities 
Act.\9\ The Commission also proposed to amend Rule 146 to reflect name 
changes of certain exchanges referenced in the Rule. The Commission 
received one comment letter,\10\ which supported amending Rule 146(b) 
to designate certain securities listed, or authorized for listing, on 
IEX as Covered Securities.
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    \9\ See Securities Act Release No. 10390 (July 14, 2017), 82 FR 
33839 (July 21, 2017) (``Proposing Release'').
    \10\ See Letter from Karl T. Muth, Lecturer in Economics and 
Public Policy, Northwestern University, and Lecturer in Law, 
Pritzker School of Law, Northwestern University, to Commission, 
dated July 21, 2017 (``Muth Letter'').
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    The Commission has determined that IEX's listing standards are 
substantially similar to the listing standards of the Named Markets. 
Accordingly, the Commission today is amending Rule 146(b) to designate 
securities listed, or authorized for listing, on IEX as Covered 
Securities under Section 18(b)(1) of the Securities Act.\11\ Amending 
Rule 146(b) to include these securities as Covered Securities will 
exempt those securities from state registration requirements as set 
forth under Section 18(a) of the Securities Act.\12\ The Commission 
also is adopting, as proposed, updated references in the Rule.
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    \11\ 15 U.S.C. 77r(b)(1).
    \12\ 15 U.S.C. 77r(a).
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II. Amendment to Rule 146(b) To Include IEX Securities

    Under Section 18(b)(1)(B) of the Securities Act,\13\ the Commission 
has the authority to determine that the listing standards of an 
exchange, or tier or segment thereof, are substantially similar with 
those of the NYSE, NYSE American, or Nasdaq/NGM. The Commission 
initially compared IEX's listing standards with those of Nasdaq/
NGM.\14\ Where the listing standards in a particular category were not 
substantially similar to the standards of Nasdaq/NGM, the Commission 
compared IEX's standards to NYSE and NYSE American.\15\ In addition, as 
it has done previously, the Commission interpreted the ``substantially 
similar'' standard to require listing standards at least as 
comprehensive as those of the Named Markets.\16\ If IEX's listing 
standards were higher than those of the Named Markets, then the 
Commission would still determine that IEX's listing standards are 
substantially similar to those of the Named Markets.\17\ Finally, the 
Commission notes that differences in language or approach would not 
necessarily lead to a determination that IEX's listing standards are 
not substantially similar to those of any Named Market.\18\
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    \13\ 15 U.S.C. 77r(b)(1)(B).
    \14\ See infra note 20.
    \15\ This approach is consistent with the approach that the 
Commission has previously taken. See, e.g., Securities Act Release 
No. 7494 (January 13, 1998), 63 FR 3032 (January 21, 1998) (File No. 
S7-17-97).
    \16\ See id.
    \17\ See Securities Act Release No. 8791, supra note 6.
    \18\ See id.
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    The Commission included in the Proposing Release its preliminary 
view that IEX's quantitative and qualitative listing standards were 
substantially similar to the listing standards for a Named Market. The 
Commission received no comments on its views.\19\ The Commission has 
reviewed IEX's listing standards for securities to be listed and traded 
on IEX and, for the reasons discussed below, has determined that IEX's 
listing standards are substantially similar to those of a Named Market 
as required by Section 18(b)(1)(B).\20\ Accordingly, the Commission is 
amending Rule 146(b) to include securities listed, or authorized for 
listing, on IEX.
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    \19\ See Proposing Release, supra note 9, at 33841-42. See also 
id. at 33842 (discussing various other types of securities and 
exchange-traded derivative securities products).
    \20\ See infra notes 21-29 and accompanying text (discussing the 
quantitative and qualitative listing standards); and infra notes 30-
31 and accompanying text (discussing various other types of 
securities and exchange-traded derivative securities products). See 
also generally IEX Rules Chapters 14 (IEX Listing Rules) and 16 
(Other Securities). See also Securities Exchange Act Release No. 
75925 (September 15, 2015), 80 FR 57261 (September 22, 2015) (File 
No. 10-222) (Notice of Filing of Application of IEX). In making its 
determination of substantial similarity, as discussed below, the 
Commission compared IEX's quantitative listing standards with 
Nasdaq/NGM's quantitative listing standards; IEX's qualitative 
listing standards with Nasdaq/NGM's qualitative listing standards 
and, with respect to the rules relating to the listing application 
process and internal audit function, with NYSE's and NYSE American's 
applicable qualitative listing standards; and IEX's listing 
standards for other securities, including portfolio depository 
receipts, index fund shares, and managed fund shares, with Nasdaq/
NGM's corresponding listing standards.
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A. IEX Quantitative Listing Standards

    The Commission continues to believe that IEX's initial and 
continued quantitative listing standards for its securities are 
substantively identical to, and thus substantially similar to, the 
initial and continued quantitative listing standards for securities 
listed on Nasdaq/NGM.\21\ Accordingly, because IEX's initial and 
continued quantitative listing standards are substantively identical to 
those of Nasdaq/NGM, the Commission has determined that IEX's initial 
and continued quantitative listing standards are substantially similar 
to those of a Named Market.\22\
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    \21\ See Proposing Release, supra note 9, at 33841. Quantitative 
listing standards relate to, among other things, the requirements 
for bid price, number of publicly held shares, number of 
shareholders, market value of publicly held shares, and market 
capitalization.
    \22\ Compare IEX Rules 14.300 series with Nasdaq/NGM Rule 5300 
and 5400 series (providing for identical rules concerning initial 
listing and maintenance standards for units, primary equity 
securities, preferred stock and secondary classes of common stock, 
rights, warrants, and convertible debt on IEX and Nasdaq/NGM).
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B. IEX Qualitative Listing Standards

    The Commission continues to believe that IEX's initial and 
continued qualitative listing standards for its securities are 
substantively identical to, and thus substantially similar to, the 
qualitative listing standards for securities listed on Nasdaq/NGM,\23\ 
with the exception of IEX Rule 14.201 (Confidential Pre-Application 
Review of Eligibility) (which the Commission preliminarily believed was 
substantially similar to rules of NYSE and NYSE American) and IEX Rule 
14.414 (Internal Audit Function) (which the Commission preliminarily 
believed was substantially similar to a rule of NYSE).\24\
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    \23\ Qualitative listing standards relate to, among other 
things, the number of independent directors required, conflicts of 
interest, composition of the audit committee, executive 
compensation, shareholder meeting requirements, voting rights, 
quorum, code of conduct, proxies, shareholder approval of certain 
corporate actions, and the annual and interim reports requirements.
    \24\ See Proposing Release, supra note 9, at 33841-42.
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    Accordingly, because IEX's initial and continued qualitative 
listing standards are substantively identical to those of Nasdaq/NGM, 
the Commission has determined that IEX's initial and continued 
qualitative listing standards are substantially similar to the 
qualitative listing standards for securities listed on Nasdaq/NGM, 
which is a Named Market,\25\ with the exception of (a) IEX Rule 14.201 
(Confidential Pre-Application Review of Eligibility), discussed below, 
which is substantially similar to rules of other Named Markets, namely 
NYSE and NYSE American, and (b) IEX Rule 14.414 (Internal Audit

[[Page 50061]]

