IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Thomas E. Bold, Jr. :

:

 v. : No. 784 C.D. 2020

: Argued: December 15, 2021

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, :

Department of Transportation, :

Bureau of Driver Licensing, :

:

Appellant :

BEFORE: HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge1

HONORABLE MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, Judge2

HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge

HONORABLE ANNE E. COVEY, Judge

HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge

HONORABLE CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge

HONORABLE ELLEN CEISLER, Judge

OPINION BY JUDGE WOJCIK FILED: November 21, 2022

The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Transportation, 

Bureau of Driver Licensing (DOT), appeals from an order of the Court of Common 

Pleas of Cumberland County (trial court) that sustained the appeal of Thomas E. 

Bold, Jr. (Licensee) from an 18-month suspension of his operating privilege imposed 

by DOT pursuant to Section 1547(b)(1)(ii) of the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa. C.S. 

1 This case was assigned to the opinion writer before January 7, 2022, when Judge Cohn 

Jubelirer became President Judge.

2 This matter was assigned to the panel before January 3, 2022, when President Judge 

Emerita Leavitt became a senior judge on the Court.
2

§1547(b)(1)(ii) (Implied Consent Law),

3 because he failed to submit to a chemical 

test of his blood. For the following reasons, we reverse.

By notice mailed on February 5, 2020, DOT informed Licensee that it 

was suspending his operating privilege for 18 months, effective March 11, 2020, as 

the result of his failure to submit to chemical testing on January 25, 2020. 

Reproduced Record (R.R.) at 5a-8a. Licensee appealed his suspension to the trial 

court, and a de novo hearing was held on July 10, 2020. Id. at 3a-4a, 17a. 

At the hearing, DOT submitted, inter alia, “[s]ub-exhibit” No. 4 to 

establish that Licensee was previously convicted in 2007 under Section 3802 of the 

Vehicle Code, 75 Pa. C.S. §3802, for driving under the influence of alcohol or a 

controlled substance (DUI) and, therefore, was subject to an 18-month suspension 

of his operating privilege.4 R.R. at 19a (sub-exhibit No. 4 is part of DOT Exhibit C1 in the Original Record (packet of certified documents)). DOT then presented the 

testimony of the arresting officer, Thomas Eugene Gelnett, of the Lower Allen 

Township Police Department, who was the sole witness to testify at the hearing.

Officer Gelnett testified that he was on patrol at the Capital City Mall 

on January 25, 2020, at 6:14 p.m., when he was dispatched to check on “a vehicle in 

the parking lot that was running with a gentleman passed out behind the wheel.” 

R.R. at 21a. He located the vehicle, which was unlocked and running, with the 

headlights on. Id. at 22a, 24a. He opened the driver’s side door and shut off the 

3 Section 1547(b)(1)(ii) authorizes DOT to suspend the driving privilege of a licensee for 

18 months as a consequence of his refusal to submit to chemical testing in connection with his 

arrest for violating Section 3802 of the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa. C.S. §3802 (relating to driving under 

the influence of alcohol or a controlled substance (DUI)). 75 Pa. C.S. §1547(b)(1)(ii).

4

See Section 1547(b)(1)(ii)(B)(I) of the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa. C.S. §1547(b)(1)(ii)(B)(I) 

(authorizing an 18-month suspension where the licensee was previously sentenced for DUI).
3

engine. Id. at 22a. Officer Gelnett then woke Licensee, who was in the driver’s seat, 

smelled of alcohol, and appeared “obviously intoxicated.” Id.

Officer Gelnett stated that the vehicle “was legally parked in a parking 

space” near the mall’s liquor store and a Primanti Brothers bar and restaurant. R.R. 

at 23a. Licensee told Officer Gelnett that he had been in Primanti Brothers watching 

a game, “and [that] he just [went] out to his truck and was sleeping in his truck [until] 

he thought he was able to drive home.” Id. at 24a. Officer Gelnett explained that 

Licensee had difficulty producing his driver’s license, registration, and proof of 

insurance. Officer Gelnett further explained that after asking for Licensee’s license, 

he asked Licensee to step out of the vehicle so Officer Gelnett could conduct field 

sobriety tests. Id. Officer Gelnett stated that Licensee could not follow instructions, 

was unsteady on his feet, and was very argumentative. Id. at 25a. Licensee refused 

to submit to a preliminary breath test and insisted that he was not driving. Id.

Officer Gelnett responded that Licensee was sitting behind the wheel of a running 

vehicle and, thus, was in actual physical control of the vehicle. Id. 

Officer Gelnett placed Licensee under arrest, read him the DOT Form 

DL-26 (DL-26) warnings, and asked if he would submit to a blood test. R.R. at 26a. 

Licensee agreed, but on the way to the hospital, he became argumentative and said 

he had questions. Officer Gelnett read the DL-26 warnings to Licensee a second 

time at the hospital, and Licensee again argued that he was not driving. Id. at 27a. 

Officer Gelnett told Licensee that if he continued to argue, it would be recorded as 

a refusal. Id. at 29a. Licensee continued to argue, and Officer Gelnett determined 

that Licensee had refused to submit to the chemical test. Id.

On cross-examination, Officer Gelnett confirmed that Primanti 

Brothers serves alcohol. R.R. at 30a. He agreed that it was dark and cold outside at 
4

the time that he was dispatched to Licensee’s vehicle. Id. at 31a. Officer Gelnett 

also agreed that there was no indication that Licensee drove or moved his 

vehicle that night, and that “[t]he indication was that he left . . . Primanti 

Brothers, got into his car[,] and turned his vehicle on[.]” Id. (emphasis added).

