NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

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No. 20-3587

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

v.

DEXTON BRUNSON,

Appellant

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Pennsylvania

(D. C. No. 1-17-cr-00068-001)

District Judge: Honorable John E. Jones, III

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Argued on January 10, 2023

Before: JORDAN, PHIPPS and ROTH, Circuit Judges

(Opinion filed: June 1, 2023)

Brianna K. Edwards

David R. Fine (ARGUED)

K&L Gates

17 North Second Street

18th Floor

Harrisburg, PA 17101

Counsel for Appellant
2

William A. Behe

Carlo D. Marchioli (ARGUED)

Office of United States Attorney

Middle District of Pennsylvania

228 Walnut Street, P.O. Box 11754

220 Federal Building and Courthouse

Harrisburg, PA 17101

Counsel for Appellee

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OPINION*

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ROTH, Circuit Judge

I.

Agents arrested Dexton Brunson in his home. During a security sweep, they found 

small chunks of marijuana on the hallway floor and a one-dollar bill with a white powdery 

substance in Brunson’s pocket. One of the agents instructed Trooper Rodney Fink to apply 

for a search warrant. Trooper Fink’s search warrant application stated that “while securing 

the pants of Defendant[,] [the police] located a baggie containing cocaine.”1 A local 

magistrate judge signed a warrant authorizing a search of Brunson’s home, during which

police recovered drugs, money, jewelry, and other assets.

A grand jury indicted Brunson, and the District Court appointed Samuel Rivera to 

represent Brunson. Rivera moved to suppress, and the District Court held an evidentiary 

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not 

constitute binding precedent.

1 Appx. 002A, 066A; United States v. Brunson, 2020 WL 6710207, at *1 (M.D. Pa. Nov. 

16, 2020).
3

hearing. The court challenged Rivera’s need to question anyone besides Trooper Fink, 

because “to call [additional] witnesses . . . seems inapt.”2 Trooper Fink testified that his 

prior description of the cocaine as having been found inside a baggie—as opposed to inside 

a one-dollar bill—was a mistake. On cross-examination, Rivera focused on the timing of 

the search. Rivera asked no additional questions of Trooper Fink and presented no 

witnesses of his own. 

The District Court denied Brunson’s motion because he failed to make a showing 

to overcome the presumption of validity under Franks v. Delaware.

3

 Brunson then entered 

into a plea agreement with the government. After noting that he was displeased with the 

plea agreement and with Rivera’s representation, Brunson and the government entered into 

a new, conditional plea agreement. The agreement permitted Brunson to withdraw his 

guilty plea if we ruled in Brunson’s favor on his appeal of the suppression motion. Brunson 

pleaded guilty and appealed. We affirmed the District Court’s denial of the motion to 

suppress.

Brunson then brought a § 2255 habeas petition, alleging that he was denied his Sixth 

Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel at his suppression hearing. The District 

Court denied Brunson’s petition without holding a hearing and declined to enter a 

certificate of appealability. We granted Brunson’s motion for a certificate of appealability 

to determine whether the District Court should have held an evidentiary hearing under § 

2 Appx. 041A; Appx. 040A (noting that the court was “not inclined to sit and listen to 

testimony”).

3 438 U.S. 154 (1978).
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2255. Because the record conclusively establishes that Brunson is not entitled to habeas 

relief, we will affirm.

II.

Section 2255 directs a district court to conduct promptly an evidentiary hearing 

“[u]nless the motion and the files and records of the case conclusively show that the 

prisoner is entitled to no relief.”4 To show ineffective assistance of counsel, a movant must 

demonstrate their counsel’s performance was deficient and the deficiency prejudiced the 

movant.5 Thus, a hearing is not required where “a nonfrivolous claim clearly fails to 

demonstrate either deficiency of counsel’s performance or prejudice to the defendant.”6 

The record conclusively establishes that Brunson’s claim fails under Strickland’s 

first prong. The deficiency prong asks whether counsel’s performance fell below an 

objective standard of reasonableness.7 Courts are hesitant to question counsel’s decisions,

as “there is a strong presumption that counsel [focused on particular issues] for tactical 

4 United States v. Arrington, 13 F.4th 331, 334 (3d Cir. 2021) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 

2255); see also United States v. McCoy, 410 F.3d 124, 134 (3d Cir. 2005) (explaining 

that a § 2255 motion may only “be dismissed without a hearing [only] if (1) the 

petitioner’s allegations, accepted as true, would not entitle the petitioner to relief, or (2) 

the allegations cannot be accepted as true because they are contradicted by the record, 

inherently incredible, or conclusions rather than statements of fact”) (alteration in 

original) (quoting Engelen v. United States, 68 F.3d 238, 240 (8th Cir. 1995)).

5 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); Arrington, 13 F.4th at 334.

6 Arrington, 13 F.4th at 334. Brunson need not prove deficiency or prejudice; he “must 

simply allege a set of facts that is not frivolous or clearly contradicted by the record and 

that demonstrates (if assumed to be true) that he would plausibly be entitled to relief 

under Strickland.” Id. at 335.

7 Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687–88. 
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reasons rather than through sheer neglect”

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and that their conduct “falls within the wide 

range of reasonable professional assistance.”9 To overcome that presumption, the 

challenger must show that the posited strategy did not motivate counsel or that counsel’s 

“actions could never be considered part of a sound strategy.”10 

Brunson fails to overcome this presumption as a matter of law. The District Court 

points to several well-reasoned and appropriate tactical strategies to support Rivera’s 

actions.11 First, the record demonstrates that further questioning about Trooper Fink’s 

characterization of the cocaine would have been futile.12 Second, the record conclusively 

supports Rivera’s strategic decision not to call the other officers, Wilson, and Brunson 

regarding the marijuana.13 Because the record demonstrates at least two unchallenged 

8 Yarborough v. Gentry, 540 U.S. 1, 8 (2003) (recognizing that counsel need not pursue 

every legal strategy but may “focus on some issues to the exclusion of others”). 

9 United States v. Booth, 432 F.3d 542, 546 (3d Cir. 2005) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. 

at 688–89); Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690 (“[S]trategic choices made after thorough 

investigation of law and facts relevant to plausible options are virtually 

unchallengeable.”).

10 Thomas v. Varner, 428 F.3d 491, 499 (3d Cir. 2005).

11 Brunson contends that “no conceivable strategy . . . would justify counsel’s 

lackadaisical performance.” Reply at 3. However, he does not engage with the strategies 

the District Court and government posit.

12 The District Court found “no evidence from which to infer that Trooper Fink inserted 

this misstatement in a knowing or deliberate way,” and Trooper Fink’s statement was not 

necessary to the finding of probable cause as “the remainder of the affidavit still 

establishes probable cause to issue a search warrant.” Appx. 008A, 70A.

13 The record plainly contradicts Wilson and Brunson’s statements regarding the 

existence of marijuana and thus cannot be accepted as true. See McCoy, 410 F.3d at 134. 

The court would have had no reason to accept Wilson’s and Brunson’s “self-serving” 

statements. See Appx. 009A. In fact, Wilson’s affidavit does not dispute the existence 

of marijuana at the time of Brunson’s arrest as she was not home. Moreover, Brunson’s 

affidavit does not dispute the odor of marijuana. 
6

tactical reasons for Rivera’s conduct, we find that the record conclusively demonstrates 

that Rivera’s conduct was not deficient. Thus, Brunson does not meet his burden.14

For the above reasons, we will affirm the order of the District Court.

14 Because Brunson fails at step one, we need not address prejudice.