Function), also discussed below, which is substantially similar to a 
rule of NYSE.
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    \25\ Compare IEX Rules 14.200 and 14.400 series with Nasdaq/NGM 
Rules 5200 and 5600 series (providing for virtually identical rules 
concerning procedures and prerequisites for initial and continued 
listing, obligations of security issuers, the application and 
qualification process, and corporate governance standards on IEX and 
Nasdaq/NGM).
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    With respect to the standards relating to the listing and delisting 
of companies, including prerequisites for initial and continued listing 
on IEX, obligations of security issuers listed on IEX, as well as rules 
describing the application and qualification process, IEX's listing 
rules for securities are virtually identical to, and thus substantially 
similar to, those of Nasdaq/NGM.\26\ IEX Rule 14.201, which 
specifically relates to confidential pre-application review for listing 
eligibility, is substantially similar to the corresponding rules of 
NYSE and NYSE American.\27\
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    \26\ Compare IEX Rule 14.200 series with Nasdaq/NGM Rule 5200 
series (providing for virtually identical rules concerning 
procedures and prerequisites for initial and continued listing, 
obligations of security issuers, and the application and 
qualification process).
    \27\ See IEX Rule 14.201; NYSE Listed Company Manual Sections 
101 and 104; and NYSE American Company Guide Section 201. IEX Rule 
14.201 requires a company seeking the initial listing of one or more 
classes of securities to participate in a free, confidential pre-
application eligibility review to determine whether the company 
meets the applicable listing criteria and, if, upon completion of 
this review, IEX determines that a company is eligible for listing, 
IEX will notify that company in writing that it has been cleared to 
submit an original listing application. The Commission notes that, 
while IEX Rule 14.201 is substantially similar to the equivalent 
NYSE and NYSE American rules (all of which relate to the 
confidential pre-application review for eligibility for companies 
seeking to list on the Exchange), IEX's rule contains an additional, 
heightened provision stating that a company deemed eligible for 
listing will be provided with written notification valid for nine 
months that it has been cleared to submit an original listing 
application. See IEX Rule 14.201. See also NYSE Listed Company 
Manual Sections 101 and 104; NYSE American Company Guide Section 
201. IEX represents that an issuer that does not clear the pre-
application eligibility review process or receive a timely response 
as part of that process on IEX after the confidential pre-
application eligibility review would be permitted to appeal such 
determination under the procedures set forth in IEX Rule series 
9.500. See IEX Petition, supra note 8, at 5.
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    The Commission also notes that IEX's corporate governance standards 
in connection with securities to be listed and traded on IEX are 
virtually identical to, and thus substantially similar to, the current 
rules of Nasdaq/NGM and NYSE.\28\ IEX Rule 14.414, specifically 
concerning the internal audit function for a listed issuer, is 
substantially similar to the corresponding rule of NYSE.\29\ Therefore, 
the Commission has determined that IEX's qualitative listing standards 
are substantially similar to those of a Named Market.
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    \28\ Compare IEX Rule 14.400 series (Corporate Governance 
Requirements) with Nasdaq/NGM Rule 5600 series (Corporate Governance 
Requirements).
    \29\ Compare NYSE Listed Company Manual Section 303A.07(c) 
(requiring listed companies to maintain an internal audit function 
to provide management and the audit committee with ongoing 
assessments of the listed company's risk management processes and 
system of internal control) with IEX Rule 14.414.
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C. Other Securities, Including Securities of Exchange-Traded Funds and 
Other Exchange-Traded Derivative Securities Products

    The Commission compared IEX's listing standards for other types of 
securities, including, for example, portfolio depository receipts; 
index fund shares; securities linked to the performance of indexes, 
commodities, and currencies; index-linked exchangeable notes; 
partnership units; trust units; and managed fund shares,\30\ to Nasdaq/
NGM's standards. The Commission continues to believe that IEX's 
standards for these other types of securities are virtually identical 
to the corresponding Nasdaq/NGM standards.\31\ Accordingly, because 
IEX's initial and continued listing standards for these other 
securities are substantively identical to those of Nasdaq/NGM, the 
Commission has determined that IEX's standards for these other 
securities are substantially similar to those of a Named Market.
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    \30\ Compare IEX Rules Chapter 16 (Other Securities) with 
Nasdaq/NGM Rule 5700 series (Other Securities). See also IEX Rule 
16.105(a) (Portfolio Depository Receipts); Rule 16.105(b) (Index 
Fund Shares); Rule 16.110 (Securities Linked to the Performance of 
Indexes and Commodities (Including Currencies)); Rule 16.111(a) 
(Index-Linked Exchangeable Notes); Rule 16.111(b) (Equity Gold 
Shares); Rule 16.111(c) (Trust Certificates); Rule 16.111(d) 
(Commodity-Based Trust Shares); Rule 16.111(e) (Currency Trust 
Shares); Rule 16.111(f) (Commodity Index Trust Shares); Rule 
16.111(g) (Commodity Futures Trust Shares); Rule 16.111(h) 
(Partnership Units); Rule 16.111(i) (Trust Units); Rule 16.111(j) 
(Managed Trust Securities); Rule 16.113 (Paired Class Shares); Rule 
16.115 (Selected Equity-linked Debt Securities (``SEEDS'')); Rule 
16.120 (Trust Issued Receipts); Rule 16.125 (Index Warrants); Rule 
16.130 (Listing Requirements for Securities Not Otherwise Specified 
(Other Securities)); and Rule 16.135 (Managed Funds Shares).
    \31\ See Proposing Release, supra note 9, at 33842.
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D. Other Amendments

    Finally, the Commission is amending Rule 146(b) as proposed to 
reflect the following name changes, on which the Commission did not 
receive any comments:
    <bullet> Paragraphs (b)(1) and (b)(2) of Rule 146 use the term 
``NYSE Amex'' to refer to the national securities exchange formerly 
known as the American Stock Exchange LLC. As noted above, in 2012, NYSE 
Amex changed its name from NYSE Amex LLC to NYSE MKT LLC, and, in July 
2017, NYSE MKT LLC changed its name to NYSE American LLC.\32\ 
Accordingly, the Commission is making a conforming change to Rule 
146(b).
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    \32\ See supra note 1.
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    <bullet> Paragraph (b)(1) of Rule 146 refers to ``Tier I of the 
NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC.'' As noted above, in December 2015, NASDAQ OMX 
PHLX LLC changed its name to NASDAQ PHLX LLC.\33\ Accordingly, the 
Commission is making a conforming change to Rule 146(b).
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    \33\ See supra note 6.
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    <bullet> Paragraph (b)(1) of Rule 146 refers to ``Tier I and Tier 
II of BATS Exchange, Inc.'' As noted above, in March 2016, BATS 
Exchange, Inc. changed its name to Bats BZX Exchange, Inc.\34\ 
Accordingly, the Commission is making a conforming change to Rule 
146(b).
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    \34\ See id.
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    <bullet> Paragraph (b)(1) of Rule 146 refers to ``Options listed on 
the International Securities Exchange, LLC.'' As noted above, in March 
2017, the International Securities Exchange, LLC changed its name to 
Nasdaq ISE, LLC.\35\ Accordingly, the Commission is making a conforming 
change to Rule 146(b).
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    \35\ See id.
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III. Paperwork Reduction Act

    The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 does not apply because the 
amendment to Rule 146(b) does not impose recordkeeping or information 
collection requirements or other collection of information, which 
require the approval of the Office of Management and Budget under 44 
U.S.C. 3501 et seq.

IV. Economic Analysis

    The Commission is sensitive to the economic consequences of its 
rules, including the benefits, costs, and effects on efficiency, 
competition, and capital formation. As noted above, the Commission has 
determined that the overall listing standards for securities to be 
listed and traded on IEX are substantially similar to those of a Named 
Market. As such, the Commission is adopting amendments to Rule 146 
under Section 18 of the Securities Act, to designate securities listed, 
or authorized for listing, on IEX as Covered Securities. The following 
analysis considers the economic effects that may result from the 
amendment.
    Where possible, the Commission has quantified the economic effects 
of the amendment; however, as explained further below, the Commission 
is unable to quantify all of the economic effects because it lacks the 
information necessary to provide reasonable estimates. In some cases, 
quantification depends heavily on factors outside of the control of the 
Commission, particularly due to the flexibility that an

[[Page 50062]]

issuer has when choosing if and where to list its securities and the 
flexibility of a registered national securities exchange to tailor its 
policies and rules to the nature of its business and technology. These 
factors make it difficult to quantify the changes in market share of 
Named and Designated Markets that may result from the amendment. In 
addition, the incumbent Named and Designated Markets and IEX each may 
react to the amendments with respect to listing fees and services. 
These reactions are also difficult to quantify or predict, which 
further complicates quantification of changes to market share, and also 
makes quantification of the economic effects of the amendment 
difficult. Therefore, some of the discussions below are qualitative in 
nature. In the Proposing Release the Commission solicited comment on 
its economic analysis, including costs and benefits and potential 
impacts on efficiency, competition, and capital formation, and 
encouraged commenters to provide specific estimates or data. The 
Commission did not receive any comment on, or data regarding, its 
estimates. The Commission received one comment letter that was 
generally supportive of the proposed rule amendment.\36\
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    \36\ See Muth Letter, supra note 10 (``The removal of state-by-
state heterogeneity, including through 18(b) inclusion, is one way 
to decrease friction both at the offering stage and on the secondary 
market. That IEX securities would enjoy this freedom from the 
encumbrances of state-level registration requirements is 
unobjectionable in the short-term and likely beneficial to both 
securities issuers and consumers in the long-term (and, indirectly, 
beneficial to brokers in securities of this kind).'').
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A. Baseline