Licensee’s counsel then argued that DOT could not meet its burden of 

proving that Officer Gelnett had reasonable grounds to believe that Licensee was in 

actual physical control of his vehicle while intoxicated. In support, counsel cited 

case law, including Solomon v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver 

Licensing, 966 A.2d 640 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2009), and stated that Solomon was “right on 

point.” R.R. at 32a-33a. Counsel also directed the court’s attention to Banner v. 

Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing, 737 A.2d 1203 (Pa. 

1999), and Vinansky v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing, 

665 A.2d 860 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1995). R.R. at 33a-34a. The trial court took a brief 

recess to review the case law, after which the trial judge stated on the record that 

DOT met its burden of proof and dismissed Licensee’s appeal. Id. at 34a-35a.5 

However, by order dated July 10, 2020, but entered on July 16, 2020, the trial court 

reversed course, holding that Officer Gelnett did not have reasonable grounds to 

believe that Licensee was in control of the movement of the vehicle at the time of 

his arrest for DUI, and sustained Licensee’s appeal. Id. at 37a. DOT appealed to 

this Court. Id. at 38a.

On December 31, 2020, the trial court issued an opinion pursuant to 

Pa. R.A.P. 1925(a), explaining the reasoning for its decision. R.R. at 49a-53a. The 

trial court found as fact, among other things, that Licensee became intoxicated at 

Primanti Brothers and then went out to his vehicle, turned it on, and fell asleep 

5 The transcript notes that the trial court’s ruling “was dictated but was not signed and filed 

as an Order of Court[.]” Reproduced Record (R.R.) at 34a.
5

behind the wheel. Id. at 49a-50a. The trial court nevertheless determined that there 

was no evidence presented upon which Officer Gelnett could have reasonably 

inferred that the vehicle had been driven while Licensee was intoxicated. Id. at 52a53a. In a footnote, however, the trial court “concede[d] that the facts clearly show 

that [] Licensee was in control of the ‘operation’ of the vehicle.” Id. at 52a n.6. 

Accordingly, based on the above, and relying on Solomon, the trial court sustained 

the appeal and overturned Licensee’s suspension. 

On appeal,6 DOT raises one issue. It argues that the trial court erred as 

a matter of law in holding that Officer Gelnett did not have reasonable grounds to 

believe that Licensee was operating or in actual physical control of the movement of 

his vehicle while he was intoxicated. Brief for Appellant at 14. DOT asserts that, 

although Officer Gelnett testified that he did not believe Licensee had driven his 

vehicle while intoxicated, Officer Gelnett still had reasonable grounds to believe that 

Licensee was in actual physical control of the movement of the vehicle while he was 

intoxicated, because Officer Gelnett credibly testified that he found Licensee passed 

out in the driver’s seat of his vehicle, he was “obviously intoxicated,” the key was 

in the ignition, the vehicle’s engine was running, and the headlights were on. Brief 

for Appellant at 18. As such, DOT contends that Licensee had the ability to put the 

vehicle in motion at any time and, thus, was operating or in actual physical control 

of the movement of the vehicle.7 DOT claims that this Court’s decision in Vinansky 

6 This Court’s scope of review is “limited to determining whether [the trial court] 

committed an error of law, whether [the trial court] abused its discretion, or whether the findings 

of fact are supported by substantial evidence.” Garlick v. Department of Transportation, Bureau 

of Driver Licensing, 176 A.3d 1030, 1035 n.6 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2018).

7

In its brief, DOT spends considerable time explaining our Supreme Court’s decision in 

Balentine v. Chester Water Authority, 191 A.3d 799 (Pa. 2018), in an attempt to establish “what 

(Footnote continued on next page...)
6

supports its case, Brief for Appellant at 18-20, and that Solomon, upon which both 

the trial court and Licensee relied, is distinguishable. DOT also points out that this 

Court’s decision in Gammer v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver 

Licensing, 995 A.2d 380 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010), further distinguishes Solomon from 

this case.

constitutes operating or being in actual physical control of the movement of a vehicle” in this case. 

Brief for Appellant at 23-25. Balentine involved a local water authority employee who had parked 

his work vehicle partially on a roadway at a worksite with the engine running. The parked vehicle 

was struck from behind, and a contractor who was also working at the worksite was struck and 

fatally injured. The decedent’s widow brought a negligence action against, inter alia, the local 

water authority, which moved for summary judgment based on governmental immunity. The trial 

court granted the motion and dismissed all claims against the authority and its employee, and this 

Court affirmed, holding that the parked vehicle was not in operation at the time that it struck the 

decedent. The Supreme Court granted discretionary review to consider whether this Court “erred 

in holding that the involuntary movement of a vehicle does not constitute operation of a motor 

vehicle for purposes of the vehicle liability exception to governmental immunity under” Section 

8542(b)(1) of what is commonly known as the Political Subdivision Tort Claims Act (Tort Claims 

Act), 42 Pa. C.S. §8542(b)(1) (imposing liability on a local agency for negligence in “[t]he 

operation of any motor vehicle in the possession or control of the local agency”). Balentine, 191 

A.3d at 802. The Supreme Court ultimately held that the widow established a prima facie cause 

of action in negligence based on acts that constituted operation of the vehicle and, thus, reversed 

this Court’s holding to the contrary. 

