COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Alston, Chafin and Senior Judge Haley 

ERIC PERRY GROO 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION* 

v. Record No. 0408-15-4 PER CURIAM 

 AUGUST 11, 2015 

JANINE MARY BURTON 

 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY 

David S. Schell, Judge 

 (Katelin T. Moomau; Shannon L. Kroeger; Rich Rosenthal 

Brincefield Manitta Dzubin & Kroeger, LLP, on briefs), for 

appellant. 

 (Douglas E. Bywater; Tate Bywater Fuller Mickelsen & Tull, PLC, 

on brief), for appellee. 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 

 Eric Groo (father) filed a motion to modify custody and visitation. He appeals an order 

granting the motion of Janine Burton (mother) to strike his evidence. Father argues that the trial 

court erred by (1) granting the motion to strike after mother “entered physical evidence for her case 

in chief into the record and did not rest her case;” (2) granting the motion to strike after mother 

“called a witness for direct exam, but did not rest her case in chief before the motion to strike was 

granted;” (3) suggesting to mother’s counsel “that he offer a motion to strike;” (4) not viewing the 

evidence in the light most favorable to father before granting the motion to strike; (5) holding there 

was no material change in circumstances when mother’s motion to modify visitation states there 

was a material change in circumstances; (6) not ruling on mother’s motion to modify visitation; 

(7) holding there was no material change in circumstances based on mother’s relocation; (8) holding 

there was no material change in circumstances based on father’s relocation; (9) holding there was no 

UNPUBLISHED 
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material change in circumstances based on mother’s “unreasonable denial of visitation” to father; 

(10) holding there was no material change in circumstances based on mother’s “alienation of the 

children” from father; (11) holding there was no material change in circumstances based on 

mother’s “neglect in treating the minor children’s mental and physical ailments;” (12) holding there 

was no material change in circumstances based on mother’s “refusal to co-parent and informing and 

resolving problems relating to the children with [father] in violation of the previous court order;” 

(13) holding there was no material change in circumstances based on the ages of the children; and 

(14) not allowing Bruce Wyman to testify as an expert witness. Mother assigns cross-error and 

argues that the trial court erred in granting father leave to file an appeal because the trial court did 

not have jurisdiction pursuant to Code § 8.01-428(C) to grant such leave. Upon reviewing the 

record and briefs of the parties, we conclude that this appeal is without merit. Accordingly, we 

summarily affirm the decision of the trial court. See Rule 5A:27. 

BACKGROUND 

On appeal, the Court, in reviewing the ruling to strike a plaintiff’s evidence “must view 

the evidence and all reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to 

the plaintiff.” Economopoulos v. Kolaitis, 259 Va. 806, 814, 528 S.E.2d 714, 719 (2000) (citing 

West v. Critzer, 238 Va. 356, 357, 383 S.E.2d 726, 727 (1989)). 

The parties have two minor children. In November 2008, the parties separated, and on 

May 28, 2009, they entered into a property settlement agreement, which included provisions for 

custody and visitation.1 The trial court incorporated the property settlement agreement into the 

parties’ final decree of divorce on January 12, 2010. In an amendment dated May 10, 2011, the 

parties agreed to modify portions of their property settlement agreement, including the visitation 

 1

 The parties agreed that mother would have sole legal and physical custody of the 

children. 
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schedule. On June 3, 2011, the trial court entered an order incorporating the parties’ amendment 

to their property settlement agreement. 

In December 2011, the parties signed a second amendment to the property settlement 

agreement and modified father’s visitation. The second amendment was incorporated into an 

order on December 15, 2011. 

Both parties moved since the December 2011 second amendment. Mother moved from 

Christiansburg to Loudoun County. Beginning in August 2012, and for the following seventeen 

months, father lived and worked in Afghanistan and Chile. In January 2014, he returned to the 

United States. He lived with his sister and friends temporarily before he found employment and 

a residence in Northern Virginia, near mother and the children. 