    The Commission compared the economic effects of the amendment, 
including benefits, costs, and effects on efficiency, competition, and 
capital formation, to a baseline that consists of the existing 
regulatory framework and market structure.
1. Regulatory Framework and Affected Parties
    The listing standards of Named and Designated Markets are 
quantitative and qualitative requirements that issuers must satisfy 
before they may list on these markets. Securities listed on a Named or 
Designated Market are Covered Securities, which are exempt from 
complying with state securities law registration and qualification 
requirements. As mentioned above,\37\ subsequent to its exchange 
registration, IEX petitioned the Commission to amend Rule 146(b) to 
provide that the listing standards for securities listed, or authorized 
for listing, on IEX are substantially similar to those of the Named 
Markets.
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    \37\ See supra note 8 and accompanying text.
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    Pursuant to unlisted trading privileges, a national securities 
exchange such as IEX currently can trade securities that are listed on 
other exchanges.\38\ While IEX may offer to list securities for 
trading, currently, those securities would not be Covered Securities if 
they chose to list on IEX in the absence of this amendment to Rule 146. 
Issuers of securities that are not Covered Securities must comply with 
state securities law registration and qualification requirements, which 
generally require the issuer to register such securities in each state 
or jurisdiction in which the issuer will offer or sell its securities. 
State registration and qualification requirements generally vary across 
the 54 U.S. jurisdictions, comprising the 50 states, the District of 
Columbia, and the three U.S. territories of Puerto Rico, the Virgin 
Islands, and Guam.\39\ These requirements typically include: (i) Filing 
state administrative forms and other paperwork necessary for compliance 
with state registration requirements; (ii) adherence to disclosure 
standards; and (iii) in some states, requirements based upon the merits 
of the offering or issuer.\40\
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    \38\ See 15 U.S.C. 781(f) and Rule 12f-2.
    \39\ See Office of Investor Education and Advocacy, ``Blue Sky 
Laws'' (2014), available at https://www.sec.gov/fast-answers/answers-blueskyhtm.html.
    \40\ See, e.g., Stuart R. Cohn, Securities Counseling for Small 
and Emerging Companies Sec.  12:8 (2016) (describing merit review as 
``the authority of state administrators to deny, suspend or revoke 
an offering because the administrator believes that the offering has 
substantive weaknesses in structure, financial strength or fairness 
to investors''). Typical elements of merit review include: Offering 
expenses, including underwriter's compensation, issuer 
capitalization requirements, dilution, financial condition of the 
issuer, cheap stock held by insiders, types of offering (e.g., blind 
pool offerings), the quantity of securities subject to options and 
warrants, loans to insiders, and the price at which the securities 
will be offered. See id. The North American Securities 
Administrators Association (NASAA), an association of state and 
provincial securities regulators composed of the securities 
administrators from each state, Mexico, and 13 Canadian provinces, 
has issued guidelines intended to provide uniformity among state 
merit review standards. See NASAA Statements of Policy, available at 
http://www.nasaa.org/regulatory-activity/statements-of-policy/. Some 
exchange listing standards impose merit regulation on issuers.
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    The Commission lacks comprehensive, independent data to precisely 
estimate the total time, registration, and compliance costs associated 
with state registration and qualification. Moreover, those total costs 
may vary widely for issuers depending upon the number of states in 
which an issuer elects to register. To provide some information about 
potential costs for state registration, Table 1 below lists examples of 
Blue Sky registration filing fees for several states.

       Table 1--Examples of Blue Sky Registration Filing Fees \41\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
            State                              Filing fee
------------------------------------------------------------------------
California...................  $200 plus \1/5\ of 1 percent of the
                                aggregate value of the securities
                                proposed to be sold, with a maximum fee
                                of $2,500.
Florida......................  $1,000.
Illinois.....................  \1/20\ of 1 percent of the aggregate
                                offering in Illinois, with a minimum fee
                                of $500 and a maximum fee of $2,500.
New York.....................  Based on total offerings:
                               $500,000 or less: $300.
                               More than $500,000: $1,200.
Texas........................  $100 filing fee, plus examination fee of
                                \1/10\ of 1 percent of the aggregate
                                amount of securities sold in Texas.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The issuer of a non-Covered Security in multiple jurisdictions 
would have

[[Page 50063]]

more compliance obligations than the issuer of a Covered Security, 
including the potential for considerable additional costs and legal 
fees associated with reviews of offering-related materials at the state 
level.\42\ Additionally, as discussed above, many state securities 
regulators also review securities offerings based upon the merits of 
the offering and/or the issuer of the securities, which can further 
increase an issuer's compliance obligations and associated costs.\43\ 
In addition, the Commission notes that on a separate matter, the 
Commission received an estimate that an issuer seeking state 
registration in 50 states would incur $50,000 to $70,000 in filing fees 
and $80,000 to $100,000 in legal fees.\44\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \41\ See CA Corp Code Sec.  25608(e) for California filing fees; 
http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=0500-0599/0517/Sections/0517.081.html for Florida filing fees; http://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/departments/securities/sellingsec.html 
for Illinois filing fees; https://ag.ny.gov/investor-protection/broker-dealer-and-securities-registration-information-sheet for New 
York filing fees; and https://www.ssb.texas.gov/texas-securities-act-board-rules/fee-schedule#one for Texas filing fees.
    \42\ See Proposing Release, supra note 9, at 33843 (citing 
Securities Act Release No. 9741 (March 25, 2015), 80 FR 21806 (April 
20, 2015) (Amendments for Small and Additional Issues Exemptions 
under the Securities Act (Regulation A)), at Section II.H.3 
(``Regulation A Release'')).
    \43\ See id.
    \44\ See id. at 33843 & n.43 (citing Regulation A Release, supra 
note 42; Letter from Michael L. Zuppone, Paul Hastings LLP, to 
Commission, dated November 26, 2013, at 2 (further noting the 
``significant costs and uncertainties associated with `Blue Sky' law 
compliance''); and Regulation A Release, supra note 42, at n.1024 
and accompanying text). As noted in the Proposing Release, the 
commenter did not address whether these estimated costs vary by the 
size of the offering. Also, the Commission notes that the estimate 
concerns the initial costs associated with registration. The 
Commission believes that the ongoing costs of compliance that the 
issuer bears will be lower than these initial costs. See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, the Commission believes that the state registration 
and qualification requirements applicable to non-Covered Securities 
also impose costs on broker-dealers. Specifically, broker-dealers may 
incur costs to ensure that they are complying with applicable state 
laws governing non-Covered Securities in each state in which they are 
transacting in those securities on behalf of their customers or 
providing advice or other information to customers related to those 
securities. For example, broker-dealers can incur costs associated with 
maintaining a compliance program to verify an issuer's state 
registration status and comply with any state requirements applicable 
to broker-dealers that transact in non-Covered Securities, which could 
vary depending on where the customer resides and where the transaction 
occurs. In addition, the types and content of communications broker-
dealers may have with their customers regarding non-Covered securities 
may be subject to regulation under Blue Sky laws, thus broker-dealers 
may incur costs to ensure they are compliant with such requirements in 
each state in which they advise customers.\45\ While some portion of 
these costs may be passed on to a broker-dealer's customers--i.e., the 
investors that transact through the broker-dealer in non-Covered 
Securities--through commissions or transaction fees, the Commission 
believes that the compliance costs associated with Blue Sky 
requirements may lead some broker-dealers to only offer their services 
for Covered Securities.\46\ However, the Commission lacks the data 
necessary to quantify the costs that broker-dealers and their customers 
face.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \45\ See id. at 33844 & n.45 (citing Letter from Daniel Zinn, 
General Counsel, OTC Markets Group Inc., to Elizabeth M. Murphy, 
Secretary, Commission, dated March 24, 2014, at 4 (describing the 
commenter's views of the impact of Blue Sky laws on broker-
dealers)).
    \46\ As noted in the Proposing Release, a commenter also stated 
that broker-dealers may have increased ``rescission risk'' for 
failing to comply with each jurisdiction's Blue Sky requirements, 
which OTC Markets argues ``may chill some broker-dealers' 
willingness to allow their customers to transact in those securities 
at all, including securities of SEC reporting companies.'' See id. 
at 33844 & n.46.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The amendment to Rule 146 that the Commission is adopting to make 
IEX a Designated Market will impact several parties, including (i) 
issuers that currently list their securities on a Named or Designated 
Market; (ii) issuers with securities not currently listed on any 
incumbent Named or Designated Market but who might list on IEX, or on 
an incumbent Named or Designated Market, as a result of the competition 
from IEX if IEX enters the listing market; and (iii) issuers with 
securities not currently listed on any incumbent Named or Designated 
Market and that would eventually list on a Named or Designated Market, 
regardless of IEX's entry into the market. Given that issuers that meet 
the listing standards of IEX are likely to meet the listing standards 
of other Named or Designated Markets, the number of issuers that will 
list on a Named or Designated Market solely as a result of the 
amendment (i.e., those in category (ii) above) may be small. In 
addition, the amendment will affect IEX, as it will now be able to list 
Covered Securities, as can the Named and Designated Markets with which 
IEX now will be able to compete for listings.\47\ The impacts on each 
of these affected parties are discussed in more detail below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \47\ The Commission believes that the amendment also may 
indirectly impact exchanges that are not Named or Designated Markets 
as well as other trading venues for both covered and non-covered 
securities as explained below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Current Practices in the Market for Listings
    Issuers of public securities make several considerations when 
deciding on which exchange to list their securities. These 
considerations include, among other things, the visibility and 
publicity provided by the exchange, the exchange's listing services and 
fees, and the exchange's listing standards. The Named and Designated 
Markets may provide issuers of Covered Securities with additional 
visibility over that of securities traded over the counter, which may, 
in turn, increase the pool of potential investors for an issuer and 
thereby improve an issuer's access to capital. In addition, the Named 
and Designated Markets provide listing services for their listed 
issuers, which can include monitoring, communication, and regulatory 
compliance services. These services may help issuers by reducing the 
cost of raising capital and the costs associated with going or 
remaining public. However, many issuers that list for the first time do 
so as part of an initial public offering, which can include 
considerations not related to listing on an exchange, such as SEC 
reporting obligations, as well as legal, accounting, and other expenses 
(both for the initial offering and the ongoing requirements of 
remaining public). In addition, issuers also consider the benefits of 
going public, such as increased access to capital and providing 
investors with a signal of an issuer's ability to meet obligations that 
apply to public companies (e.g., reporting requirements). Commonly, the 
decision of which exchange to list on is made concurrently with the 
decision about whether or not to go public.
    Issuers must pay listing fees and meet listing standards to list on 
a Named or Designated Market. Listing fees may include an initial 
application fee, as well as an ongoing annual fee, and may vary by the 
number of shares in the initial offering or be fixed. However, listing 
fees typically represent a small portion of the overall cost of an 
initial public offering or the ongoing costs of remaining public,\48\ 
and thus may not be