In relying on the Balentine Court’s interpretation of what constitutes “operation” for 

purposes of the vehicle liability exception to the Tort Claims Act, which the Court stated involves 

“a series of decisions and actions,” DOT asserts that Licensee’s decisions in this case, i.e., getting 

in his vehicle after drinking at Primanti Brothers, placing the key in the ignition, and turning the 

car on, demonstrates that he was in control of the operation or movement of his vehicle under the 

relevant provisions of the Vehicle Code. Balentine, 191 A.3d at 810. However, Balentine did not 

involve the question of what constitutes operation or actual physical control of the movement of a 

vehicle in the context of a license suspension appeal under the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa. C.S. §§101-

9805, and, we note, that this particular issue is not presently before us. This case involves the issue 

of whether the arresting officer had reasonable grounds for requesting that Licensee submit to 

chemical testing. There is a wealth of case law specifically addressing DOT’s burden in that regard 

under the Implied Consent Law, and we need not search far afield to interpret what that pertinent 

case law has already addressed. We therefore decline DOT’s attempt to have this Court extend 

the Balentine Court’s interpretation of what constitutes “operation” in the context of the vehicle 

liability exception to governmental immunity under the Tort Claims Act to this case. 
7

In response, Licensee argues that the trial court was correct in 

determining that Officer Gelnett lacked reasonable grounds to believe that Licensee 

was in actual physical control of the vehicle while intoxicated. Licensee analogizes 

the facts of this case to those found in Solomon and appears to focus his argument 

on the premise that Officer Gelnett lacked reasonable grounds because there was no 

objective evidence that Licensee drove his vehicle while intoxicated. Brief for 

Appellee at 3 (citing Solomon and Gammer). He claims that absent such evidence, 

the totality of the circumstances indicated that Licensee was simply “sleeping off his 

alleged intoxication” following his visit to Primanti Brothers. Id. at 3-4. 

Section 3802(a)(1) of the Vehicle Code states:

An individual may not drive, operate or be in actual 

physical control of the movement of a vehicle after 

imbibing a sufficient amount of alcohol such that the 

individual is rendered incapable of safely driving, 

operating or being in actual physical control of the 

movement of the vehicle.

75 Pa. C.S. §3802(a)(1) (emphasis added). Section 1547 of the Vehicle Code, 

commonly referred to as the Implied Consent Law, permits chemical testing of 

drivers under certain circumstances. 75 Pa. C.S. §1547. To sustain the suspension 

of a licensee’s operating privilege under Section 1547 of the Vehicle Code, DOT 

has the burden of proving at the statutory appeal hearing that the licensee:

(1) was arrested for [DUI] by a police officer who had 

reasonable grounds to believe that the licensee was 

operating or was in actual physical control of the 

movement of the vehicle while under [the] influence of 

alcohol; (2) was asked to submit to a chemical test; (3) 

refused to do so; and (4) was warned that refusal might 

result in a license suspension.
8

Banner, 737 A.2d at 1206. The test for whether a police officer had reasonable 

grounds to believe that a licensee was operating or in actual physical control of the 

movement of a vehicle while intoxicated is not very demanding, and it is not 

necessary for the police officer to be correct in his or her belief. Department of 

Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing v. Bird, 578 A.2d 1345, 1348 (Pa. 

Cmwlth. 1990). Reasonable grounds are established when a “police officer, viewing 

the facts and circumstances as they appeared at the time, could have concluded that 

the motorist was operating the vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating 

liquor.” Banner, 737 A.2d at 1207. “In determining whether an officer had 

reasonable grounds to believe that a [licensee] was in ‘actual physical control’ of a 

vehicle, [a] court must consider the totality of the circumstances, including the 

location of the vehicle, [and] whether the engine was running[.] Id. “[A]t the very 

least, there must be some objective evidence that the motorist exercised control 

over the movement of the vehicle at the time he was intoxicated.” Gammer, 995 

A.2d at 384 (quoting Banner, 737 A.2d at 1207) (emphasis added). Further, “[i]t is 

immaterial whether alternative reasonable explanations for how the motorist came 

to be as he was found exist.” Gammer, 995 A.2d at 384 (citing Bird, 578 A.2d at 

1348). “Whether reasonable grounds exist is a question of law reviewable by a court 

on a case[-]by[-]case basis.” Banner, 737 A.2d at 1207.

In its brief, DOT argues that reasonable grounds were established in 

this case because Licensee was found intoxicated in his vehicle with the engine 

running and the headlights on, citing Vinansky in support. We agree and conclude 

that the facts in Vinansky are nearly identical to those of the instant matter. In 

Vinansky, 665 A.2d 860, the licensee’s vehicle was parked in a parking lot behind a 

volunteer fire company near the entrance to its private social club. The licensee was 
9

seated in the driver’s seat of the vehicle with his head slumped over the steering 

wheel. The vehicle was running, and the brake lights were on. The police officer 

opened the door of the vehicle, turned off the ignition, and extracted the licensee 

from the vehicle. The licensee smelled of alcohol and was unable to speak or stand 

without assistance. The licensee was transported to the police station, where he 

refused a breathalyzer test. Ultimately, DOT notified the licensee that his operating

privilege would be suspended for one year for refusing to submit to chemical testing. 

The licensee appealed to the common pleas court. 

On appeal, the licensee argued, inter alia, that the police officer did not 

have reasonable grounds to believe that the licensee was operating or in actual 

physical control of the vehicle while intoxicated. The common pleas court agreed,

and DOT appealed to this Court. We agreed with DOT, noting that the vehicle was 

running, the licensee’s foot was on the brake pedal, and he was passed out over the 

steering wheel. Vinansky, 665 A.2d at 863. Thus, we held that the officer’s 

testimony was sufficient to establish reasonable grounds. 

Here, the trial court based its decision on Solomon, 966 A.2d 640. 

