2010 D e c i sion s O p inion s of the U nit e d S t at e s C our t of Appe al s for the Thir d C ir c uit 6-7-2010 

# U SA v . E rick C ole m an P r e c e de nt i al or N on-P r e c e de nt i al : N on-P r e c e de nt i al D ocke t N o . 09-4150

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w . vi ll anova . e du/thir dc ir c uit_2010/1182NOT P RE CE DE NT I AL UN I TED STATES CO UR T OF A PP EALS F O R T H E T H IR D C IR C U IT N o. 09- 4150 UNI TE D ST ATE S OF AM ERI CA

v. E RI CK CO L E M AN,

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forthe D i s tr i ctof D el aw ar e ( D . C . C r i m i nal N o. 1- 08- cr - 00107- 001 ) D i s tr i ctJ udge: H onor abl e G r egoryM . Sl eet Subm i tt ed Pur s uantt o T hi r d C i r cui tL A R 34. 1( a)

J une 4, 2010 B efore: A M B R O , C H A G A R E S , and V A N A N T W E R P E N , C i rcui tJudg es. ( Fi l ed: J une 7, 2010)

OPI NI ON O F THE COURT V A N A N T W E R P E N , C i r cui tJudge . E r i c k C o l e m a n ( “ C o l e m a n ” ) w a s c o n v i c t e d o f p o s s e s s i o n o f

a f i r e a r m b y a convi ct ed fe l on, i n vi ol at i on of 18 U . S. C . §§ 922( g) and 924( e) . T w o patr ol m en r etr i eved a f ir e a rm f ro m C o le m a n ’s p e rs o n a f te r t h e ys to p p e d h im a n d s u b je c te d h im to a p a t d o w n .T he U ni t ed St at es cal l ed W i l ker s t o t es t i fyatthe evi dent i aryhear i ng forthi s m ot i on 1 to s u p p re s s . C o le m a n d id n o t c a ll a n yw itn e s s e s . 2 C ol eman appeal s the D i s tr i ctC our t ’ s deni al of hi s m ot i on t o s uppr es s the evi dence , ar gui ng the patr ol m en di d nothave a r eas onabl e s us pi ci on t o s t op hi m bas ed on an anonym ous t i p. B eca us e w e conc l ude the patr ol m en s t opped C ol eman bas ed on a re a so n a b le, a rticu lab le s u sp icio n th a t C o lem a n w a s c a rry in g a n ill e g a l w e a p o n , w e w ill a f f i r m. I. B e c a u se w e w rite s o lelyf o r th e p a rties , w e o f

f e r o n lyth o se f

a c ts re lev a n t to th is o p in io n . T he part i es do notdi s put e the es s ent i al fac t s found bythe D i s tr i ctC our tbas ed on Patr ol m an O ffi cerW i l ker s ’ s ( “W i l ker s ”) t es t i m onyoffe r ed atthe evi dent i aryhear i ng re la te d to th is m o tio n . W ilk e rs te s tif ie d th a t o n J u ly 1 , 2 0 0 8 , a t a p p ro x im a te ly 1 :0 0 a .m ., 1 h e a n d P a tro lm a n M ill e r (“ M ill e r” ) w e re c o n d u c tin g a tra f f ic s to p a t th e c o rn e r o f

M a p le a n d Cl a yt o n S tr e e t s i n W i l mi n g t o n , De l a wa r e . Th e ywe r e b o th we a r i n g p o l i c e u n i f o r ms a n d d ri v in g a m a rk e d p o lic e c a r. W h ile c o n d u c tin g th e sto p , the yre c e iv e d a ra d io d isp a tch re q u e stin g a n ya v a ilab le uni t s t o r es pond t o t he i nt er s ect i on of W es tT hi r d and N or th C l ayt on St r eet s , thr ee t o four bl ocks aw ayfr om w her e theyw er e conduc t i ng the s t op. T he di s pat cherr el ay ed, bas ed on an anonym ous t i p, thata bl ack mal e w ear i ng a bl ack t - s hi r tand a N ew Y or k Y ankee s3

