# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls For the Eig hth Circu it

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No. 1 3- 35 44

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Uni te d S ta te s o f Am eri ca

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff - App el le e

v.

Ken vi s No rwo od

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t - Ap pe ll an t

__ __ __ __ __ __ App eal fro m

Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t fo r th e Weste rn Dis tri ct of M is so ur i - Kan sa s C it y

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Su bm it te d: Sep te m

be r 12 , 20 14 Fil ed : Dec em

be r 18 , 20 14 [Pu bl is he d]

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Befo re RI LEY, Chi ef J ud ge , SMITH an d KELLY, Circ ui t J ud ge s.

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PER CURI AM.

Ken vi s Nor woo d ap pe al s fro m th e se nt en ce im po se d by th e di st ric t co ur t fo r 1

co ns pi racy to co m

m it ba nk frau d. Nor woo d arg ue s th at th e di st ric t co ur t im pr op erl y

The Hon or ab le Dav id Greg or y Kay s, Uni te d St at e s Dis tri ct Ju dg e fo r th e 1 W es te rn Dis tri ct of M is so ur i.en ha nc ed hi s se nt en ce fo r us e of so ph is ti cat ed m ean s an d fo r th e un au th or iz ed us e of

a m ea n s o f id en ti fic at io n to pr od uc e or ob ta in an ot he r m ean s of id en ti fic at io n. W e affi rm

.

I. Bac kg ro un d
Nor woo d pl ead ed gu il ty to on e co un t of kn owi ng ly an d i n t e n t io na ll y

co ns pi rin g wit h Exa vi us Tatu m , Jo e Ja vo nt a Bro wn, Pat ric k Ju li us Gil es , Jr
., Greg or y Je nn in gs , D ' A n d re Cart er, Ty riq ue Egg le st on , Co rey Odo m , Vin cen t Mi tc he ll
, an d
W il li am Bran do n McCa sl in to co m m it ba nk frau d in vi ol at io n of 18 U.S.C. § 13 49

. The sc he m e st a r t e d o n O c to be r 22
, 20 11
, wit h th e th eft of Uni te d St at es m ai l fro m
ap pr ox im at el y 20 bu si ne ss es in Olat he
, Kan sa s. Sh or tl y th erea fte r, ba nk s no ti ced th at

co m pu te r-g en erat ed co un te rfei t ch eck s were be in g cas he d fro m th e ve ry acco un ts of
th e bu si n e s s e s t h a t ha d rep or te d th e m ai l th eft

. The sc he m e sp read to Leawo od
, Kan sa s an d Kan sa s Ci ty, Mi ss ou ri, whe re fu rth er po li ce in v e s t i ga ti on le d to th e di sc ov ery of th e sc he m e's m od us op eran di

. Two m en recr ui te d th e ho m el es s to go to ba nk s an d c as h t he ir c om pu te r-g en erat ed co un te rfei t ch eck s.

N o r w oo d be cam e in vo lv ed wit h th e sc he m e in May 20 12 whe n he tra ve le d
fro m hi s ho m e in Atl an ta , Geo rg ia to Sp rin g f i e l d
, Mi ss ou ri, wit h hi s fri en d an d

co co ns pi rat or Ty

riq ue Egg le st on . Egg le st on to ld Norwo od ab ou t h is pl an to recr ui t ho m el es s m en to cas h co un te rfei t ch eck s, an d he wan te d Nor woo d to acco m pa ny an d

as si st hi m

. Nor woo d ag reed

. Dur in g th ei r st ay in Sp rin gf ie ld
, bo t h N o r w o o d an d Egg le st on st ay ed at th e sa m e ho t e l w i th co co ns pi rat or s who pr in te d th e co m pu te rge ne rat ed frau du le nt ch eck s. On May 2, 20 12
, Egg le st on recr ui te d ho m el es s m en to

cas h ch eck s whi le Nor woo d wait ed i n th ei r car. W hi le Egg le st on ta lk ed
, Nor woo d

m os tl y act ed as se cu rit y so Egg le st on wou ld no t be th reat en ed by th e ho m el es s m en th at were recru it ed