On April 11, 2014, mother filed a “Motion for Change of Visitation” and asked that 

father not have any overnight visitation with the children until he “has a place of residence that 

provides a safe and appropriate environment for the children.” 

On May 30, 2014, father filed a “Counter Motion for Modification of Custody and 

Visitation.” He alleged that mother withheld visitation, violated the right of first refusal, did not 

seek counseling for a child’s anxiety issues, did not seek appropriate treatment for a child’s 

allergies, disparaged father in front of the children, and failed to perform her homeschooling 

obligations. He asked the trial court to award him sole legal and physical custody, or in the 

alternative, shared legal and/or physical custody, as well as an enlarged visitation schedule. 

Both motions were scheduled to be heard on September 17, 2014. At the beginning of 

the trial, father’s counsel informed the trial court that father would be “putting on the 

case-in-chief” because mother felt that her motion was “somewhat moot now that [father] has 

permanent housing.” Mother’s counsel concurred that since father obtained permanent housing, 

she would not be pursuing her request to restrict overnight visitation. Furthermore, mother told 
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the trial court that she had an expert witness from Oregon to testify about homeschooling. She 

asked the trial court if the witness could be taken out of order. Father’s counsel stated, “I have 

no objection to his being taken out of order.” 

After opening statements, mother’s expert, Dr. Brian D. Ray, testified. At the conclusion 

of his testimony, he was excused, and father testified. Then, father called Bruce Wyman, who 

was qualified as an expert in the counseling of mental health issues involving children. The trial 

court limited Wyman’s testimony by holding that Wyman could not testify about the mental 

health of the parties’ children since he had not seen them. Father told the trial court that he 

wanted Wyman “to generally describe what the symptoms are for children that do have anxiety 

based on his past experience.” He also wanted Wyman to explain the standard assessment and 

treatment for a child with anxiety. Mother objected, and the trial court sustained mother’s 

objection because “general information is of no help to the court.” The trial court noted that each 

child is an individual who had different needs. After receiving the trial court’s ruling limiting 

Wyman’s testimony, father did not ask any further questions of him. Lastly, father called his 

friend, Esther DuToit, to testify about his parenting style. 

When DuToit finished testifying, the trial court asked father, “Does that conclude all 

witnesses for the father?” Father’s counsel responded, “That concludes all my direct case in 

chief.” The trial court then asked mother, “Does counsel for the mother have any motions?” 

Mother made a motion to strike and argued that there had not been a change in circumstances 

since the last order was entered. Father argued that there had been multiple changes in the 

circumstances of the parties and children. The trial court agreed with mother. It found that there 

had been no material change in circumstances since the last order and granted mother’s motion 

to strike. The trial court entered an order memorializing its ruling on October 24, 2014. 
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On November 10, 2014, father filed a motion to reconsider and requested that the trial 

court stay the October 24, 2014 order. On November 14, 2014, the trial court entered an order to 

stay the October 24, 2014 order. On December 4, 2014, the trial court entered an order denying 

father’s motion to reconsider. The trial court waived counsel’s endorsement of the December 4, 

2014 order. On February 4, 2015, father filed a “Motion to Modify, Vacate or Suspend Order 

Denying Motion for Reconsideration” pursuant to Code § 8.01-428.2 He stated that he received 

no notice of the entry of the December 4, 2014 order. On February 2, 2015, the trial court 

entered an order that suspended the December 4, 2014 order pursuant to Code § 8.01-428. 

Mother subsequently filed a memorandum in opposition to father’s motion and argued that the 

trial court no longer had jurisdiction over the matter. 

On February 20, 2015, the parties appeared before the trial court. After hearing 

argument, the trial court held that it had jurisdiction and, pursuant to Code § 8.01-428, it granted 

father leave to file an appeal within thirty days of its ruling. The trial court entered an order on 

the same day. This appeal followed. 