b a se b a ll ca p w a s in p o ss e ss io n o f a f ire a rm a t th a t lo c a tio n . W ilk e rs te stif ied th a t th is in ter se c tio n is “ a v e ryh ig h -in -d ru g -a n d -c rim e a re a .” (A p p . 6 2 .) A f ter q u ick ly c o m p le tin g th e tr a f

f ic s to p , th e p a tr o lm e n re s p o n d e d to th e in te rs e c tio n . T he patr ol m en ac t i vat ed thei rvehi cl e’ s emer gencyl i ght s dur i ng the dr i ve over , but tu rn e d th e m o f

f a s th e ye n ter e d th e 2 0 0 b lo c k o f N o rth C layt o n S tre e t. T h e p a tro lm e n d id n o t o b se rv e a n y o n e m a tch in g th e tip ste r’s d e sc rip tio n a t th e in ter se c tio n , b u t M ill e r d id s ee a n i ndi vi dual m at chi ng the des cr i pt i on s i t t i ng on the fr ont - por ch of a r es i dence appr oxi m at el ys eventy - fi ve fe etfr om the i nt er s ect i on. W i l ker s , w ho w as dr i vi ng, s t opped the ca ri n fr ontof the hous e. Fi ve t o t en otherpeopl e w er e i n the ar ea, buttheydi d not m a tc h th e d e s c ri p tio n . B oth patr ol m en gotoutthi s vehi cl e and be gan appr oachi ng the por ch. C ol eman w as s i t t i ng on the fr ontpor ch r ai l i ng. H e w as “bl adi ng” hi s bodyaw ayfr om the patr olm en, bu thad his head turned tow ard them , st arr i ng atthem . A ccordi ng t o W i l kers, b la d in g “ is a te rm u s e d w h e n p e o p le tu rn th e irb o d y , b la d e th e irb o d ya w a yf ro m y o u . . . . in a n a ttem p t to c o n c e a l an item , co n c e a l co n tra b a n d f ro m y o u , co n c e a l a b u lg e in th e ir pant s orthei rj acke t . ” (I d. 59. ) B as ed on W i l ker s ’ s tr ai ni ng t o i dent i fys us pect s carry i ng conce al ed w eapons and hi s exper i ence arr es t i ng fi ft een ors i xt een s us pect s i n pos s es s i on o f c o n c e a led f

ire a rm s, h e e x p lain e d th a t b lad in g is a tra it co n sis ten t w ith su sp e c ts conce al i ng w eapons . D ue t o C ol eman’ s pos tur e the patr ol m en coul d nots ee hi s hands or the l ow erpartof hi s ches t . W i l ker s coul d s ee Col eman’ s el bow , how ever , w hi ch he4

tes tifie d w a s p o sitio n e d in su c h a w a yto su g g e st h e w a s h o ld in g so m e th in g a g a in st h is abdomen. A s the patr ol m en appr oache d C ol eman, otherpeopl e i n the ar ea “ s t ood up and as ked w hatw as goi ng on. ” (I d. 7 1 . ) C o lem an just st are d at th e o ff icers. W il k ers des cr i bed C ol eman’ s r eac t i on as unus ual . B as ed on C ol eman’ s “bl aded a w ay ” pos tur e, hi s bl ank s t ar e, the fa cthe w as hol di ng s om ethi ng cl os e t o hi s abdomen, and the fa cthe m at ched the des cr i pt i on r el ay ed i n the t i p, W i l ker s beca m e conc erned C ol eman w as arm ed. W i l ker s or der ed C ol eman t o “[s ] how [them] hi s hands ” tw o orthr ee t i m es i n a lo u d a n d f

o rc e f u l to n e . (I

d. 7 2 .) C o lem a n d id n o t co m p ly . T h e n , W ilk e rs p u lled o u t h is t as erand r epea t ed thi s comm and thr ee orfourm or e t i m es . C ol eman nei thercompl i ed nor change d hi s pos tur e; “[h] e j us tkepts t arr i ng atm e and di d notm ove . . . . [and hi s hands w er e] [s ] t i l l t ow ar ds hi s abdomen. ” (I d. ) A ft erC ol eman r efus ed t o compl yw i th W i l ker s ’ s r eques t s , W i l ker s puthi s t as er aw ay , w al ked up on the por ch, t ol d C ol eman t o geton the gr ound, and gr abbed Col eman b yth e a rm . W ilk e rs u s e d a “ littl e f o rc e ” to p u t C o le m a n f

a c e -f ir s t o n th e p o rc h f

lo o r. (I d. 7 3 .) C o lem a n d id n o t re sis t an d W ilk e rs h a n d c u f f e d h im “ [ f