[[Page 50064]]

a significant factor that issuers consider when deciding (i) whether to 
list on a Named or Designated Market, and (ii) if so, on which Named or 
Designated market to list. Listing exchanges also impose listing 
standards on issuers, which can include corporate governance standards 
as well as quantitative requirements, such as minimum income, market 
capitalization, and operating history requirements.\49\ While an 
exchange's listing standards may prevent potential issuers who do not 
meet those standards from listing on the exchange, the stringency of an 
exchange's listing standards may provide a valuable signal to investors 
about the quality of issuers that are able to list, which may improve 
the issuers' access to capital.\50\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \48\ Listing fees for equity securities can range from $55,000 
(NYSE American) to $295,000 (NYSE). See NYSE MKT Company Guide at 
Sec. 140, available at http://wallstreet.cch.com/MKTtools/PlatformViewer.asp?SelectedNode=chp_1_1_1&manual=/MKT/CompanyGuide/mkt-company-guide/; and NYSE Listed Company Manual at 902.02, 
available at http://nysemanual.nyse.com/LCMTools/bookmark.asp?id=sx-ruling-nyse-policymanual_902.02&manual=/lcm/sections/lcm-sections/. 
See also supra notes 41-46 and accompanying text (discussing the 
overall costs of state securities registration). See also Proskauer 
Rose LLP, 2016 IPO Study, at 52, available at http://www.proskauer.com/files/uploads/Proskauer-2016-IPO-Study.pdf 
(examining 258 IPOs from 2013 to 2015 and finding that the average 
total IPO expense, excluding underwriting fees, was $4.15 million).
    \49\ The Commission views the term ``listing exchange'' as 
equivalent to the term ``Named or Designated Market'' for purposes 
of this release.
    \50\ See infra Section IV.A.3, for further discussion of listing 
standards and signaling to investors.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Competitive Landscape
    The amendment to Rule 146 will affect the market for listing 
services, in which the Named and Designated Markets compete to provide 
listing services to issuers, or potential issuers, of Covered 
Securities because, as explained in detail below, the amendment will 
permit IEX to compete in this market. In addition, the Commission 
believes that the amendment can also affect the market for trading 
services because the listing status and listing designation of 
securities (i.e., whether a security is a Covered Security and where it 
is listed) are related to where and how the securities trade. In this 
section, the Commission discusses competition among Named and 
Designated Markets for listings, as well as competition among the 
various trading platforms (including Named and Designated Markets) for 
trading services.
(a) Competition for Listings
    Listing exchanges compete with each other for listings in many 
ways, including, but not limited to, listing fees, listing standards, 
and listing services. When issuers select a listing exchange, they 
consider the listing fees and the costs of compliance with listing 
standards on any given exchange, as well as the quality of listing 
services and any relevant reputational benefits, among other things, 
each exchange may offer. Although issuers may incur costs to meet an 
exchange's listing standards, high listing standards may also yield 
benefits as they may serve as a positive signal to investors of an 
issuer's ability to satisfy high qualitative and quantitative listing 
requirements. Investors may interpret the reputation of a listing 
exchange and high listing standards as a credible signal of the quality 
of the listed securities on that exchange.\51\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \51\ See, e.g., Thomas J. Chemmanur & Paolo Fulghieri, 
Competition and Cooperation Among Exchanges: A Theory of Cross-
listing and Endogenous Listing Standards, 82 J. Fin. Econ. 455-89 
(2006), available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304405X06001139.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Currently, there are three Named Markets under Section 18(b)(1)(A) 
of the Securities Act: NYSE, NYSE American, and Nasdaq/NGM. In 
addition, there are currently six Designated Markets: (i) Tier I of the 
NYSE Arca, Inc.; (ii) Tier I of the NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; (iii) CBOE; 
(iv) options listed on ISE; (v) The Nasdaq Capital Market; and (vi) 
Tier I and Tier II of BATS. As of June 2, 2017, the Commission 
estimates that NYSE listed 3,172 equity securities, Nasdaq listed 3,183 
equity securities, NYSE Arca listed 1,529 equity securities, NYSE 
American listed 359 equity securities, and BATS listed 176 equity 
securities.\52\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \52\ These figures of listed equities include equity securities 
reported to a securities information processor. The estimates also 
include multiple securities from the same issuer, which means the 
total number of securities may differ from the total number of 
issuers potentially affected by this rulemaking. Listing information 
is from the master files of the daily trade and quotation data 
(``TAQ Data'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While the number of equities listed on each exchange relative to 
the total number of equities listed on all exchanges is informative 
about overall competition for listings among the exchanges, the market 
shares for recent equity issue listings may provide a better picture of 
the nature of competition between exchanges and the size of the new 
listings market. Table 2 identifies the number of new equity issue 
listings from 2008 to 2016.\53\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \53\ The listings data for NYSE, Nasdaq, NYSE American, and NYSE 
Arca were taken from Compustat Merged (copyright) 2016 Center for 
Research in Securities Prices (``CRSP''), The University of Chicago 
Booth School of Business. As CRSP does not have BATS listings data, 
BATS listings are from TAQ Data. See supra note 52.