However, we agree with DOT that Solomon can be distinguished from this case in 

the same manner it was distinguished by the Court in Gammer, 995 A.2d 380. In 

Solomon, a police officer discovered the licensee at approximately 3:00 a.m., in 

January, asleep in the reclined driver’s seat of his car, which was parked in a 

driving lane across the street from a gentlemen’s club. Although the car was running 

at the time, it was undisputed that it was cold and snowy that night. The arresting 

officer testified that he stopped because the licensee’s car was parked in the driving 

lane, but on cross-examination, he testified that it was common for patrons of the 

club to park there. Based on the above facts, the common pleas court found that the 
10

officer did not have reasonable grounds to believe that the licensee was operating or 

in actual physical control of the movement of his vehicle while intoxicated. On 

appeal, this Court affirmed the common pleas court’s finding, concluding that, given

the totality of the circumstances, the evidence fell short of proving that the licensee 

exercised control over the movement of the vehicle while he was intoxicated. 

Solomon, 966 A.2d at 642.

In Gammer, a police officer discovered the licensee’s vehicle running 

in the back of a motel parking lot near the dumpsters. The licensee was seated in the 

driver’s seat but was slouched over the passenger seat, and he appeared to be either 

asleep or unconscious. The officer also knew the licensee because the officer had 

arrested him twice before for DUI, so the officer called for backup and another 

officer arrived. The common pleas court found the officers’ testimony credible and 

held that the licensee was in actual physical control of the vehicle. On appeal, we 

agreed with the common pleas court that the officers had reasonable grounds to 

believe that the licensee was in actual physical control of the vehicle. We stated that 

“[g]enerally, the motorist’s presence in the driver’s seat of the vehicle with the 

engine on has been deemed sufficient to satisfy the reasonable grounds test.” 

Gammer, 995 A.2d at 384. We also observed that relevant case law8 makes “clear 

that the reasonable grounds test is satisfied when a police officer discovers . . . a 

8

See Riley v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing, 946 A.2d 1115 

(Pa. Cmwlth. 2008) (reasonable grounds established where the licensee was discovered passed out 

in the driver’s seat of his car parked on the side of the road with its headlights and engine on); 

Vinansky; Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing v. Paige, 665 A.2d 860, 862-

63 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1995) (reasonable grounds established where licensee was asleep, slumped over 

steering wheel with the key in the ignition and parking lights on, while parked on city street); and 

Polinsky v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing, 569 A.2d 425 (Pa. Cmwlth. 

1990) (reasonable grounds established where the licensee was found asleep behind the wheel of 

her car parked beside a fast food restaurant’s pick-up window with its headlights on, the vehicle 

was in gear, and the ignition switch was turned on, but the engine was not running). 
11

motorist slumped over in the driver’s seat of the vehicle with the engine running 

while the vehicle is parked in a legal parking space in a parking lot.” Id. 

As this Court has recently explained:

The case relied upon by [the trial court], Solomon, 

is not only an outlier[,] but is distinguishable. There, the 

motorist was found sleeping in a reclined driver’s seat

and the Court found significant that, although the engine 

was running, it was a cold and snowy night. [Similarly, in 

Banner, where our Supreme Court found a lack of 

reasonable grounds, the motorist was reclined in the 

passenger’s seat and the engine was turned off.]

Here, [the trial court] credited [the police officer’s] 

testimony that [the licensee] was passed out and slumped 

over the wheel in the driver’s seat of his vehicle with the 

engine running, which caused [the officer] to conclude that 

he had been in physical control of the movement of his 

vehicle while intoxicated. This satisfies the test for 

reasonable grounds utilized by the controlling case[]law 

and, accordingly, we reverse.

Hambright v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing (Pa. 

Cmwlth., Nos. 782 and 783 C.D. 2020, filed September 30, 2021) (emphasis added), 

slip op. at 7 (emphasis added).

9

 Thus, although distinguishable as stated in 

9 The instant appeal was decided by the trial court in tandem with the license suspension 

appeal filed in Hambright. As the trial court explained:

Being that [DOT] rested on Vinansky, we believed that it was 

advancing the theory that the officer had reasonable grounds to 

believe that Licensee was in control of the truck’s operation. 

Accordingly, we dismissed the appeal and reinstated the suspension 

on the record. However, it later became clear by [DOT’s] next case 

at Hambright v. Dep[artment] of Transp[ortation], CP-21-CIVIL2020-02923 (Com. Pl. 2020), that it was seeking the suspension for 

the refusal on the theory that the officer had reasonable grounds to 

believe that [the l]icensee was in control of the movement of the 

truck rather than its operation. After [DOT] clarified that it had used 

(Footnote continued on next page...)
12

Hambright, to the extent that Solomon compels a different result herein, it is 

expressly overruled.

Applying the above principles here, we hold that the trial court erred as 

a matter of law in determining that Officer Gelnett lacked reasonable grounds to 

believe that Licensee was in actual physical control of the movement of the vehicle. 

Officer Gelnett testified that he found Licensee passed out in the driver’s seat of his 

car parked outside Primanti Brothers in the Capital City Mall parking lot, slumped 

over the wheel with the engine running and headlights on. R.R. at 21a-24a. Pursuant 

to Gammer, these facts alone are sufficient to satisfy the reasonable grounds test. 

See Gammer, 995 A.2d at 384. Officer Gelnett also testified that he had to open the 

driver’s side door, which was unlocked, shut off the engine, and then wake Licensee. 

R.R. at 22a, 24a. Officer Gelnett stated that once Licensee awoke, he immediately 

smelled alcohol on Licensee’s breath and observed that Licensee appeared 

“obviously intoxicated.” Id. at 22a. Officer Gelnett further observed that Licensee 

had difficulty producing his driver’s license, registration, and proof of insurance, 

and that Licensee could not follow instructions with regard to field sobriety testing, 

movement as the basis for the refusal in the present case as well as 

in the Hambright case, we simply changed our ruling to sustain the 

appeal and ordered that the transcript of Hambright be used to 

supplement the record of the case at bar.