]o r [ h is] s a f

e ty , jus t in cas e [Col eman] w as arm ed. ” (I d. ) T h e n , as W ilk e rs r o lled C o lem a n to h is rig h t sid e in a n a ttem p t to h e lp h im u p , C o lem a n ’s t-s h irt slid u p a n d re v e a led a f ire a rm in h is w a is tb a n d . C ol eman m oved t o s uppr es s the handgun on A ugus t26, 2008. H e ar gued the5

patr ol m en di d nothave a r eas onabl e s us pi ci on t o s t op and s ear ch hi m bas ed on the anonym ous t i p. Fol l ow i ng the evi dent i aryhear i ng and a pos t - hear i ng br i efi ng, the D i s tr i ctC our tdeni ed C ol eman’ s m ot i on. I tdet erm i ned thatC ol eman w as s ei zed f or Four th A m endmentpurpos es w hen W i l ker s or der ed hi m t o s how hi s hands . H ow ever , t he C our tdet erm i ned thatW i l ker s had a r eas onabl e s us pi ci on t o s ei ze a nd patdow n C ol eman a t th a t p o in t. In a f

o o tn o te, th e D istric t C o u rt n o ted th a t “it w o u ld re a c h th e sa m e re su lt r egar dl es s of w hen W i l ker s s ei zed Col eman dur i ng the enc ount er . I f the s ei zur e occ ur r ed l at eri n the enc ount er , the courtw oul d have c ons i der ed C ol eman’ s conductup t o that poi nt , i ncl udi ng hi s fai l ur e t o compl yw i th W i l ker s ’ O r der s . ” (I d. 1 8 n . 8 . ) II. T h e Di s tr i c tCo u r th a d s u b j e c tma t t e rj u r i s d i c t i o n u n d e r1 8 U. S . C. § 3 2 3 1 a n d we h a v e ju ri s d ic tio n p u rs u a n t to 2 8 U .S .C . § 1 2 9 1 . U ni t ed Stat es v. Johns on , 592 F. 3d 442, 4 4 6 -4 7 (3 d C ir. 2 0 1 0 ). W e re v iew a d istric t co u rt’s f a c tu a l f in d in g s f o r c lea r e rro r, an d its leg a l co n c lu sio n th a t th e se izu re d id n o t v io late th e F o u rth A m e n d m e n t de novo . I d. at 4 4 7 . III . T h e F o u rth A m e n d m e n t, ap p lica b le to th e sta tes th ro u g h th e F o u rte e n th A m endment , pr ovi des thatpeopl e ar e “t o be s ecur e i n thei rper s ons , hous es , paper s , and eff ect s , agai ns tunr eas onabl e s ear ches and s ei zur es , . . . and no W arr ant s s hal l i s s ue, but upon pr obabl e ca us e. ” U . S. C ons t . amend. I V . O r di nar i l y , a s ei zur e mustbe ef fec t ed byA b ri e f in v e s tig a to ry st o p is a “ s e iz u re ” s u b je c t to F o u rt h A m e n d m e n t p ro te c tio n . 2 J o h n so n v . C a m

p b e ll , 3 3 2 F .3 d 1 9 9 , 2 0 5 (3 d C ir . 2 0 0 3 ). 6 a w a rr a n t b a s e d o n p ro b a b le c a u s e to b e re a s o n a b le u n d e r t h e F o u rt h A m e n d m e n t. Johns on , 5 9 2 F .3 d a t 4 4 7 . T h e re is a w e ll-es tab lish e d e x c e p tio n a llo w in g a n o f f ice r to