                     Table 2--New Equity Listings in Named and Designated Markets, 2008-2016
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       NYSE           Nasdaq       NYSE American     NYSE ARCA         BATS
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2008............................              68             142              53              68               0
2009............................              76             115              33              20               0
2010............................             141             156              31              12               0
2011............................             130             132              34              14               0
2012............................             148             135              19               9              17
2013............................             178             201              26              13               6
2014............................             178             278              23              12               5
2015............................             101             220              15              13              31
2016............................              81             163               5              12              85
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As shown in Table 2, two listing exchanges--NYSE and Nasdaq--
captured 71% of all new equity listings on Named and Designated Markets 
in 2016, which is evidence of a highly concentrated listing market.\54\ 
In addition, when BATS entered the market in 2012, it gained only 17 
new listings, which was 5.2% of all new equity listings in 2012. This 
small number of new listings suggests that the number of currently 
unlisted issuers that would list with a new Designated Market is likely 
to be small.\55\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \54\ The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) measure for listing 
exchanges is 0.321, calculated as the sum of squared market shares, 
or (2,552/7,217)<SUP>[supcaret]</SUP>2 + (2,863/
7,217)<SUP>[supcaret]</SUP>2 + (1,377/7,217)<SUP>[supcaret]</SUP>2 + 
(339/7,217)<SUP>[supcaret]</SUP>2 + (86/7,217)<SUP>[supcaret]</SUP>2 
= 0.321. See Campbell McConnell, Stanley Brue & Sean Flynn, 
Microeconomics: Principles, Problems, & Policies 218, 219, 225, 226 
(2014). An HHI close to 0 indicates low concentration while an HHI 
of 1 indicates total concentration or monopoly.
    \55\ See infra Section IV.B.2, for further discussion about how 
this may affect currently unlisted issuers.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 50065]]

    A highly concentrated market may be the result of barriers to 
entry, which limit competition, and can include economies of scale, 
reputation, legal barriers to entry, and network externalities. These 
barriers to entry may adversely affect a new listing exchange's ability 
to compete with incumbent exchanges for listings. New listing exchanges 
do not enjoy the economies of scale of large listing exchanges. Listing 
exchanges may exhibit economies of scale because an exchange with a 
large number of listings can spread the fixed costs of listing equities 
over a greater number of issuers. The larger these fixed costs are, the 
greater will be the scale economies of larger listing exchanges. New 
listing exchanges face reputational barriers to entry because they may 
not be able to quickly establish a strong reputation for high quality 
listings. This lack of reputation may discourage issuers from listing 
on an entrant exchange, as well as discourage investors from investing 
in an issuer that lists on an entrant exchange, which may further 
reinforce the reputational barriers to entry.
    Legal barriers to entry also can apply because exchanges are self-
regulatory organizations overseen by the Commission. The governing 
statute and regulations establish legal barriers to entry for an entity 
that seeks to register as an exchange, as well as additional legal 
barriers for an exchange to become a Designated Market. Specifically, 
the process by which the Commission designates an exchange as a 
Designated Market imposes a legal barrier to entry on the ability of an 
exchange to effectively compete for the listing business of Covered 
Securities.
    In addition, the market for listings exhibits positive network 
externalities: Issuers may prefer to be listed on exchanges where other 
similar issuers are listed because of increased visibility. This 
indicates that, all else being equal, issuers may tend to favor listing 
their securities on large exchanges (in terms of listings) over smaller 
ones.
    Issuers also may face costs associated with moving their listing 
from one exchange to another. These switching costs will not only 
include the fixed costs associated with listing on a new exchange (such 
as the exchange's application fee, and the legal and accounting 
expenses associated with ensuring that the issuer satisfies the listing 
standards of the new exchange) but also will include the costs 
associated with communicating with investors about the move to the new 
exchange. Thus, an issuer that is considering moving from one exchange 
to another would compare the relatively lower annual listing fee of its 
current exchange with the relatively high costs of moving its listing 
to a new exchange, which places the new exchange at a disadvantage and 
creates a barrier to entry for a potential entrant. Even if an entrant 
exchange prices its listing fees and services for new issuers 
competitively compared to the incumbent exchanges, the costs for an 
issuer to switch its listing to a new exchange may dissuade an issuer 
from switching and thereby prevent the entrant from gaining market 
share.
    Table 3 shows estimates of the probability that an issuer would 
change its listing exchange in a given year, based on issuer switching 
behavior for equities over the period 2008 to 2016. As an example, if 
an equity security was listed on NYSE in a given year, there was a 
99.33% chance that it would still be listed on NYSE the following year, 
but a 0.04% chance it would be listed on Amex the following year, a 
0.34% chance it would be listed on Nasdaq the following year, and a 
0.08% chance it would be listed on NYSE Arca the following year. More 
generally, equities listed on NYSE and Nasdaq in a given year had a 
greater than 99% chance of remaining listed on that exchange the 
following year. This result suggests that issuers are unlikely to 
switch their listings away from the two exchanges with the highest 
market shares.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \56\ The listings data for NYSE, Nasdaq, NYSE American, and NYSE 
Arca were taken from CRSP. BATS listings are from TAQ Data. See 
supra note 52.
    \57\ For the exchanges in the CRSP data (NYSE, NYSE American, 
Nasdaq, and NYSE Arca), this category (Not Trading) includes 
listings that were halted, suspended, not trading, or whose listing 
status was not known in the following year. For the exchange from 
the TAQ data (BATS), this column includes listings that were not in 
the TAQ master file in the following year.

                                       Table 3--Conditional Probability of Transition for Listings, 2008-2016 \56\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                           NYSE American                                                    Not trading
                    Original exchange                        NYSE (%)           (%)         Nasdaq (%)     NYSE Arca (%)     BATS (%)          \57\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                              Status in the Following Year
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NYSE....................................................           99.33            0.04            0.34            0.08            0.00            0.20
NYSE Amer...............................................            1.80           93.47            2.80            1.39            0.00            0.54
Nasdaq..................................................            0.38            0.07           99.11            0.01            0.00            0.42
NYSE Arca...............................................            1.50            0.47            1.13           90.81            0.00            6.10
BATS....................................................            0.00            0.00            0.00            0.00           94.40            5.60
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(b) Competition for Trading Services
    Trading in Covered Securities is segmented from trading in those 
securities that are not listed on a Named or Designated Market (i.e., 
non-Covered Securities). Non-Covered Securities trade only on over-the-
counter (``OTC'') markets, which consist of alternative trading systems 
(``ATSs'') that trade unlisted securities and broker-dealers who 
internalize orders. Covered Securities, on the other hand, may trade on 
the registered national securities exchanges or off-exchange either on 
the 35 ATSs or through broker-dealers that internalize orders. The 
market to trade Covered Securities on either the Named and Designated 
Markets or the other trading platforms is more liquid than the OTC 
trading of non-Covered Securities because, among other things, OTC 
markets have higher search costs associated with finding buyers and 
sellers.\58\ Further, because Covered Securities are exempt from state 
securities registration laws, the costs associated with complying with 
state securities registration laws are lower for broker-dealers that 
trade Covered Securities on behalf of their customers, as compared to 
trading non-covered securities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \58\ See, e.g., Ulff Br[uuml]ggemann, Aditya Kaul, Christian 
Leuz & Ingrid M. Werner, The Twilight Zone: OTC Regulatory Regimes 
and Market Quality, (Nat'l Bureau of Econ. Research, Working Paper 
No. 19358, 2013), available at https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/19358.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Exchanges, ATSs, and broker-dealers compete to attract order flow 
in Covered Securities by offering better trading services or innovative 
trading

[[Page 50066]]