. W he n recr ui ti ng th es e m en , Egg le st on an d Norwo od wou ld as k
fo r each pe rs on 's go ve rn m en t-i ss ue d id en ti fic at io n card so th at th e frau du le nt ch eck s

co ul d be pr in te d us in g th at pe rs on 's le ga l na m e. Eve nt ua ll y , th e Sp rin gf ie ld Po li ce Dep art m en t arre st ed Egg le st on an d Nor woo d. The pa ir ha d su cces sf ul ly cas he d fo ur

-2

-ch eck s to ta li ng $1 2,3 21 .79
, an d two un cas he d c h e c k s fo r an ad di ti on al $4 ,16 3.8 7

were fo un d i n t he ir v eh ic le

.

At th e se nt en ci ng he ari ng , th e di st ric t co ur t fir st co ns id ered th e two -le ve l

en ha nc em en t fo r us e of so ph is ti cat ed m ean s a s c a l l e d fo r in th e pr es en te nc e in ve st i g a t i on rep or t (PSR ) pr ep ared by th e Uni te d St at es Pro ba ti on Offi ce to as si st wit h se nt en ci ng

. The go ve rn m en t of fere d no ad di ti on al ev id en ce at th e he ari ng

. The

co ur t be li ev ed th at no ne was ne ed ed st at in g, "I do n't th in k w e ne ed to ha ve an y

ev id en ce on [s op hi st ic at ed m ean s]. You [No rw ood ] ag ree to th e fact s ba si cal ly; rig ht ?

. . . I do n't th in k we ne ed an y ." Neit he r pa rty o bjec te d to th e fact s gi vi ng ris e to th e

en ha nc em en t. Aft er d eci di ng th at th e so ph is ti cat ed -m ean s s en te nc in g e nh an cem en t sh ou ld ap pl y , th e co ur t m ov ed on to th e two -le ve l en ha nc em en t fo r th e un au th or iz ed

us e of a m ean s of id en ti fic at io n to pr od uc e or ob ta in an ot he r m ean s of id en ti fic at io n. As be fo re, th e pa rti es di d no t di sp ut e th e fact s, so th e go ve rn m en t di d no t pr od uc e an y

ev id en ce pe rta in in g to th is en ha nc em en t. Fu rth er, bo th si de s de cl in ed or al arg um en t

on th e ap pl ic at io n of th is en ha nc em en t. Bas ed on th e un co nt es te d fact s of th e cas e, th e co ur t ap pl ie d th e two -le ve l m ean s- of -id en ti fic at io n en ha nc em en t to Nor woo d's

to ta l o ffen se lev el

.

Nor woo d ap pe al s, arg ui n g t h a t th e di st ric t co ur t im pr op erl y ap pl ie d bo th

se nt en ci ng en ha nc em en ts be cau se Nor woo d ha d on ly li m it ed kn owl ed ge an d

pa rti ci pa ti on in th e co ns pi racy. Giv en hi s li m it ed in vo lv em en t, he arg ue s th at he
sh ou ld no t be he ld res po ns ib le fo r th e act io ns of th e en ti re co ns pi racy si nc e th ey were

no t fo res eeab le

. Fu rth er, Nor woo d co nt es ts th e su ffi ci en cy of th e ev id en ce us e d to

es ta bl is h t he pre di cat e fac ts for bo th en ha nc em en ts

.