ANALYSIS 

Code § 8.01-428(C) – Mother’s cross-error

 Mother argues that the trial court erred in granting father leave to file an appeal because 

the trial court did not have jurisdiction under Code § 8.01-428(C) to grant such leave. 

 Code § 8.01-428(C) states: 

If counsel, or a party not represented by counsel, who is not in 

default in a circuit court is not notified by any means of the entry 

of a final order and the circuit court is satisfied that such lack of 

notice (i) did not result from a failure to exercise due diligence on 

the part of that party and (ii) denied that party an opportunity to 

pursue post-trial relief in the circuit court or to file an appeal 

therefrom, the circuit court may, within 60 days of the entry of 

 2

 The motion was dated February 2, 2015, but not marked as filed in the clerk’s office 

until February 4, 2015. 
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such order, modify, vacate, or suspend the order or grant the party 

leave to appeal. Where the circuit court grants the party leave to 

appeal, the computation of time for noting and perfecting an appeal 

shall run from the entry of such order, and such order shall have no 

other effect. 

 The trial court entered the order granting mother’s motion to strike on October 24, 2014. 

Father timely filed a motion to reconsider, and the trial court entered an order staying the 

October 24, 2014 order. On December 4, 2014, the trial court denied the motion to reconsider. 

Counsel did not receive notice that the trial court entered the December 4, 2014 order. 

 Mother argues that father had thirty days from the December 4, 2014 order to note his 

appeal, or in the alternative, sixty days from the October 24, 2014 order to file a motion pursuant 

to Code § 8.01-428(C). She contends Code § 8.01-428(C) specifically refers to the “final order,” 

which, according to mother, would be the October 24, 2014 order. 

 Rule 5A:3(a) explains: 

The time period for filing the notice of appeal is not extended by 

the filing of a motion for a new trial, a petition for rehearing, or a 

like pleading unless the final judgment is modified, vacated, or 

suspended by the trial court pursuant to Rule 1:1, in which case the 

time for filing shall be computed from the date of the final 

judgment entered following such modification, vacation, or 

suspension. 

Therefore, since the trial court stayed the October 24, 2014 order, the December 4, 2014 order 

was the final order when it denied the motion to reconsider. 

 Contrary to mother’s arguments, the trial court had jurisdiction to consider father’s 

motion pursuant to Code § 8.01-428(C). The trial court acted within sixty days of its entry of the 

December 4, 2014 order when it suspended that order pursuant to Code § 8.01-428(C). The trial 

court subsequently extended the deadline for father to note his appeal when it entered the 

February 20, 2015 order. 

A trial court may enter an order under Code § 8.01-428(C) 

extending a party’s time to notice an appeal if that party received 
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no notification, by any means, of the entry of a final order and the 

circuit court “is satisfied that such lack of notice (i) did not result 

from a failure to exercise due diligence on the part of that party 

and (ii) denied that party an opportunity to file an appeal therefrom 

. . . .” 

Rose v. Jaques, 268 Va. 137, 147, 597 S.E.2d 64, 70 (2004) (quoting Code § 8.01-428(C)). 

 The trial court found that father did not receive notice of the December 4, 2014 order. 

The trial court held that the lack of notice was not a result of father’s failure to exercise due 

diligence. The trial court also recognized that father would lose his right to appeal if it did not 

allow the extension. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in granting father an extension to file 

his appeal pursuant to Code § 8.01-428(C). 

Motion to strike – Father’s assignments of error 1, 2, 3, and 4

 Father argues that the trial court erred in granting the motion to strike. We disagree. 

First, father argues that the trial court should not have granted the motion to strike because 

mother called a witness, presented evidence, and did not rest her case. Although mother filed the 

first motion to modify visitation, both parties informed the trial court that she would not be 

proceeding on her motion because father had suitable housing as of the trial date. Therefore, 

father was the moving party. However, as a courtesy to mother and her expert witness, father 

agreed to allow her expert witness to testify first. Mother explained that the witness was from 

out of state, and she wanted to “preserve his testimony” for any future issues regarding 

homeschooling. Before the witness testified, father twice confirmed with the trial court that he 

did not object to the witness being called out of order. Since father agreed to allow mother’s 

witness to testify first, he cannot argue on appeal that the trial court erred in granting mother’s 

motion to strike because she presented evidence from the witness. 