“ c o n d u c t a b rie f

, inv e stig a to rysto p w h e n th e o f f ice r h a s a re a so n a b le, a rticu lab le s us pi ci on thatcr i m i nal act i vi tyi s afoot . ” I l l i nois v. W

ar dl ow , 5 2 8 U . S . 1 1 9 , 1 2 3 (20 0 0 ); Johns on , 5 9 2 F .3 d a t 4 4 7 ; se e a lso T e rr y v . O h io , 392 U . S. 1, 19 ( 1968) . E vi dence 2 obt ai ned as a r es ul tof an i nves t i gat orys t op thatdoes notm eetthi s exce pt i on “mustbe s uppr es s ed as frui tof the poi s onous tr ee. ” Un i t e d S ta t e s v . Br o wn , 448 F. 3d 239, 244 ( 3d C ir . 2 0 0 6 ) (cit ati o n s o m itted). T o d et erm i ne w hethera sei zure com pli es w i th the Fo urth A m end m ent, w e m ust f ir s t d e te rm in e w h e n th e s e iz u re o c c u rr e d . U ni t ed Stat es v. Torr es , 534 F. 3d 207, 210 ( 3d C i r . 2008) . A ft erpi npoi nt i ng the mom entthe s ei zur e occ urr ed, w e cons i derw hethert he s e iz u re w a s ju s tif

ie d b yre a s o n a b le , a rt ic u la b le f a c ts . I d. A l though t he part i es agr ee thatC ol eman w as undeni abl y“s ei zed” bythe patr ol m en befor e theyfound the w eapon, theydi s agr ee on w hen. C ol eman concur s w i th the D i s tr i ct C our t ’ s det erm i nat i on thathe w as s ei zed w hen W i l ker s or der ed hi m t o s how hi s hands pur s uantt o t he Me n d e n h a ll t es t . I n U n itedS ta tes v . Me n d e n h a ll , the S u p rem e C o u rt det erm i ned “a per s on has been ‘ s ei zed’ w i thi n the meani ng of the Four th A m endment onl yi f, i n vi ew of al l of the ci r cumst ance s s urr oundi ng the i nci dent , a r eas onabl e per s on w oul d have be l i eved thathe w as notfr ee t o l eave . ” 446 U . S. 544, 554 ( 1980) . C ol eman7

cont ends a r eas onabl e per s on w oul d have f el ts ei zed a s s oon as the patr ol m en comm anded thathe s how hi s hands . T he G overnm entas s ert s thatC ol eman w as not s ei zed unt i l W i l ker s phy s i cal l yfor ced Col eman off the r ai l i ng underthe H o da r i D . te s t. I n Ca l i f o r n i a v . Ho da r iD. , the S u p re m e C o u rt h a s s tate d th a t a “ se izu re ” f o r F o u rth A m e n d m e n t p u rp o se s h a s o c c u rre d o n lyif law e n f o rc e m e n t h a s a p p lied p h y sic a l f o rc e to r es tr ai n the s us pect , orw her e the s us pecthas s ubm i t t ed t o l aw enfor cement ’ s as s ert i on of a u th o rity . 4 9 9 U .S . 6 2 1 , 6 2 6 (1 9 9 1 ); se e B re n d lin v . C a lif o rn ia , 551 U . S. 249, 254 (2 0 0 7 ); Br o wn , 4 4 8 F . 3 d at 24 5 . T h e G o v ern m en t con tend s tha t al tho u g h the o ff icers s how ed thei rauthor i tybyor der i ng C ol eman t o s how hi s hands and dr aw i ng a t as eron h im , b ec au se C o lem an d id n o t sub m itto tho se c o m m an d s, h e w as n o t sei ze d u n ti l W il k ers p h y s ic a lly re s tr a in e d h im . O urdeci s i on i n U