II. Dis cu ss io n A. App li ca ti on of

Se nt en ci ng

Enh an cemen ts Nor woo d fir st arg ue s th at hi s li m it ed in vo lv em en t in th e co ns pi racy m ad e it
im po ss ib le fo r hi m to fo res ee th e fu ll ex te nt of th e frau du le nt sc he m e; as a res ul t, he

-3

-co nt en ds th at th e di st ric t co ur t erre d by ho ld in g hi m acco un ta bl e fo r th e lo ss es cau se d

by th e co ns pi racy. W e rev ie w th e di st ric t co ur t's ap pl ic at io n of th e Gui de li ne s an d
im po si ti on of se nt en ci ng en ha nc em en ts de no vo

. Uni te d St at es v. Sc ot t , 44 8 F.3 d
10 40
, 10 43 (8 th Ci r. 20 06 ) (ci ti ng Uni te d St at es v. No e , 41 1 F.3 d 87 8, 88 8 (8 th Ci r. 20 05 )). W e al so no te th at "s en te nc in g jud ge s are req ui red to fin d se nt en ce-e nh an ci ng fact s on ly by a pr ep on de ran ce of th e ev id en ce." Id

. (ci ti ng Uni te d S t a t e s v. Pir an i
, 40 6 F.3 d 54 3, 55 1 n.4 (8 th Ci r. 20 05 ) (en ba n c ) )

. We r e v ie w fact ua l fin di ng s at

se nt en ci ng fo r cl ear erro r. Uni te d St at es v. Fin ck
, 40 7 F.3 d 90 8, 91 3 (8 th Ci r. 20 05 ) (ci ti ng Uni te d S ta te s v. Ha rt , 32 4 F .3d 57 5, 5 79 (8t h C ir. 2 00 3) ).

1. So ph is ti ca te d Me an s So ph is ti cat ed m ean s i s d efi ne d a s "es pe ci al ly co m pl ex or esp eci al ly int ric at e of fen se co nd uc t pe rta in in g to th e ex ecu ti on or co nc eal m en t of an of fen se ." U.S.S.G. § 2B 1.1 (b )(1 0) (C), cm t. n.9 (B). "'Ev en if an y si ng le st ep is no t co m pl ic at ed
, rep et it iv e

an d co or di na te d co nd uc t can am ou nt to a so ph is ti cat ed sc he m e.'" Uni te d St at es v. Hus to n , 74 4 F.3 d 58 9, 59 1– 92 (8 th Ci r. 20 14 ) (q uo ti ng Uni te d St at es v. Fio ri to , 64 0
F.3 d 33 8, 35 1 (8 th Ci r. 20 11 )). "We rev ie w th e fact ua l fin di ng of whe th e r a

. . . sc he m e qu al ifi es as 'so ph is ti cat ed ' fo r cl ear e r r o r

. " Id

. at 59 2 (al te rat io n in

or ig in al ) (q uo ti ng Uni te d S ta te s v. Br oo ks , 17 4 F .3d 95 0, 9 58 (8t h C ir. 1 99 9) ).

"So ph is ti cat ed m ean s" ne ed no t be hi gh ly so ph is ti cat ed

. The ap pl ic at i o n of "[t ]he so ph is ti cat ed -m ean s en ha nc em en t is pr op er whe n th e of fen se co nd uc t, vi ewed

as a who le
, 'was no ta bl y m or e in t r i c a t e th an th at of th e ga rd en -v ari et y [o ffen se ]. '"
Uni te d St at es v. Jen ki ns , 57 8 F.3 d 7 4 5
, 7 5 1 (8 th Ci r. 20 09 ) (al te rat io n in or ig in al ) (q uo ti ng Uni te d St at es v. Han ce , 50 1 F.3 d 90 0, 90 9 (8 th Ci r. 20 07 )); se e, e.g

. , Fin ck
, 40 7 F.3 d at 91 1– 12
, 91 5 (fi nd in g th e so ph i s t ic at ed -m ean s en ha nc em en t was
ap pr op ria te ly ap pl ie d where th e de fen da nt "en ga ge d in a rep et it iv e an d coo rd in at ed

sc he m e t o o b t a in ve hi cl es " by cal li ng or fax in g a co m pa ny th at m on ey to pu rch as e

ve hi cl es ha d be en wire d in to it s ba nk acco un t); Uni te d St at es v. And er so n , 34 9 F.3 d
56 8, 57 0– 71 (8 th Ci r. 20 03 ) (h ol di ng t h e so ph is ti cat ed -m ean s en ha nc em en t was

-4

-ap pr op ria te ly ap pl ie d in a po n z i sc he m e whe re th e de fen da nt tri ed to co nc eal hi s

frau d by te ll in g hi s vi ct im s th at th e sh a r e s t h e y bo ug ht in th e de fen da nt 's sh am

co m pa ny woul d b e co m

pe ns at ed wit h wo rth le ss bo nd s o f an ot he r sh am co m pa ny).