R.R. at 51a (footnote omitted). Stare decisis “maintains that for purposes of certainty and stability 

in the law, ‘a conclusion reached in one case should be applied to those which follow, if the facts 

are substantially the same.’” Stilp v. Commonwealth, 905 A.2d 918, 966-67 (Pa. 2006) (citation 

omitted); see also Pa. R.A.P. 126(b) (“As used in this rule, ‘non-precedential decision’ refers to 

. . . an unreported memorandum opinion of the Commonwealth Court filed after January 15, 2008. 

[] Non-precedential decisions . . . may be cited for their persuasive value.”).
13

was unsteady on his feet,10 and was argumentative. Id. at 24a-25a. Licensee also 

refused chemical testing,11 insisting instead that he had not driven. Id. at 25a-26a. 

The above facts are sufficient to have given Officer Gelnett reasonable grounds to 

believe that Licensee was in actual physical control of his vehicle while intoxicated.

Our precedent has often conflated the term “operates” with the phrase 

“is in actual physical control of the movement of a vehicle,” as used in Section 

1547(a) of the Vehicle Code. This conflation has engendered confusion in license 

suspension implied consent cases concerning the issue presented herein, i.e., whether 

an arresting officer has reasonable grounds to believe that a licensee was in actual 

physical control of the movement of a vehicle, where the arresting officer testifies, 

and the facts indicate, that the licensee had not been driving. In an effort to eliminate 

this confusion, we hold that because Officer Gelnett had reasonable grounds to 

believe that Licensee was in actual physical control of his vehicle while intoxicated, 

despite the fact that Licensee was not driving, Officer Gelnett properly requested 

that Licensee undergo chemical testing. 

Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s order.

MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge

Judge McCullough dissents.

Judge Fizzano Cannon dissents.

10 A licensee’s unsteadiness on his feet may be considered by an officer. See Mooney v. 

Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing, 654 A.2d 47, 49 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1994). 

11 A licensee’s refusal to submit to chemical testing may be considered. Koutsouroubas v. 

Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing, 61 A.3d 349, 353 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2013). 
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Thomas E. Bold, Jr. :

:

 v. : No. 784 C.D. 2020

: 

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, :

Department of Transportation, :

Bureau of Driver Licensing, :

:

Appellant :

O R D E R

AND NOW, this 21st day of November, 2022, the order of the Court of 

Common Pleas of Cumberland County, dated July 10, 2020, is REVERSED.

__________________________________

MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Thomas E. Bold, Jr. : 

:

v. : No. 784 C.D. 2020

: Argued: December 15, 2021

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, :

Department of Transportation, :

Bureau of Driver Licensing, :

Appellant :

BEFORE: HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge

HONORABLE MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, Judge 

HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge

HONORABLE ANNE E. COVEY, Judge

HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge

HONORABLE CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge

HONORABLE ELLEN CEISLER, Judge

DISSENTING OPINION

BY JUDGE LEAVITT FILED: November 21, 2022

Section 3802 of the Vehicle Code, entitled “Driving under influence of 

alcohol or controlled substance,” 75 Pa. C.S. §3802, makes such driving a criminal 

offense. The majority holds that occupying a stationary vehicle while inebriated 

authorizes an arrest under Section 3802 of the Vehicle Code and a demand for 

chemical testing under Section 1547(a) of the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa. C.S. §1547(a). 

However, longstanding precedent of our appellate courts requires vehicle movement 

by the inebriated occupant in order to trigger either Section 3802 or Section 1547(a) 

of the Vehicle Code. Respectfully, I dissent.

On January 25, 2020, at approximately 6:14 p.m., the arresting officer 

found Thomas E. Bold, Jr. (Licensee) asleep in the driver’s seat of his vehicle in a 

parking lot near the restaurant where he had been drinking that afternoon. The Court 
MHL-2

of Common Pleas of Cumberland County (trial court) summarized the situation 

found by the arresting officer as follows:

[The officer] came across Licensee while he slept in the truck 

with the engine running. From the officer’s testimony, the truck 

was merely parked in a parking lot. While the engine was 

running, the location of the truck weighed against a finding that 

it had been driven to that location while [] Licensee was 

intoxicated. Moreover, the officer testified that Licensee was 

adamant that he never drove.

The truck was parked in a parking lot where it is typical to find a 

parked vehicle, rather than on the side or the middle of a 

roadway. Furthermore, there are establishments that serve 

alcohol nearby. In fact, the restaurant where Licensee had been 

drinking is served by the parking lot in which his truck was 

parked. There was no indication that the vehicle had just been 

driven to that location. We were satisfied that the facts 

established that after drinking at Primanti Brother’s, Licensee 

merely turned on his vehicle and slept in it.[]

Trial Court PA. R.A.P. 1925(a) Op., 1/4/2021, at 4-5 (emphasis added and footnote 

omitted). The trial court concluded that because “[t]here was no evidence upon 

which the officer could have reasonably inferred that the vehicle had been driven 

while Licensee was under the influence[,]” the officer lacked reasonable grounds to 

believe Licensee had violated Section 3802 of the Vehicle Code. Trial Court PA.

R.A.P. 1925(a) Op., 1/4/2021, at 5 (emphasis added). Accordingly, the officer 

lacked a basis to demand a chemical test. The trial court held that the Department 

of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing (PennDOT) did not make a case for 

a license suspension under Section 1547(b)(1) of the Vehicle Code. 75 Pa. C.S. 

§1547(b)(1).

1

1

It states, in pertinent part, as follows: 
MHL-3

The majority does not dispute the trial court’s conclusion that there was 

no evidence on which the officer could infer “that the vehicle had been driven while 

Licensee was under the influence.” However, the majority believes such evidence 

is not necessary. In this regard, the majority departs from appellate precedent 

defining “actual physical control of the movement of a vehicle.” 75 Pa. C.S §§3802, 

1547(a).