ni t ed Stat es v. W

at er m an , 569 F. 3d 144 ( 3d C i r . 2009) , and Supr eme C our tj ur i s prudence cal l i nt o ques t i on w hethera per s on can be “s ei zed” for F o u rth A m e n d m e n t p u rp o se s w h e n a re a so n a b le p e rso n in th e sa m e c irc u m sta n c e s w o u ld notfee l fr ee t o t erm i nat e the enc ount erw i th l aw enfor cement , w i thouta l aw enfor cement offi cerphy s i cal l yr es tr ai ni ng the s us pectorm aki ng a s how i ng of author i tyt o w hi ch the s u s p e c t s u b m its . B re n d lin , 5 5 1 U .S a t 2 5 4 (d e ter m in in g a p e rso n is o n ly“ se ize d ” if p h ys i c a l l y r e s tr a i n e d o rh e o rs h e s u b m i t t e d t o l a w e n f o r c e m e n t ’ s s h o w o f

a u th o r i ty; a n yth in g les s is a n a ttem p ted se izu re ); W at erm an , 569 F. 3d at146 ( “[W ] e have uni ver s al l yl ooked t o t he r equi r ement s s etforth i n H o da r i D . to d eterm ine w h ethe r a8

p o lic e e n c o u n te r w ith a c itiz e n c o n s titu te s a ‘s e iz u re .’” ). I n thi s cas e thatC ol eman di d nots ubm i tt o the patr ol m en’ s s how of author i typr i or to b e in g p h y s ic a lly re s tr a in e d b yW ilk e rs . W at er m an , 569 F. 3d at146 n. 3 ( not i ng “‘su b m issi o n ’ un d er Ho da r iD. r equi r es , atm i ni m um , thata s us pectm ani fes tcompl i ance w i th pol i ce or der s ”) . R egar dl es s , w e nee d notdeci de t odayw hetherC ol eman w as s ei zed a t th e m o m e n t W ilk e rs o rd e re d h im to sh o w h is h a n d s, o r la ter , w h e n W ilk e rs p h y sic a lly r es tr ai ned hi m , beca us e i tw as r eas onabl e forW i l ker s t o s ei ze Col eman i n ei ther c ir c u m s ta n c e . G overnm ents ei zur e of a n i ndi vi dual onl yvi ol at es the Four th A m endmenti f that s e iz u re w a s u n re a s o n a b le . T erry , 392 U . S. at19 ( i dent i fy i ng “the ce ntr al i nqui ryunder the Four th A m endment– the r eas onabl enes s i n al l the ci r cumst ance s of the part i cul ar governm enti nvas i on of a c i t i zen’ s per s onal s ecur i ty ”) . A n offi cerm ayconducta br i ef i nves t i gat orys t op and patdow n t he i ndi vi dual “w hen the off i cerhas a r eas onabl e, art i cul abl e s us pi ci on thatcr i m i nal act i vi tyi s afoot . ” W ar dl ow , 5 2 8 U .S . a t 1 2 3 . A r eas onabl e, art i cul abl e s us pi ci on i s defi ned as “s peci fi c and a r t i cul abl e fa ct s w hi ch, t aken t ogetherw i th r at i onal i nfer ence s fr om thos e fa ct s , r eas onabl yw arr ant[the] i ntrus i on. ” T erry , 3 9 2 U .S . a t 2 1 . T h e s u s p ic io n m u s t b e m o re s u b s ta n tia l th a n a h u n c h . Johns on v. C a m p b e ll , 3 3 2 F .3 d 1 9 9 , 2 0 6 (3 d C ir . 2 0 0 3 ). T o as s es s w hethera s t op w as s uppor t ed bya r eas onabl e s us pi ci on, w e cons i dert he t ot al i tyof the ci r cumst ance s t o det erm i ne w hetherthe “de t ai ni ng offi cer s . . . have a9

part i cul ar i zed a nd obj ect i ve bas i s fors us pect i ng the part i cul arper s on s t opped of c r i m i nal act i vi ty . ” Br o wn , 448 F. 3d at246, 247 ( ci t i ng U ni t ed Stat es v. C or t ez , 449 U . S. 411, 417- 18 ( 1981) ) . T he r eas onabl enes s of the off i cer ’ s s us pi ci ons i s m eas ur ed byw hatthe o f f i c e rk n e w bef