Here, th e di st ric t co ur t's fin di ng s of fact were no t cl earl y erro ne ou s: Nor woo d
kn owi ng ly acco m

pa ni ed Egg le st on to recr ui t ho m el es s m en , he lp ed Egg le st on ob ta in
th es e m en 's go ve rn m en t-i ss ue d id en ti fic at io n card s, ha d k n o w l ed ge th at th es e id en ti fic at io n card s were be in g us ed by co co ns pi rat or s t o p rin t fr au du le nt ch eck s at th e h ot el wher e h e st ay ed , and th en ga ve th es e ch eck s t o t he ho m el es s m en to cas h.
Rev ie win g th e ap pl ic at io n of th e se nt en ci ng en ha nc em en t de no vo , we de te rm in e th at
Nor woo d's act io ns an d kn owl ed ge of th e co ns pi racy, des pi te th ei r li m it s, ris e to th e l e v e l o f co m

pl ex it y su ffi ci en t to jus ti fy th e ap pl ic at io n of th e so ph is ti cat ed -m ean s

en ha nc em en t. The s c h e me Nor woo d pa rti ci pa te d in ex ceed s th e "g ard en -v ari et y "

sc he m e to co m

m it ba nk frau d. Eve n th e li m it ed pa rt of t h e sc he m e in vo lv in g Nor woo d re qui re d re cr

uit ing oth ers so as to av oi d de te ct io n, us in g go ve rn m en t-i ss ue d
id en tif ic at ion ca rd s, an d usi ng thi s ide nti fi ca tio n to crea te co m

pu te r-g en erat ed ch eck s.

2. Th e Una ut ho ri

ze d T ra ns fe r o r Us e o

f An y Mea ns of

Ide nt if ic at io n Unl aw fu ll y to Pro du ce o r Ob ta in Any Ot he r Mea ns of Ide nt if ic at io n Nor woo d al so co nt en ds th at th e di st ric t co ur t erre d by en ha nc in g hi s se nt en ce fo r th e "t he un au th or iz ed tra ns fer or us e of an y m ean s of id en ti fic at io n un la wfu ll y to

pr od uc e or ob ta in an y ot he r m ean s of id en ti fic at io n." U.S.S.G. § 2B 1.1 (b )(1 1) (C)( i).
T he m ea ns- of -i de nti fi ca

tio n en ha nc em en t was or ig in al ly de si gn ed to co m ba t the ha rm "wh ic h res ul ts fro m us in g so m eo ne 's id en ti fy in g in fo rm at io n to es ta bl is h ne w cred it ."
Uni te d St at es v. W

il li ams , 35 5 F.3 d 89 3, 90 0 (6 th Ci r. 20 03 ). Acco rd in g to ex am pl es in th e Gui de li ne s, ap pl ic at io n is ap pr op ria te whe n a de fen da nt us es "a m ean s of
id en ti fic at io n to ob ta in a ba n k lo an or a cred it card in th e in di vi du al 's na m e. The [en ha nc em en t] do es no t ap pl y , ho wev er, to a de fen da nt who m erel y fo rg es an ot he r's
si gn at ur e to cas h a st ol en ch e c k o r u se s a st ol en cred it card to m ak e a pu rch as e."
Sc ot t , 44 8 F .3d at 1 04 5 (c it in g U.S.S.G. § 2B 1.1 , cm t. n .9(C )(i i)– (ii i))

.