 Father is approbating and reprobating by agreeing to the order of the witnesses during trial 

and objecting to the procedure on appeal. “A litigant is not allowed to ‘approbate and reprobate.’ 
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This Court has stated that a party may not ‘in the course of the same litigation occupy inconsistent 

positions.’” Matthew v. Matthews, 277 Va. 522, 528, 675 S.E.2d 157, 160 (2009) (quoting Hurley 

v. Bennett, 163 Va. 241, 252, 176 S.E. 171, 175 (1934)); see also Rice v. Commonwealth, 57 

Va. App. 437, 441 n.1, 703 S.E.2d 254, 256 n.1 (2011) (“A party may not approbate and reprobate 

by taking successive positions in the course of litigation that are either inconsistent with each other 

or mutually contradictory.”). Consequently, this Court will not consider father’s first two 

assignments of error. 

 Next, father argues that the trial court should not have suggested to mother’s counsel that 

counsel make a motion to strike. Contrary to father’s argument, the trial court did not suggest 

anything to mother’s counsel; instead, it simply asked, “Does counsel for the mother have any 

motions?” The trial court did not err in asking counsel if he had any motions. 

 Finally, father contends the trial court did not view the facts in the light most favorable to 

him when considering the motion to strike. 

The standard for reviewing a plaintiff’s evidence on a motion to 

strike evaluates whether plaintiff has made a prima facie case; that 

is, accepting plaintiff’s evidence as true and granting to it all 

reasonable inferences that can be derived therefrom, the trial court 

must determine whether it is “‘conclusively apparent that plaintiff 

has proven no cause of action against defendant.’” Williams v. 

Vaughan, 214 Va. 307, 309, 199 S.E.2d 515, 517 (1973) (quoting 

Leath v. Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac R.R. Co., 162 Va. 

705, 710, 174 S.E. 678, 680 (1934)). 

Klein v. Klein, 49 Va. App. 478, 481, 642 S.E.2d 313, 315 (2007). 

 Contrary to father’s arguments, the trial court applied the correct standard of review in 

deciding mother’s motion to strike. The trial court discussed the evidence presented by father 

and concluded that it was insufficient to prove a material change in circumstances. 

 Therefore, the trial court did not err in granting the motion to strike. 
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Material change in circumstances – Assignments of error 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 

 Father argues that the trial court erred in concluding there was no material change in 

circumstances warranting a change in custody and visitation. 

The Court has developed a two-prong test to determine whether a custody and visitation 

order should be modified: “first, has there been a change in circumstances since the most recent 

custody award; second, would a change in custody be in the best interests of the children.” Keel 

v. Keel, 225 Va. 606, 611, 303 S.E.2d 917, 921 (1983) (citations omitted). Father had the burden 

of proving that a material change of circumstances had occurred since the most recent custody 

and visitation order. See Hughes v. Gentry, 18 Va. App. 318, 322, 443 S.E.2d 448, 451 (1994). 

“Whether a change of circumstances exists is a factual finding that will not be disturbed on 

appeal if the finding is supported by credible evidence.” Visikides v. Derr, 3 Va. App. 69, 70, 

348 S.E.2d 40, 41 (1986) (citing Moyer v. Moyer, 206 Va. 899, 904, 147 S.E.2d 148, 152 

(1966)). 

Father testified about his visitation with the children after the last court order. In 

December 2011, mother and the children lived in Christiansburg, and father lived in Alexandria. 