mechanisms. Attracting order flow can generate revenue in the form of 
transaction fees or data revenue.\59\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \59\ For example, market data fees collected by the three 
industry networks are allocated proportionally among the exchanges 
based, in part, on each exchange's share of the overall transaction 
volume. See Securities Exchange Act Release No. 61358 (January 14, 
2010), 75 FR 3594, 3600-01 (January 21, 2010) (Concept Release on 
Equity Market Structure) (Commission concept release discussing the 
revenues and expenses from data fees at that point in time).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The ability of listing exchanges, however, to successfully use 
innovative trading services to attract listings has declined over the 
past decade.\60\ During this time, the number of competitors in the 
market for trading services has increased, resulting in fragmentation 
in the market and a decline in the market share of trading at listing 
exchanges. For example, since the third quarter of 2009, the number of 
ATSs that reported transactions in NMS stocks has increased from 32 to 
34,\61\ while the share volume of Covered Securities executed on ATSs 
has increased from 7.9% to 13.0%.\62\ In contrast, the two listing 
exchanges with the greatest number of issues listed, NYSE and Nasdaq, 
each experienced a sharp decline in the market share of trading volume 
in the securities they list. The market share of the NYSE in NYSE-
listed stocks fell from approximately 80% in 2005 to 20% in 2013; 
Nasdaq's market share of Nasdaq-listed stocks fell by approximately 
half, from 50% in 2005 to 25% in 2013.\63\ Despite these changes, 
listing exchanges still currently enjoy a larger trading market share 
in their listed securities.\64\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \60\ See James Angel, Lawrence Harris & Chester Spatt, Equity 
Trading in the 21st Century: An Update (2013), available at http://www.q-group.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Equity-Trading-in-the-21st-Century-An-Update-FINAL1.pdf.
    \61\ Data compiled from Forms ATS and Form ATS-R submitted to 
the Commission as of June 2017 show that 35 ATSs have noted that 
they expect to trade NMS stocks. However, only 34 ATSs had 
observable transactions in NMS stocks since the third quarter of 
2009.
    \62\ See 17 CFR 242.600(b)(47) (definition of NMS Stock) (``NMS 
stock means any NMS security other than an option.'') and 17 CFR 
242.600(46) (definition of NMS security) (``NMS security means any 
security or class of securities for which transaction reports are 
collected, processed, and made available pursuant to an effective 
transaction reporting plan, or an effective national market system 
plan for reporting transactions in listed options.''). The estimates 
of ATSs that trade NMS stocks and ATS trade volume share was 
developed using weekly summaries of trade volume collected from ATSs 
pursuant to FINRA Rule 4552. See also Securities Exchange Act 
Release No. 76474 (November 18, 2015), 80 FR 80998, 81109 (December 
28, 2015) (Regulation of NMS Stock Alternative Trading Systems). The 
estimates in this release were developed in the same manner as in 
the cited release. See also OTC (ATS & Non-ATS) Transparency, FINRA, 
http://www.finra.org/Industry/Compliance/MarketTransparency/ATS/.
    \63\ See Angel, Harris & Spatt, supra note 60, at 20-21.
    \64\ For the purposes of this rulemaking, staff examined TAQ 
Data for the time period of November through December 2014. Staff 
observed that exchanges tend to enjoy more than 15% higher market 
share in the securities they list compared to the securities they do 
not list, on average, and they tend to enjoy about 20% higher market 
share in the securities they list compared to the market share of 
others' trading in those securities, on average.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Impact on Efficiency, Competition, and Capital Formation

    Securities Act Section 2(b) \65\ requires the Commission, when 
engaging in rulemaking that requires it to consider or determine 
whether an action is necessary or appropriate in the public interest, 
to consider, in addition to the protection of investors, whether the 
action will promote efficiency, competition, and capital formation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \65\ See 15 U.S.C. 77b(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Efficiency
    By listing on IEX, security issuers that otherwise would have not 
listed their securities on a Named or Designated Market will be able to 
avoid the duplicative costs of securities registration in multiple 
jurisdictions. In this way, the amendment will reduce the impediments 
to listing on exchanges, which in turn can improve market efficiency. 
To the extent that the amendment results in increased listing activity, 
then it may improve the allocative efficiency of securities markets by 
allowing investors to better diversify financial risks by investing in 
newly-listed securities.
    However, these two impacts may be mitigated by the extent to which 
issuers are unable to list on a Named or Designated Market because, for 
example, they do not satisfy listing standards or cannot afford the 
attendant costs of doing so. An issuer must be an SEC reporting company 
to list on a national securities exchange.\66\ Therefore, to the extent 
that an issuer is not already an SEC reporting company, it may face 
increased disclosure costs in order to be eligible to be listed on a 
national securities exchange. Moreover, issuers that are able to meet 
the listing standards of IEX are likely to be able to meet the listing 
standards of other Named or Designated Markets; accordingly, the entry 
of IEX will not necessarily increase the pool of securities eligible 
for listing. As a result, the Commission believes that the number of 
issuers that would not have listed at all in the absence of an 
amendment, but will now list on IEX, is likely to be small.\67\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \66\ See 15 U.S.C. 78l(b).
    \67\ See supra Section IV.A.3.a (for further discussion).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Capital Formation
    Whether IEX entering the listing market promotes capital formation 
depends on the extent to which issuers previously unable or unwilling 
to list on a Named or Designated Market subsequently do so. Some 
issuers may, as a result of improved services and/or decreased fees 
stemming from the increased competition between listing exchanges, be 
induced to list on an exchange where, in the absence of the amendment, 
they would not have done so. If so, then the entrance of IEX can 
provide issuers with lower cost access to capital.
    As noted in Section IV.A, one reason issuers list on a Named or 
Designated Market is improved access to capital. Listing on a Named or 
Designated Market may improve access to capital in several ways, which 
can promote capital formation. First, listing on a Named or Designated 
Market may credibly signal to investors that a firm is of higher 
quality because firms that list on these exchanges must meet the 
exchange's minimum standards for governance and disclosure. Like listed 
issuers on the Named and Designated Markets, IEX's listed issuers might 
benefit from the signal of quality that comes from listing on a Named 
or Designated Market. The reputational benefits that come from listing 
on a Named or Designated Market may make investors more willing to 
invest in such issuers, which may improve the issuers' access to 
capital, and promote capital formation.
    Second, an issuer listing on a Named or Designated Market may 
experience enhanced liquidity that facilitates capital formation. 
Investors may demand a liquidity premium (greater returns) when 
investing in illiquid securities to compensate for the risks associated 
with the lack of liquidity. Any liquidity risk premium raises the costs 
issuers incur when issuing new securities. Listing on a Named or 
Designated Market may result in more liquid trading relative to OTC 
trading because of potential frictions to liquidity imposed by OTC 
search costs.\68\ Therefore, if the amendment induces additional 
issuers to list, the enhanced liquidity can facilitate capital 
formation by reducing the cost that the issuers of those securities 
would otherwise incur (e.g., through their

[[Page 50067]]