In Commonwealth v. Byers, 650 A.2d 468 (Pa. Super. 1994), Jeffrey 

Dale Byers, the defendant, was found at 3:00 a.m. asleep in his vehicle located in 

the parking lot of the Twin Rocks Lounge. The motor was running, and the 

headlights were on, but the car was not moving. Byers was charged and convicted 

under former Section 3731 of the Vehicle Code,

2

the antecedent to Section 3802,

and he was sentenced to 60 days’ incarceration. 

On appeal, the key issue was whether the intoxicated defendant had 

exercised “actual physical control of the movement of any vehicle.” Formerly 75 

Pa. C.S. §3731(a)(1). The Superior Court held that “showing that an intoxicated 

defendant started a parked car, without more, is not enough to prove actual physical 

control.” Byers, 650 A.2d at 470. The Superior Court clarified that “additional 

(1) If any person placed under arrest for a violation of section 3802 is requested 

to submit to chemical testing and refuses to do so, the testing shall not be 

conducted but upon notice by the police officer, the department shall suspend the 

operating privilege of the person[.] 

75 Pa. C.S. §1547(b)(1) (emphasis added). 

2 Former Section 3731 of the Vehicle Code is virtually identical to current Section 3802 of the 

Vehicle Code. Section 3731(a)(1) stated that a “person shall not drive, operate or be in actual 

physical control of the movement of any vehicle while: (1) under the influence of alcohol to a 

degree which renders the person incapable of safe driving.” Formerly 75 Pa. C.S. §3731(a)(1). 

Section 3802(a)(1) provides that an “individual may not drive, operate or be in actual physical 

control of the movement of a vehicle after imbibing a sufficient amount of alcohol such that the 

individual is incapable of safely driving, operating or being in actual physical control of the 

movement of the vehicle.” 75 Pa. C.S. §3802(a)(1).
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evidence showing that defendant had driven the vehicle” was needed in order to 

show “actual physical control of . . . the movement of the vehicle itself.” Id. 

(emphasis added). The Superior Court explained that the phrase “actual physical 

control” was added to the Vehicle Code in 19823“to reach intoxicated drivers who 

were on the road and were a threat to public safety, but were not actually moving 

when the police found them.” Byers, 650 A.2d at 471 (citing Commonwealth v. 

Crum, 523 A.2d 799, 801 (Pa. Super. 1987)). See also Department of 

Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing v. Bendik, 535 A.2d 1249, 1251 (Pa. 

Cmwlth. 1988) (“As a result of the 1982 amendment to Section 1547, it was not 

necessary that the appellee be observed behind the steering wheel of the vehicle 

while it is in motion.”). In rejecting the Commonwealth’s contrary construction of

the 1982 amendment, the Superior Court observed that the “Commonwealth istrying 

to encourage intoxicated people to ‘sleep it off’ before attempting to drive, yet it 

wants us to punish Byers for doing just that.” Byers, 650 A.2d at 471. The Superior 

Court reversed Byers’ conviction.

Summarizing precedent, the Superior Court set forth the test for 

determining actual physical control of the movement of a vehicle in violation of the 

Vehicle Code.4 A court must examine the totality of the circumstances and consider

the location of the vehicle, whether the engine is running and whether there is other 

3

See Act of December 15, 1982, P.L. 1268, No. 289.

4 Byers cited to a number of cases that found actual physical control of the movement of the vehicle

on the basis of a “combination of the motor running, the location of the vehicle, and additional 

evidence showing the defendant had driven the vehicle.” Byers, 650 A.2d at 469. The location of 

the vehicle in the middle of or alongside a road, with the motor running and the headlights or brake 

lights on, and witness observation of reckless driving, are examples of evidence that support the 

finding that the “defendant had driven the vehicle.” Id.
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evidence that the defendant had driven the vehicle prior to the arrival of the 

police. Byers, 650 A.2d at 469.5

In Commonwealth v. Wolen, 685 A.2d 1384 (Pa. 1996), a 3-3 plurality 

opinion, our Supreme Court upheld a conviction for driving under the influence 

(DUI) on facts similar, but not identical, to Byers. In Wolen, critically, there was 

evidence that the defendant had moved the vehicle while intoxicated. At issue in the 

appeal was a jury instruction that keeping a vehicle in restraint or regulating its 

movement constituted “actual physical control.” The plurality held that the jury 

instruction did not intrude on the jury’s fact-finding role. The dissent would have 

ordered a new trial to allow the jury to determine the ultimate question of “actual 

physical control” of the movement of the vehicle. Id. at 1388 (Zappala, J., 

dissenting). 

5 Heretofore, this Court also applied the Byers paradigm in Section 1547(a) cases. See Riley v. 

Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing, 946 A.2d 1115, 1120 (Pa. Cmwlth. 

2008) (“the court must consider the totality of circumstances, including the location of the vehicle, 

whether the engine was running and whether there was other evidence indicating that the motorist 

had driven the vehicle at some point prior to the arrival of the police”); Vinansky v. Department of 

Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing, 665 A.2d 860 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1995) (licensee found

slumped over the steering wheel of a truck in a parking lot with engine and brake lights on

supported inference of driving vehicle before police arrival); and Polinsky v. Department of 

Transportation, 569 A.2d 425 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1990) (licensee found asleep behind the wheel of 

vehicle next to a fast-food restaurant’s pick-up window with the headlights on, vehicle in gear, and 

the ignition switch on constituted reasonable grounds to believe licensee operated the vehicle under 

the influence). In Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing v. Paige, 628 A.2d 

917, 919 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1993), this Court found actual physical control of the vehicle’s movement 

where the licensee was found intoxicated in parked vehicle with lights on and key in the ignition, 

explaining that the arresting officer does not have “to actually observe the arrestee operating the 

motor vehicle.” Paige was decided before Byers.

