23-339-cv

Ngono v. Owono

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY 

ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF 

APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY 

ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL 

APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY 

CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY 

COUNSEL. 

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the 

Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 

Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 4th day of March two thousand 

twenty-four.

PRESENT:

DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,

Chief Judge,

RICHARD C. WESLEY,

DENNY CHIN,

Circuit Judges.

_____________________________________

Andre Marie Ngono,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

23-339

v.

Luc Owono, Luckendy Realty, Travsail 

Agency, Inc., Access Transportation 

Services, Inc., Sable Hub, Inc,
2

Defendants-Appellees,

Kamara Youssouf, Africa Employment 

Agency,

Defendants.

_____________________________________

FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT: Andre Marie Ngono,

pro se, Jamaica, NY.

FOR DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES: Joseph Carbonaro, 

Carbonaro Law, PC

New York, NY.

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern

District of New York (Paul G. Gardephe, Judge; Sarah Netburn, Magistrate Judge).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, 

ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is 

AFFIRMED. 

Because we write primarily for the parties, we assume familiarity with the 

facts, issues, and procedural history, and recite only what is necessary to explain 

our decision. In 2021, plaintiff Andre Ngono, proceeding pro se and in forma 
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pauperis, sued a variety of defendants for alleged human trafficking and forced 

labor. Ngono twice amended his complaint. Adopting a magistrate judge’s 

report and recommendation in part, the district court dismissed Ngono’s federal 

claims, declined supplemental jurisdiction over his state law claims, and denied 

further leave to amend. See Ngono v. Owono, No. 21-CV-00095 (PGG)(SN), 2022 

WL 18959568 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 22, 2022), report and recommendation adopted in part, 

2023 WL 2207587 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 24, 2023). 

On appeal, Ngono challenges the dismissal of only a single claim against a 

single defendant: a Trafficking Victims Protection Act (“TVPA”) claim against 

defendant-appellant Luc Owono, whom Ngono alleges was involved in the 

trafficking operation. The validity and timeliness of Ngono’s trafficking claim 

against Owono depends on whether a 2011 incident, in which Owono asked 

Ngono to attend college under Owono’s identity so that Owono would benefit 

financially by obtaining federal financial aid, states a valid claim under the TVPA. 

Our review of an order granting a motion to dismiss is de novo. Menaker 

v. Hofstra Univ., 935 F.3d 20, 29 (2d Cir. 2019). We accept as true all well-pleaded 
4

facts in the operative complaint and draw all reasonable inferences in Ngono’s 

favor. Fink v. Time Warner Cable, 714 F.3d 739, 740–41 (2d Cir. 2013) (per curiam).1 

Because Ngono has been pro se throughout this case, we construe his submissions 

liberally to raise the strongest arguments they suggest. See Meadows v. United 

Servs., Inc., 963 F.3d 240, 243 (2d Cir. 2020) (per curiam). 

The TVPA grants a private right of action to victims of trafficking and forced 

labor. See Adia v. Grandeur Mgmt., Inc., 933 F.3d 89, 92–93 (2d Cir. 2019); 18 U.S.C. 

§§ 1589(a), 1590(a), 1595(a). A plaintiff asserting a forced-labor claim under 

§ 1589 may proceed under several alternative theories, consisting of (1) force, 

threats of force, physical restraint, or threats of physical restraint; (2) serious harm 

or threats of serious harm; (3) abuse or threatened abuse of law or legal process; 

1 Although we apply the usual standard of review in this case, we observe that plaintiff 

Ngono was convicted by a jury of using defendant Owono’s identity to “enroll in college 

and obtain federal student financial aid, unemployment insurance benefits, and 

immigration benefits under the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program,” a 

conviction we affirmed on appeal. United States v. Ngono, 801 F. App’x 19, 20–21 (2d Cir. 

2020). Although the defense raised the preclusive effect of this judgment below, the 

district court ultimately did not resolve the case on that ground, and Owono does not 

press it again on appeal. Because we conclude that the claim fails on the merits, we need 

not reach preclusion. 
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or (4) any scheme, plan, or pattern intended to cause the person to believe that, if 

that person did not perform such labor or services, that person or another person 

would suffer serious harm or physical restraint. 18 U.S.C. § 1589(a)(1)–(4). “[I]f 

a defendant violates section 1589, he also violates section 1590,” which reaches 

recruiting a person in violation of the TVPA, if he “recruited the person to perform 

forced labor.” Adia, 933 F.3d at 94.

With respect to the alleged student loan fraud scheme, Ngono did not allege 

specific threats from Owono that would satisfy § 1589 or a separate act of 

recruitment under § 1590(a). He alleged that Owono enrolled him in school and 

used his student loan money to pay off his own debt, but did not suggest that this 

element of the scheme was accompanied by threats or abuse. Rather, as the 

district court reasoned, Ngono alleged broadly that Owono threatened him 

between 2006 and 2021. But see Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (stating 

a plausible claim “demands more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfullyharmed-me accusation”).

In his brief, Ngono argues that the district court failed to assess his claim in 
6

the context of his broader complaint, which alleged that Owono used fraud, deceit, 

and threats to extract value from Ngono through labor. He also contends that he 

was unaware of student loans, which do not exist in his country of origin. But 

even if that were true, Ngono appears to concede that the broader claim of human 

trafficking depends on the student-loan aspect of the scheme standing alone as an 

independent offense, without which his 2006 claims would not be timely under 

the TVPA’s ten-year statute of limitations. See 18 U.S.C. § 1595(c)(1). Because he 

failed to allege facts suggesting the commission of acts prohibited under § 1589(a)

or § 1590, his 2011 claim cannot stand alone.

Accordingly, we agree with the district court that Ngono failed to state a 

TVPA claim. We do not reach Ngono’s argument regarding further amendment 

because he failed to object to that portion of the magistrate judge’s report and 

recommendation, despite being warned of the consequences of failing to do so. 

Wagner & Wagner, LLP v. Atkinson, Haskins, Nellis, Brittingham, Gladd & Carwile, 

P.C., 596 F.3d 84, 92 (2d Cir. 2010); Small v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 892 F.2d 

15, 16 (2d Cir. 1989) (per curiam). And because the district court dismissed all 
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federal claims, the court did not abuse its discretion by declining to exercise 

supplemental jurisdiction over the state law claims. See Souza v. Exotic Island 

Enters., Inc., 68 F.4th 99, 123 (2d Cir. 2023).

Ngono’s remaining arguments are unavailing or without merit. 

Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

FOR THE COURT: 

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court