ability to issue securities at a higher offering price compared to a 
non-listed issuance) when issuing new securities. Additionally, listing 
on a Named or Designated Market may enhance liquidity and promote 
access to capital (and thereby promote capital formation) by reducing 
the costs of trading incurred by broker-dealers, which potentially are 
shared with investors. Broker-dealers incur costs to trade non-Covered 
Securities when ensuring their compliance with state securities laws in 
multiple jurisdictions,\69\ which are potentially shared with 
investors. Thus, the amendment may reduce investors' transaction costs 
to trade securities that list on a Named or Designated Market as a 
result of the amendment.\70\ Consequently, investors in securities that 
list on IEX as a result of the amendment will have easier access to 
invest in those securities and to further diversify their investment 
portfolios, which may promote capital formation by improving allocative 
efficiency.\71\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \68\ See supra Section IV.A.3.b. See also Darrell Duffie, 
Nicolae Garleanu & Lasse Heje Pedersen, Over-the-Counter Markets, 73 
Econometrica 1815 (2005).
    \69\ See supra Section IV.A.3.b.
    \70\ See supra Section IV.A.1.
    \71\ See, e.g., John Heaton & Deborah J. Lucas, Evaluating the 
Effects of Incomplete Markets on Risk Sharing and Asset Pricing, 104 
J. Pol. Econ. 443 (1996).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Competition
    The amendment to Rule 146(b) will likely increase competition among 
the Named and Designated Markets that compete to list securities. By 
determining that IEX has ``substantially similar'' listing standards to 
the Named and other Designated Markets, the amendment permits IEX to 
compete with other Named and Designated Markets to list securities that 
are exempt from state registration requirements. As discussed above, 
the Named and Designated Markets compete with each other in many ways, 
including listing standards, listing fees, and listing services. In 
addition to permitting IEX to compete to list securities as a 
Designated Market, the additional competition from IEX's entry into the 
listing market will also provide incumbent listing markets with 
incentives to change how they compete with each other.\72\
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    \72\ See, e.g., Thierry Foucault & Christine A. Parlour, 
Competition for Listing, 35 Rand J. Econ. 329 (2004) (describing 
how, in equilibrium, competing exchanges obtain positive expected 
profits by offering different execution costs and different listing 
fees). See also supra note 60 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Generally, there are two ways that increased competition can affect 
how listing markets compete with each other. First, it can affect how 
Named or Designated Markets compete to provide better services and 
value for listing issuers. If an additional entrant competes by 
providing better listing and monitoring services or lower costs for 
issuers, incumbent listing exchanges may decide to follow suit. For 
example, listing markets could reduce fees, improve services, or reduce 
compliance burdens associated with their listing standards.\73\
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    \73\ See infra note 75 (discussing the filing requirements under 
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (``Exchange Act'') necessary for 
any revision to exchange listing standards and noting that such 
listing standards and changes to such listing standards are subject 
to the requirements of the Exchange Act and the rules and 
regulations thereunder).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Named and Designated Markets also may compete to provide better 
services by increasing their level of specialization with respect to 
securities listings. As noted below, as in the case of BATS, some Named 
and Designated Markets may develop reputations for specializing in 
specific types of issues by catering to specific types of issuers. An 
increase in competitive pressures may cause the Named and Designated 
Markets to increase the degree to which they cater to specific types of 
issuers. Specialization may reduce the cost of providing listing 
services or may promote innovation in the provision of listing 
services. To the extent that specialization improves the services 
provided to issuers or reduces the costs of these services, this 
competitive response may improve the efficiency of the market for 
listing services.
    Second, the reputation of a Named or Designated Market for strict 
listing standards may be informative to an investor and serve as a 
signal of the quality of an issuer.\74\ Issuers that are able to meet 
the listing standards of a Named or Designated Market can signal their 
ability to do so by listing on those exchanges. However, because 
complying with these listing standards may be costly for issuers, 
issuers weigh the benefits of signaling their higher quality (through 
their ability to meet the stronger listing standards of the Named or 
Designated Market) against the costs of compliance with these 
standards.
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    \74\ See Stewart C. Myers & Nicholas S. Majluf, Corporate 
Financing and Investment Decisions When Firms Have Information That 
Investors Do Not Have, 13 J. Fin. Econ. 187 (1984), available at 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304405X84900230, 
for a discussion of the role of asymmetric information in corporate 
finance. See also Nathalie Dierkens, Information Asymmetry and 
Equity Issues, 26 J. Fin. & Quantitative Analysis 181 (1991), 
available at www.jstor.org/stable/2331264, for empirical evidence of 
asymmetric information in the equity issue process.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The impact of increased competition on listing standards is 
uncertain. The Named and Designated Markets may respond to increased 
competition by strengthening listing standards to provide additional 
signaling and attract investors to the issuers the exchanges list. 
Alternatively, the Named and Designated Markets can instead respond to 
increased competition by proposing to weaken their listing standards to 
attract additional listings. The exchanges' opposing incentives to 
cater to these two groups of market participants make predicting the 
impact of increased competition on listing standards difficult.
    The Named and Designated Markets' ability to lower listing 
standards is constrained by two factors (1) any proposed listing 
standards or proposed changes to existing listing standards must be 
filed with the Commission pursuant to Section 19(b) of the Exchange Act 
and must meet statutory and rule requirements to become effective;\75\ 
and (2) an exchange with listing standards that are not substantially 
similar to those of a Named Market may lose its status as a Designated 
Market.\76\ The requirement that the listing standards of a Designated 
Market be substantially similar to those of a Named Market means that 
the listing standards of the Named Markets serve as a lower bound for 
the extent to which competition may pressure listing exchanges to 
attempt to weaken their listing standards.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \75\ Any revision to exchange listing standards must be filed in 
accordance with Section 19(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 19b-4 
thereunder and is subject to the requirements of the Exchange Act 
and the rules and regulations thereunder. See 15 U.S.C. 78s(b) and 
17 CFR 240.19b-4.
    \76\ See 17 CFR 230.146(b)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some of the features of the market for listings that currently 
inhibit competition may mitigate the effects of the amendment on 
competition. Specifically, some of the barriers to entry discussed in 
the baseline--economies of scale and network externalities--may make it 
difficult for IEX to effectively compete with incumbent exchanges for 
listings.\77\ For example, if a new entrant does not attract enough 
initial listings, the fixed cost of operations may make it difficult to 
keep its listing fees competitive. In addition, a new entrant may not 
have established a sufficient reputation as a listing exchange to 
credibly certify the quality of its new issues. Thus, the structure of 
the market for listings may mitigate some of the potential effects of 
increased competition between Named and Designated Markets.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \77\ See supra Section IV.A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The most recent example of an entrant into the market for listings 
is BATS, which became a Designated Market in

[[Page 50068]]

2012.\78\ Table 2 in Section IV.A.3.a shows that the number of new 
listings on BATS decreased each year until 2015 but has increased 
recently. While the growth in new listings by BATS may be indicative of 
the barriers to entry that entrants such as IEX will face, 
circumstances specific to BATS may have impacted its ability during 
that period to attract listings.\79\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \78\ See Securities Act Release No. 9295 (January 20, 2012), 77 
FR 3590 (January 25, 2012).
    \79\ As BATS noted in its registration statement filed with the 
Commission on December 15, 2015, ``[O]n March 23, 2012, we 
experienced a serious technical failure on BZX, forcing us to cancel 
our planned IPO. . . . These technical failures damaged our 
reputation and resulted in increased regulatory scrutiny of the 
event by the SEC and other governmental authorities.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Table 3 in Section IV.A.3.a shows that almost none of the new 
listings on BATS arrived as transfers from another exchange; rather 
most of those listings were the initial listing for each issuer. This 
evidence could indicate that switching costs may also have had an 
impact on BATS' ability to gain market share, and may be a factor for 
IEX, as well. Moreover, the vast majority of BATS-listed securities are 
exchange-traded products, which is consistent with the idea that, 
despite barriers to entry, BATS was able to enter the market by 
competing for one segment of the market and specializing in listing 
exchange-traded products.

C. Analysis of Benefits and Costs

    The amendment to Rule 146(b) making IEX a Designated Market allows 
securities listed, or authorized for listing, on IEX to be designated 
as Covered Securities under Rule 146(b)(1) under the Securities Act. As 
described above, Covered Securities are exempt from state law 
registration requirements.\80\ In this section, the Commission 
discusses the benefits and costs of the amendment, which stem from: (i) 
The exemption from Blue Sky laws provided to any issuers that would not 
list in the absence of the amendment; and (ii) the entry of IEX into 
the market for listings as a Designated Market.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \80\ Rule 146 and Section 18 have no effect on Federal 
registration requirements, which are addressed by Section 5 of the 
Exchange Act. See 15 U.S.C. 78e. Section 18 of the Securities Act 
states that no law, rule, regulation, or order, or other 
administrative action of any State or any political subdivision 
thereof requiring, or with respect to, registration or qualification 
of securities, or registration or qualification of securities 
transactions, shall directly or indirectly apply to a covered 
security. See 15 U.S.C. 77r(a)(1)(A).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As noted above, the Commission is unable to quantify all of the 
economic effects of the amendment because it lacks the information 
necessary to provide reasonable estimates.
1. Benefits of the Amendment
    The amendment will provide benefits, flowing from the exemption 
from Blue Sky laws, to issuers that do not currently list on an 
existing Named or Designated Market but choose to list on IEX.\81\ 
Specifically, the amendment will permit these issuers to avoid the 
potentially duplicative costs of complying with multiple state 
securities regulations. As noted above, these duplicative costs can 
include both a fixed cost of registration and ongoing compliance costs. 
Because an unlisted issuer needs to register in each of the 
jurisdictions in which its securities will be bought or sold, any 
issuers that list as a result of the amendment will save these 
registration costs. To the extent that IEX attracts previously unlisted 
issuers, IEX will benefit as a result of revenue from listing fees, 
trading fees, and data fees generated by additional issuers. In 
addition, absent the amendment, the heterogeneity in state securities 
regulations generates ongoing costs for broker-dealers and investors 
transacting in multiple jurisdictions.\82\ However, the overall 
magnitude of these benefits depends on the number of currently unlisted 
issuers that choose to list on IEX as a result of the amendment, and 
the Commission believes this number is likely to be small because any 
unlisted issuer able to meet the listing standards of IEX is likely to 
be able to meet the listing standards of the other Named and Designated 
Markets.\83\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \81\ Data to estimate the number of such issuers does not exist, 
but the Commission believes that the numbers of such issuers is 
likely to be small, as any issuers that can meet the listing 
standards of IEX are likely to be able to meet the listing standards 
of the incumbent Named or Designated Markets.
    \82\ See supra Sections IV.A.1 and IV.B.1.
    \83\ See Table 2, supra Section IV.A.3.a, and accompanying text.
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    More generally, by making IEX a Designated Market, the amendment 
will benefit IEX by allowing it to compete in the listing market for 
Covered Securities on a more level playing field with similarly 
situated national securities exchanges.\84\ Specifically, being able to 
list Covered Securities will allow IEX more effectively to compete with 
the incumbent Named and Designated Markets that also are able to offer 
Covered Securities status. This will also benefit issuers that choose 
to list securities on a Named or Designated Market by providing them 
with another alternative venue on which to list. Furthermore, adding 
IEX as an entrant into this market will increase the number of 
competitors in the market for listings. To the extent that the existing 
Named and Designated Markets respond to this increased competition by 
reducing listing fees or improving listing services, as discussed 
above, currently listed issuers and their investors may benefit from 
the improved quality of listing services, reduced listing fees or 
reduced compliance costs. In addition, to the extent that the entry of 
IEX increases the specialization of incumbent Named and Designated 
Markets, issuers may benefit from listing services that are more 
tailored to their needs.\85\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \84\ The Commission acknowledges that this benefit to IEX may 
come at the expense of the existing Named and Designated Markets, 
who may lose a portion of their current share to a new entrant. See 
infra Section IV.D.
    \85\ See supra Section IV.B.3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Last, if issuers list on a Named or Designated Market as a result 
of the amendment, this listing may impact the trading of those issuers' 
securities on markets that are not Named or Designated Markets. As 
noted in the baseline, securities that list on a Named or Designated 
Market may also trade on exchanges that are not Named or Designated 
Markets, which may bring those exchanges additional revenue from 
trades.\86\ To the extent IEX's entry into the market increases the 
number of issuers listing on a Named or Designated Market, exchanges 
that are not Named or Designated Markets may benefit from trading 
revenue from trading more Covered Securities, even though these 
exchanges do not directly compete with IEX or the Named or Designated 
Markets for listings business.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \86\ See supra Section IV.A.1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Costs of the Amendment
    For unlisted issuers that choose to list on IEX as a result of the 
amendment, listing on IEX may entail compliance costs arising from new 
reporting obligations from IEX's listing standards. In addition, if 
unlisted issuers choose to list on IEX as a result of the amendment, 
investors may also face costs from the loss of state oversight for the 
securities listed by these issuers. The Commission notes that the 
overall magnitude of costs associated with the loss of state oversight 
depends on the number of unlisted issuers that choose to list as a 
result of the amendment. The Commission believes this number is likely 
to be small, or non-existent, for the reasons noted above.\87\ 
Furthermore, the Commission notes that these issuers would only choose 
to list on IEX and bear these costs if they decided that the benefits 
of listing on IEX justified the costs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \87\ See Table 2, supra Section IV.A.3.a, and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission believes that any costs to investors from a loss of 
state