-5

-Acco rd in g to Nor wo o d
, h e ne ve r pr od uc ed or ob ta in ed an ot he r m ean s of

id en ti fic at io n as req ui red by th e en ha nc em en t, ev en ta ki n g i n t o acco un t hi s

co co ns pi rat or s' act s. W hi le Nor woo d co nc ed es th at he us ed a m ean s of id en ti fic at io n by ob ta in in g th e go ve rn m en t-i ss ue d id en ti fic at io n card s fro m th e ho m el es s m en th at

were re cru it ed , he den ie s th at rep rin ti ng th ei r na m es on co un te rfei t ch eck s amoun ts

to pro du ci ng an ot he r m ean s o f id en ti fic at io n.

The te rm "'m ean s of id en t i f i c a t i on ' ha s th e m ean in g gi ve n th at te rm in 18 U.S.C. § 1 02 8( d) (7 )," U.S.S.G. § 2B 1.1 , c m t. n.1 , wh ic h i n t ur n d efi ne s t he ter m as "an y na m e or nu m

be r th at m ay be us ed
, a l o n e o r in co nju nc ti on wit h an y ot he r in fo rm at io n, to id en ti fy a sp eci fic in di vi du al ." 18 U.S.C. § 10 28 (d )(7 ). It is no t read il y
ap pa ren t if a co m

pu te r-g en erat ed ch eck th at ha s a ba nk 's ro ut in g nu m be r, a bu si ne ss 's
ba nk acco un t nu m

be r , a n d a ho m el es s m an 's na m e qu al ifi es as su ch a "m ean s of
id en ti fic at io n."

Our m os t an al og ou s ap pl ic at io n of th e m ean s- of -id en ti fic at i o n se nt en ci ng

en ha nc em en t was in Uni te d St at es v. Sc ot t . I n Sc ot t , t he de fen d a n t 's co co ns pi rat or s bo ug ht in di vi du al s' id en ti fic at io n card s, so ci al se cu rit y card s, an d pa y ro ll ch eck s, an d
ob ta in ed le gi ti m at e bu si ne ss na m es an d acco un t nu m be rs

. Sc ot t , 44 8 F

. 3 d at 10 42

. The de fen da nt us e d th es e m ean s of id en ti fic at io n to crea te co m pu te r-g en erat ed

co un te rfei t ch eck s w i t h th e bu si ne ss acco un t in fo rm at io n m ad e pa y ab le to th e in di vi du al s who se id en ti fy in g in fo rm at io n w a s so ld to th e co co ns pi rat or s. Id

. The

co co ns pi rat or s th en op en ed up acco un ts in th e in di vi du al s ' n a m es an d st art ed
de po si ti ng an d cas hi ng th e co u n t e r f e i t ch eck s to ob ta in cas h. Id

. W e up he ld th e im po si ti on of t he m ean s- of

-id en ti fic at io n s en te nc in g e nh an cem en t b ecau se

a b an k a cco un t n um

be r is a un iq ue id en ti fic at io n nu m be r, an d b ecau se Sco tt 's co nd uc t is m or e ak in to us in g a m ean s of id en ti fic at io n to ob ta in

a ba nk lo an t ha n to m erel y fo rg [e] an ot he r's si gn at ur e to cas h a st ol en ch eck
, we co nc lu de th at th e di st ric t co ur t's im po si ti on of a two -le ve l

en ha nc em en t was ap pr op ria te

.

-6

-Id

. at 1 04 5 (ci ti ng Uni te d St at es v. Oat es , 4 27 F.3 d 10 86 , 10 89 –9 0 (8 th Cir . 20 05 );

W il li ams , 35 5 F.3 d at 89 9– 90 0)

. Our de ci si on in Sc ot t , th us , was ba se d on th e fin di ng th at th e co co ns pi rat or s' crea ti on of ba nk acco un ts in t h e n a m es of th e in di vi du al s who se id en ti fic at io ns were o bt ai ne d c on st it ut ed a ne w m ean s of id en ti fic at io n. Th e di st ric t co ur t m ad e n o s uc h fi nd in g i n t hi s ca se

.