 The majority cites the above-listed cases as being distinguishable from Solomon v. 

Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing, 966 A.2d 640 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2009). 

To the contrary, they each support Solomon. In each, either the location of the vehicle, its brake 

lights or other evidence supported the police officer’s inference that the licensee had driven the 

vehicle before the officer’s arrival on the scene.
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Wolen rejected the Superior Court’s statement in Byers that the 

Commonwealth had to present evidence that the defendant presented a threat to 

public safety. The Supreme Court explained that “a person’s threat to public safety 

is not a relevant consideration under the drunk driving statutes.” Wolen, 685 A.2d 

at 1386 n.4. However, Wolen did not abrogate the Byers test but adopted it, stating 

that the factors relevant to actual physical control of the movement of the vehicle are

the location of vehicle; whether the engine is running; and whether there is other 

evidence from which the inference can be drawn that the vehicle was operated prior 

to the arrival of the police. Id. at 1385. 

Byers remains good law. In Commonwealth v. Brotherson, 888 A.2d 

901 (Pa. Super. 2005), for example, the Superior Court upheld a conviction where 

the vehicle was found on a basketball court, with the engine running, the defendant 

in the driver’s seat asleep, and malt liquor bottles in the vehicle. The only way the 

vehicle could have reached the basketball court was by driving over the grass 

because the park gate had been closed since dusk. Relying on Byers, the Superior 

Court held that the evidence supported the inference that the vehicle had been driven

by the intoxicated occupant of the vehicle prior to the arrival of the police.

In sum, where an intoxicated person is found in a stationary vehicle

located in a parking lot with the motor running, there must be evidence that the 

vehicle had been driven by that person (and in that state) prior to discovery by a 

police officer. The evidence need not be direct or very copious.6

6 For example, in Commonwealth v. Saunders, 691 A.2d 946 (Pa. Super. 1997), the Superior Court 

upheld the conviction of a defendant found in a parked vehicle with its motor running in the lot of 

a convenience store that did not sell alcohol, but was within a short driving distance from 

establishments that did sell alcohol. This evidence supported the inference that while intoxicated, 

the defendant had driven his vehicle to the parking lot where he was discovered, and, thus, he was 
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To suspend a person’s operating privilege for refusing chemical testing, 

PennDOT must prove that this person was arrested for a violation of Section 3802 

of the Vehicle Code. 75 Pa. C.S. §1547(b)(1).

7 The arrested licensee will be deemed 

to have consented to testing if the officer has “reasonable grounds to believe the 

person to have been driving, operating or in actual physical control of the movement 

of a vehicle in violation of [S]ection . . . 3802 [of the Vehicle Code.]” 75 Pa. C.S. 

§1547(a) (emphasis added).

8

 

The majority offers a new construction of Section 1547(a) that 

eliminates the requirement for vehicle movement. This Court does not have that 

luxury. We are bound by our Supreme Court’s construction of Section 1547(a).

In Banner v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver 

Licensing, 737 A.2d 1203, 1207 (Pa. 1999) (emphasis added), the Supreme Court 

adopted the Byers paradigm for purposes of Section 1547(a) of the Vehicle Code 

and reiterated that “‘actual physical control’ of a vehicle” requires the court to

consider the location of the vehicle, whether the engine was running, and “whether 

held to be in actual physical control of the movement of the vehicle in violation of the Vehicle 

Code. 

7 See supra n.1, at 2.

8

It states: 

Any person who drives, operates or is in actual physical control of the movement 

of a vehicle in this Commonwealth shall be deemed to have given consent to one 

or more chemical tests of breath or blood for the purpose of determining the 

alcoholic content of blood or the presence of a controlled substance if a police 

officer has reasonable grounds to believe the person to have been driving, 

operating or in actual physical control of the movement of a vehicle in violation of

section 1543(b)(1.1) (relating to driving while operating privilege is suspended or 

revoked), 3802 (relating to driving under influence of alcohol or controlled 

substance) or 3808(a)(2) (relating to illegally operating a motor vehicle not 

equipped with ignition interlock). 

75 Pa. C.S. §1547(a) (emphasis added). 
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there was other evidence indicating that the motorist had driven the vehicle at some 

point prior to the arrival of the police.” The Supreme Court explained that “at the 

very least, there must be some objective evidence that the motorist exercised control 

over the movement of the vehicle at the time he was intoxicated.” Id. (emphasis 

added). “Had driven” and “exercised” are verbs used in the past tense. Lest there 

be any doubt, the Supreme Court followed this injunction with the instruction that

the

line must be drawn to distinguish circumstances where a motorist 

is driving his vehicle while under the influence of alcohol, which 

the statute is intended to prevent, and circumstances where a 

motorist is physically present in a motor vehicle after becoming 

intoxicated.

Id. at 1208 (emphasis added). 

The majority asserts that “this case involves the issue of whether the 

arresting officer has reasonable grounds for requesting that Licensee submit to 

chemical testing.” Bold v Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver 

Licensing, __ A.3d __ (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 784 C.D. 2020, filed November 21, 2022), 

slip op. at 6, n.7. In actuality, this case is about whether the arresting officer had 

reasonable grounds to believe Licensee had violated Section 3802 of the Vehicle 

Code, the precondition to a demand for chemical testing. The majority does not give 

effect to the final phrase in Section 1547(a), i.e., “violation of section . . . 3802

(relating to driving under influence of alcohol or controlled substance)[.]” 75 Pa. 