[[Page 50069]]

oversight for such issuers will be mitigated by (i) federal regulations 
and oversight of IEX and the other Named and Designated Markets, and 
(ii) the requirement for issuers to meet the exchanges' listing 
standards. Indeed, Congress, in Section 18 of the Securities Act, has 
already determined that federal regulation is sufficient for those 
issuers that meet the high listing standards of a Named or Designated 
Market. Furthermore, the Commission believes that regulatory 
protections offered by exchanges for trading in Covered Securities 
conducted on their facilities (e.g., market surveillance, investigation 
and enforcement) will mitigate the potential costs of a loss of state 
oversight for unlisted issuers that list on IEX.
    Issuers that currently list on an existing Named or Designated 
Market that would switch to IEX would not experience potential costs 
from a loss of state oversight or compliance costs arising from new 
reporting obligations, because they currently are not subject to state 
oversight and are subject to the reporting requirements by virtue of 
being an SEC reporting company (a condition to their listing on a 
current Named or Designated Market). However, any previously listed 
issuers that decide to change their listing from another Named or 
Designated Market to IEX will incur costs to switch their listing.\88\ 
Still, the Commission notes that issuers can choose whether or not to 
incur this cost and likely would do so only if the benefits of 
switching their listing exceed their switching costs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \88\ See supra Section IV.A.3.a, for a discussion of the sources 
of switching costs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

D. Other Effects of the Amendment

    Some of the effects of the amendment to Rule 146 on IEX, incumbent 
Named and Designated Markets, and issuers involve transfers from one 
party to another. For example, the listing fees collected by IEX from 
previously-listed issuers may come from a reduction in the listing fees 
collected by other Named or Designated Markets. Issuers that list on 
Named and Designated Markets may also enjoy savings from listing fee 
reductions as a result of increased listing exchange competition, which 
would also come from a reduction in listing fees collected by Named or 
Designated Markets.
    Additionally, as a result of changes to competition in the market 
for listings, the volume of trading across trading venues may shift, to 
the advantage of some venues and to the detriment of others. Changes to 
the Named or Designated Markets' shares of the market for listings may 
affect the distribution of trading volumes across Named and Designated 
Markets, as well as other trading venues. Commission staff estimates 
that an exchange captures an average share of volume in the securities 
listed by that exchange that is about 20% higher than the market share 
of other exchanges trading the same securities.\89\ This result 
suggests that even if the number of listed securities does not change, 
changes to listings driven by increased competition may alter the 
market share of trading distributed across each venue by about 20% of 
the volume in such securities. Any shifts in the market share of 
trading can result in gains and losses in transaction fees collected 
and the share of data fees split between exchanges. Although these 
gains and losses are relevant potential economic effects of the 
amendment, the Commission does not consider these transfers to be a 
benefit or cost of the amendment, but rather a consequence of increased 
competition.\90\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \89\ See supra note 64. Using TAQ data, Commission staff 
estimates that listing exchanges have around 28.8% of the dollar 
volume in the securities they list compared to other exchanges' 
average of about 3.3% of the dollar volume. Staff observed that each 
listing exchange enjoys a higher market share of dollar volume in 
its listed securities than any other exchange trading the listing 
exchange's listed securities. Staff also observed that these 
differences were not only economically large, but that they were 
also statistically significant.
    \90\ In light of the relevant statutory language and in the 
context of this particular rulemaking, the Commission does not 
believe that there are reasonable alternatives to this proposal to 
designate securities listed on IEX as Covered Securities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

V. Regulatory Flexibility Act Certification

    The Commission certified, pursuant to Section 605(b) of the 
Regulatory Flexibility Act,\91\ that the amendment to Rule 146 would 
not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities. This certification was included in the Proposing Release.\92\ 
The Commission solicited comments on the certification. No comments on 
the certification were received.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \91\ 5 U.S.C. 605(b).
    \92\ See Proposing Release, supra note 9, at 33850-51.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

VI. Statutory Authority and Text of the Rule

    The Commission is adopting an amendment to Rule 146 pursuant to the 
Securities Act of 1933,\93\ particularly Sections 18(b)(1)(B) and 
19(a).\94\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \93\ 15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.
    \94\ 15 U.S.C. 77r(b)(1)(B) and 77s(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

List of Subjects in 17 CFR Part 230

    Securities.

    For the reasons set forth in the preamble, Title 17, Chapter II of 
the Code of Federal Regulations is amended as follows:

PART 230--GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS, SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

0
1. The authority citation for part 230 continues to read, in part, as 
follows:

    Authority:  15 U.S.C. 77b, 77b note, 77c, 77d, 77f, 77g, 77h, 
77j, 77r, 77s, 77z-3, 77sss, 78c, 78d, 78j, 78l, 78m, 78n, 78o, 78o-
7 note, 78t, 78w, 78ll(d), 78mm, 80a-8, 80a-24, 80a-28, 80a-29, 80a-
30, and 80a-37, and Pub. L. 112-106, sec. 201(a), sec. 401, 126 
Stat. 313 (2012), unless otherwise noted.
* * * * *

0
2. Section 230.146 is amended by revising paragraphs (b)(1) and (b)(2) 
to read as follows:


Sec.  230.146  Rules under section 18 of the Act.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (1) For purposes of Section 18(b) of the Act (15 U.S.C. 77r), the 
Commission finds that the following national securities exchanges, or 
segments or tiers thereof, have listing standards that are 
substantially similar to those of the New York Stock Exchange 
(``NYSE''), the NYSE American LLC (``NYSE American''), or the National 
Market System of the Nasdaq Stock Market (``Nasdaq/NGM''), and that 
securities listed, or authorized for listing, on such exchanges shall 
be deemed covered securities:
    (i) Tier I of the NYSE Arca, Inc.;
    (ii) Tier I of the NASDAQ PHLX LLC;
    (iii) The Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated;
    (iv) Options listed on Nasdaq ISE, LLC;
    (v) The Nasdaq Capital Market;
    (vi) Tier I and Tier II of Bats BZX Exchange, Inc.; and
    (vii) Investors Exchange LLC.
    (2) The designation of securities in paragraphs (b)(1)(i) through 
(vii) of this section as covered securities is conditioned on such 
exchanges' listing standards (or segments or tiers thereof) continuing 
to be substantially similar to those of the NYSE, NYSE American, or 
Nasdaq/NGM.

    By the Commission.

    Dated: October 24, 2017.
Lynn M. Powalski,
Deputy Secretary.
[FR Doc. 2017-23507 Filed 10-27-17; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 8011-01-P