Loo ki ng to ou r si st er ci rcu it s, we ag ree wit h t h e Th i rd Ci rcu it 's an al y si s an d
ho ld in g in Uni te d St at es v. New so me , 43 9 F.3 d 18 1 (3 d. Ci r. 20 06 ), co nc lu di ng th at du pl ic at in g a m ean s of id en ti fic at io n on to an ot he r m ed iu m sa ti sf ie s th e se nt en ci ng

en ha nc em en t whe re th at du pl ic a t i o n en ab le s an al te red or hybri d m ean s of
id en ti fic at io n or fal se id en ti fic at io n. In New so me , co ns pi rat or s ob ta in ed th e pe rs on al

an d ba nk in g in fo rm at io n of cu st om ers at a ba nk
, an d us ed th is in fo rm at io n to crea te dr iv er's li cen se s wit h th e cu st om ers ' in fo rm at io n, bu t th e pi ct ur e of a co ns pi rat or

. Id

. at 18 3. The co ns pi rat or s wou ld th en m ak e wit hd rawal s fro m th e ba nk
, pr es en ti ng th e fal se dr iv er's li cen se to es ta bl is h th ei r fau x id en ti ty. Id

. The de fen da nt arg ue d th at th e

m ean s- of -id en ti fic at io n en ha nc em en t sh ou ld no t ap pl y b e c au se he m erel y to ok th e

cu st om ers ' in fo rm at io n an d tra ns ferr e d it to fal se dr iv er's li cen se s; th us , he di d no t

crea te or pr od uc e a "n ew" m ean s of id en ti fic at io n su ch as a ba nk acco un t nu m be r, bu t

o nl y du pl ic at ed th e sa m e in fo rm at io n in an ot he r fo rm

. Id

. at 18 4– 85

. Th e Th i r d
Ci rcu it di sa gr eed
, st at in g th at "[t ]he ph ras e 'an y ot he r m ean s of i d e n t ifi cat io n'

. . . do es no t m ean 'di ffer en t' as [th e de fe n da nt ] wou ld read it

. Rat he r, it is a br oa de r ph ras e m ean in g 'ad di ti on al ' as ev in ced by t he Co m m en ta ry 's de fin it io n of 'pr od uc e'

as in cl ud in g 'm an uf

act ur e, de si gn , al te r , au th en ti cat e, du pl ic at e , or as se m

bl e.'" Id

. at 18 5 (em ph as is in or ig i n al ) (q uo ti ng U.S.S.G. § 2B 1.1
, cm t. n.9 (A) (2 00 6) (cu rren t

ve rs io n at U.S.S.G. § 2B 1.1
, cm t. n.1 0( A) (2 01 3) ). Giv en th at th e se nt e nc in g

en ha nc em en t co nt em

pl at es th e "[a ]lter at io n, du pl ic at io n, an d as se m bl y " of "m ean s of
id en ti fic at io n," th e Thi rd Ci rcu it fo un d t h a t th e de fen da nt 's act io ns of co pyin g

cu st om ers ' in fo rm at io n on to a ne w m ed iu m , a fak e dr iv er's li cen s e , fel l wit hi n th e in te nt of t he en ha nc em en t. Id

. at 1 85 –8 6.

-7

-Nor woo d's arg um en t m irr or s th e de fen da nt 's fai le d a r g u m en t in New so me ,

co nt en di ng th at th e m ere co pyin g of real ba nk acco un t nu m be rs an d ro ut in g nu m

be rs of bu si ne ss es an d ba nk s res pe ct iv el y on to co m pu te r-g en erat ed ch eck s is no t

pr od uc in g or crea ti ng a m ean s of id en ti fic at io n. W e read th e Gui de li ne s's de fin it io n of "p ro du ce" to in cl ud e du pl ic at in g a m ean s of id en ti fic at io n su ch as a ba nk acco un t

nu m be r an d tra ns ferr in g it on to a ne w m ed iu m , su ch as a co un te rfei t ch eck