In 2012 and 2013, father moved to Afghanistan and Chile for work. During the seventeen 

months that he was living in other countries, he saw the children for three vacations, lasting one 

week each, and tried to keep in touch with them via telephone and electronic means. In January 

2014, father returned to the United States and, after a few months, moved near mother and the 

children in Loudoun County. Father resumed his visitation with the children in accordance with 

the December 2011 agreement. He testified about how he thought mother was not fully meeting 

their needs and that she was not supporting the relationship between the children and him. 

At the conclusion of father’s evidence, mother made a motion to strike. She argued, 

“And if you’ll look at today’s situation, there really hasn’t been a change of circumstances from 
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the time the last orders were entered.” She admitted that “a lot of things” had happened between 

December 2011 and the hearing in September 2014, but the parties were “kind of in the same 

situation” that they were in December 2011. 

On the other hand, father asserted that there had been “many material changes in 

circumstances,” including changes in their living situations, and the children’s ages, activities, 

and schooling. 

After hearing father’s evidence and the parties’ arguments, the trial court held that father 

did not prove that there had been a material change in circumstances since the last court order. 

The trial court stated, “There were some things that went on, but many of those were caused by 

the actions of the father himself, and you can’t bootstrap those into a material change in 

circumstances.” The trial court noted that visitation was still available to father, but “[i]t’s just 

easier for him to do it now . . . .” The trial court explained, “So if you’re going to come to court 

and ask for custody you have to be able, the burden is on you to show that there has been a real 

change, not that you’re back from South America and you’re back from Afghanistan, and now 

you want to have time with the children.” 

 “Where the record contains credible evidence in support of the findings made by that 

court, we may not retry the facts or substitute our view of the facts for those of the trial court.” 

Ferguson v. Stafford Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 14 Va. App. 333, 336, 417 S.E.2d 1, 2 (1992). 

Here, the evidence supported the trial court’s findings. The parties were in similar 

situations in September 2014 as they were in December 2011. Therefore, based on the record, 

the trial court did not err in concluding that there had not been a material change in 

circumstances since the December 2011 order. 
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Rule 5A:20(e) – Assignments of error 5, 6, and 14 

 In his fifth and sixth assignments of error, father argues that the trial court erred by “not 

ruling or withdrawing [mother’s] motion for modification” and by holding there was no material 

change in circumstances when mother’s motion suggested there was a material change in 

circumstances. In his fourteenth assignment of error, father argues that the trial court erred by 

not allowing Brian Wyman to testify as an expert witness. 

 Rule 5A:20(e) mandates that appellant’s opening brief include “[t]he standard of review 

and the argument (including principles of law and authorities) relating to each assignment of 

error.” Father did not comply with Rule 5A:20(e) because his opening brief does not contain any 

principles of law, or citation to legal authorities, or the record to fully develop his arguments for 

the fifth, sixth, and fourteenth assignments of error. 

 Father has the burden of showing that reversible error was committed. See Lutes v. 

Alexander, 14 Va. App. 1075, 1077, 421 S.E.2d 857, 859 (1992). Unsupported assertions of 

error “do not merit appellate consideration.” Buchanan v. Buchanan, 14 Va. App. 53, 56, 415 

S.E.2d 237, 239 (1992). 

 We find that father’s failure to comply with Rule 5A:20(e) is significant, so we will not 

consider the fifth, sixth, and fourteenth assignments of error. See Fadness v. Fadness, 52 

Va. App. 833, 851, 667 S.E.2d 857, 866 (2008) (“If the parties believed that the circuit court 

erred, it was their duty to present that error to us with legal authority to support their 

contention.”); Parks v. Parks, 52 Va. App. 663, 664, 666 S.E.2d 547, 548 (2008). 

Attorney’s fees and costs 

 Mother asks this Court to award her attorney’s fees and costs incurred on appeal. See 

O’Loughlin v. O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. 690, 695, 479 S.E.2d 98, 100 (1996). On consideration 
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of the record before us, we deny her request for an award of attorney’s fees and costs she 

incurred on appeal. 

CONCLUSION 

 For the foregoing reasons, the trial court’s ruling is summarily affirmed. Rule 5A:27. 

Affirmed.