or e th e s to p o c c u rr e d . U ni t ed Stat es v. V

al ent i ne , 232 F. 3d 350, 358 ( 3d C i r . 2000) . A n offi ceri s perm i t t ed t o dr aw i nfer ence s and deduc t i ons fr om pr i or e x p e ri e n c e a n d tr a in in g . U nited S tates v. A rvi

zu , 5 3 4 U .S . 2 6 6 , 2 7 3 (2 0 0 2 ); Br o wn , 448 F. 3d at246. E s t abl i s hi ng obj ect i ve s peci fi ci tydoes notdemand sc i ent i fi c ce r t ai ntyand c a n b e b a s e d o n o b s e rv in g e n tir e ly le g a l a c tiv ity. Johns on , 3 3 2 F .3 d a t 2 0 6 . W e start byad d ressing the re aso n ab lene ss o f C o lem an ’s seizu re w h en W il k ers or der ed hi m t o r ai s e hi s hands , beca us e i f thats ei zur e i s r eas onabl e anys ei zur e ata l at er poi nti n the i nt er act i on i s unques t i onabl yr eas onabl e as w el l . T he fa ct or s thati nform ed W i l ker s ’ s deci s i on t o s t op C ol eman bycomm andi ng hi m t o s how hi s hands w er e: ( 1) t he di s pat ch comm uni cat i ng an anonym ous t i p thata bl ack man, i n a bl ack t - s hi r tand N ew Y or k Y ankee s cap, w as i n pos s es s i on of a w eapon a tW es tT hi r d and N or th C l ayt on S tre e ts; (2 ) C o lem a n ’s p re se n c e se v e n ty -f iv e f e e t f ro m th e d e sc rib e d in ter se c tio n sh o rtly aft erthe t i p w as r ece i ved; ( 3) the fa ctC ol eman m at ched the t i ps t er ’ s des cr i pt i on; ( 4) W il k ers’s k n o w ledg e tha t th e a rea is a h igh -crim e a rea ; ( 5 ) C o lem an ’s blad ing p o sture cons i s t entw i th an i ndi vi dual conce al i ng contr aband; ( 6) the l at enes s of the hour( 1: 00 a .m .); a n d (6 ) C o le m a n ’s la c k o f re s p o n s e to p o lic e p re s e n c e . C ol eman cont ends thatthe s ei zur e w as unr eas onabl e bec aus e W i l ker s ’ s s us pi ci on10

r el i ed s ubs t ant i al l yon t he anonym ous t i p. B oth thi s C our tand the Supr eme C our thave acknow l edged thatan anonym ous t i p thata per s on i s carry i ng a gun, w i thoutaddi t i onal corr obor at i on, “l ack[ s ] the ‘ i ndi ci a of r el i abi l i ty ’ neede d t o j us t i fya s t op underthe r eas onabl e s us pi ci on s t andar d. ” V irg in ia v . H

a rr is , 1 3 0 S . C t. 10 , 1 0 (2 0 0 9 ); F l or i da v. J . L. , 5 2 9 U .S . 2 6 6 , 2 7 0 (2 0 0 0 ); Br o wn , 448 F. 3d at249. A n anonym ous t i p can onl ybe th e b a s is f

o r r e a s o n a b le s u s p ic io n if a c c o m p a n ie d b ys p e c if ic in d ic ia o f