. W hi le th e di st ric t co ur t reac he d th e sa m e co nc lu si on fo r di ffer en t reas on s, we ne ed no t rem an d
th e cas e, bu t af

fir m ba se d o n o ur an al y si s. 2

B. Su ff ic ie nc y o f t he Evid en ce Nor woo d al so arg ue s th at th e go ve rn m en t fai le d to pr es en t su ffi ci en t ev id en ce
to su pp or t th e se nt en ci ng en ha nc em en t's ap pl ic at io n. "' If th e de fe nd an t ob je ct s to an y of th e fa ct ua l al le

ga ti on s con ta in ed [i n th e PSR]

. . . , th e g ov ern m en t m us t p res en t

ev id en ce at th e se nt en ci ng he ari ng to pr ov e th e ex is te nc e of th e di sp ut ed fact s.'"
Uni te d St at es v. Har ts te in
, 50 0 F.3 d 79 0, 79 6 (8 th Ci r. 20 07 ) (al te rat io n in or ig in al ) (em ph as is ad de d) (q uo ti ng Uni te d St at es v. Jen ne rs , 47 3 F.3 d 89 4, 89 7– 98 (8 th Ci r. 20 07 )). Nor woo d is co rrec t th at ev id en ce is req ui red to pr ov e th e fact ua l al le ga ti on s

su pp or ti ng a se nt en ci ng en ha nc em en t. Howev er, th e fact ua l a l l e g a t io ns al read y

co nt ai ne d in th e reco rd be fo re th e di st ric t co ur t are un co nt es te d. If th os e fact s jus ti fy

t h e e nh an cem en t, no ad di ti on al ev id en ce is req ui red

. The go ve rn m en t ne ed no t

pr es en t ev id en ce to es ta bl is h fa c ts th at Nor woo d ha s al read y co nc ed ed

. Se e, e.g

. , Hus t o n , 74 4 F.3 d at 59 1– 92 (u ph ol di ng an ap pl ic at io n of th e so ph is ti cat ed -m ean s

Add it io na ll y , th e m ean s- of -id en ti fic at io n en ha nc e men t ap pl ie s whe n, as in 2 Nor woo d's cas e, co un te rfei t ch eck s are pr in te d w i t h ex is ti ng ba nk acco un t an d

ro ut in g in fo rm at io n be cau se th e ch eck it se lf wou ld qu al ify as an ot he r m ean s of id en ti fic at io n. Oth er ci rcu it s ha ve so co nc lu de d. Se e Uni te d St at es v. Alex an de r , 72 5 F.3 d 11 17
, 11 19 –2 0 (9 th Ci r. 20 13 ) (fi nd in g th at th e pl ai n la ng ua ge of § 10 28 (d )(7 ) in cl ud es a co un te rfei t ch eck wit h an in di vi du al 's na m e, ba nk a c c o u n t n u m be r, an d ba nk ro ut in g nu m

be r as a m ean s of id en ti fic at io n)

. W e ag ree with ou r si st er ci rcu it s th at su ch a ch eck is wit hi n t he st at ut or y m ean in g o f 18 U.S.C. § 1 02 8( d) (7 ).

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-en ha nc em en t ev en th ou gh "[n ]o pa rty su bm it te d ev id en ce on th is i s s u e at ei th er

se nt en ci ng he ari ng ").

III. Co nc lu si on Fo r th e fo reg oi ng reas on s, we affi rm th e di st ric t co ur t's im po si ti on of bo th th e

so ph i s t i c a t e d

- mea ns an d m ean s- of -id en ti fic at io n se nt en ci ng en ha nc em en ts

. Add it io na ll y , th e d is tri ct co ur t di d no t err by im po si ng th es e en ha nc em en ts wit ho ut he ari ng ev id en ce o n t he is su es be cau se th e m at eri al fact s wer e u nd is pu te d.

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