C.S. §1547(a). As definitively construed in Byers, 650 A.2d 468, this violation 

requires movement of the vehicle by an intoxicated person. Although “decisions of 

our sister Superior Court are not binding upon this Court, we always give great 

deference to their persuasive wisdom and logic[.]” In re Superior-Pacific Fund, 
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Inc., 693 A.2d 248, 253 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1997). It is the Superior Court, not this Court, 

that determines what conduct violates Section 3802 of the Vehicle Code. Further, 

this Court expressly adopted the Superior Court construction of the 1982 

amendment. Bendik, 535 A.2d at 1251.

Moreover, Byers’ construction of Section 3802 of the Vehicle Code is 

consistent with the canons of statutory construction. The Statutory Construction Act 

of 1972 requires that “[a]ll provisions of a statute of the classes hereafter enumerated 

shall be strictly construed: (1) Penal provisions . . . .” 1 Pa. C.S. §1928(b)(1). A 

statute that defines criminal offenses and specifies their punishment is penal in 

nature, Commonwealth v. Stone and Company, 788 A.2d 1079, 1082 (Pa. Cmwlth. 

2001), and any doubt must be resolved in favor of liberty. Commonwealth v. Cluck,

381 A.2d 472, 477 (Pa. Super. 1977). The Superior Court properly gives a strict 

reading to Section 3802 of the Vehicle Code. Byers, 650 A.2d 468; Saunders, 691 

A.2d 946.9 Finally, the Superior Court’s construction of Section 3802 gives effect 

to all the words used therein, including “movement of the vehicle.” See 1 Pa. C.S. 

§1921(a) (“Every statute shall be construed, if possible, to give effect to all its 

provisions.”).

In contrast, the majority’s construction of Section 1547(a) makes the 

inebriated occupant’s ability to place a vehicle in motion in the near future a 

violation of Section 3802. This construction abandons Banner. Instead, it revives 

the “threat to public safety” precept, which was specifically rejected by the 

Pennsylvania Supreme Court in Wolen, 685 A.2d at 1386, n.4.

9 Likewise, a civil penalty, such as a license suspension, is penal in nature and requires a strict 

construction. See Sondergaard v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing, 65 

A.3d 994, 997 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2013).
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Vinansky, 665 A.2d 860, and Gammer v. Department of 

Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing, 995 A.2d 380 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010), do 

not support the majority. Each case presents similar facts in that the licensee was 

found intoxicated in a stationary vehicle located in a parking lot and with the engine 

running. However, in both cases, this Court found that the evidence in toto supported 

a finding that the vehicle had been driven prior to the arrival of the police. See

Vinansky, 665 A.2d at 863 (“reasonable interpretation” of the evidence was that 

licensee “drank to excess elsewhere and was attempting to go to the club to continue 

his drinking” because “his foot was on the brake pedal”) (emphasis omitted);

Gammer, 995 A.2d at 384 (“unusual location of the vehicle next to the dumpsters at 

the far end of the parking lot” demonstrated the motorist had driven the vehicle). 

Both cases followed the Banner directive on the need for vehicle movement.

Under the Vehicle Code, a “vehicle” includes any machine that moves 

people, whether or not motorized. The Vehicle Code defines “vehicle” as follows:

Every device in, upon or by which any person or property is or 

may be transported or drawn upon a highway, except devices 

used exclusively upon rails or tracks. The term does not include 

a self-propelled wheelchair or an electrical mobility device 

operated by and designed for the exclusive use of a person with 

a mobility-related disability.

75 Pa. C.S. §102. The range of “vehicle” is broad enough to cover a bicycle powered 

by the cyclist’s feet, a Segway and a motorcycle.

The language of Section 3802 (and Section 1547(a)) was chosen to deal 

with this definition of “vehicle.” One does not “drive” a bicycle, but one can 

“operate” it. See Bilka v. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver 

Licensing, 92 A.3d 1253, 1257-58 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014) (licensee arrested for 

“operating” a bicycle on the highway while under the influence of alcohol and 
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because he refused a chemical test, he then lost his driver’s license). By contrast, 

one “drives” a car or truck. However, all three verbs, “driving,” “operating” and 

“being” in “actual physical control” require vehicle motion. As explained in Byers, 

“actual physical control” was added to cover the situation where intoxicated drivers 

had driven “on the road” but “were not actually moving when the police found 

them.” Byers, 650 A.2d at 471. Vehicle motion is the sine qua non of the offense.

The words “driving,” “operating,” and “actual physical control of the 

movement of the vehicle” have not been conflated in our implied consent

jurisprudence. The difference in the first two verbs is explained by the different

types of vehicles that may be observed moving on the highway. The third covers 

the situation where the arresting officer encounters the vehicle no longer in motion 

but with evidence sufficient to infer that the vehicle (whether a bicycle or a 

Lamborghini) had been in motion and under the control of an inebriated licensee, 

before the arrival of the police on the scene.10

The majority departs from a long line of precedent from this Court, 

Solomon, 966 A.2d 640; from the Superior Court, Byers, 650 A.2d 468; and from

the Supreme Court, Banner, 737 A.2d 1203. It may be that for an intoxicated person 

to sit in the driver’s seat of a vehicle standing still in a parking lot, but with the motor 

on, presents a danger to the public safety because vehicle movement can be initiated 

with little effort. However, it is for the legislature to make that decision. It has been 

40 years since the phrase “actual physical control of the movement of a vehicle” was 

added to the Vehicle Code, but the General Assembly has chosen not to further 

amend the statute.

10 I agree with the majority’s rejection of PennDOT’s effort to transfer the meaning of “operation” 

used in tort cases to Section 1547(a) of the Vehicle Code. Bold, __ A.3d at __, slip op. at 5-6, n.7. 

Under PennDOT’s view, “operating” would refer to a four-wheel motor vehicle in stasis where the 

licensee is found by the police operating the power windows while under the influence. 
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I would affirm the trial court.

_____________________________________________

 MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge Emerita