re lia b ility. J

. L. , 5 2 9 U .S . at 2 7 0 . W e c o n sid e r f iv e f a c to rs to a ss e ss w h e th e r a tip is re liab le: ( 1) T he t i p i nform at i on w as r el ay ed fr om the i nform antt o the off i ceri n a fa cet o- fac e i nt er act i on s uch th atthe off i cerhad an opportuni tyt o appr ai s e the w i tnes s ’ s cr edi bi l i tythr ough obs ervat i on. (2) T h e p erso n p rov iding the tip ca n b e h eld re sp o n sible if h er a ll eg ati o n s turn outt o be fa br i cat ed. ( 3) T he conten t o f t he t i p i s noti nform at i on thatw oul d be ava i l abl e t o any o b s e rv e r . . . ( 4) T he per s on p rov iding the i nform at i on has r ece nt l yw i tnes s ed the al l eged c r i m i n a l a c t i v i ty. (5) T he t i p predi ct s w hat w i l l foll ow , as this provides poli ce t he m eans t o tes t the in fo rm an t’ s k n o w ledg e o r cred ibil ity[.] U ni t ed Stat es v. Torr es , 534 F. 3d 207, 211 ( 3d C i r . 2008) . W e have al s o r ecogni zed other fac t s w hi ch s erve t o bol s t eran i ns uffi ci entt i p, i ncl udi ng: ( 1) pr es ence of the s us pecti n a h igh -crim e a rea ; ( 2 ) pre sen ce o f th e su sp ec t on the s tr ee t ata late h o u r; (3) a su sp ec t’ s nervous orevas i ve beha vi or ; and ( 4) anybehavi orbythe s us pectthatconform s t o an o f f ic e r’ s s p e c ia liz e d k n o w le d g e o f c ri m in a l a c tiv ity. Id . In th is case , the a n o n ym o u s ti p w ea k lyim p li ca tes o n lytw o o f th e re li ab il ityfa ctors out l i ned i n Torr es . I

d. T he fa ctthatthe t i ps t err eport ed thatC ol eman w as carry i ng aC ol eman ques t i ons w hetherthe t i p orthe patr ol m an’ s obs ervat i ons , s ugges t i ng 3 C o lem a n p o ss e ss e d a w e a p o n , co u ld su p p o rt a re a so n a b le s u sp icio n o f c rim in a l ac tiv ity b e c a u s e s u c h a s u s p ic io n p re s u m e s C o le m a n is n o t in la w f u l p o s s e s s io n o f

th e h a n d g u n . B e c a u se D e law a re law p lac e s th e b u rd e n o n th e d e f e n d a n t to p ro v e h e h a d a lice n se to carrya conc eal ed w eapon, an off i cercan pr es um e a s ubj ect ’ s pos s es s i on i s notl aw ful u n til p ro v e n o th e rw is e . L ive ly v . S ta te , 427 A . 2d 882, 884 ( D el . 1981) . T her efor e, W i l ker s coul d pr es um e C ol eman’ s pos s es s i on of the handgun w as i l l egal , des pi t e havi ng n o k n o w le d g e a b o u t w h e th e r C o le m a n c o u ld le g a lly p o s s e s s a g u n . 11 w eapon ne arw her e he w as found s ugges t s the t i ps t erm ayhave r ece nt l yw i tnes s ed C o lem a n in p o ss e ss io n o f th e w e a p o n , b u t th is s u g g e stio n c o u ld b e e a silyu n d e rc u t if C ol eman had been a tthatl ocat i on fora l ong t i m e. M or eover , the fa ctthe obs erver r eport ed a w eapon thatC ol eman act i vel yconce al ed s ugges t s the t i ps t erm ayhave ha d in f o rm a tio n n o t re a d ilya v a ilab le to o th e r m e m b e rs o f th e p u b lic. H o w e v e r, itis p o ss ib le C o le m a n b ra n d is h e d h is w e a p o n e a rl ie r i n th e e v e n in g . I d. T hatthe t i p w as not comm uni cat ed fa ce- t o- fac e, l aw enfor cementcoul d nothol d the t i ps t eracc ount abl e for fal s i fi ed i nform at i on, and the t i p onl yw eakl yi m pl i cat ed the othertw o fac t or s , w ei gh a g a in s t r e lia b ility. I

d. F u rth erm o re, th e f

ac t th at th e ti p ac cu ratelyd esc ri b ed C o lem an ’s p h y s ic a l a ttr ib u te s a n d g e o g ra p h ic a l lo c a tio n d o e s n o t in c re a s e its re lia b ility. “[R]e as onabl e s us pi ci on . . . r equi r es thata t i p be r el i abl e i n i t s as s ert i on of i l l egal i ty , not j us ti t s t endenc yt o i dent i fya det erm i nat e per s on. ” J . L. , 529 U . S. at272. 3 W i l ker s , how ever , di d not“s ei ze” C ol eman bas ed on the t i p al one. H i s s us pi ci on wa s a l s o i n f

o r me d b yh i s k n o wl e d g e th a tCo l e ma n wa s s i t t i n g o n a p o r c h i n a h i g h - c r i me ar ea a ta l at e hour , thatC ol eman’ s pos tur e w as cons i s t entw i th s om eone c oncea l i ng aT hi s C our tcons i der s al l the ci r cumst ance s befor e a “ s ei zur e” w hen det erm i ni ng i f an 4 offi cerhad a r eas onabl e s us pi ci on t o s t op the s us pect ; ther efor e, i f C ol eman w as not se ize d u n til W ilk e rs p h y sic a llyre stra in e d h im , the n w e c a n c o n sid e r C o lem a n ’s r e f u sa l to s h o w h is h a n d s in th e to ta lity o f th e c ir c u m s ta n c e s . Br o wn , 448 F. 2d at246, 247. T he G o v ern m en t asserts th at C o lem an ’s refu sal t o sh o w h is ha n d s b o lst ers W il k ers’s r eas onabl e s us pi ci on thathe w as conce al i ng a w eapon. C ol eman cont ends , how ever , t hat his refusal t o co m plycann ot be con si dered i n the r easona ble s uspici on analy si s becau se w e have r ecogni zed thatr efus al t o cooper at e w i th l aw enfor cement , w i thoutm or e, does n o t f u rn is h th e m in im a l le v e l o f ju s tif ic a tio n n e e d e d f

o r d e te n tio n o r s e iz u re . Johns on , 3 3 2 F .3 d a t 2 1 8 . A lth o u g h re f

u sa l to c o m p lyw ith law e n f o rc e m e n t is n o t su f

f icie n t to su p p o rt a r eas onabl e s us pi ci on t o s t op s om eone a l one, i t , l i ke al l l egal act i vi t i es , can be cons i der ed w h e n w e a ss e ss w h e th e r a n o f f ice r h a d a re a so n a b le s u sp icio n a su sp e c t w a s in v o lv e d in c ri m in a l a c tiv ity. Johns on , 332 F. 3d at210 ( char act er i zi ng r efus i ng an off i cer s r eques tas “eva s i ve ac t i on”) . T hats ai d, w e nee d notdeci de w hetherW i l ker s ’ s s us pi ci on that C o lem a n w a s c o n c e a lin g a w e a p o n w a s s u p p o rte d b yC o lem a n ’s r e f u sa l to c o m p lyw ith W ilk e rs’ s o rd e rs b e c a u se W ilk e rs h a d a re a so n a b le s u sp icio n to sto p C o lem a n p rio r to o rd e ri n g h im to s h o w h is h a n d s . 12 w eapo n, and byC olem an’s s trange response to the p at rol m en’s approach . A l l these fac t or s bol s t eran i ns uffi ci entt i p and gi ve r i s e t o a r eas onabl e s us pi ci on C ol eman w as c o n c e a lin g a h a n d g u n . See Tor r es , 534 F. 3d at211. A l though the anonym ous t i p w as i ns uffi ci ental one t o es t abl i s h a r eas onabl e s us pi ci on t o s t op C ol eman, w hen w e cons i der itin co m b ination w ith the p rese n ce o f th e b o lst ering fa ctors, w e c o n clud e tha t W il k ers h a d a re a so n a b le s u sp icio n to sto p C o lem a n b e f o re h e c o m m a n d e d C o lem a n to ra ise h is h a n d s . G i ven thatW i l ker s had a r eas onabl e s us pi ci on t o s ei ze Col eman bef or e he c o m m a n d e d C o lem a n to sh o w h is h a n d s, h e u n d e n iab lyh a d a re a so n a b le s u sp icio n to se ize h im late r in th e ir in ter a c tio n a s w e ll. 413 I V. Forthe for egoi ng r eas ons , w e w i l l aff i r m the D i s tr i ctC our t ’ s deni al of the mot i on t o sup press .